2023年新高考英语压轴题专项训练 压轴题03 阅读理解之说明文（解析版）

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压轴题03阅读理解之说明文说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。1．首尾处高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此这些地方也就理所当然地成为了命题的重点所在。2．转折处文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but,however,yet,still,infact,asamatteroffact,onthecontrary等。3．对比处文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike,bycontrast,(be)comparedwith,incomparison等。4．举例处一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like,suchas,forexample,forinstance,take...asanexample等。5．因果处因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒去迷惑考生。常见的词语有：because,for,since,as,so,thus,

1therefore,consequently,cause,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,asaresult(of),resultin/from,leadto等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时考生就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。6．特殊标点处文章的特殊标点符号处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，考生要对下列特殊标点符号格外留心：①破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；②冒号，主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号考生重点关注冒号后的内容即可；③括号，考生需要注意的是英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。7．结论处当文章中出现theresearch/studyindicates,thereportsuggests等结论性表达时，考生要格外注意。因为命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。8．观点处文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意doubt,appreciate,hate,beagainst/for,infavorof等词语。（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·哈尔滨三中校考一模）TheLostCity,Atlantisisamagnificentandancientcitylyingbeneaththewavesofthesea.Doesthissoundlikeafairytaletoyou?Manypeoplehavetriedandfailedtofindit.MichaelHubnerfromGermanythoughthehad.Letuslearnmoreaboutthisfascinatingcity.TheGreekphilosopherPlato,wholivedinthe4thcenturyBC,mentionedAtlantisindetailinhiswritings.HesaidthatAtlantiswasacitybuiltonanislandaround9,000yearsbeforehistime.Atlantisbecameapowerfulnationthatplannedtoconquerallothercountries.However,itdisappearedsuddenlybeneaththeseaintotheAtlanticOceanbecauseofearthquakesandfloods.Platogave51cluestoitslocation.Hedescribedthecityhavinganislandatthecenterandbeingsurroundedbyringsofwaterandland.HealsosaidhowfarthecitywasfromAthensinGreece.ManyexplorershadtriedandfailedtofindAtlantisunderthesea.TheyhadbeenlookingundertheseabecauseofwhatPlatowroteaboutit.AGermancomputerexpertcalledMichaelHubnercameupwiththetheorythatAtlantiswasnotatthebottomoftheocean.HethoughtthatAtlantishadbeendestroyedbyatsunamiwave.Thestrongforceofthewavewouldhavecausedtheendoftheoncegreatcity.MichaelHubnerlookedatallofPlato’scluesagain.HeusedacomputerprogramtoenteralltheinformationthatPlatowroteabout.Thecomputerprogramwouldcheckonamapoftheworldforaplacethatmatchedalltheclues.InthiswayMichaelHubnerwasabletofindtheplacethatAtlantismighthavebeen.Thecomputer

2programpointedtoaplaceontheMoroccancoastinAfrica,whichwascalledtheSouss-massaplain.MichaelHubnerimmediatelyboardedaplanetolookforhimself.Whenhegotthere,hewassurprisedtoseemanythingsthatmatchedPlato’sdescription.Therewasasmallmoundinthecentreoftheplainandcirculardryriverbeds.ItwasalsoveryclosetothedistancethatPlatohaddescribed.Weknowthatatsunamicanoccurifthereisanearthquake.TheareaoftheSouss-Massaplainhashadmanyearthquakesoveryears.MichaelHubner’stheorythatamassivetsunamihadflattenedthecityisnotimpossible.Thiswouldexplainwhyitdisappearedsosuddenly.EventhoughMichaelHubnerbelievedthathehadfoundthesiteofAtlantis,manyexpertsdisagreed.SomescholarshavesuggestedthatPlatomighthavebeenwritingaboutCreteandtheneighbouringislandofSantorini,whichwasbadlydestroyedbyavolcaniceruptionin1600BC．Othersfeelhemadeupthestoryandbaseditonoldlegends.MichaelHubnerbelievedPlato.HeusedhistimeandenergytoprovetohimselfthatAtlantisexistedandstoodproudlyalongtheMoroccancoast.1．WhichonefitsPlato’sdescriptionofAtlantis?A．Atlantiswasstruckbyearthquakesandfloods.B．AtlantiswasfarawayfromthecityAthensinGreece.C．Atlantiswasacitybuiltonanislandabout9,000yearsBC．D．Atlantisdisappearedbecauseitwasconqueredbymorepowerfulcountries.2．WhydidMichaelHubnergototheSouss-massaplain?A．Toexploreatsunamiwave.B．Toproveheisancomputerexpert.C．ToexplorethepossiblesiteofAtlantis.D．ToproveAtlantiswasdestroyedbyfloods.3．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsMichaelHubner’stheory?A．Doubtful.B．Opposed.C．Critical.D．Objective.4．Whatcanbelearnedfromthetext?A．Thelostcityprovedtobemerelyalegend.B．MichaelHubnerwascompletelyagainstPlato’sidea.C．LotsofexpertsstillquestionedMichaelHubner’stheory.D．Atlantiswasseverelyaffectedbyavolcaniceruptionin1600BC．【答案】1．A    2．C    3．D    4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍迈克尔·哈布纳用自己的理论证明他找到了亚特兰蒂斯帝国，但一些专家对此表示怀疑。

