2023年高考英语压轴题专项训练（江苏专用）2 阅读理解D（语言类）（解析版）

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压轴题02阅读理解D综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。科普说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。二语言学类1.基本规律：阅读理解D篇阅读文章一般难度都比较大，但命题者设题的难度并不大。2．实用解题方法：①某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。押题速练1.Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

1AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.1.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.2.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.4.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.C【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。1.D细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前，学者CharlesHockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的DamianBlasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。2.C细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

23.A主旨大意题。根据文章第五段中的“AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A。4.C推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。押题速练2Everylanguageandculturehascursewords(脏话).Whatgivesacurseworditspowerispartlyitsmeaningandpartlyitssound.“InEnglish,forexample,cursewordstendtocontainahighpercentageofplosivesounds—includingP,TandK,”saidRyanMcKay,apsychologistatUniversityofLondon.Dr.McKayteamedupwithhiscolleagueShiriLev-AritolearnwhetherthisfamiliarpatternwentbeyondEnglish.Theywonderedwhetheritmightevenrepresentwhat’scalledsoundsymbolism.Soundsymbolismiswhenawordsoundslikewhatitmeans.TheresearchersfirstaskedfluentspeakersofHebrew,Hindi,Hungarian,KoreanandRussiantolistthemostvulgar(粗俗的)wordstheycouldthinkof.Oncethey’dmadealistofeachlanguage’smostfrequentlyusedcursewords,theresearcherscomparedthesewithneutralwordsfromthesamelanguage.Intheselanguages,theydidn’tfindtheplosivesoundsthatseemcommoninEnglishcursewords.“Instead,wefoundthatthevulgarwordsweredefinedbywhattheylacked:theapproximantsoundsthatincludelettersI,L,R,WandY,”Dr.Lev-Arisaid.Next,thescientistsinvited215nativespeakersofsixlanguages:Arabic,Chinese,Finnish,French,GermanandSpanish.Theparticipantslistenedtopairsofwordsinalanguagetheydidn’tspeak,andguessedwhichwordineachpairwasoffensive.Inreality,allthewordswereinvented.Forexample,theresearchersstartedwiththeAlbanianword“zog,”for“bird,”andcreatedthepairoffakewords“yog"and“tsog.”Participantsweremorelikelytoguessthatwordswithoutapproximant,suchas“tsog,”werecurses.Finally,theresearcherscombedthroughthedictionaryforEnglishcursewordsandtheircleaned-upversions.Onceagain,thecleanversionsincludedmoreofthesoundsI,L,R,WandY.A20th-centurylinguistic(语言学的)principleclaimedthatthesoundsofwordswerearbitrary:Anywordcouldhaveanymeaning.Withcursewords,though,asinothercasesofsoundsymbolism,“thesoundsthemselvesseemtocarrymeaning,”saidLev-Ari.“That’sanewthing,”saidlinguistBenjaminBergen.“Cursewordsacrosslanguages,unrelatedtoeachother,maypatternsimilarly.”Healsopointedout,tomakesurethepatternofapproximantsmissingfromcursesisn’tanaccident,itwouldbenicetofinditinanevenlargersampleoflanguages.科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

