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压轴题02阅读理解D综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。科普说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。二语言学类1.基本规律：阅读理解D篇阅读文章一般难度都比较大，但命题者设题的难度并不大。2．实用解题方法：①某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。押题速练1.Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
1years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.1.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.2.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.4.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.押题速练2Everylanguageandculturehascursewords(脏话).Whatgivesacurseworditspowerispartlyitsmeaningandpartlyitssound.“InEnglish,forexample,cursewordstendtocontainahighpercentageofplosivesounds—includingP,TandK,”saidRyanMcKay,apsychologistatUniversityofLondon.Dr.McKayteamedupwithhiscolleagueShiriLev-AritolearnwhetherthisfamiliarpatternwentbeyondEnglish.Theywonderedwhetheritmightevenrepresentwhat’scalledsoundsymbolism.Soundsymbolismiswhenawordsoundslikewhatitmeans.TheresearchersfirstaskedfluentspeakersofHebrew,Hindi,Hungarian,KoreanandRussiantolistthemostvulgar(粗俗的)wordstheycouldthinkof.Oncethey’dmadealistofeachlanguage’smostfrequentlyusedcursewords,theresearcherscomparedthesewithneutralwordsfromthesamelanguage.Intheselanguages,theydidn’tfindtheplosivesoundsthatseemcommoninEnglishcursewords.“Instead,wefoundthatthevulgarwordsweredefinedbywhattheylacked:theapproximantsoundsthatincludelettersI,L,R,WandY,”Dr.Lev-Arisaid.Next,thescientistsinvited215nativespeakersofsixlanguages:Arabic,Chinese,Finnish,French,GermanandSpanish.Theparticipantslistenedtopairsofwordsinalanguagetheydidn’tspeak,andguessedwhichwordineachpairwasoffensive.Inreality,allthewordswereinvented.Forexample,theresearchersstartedwiththeAlbanianword“zog,”for“bird,”andcreatedthepairoffakewords“yog"and“tsog.”Participantsweremorelikelytoguessthatwordswithoutapproximant,suchas“tsog,”werecurses.Finally,theresearcherscombedthroughthedictionaryforEnglishcursewordsandtheircleaned-upversions.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
2Onceagain,thecleanversionsincludedmoreofthesoundsI,L,R,WandY.A20th-centurylinguistic(语言学的)principleclaimedthatthesoundsofwordswerearbitrary:Anywordcouldhaveanymeaning.Withcursewords,though,asinothercasesofsoundsymbolism,“thesoundsthemselvesseemtocarrymeaning,”saidLev-Ari.“That’sanewthing,”saidlinguistBenjaminBergen.“Cursewordsacrosslanguages,unrelatedtoeachother,maypatternsimilarly.”Healsopointedout,tomakesurethepatternofapproximantsmissingfromcursesisn’tanaccident,itwouldbenicetofinditinanevenlargersampleoflanguages.1．WhatisthepurposeofMcKayandLev-Ari’sresearch?A．Toanalyzeaphenomenon.B．Toconfirmanassumption.C．Toexplainadefinition.D．Tochallengeatheory.2．Whatweretheparticipantsaskedtodointhesecondpartoftheresearch?A．Todecidewhichcursewordsareusedmorefrequently.B．Tomakeupnewcursewordsfromrealwords.C．Toguessaword’soffensivenessaccordingtoitssound.D．Toidentifytheapproximantsincursewords.3．AccordingtoLev-Ari,whichofthefourislikelytosoundoffensive?A．tusckB．solaC．darnD．biach4．Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A．Theoldlinguisticprincipleofsoundsandmeaningsiswrong.B．Insoundsymbolism,aword’ssoundrepresentsitsmeaning.C．Theresearchrevealsthesimilaritiesbetweendifferentlanguages.D．Theresultoftheresearchisnotfullyacceptedbyscientists.押题速练3Bilingualsaresmarter,saysscience.Buttheideaisrelativelynew.Upuntilthe1970s,mosteducatorshadbelievedthatlearningtwolanguagesatthesametimewouldconfusechildrenandslowtheircognitivegrowth.Sciencedisagreedwiththeseopinions,saysEllenBialystok,aprofessorofpsychology.Thearrivalofnewtechnologyinthe1970sallowedscientistsanewwaytoinvestigatehowdifferentbrainsprocesslanguage.Bialystokhasbeenresearchingthebilingualbrainfordecades.Shefirmlybelievesbilingualsaren’tsmarterthanthesingle-languagelearners,butbilingualbrainsdifferintheiruseofexecutivefunction-asystemthatbothhelpsthebrainaccessparticularregionsormemoriesandallowsapersontoswitchbetweentasks.Contrarytomediareports,executivefunctionisnotthesameasintelligence,Bialystokadds.Eveniftherelationshipbetweenbilingualismandactualintelligenceisunclear,executivefunctioncanhelppeopledoalotofthingsthatmaymakethemseemsmarter,suchasdoingmorethingsatthesametimeandcancellingoutthingsthattaketheirattentionaway.Manypeoplebelievethatknowingatleastoneotherlanguagemakesiteasiertolearnanewone,andcognitivefunctionmayplayapartinthat-theequivalentofgoodstudyhabitsforyourbrain.ButBialystokthinkscognitivefunctionhaslessimpactonlanguagelearnersthanthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguages’structureandvocabulary.