31．细节理解题。根据第二段的“However,itdisappearedsuddenlybeneaththeseaintotheAtlanticOceanbecauseofearthquakesandfloods.(然而，由于地震和洪水，它突然消失在海底，沉入大西洋)”可知，根据Plato的描述亚特兰蒂斯曾经被地震和洪水袭击。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Thecomputerprogramwouldcheckonamapoftheworldforaplacethatmatchedalltheclues.InthiswayMichaelHubnerwasabletofindtheplacethatAtlantismighthavebeen.ThecomputerprogrampointedtoaplaceontheMoroccancoastinAfrica,whichwascalledtheSouss-massaplain.MichaelHubnerimmediatelyboardedaplanetolookforhimself.(计算机程序将在世界地图上查找与所有线索相匹配的地方。就这样，迈克尔·哈布纳找到了亚特兰蒂斯可能存在的地方。计算机程序指向了非洲摩洛哥海岸的一个地方，那里被称为苏斯-马萨平原。MichaelHubner立即登上飞机自己去寻找)”可知，迈克尔·哈布纳去苏斯-马萨平原是为了探索亚特兰蒂斯可能的所在的。故选C。3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Weknowthatatsunamicanoccurifthereisanearthquake.TheareaoftheSouss-Massaplainhashadmanyearthquakesoveryears.MichaelHubner’stheorythatamassivetsunamihadflattenedthecityisnotimpossible.Thiswouldexplainwhyitdisappearedsosuddenly.(我们知道地震会引发海啸。苏斯-马萨平原地区多年来发生过多次地震。MichaelHubner认为大规模海啸夷平了这座城市的理论并非不可能。这就解释了为什么它消失得如此突然)”和最后一段“EventhoughMichaelHunberbelievedthathehadfoundthesiteofAtlantis,manyexpertsdisagreed.SomescholarshavesuggestedthatPlatomighthavebeenwritingaboutCreteandtheneighbouringislandofSantorini,whichwasbadlydestroyedbyavolcaniceruptionin1600BC.Othersfeelhemadeupthestoryandbaseditonoldlegends.(尽管迈克尔·哈布纳相信他已经找到了亚特兰蒂斯的遗址，但许多专家并不同意。一些学者认为柏拉图可能写的是克里特岛和邻近的圣托里尼岛，圣托里尼岛在公元前1600年的一次火山爆发中被严重摧毁。其他人则认为这个故事是他根据古老的传说编造出来的)”可知，作者认为大规模海啸将亚特兰蒂斯夷为平地这种理论是有可能的，并且陈述了一些专家对他的理论的质疑。由此推知，作者对迈克尔·哈布纳的理论持客观态度。故选D。4．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“EventhoughMichaelHubnerbelievedthathehadfoundthesiteofAtlantis,manyexpertsdisagreed.SomescholarshavesuggestedthatPlatomighthavebeenwritingaboutCreteandtheneighbouringislandofSantorini,whichwasbadlydestroyedbyavolcaniceruptionin1600BC.Othersfeelhemadeupthestoryandbaseditonoldlegends.(尽管迈克尔·哈布纳相信他已经找到了亚特兰蒂斯的遗址，但许多专家并不同意。一些学者认为柏拉图可能写的是克里特岛和邻近的圣托里尼岛，圣托里尼岛在公元前1600年的一次火山爆发中被严重摧毁。其他人则认为这个故事是他根据古老的传说编造出来的)”可知，许多专家仍然质疑迈克尔·哈布纳的理论。故选C。（2023·河北唐山·统考一模）SchoolsintheUSandelsewhereareannouncingbansontherecentlyreleasedAI—poweredChatGPToutoffearthatstudentscouldusethetechnologytocompletetheirassignments.However,bansmaybepracticallyimpossiblegivenhowdifficultitistodetectwhentextiscomposedby

4ChatGPT.Isitinsteadtimetorethinkhowstudentsaretaughtandevaluated?EducatorsarestartingtoquestionwhatitmeanstoassessstudentlearningifanAIcanwriteanessayorpapersimilarto,orevenbetterthan,astudentwould—andtheteachercan’ttellthedifference.Manyteachersbelievethetime-honoredlearningtraditionwillbedestroyedfromthegroundupbyChatGPT.TheLosAngelesUnifiedSchoolDistrictinCaliforniafirstblockedtheuseofChatGPTonnetworksanddevicesinDecember2022.However,removingtechnologyfromtheclassroomcanmeanundesirableconsequences,suchascreatingmoreobstaclesforstudentswithdisabilities,saysTrust.Additionally,restrictingtheuseofChatGPTonschoolnetworksanddevicescan’tstopstudentsfromusingChatGPTathomeandinlibraries.Itisalsounclearifanti-cheatingsoftwarecanreliablydetectAI-assistedwriting.OpenAIisworkingtodevelopadigitalwatermarkthatcanhelpteachersandacademicsspotstudentswhoareusingChatGPTtowriteessays.OpenAI’sattemptstowatermarkAItext,however,hitlimits.InsteadofworryingabouthowChatGPTcouldenablecheating,educatorsshouldaskwhatmotivatesstudentstocheatinthefirstplaceandworkondevelopingrelationshipsoftrust,saysJesseStommelattheUniversityofDenverinColorado.“TalktostudentsreallyfranklyaboutwhatChatGPT’scapableof,whatit’snot,”saysStommel.“HavestudentsuseittowriteanessayaboutJaneAustenandgenderdynamics,andthenhavethemreadthatessayandpeerreviewitandthinkaboutwhatChatGPTgetsrightandwrong.”5．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestschoolsdo?A．Adjustteachingandassessment.B．Meetdifferentdemandsfromstudents.C．ProhibittheuseofChatGPTinclassrooms.D．Breakwiththetraditionalteachingmethod.6．Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A．DarkfutureofChatGPT.B．Educators’worryingconcern.C．Crisisoftraditionallearning.D．DifficultyintellingAI’swriting.7．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardOpenAI’swatermarktechnology?A．Amused.B．Hopeful.C．Shocked.D．Doubtful.8．WhatcanbeinferredfromJesseStommel?A．AIhelpsstudentstellrightandwrong.B．Studentsshouldwriteaboutfamouswriters.C．EducatorsshouldguidestudentstouseAIproperly.