31．WhatisthepurposeofMcKayandLev-Ari’sresearch?A．Toanalyzeaphenomenon.B．Toconfirmanassumption.C．Toexplainadefinition.D．Tochallengeatheory.2．Whatweretheparticipantsaskedtodointhesecondpartoftheresearch?A．Todecidewhichcursewordsareusedmorefrequently.B．Tomakeupnewcursewordsfromrealwords.C．Toguessaword’soffensivenessaccordingtoitssound.D．Toidentifytheapproximantsincursewords.3．AccordingtoLev-Ari,whichofthefourislikelytosoundoffensive?A．tusckB．solaC．darnD．biach4．Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A．Theoldlinguisticprincipleofsoundsandmeaningsiswrong.B．Insoundsymbolism,aword’ssoundrepresentsitsmeaning.C．Theresearchrevealsthesimilaritiesbetweendifferentlanguages.D．Theresultoftheresearchisnotfullyacceptedbyscientists.【答案】1．B    2．C    3．A    4．D【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究表明每种语言和文化都有脏话。脏话的力量部分来自它的意思，部分来自它的发音，但是研究结果还需要进一步的证实。1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“InEnglish,forexample,cursewordstendtocontainahighpercentageofplosivesounds—includingP,TandK,”saidRyanMcKay,apsychologistatUniversityofLondon.”（伦敦大学的心理学家瑞恩·麦凯说：“以英语为例，骂人的话往往含有很高比例的爆破音，包括P、T和K。”）以及第二段中“Dr.McKayteamedupwithhiscolleagueShiriLev-AritolearnwhetherthisfamiliarpatternwentbeyondEnglish.Theywonderedwhetheritmightevenrepresentwhat’scalledsoundsymbolism.”（麦凯博士与他的同事希里·列弗-阿里(ShiriLev-Ari)合作，研究这种熟悉的模式是否适用于英语以外的语言。他们想知道这是否代表了所谓的声音象征主义。）可推知，麦凯和列弗-阿里研究的目的是证实一种假设。故选B项。2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Next,thescientistsinvited215nativespeakersofsixlanguages:Arabic,Chinese,Finnish,French,GermanandSpanish.Theparticipantslistenedtopairsofwordsinalanguagetheydidn’tspeak,andguessedwhichwordineachpairwasoffensive.”（接下来，科学家们邀请了215名以阿拉伯语、汉语、芬兰语、法语、德语和西班牙语为母语的人。参与者听了几组他们不会说的语言的单词，并猜测每组单词中哪个是冒犯性的。）可知，在第二部分研究中，参与者被要求根据一个词的发音来猜测它的冒犯性。故选C项。3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Instead,wefoundthatthevulgarwordsweredefinedbywhattheylacked:theapproximantsoundsthatincludelettersI,L,R,WandY,”Dr.  Lev-Arisaid.”（“相反，我们发现粗俗词汇是由它们所缺乏的东西来定义的：包括字母I、L、R、W和Y在内的近似音。”科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

4列弗-阿里说道。）可知，结合四个选项单词，只有A项tusck没有这五个字母I、L、R、W和Y以及其字母在内近似的发音。BCD选项都涉及到这五个字母的发音。故选A项。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“That’sanewthing,”saidlinguistBenjaminBergen.“Cursewordsacrosslanguages,unrelatedtoeachother,maypatternsimilarly.”Healsopointedout,tomakesurethepatternofapproximantsmissingfromcursesisn’tanaccident,itwouldbenicetofinditinanevenlargersampleoflanguages.”（语言学家本杰明·卑尔根说：“这是一个新事物。“跨语言的脏话，彼此之间没有关联，可能会有相似的模式。”他还指出，为了确保诅咒中缺少近似值的模式不是偶然，最好能在更大量的语言样本中找到它。）可推知，从最后一段我们能了解这项研究的结果没有被科学家们完全接受。故选D项。押题速练3Bilingualsaresmarter,saysscience.Buttheideaisrelativelynew.Upuntilthe1970s,mosteducatorshadbelievedthatlearningtwolanguagesatthesametimewouldconfusechildrenandslowtheircognitivegrowth.Sciencedisagreedwiththeseopinions,saysEllenBialystok,aprofessorofpsychology.Thearrivalofnewtechnologyinthe1970sallowedscientistsanewwaytoinvestigatehowdifferentbrainsprocesslanguage.Bialystokhasbeenresearchingthebilingualbrainfordecades.Shefirmlybelievesbilingualsaren’tsmarterthanthesingle-languagelearners,butbilingualbrainsdifferintheiruseofexecutivefunction-asystemthatbothhelpsthebrainaccessparticularregionsormemoriesandallowsapersontoswitchbetweentasks.Contrarytomediareports,executivefunctionisnotthesameasintelligence,Bialystokadds.Eveniftherelationshipbetweenbilingualismandactualintelligenceisunclear,executivefunctioncanhelppeopledoalotofthingsthatmaymakethemseemsmarter,suchasdoingmorethingsatthesametimeandcancellingoutthingsthattaketheirattentionaway.Manypeoplebelievethatknowingatleastoneotherlanguagemakesiteasiertolearnanewone,andcognitivefunctionmayplayapartinthat-theequivalentofgoodstudyhabitsforyourbrain.ButBialystokthinkscognitivefunctionhaslessimpactonlanguagelearnersthanthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguages’structureandvocabulary.“Inlearningthosepatterns,youcangetabitofafreerideinlearninganewlanguage,”shesays.Despitetheoverallcognitivebenefits,bilingualismmaypresentsomedisadvantages.Whenchildrenlearnvocabulary,monolingualscanspendmoretimerememberingwordsinonelanguage,whilebilingualshavetoconstructtwodifferentvocabularies.“Thebiggestadvantageinbeingbilingualisthesameashavinggreatinternationalfriends:Itallowsapersontounderstandadifferentwayofthinking,withuniquephilosophiesandassumptionsabouthowothersseetheworld,”Bialystokadds.1．Whatdidmosteducatorsthinkofchildren’sbilingualismbeforethe1970s?A．Itsurelymadekidssmarter.B．Itcouldbeaterribleexperience.C．Itshouldbetaughtseparately.D．Itmaypromotecognitivegrowth.2．WhatcanmakelearninganewlanguageeasyaccordingtoBialystok?A．Executivefunction.B．Cognitivefunction.C．Similarlanguagepatterns.D．Goodstudyhabits.3．WhatisBialystok’sattitudetowardbilingualism?科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

