2023年高考英语压轴题专项训练（江苏专用）3 阅读理解D（心理学类）（解析版）

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压轴题03阅读理解D综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。科普说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。二心理学类1.基本规律：阅读理解D篇阅读文章一般难度都比较大，但命题者设题的难度并不大。2．实用解题方法：①某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。押题速练1.Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsibleforhumancognition(认知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoassociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECtheoriesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(实验对象)were

1askedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.1.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition2.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4furtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealthC.themindandthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings3.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials.4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.(EC理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。

22.推理判断题。文章首句“Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.(在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。3.推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。押题速练2Aswinterapproaches,warm-bloodedanimalschoosetohandlethecoldinasocialway:crowdingtogetherinbunches.FrommicetoHimalayanrabbits,individualsinagroupwillgathertogethertosharetheheatfromtheirbodiesandavoidtheriskofdyingfromcold.Whilehumansmaynotphysicallycrowdtogether,ourancestorswouldhavebeenrelyingonthesupportofothersforfood,fuelandshelter,andthiswouldhavebeenespeciallyimportantwhenitwascold.Thus,theymightbeverysensitivetootherswhenthetemperaturedropped.Theywerelikelytoseekoutothersourcesofwarmth,iftheyfeltthattheycouldnolongerrelyonthegroupforsupport.PsychologistGeoffreywasthefirsttoinvestigatethat.HeturnedtoavideogamecalledCyberball,whichattemptstorecreatethekindofsocialrejectionthatmanyofusmighthaveexperiencedintheplayground.Eachparticipantisseeminglyplacedinagroupofthreeandaskedtoplayvirtualcatchwithtwootherpeople,hiddenoutofsight.Infact,twooftheplayersarecontrolledbyacomputer.Inthebeginning,thesecomputerizedplayersaredesignedtothrowtheballtotheparticipant,butafterawhiletheybegintoavoidtheparticipantasprogrammed,sothattheparticipantnolongerfeelsinvolvedinthegame.Havingbeenexcludedbytheotherplayers,theparticipantreportsfeelingrejected.Andtheparticipantshavethetendencytolookforsourcesofwarmthascomfort.

3Likeallpsychologicaldiscoveries,itmaybeofsignificancetohuman’smentalhealth.It’ssaidthatpatientswithdepressionoftenreportfeelingcold.Adeeperunderstandingofthepsychologicalmechanismmightsuggestnewtreatmentsforthisdisorder.Moreimmediately,withfuelbillsincreasing,theemotionaleffectsofthecoldthiswinterneedtobeconsidered.Clearly,practicalsolutionstothefuelcrisismustcomefirst,butwemightalsolookforwaystoconnectmorewiththosearounduslikeanimalscrowdingtogetherbothphysicallyandsocially.1．Whydoestheauthormention“mice”and“rabbits”inParagraph1?A．Tomakeaprediction.B．Todrawacomparison.C．Toexplainaregulation.D．Toillustrateaphenomenon.2．Whatcanweinferaboutourancestors?A．Theydependedoneachotherforsurvival.B．Theytendedtoliveclosetooneanother.C．Theywererelativelymoresensitivetocold.D．Theyhadabundantsourcesofwarmthinwinter.3．Whataretheparticipantslikelytodowhentheyfeelrejected?A．Theymaybuyanice-cream.B．Theymaydrinkacupofhotcoffee.C．Theymayeatsomepotatochips.D．Theymayconsumecoolorangejuice.4．Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthediscovery?A．Ithelpssolvethefuelcrisis.B．Itprovidesreasonsfordepression.C．Itcontributestotheemotionalhealth.D．Itsuggestslessconnectionbetweenpeople.【答案】1．D    2．A    3．B    4．C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。心理学家杰弗里通过一款名为Cyberball的电子游戏对参与者就温度下降人类是否会寻找其他温暖的来源进行调查，发现被其他玩家排除在外后，参与者倾向于寻找温暖的来源作为安慰。像所有心理学的发现一样，它可能对人类的心理健康有重要意义。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Aswinterapproaches,warm-bloodedanimalschoosetohandlethecoldinasocialway:crowdingtogetherinbunches.FrommicetoHimalayanrabbits,individualsinagroupwillgathertogethertosharetheheatfromtheirbodiesandavoidtheriskofdyingfromcold.（随着冬天的临近，温血动物会选择群居的方式来应对寒冷:聚集在一起。从老鼠到喜马拉雅兔子，群体中的个体会聚集在一起，分享身体的热量，避免因寒冷而死亡的风险。）”可知，第一段提到老鼠和兔子目的为了说明一种现象：温血动物会选择群居的方式来应对寒冷。故选D。2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Whilehumansmaynotphysicallycrowdtogether,ourancestorswouldhavebeen