5D．Thetrustbetweenteachersandstudentsishardtoform.【答案】5．A    6．B    7．D    8．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要分析了当前美国很多学校宣布禁止最近发布的人工智能驱动的ChatGPT的原因以及人们对这一问题引发的讨论。5．细节理解题。根据首段中的“However,bansmaybepracticallyimpossiblegivenhowdifficultitistodetectwhentextiscomposedbyChatGPT.Isitinsteadtimetorethinkhowstudentsaretaughtandevaluated?(但是，鉴于检测文本何时由ChatGPT组成是多么困难，因此实际上不可能禁止。现在是时候重新思考如何教授和评估学生了吗？)”可知，作者认为推行禁令实际上不太可能，所以用问句的形式提议，到了该重新调整教学和评估的时候了。故选A项。6．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“EducatorsarestartingtoquestionwhatitmeanstoassessstudentlearningifanAIcanwriteanessayorpapersimilarto,orevenbetterthan,astudentwould—andtheteachercan’ttellthedifference.Manyteachersbelievethetime-honoredlearningtraditionwillbedestroyedfromthegroundupbyChatGPT.(教育工作者开始质疑，如果人工智能可以写出与学生相似甚至更好的论文或论文，那么评估学生的学习意味着什么——而老师无法分辨出其中的区别。许多教师认为，历史悠久的的学习传统将被聊天GPT从头开始摧毁。)”可知，教育者开始质疑，如果老师分不清是AI还是学生写的作文时，评估学生学习情况的意义，且ChatGPT也完全摧毁这种历史悠久的学习传统，由此可知，该段主要讲的是教育者的担忧。故选B项。7．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“OpenAIisworkingtodevelopadigitalwatermarkthatcanhelpteachersandacademicsspotstudentswhoareusingChatGPTtowriteessays.OpenAI’sattemptstowatermarkAItext,however,hitlimits.(OpenAI正在努力开发一种数字水印，可以帮助教师和学者发现使用ChatGPT撰写论文的学生。然而，OpenAI为AI文本加水印的尝试达到了极限。)”可知，OpenAI正致力于开发一种数字水印，帮助教师和学者发现使用ChatGPT写论文的学生，但作者认为水印处理技术的尝试有限，由此可推断，作者对OpenAI的水印技术持怀疑态度。故选D项。8．推理判断题。根据尾段中的““TalktostudentsreallyfranklyaboutwhatChatGPT’scapableof,whatit’snot,”saysStommel.“HavestudentsuseittowriteanessayaboutJaneAustenandgenderdynamics,andthenhavethemreadthatessayandpeerreviewitandthinkaboutwhatChatGPTgetsrightandwrong.”(斯托梅尔说：“坦率地和学生们谈谈ChatGPT能做什么，不能做什么。”“让学生用它来写一篇关于简·奥斯汀和性别动态的文章，然后让他们阅读这篇文章，并进行同行评审，思考ChatGPT在哪些方面是对的，哪些是错的。”)”可知，Stommel建议教育者与学生开诚布公的谈谈ChatGPT，然后让他们使用ChatGPT写一篇文章，然后对ChatGPT的文章进行评论，由此可推断Stommel建议教育者正确引导学生使用ChatGPT。故选C项。（2023·江苏·统考二模）WhenshefirstcametoBritainasarefugee(难民)fromNigeriasixyearsago,Kemi

6hadathree-month-olddaughter,aroominasharedhouseand￡5.39tosurviveoneachday.Findingmoneyfornewclotheswasoutofthequestion.Afterfouryears,Kemiwasgranted(给与)refugeestatusandsecuredherfirstjobinterview—unsurprisingly,shehadnothingtowear.However,shewasreferredtoasmallsocialenterprisecalledGiveYourBest,whichaskedherhersizeandwhatkindofclothessheliked.“Andtheygavemethreebeautifulshirts.Thoseclotheswerelikegoldtome.TheyaskedmewhatIactuallywanted.Thatmakesyoufeelvalued.”TheinitiativewaslaunchedbySolEscobar,whohadspentseveralyearsvolunteeringatrefugeecampsinnorthernFrance.Afriendputherincontactwithahouseholdofrefugeewomenwhocouldn’taccessanyclothing.Escobarrealisedshehadsurplus(剩余)clothesshecoulddonate,andappealedtoherfriendsandnetworksforhelp.Shewasfloodedwithoffers,butdidn’twanttooverloadthewomenwithpotentiallyimproperclothing.“SoIthought,ifItakephotosofalloftheseitemsandputthemonanInstagrampage,theycanallchoosethethingsthattheyactuallywant.”Eighteenmonthslater,GiveYourBesthasprocessedalmost11,000itemsofclothing,andhasmorethan800refugeewomenapprovedto“shop”forfreeonitsvirtualshopfront.Itisaimingformuchmore,however.HavingreachedtheverylimitofdonationsandrequestsitcouldhandlethroughInstagram,theenterprisehasjustlaunchedanewdigitalplatformthatwillallowittohugelyupscale.Likethehugelysuccessfulclothingresaleapp,clothesarephotographedanduploadedtoGiveYourBest,wherecustomersselectthosetheylikeanddonorsthenposttheitem.Crucially,however,nomoneychangeshands.Aswellasgivingchoicetoitsusersandminimisingfashionwaste,Escobarsaysoneconsequencehasbeenthesmallbutintimate(亲密的)connectionsestablishedbetweendonorandshopper.Manydonorschoosetoincludeasupportivenoteandasmallgift—hugelywelcomedbyrecipients(接受者),butalsoareminderthat“ontheothersideofyourpackage,there’sawomanwhoisyoursizeandhasyourfashionsense,becauseshe’sshoppingfromyourwardrobe(衣橱)”.9．What’sthepurposeoftheenterprise?A．Toofferjobtrainingtorefugees.B．Toprovidechildcareforrefugees.C．Togiverefugeesdignityofchoice.D．Tostrengthenrefugees’socialposition.10．Whatdoesparagraph3focuson?A．Howtheenterprisesurvived.B．Howtheenterpriseadvertised.