5A．Skeptical.B．Conservative.C．Tolerant.D．Objective.4．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Arebilingualsreallysmarter?B．Shouldkidslearnanotherlanguage?C．Whydobilingualshaveanadvantage?D．Whatfactorsaffectlanguagelearning?【答案】1．B    2．C    3．D   4．A【解析】本文是说明文。文章探讨了双语学习能否使人变得更聪明这一话题。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Upuntilthe1970s,mosteducatorshadbelievedthatlearningtwolanguagesatthesametimewouldconfusechildrenandslowtheircognitivegrowth.(直到20世纪70年代，大多数教育工作者都认为同时学习两种语言会让孩子感到困惑，减缓他们的认知发展)”可推知，20世纪70年代前，教育家认为学习双语是糟糕的经历。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据第五段“ButBialystokthinkscognitivefunctionhaslessimpactonlanguagelearnersthanthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguages’structureandvocabulary.(但Bialystok认为，认知功能对语言学习者的影响不如语言结构和词汇之间的相似性大)”可知，Bialystok认为语言结构的相似性对于新语言的学习起到重要的作用。故选C。3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Contrarytomediareports,executivefunctionisnotthesameasintelligence,Bialystokadds.Eveniftherelationshipbetweenbilingualismandactualintelligenceisunclear,executivefunctioncanhelppeopledoalotofthingsthatmaymakethemseemsmarter,suchasdoingmorethingsatthesametimeandcancellingoutthingsthattaketheirattentionaway.(Bialystok补充说，与媒体报道相反，执行功能并不等同于智力。尽管双语能力和实际智力之间的关系尚不清楚，但执行功能可以帮助人们做很多让他们看起来更聪明的事情，比如同时做更多的事情，消除分心的事情)”和最后一段““Thebiggestadvantageinbeingbilingualisthesameashavinggreatinternationalfriends:Itallowsapersontounderstandadifferentwayofthinking,withuniquephilosophiesandassumptionsabouthowothersseetheworld,”Bialystokadds.(Bialystok补充说：“掌握双语的最大优势就像拥有伟大的国际朋友一样:它让一个人理解不同的思维方式，以及对他人如何看待世界的独特哲学和假设。”)”可推知，Bialystok对双语学习的态度是客观的、就事论事的。故选D。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Bilingualsaresmarter,saysscience.Buttheideaisrelativelynew.Upuntilthe1970s,mosteducatorshadbelievedthatlearningtwolanguagesatthesametimewouldconfusechildrenandslowtheircognitivegrowth.(科学表明，双语者更聪明。但这个想法相对较新。直到20世纪70年代，大多数教育工作者都认为同时学习两种语言会让孩子感到困惑，减缓他们的认知发展)”以及第二段“Sciencedisagreedwiththeseopinions,saysEllenBialystok,aprofessorofpsychology.Thearrivalofnewtechnologyinthe1970sallowedscientistsanewwaytoinvestigatehowdifferentbrainsprocesslanguage.(心理学教授EllenBialystok说，科学不同意这些观点。20世纪70年代新技术的出现让科学家们有了新的方法来研究不同的大脑如何处理语言)”结合通读全文可知，文章主要探讨了双语学习能否使人变得更聪明这一话题。A选项“双语者真的更聪明吗？”最符合文章标题。故选A。押题速练4“InEnglish,myspeechisverypolite,witharelaxedtone,alwayssaying‘please’and‘excuseme.’WhenI科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