4relyingonthesupportofothersforfood,fuelandshelter,andthiswouldhavebeenespeciallyimportantwhenitwascold.（虽然人类在身体上可能不会挤在一起，但我们的祖先在食物、燃料和住所方面一直依赖他人的支持，这在寒冷的时候尤其重要。）”可知，我们的祖先们依靠彼此生存。故选A。3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Havingbeenexcludedbytheotherplayers,theparticipantreportsfeelingrejected.Andtheparticipantshavethetendencytolookforsourcesofwarmthascomfort.（被其他玩家排除在外后，参与者报告了被拒绝的感觉。参与者倾向于寻找温暖的来源作为安慰。）”可知，当参与者感到被拒绝时，他们可能会喝一杯热咖啡。故选B。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Likeallpsychologicaldiscoveries,itmaybeofsignificancetohuman’smentalhealth.（像所有心理学的发现一样，它可能对人类的心理健康有重要意义。）”可知，这一发现有助于情感健康。故选C。押题速练3Haveyoueverbeeninmid-conversationwithsomeone,whenyoulookoverandfindthemstandinginthesamepositionasyouorholdingthesamefacialexpression?Itmayseemliketheyhaveconsciously(有意识地)copiedyou,butitismuchmorelikelythatitisthechameleon(变色龙)effectatplay.Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasachameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourofotherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.ThechameleoneffectwasconfirmedinanexperimentbypsychologistsJohnBarghandTanyaChartrandin1999.Thefirstpartoftheirexperimentincluded78people,whoeachspokewithanexperimenter.Duringthetest,BarghandChartrandstudiedwhetherparticipantswouldcopytheactionsofsomeonetheyhadn’tmetbefore,likemovingthefootandtouchingtheface.Thesecondpartmeasuredtheimpactthatcopyingsomeonehasonthepersonbeingimitated.Inthefirststage,participantsincreasedtheirfacetouchingby20%andtheirfootmovementby50%whileinconversationaboutaphotographwiththeexperimenter.Theindividualsweren’tawareofwhattheywerebeingstudiedfor,andthephotographwasusedtocatchtheirattentiontoensureunconsciousacts.Thesecondstageinvolvedhalfoftheparticipantsbeingcopied,andthenratingthelikeabilityoftheexperimenter.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhowereimitatedscoredtheexperimenterhigher.Ithasshownthatwhensomeonecopiesourbehaviour,wedevelopmorepositivefeelingsaboutthem.Theseinteractionscouldbeapersonunconsciouslywillingtobeliked,andformingamomentofconnection.Themainreasonsbehindhumans’imitationarepositive.However,whenpeoplecarrythischameleoneffecttotheextreme,theycanlosetheirsenseofself.Thosewhochangetheirentirepersonalitiesindifferentgroupsoftengoundetected.Butmorecommonsignsofthechameleoneffectareeasiertonotice.Nexttimeyouareinasocialgathering,takealookaroundandyoumightjustseesomechameleonsforyourself.1．Whydopeopleacquireothers’behavior?A．Tomatchtheenvironment’scolour.B．Toattractothers’attention.C．Toestablishaconnectionwithothers.D．Toadapttothesurroundings.