7C．Howtheenterprisewasnamed.D．Howtheenterprisewasinitiated.11．Whatdowelearnabouttheenterprisefromthetext?A．Itiswarmlyreceived.B．Itisdifficulttooperate.C．Itmakeshugeprofits.D．Itneedstobemorecreative.12．Whatdoestheenterprisebringtoitsdonorsandrecipients?A．Enjoyableshoppingexperience.B．Asenseofsocialresponsibility.C．Closeinterpersonalrelationship.D．Agoodinsightintofashiontrend.【答案】9．C    10．D    11．A    12．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了SolEscobar创立的企业GiveYourBest为难民提供免费的衣服，并在捐赠者和难民之间建立了亲密的人际关系。9．推理判断题。根第二段“Afterfouryears,Kemiwasgranted(给与)refugeestatusandsecuredherfirstjobinterview—unsurprisingly,shehadnothingtowear.However,shewasreferredtoasmallsocialenterprisecalledGiveYourBest,whichaskedherhersizeandwhatkindofclothessheliked.‘Andtheygavemethreebeautifulshirts.Thoseclotheswerelikegoldtome.TheyaskedmewhatIactuallywanted.Thatmakesyoufeelvalued.’(四年后，Kemi获得了难民身份，并获得了她的第一次工作面试——不出所料，她没有衣服穿。但是，她被介绍到一家名为GiveYourBest的小型社会企业，该企业询问她的尺码和喜欢什么样的衣服。“他们给了我三件漂亮的衬衫。那些衣服对我来说就像金子一样珍贵。他们问我到底想要什么。这会让你觉得自己受到重视。”)”可知，GiveYourBest让像Kemi一样的难民可以根据自己的尺码和喜好选择衣服，这种做法给予了难民以选择的尊严。故选C项。10．主旨大意题。根据第三段“TheinitiativewaslaunchedbySolEscobar,whohadspentseveralyearsvolunteeringatrefugeecampsinnorthernFrance.Afriendputherincontactwithahouseholdofrefugeewomenwhocouldn’taccessanyclothing.Escobarrealisedshehadsurplus(剩余)clothesshecoulddonate,andappealedtoherfriendsandnetworksforhelp.Shewasfloodedwithoffers,butdidn’twanttooverloadthewomenwithpotentiallyimproperclothing.‘SoIthought,ifItakephotosofalloftheseitemsandputthemonanInstagrampage,theycanallchoosethethingsthattheyactually

8want.’(这项倡议是由索尔·埃斯科瓦尔发起的，他曾在法国北部的难民营做过几年志愿者。一个朋友帮她联系了一户没有衣服穿的难民妇女。埃斯科巴意识到她有多余的衣服可以捐赠，于是她向朋友和网络寻求帮助。她收到了大量的捐赠，但她不想因为可能不合适的服装而让这些女性负担过重。“所以我想，如果我把所有这些东西都拍下来，放到Instagram主页上，他们就可以选择自己真正想要的东西了。”)”可推知，本段主要讲是的企业GiveYourBest是如何创立的。故选D项。11．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Eighteenmonthslater,GiveYourBesthasprocessedalmost11,000itemsofclothing,andhasmorethan800refugeewomenapprovedto“shop”forfreeonitsvirtualshopfront.(8个月后，GiveYourBest已经处理了近1.1万件衣服，并有800多名难民妇女获准在其虚拟店面免费“购物”)”可推知，企业GiveYourBest深受欢迎。故选A项。12．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Aswellasgivingchoicetoitsusersandminimisingfashionwaste,Escobarsaysoneconsequencehasbeenthesmallbutintimate(亲密的)connectionsestablishedbetweendonorandshopper.(埃斯科瓦尔说，除了为用户提供选择并最大限度地减少时尚浪费之外，另一个结果是在捐赠者和购物者之间建立了微小但亲密的联系)”可知，企业GiveYourBest让捐赠者和接受者建立了亲密的人际关系。故选C项。（2023·湖北·校联考二模）Takealookatthattreeinthelocalpark.Whatmightitbefeeling?Coulditbethinking?Experimentsareexploringtheideaofplantcognition(认知),evengoingsofarastosuggesttheypossesssomeformofconsciousness.Aswildasitsounds,itisn’tanewidea.Thefieldof“plantneurobiology(神经生物学)”beganin2006,aimedatunderstandinghowplantsprocessinformationfromtheirenvironment.Itisnowclearthatplantsarecapableofcomplexcommunicationandcansensetheirsurroundings,whichwereoriginallydismissed.Butadvocatesofplantconsciousnesstakethingsfurtheranddrawparallelsbetweentheelectricalsignalingthatcanbefoundfromroottostemandthatpresentinthenervoussystemofanimals.Theyclaimtoshowthatplantsarecapableofintentionallychoosingtoperformcertainbehaviors,oflearningandperhapsevenhavingpersonalities.Ifplantsareexperiencingaconsciousinnerworld,theyargue,itbecomesvitalthatwefindwaystotestandunderstandit.Extendingtheconceptofcognitiontoplantswouldmeanasignificantshiftinourviewoftheuniquenessofhumanity,nottomentionhowwetreatourbotanicalfriends,sothebarofacceptanceishigh.Researchersrisingtothechallengearehopingtoexploreplantswithtoolsusuallyreservedforthehumanbrain.Theresearchcanappearpersuasive,butitisinitsearlystageandsuffersfromrepeatedfailure.Criticssaythefieldisahighguessandthatthebehaviourcanbeexplainedthroughinbornresponse.Whetherwedecidethatplantshavecognitionmaycomedowntoourabilitytodescribeconsciousnessitself-somethingwearefarfromdoing.Butratherthandismisstheidea,weshouldwelcomethechancetothinkupnewwaystotestourunderstandingofconsciousness.Itmightjustimproveourgraspofthehumanmind.Attheveryleast,ourtreesandplantsshouldbenefitfromtheextraattention-consciouslyornot.

913．Whatdosupportersofplantconsciousnessbelieve?A．Plantscanonlyperformnativereaction.B．Plantscanperceivetheirsurroundingsandadapttothem.C．Plantspossessthesamelevelofconsciousnessashumans.D．Plantscancommunicatecomplicatedlyandchooseactionsdeliberately.14．Whatisthemainchallengeinacceptingtheideaofplantconsciousness?A．Theneedtodeveloptoolstotestplantcognition.B．Thedramaticchangeinourviewofhumanity.C．Thelackofevidenceinthefieldofplantneurobiology.D．Theinabilitytodescribeconsciousnessitself.15．Whatisthecurrentstateofresearchinthefieldofplantcognition?A．Thefieldishighlybasedonguessesandhasnoevidence.B．Researchersareusingtoolsreservedforthehumanbraintostudyplantbehaviors.C．Thereisnotenoughevidencetosupporttheideaofplantconsciousness.D．Plantshavebeenproventopossessaformofconsciousness.16．Whatisthepotentialbenefitofstudyingplantconsciousness?A．Enhancingourunderstandingofthehumanbrain.B．Developingnewwaystotestplantbehaviors.C．Promotingourrelationshipwithplants.D．Provingtheexistenceofplantcognition.【答案】13．D    14．D    15．C    16．A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就植物是否有意识以及其引发的讨论展进行了介绍。13．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Theyclaimtoshowthatplantsarecapableofintentionallychoosingtoperformcertainbchaviors,oflearningandperhapsevenhavingpersonalitics.(他们声称，这表明植物能够有意选择进行某些行为、学习，甚至可能具有个性)”可知，认为植物有意识的支持者认为植物能进行复杂的交流，进行有意的选择。故选D。14．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Whetherwedecidethatplantshavecognitionmaycomedowntoourabilitytodescribeconsciousnessitself--somethingwearefarfromdoing(我们是判定定植物具有认知能力，可能取决于我们描述意识本身的能力——这是我们远未做到的)”可知，接受植物意识这个想法的主要挑战是我们不能描述意识本身。故选D。15．细节理解题。根据第五段“Theresearchcanappearpersuasive,butitisinitsearlystageandsuffersfromrepeatedfailure.Criticssaythefieldisahighguessandthatthebehaviourcanbeexplainedthroughinborn

