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压轴题03阅读理解D综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。科普说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。二心理学类1.基本规律：阅读理解D篇阅读文章一般难度都比较大，但命题者设题的难度并不大。2．实用解题方法：①某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。押题速练1.Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsibleforhumancognition(认知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoassociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECtheoriesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneexperiment,testsubjects(实验对象)were
1askedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.1.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition2.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4furtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealthC.themindandthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings3.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials.4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.押题速练2Aswinterapproaches,warm-bloodedanimalschoosetohandlethecoldinasocialway:crowdingtogetherinbunches.FrommicetoHimalayanrabbits,individualsinagroupwillgathertogethertosharetheheatfromtheirbodiesandavoidtheriskofdyingfromcold.Whilehumansmaynotphysicallycrowdtogether,ourancestorswouldhavebeenrelyingonthesupportofothersforfood,fuelandshelter,andthiswouldhavebeenespeciallyimportantwhenitwascold.Thus,theymightbeverysensitivetootherswhenthetemperaturedropped.Theywerelikelytoseekoutothersourcesofwarmth,iftheyfeltthattheycouldnolongerrelyonthegroupforsupport.PsychologistGeoffreywasthefirsttoinvestigatethat.HeturnedtoavideogamecalledCyberball,which
2attemptstorecreatethekindofsocialrejectionthatmanyofusmighthaveexperiencedintheplayground.Eachparticipantisseeminglyplacedinagroupofthreeandaskedtoplayvirtualcatchwithtwootherpeople,hiddenoutofsight.Infact,twooftheplayersarecontrolledbyacomputer.Inthebeginning,thesecomputerizedplayersaredesignedtothrowtheballtotheparticipant,butafterawhiletheybegintoavoidtheparticipantasprogrammed,sothattheparticipantnolongerfeelsinvolvedinthegame.Havingbeenexcludedbytheotherplayers,theparticipantreportsfeelingrejected.Andtheparticipantshavethetendencytolookforsourcesofwarmthascomfort.Likeallpsychologicaldiscoveries,itmaybeofsignificancetohuman’smentalhealth.It’ssaidthatpatientswithdepressionoftenreportfeelingcold.Adeeperunderstandingofthepsychologicalmechanismmightsuggestnewtreatmentsforthisdisorder.Moreimmediately,withfuelbillsincreasing,theemotionaleffectsofthecoldthiswinterneedtobeconsidered.Clearly,practicalsolutionstothefuelcrisismustcomefirst,butwemightalsolookforwaystoconnectmorewiththosearounduslikeanimalscrowdingtogetherbothphysicallyandsocially.1．Whydoestheauthormention“mice”and“rabbits”inParagraph1?A．Tomakeaprediction.B．Todrawacomparison.C．Toexplainaregulation.D．Toillustrateaphenomenon.2．Whatcanweinferaboutourancestors?A．Theydependedoneachotherforsurvival.B．Theytendedtoliveclosetooneanother.C．Theywererelativelymoresensitivetocold.D．Theyhadabundantsourcesofwarmthinwinter.3．Whataretheparticipantslikelytodowhentheyfeelrejected?A．Theymaybuyanice-cream.B．Theymaydrinkacupofhotcoffee.C．Theymayeatsomepotatochips.D．Theymayconsumecoolorangejuice.4．Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthediscovery?A．Ithelpssolvethefuelcrisis.B．Itprovidesreasonsfordepression.C．Itcontributestotheemotionalhealth.D．Itsuggestslessconnectionbetweenpeople.押题速练3Haveyoueverbeeninmid-conversationwithsomeone,whenyoulookoverandfindthemstandinginthesamepositionasyouorholdingthesamefacialexpression?Itmayseemliketheyhaveconsciously(有意识地)copiedyou,butitismuchmorelikelythatitisthechameleon(变色龙)effectatplay.Thechameleoneffectistheunconsciousimitation(模仿)ofanotherperson’sgesturesorbehaviour.Justasa
