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压轴题04阅读理解D综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。科普说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。四社会交往类1.基本规律：阅读理解D篇阅读文章一般难度都比较大，但命题者设题的难度并不大。2．实用解题方法：①某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换。②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相反意思来判断。⑥注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定。while有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。押题速练1.Weallknowthatunpleasantfeelingwhenwe’retalkingaboutsomethinginterestingandhalfwaythroughoursentencewe’reinterrupted.Butwasthatreallyaninterruption?Theanswerdependsonwhomyouask,accordingtonewresearchledbyKatherineHiltonfromStanfordUniversity.Usingasetofcontrolledaudioclips(录音片段),Hiltonsurveyed5,000AmericanEnglishspeakerstobetterunderstandwhataffectspeople’sperceptionsofinterruptions.Shehadparticipantslistentoaudioclipsandthenanswerquestionsaboutwhetherthespeakersseemedtobefriendlyandengaged,listeningtooneanother,ortryingtointerrupt.HiltonfoundthatAmericanEnglishspeakershavedifferentconversationalstyles.Sheidentifiedtwodistinctgroups:highandlowintensityspeakers.Highintensityspeakersaregenerallyuncomfortablewithmomentsofsilenceinconversationandconsidertalkingatthesametimeasignofengagement.Lowintensityspeakersfinditrudetotalkatthesametimeandpreferpeoplespeakoneafteranotherinconversation.Thedifferencesinconversationalstylesbecameevidentwhenparticipantslistenedtoaudioclipsinwhichtwopeoplespokeatthesametimebutwereagreeingwitheachotherandstayedontopic,Hiltonsaid.Thehigh学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
1intensitygroupreportedthatconversationswherepeoplespokeatthesametimewhenexpressingagreementwerenotinterruptivebutengagedandfriendlierthantheconversationswithmomentsofsilenceinbetweenspeakingturns.Incontrast,thelowintensitygroupperceivedanyamountofsimultaneous(同时)chatasarudeinterruption,regardlessofwhatthespeakersweresaying.“Peoplecareaboutbeinginterrupted,andthosesmallinterruptionscanhaveamassiveeffectontheoverallcommunication,”Hiltonsaid.“Breakingapartwhataninterruptionmeansisessentialifwewanttounderstandhowhumansinteractwitheachother.”1．WhatdoesHilton’sresearchfocuson?A．Whatinterruptionsmeantopeople.B．Whetherinterruptionisgoodornot.C．Howtoavoidgettinginterrupted.D．Whyspeakersinterrupteachother.2．Whatdoparticipantsofthestudyneedtodo?A．Recordanaudioclip.B．Answersomequestions.C．Listentooneanother.D．Haveachatwithafriend.3．Whatdolowintensityspeakersthinkofsimultaneouschat?A．It’simportant.B．It’sinteresting.C．It’sinefficient.D．It’simpolite.4．WhatcanwelearnfromHilton’sresearch?A．Humaninteractioniscomplex.B．Communicationisthebasisoflife.C．Interruptionspromotethinking.D．Languagebarrierswillalwaysexist.押题速练2Ithashappenedtousall:sittingonthesofa,toyingwiththeideaofsendinganoldfriendanunexpectedtext,butworryingthatamessageoutofthebluemayseemunusualorjustunwelcome.However,researchsuggestssuchfearsareunfounded,withthoseonthereceivingendoftenfarmoregratefulthanthesendermayexpect.DrPeggyLiu,theleadauthoroftheresearchsaidtheteambegantheirresearchbecausetheyfeltalotofpeoplewerelosingtouchwitheachother.“Wewonderedwhythatmightbe,”shesaid.Liuandhercolleaguesconductedaseriesofexperiments,basedonhypothetical(虚构的)andreal-lifeplots,involvingmorethan5,900participants.Inoneexperiment,54participantswroteanotetoafellowcollegestudenttheyhadn’tbeenintouchforawhile.Thisnotewasemailedtothelatterbytheresearchers,whoaskedboththewriterandrecipienttoindicatehowmuchtheyfeltthemessagewasappreciated.Theresultsshowthatonaveragesendersratedrecipients’(接收者)appreciationat5.57onaseven-pointscale,whiletherecipientsthemselvesratedtheirappreciationat6.17.Theteamsaidthisandotherexperimentsrevealed学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