10response.(这项研究可能看起来很有说服力，但它还处于早期阶段，而且一再失败。批评者说，这个领域是一个高度猜测，这种行为可以通过天生的反应来解释)”可知，目前植物意识的研究仍处于早期阶段，而且遭遇了不断的失败，所以没有足够的证据证明。故选C。16．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Itmightjustimproveourgraspofthehumanmind.(它可能会提高我们对人类大脑的理解)”可知，研究植物意识潜在的好处是可以提高我们对人类大脑的认识。故选A。（2023·江苏镇江·江苏省镇江第一中学校考模拟预测）FaceApphastakentheworldbystorm,givingusersthechancetoseethemselvesagethroughitsalgorithm.12.7millionpeople—somethreemillionmorethanthepopulationofNewYorkCity—reportedlydownloadeditinaweeklastmonth.AlthoughtheRussianapphasbecomeknownforitsprivacyissues,themoreinterestinglessonofourFaceAppfling(尽情玩乐)iswhatittellsusaboutoursociety—andourfuturelives.Itturnsoutwearemoreinterestedinagingthanwerealized.Mostyoungerpeopleareindenialaboutoldage,doingalmostnothingtoprepareforit.Werarelyhaveachancetoplanforthefuture,withincreasingtimeandfinancialpressures.Thosepressuresbringsacrificeswemaynotalwayswanttomake:wecannolongeraffordtospendthetimeorthemoneyneededtolookafterourelderlyparents.Asafamilydoctor,Icanseethelonelinessepidemicdeveloping.Elderlypatientscometoseemewithnoparticularillness,noclearmedicalissue.AfterafewminutesoftheconsultationIunderstandwhy:theyarenotsick,andoftentheydon’tfeelsick.Theyjustneedsomeone—anyone—totalkto.Althoughlonelinesshasnomedicalclassification,thehealtheffectsarereal:lonelinessandisolationcanbeasharmfulassmoking15cigarettesaday,andismoredamagingthanobesity.Butlonelinessdoesnotcomewithnearlyenoughhealthwarnings.Sowhatnext?Since1980,wearelivingonaverage10yearslonger.Meanwhile,peoplearehavingfewerchildren,andtheyarehavingthemmuchlaterinlife.Thesnakeofaworldclasshealthserviceiseatingitsowntail;itscareisprolonging(延长)people’slives,butastherateofpensioners(退休人员)toworkingagepeopleincreases,therearefewertaxpayerstafundthatveryhealthservice.IntothisvoidhavesteppedNGOs,charitiesandvolunteers.Butinthelongterm,theonlywaytotrulyhelptheoldestmembersofoursocietyistogobacktothetraditionalvaluesofinter-generationalcooperation—oftenunderthesameroof.Ultimately,wewillneedtoevolvetowardsaculturewhereelderlycareIStreatedthesameaschildcare,whereemployersrecognizethedutyofsomeonewithanelderlyparentthesamewaytheyrecognizethoseofsomeonewithanewbornchild.17．What’sthewriter’sintentionofmentioningFaceAppinthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Toexplainitsfunctionindetail.B．Toproveitspopularityacrosstheworld.C．Toshowtherapidprogressoftechnology.D．Tointroducethetopicofagingandloneliness.

1118．Whatmakeselderlypeoplewithoutillnessgotoseetheirfamilydoctors?A．Desiretohavetheconsultation.B．Unclearmedicalissues.C．Strongfeelingofloneliness.D．Questionstoaskdoctors.19．Howcantheoldestmembersofoursocietybetrulyhelped?A．Bybeingprovidedwithfamilycare.B．BygoingbacktothetraditionalsocietyC．Bybeingtreatedlikechildren.D．Byrecognizingthedutyofemployers20．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．FaceAppishelpfulindealingwithelderlypeople’sloneliness.B．FaceApp’spopularityprovesithasnosecurityproblems.C．ThelonelinessofelderlypeopleneedsmoreattentionD．Healthservicelacksfundbecauseofprolongedpeople’slives.【答案】17．D    18．C    19．A    20．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章论述了年老孤独的话题。17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“FaceApphastakentheworldbystorm,givingusersthechancetoseethemselvesagethroughitsalgorithm.(FaceApp风靡全球，让用户有机会通过它的算法看到自己变老的过程。)”以及第二段中“Itturnsoutwearemoreinterestedinagingthanwerealized.(事实证明，我们对衰老的兴趣比我们想象的要大。)”并结合选项可知，在前两段提到FaceApp的意图是要介绍衰老和孤独的话题。故选D项。18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Asafamilydoctor,Icanseethelonelinessepidemicdeveloping.Elderlypatientscometoseemewithnoparticularillness,noclearmedicalissue.(作为一名家庭医生，我看到孤独正在蔓延。老年病人来找我，没有特别的疾病，没有明确的医疗问题。)”以及“Theyjustneedsomeone—anyone—totalkto.(他们只是需要有人——随便什么人——来倾诉。)”可知，是强烈的孤独感让没有生病的老人去看家庭医生。故选C项。19．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Butinthelongterm,theonlywaytotrulyhelptheoldestmembersofoursocietyistogobacktothetraditionalvaluesofinter-generationalcooperation—oftenunderthesameroof.(但从长远来看，真正帮助我们社会中最年长的成员的唯一方法是回归传统的代际合作价值观——通常是在同一屋檐下。)”可知，通过提供家庭照顾才能真正帮助我们社会中最年长的成员。故选A项。20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中“Ultimately,wewillneedtoevolvetowardsaculturewhereelderlycareIStreatedthesameaschildcare,whereemployersrecognizethedutyofsomeonewithanelderlyparentthesamewaytheyrecognizethoseofsomeonewithanewbornchild.(最终，我们需要发展一种文化，在这种文化中，照顾老人和照顾孩子是一样的，雇主承担有年迈父母的人的责任，就像他们承担有新生儿的人的责任一样。)”可知，从文章中我们能了解到老年人的孤独需要更多的关注。故选C项。（2023·河北石家庄·高三石家庄二中校考阶段练习）Onekeyelementofhumanlanguageissemantics