6speakGreek,Istarttalkingmorerapidly,withatoneofanxietyandinakindofrudeway…”“Ifthewordsresonate(共鸣)withyou,you’veprobablyalreadyexperiencedthesurprising,oddphenomenonoffeelinglikehavingdifferentpersonalitieswhenspeakingdifferentlanguages.Howisthatpossible?Coulditbethatbilinguals(双语者)changetheirpersonalitywhentheychangelanguage?Afterall,theCzechproverbdoessay,“Learnanewlanguageandgetanewsoul.”Inmybookonbilingualism,LifewithTwoLanguages,Inotedfirstofallthatmonocultural(单文化的)bilingualswhomakeupthemajorityofbilingualsintheworldarenotreallyaffectedbythisphenomenon.Althoughbi-ormultilingual,theyareinfactmembersofjustoneculture.Butwhataboutbiculturalbilinguals?Iproposedthatwhatisseenasachangeinpersonalityismostprobablysimplyashiftinattitudesandbehaviorsthatcorrespondtoashiftinsituationorcontext,independentoflanguage.Basically,thebiculturalbilingualsinacademicstudieswerebehavingbicultural,thatis,adaptingtothecontexttheywerein.Differentcontextsanddomainstriggerdifferentimpressions,attitudesandbehaviors.Imaginethewaywespeaktoabestfriendandthebehaviorthatweadopt.Then,thinkofhowallthischangeswhenwearespeakingthesamelanguagetoasuperior(e.g.aschoolhead,religiousauthorityoremployer).Webehavedifferentlyandsometimeschangeattitudesandfeelingseventhoughthelanguageisthesame.Thesameistrueforbilingualsexceptthatherethelanguagemaybedifferent.Itistheenvironment,theculture,andthepeopleonetalkstothatcausebiculturalbilingualstochangeattitudes,feelingsandbehaviors(alongwithlanguage)-andnottheirlanguageassuch.Inessence,theredoesnotseemtobeadirectcausalrelationshipbetweenlanguageandpersonality.1．Whatfunctiondoesthefirstparagraphserve?A．Tosupportthewriter’sargument.B．Tointroducethetopicofthetext.C．Topresentageneralknowledgefact.D．Toprovidebackgroundinformation.2．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Themeaningofbilingualstudy.B．Culturalinfluenceonlanguages.C．Attitudeandproperbehavior.D．Thetruthof“personalityshift”.3．Howwouldthewriterprobablyexplainthespeaker’sbehaviorinparagraph1?A．HisfluencyinEnglishisnotasgreatasthatofGreek.B．Hispersonalityisaffectedbythelanguageheuses.C．HespeaksEnglishwheremannersareexpected.D．HespeaksGreekwhenhetalkstohissuperiors.4．Biculturalbilingualschangeattitudeswhenthey________.A．changetheirlanguages科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

7B．changetheirbehaviorC．areinsearchofsocialstatusD．areindifferentsituations【答案】1．B    2．D    3．C    4．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了语言和人格之间的关系。1．推理判断题。根据第一段““InEnglish,myspeechisverypolite,witharelaxedtone,alwayssaying‘please’and‘excuseme.’WhenIspeakGreek,Istarttalkingmorerapidly,withatoneofanxietyandinakindofrudeway…”(“在英语中，我说话很有礼貌，语气很轻松，总是说‘请’和‘不好意思’。’当我说希腊语的时候，我开始说得更快了，带着一种焦虑的语气和一种粗鲁的方式……”)”及下文可推断，第一段的作用是介绍文章的主题——语言和人格之间的关系。故选B。2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Inmybookonbilingualism,LifewithTwoLanguages,Inotedfirstofallthatmonocultural(单文化的)bilingualswhomakeupthemajorityofbilingualsintheworldarenotreallyaffectedbythisphenomenon.Althoughbi-ormultilingual,theyareinfactmembersofjustoneculture.Butwhataboutbiculturalbilinguals?Iproposedthatwhatisseenasachangeinpersonalityismostprobablysimplyashiftinattitudesandbehaviorsthatcorrespondtoashiftinsituationorcontext,independentoflanguage.Basically,thebiculturalbilingualsinacademicstudieswerebehavingbicultural,thatis,adaptingtothecontexttheywerein.Differentcontextsanddomainstriggerdifferentimpressions,attitudesandbehaviors.(在我关于双语的书《双语生活》中，我首先指出，单一文化的双语者在世界上占大多数，他们并没有真正受到这种现象的影响。尽管他们会说两种或多种语言，但实际上他们只是同一种文化的成员。但是双文化双语者呢?我提出，所谓的性格变化很可能只是态度和行为的转变，与环境或环境的转变相对应，与语言无关。基本上，学术研究中的双文化双语者表现为双文化，也就是说，适应他们所处的环境。不同的语境和领域会引发不同的印象、态度和行为。)”可知，本段主要讲了“人格转变”的真相。故选D。3．细节理解题。根据第一段“InEnglish,myspeechisverypolite,witharelaxedtone,alwayssaying‘please’and‘excuseme.’(在英语中，我说话很有礼貌，语气很轻松，总是说‘请’和‘不好意思。’)”可知，说话人在说英语时都很有礼貌。故选C。4．细节理解题。根据第三段“Basically,thebiculturalbilingualsinacademicstudieswerebehavingbicultural,thatis,adaptingtothecontexttheywerein.Differentcontextsanddomainstriggerdifferentimpressions,attitudesandbehaviors.(基本上，学术研究中的双文化双语者表现为双文化，也就是说，适应他们所处的环境。不同的语境和领域会引发不同的印象、态度和行为。)”和第四段“Itistheenvironment,theculture,andthepeopleonetalkstothatcausebiculturalbilingualstochangeattitudes,feelingsandbehaviors(alongwithlanguage)-andnottheirlanguageassuch.(是环境、文化和谈话对象导致双文化双语者改变态度、感受和行为(以及语言)——而不是他们的语言本身。)”可知，双文化双语者在不同情况下会改变态度。故选D。押题速练5ImetthelastspeakerofNaationanemptybeachonMalekula,anislandinVanuatu.Itoldtheman,Ariep,thatIwasinthecountrytostudyoneofitsnativelanguages.WhenhelearnedIwasalinguist(语言学家),he科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