3chameleonattemptstomatchanyenvironment’scolours,peopleacquirethebehaviourofotherstobringthemclosertogetherandhelpmaketheirinteractionssmooth.ThechameleoneffectwasconfirmedinanexperimentbypsychologistsJohnBarghandTanyaChartrandin1999.Thefirstpartoftheirexperimentincluded78people,whoeachspokewithanexperimenter.Duringthetest,BarghandChartrandstudiedwhetherparticipantswouldcopytheactionsofsomeonetheyhadn’tmetbefore,likemovingthefootandtouchingtheface.Thesecondpartmeasuredtheimpactthatcopyingsomeonehasonthepersonbeingimitated.Inthefirststage,participantsincreasedtheirfacetouchingby20%andtheirfootmovementby50%whileinconversationaboutaphotographwiththeexperimenter.Theindividualsweren’tawareofwhattheywerebeingstudiedfor,andthephotographwasusedtocatchtheirattentiontoensureunconsciousacts.Thesecondstageinvolvedhalfoftheparticipantsbeingcopied,andthenratingthelikeabilityoftheexperimenter.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhowereimitatedscoredtheexperimenterhigher.Ithasshownthatwhensomeonecopiesourbehaviour,wedevelopmorepositivefeelingsaboutthem.Theseinteractionscouldbeapersonunconsciouslywillingtobeliked,andformingamomentofconnection.Themainreasonsbehindhumans’imitationarepositive.However,whenpeoplecarrythischameleoneffecttotheextreme,theycanlosetheirsenseofself.Thosewhochangetheirentirepersonalitiesindifferentgroupsoftengoundetected.Butmorecommonsignsofthechameleoneffectareeasiertonotice.Nexttimeyouareinasocialgathering,takealookaroundandyoumightjustseesomechameleonsforyourself.1．Whydopeopleacquireothers’behavior?A．Tomatchtheenvironment’scolour.B．Toattractothers’attention.C．Toestablishaconnectionwithothers.D．Toadapttothesurroundings.2．Howdidtheexperimenterguaranteeparticipants’unconsciousbehaviors?A．Bydirectingtheirattentiontoaphoto.B．Bykeepinganeyeontheiractions.C．Bytellingthemthepurposeofthestudy.D．Byevaluatingtheimpactsofimitation.3．Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexperiment?A．Peopletendtolikethosewhoimitatetheirbehavior.B．Toomuchofthechameleoneffectcanbebeneficial.C．Peopleimitatingothersarenoteasytobedetected.D．Thecopiedmovementshelppeopletofeelrelaxed.4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthechameleoneffectaccordingtothepassage?A．Studentsadoptteachers’accentsforfunafterclass.B．Peoplechangetheirhabitstopleaseothersonpurpose.C．Acomediancopiesacelebrityvividlyonstage.D．Ahusbandandhiswifesharesimilarbehavioursovertime.
4押题速练4Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotionalexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicpartsofyourbrain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsituation.Ifyoucling,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyourhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Tocontrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhealthylivingthatwerethereallalong.1．Whydoestheauthormention“chocolatecake”and“spider”inparagraph1?A．Toexplainthecomplexresponseofemotions.B．Toshowthesubjectiveexperienceofemotions.C．Toindicatethegoodnessandbadnessoftheworld.D．Toemphasizethesignificanceofemotionsinlife.2．Whatistheconsequenceifyoujustfocusonyourpresentfeelings?A．Thepresentfeelingsarelessobvious.B．Thesubjectiveemotionsarelesspowerful.C．Theoverallpictureofemotionsiseasiertoignore.D．Theobservationanddescriptionofemotionsareeasier.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipates”inParagraph4probablyreferto?A．Deepens.B．Spreads.C．Disappears.D．Sticks.4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thesecretofemotions.B．Thesubjectiveexperience.C．Theimportanceofalliesinlife.D．Magicalfunctionsofemotions.
5押题速练5Somepeoplecanwalkintoaroomandinstantlyputeveryoneatease.Othersseemtomaketeethclenchandeyesrollnomatterwhattheydo.Asmallbodyofpsychologyresearchsupportstheideathatthewayapersontendstomakeothersfeelisaconsistentandmeasurablepartofhispersonality.Researcherscallit“effectivepresence.”Thisconceptwasfirstdescribednearly10yearsagoinastudyledbyNoahEisenkraft,abusinessprofessoratWashingtonUniversity.Heputbusiness-schoolstudentsintogroups,hadthemregisterforallthesameclassesforasemester,anddoeverygroupprojecttogether.Thenthemembersofeachgroupratedhowmucheveryothermembermadethemfeeleightdifferentemotions:stressed,bored,angry,sad,calm,relaxed,happy,andenthusiastic.Theresearchersfoundthatasignificantportionofgroupmembers‘emotionscouldbeaccountedforbytheeffectivepresenceoftheirpeers.Itseemsthat“ourownwayofbeinghasanemotionalsignature.”saysElfenbein.It’sbeenknownforsometimethatemotionsareinfectious.Buteffectivepresenceisaneffectonehasregardlessofone’sownfeelings—thosewithpositiveeffectivepresencemakeotherpeoplefeelgoodeveniftheypersonallyareanxiousorsad,andtheoppositeistrueforthosewithnegativeeffectivepresenceUnsurprisingly,peoplewhoconsistentlymakeothersfeelgoodaremorncentraltotheirsocialnetworks—inElfenbein’sstudy,moreoftheirclassmateconsideredthemtobefriends.SectorMadrid,anorganizational-behaviorprofessor,hasfoundthatleaderswithpositiveaffectivepresencehaveteamsthatarebetteratsharinginformation,whichleadstocreativity.Inferiorsaremorelikelytovoicetheirideas,too.However,Elfenbeinnotesthatpositiveeffectivepresenceisn’tnaturallygood.Psychopaths(精神变态者)areinfamouslycharmingandnaywellusetheirpositiveeffectivepresenceforcalculatingends.Neitherisnegativeeffectivepresencenecessarilyalwaysabadthinginaleader—thinkofafootballcoachyellingattheteamathalftime,motivatingthemtomakeacomeback.Shesuspectsthateffectivepresenceiscloselyrelatedtoemotionalintelligencewhichonecanusetocurecancerortobeacriminalmastermind.