2thatpeoplereceivingmessagesappreciatethemsignificantlymorethanthesendertendstoexpect.ButLiusaidquestionsremained.“Whileweshowthatpeopletypicallyunderestimatehowmuchothersappreciatebeingreachedoutto,itremainsanoutstandingquestionhowwecanactuallymotivatepeopletoreachouttoothersmore,”shesaid.“That’swhatwe’regoingtodonext.”StephenReicher,aprofessorofsocialpsychologyattheUniversityofStAndrews,saidtheresultsmadesense.“Ifthepandemic(疫情爆发)hastaughtusanything,itisthatwehaveapandemicoflonelinesscausingmassiveharmandweneedtoaddressiturgentlyasamatterofpublichealth,”“Feelingconnectedtoothershasconsistentlybeenshowntobegoodforourphysicalandmentalhealth.Suchconnectionscanberemarkablyeffectiveineverythingfromprotectingagainstdepressiontorecoveryfromheartattacks,”hesaid,addingthatsimplyfeelingpartofagroupwasequallyeffective.1．WhatdoesLiu’sresearchwanttofindout?A．Howpeopleareovercomingfearsofcontactingfriends.B．Whypeoplearegettingdisconnectedwitheachother.C．Whenpeoplecansendtextstorebuildanoldfriendship.D．Whetherpeopleshouldsendfriendsanunexpectedtext.2．WhataspectoftheresearchdoesPara.4mainlytalkabout?A．Itsdesign.B．Itsimpact.C．Itsprocess.D．Itstheory.3．Whatwilltheresearchersdonext?A．Findwaystoconnectpeople.B．Increasetrustbetweenpeople.C．Shapepeople’sperceptionoffriends.D．Callonpeopletoappreciatefriendship.4．WhatmessagedoesStephenReicherwanttoconvey?A．Thepandemicistoblameformentalillness.B．Reachingouttoothersisbeneficialtohealth.C．Joiningagroupispreferabletogettingconnected.D．Theauthoritiesshouldaddresslonelinessurgently.押题速练3We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication,学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
3saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.1．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.2．WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A．Showinggoodmanners.B．Relatingtootherpeople.C．Focusingonatopic.D．Makingbusinessdeals.3．Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A．Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B．Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C．Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D．Itmakespeoplefeelgood.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ConversationCountsB．WaysofMakingSmallTalkC．BenefitsofSmallTalkD．UncomfortableSilence押题速练4Theterm“socialdistancing”hasbeenatthecenterofpublicconversationforawhile.Butit’snot“social”distancewearetryingtopromote.It’sphysicalseparation.Infact,preservingsocialties—evenatadistance—isessentialforbothmentalandphysicalhealth.Theresultsofananalyticreviewdonein2017indicatethatalackofsocialsupportisonaparwithsmokingcigarettesasariskfactorforhealth.Giventhisfact,howmightwebeststayconnectedtootherswhilemaintainingphysicaldistance?Wouldwebebetteroffe-mailingafriend?Makingaphonecall?Settingupavideochat?Inourstudy,NickEpleyandItestedwhetherthemediathroughwhichpeopleinteractaffectstheirsenseofconnection—andhowexpectationsaboutcertaintechnologiesimpactthecommunicationmediatheychoosetouse.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
4Inourexperiment,weaskedparticipantstoreconnectwithsomeonethattheyhadn’tinteractedwithrecently,eitherthroughe-mailoroverthephone.Participantsfirstmadepredictionsaboutwhatitwouldbeliketogetintouchiftheyreachedoutinthesetwoways.Theygenerallybelievedthatthey’dfeelmoreconnectedwheninteractingviathephonethanovere-mail.Buttheyalsopredictedthattalkingonthephonecouldbemoreuncomfortablethansendingane-mail.Althoughtheseparticipantsbelievedthattalkingencouragedstrongerbonds,mostofthemsaidthey’drathersendane-mailthancallthepersonup.Fearsaboutawkwardness,itseems,pushindividualstowardtext-basedmethodsforcommunicating.Inthenextpartoftheexperiment,wehadparticipantsactuallyreconnectusingonerandomlydeterminedmodeofcommunicationandthenfollowedupwiththemaftertheyhaddoneso.Wefoundthatpeopledoformmeaningfullystrongerbondswheninteractingoverthephonethanovere-mail.Importantly,though,therewasnodifferenceintheamountofdiscomfortwhenreconnectingonthephone.Thenexttimeyouthinkabouthowbesttoconnect,considercallingorsettingupavideochat.Feelingsofsocialconnectionarepreferablyfacilitatedbyvoiceratherthanakeyboard.1．