8excitedlysharedthathespeaksNaati.AriepexplainedtherelationshipbetweenNaatiandtheotherlanguagesofthearea.Withamixofprideandsorrow,herevealedthatheisthelastfluentspeakerofNaati.Althoughafewofhisfamilymembershavesomeknowledgeofthelanguageandmakeanefforttouseittogether,hefearsthatwithhisdeath,Naatiwillsoondisappear.Naati`ssituationisnotunique.Oftheabout7000languagesspokenontheplanettoday,50%to90%areconsideredvulnerable(脆弱的)toextinctionbytheendofthecentury.Languagesareaninvaluablesourceofculture.Understandingdifferentlanguagesisvitaltounderstandinghumancognition(认知).Aworldwithdiverselanguagesbenefitsusall.Eachlanguageisapieceofthepuzzlethatweneedinordertodeterminehowlanguageworksinthemind.Witheachmissingpiece,wearefurtherfromseeingthefullpicture.Thereareenoughcommonalitiesamonglanguagesystems.Intermsofsentencestructure,alllanguagesusethethreebasicelements:subject,object,andverb.Althoughthesecanbeorderedindifferentways,about80%ofknownlanguagesputthesubjectfirst,whileonlyabout1%puttheobjectfirst.Analyzingthesepatternshasrealimpactsforourlives.Themoreweunderstandabouthowlanguagefunctions,thebetterequippedwearetoimproveourtherapiesforcommunicationdisorders.However,takingintoaccountalllanguagesisahugechallenge.Manylanguagesareindangerofdisappearingbeforetheyhavebeendocumented,takingwiththemirreplaceableinformationabouthumanculture.Forthesakeofthespeakersofendangeredlanguages,forthesakeofusall,wemustpreservetheworld`slanguagesaswesearchforanswersandworktoensurelanguagediversityforgenerationstocome.1．WhatdoweknowaboutAriep?A．HeisdesperatetoleaveMalekula.B．Heisgoodatspeakingmanyforeignlanguages.C．Heisdevotedtostudyingendangeredlanguages.D．HeisconcernedaboutthedisappearanceofNaati.2．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Theinfluenceofhumancognitiononlanguages.B．Meanstobreakdownlanguagebarriers.C．Reasonsfortheextinctionoflanguages.D．Thesignificanceoflanguagediversity.3．Whydoestheauthormentionsentencestructureinparagraph4?A．Toprovethelinkamongdifferentlanguages.B．Toanalyzethemethodsoflanguageteaching.C．Toshowthedifficultyoflearninggrammar.D．Topresentthefunctionsoflanguagesystems.4．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A．HowCanWeProtectEndangeredLanguages?科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