12(语义).Scientistshadlongthoughtthatunlikeourwords,animalvocalizations(发声)wereinvoluntary,renectingtheemotionalstateoftheanimalwithoutconveyinganyotherinformation.Butoverthelastfourdecades,numerousstudieshaveshownthatvariousanimalshavedistinctcallswithspecificmeanings.Manybirdspeciesusedifferentalarmcalls.Japanesetits,whichnestintreeholes,haveonecallthatcausestheirbabybirdstogetdowntoavoidbeingpulledoutofthenestbycrows,andanothercallfortreesnakesthatsendsthemjumpingoutofthenestentirely.Siberianjaysvarytheircallsdependingonwhetheranenemyisseenlookingforfoodoractivelyattacking—andeachcallgetsadifferentresponsefromothernearbybirds.Tworecentstudiessuggestthattheorderofsomebirds’vocalizationsmayimpacttheirmeaning.Thoughtheideaisstillcontroversial,thiscouldrepresentabasicformoftherulesgoverningtheorderandcombinationofwordsandelementsinhumanlanguageknownassyntax(句法),asillustratedbytheclassic“dogbitesman”vs.“manbitesdog”example.Evenifsomebirdssharebasicaspectsofhumanlanguage,westillknowverylittleaboutwhat’sactuallygoingonintheirminds.Mostanimalcommunicationresearchhasfocusedondescribingsignalsandbehavior,whichonthesurfacecanlookalotlikehumanbehavior.Determiningiftheunderlyingcognitive(认知的)processesdrivingthebehaviorarealsosimilarismuchmorechallenging,asattheheartofthisquestionisintentionality:Areanimalsmerelyreactingtotheirenvironment,ordotheyintendtoconveyinformationtooneanother?21．Whatwasscientists’long-heldbeliefaboutanimalvocalizations?A．Theyconveyednoemotion.B．Theyweresemanticallyrelated.C．Theyvariedgreatlywithspecies.D．Theyexpressednointendedmeaning.22．Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph2?A．Bylistingdata.B．Bygivingexamples.C．Byprovidingdefinition.D．Bymakingcomparisons.23．Whatdoestheunderlinedword”this”inparagraph3referto?A．Whatbirds’vocalizationsmean.B．Howrulesgovernhumanlanguage.C．Whatthetworecentstudiesindicate.D．Howbird’svocalizationsarecombined.24．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytellus?A．Sharedaspectsofhumanandbirds’languages.B．Focusofmostanimalcommunicationresearch.C．Underlying,cognitiveprocessesofbirds’vocalizations.D．Insufficientknowledgeaboutbirds’communicationintentionality.【答案】21．D    22．B    23．D    24．D

13【导语】这是一篇说明文。在过去的四十年里，大量的研究表明，各种动物都有不同的叫声，具有特定的含义，其中人们对鸟类的叫声倾注了大量关注和研究。21．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Scientistshadlongthoughtthatunlikeourwords,animalvocalizations(发声)wereinvoluntary,renectingtheemotionalstateoftheanimalwithoutconveyinganyotherinformation.(长期以来，科学家们一直认为，与我们的语言不同，动物的发声是不由自主的，它再现了动物的情绪状态，而不传达任何其他信息。)”可知，科学家们长期以来对动物发声的看法是它们没有表达任何有意的意思。故选D。22．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Manybirdspeciesusedifferentalarmcalls.(许多鸟类使用不同的警报信号。)”，第二句“Japanesetits,whichnestintreeholes,haveonecallthatcausestheirbabybirdstogetdowntoavoidbeingpulledoutofthenestbycrows,andanothercallfortreesnakesthatsendsthemjumpingoutofthenestentirely.(在树洞筑巢的日本山雀，有一种叫声能让它们的幼鸟下来，以免被乌鸦拉出巢外，另一种叫声能让它们完全跳出巢外。)”和第三句“Siberianjaysvarytheircallsdependingonwhetheranenemyisseenlookingforfoodoractivelyattacking—andeachcallgetsadifferentresponsefromothernearbybirds.(西伯利亚松鸦根据敌人是在寻找食物还是在主动攻击而改变它们的叫声，而每一种叫声都会从附近的其他鸟类那里得到不同的回应。)”可知，第二段是通过举例来论证观点。故选B。23．词句猜测题。根据第三段第一句“Tworecentstudiessuggestthattheorderofsomebirds’vocalizationsmayimpacttheirmeaning.(最近的两项研究表明，一些鸟类发声的顺序可能会影响它们的意义。)”和第二句中的“couldrepresentabasicformoftherulesgoverningtheorderandcombinationofwordsandelementsinhumanlanguageknownassyntax(句法),asillustratedbytheclassic“dogbitesman”vs.“manbitesdog”example(可能代表了一种基本形式的规则，即控制人类语言中单词和元素的顺序和组合，即语法，如经典的“狗咬人”和“人咬狗”的例子所示)”可知，this指代的是鸟的叫声的组合方式。故选D。24．主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句“Evenifsomebirdssharebasicaspectsofhumanlanguage,westillknowverylittleaboutwhat’sactuallygoingonintheirminds.(即使一些鸟类分享人类语言的基本方面，我们仍然对它们的思想知之甚少。)”和最后一句“Determiningiftheunderlyingcognitive(认知的)processesdrivingthebehaviorarealsosimilarismuchmorechallenging,asattheheartofthisquestionisintentionality:Areanimalsmerelyreactingtotheirenvironment,ordotheyintendtoconveyinformationtooneanother?(确定驱动行为的潜在认知过程是否相似则更具挑战性，因为这个问题的核心是意向性；动物仅仅是对环境做出反应，还是它们有意向彼此传递信息？)”可知，最后一段主要是讲对鸟类的交流意向认识的不足。故选D。（2023·湖南岳阳·统考二模）CERTAINCREATURES-namely,bees-haveevolvedtobeskillfulflyingbuilders.Toassemble(组装)anest,workerinsectsteamuptodovariousworktothespecificationofacomplexdesignthatendsupbeingmanytimestheirsize.Thisprocesstakesmonths,manytimeslongerthantheaveragelifespanofallbutthequeen.Meanwhiletheinsectsmustadjustastheygo.