52．Howdidtheexperimenterguaranteeparticipants’unconsciousbehaviors?A．Bydirectingtheirattentiontoaphoto.B．Bykeepinganeyeontheiractions.C．Bytellingthemthepurposeofthestudy.D．Byevaluatingtheimpactsofimitation.3．Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexperiment?A．Peopletendtolikethosewhoimitatetheirbehavior.B．Toomuchofthechameleoneffectcanbebeneficial.C．Peopleimitatingothersarenoteasytobedetected.D．Thecopiedmovementshelppeopletofeelrelaxed.4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthechameleoneffectaccordingtothepassage?A．Studentsadoptteachers’accentsforfunafterclass.B．Peoplechangetheirhabitstopleaseothersonpurpose.C．Acomediancopiesacelebrityvividlyonstage.D．Ahusbandandhiswifesharesimilarbehavioursovertime.【答案】1．C    2．A    3．A    4．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于变色龙效应的研究，告诉我们人们通过习得他人的行为来拉近彼此之间的距离，顺畅互动。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasachameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourofotherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.(变色龙效应是指无意识地模仿他人的手势或行为。就像变色龙试图与任何环境的颜色相匹配一样，人们通过习得他人的行为来拉近彼此之间的距离，帮助他们顺畅地互动。)”可知人们为了与他人建立联系，会习得他人的行为。故选C。2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Inthefirststage,participantsincreasedtheirfacetouchingby20%andtheirfootmovementby50%whileinconversationaboutaphotographwiththeexperimenter.Theindividualsweren’tawareofwhattheywerebeingstudiedfor,andthephotographwasusedtocatchtheirattentiontoensureunconsciousacts.  (在第一阶段，参与者在与实验者谈论一张照片时，触摸脸部的次数增加了20%，脚的动作增加了50%。这些人并不知道他们被研究的目的是什么，照片被用来吸引他们的注意力，以确保他们无意识的行为。)”可知实验者用一张照片吸引参与者的注意力来保证他们的无意识行为，故选A。3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Ithasshownthatwhensomeonecopiesourbehaviour,wedevelopmorepositivefeelingsaboutthem.Theseinteractionscouldbeapersonunconsciouslywillingtobeliked,andformingamomentofconnection.(研究表明，当有人模仿我们的行为时，我们会对他们产生更积极的感觉。这些互动可能是一个人无意识地愿意被喜欢，并形成了一个连接的时刻。)”可推断出实验表明人们倾向于喜欢模仿自己行为的人。故选A。4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasachameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourof

6otherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.(变色龙效应是指无意识地模仿他人的手势或行为。就像变色龙试图与任何环境的颜色相匹配一样，人们通过习得他人的行为来拉近彼此之间的距离，帮助他们顺畅地互动。)”可知随着时间的推移，丈夫和妻子有相似的行为是变色龙行为，是因为他们经常在一起相处无意识的互相模仿，故选D。押题速练4Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotionalexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicpartsofyourbrain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsituation.Ifyoucling,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyourhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Tocontrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhealthylivingthatwerethereallalong.1．Whydoestheauthormention“chocolatecake”and“spider”inparagraph1?A．Toexplainthecomplexresponseofemotions.B．Toshowthesubjectiveexperienceofemotions.C．Toindicatethegoodnessandbadnessoftheworld.D．Toemphasizethesignificanceofemotionsinlife.2．Whatistheconsequenceifyoujustfocusonyourpresentfeelings?A．Thepresentfeelingsarelessobvious.B．Thesubjectiveemotionsarelesspowerful.C．Theoverallpictureofemotionsiseasiertoignore.D．Theobservationanddescriptionofemotionsareeasier.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipates”inParagraph4probablyreferto?