9B．WhatMakesNaatiUniqueinHumanLanguage?C．WhyAreLanguagesWorthPreserving?D．HowDoNativeLanguagesDevelop?【答案】1．D    2．D    3．A   4．C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章以即将消亡的纳提语的现象展开，阐述了语言多样性存在的重要意义，并呼吁全人类全力保护它们。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Althoughafewofhisfamilymembershavesomeknowledgeofthelanguageandmakeanefforttouseittogether,hefearsthatwithhisdeath,Naatiwillsoondisappear.(尽管他的一些家庭成员对这门语言有所了解，并努力一起使用这门语言，但他担心随着他的死亡，纳提语很快就会消失)”可知，Ariep担忧随着他的离世，纳提语也被带入坟墓，彻底消亡，故选D项。2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Languagesareaninvaluablesourceofculture.Understandingdifferentlanguagesisvitaltounderstandinghumancognition.(语言是文化的宝贵源泉。理解不同的语言对于研究人类认知至关重要的)”可知，语言多样性对研究了解人类认知和语言在人脑中的工作机制有着非常重要的意义，故选D项。3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Thereareenoughcommonalitiesamonglanguagesystems.Intermsofsentencestructure,alllanguagesusethethreebasicelements:subject,object,andverb.(语言系统之间有足够多的共同点。就句子结构而言，所有语言都使用三个基本要素:主语、宾语和动词)”可知，作者提到句子结构的话题，是为了证明不同语言体系之间也存在着相同点，故选A项。4．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Themoreweunderstandabouthowlanguagefunctions,thebetterequippedwearetoimproveourtherapiesforcommunicationdisorders.(我们对语言的功能了解得越多，我们就越有能力改进对交流障碍的治疗方法)”和最后一段“Forthesakeofthespeakersofendangeredlanguages,forthesakeofusall,wemustpreservetheworld`slanguagesaswesearchforanswersandworktoensurelanguagediversityforgenerationstocome.(为了濒危语言的使用者，为了我们所有人，我们必须保护世界上的语言，同时寻找答案，努力确保后代的语言多样性)”可知，这篇文章主要解释说明为何我们要不遗余力地拯救即将消亡的语言，故选C项。押题速练6Itiscalculatedthatsomeoftheworld’s7,000languagesareindangerofgettingextinct.“Forexample,Ainu,alanguageinJapan,isnowseriouslythreatened,withonly10nativespeakersremaining,“saidleadstudyauthorTatsuyaAmanoattheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland.Thescientistsfoundthat25percentoftheworld’slanguagesarethreatened(威胁)．Afteridentifyingwheretheendangered(濒危的)languageswere，theylookedforanyenvironmentalandsocialoreconomicfactorsthoselanguagesmighthaveincommon,suchaspoorareasorrapidpopulationgrowth.“Wefindthatattheglobalscale,languagespeakerdeclinesarestronglylinkedtoeconomicgrowth-thatis,declinesareparticularlyoccurringineconomicallydevelopedregions,”saidAmano.“OneimportantfindingofthisnewstudyisthatlanguagesinthetropicsandHimalayanregionarelikelytobeincreasinglythreatenedinthenearfuture,becausetheseregionsstillhavemanylocallanguageswithasmall科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

10numberofspeakers,andatthesametimeareexperiencingrapideconomicgrowth,”saidAmano.Economicgrowthmayendangerlanguagesforavarietyofreasons.Forinstance,speakersofendangeredlanguagesmayviewanothermorepopularlanguageasofferingeconomicopportunities,andthusabandontheirownlanguages.“Thereareotherimportantfactorsthatmightendangerlanguages,”saidtheresearchers.Forinstance,policiesregardinghowlanguagesareusedandtaughtinschoolscanbeverydifferentamongcountriesandevenwithineachcountry,andthesefactorsmayexplainmoredetailedpatternsinlanguageendangerment.Amanosuggesteditcouldbepossibletoforecast(预见)futurethreatstothediversity(多样化)oflanguages.“Thereexistsdetailedinformationonfuturechangesintheenvironment，economiesandclimates(气候)，”Amanosaid.“Usingsuchinformation，togetherwiththefindingsofthisstudyandfurtheranalysis,wewouldliketounderstandwhatwillhappentotheworld’slanguages,whereitwillhappenandwhichlanguageswillbethreatenedinparticular.”1．WhatcanweknowaboutAinu?A．Ithaschangedlittleovertheyears.B．ItthreatensJapaneselanguage.C．ItisalocallanguageinJapan.D．Itisputunderprotection.2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Whatshouldbetaughtinschools.B．Whatmightendangeralanguage.C．Howeconomicgrowthisachieved.D．Howalanguagebecomespopular.3．WhatdoesAmanomeaninthelastparagraph?A．Wemusttakeactiontosavetheenvironment.B．Moreandmorelanguageswillgetmissing.C．Itwillbeeasiertolearnlanguagechanges.D．Factorsthreateninglanguageswilldouble.4．Whatcanbeknownfromthestudy?A．Over7,000languageshavebeenthreatened.B．Locallanguagemustbespokenineveryschool.C．Itispossibletouseonlyonelanguageworldwide.D．Thenumberoftropics’locallanguagespeakersmaybecomesmallerinthefuture.【答案】1．C    2．B    3．C    4．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了语言濒临灭绝的一些原因。1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Forexample,Ainu,alanguageinJapan,isnowseriouslythreatened,withonly10nativespeakersremaining,“saidleadstudyauthorTatsuyaAmanoattheUniversityofCambridgein科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