“Inlearningthosepatterns,youcangetabitofafreerideinlearninganewlanguage,”shesays.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
3Despitetheoverallcognitivebenefits,bilingualismmaypresentsomedisadvantages.Whenchildrenlearnvocabulary,monolingualscanspendmoretimerememberingwordsinonelanguage,whilebilingualshavetoconstructtwodifferentvocabularies.“Thebiggestadvantageinbeingbilingualisthesameashavinggreatinternationalfriends:Itallowsapersontounderstandadifferentwayofthinking,withuniquephilosophiesandassumptionsabouthowothersseetheworld,”Bialystokadds.1．Whatdidmosteducatorsthinkofchildren’sbilingualismbeforethe1970s?A．Itsurelymadekidssmarter.B．Itcouldbeaterribleexperience.C．Itshouldbetaughtseparately.D．Itmaypromotecognitivegrowth.2．WhatcanmakelearninganewlanguageeasyaccordingtoBialystok?A．Executivefunction.B．Cognitivefunction.C．Similarlanguagepatterns.D．Goodstudyhabits.3．WhatisBialystok’sattitudetowardbilingualism?A．Skeptical.B．Conservative.C．Tolerant.D．Objective.4．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Arebilingualsreallysmarter?B．Shouldkidslearnanotherlanguage?C．Whydobilingualshaveanadvantage?D．Whatfactorsaffectlanguagelearning?押题速练4“InEnglish,myspeechisverypolite,witharelaxedtone,alwayssaying‘please’and‘excuseme.’WhenIspeakGreek,Istarttalkingmorerapidly,withatoneofanxietyandinakindofrudeway…”“Ifthewordsresonate(共鸣)withyou,you’veprobablyalreadyexperiencedthesurprising,oddphenomenonoffeelinglikehavingdifferentpersonalitieswhenspeakingdifferentlanguages.Howisthatpossible?Coulditbethatbilinguals(双语者)changetheirpersonalitywhentheychangelanguage?Afterall,theCzechproverbdoessay,“Learnanewlanguageandgetanewsoul.”Inmybookonbilingualism,LifewithTwoLanguages,Inotedfirstofallthatmonocultural(单文化的)bilingualswhomakeupthemajorityofbilingualsintheworldarenotreallyaffectedbythisphenomenon.Althoughbi-ormultilingual,theyareinfactmembersofjustoneculture.Butwhataboutbiculturalbilinguals?Iproposedthatwhatisseenasachangeinpersonalityismostprobablysimplyashiftinattitudesandbehaviorsthatcorrespondtoashiftinsituationorcontext,independentoflanguage.Basically,thebiculturalbilingualsinacademicstudieswerebehavingbicultural,thatis,adaptingtothecontexttheywerein.Differentcontextsanddomainstriggerdifferentimpressions,attitudesandbehaviors.Imaginethewaywespeaktoabestfriendandthebehaviorthatweadopt.Then,thinkofhowallthischangeswhenwearespeakingthesamelanguagetoasuperior(e.g.aschoolhead,religiousauthorityoremployer).Webehavedifferentlyandsometimeschangeattitudesandfeelingseventhoughthelanguageisthesame.Thesameistrueforbilingualsexceptthatherethelanguagemaybedifferent.Itistheenvironment,theculture,andthepeopleonetalkstothatcausebiculturalbilingualstochangeattitudes,feelingsandbehaviors(alongwithlanguage)-andnottheirlanguageassuch.Inessence,theredoesnotseemtobeadirectcausalrelationshipbetweenlanguageandpersonality.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