14ItistheseinsectbuildingteamsthatinspiredMirkoKovac,aroboticistatImperialCollegeLondon,todevelopawaytoimprovetheflexibilityof3Dprinting.Atypical3Dprinterislimitedbytherangeofitsnozzle(喷嘴),andcanonlymakeobjectssmallerthanitself.DrKovac’steamhasremovedtheselimitationbyusingflyingrobots.DrKovacdescribesasystemofflyingrobotsthatiscomposedoftwotypesofmulti-rotordrones:buildersandscanners.Thebuilderscarrythe3D-printingnozzle.Thescannersarerobotsequippedwithcamerasthatareresponsibleformonitoringtheprogressofthebuilders.Thebuildingprocessalternatesbetweenbuildersandscanners,layerbylayer,printingandadjusting,untilastructureiscomplete.First,abuilderremainssuspendedoveritsareaofoperationandbeginstoreleaseajetorrushofthebuildingmaterialalongitsflightpath.Thechoiceofmaterialisimportant——itmustbelightweightenoughforthedronestocarrybutstrongenoughtoholdthesubsequentlayersthatwillbebuiltontop.Oncethebuilderrobothassprayedalayerofmaterial,thescannerrobotfliesover,inspectstheprogress.Thesystemthencomputesthenextlayerthatthebuildershouldmake,whilealsocorrectingforanyerrorsthatmighthavebeendiscoveredinwhathasalreadybeenbuilt.Becausetheflyingrobotscan,intheory,operateanywhere,theycouldfixthingsindangerousorotherwiseinaccessibleplaces.DrKovacsaysthathisrobotscouldbeusedtospotandsealleaksinoilorgaspipelines,repairleakyinsulationorfixcracksontallbuildings.Thinkingmorelongterm,DrKovacevenseesapotentialfutureforhisconstructionrobots,buildingonthesurfacesoftheMoonorMars.25．Whydoestheauthormentionbeesinthetext?A．Tobecomeatheme.B．Tointroduceatopic.C．Togiveanexplanation.D．Toanalyzethecause.26．Whatisthecharacteroftypical3Dprinters?A．Theycanexpandtherangeofprinting.B．Theycanmakeadjustmentwhileprinting.C．Theyaremoreflexiblethantraditionalones.D．Theycanmakeobjectssmallerthanthemselves.27．Whatcanwelearnfromthebuildingprocess?A．TheBuilderscancorrecttheerrorswhilecalculating.B．Thebuildingmaterialshouldbestrongenoughforscanner.C．Buildersandscannerscanprintandmonitoratthesametime.

15D．Thebuildingprocesshasstrictrequirementofthebuildingmaterial.28．Whatcanbethesuitabletitleforthetext?A．Teamsofflyingrobotscanmake3Dobjects.B．Teamsofflyingrobotshavealimitedfuture.C．Theflexibilityoftypical3Dprinterhasbeenimproved.D．Teamsofflyingrobotshavebeenusedindangeroussituation.【答案】25．B    26．D    27．D    28．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家受到昆虫建巢穴的启发开发了一种提高3D打印机的灵活性的方法。25．推理判断题。根据第一段中“CERTAINCREATURES-namely,bees-haveevolvedtobeskillfulflyingbuilders.(某些生物，即蜜蜂已经进化成熟练的飞行建设者)”和第二段中“ItistheseinsectbuildingteamsthatinspiredMirkoKovac,aroboticistatImperialCollegeLondon,todevelopawaytoimprovetheflexibilityof3Dprinting.(正是这些昆虫制造团队激发了伦敦帝国理工学院机器人学家MirkoKovac的灵感，开发了一种提高3D打印灵活性的方法)”可知，文中提到蜜蜂是为了介绍本文的主题。故选B项。26．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Atypical3Dprinterislimitedbytherangeofitsnozzle(喷嘴),andcanonlymakeobjectssmallerthanitself.(典型的3D打印机受到喷嘴范围的限制，只能使物体比自己小)”可知，典型的3D打印机的特点是只能把物体做得比自己小。故选D项。27．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Thechoiceofmaterialisimportant——itmustbelightweightenoughforthedronestocarrybutstrongenoughtoholdthesubsequentlayersthatwillbebuiltontop.(材料的选择很重要——它必须足够轻，可以让无人机携带，但足够坚固，可以容纳将要建造在上面的后续层)”可知，我们可以从建造过程中了解到建造工艺对建造材料有严格的要求。故选D项。28．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段“DrKovacdescribesasystemofflyingrobotsthatiscomposedoftwotypesofmulti-rotordrones:buildersandscanners.(正是这些昆虫制造团队激发了伦敦帝国理工学院机器人学家MirkoKovac的灵感，开发了一种提高3D打印灵活性的方法)”等内容可知，本文介绍了科学家受到昆虫建巢穴的启发开发了一种提高3D打印机的灵活性的方法。C项“典型的3D打印机的灵活性得到了提高”符合主题。故选C项。（2023·湖南岳阳·统考二模）Atallhoursoftheday,white-apronedbakersoccupythemselvesinworkingintheHotBreadKitchen,throwingflouracrossbutcher-blocktables,fillingmetaltrayswithhand-shapedbread,andshiftingsteaming,freshbreadtocoolingshelves.TheonlybodiesatrestinthisNewYorkCitybakeryarepanswithbread,waitingtobesentintotheoven.Theskilledbakersturnoutaround25varietiesrangingfromclassicFrenchbaguettestocrispArmenianlavashcrackers-whichtheysellatfarmers’marketsandgourmetstores.ButHotBreadKitchenismorethanabakery:It’sanonprofitdesignedtogiveforeign-bornwomentheskills