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“maketeethclench”inParagraph1mean?A．Makepeopleupsetorangry.B．Makepeoplegladorrefreshed.C．Makepeoplecomfortableorrelaxed.D．Makepeopleamazedorthrilled.2．WhydoestheauthormentionElfenbein’sstudyinParagraph5?A．Tosuggestleadersarebetteratsharinginformation.B．ToproveleadersalsohavenegativeeffectivepresenceC．Toindicatepositiveeffectivepresencehasagreaterinfluence,D．Toshowpositiveeffectivepresencecanpromotesocialinteraction.3．Whatdoyouknowabouteffectivepresenceaccordingtothetext?A．Itisforcalculatingends.B．Itisadouble-edgedsword.C．Itisaffectedbyone’sownemotion,D．Itisthepositiveemotionalinfluenceonothers.4．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．AffectivePresence:HowYouMakePeopleFeelB．EmotionalSignature:WhyEmotionsareInfectious
6C．AffectivePresence:NegativePartofYourPersonalitiesD．EmotionalIntelligence:BigPartofeffectivePresence押题速练6Recently,thelaboratoryofSamiEl-Boustani,anassistantprofessorattheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationinperception(感知)anddecision-making.“Wewantedtoobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大脑皮层神经元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandtowhatextentthelattercanhaveaneffectonlearningandperformanceinadecision-makingtask,”explainsSamiEl-Boustani.Theresearchteamdevelopedabehavioralpatterninvolvingmiceinacontrolledwaterconsumptioncondition.Researchersfirsttrainedthesemicetorespondtothestimulationoftwowhiskers(鼠须)(AandB)andtoproduceanaction—lickingaspout(舔壶嘴)—onlyforwhiskerAinordertoobtainadropofwater.Followingthistraining,thesemicereactedmainlytothestimulationofwhiskerA．Finally,theresearchersconductedtheseexperimentsatdecreasinglevelsofthirstinordertovarythemotivationofthemicetoparticipateinthetask.Inastateofgreatthirst,micelickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhenwhiskerAwasstimulated.Finally,whentheywerenotverythirsty,theirperformanceinthetaskdroppedagain.Byobservingtheactivityofneuronalpopulationsresponsibleforperceptualdecision-makinginthesemice,researchersdiscoveredthathigh-motivationleadstothestrongstimulationofcorticalneurons,whichcausesalossofaccuracyintheperceptionofthestimulation.Incontrast,inthelow-motivationstate,theaccuracyofthesensoryinformationwasrecovered,butthestrengthofthesignalwastoolowforittobesentcorrectly.Theseresultsrevealthatthelevelofmotivationdoesnotonlyimpactdecision-makingbutalsotheperceptionofsensoryinformation,whichleadstothedecision.Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchlater,dependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtotheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchontheroleofmotivationinlearningopensthewaytonewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.1．Whichaspectofmotivationdoesthelaboratory’sresearchfocuson?A．Whatroleperceptionplaysinmotivation.B．Whateffectlearninghasonmotivation.C．Howmotivationaffectsdecisionmaking.D．Howsensoryinformationaffectsmotivation.2．WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Themethodsofconductingtheexperiment.B．Thelimitationsoftheexperiment.C．Thesignificanceoftheexperiment.D．Theresultsoftheexperiment.3．Intheexperiment,themiceperformedwellenoughinallthesituationswhen_________.A．theywerepushedbyhighmotivation
7B．theperceptionofstimulationwasinaccurateC．thesignalwasnotstrongenoughD．theyweremotivatedtoamediumdegree4．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytellreaders?A．Alastingmotivationcanbringsaboutaproperdecision.B．Peoplehavedifficultymaintainingthebestlevelofmotivation.C．Flexiblemethodsareneededtomaintaintherightdegreeofmotivation.D．Highmotivationmakesthebrainprocesssensoryinformationaccurately.
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