41．Whatfunctiondoesthefirstparagraphserve?A．Tosupportthewriter’sargument.B．Tointroducethetopicofthetext.C．Topresentageneralknowledgefact.D．Toprovidebackgroundinformation.2．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Themeaningofbilingualstudy.B．Culturalinfluenceonlanguages.C．Attitudeandproperbehavior.D．Thetruthof“personalityshift”.3．Howwouldthewriterprobablyexplainthespeaker’sbehaviorinparagraph1?A．HisfluencyinEnglishisnotasgreatasthatofGreek.B．Hispersonalityisaffectedbythelanguageheuses.C．HespeaksEnglishwheremannersareexpected.D．HespeaksGreekwhenhetalkstohissuperiors.4．Biculturalbilingualschangeattitudeswhenthey________.A．changetheirlanguagesB．changetheirbehaviorC．areinsearchofsocialstatusD．areindifferentsituations押题速练5ImetthelastspeakerofNaationanemptybeachonMalekula,anislandinVanuatu.Itoldtheman,Ariep,thatIwasinthecountrytostudyoneofitsnativelanguages.WhenhelearnedIwasalinguist(语言学家),heexcitedlysharedthathespeaksNaati.AriepexplainedtherelationshipbetweenNaatiandtheotherlanguagesofthearea.Withamixofprideandsorrow,herevealedthatheisthelastfluentspeakerofNaati.Althoughafewofhisfamilymembershavesomeknowledgeofthelanguageandmakeanefforttouseittogether,hefearsthatwithhisdeath,Naatiwillsoondisappear.Naati`ssituationisnotunique.Oftheabout7000languagesspokenontheplanettoday,50%to90%areconsideredvulnerable(脆弱的)toextinctionbytheendofthecentury.Languagesareaninvaluablesourceofculture.Understandingdifferentlanguagesisvitaltounderstandinghumancognition(认知).Aworldwithdiverselanguagesbenefitsusall.Eachlanguageisapieceofthepuzzlethatweneedinordertodeterminehowlanguageworksinthemind.Witheachmissingpiece,wearefurtherfromseeingthefullpicture.Thereareenoughcommonalitiesamonglanguagesystems.Intermsofsentencestructure,alllanguagesusethethreebasicelements:subject,object,andverb.Althoughthesecanbeorderedindifferentways,about80%ofknownlanguagesputthesubjectfirst,whileonlyabout1%puttheobjectfirst.Analyzingthesepatternshasrealimpactsforourlives.Themoreweunderstandabouthowlanguagefunctions,thebetterequippedweareto学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
5improveourtherapiesforcommunicationdisorders.However,takingintoaccountalllanguagesisahugechallenge.Manylanguagesareindangerofdisappearingbeforetheyhavebeendocumented,takingwiththemirreplaceableinformationabouthumanculture.Forthesakeofthespeakersofendangeredlanguages,forthesakeofusall,wemustpreservetheworld`slanguagesaswesearchforanswersandworktoensurelanguagediversityforgenerationstocome.1．WhatdoweknowaboutAriep?A．HeisdesperatetoleaveMalekula.B．Heisgoodatspeakingmanyforeignlanguages.C．Heisdevotedtostudyingendangeredlanguages.D．HeisconcernedaboutthedisappearanceofNaati.2．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Theinfluenceofhumancognitiononlanguages.B．Meanstobreakdownlanguagebarriers.C．Reasonsfortheextinctionoflanguages.D．Thesignificanceoflanguagediversity.3．Whydoestheauthormentionsentencestructureinparagraph4?A．Toprovethelinkamongdifferentlanguages.B．Toanalyzethemethodsoflanguageteaching.C．Toshowthedifficultyoflearninggrammar.D．Topresentthefunctionsoflanguagesystems.4．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A．HowCanWeProtectEndangeredLanguages?B．WhatMakesNaatiUniqueinHumanLanguage?C．WhyAreLanguagesWorthPreserving?D．HowDoNativeLanguagesDevelop?押题速练6Itiscalculatedthatsomeoftheworld’s7,000languagesareindangerofgettingextinct.“Forexample,Ainu,alanguageinJapan,isnowseriouslythreatened,withonly10nativespeakersremaining,“saidleadstudyauthorTatsuyaAmanoattheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland.Thescientistsfoundthat25percentoftheworld’slanguagesarethreatened(威胁)．Afteridentifyingwheretheendangered(濒危的)languageswere，theylookedforanyenvironmentalandsocialoreconomicfactorsthoselanguagesmighthaveincommon,suchaspoorareasorrapidpopulationgrowth.“Wefindthatattheglobalscale,languagespeakerdeclinesarestronglylinkedtoeconomicgrowth-thatis,declinesareparticularlyoccurringineconomicallydevelopedregions,”saidAmano.“OneimportantfindingofthisnewstudyisthatlanguagesinthetropicsandHimalayanregionarelikelytobeincreasinglythreatenedinthenearfuture,becausetheseregionsstillhavemanylocallanguageswithasmallnumberofspeakers,andatthesametimeareexperiencingrapideconomicgrowth,”saidAmano.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