7A．Deepens.B．Spreads.C．Disappears.D．Sticks.4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thesecretofemotions.B．Thesubjectiveexperience.C．Theimportanceofalliesinlife.D．Magicalfunctionsofemotions.【答案】1．B    2．C    3．C    4．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了情感的秘密有哪些，包括情绪情感的核心，以及如何更好控制它们，成为情绪的盟友。1．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!(情绪的核心是对情感价值的主观体验，情感科学家称之为““affect”(情感)”。一般来说，情感是我们最关注的。你面前有巧克力蛋糕吗？太好了！你看见桌子上有蜘蛛吗！太糟糕了！)”可知，情绪的核心是对情感价值的主观体验，后面举例巧克力蛋糕和蜘蛛是为了论述这句话，表现情感的主观体验。故选B项。2．细节理解题。由第三段中的“Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.(我们的主观情感价值几乎是我们所能看到的。当情绪只与当前主观体验中的愉快或不愉快有关时，情绪中更重要的特征就消失了)”可知，如果你只关注你现在的感受，后果是情绪的整体情况更容易被忽视。故选C项。3．词句猜测题。由第四段中的“Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.(如果你能放慢速度并扩张；如果你停止奔跑或沉浸其中，并采取一种好奇心，情绪就会变得更加微妙和不同。当恐惧出现时，不要走开，以便恐惧dissipates)”可知，如果你停止沉浸其中并且培养好奇心，情感就会变得微妙和不同，说明恐惧也会变化，变得不恐惧，可得出画线词所在句讲当恐惧来临时，不要逃避恐惧，那么恐惧就会消失，dissipates意为“消失（Disappears）”。故选C项。4．主旨大意题。由第二段中的“Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.(通过欣赏情感的秘密生活，你也可以学到很多东西)”和最后一段中的“Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.(只需要充分的情感。你永远不会进入它们的秘密生活，除非你停止奔跑或沉浸其中)”可知，文章主要介绍了情感的秘密有哪些，包括情绪情感的核心，以及如何更好控制它们，成为情绪的盟友，A项“情感的秘密”符合文意。故选A项。押题速练5Somepeoplecanwalkintoaroomandinstantlyputeveryoneatease.Othersseemtomaketeethclenchandeyesrollnomatterwhattheydo.Asmallbodyofpsychologyresearchsupportstheideathatthewayapersontendstomakeothersfeelisaconsistentandmeasurablepartofhispersonality.Researcherscallit“effectivepresence.”Thisconceptwasfirstdescribednearly10yearsagoinastudyledbyNoahEisenkraft,abusinessprofessoratWashingtonUniversity.Heputbusiness-schoolstudentsintogroups,hadthemregisterforallthesameclasses

8forasemester,anddoeverygroupprojecttogether.Thenthemembersofeachgroupratedhowmucheveryothermembermadethemfeeleightdifferentemotions:stressed,bored,angry,sad,calm,relaxed,happy,andenthusiastic.Theresearchersfoundthatasignificantportionofgroupmembers‘emotionscouldbeaccountedforbytheeffectivepresenceoftheirpeers.Itseemsthat“ourownwayofbeinghasanemotionalsignature.”saysElfenbein.It’sbeenknownforsometimethatemotionsareinfectious.Buteffectivepresenceisaneffectonehasregardlessofone’sownfeelings—thosewithpositiveeffectivepresencemakeotherpeoplefeelgoodeveniftheypersonallyareanxiousorsad,andtheoppositeistrueforthosewithnegativeeffectivepresenceUnsurprisingly,peoplewhoconsistentlymakeothersfeelgoodaremorncentraltotheirsocialnetworks—inElfenbein’sstudy,moreoftheirclassmateconsideredthemtobefriends.SectorMadrid,anorganizational-behaviorprofessor,hasfoundthatleaderswithpositiveaffectivepresencehaveteamsthatarebetteratsharinginformation,whichleadstocreativity.Inferiorsaremorelikelytovoicetheirideas,too.However,Elfenbeinnotesthatpositiveeffectivepresenceisn’tnaturallygood.Psychopaths(精神变态者)areinfamouslycharmingandnaywellusetheirpositiveeffectivepresenceforcalculatingends.Neitherisnegativeeffectivepresencenecessarilyalwaysabadthinginaleader—thinkofafootballcoachyellingattheteamathalftime,motivatingthemtomakeacomeback.Shesuspectsthateffectivepresenceiscloselyrelatedtoemotionalintelligencewhichonecanusetocurecancerortobeacriminalmastermind.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“maketeethclench”inParagraph1mean?A．Makepeopleupsetorangry.B．Makepeoplegladorrefreshed.C．Makepeoplecomfortableorrelaxed.D．Makepeopleamazedorthrilled.2．WhydoestheauthormentionElfenbein’sstudyinParagraph5?A．Tosuggestleadersarebetteratsharinginformation.B．ToproveleadersalsohavenegativeeffectivepresenceC．Toindicatepositiveeffectivepresencehasagreaterinfluence,D．Toshowpositiveeffectivepresencecanpromotesocialinteraction.3．Whatdoyouknowabouteffectivepresenceaccordingtothetext?A．Itisforcalculatingends.B．Itisadouble-edgedsword.C．Itisaffectedbyone’sownemotion,D．Itisthepositiveemotionalinfluenceonothers.4．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．AffectivePresence:HowYouMakePeopleFeelB．EmotionalSignature:WhyEmotionsareInfectiousC．AffectivePresence:NegativePartofYourPersonalitiesD．EmotionalIntelligence:BigPartofeffectivePresence【答案】1．A    2．D    3．B    4．A【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是“情感存在”并介绍了“情感存在”在社交中的作用。1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后的“eyesrollnomatterwhatthey