11England.”（该研究的主要作者、英国剑桥大学的天野达也(TatsuyaAmano)说：“例如，日本的Ainu，现在受到严重威胁，母语使用者仅剩10人。）可知，Ainu是日本的一种地方语言。故选C项。2．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Economicgrowthmayendangerlanguagesforavarietyofreasons.Forinstance,speakersofendangeredlanguagesmayviewanothermorepopularlanguageasofferingeconomicopportunities,andthusabandontheirownlanguages.“Thereareotherimportantfactorsthatmightendangerlanguages,”saidtheresearchers.Forinstance,policiesregardinghowlanguagesareusedandtaughtinschoolscanbeverydifferentamongcountriesandevenwithineachcountry,andthesefactorsmayexplainmoredetailedpatternsinlanguageendangerment.”（由于种种原因，经济增长可能危及语言。例如，说濒危语言的人可能认为另一种更流行的语言能提供经济机会，从而放弃自己的语言。研究人员说：“还有其他一些重要因素可能会危及语言。”例如，国家之间，甚至每个国家内部，关于如何在学校使用和教授语言的政策可能会有很大的不同，这些因素可以解释语言濒危的更详细的模式。）可知，本段的主要讲述经济发展、政府政策等多种因素会导致本土语言濒临消失，也就是什么可能危及一种语言。故选B项。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Usingsuchinformation，togetherwiththefindingsofthisstudyandfurtheranalysis,wewouldliketounderstandwhatwillhappentotheworld’slanguages,whereitwillhappenandwhichlanguageswillbethreatenedinparticular.””（利用这些信息，结合这项研究的发现和进一步的分析，我们想了解世界上的语言会发生什么，会在哪里发生，特别是哪些语言会受到威胁。）可推知，Amano认为随着研究的深入，人们更容易知晓语言的变化。故选C项。4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第三段““OneimportantfindingofthisnewstudyisthatlanguagesinthetropicsandHimalayanregionarelikelytobeincreasinglythreatenedinthenearfuture,becausetheseregionsstillhavemanylocallanguageswithasmallnumberofspeakers,andatthesametimeareexperiencingrapideconomicgrowth,”saidAmano.”（Amano也说：“这项新研究的一个重要发现是，热带和喜马拉雅地区的语言在不久的将来可能会受到越来越大的威胁，因为这些地区仍然有许多当地语言，使用人数很少，与此同时，这些地区正在经历快速的经济增长。”）可推知，热带地区的语言在不久的将来可能受到越来越大的威胁，即说当地语言的人在未来可能会变少。故选D项。押题速练6Ifyouweretomovetoanewcountrywithadifferentlanguageandbringalongthefamilydog,yourpetwouldlikelyhaveahardtimeunderstandingcommandsfromthelocals9accordingtoanewstudylookingathowdogs’brainsreacttodifferentlanguages.ThenewstudywasconductedbyleadauthorLauraCuaya,aneurobiologistatEotvosLordndUniversityinHungary,whorecentlymovedfromMexicotoTokyoalongsideherdogKun-kun.Cuayaandherteamtrained18dogs,includingKun-kun,toliemotionlessinanMRImachinesotheresearcherscouldscantheirbrains.Asthedogswerebeingscanned,theresearchersplayedthedogsthreedifferentrecordings:aSpanishreadingfromthefamouschildren’sbookTheLittlePrince;aJapanesereadingfromthesamebook;andaseriesofhumannoisesthatdidnotresemblespeechatall.Allofthedogshadbeenexposedtoonlyoneofthetwolanguages,meaningonewasfamiliartothemandtheotherwasunfamiliar.MRIscansrevealedthatdogs’brainscandistinguishbetweenfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguages?makingthemthefirst-known,andsofar科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