6Economicgrowthmayendangerlanguagesforavarietyofreasons.Forinstance,speakersofendangeredlanguagesmayviewanothermorepopularlanguageasofferingeconomicopportunities,andthusabandontheirownlanguages.“Thereareotherimportantfactorsthatmightendangerlanguages,”saidtheresearchers.Forinstance,policiesregardinghowlanguagesareusedandtaughtinschoolscanbeverydifferentamongcountriesandevenwithineachcountry,andthesefactorsmayexplainmoredetailedpatternsinlanguageendangerment.Amanosuggesteditcouldbepossibletoforecast(预见)futurethreatstothediversity(多样化)oflanguages.“Thereexistsdetailedinformationonfuturechangesintheenvironment，economiesandclimates(气候)，”Amanosaid.“Usingsuchinformation，togetherwiththefindingsofthisstudyandfurtheranalysis,wewouldliketounderstandwhatwillhappentotheworld’slanguages,whereitwillhappenandwhichlanguageswillbethreatenedinparticular.”1．WhatcanweknowaboutAinu?A．Ithaschangedlittleovertheyears.B．ItthreatensJapaneselanguage.C．ItisalocallanguageinJapan.D．Itisputunderprotection.2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Whatshouldbetaughtinschools.B．Whatmightendangeralanguage.C．Howeconomicgrowthisachieved.D．Howalanguagebecomespopular.3．WhatdoesAmanomeaninthelastparagraph?A．Wemusttakeactiontosavetheenvironment.B．Moreandmorelanguageswillgetmissing.C．Itwillbeeasiertolearnlanguagechanges.D．Factorsthreateninglanguageswilldouble.4．Whatcanbeknownfromthestudy?A．Over7,000languageshavebeenthreatened.B．Locallanguagemustbespokenineveryschool.C．Itispossibletouseonlyonelanguageworldwide.D．Thenumberoftropics’locallanguagespeakersmaybecomesmallerinthefuture.押题速练6Ifyouweretomovetoanewcountrywithadifferentlanguageandbringalongthefamilydog,yourpetwouldlikelyhaveahardtimeunderstandingcommandsfromthelocals9accordingtoanewstudylookingathowdogs’brainsreacttodifferentlanguages.ThenewstudywasconductedbyleadauthorLauraCuaya,aneurobiologistatEotvosLordndUniversityinHungary,whorecentlymovedfromMexicotoTokyoalongsideherdogKun-kun.Cuayaandherteamtrained18dogs,includingKun-kun,toliemotionlessinanMRImachinesothe学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
7researcherscouldscantheirbrains.Asthedogswerebeingscanned,theresearchersplayedthedogsthreedifferentrecordings:aSpanishreadingfromthefamouschildren’sbookTheLittlePrince;aJapanesereadingfromthesamebook;andaseriesofhumannoisesthatdidnotresemblespeechatall.Allofthedogshadbeenexposedtoonlyoneofthetwolanguages,meaningonewasfamiliartothemandtheotherwasunfamiliar.MRIscansrevealedthatdogs’brainscandistinguishbetweenfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguages?makingthemthefirst-known,andsofaronly,non-humananimalstobeabletotellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguages.Duringtheexperiments,researchersalsofoundthatolderdogsshowedmoreactivityinthesecondaryauditorycortexofthebrain,suggestingtheywerebetteratdifferentiatingfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguagesthanyoungerdogs.“IthinkthatthemainreasonthatolderdogsarebetteratdifferentiatinglanguagesistheamountofexposuretothelanguageCuayasaid.“Olderdogshavehadmoreopportunitiestolistentohumanswhiletheytalk.”Whatmakesdogsuniqueisthattheydonotneedtobetrainedtodistinguishbetweenhumanlanguages.“Theirbrainsdetectedthedifferencenaturally,perhapsduetothedomesticationprocess,”Cuayasaid.“Whileitispossiblethatmanyspeciescandistinguishbetweenhumanlanguages9dogsareoneofthefewthatareinterestedinhearingus.”1．Whatdoesthenewstudyfind?A．Dogsmaysettleintoanewenvironmenteasily.B．Dogscanfacelanguagebarriersinaforeigncountry.C．Dogsaremoresensitivetolanguagesthanotheranimals.D．Dogsfailtounderstandtheirownersinanewenvironment.2．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutthestudy?A．Itsbackground.B．Itsbenefit.C．Itsprocess.D．Itspurpose.3．WhatdoesCuayaintendtoconveyinthelastparagraph?A．Domesticationhelpsdogsbetterlivewithhumans.B．Dogsarecloselyrelatedtohumans.C．Humansshouldbemorefriendlytodogs.D．Trainingplaysanimportantroleinraisingdogs.4．What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A．DogscanbringsurprisinghealthbenefitsB．DogsaregoodtranslatorsinanewenvironmentC．DogsthatareoftenexposedtohumansaremoreintelligentD．Dogscandistinguishbetweenfamiliarandunfamiliarhumanlanguages学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
8学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