9do”（无论他们做什么，你都会翻白眼）可知，划线词所在句中“Others”这类人的出现会令人不愉快，结合选项可知，“让人心烦或生气”为负面情绪，由此可知，句中指其他人似乎无论做什么都会让人生气，并对他们翻白眼，“Makepeopleupsetorangry.”意为“让人心烦或生气”，能够表达划线线短语在句中的意思。故选A项。2．推理判断题。根据第五段关键句“Unsurprisingly,peoplewhoconsistentlymakeothersfeelgoodaremorncentraltotheirsocialnetworks—inElfenbein’sstudy,moreoftheirclassmateconsideredthemtobefriends.”（不出所料，在埃尔芬贝的研究中，那些总是让别人感觉良好的人在他们的社交网络中更为重要，他们的同学中更多的人认为他们是朋友。）可知，本段内容中提到埃尔芬贝的研究，告诉我们展现积极的情感存在可以让别人感觉良好，这在社交中起着积极作用，更多的人会认为这类人是朋友，由此可知，作者在第五段中提到埃尔芬贝的研究是为了展现积极的情感存在可以促进社交。故选D项。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“Shesuspectsthateffectivepresenceiscloselyrelatedtoemotionalintelligencewhichonecanusetocurecancerortobeacriminalmastermind.”（她怀疑情感存在与情绪智力密切相关，情绪智力可以用来治疗癌症或成为犯罪主谋。）可知，埃尔芬贝认为“情感存在”是一把双刃剑，因为它与情绪智力密切相关，而情绪智力如果用好了可以治疗癌症，用不好可能会让你成为犯罪主谋，由此可知，“情感存在”是一把双刃剑。故选B项。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段关键句“Asmallbodyofpsychologyresearchsupportstheideathatthewayapersontendstomakeothersfeelisaconsistentandmeasurablepartofhispersonality.Researcherscallit‘effectivepresence.’”（一小部分心理学研究支持这样一种观点，即一个人倾向于让别人感觉到的方式是他性格中一个一致且可测量的部分。研究人员称之为“情感存在”。）可知，本文主要介绍了什么是“情感存在”，这是指一个人给其他人的感觉，并介绍了“情感存在”在社交中的作用，“AffectivePresence:HowYouMakePeopleFeel”意为“情感存在：你给人的感觉”，选项能够概括文章主要内容。故选A项。押题速练6Recently,thelaboratoryofSamiEl-Boustani,anassistantprofessorattheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationinperception(感知)anddecision-making.“Wewantedtoobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大脑皮层神经元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandtowhatextentthelattercanhaveaneffectonlearningandperformanceinadecision-makingtask,”explainsSamiEl-Boustani.Theresearchteamdevelopedabehavioralpatterninvolvingmiceinacontrolledwaterconsumptioncondition.Researchersfirsttrainedthesemicetorespondtothestimulationoftwowhiskers(鼠须)(AandB)andtoproduceanaction—lickingaspout(舔壶嘴)—onlyforwhiskerAinordertoobtainadropofwater.Followingthistraining,thesemicereactedmainlytothestimulationofwhiskerA．Finally,theresearchersconductedtheseexperimentsatdecreasinglevelsofthirstinordertovarythemotivationofthemicetoparticipateinthetask.Inastateofgreatthirst,micelickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhenwhiskerAwasstimulated.Finally,whentheywerenotverythirsty,theirperformanceinthetaskdroppedagain.Byobservingtheactivityofneuronalpopulationsresponsibleforperceptualdecision-makinginthesemice,researchersdiscoveredthathigh-motivationleadstothestrongstimulationofcorticalneurons,whichcausesalossofaccuracyintheperceptionofthestimulation.Incontrast,inthelow-motivationstate,theaccuracyofthesensoryinformationwasrecovered,butthestrengthofthesignalwastoolowforittobesentcorrectly.