Howdoestheauthorsupporthisviewontheimportanceofmaintainingsocialties?A．Bystatingadeep-rootedtradition.B．Bycitingapublishedreport.C．Bysharingpublicopinions.D．Bypresentingofficialdocuments.2．WhatdidtheauthorandEpley’sstudyfocuson?A．Howtechnologiesimpactmeansofcommunication.B．Howsocialmediachoicesaffectfeelingsofconnection.C．Whymaintainingsocialseparationisbadformentalhealth.D．Whyreconnectingwithfriendsoverthephonebringsawkwardness.3．Whatcanweinferfromthestudyresults?A．Theychangedtheresearchobjectives.B．Theyprovidedinsightsforfuturestudies.C．Theyconfirmedresearchers’expectations.D．Theycontradictedparticipants’predictionspartly.4．Whatcanbeconcludedfromthetext?A．Forstrongerbonds,talkinsteadoftyping.B．Keepingintouchiskeytoalastingfriendship.C．Thinkbeforeyouconsidercontactinganoldfriend.D．Text-basedmethodsforcommunicationcausediscomfort.押题速练5Societytellsusweshouldsocializetothefullest,andthatthosewhoaresurroundedbypeoplearethemostsuccessfulandthehappiest.Thesedays,we’realmostalwaysconnected,whetherinpersonorthroughourphonescreensandonlinesocialnetworks.Butthere’ssomethingtobesaidforsolitude(独处)Beingalone“doesn’tnecessarilymean”beinglonely”.Infact,spendingtimebyyourselfisanessentialelementofself-care.Aroundtheglobe,differentcultureshavewide-rangingperspectivesonwhatitmeanstospendtimealone.IfyouliveorhavespenttimeintheUnitedStates,you’reprobablyawarethatAmericanstendtorejectsolitude.For学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
5manyyoungerpeople,weekendsarepackedwithsocialactivities,rangingfrombrunchwithfriendstodinnerpartiestogamenightstodrinkingatbarsandeverythinginbetween.TheUnitedStatesisn’ttheonlyplacewhereyou’llfindaheavyemphasisonsocialtime.AcrosstheAtlantic,theUnitedKingdomisknownforbeinganextremelyextroverted(外向型的)country.AsurveyofBritsfoundthatmorethanhalfhadneverdoneandwouldbeunwillingtodoactivitieslikegoingtothemeparksorseeinglivemusicalone.MostBritsspendalmosttwiceasmuchoftheirleisuretimesocializingwithothersaastheydobeingalone.Thehomecanbeaplaceofrest,relaxationandrecharge-thatis,ifyoulivebyyourselforhavethespacetobealoneinyourhome.ThecountryinwhichpeopleareleastlikelytolivealoneisIndia,atabout4percentofthepopulation.Chinaisalsoquitefondofmultiple-personhouseholds,withonlyabout10percentofpeoplelivingbythemselves.Inmorecollectivistcultureslikethese,manyaspectsofliferevolve(围绕)aroundcommunity.Thus,spendingtimealoneisn’tasingrained(根深蒂固的)asasocialconventioninplaceslikethese,andthegoodofthegrouptakespriorityovertheneedsofoneperson.1．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A．Peoplecanbenefitmorefromsolitude.B．Peopletendtosocializemorenowadays.C．Bringalonegenerallyequalsbeinglonely.D．Beingaloneenablespeopletobecarefree.2．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesyoungAmericans?A．Imaginativeandwild.B．SensitiveandenergeticC．Outgoingandsociable.D．Optimisticanddutiful.3．Howdoestheauthorprovehispoint?A．Bymakingasummary.B．Bydrawingcomparisons.C．Byexplainingaconcept.D．Byprovidingexamples.4．WhyaremostChinesepeoplemorelikelytolivetogether?A．Becausetheyshareaspecificculture.B．Becausetheylacksomelocalcustoms.C．BecausetheypossessenoughhomeSpace.D．Becausetheygiveprioritytotheirownneeds.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
6学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