12only,non-humananimalstobeabletotellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguages.Duringtheexperiments,researchersalsofoundthatolderdogsshowedmoreactivityinthesecondaryauditorycortexofthebrain,suggestingtheywerebetteratdifferentiatingfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguagesthanyoungerdogs.“IthinkthatthemainreasonthatolderdogsarebetteratdifferentiatinglanguagesistheamountofexposuretothelanguageCuayasaid.“Olderdogshavehadmoreopportunitiestolistentohumanswhiletheytalk.”Whatmakesdogsuniqueisthattheydonotneedtobetrainedtodistinguishbetweenhumanlanguages.“Theirbrainsdetectedthedifferencenaturally,perhapsduetothedomesticationprocess,”Cuayasaid.“Whileitispossiblethatmanyspeciescandistinguishbetweenhumanlanguages9dogsareoneofthefewthatareinterestedinhearingus.”1．Whatdoesthenewstudyfind?A．Dogsmaysettleintoanewenvironmenteasily.B．Dogscanfacelanguagebarriersinaforeigncountry.C．Dogsaremoresensitivetolanguagesthanotheranimals.D．Dogsfailtounderstandtheirownersinanewenvironment.2．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutthestudy?A．Itsbackground.B．Itsbenefit.C．Itsprocess.D．Itspurpose.3．WhatdoesCuayaintendtoconveyinthelastparagraph?A．Domesticationhelpsdogsbetterlivewithhumans.B．Dogsarecloselyrelatedtohumans.C．Humansshouldbemorefriendlytodogs.D．Trainingplaysanimportantroleinraisingdogs.4．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A．DogscanbringsurprisinghealthbenefitsB．DogsaregoodtranslatorsinanewenvironmentC．DogsthatareoftenexposedtohumansaremoreintelligentD．Dogscandistinguishbetweenfamiliarandunfamiliarhumanlanguages【答案】1．B    2．C    3．A  4．D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新研究发现了狗在国外会遇到语言障碍，文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Ifyouweretomovetoanewcountrywithadifferentlanguageandbringalongthefamilydog,yourpetwouldlikelyhaveahardtimeunderstandingcommandsfromthelocals9accordingtoanewstudylookingathowdogs’brainsreacttodifferentlanguages.(根据一项关于狗狗大脑对不同语言反应的新研究，如果你带着家里的狗狗搬到一个讲不同语言的新国家，你的宠物可能很难理解当地人的命令)”可知，这项新研究发现了狗在国外会遇到语言障碍。故选B。2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Cuayaandherteamtrained18dogs,includingKun-kun,toliemotionlessinanMRI科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

13machinesotheresearcherscouldscantheirbrains.Asthedogswerebeingscanned,theresearchersplayedthedogsthreedifferentrecordings:aSpanishreadingfromthefamouschildren’sbookTheLittlePrince;aJapanesereadingfromthesamebook;andaseriesofhumannoisesthatdidnotresemblespeechatall.(Cuaya和她的团队训练了包括Kun-kun在内的18只狗，让它们一动不动地躺在核磁共振成像仪上，这样研究人员就可以扫描它们的大脑了。在扫描狗狗的时候，研究人员给狗狗播放了三段不同的录音：著名儿童读物《小王子》中的西班牙语朗读；读同一本书的日本人；以及一系列完全不像说话的人类声音)”可知，第三段主要告诉了我们研究的过程。故选C。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Theirbrainsdetectedthedifferencenaturally,perhapsduetothedomesticationprocess,”Cuayasaid.“Whileitispossiblethatmanyspeciescandistinguishbetweenhumanlanguages9dogsareoneofthefewthatareinterestedinhearingus.”(Cuaya说：“他们的大脑很自然地发现了这种差异，可能是由于驯化过程。虽然可能有很多物种都能区分人类的语言，但狗是少数对听我们说话感兴趣的物种之一。”)”可推知，Cuaya在最后一段想表达驯化有助于狗更好地与人类相处。故选A。4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Ifyouweretomovetoanewcountrywithadifferentlanguageandbringalongthefamilydog,yourpetwouldlikelyhaveahardtimeunderstandingcommandsfromthelocals9accordingtoanewstudylookingathowdogs’brainsreacttodifferentlanguages.(根据一项关于狗狗大脑对不同语言反应的新研究，如果你带着家里的狗狗搬到一个讲不同语言的新国家，你的宠物可能很难理解当地人的命令)”结合文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。可知，D选项“狗能区分熟悉和不熟悉的人类语言”最符合文章标题。故选D。科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司

14科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司