10Theseresultsrevealthatthelevelofmotivationdoesnotonlyimpactdecision-makingbutalsotheperceptionofsensoryinformation,whichleadstothedecision.Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchlater,dependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtotheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchontheroleofmotivationinlearningopensthewaytonewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.1．Whichaspectofmotivationdoesthelaboratory’sresearchfocuson?A．Whatroleperceptionplaysinmotivation.B．Whateffectlearninghasonmotivation.C．Howmotivationaffectsdecisionmaking.D．Howsensoryinformationaffectsmotivation.2．WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Themethodsofconductingtheexperiment.B．Thelimitationsoftheexperiment.C．Thesignificanceoftheexperiment.D．Theresultsoftheexperiment.3．Intheexperiment,themiceperformedwellenoughinallthesituationswhen_________.A．theywerepushedbyhighmotivationB．theperceptionofstimulationwasinaccurateC．thesignalwasnotstrongenoughD．theyweremotivatedtoamediumdegree4．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytellreaders?A．Alastingmotivationcanbringsaboutaproperdecision.B．Peoplehavedifficultymaintainingthebestlevelofmotivation.C．Flexiblemethodsareneededtomaintaintherightdegreeofmotivation.D．Highmotivationmakesthebrainprocesssensoryinformationaccurately.【答案】1．C    2．A    3．D    4．C【文章大意】本文为一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了日内瓦大学的助理教授SamiEl-Boustani的实验室研究了动机在感知和决策中所起的作用。1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Recently,thelaboratoryofSamiEl-Boustani,anassistantprofessorattheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationinperception(感知)anddecision-making.”（最近，日内瓦大学助理教授SamiEl-Boustani的实验室研究了动机在感知和决策中所起的作用。）和“Wewantedtoobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneuronsischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandtowhatextentthelattercanhaveaneffectonlearningandperformanceinadecision-makingtask”（我们想观察皮层神经元发出的感觉信息是如何被动机的程度所改变的，以及动机在多大程度上会对决策任务中的学习和表现产生影响）可知，该实验室主要研究动机是如何影响做决定的，故选C。2．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段第一句“Theresearchteamdevelopedabehavioralpatterninvolvingmiceina

11controlledwaterconsumptioncondition.”（该研究团队开发了一种行为模式，该模式涉及的是处于受控耗水条件下的小老鼠。）及最后一句“Finally,theresearchersconductedtheseexperimentsatdecreasinglevelsofthirstinordertovarythemotivationofthemicetoparticipateinthetask.”（最终，研究者在降低口渴程度的情况下进行了这些实验，以改变小老鼠参加这项活动的动机。）可知，本段主要讲述了做这项实验的方法，通过老鼠在不同口渴的程度下参加此活动的动机，故选A。3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Inastateofgreatthirst,micelickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhenwhiskerAwasstimulated.Finally,whentheywerenotverythirsty,theirperformanceinthetaskdroppedagain.”（在极度口渴的情况下，老鼠以极大的动力随意地舔着壶嘴。在中等口渴的情况下，它们的行动选择变得理想。当鼠须A受到刺激时，它们主要舔壶嘴。最后，当它们不太口渴时，它们的表现在此下降。）可推知，老鼠在中等口渴的情况下，它们主要舔壶嘴，因此变现最佳，故选D。4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchlater,dependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtotheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchontheroleofmotivationinlearningopensthewaytonewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.”（研究人员观察到，小鼠很快就理解了这一规则，但只能在很久之后才能表达这一学习，这取决于与它们的动机水平相关的感知变化。对学习动机作用的研究为新的适应性方法开辟了道路，旨在在学习过程中保持最佳的动机水平。）可知，此研究表明，为了保持学习中的最佳动机水平，可以去开辟新的适应方式，这需要灵活的方法，故选C。

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