16andsupporttheyneedtoestablishcareersintheculinaryarts.Overseeingdailyoperationoftheplace-andoftenrollingupherownshirtsleevestoinvolvein-is35-year-oldfounderandCEOJessamynRodriguez.Bymixingherlifelongpassionforsocietywithgreatfood,Rodriguezsaysshehascreatedherdreamjob.In2008,RodriguezlaunchedthebakeryinthesmallBrooklynapartmentshesharedwithroommates,hiringtwoimmigrantwomenasherfirstbakers.“Iwasdefinitelybreakingnewground,andwefacedalotofskeptics,”shesaysofthoseearlydays.“Butforeverypersonwhoquestionedit,therewerefivepeoplewhowereinterestedinsupportingus.”Today,HotBreadKitchenemploysastaffof35andoccupiesanearly5,000-square-footspaceinLaMarqueta,apublicmarketinEastHarlem.ThewomenwhobakeandpackageHotBreadKitchen’sofferingsrangeinagefrom21to60.ComingfromlandssuchasHaiti,Nepal,andtheDominicanRepublic,somehavelivedintheU.S.foraslittleasayear.Others,includingproductionmanagerAntoniaGarcia,whoisoriginallyfromMexico,havecalledAmericahomeformorethanadecade.Thesewomen’sdiversehomelandsarereflectedinmanyofthebakery’sproducts,likeheritagetortillasandthewildlypopularm’smen,abutterybread.TheprogramhasfarsurpassedRodriguez’soriginalhopes.Sinceitshumblebeginnings,HotBreadKitchenhastrained27womenfrom12countries.Theyreceivepaid,on-the-jobexperience,aswellascoursesinbakerysciences,andEnglishaspartofayearlongtrainingprogram.29．Whatdoesthefirstparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Constantactivityofskilledworkers.B．Varietiesoffreshbakedgoods.C．Manydifferenttypesofequipmentusedinbakeries.D．Difficultworkingconditionsofbakeryemployees.30．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeJessamynRodriguez?A．Adventurou1sandmodest.B．Ambitiousandgifted.C．Hard-workingandcourageous.D．Devotedandstubborn.31．HowdoestheauthorestablishthediversityofHotBreadKitchen?A．Bydescribingthecoursesofferedtoemployees.B．Byintroducingthebackgroundsoftheemployees.C．Bydescribingthebakery’slocationatLaMarqueta.D．Byintroducingthebakery’sdevelopmentsince2008.32．Whatisthemainideaofthearticle?A．Employeesfromdiversehomelandsproducevariousproducts.B．ThehardworkingwomenhavehelpedHotBreadKitchendevelopquickly.

17C．RodriguezbecameasuccessfulbakerafterestablishingHotBreadKitchen.D．HotBreadKitchenprovidesprofessionalopportunitiesforimmigrantwomen.【答案】29．A    30．C    31．B    32．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了JessamynRodriguez建立了非营利组织HotBreadKitchen来为移民女性提供职业机会。文章介绍了这一组织的一些特点。29．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Atallhoursoftheday,white-apronedbakersoccupythemselvesinworkingintheHotBreadKitchen,throwingflouracrossbutcher-blocktables,fillingmetaltrayswithhand-shapedbread,andshiftingsteaming,freshbreadtocoolingshelves.TheonlybodiesatrestinthisNewYorkCitybakeryarepanswithbread,waitingtobesentintotheoven.Theskilledbakersturnoutaround25varietiesrangingfromclassicFrenchbaguettestocrispArmenianlavashcrackers-whichtheysellatfarmers’marketsandgourmetstores.(一天中的任何时候，穿着白围裙的面包师都在热面包厨房里忙着工作，把面粉撒在砧板上，把手形面包装满金属托盘，把热气腾腾的新鲜面包放到冷却的架子上。在纽约市的这家面包店里，唯一休息的尸体是装着面包的平底锅，等待被送入烤箱。这些熟练的面包师制作了大约25个品种，从经典的法式长棍面包到亚美尼亚脆脆的拉瓦什饼干，他们在农贸市场和美食商店出售)”可知，第一段主要讲了熟练工人的持续活动。故选A。30．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Overseeingdailyoperationoftheplace-andoftenrollingupherownshirtsleevestoinvolvein-is35-year-oldfounderandCEOJessamynRodriguez.(35岁的创始人兼首席执行官JessamynRodriguez负责这家餐厅的日常运营，她经常卷起衬衫袖子参与其中)”以及第三段““Iwasdefinitelybreakingnewground,andwefacedalotofskeptics,”shesaysofthoseearlydays.(“我绝对是在开辟新天地，我们面临着很多怀疑，”她在谈到早期的日子时说)”可推知，JessamynRodriguez勤奋且勇敢。故选C。31．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“ThewomenwhobakeandpackageHotBreadKitchen’sofferingsrangeinagefrom21to60.ComingfromlandssuchasHaiti,Nepal,andtheDominicanRepublic,somehavelivedintheU.S.foraslittleasayear.Others,includingproductionmanagerAntoniaGarcia,whoisoriginallyfromMexico,havecalledAmericahomeformorethanadecade.Thesewomen’sdiversehomelandsarereflectedinmanyofthebakery’sproducts,likeheritagetortillasandthewildlypopularm’smen,abutterybread.(烘焙和包装热面包厨房产品的女性年龄从21岁到60岁不等。他们来自海地、尼泊尔和多米尼加共和国等地，有些人只在美国生活了一年。其他人，包括来自墨西哥的生产经理AntoniaGarcia，十多年来一直把美国当作自己的家。这些女性来自不同国家的背景反映在这家面包店的许多产品上，比如传统玉米饼和广受欢迎的黄油面包)”可知，作者通过引入不同背景的员工来建立HotBreadKitchen的多样性。故选B。32．主旨大意题。根据第二段“ButHotBreadKitchenismorethanabakery:It’sanonprofitdesignedtogiveforeign-bornwomentheskillsandsupporttheyneedtoestablishcareersintheculinaryarts.(但HotBread

18Kitchen不仅仅是一家面包店：它是一个非营利组织，旨在为外国出生的女性提供她们在烹饪艺术领域建立职业生涯所需的技能和支持)”结合文章还介绍了这一组织的一些特点。可知，这篇文章的主旨是HotBreadKitchen为移民女性提供职业机会。故选D。

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