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专题01阅读理解(说明文)高频话题01人与自然—人与动植物Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一统考期中Groupsofreindeer,aspeciesofdeer,andhorsescouldsoonrunacrossthefrozen(冷冻的)groundinplacesasfarnorthasSiberia.That’sbecausereintroducingthesegrazinganimals(食草动物)canslowdowntherateofpermafrostmelting(永冻土融化)andglobalwarming.AnewstudyconductedbyProfessorChristianBeerhasfoundthatifthereareenoughanimalsintheArctic,80%ofthepermafrostcouldbekeptuntilatleast2100.ItwasinspiredbyanexperimentcarriedoutbyascientistnamedSergeyZimov.HehadbelievedthatbecauseofthewarmingclimateoftheArcticregion,themeltingpermafrostwouldgiveoffgreenhousegasesthathadbeentrappedinthesoilforthousandsofyears,anditwouldincreasetheamountofwarmingandstartanendlesscycle.20yearsago,bythePleistoceneParkExperiment,hesuccessfullyprovedthatgrazinganimalsrunningacrossthelandwouldbreakupthesnowandhelpfreezethesoil.However,hefailedtogethisscientificpaperspublished.Butnowscientistsaretakinghiswarningseriously.Accordingtoasurvey,1.7billiontonsofcarbondioxideweregivenofffrommeltingpermafrostbetween2003and2017,whichchangedtheArcticfrombeingaplacethattookincarbondioxideintoaplacethatgaveoffcarbondioxide.Ifuncontrolled,therewouldbea7-degreeincreaseinthepermafrosttemperaturethatwouldcausehalfofittomeltby2100.Fortunately,Beer’sstudyshowsthatmostofthepermafrostcanbekeptiftheplaceisrepopulatedwithgrazinganimals.“Today,wehaveanaverageof5reindeerpersquarekilometeracrosstheArctic.With15reindeerpersquarekilometer,wecouldsave70%ofthepermafrost.Ifwewereabletomaintainthehighanimaldensity(密度)likeinZimov’sPleistocenePark,wouldthatbegoodenoughtosavepermafrostunderthestrongestwarming?Yes,itcouldworkfor80%oftheregion,”saidBeer.1.WhyarethegrazinganimalsreintroducedtotheArctic?A.Tospeedupthemelting.B.Toprotectthepermafrost.C.Tohelpcarryoutresearch.D.Togetridofglobalwarming.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“It”inparagraph2referto?A.Globalwarming.B.Thegrazinganimal.C.TheArcticpermafrost.D.ChristianBeer’sresearch.3.Whatwillhappenifthepermafrostcontinuesmelting?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Grazinganimalsmaygoextinct.B.Morecarbondioxidewillbetakenin.C.Itwillsetmoregreenhousegasesfree.D.Thetemperaturemaygodownquickly.4.WhatdoesChristianBeerthinkofthereintroductionofgrazinganimals?A.Ittakesalotoftimeandeffort.B.Itcanleadtoapromisingresult.C.Itcontributesmuchtobiodiversity.D.Ithelpsthepermafrosttotakeform.【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChristianBeer教授进行的一项新研究发现，如果北极有足够的动物，80%的永久冻土可以保存到至少2100年。1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“That’sbecausereintroducingthesegrazinganimals(食草动物)canslowdowntherateofpermafrostmelting(永冻土融化)andglobalwarming.(这是因为重新引进这些食草动物可以减缓永久冻土融化和全球变暖的速度。)”可知，食草动物被重新引进引入北极是为了减缓永久冻土融化，即保护永久冻土。故选B。2.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“AnewstudyconductedbyProfessorChristianBeerhasfoundthatifthereareenoughanimalsintheArctic,80%ofthepermafrostcouldbekeptuntilatleast2100.(ChristianBeer教授进行的一项新研究发现，如果北极有足够的动物，80%的永久冻土可以保存到至少2100年)”和划线单词所在句子“ItwasinspiredbyanexperimentcarriedoutbyascientistnamedSergeyZimov.(它的灵感来自于一位名叫SergeyZimov的科学家进行的一项实验)”可推知，it代指上文提到的ChristianBeer的研究。故选D。3.细节理解题。根据第二段中“HehadbelievedthatbecauseofthewarmingclimateoftheArcticregion,themeltingpermafrostwouldgiveoffgreenhousegasesthathadbeentrappedinthesoilforthousandsofyears,anditwouldincreasetheamountofwarmingandstartanendlesscycle.(他相信，由于北极地区的气候变暖，融化的永久冻土会释放出埋藏在土壤中数千年的温室气体，这会加剧气候变暖，并开始无休止的循环)”可知，如果永久冻土继续融化，它将释放更多的温室气体。故选C。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Today,wehaveanaverageof5reindeerpersquarekilometeracrosstheArctic.With15reindeerpersquarekilometer,wecouldsave70%ofthepermafrost.Ifwewereabletomaintainthehighanimaldensity(密度)likeinZimov’sPleistocenePark,wouldthatbegoodenoughtosavepermafrostunderthestrongestwarming?Yes,itcouldworkfor80%oftheregion,”saidBeer.(“今天，我们在北极地区平均每平方千米有5只驯鹿。如果每个平方千米养15只驯鹿，我们就可以拯救70%的永久冻土。如果我们能够像齐莫夫的PleistocenePark学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 那样保持高动物密度，这是否足以在全球变暖最严重的情况下拯救永久冻土？是的，它可以适用于该地区80%的地区，”Beer说)”可知，ChristianBeer认为重新引入食草动物能在全球变暖最严重的情况下拯救永久冻土。由此推知，他认为引进食草动物会带来一个有希望的结果。故选B。Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏南京·高一南京师大附中校考期中Manyimportantdecisionscomedowntoachoicebetweenkeepingthesupposedsafetyandriskinggoingoutforachanceatgettingsomethingevenbetter.Thoughrisk-takingpreferencesvarybetweenindividuals,researchwithhumansshowsthatwe’reallgenerallylesswillingtotakerisksinsituationswithmoreambiguous(不确定的)outcomes.“Thefindingshouldalsoapplytorisk-takinginchimps(黑猩猩)，oneofourclosestevolutionary(进化的)ancestors,”saidHaux,fromMaxPlanckInstituteforHumanDevelopment.Totesttheevolutionaryrootsofhumanriskpreference,Hauxandhiscolleaguesmeasured55chimpslivinginreservesfortheirriskyandambiguouschoicesinanexperimentalsetting.Ineachtrial,theychoseaballfromoneoftwopots.Onepotwasalwayssafebecauseitcontainedtwoballsfilledwithonepeanuteach.Intheriskycondition,thesecondpotalsocontainedtwoballs,butonewasfilledwithtwopeanutsandtheotherwithnothing.Intheambiguouscondition,theballsinthesecondpotstillcontainedtworewardsornothing,butthechimpscouldn’tseethecontentsinthepot.Onaverage,chimpschosetheriskypotoverthesafepot55%ofthetimebutchosetheambiguouspotoverthesafepotinjust25%oftrials.Thissuggeststhatchimps,likehumans,prefertoavoidsituationswithambiguousversusknownrisks.“Structuralsimilaritiesinriskpreferencesofhumansandoneofourclosestlivingrelativesarelikelytoreflectadaptationstosimilarchangesinevolution.Whilemanyotherfactorsmayinfluencehumanrisk-takingpreferences,theparallelsbetweenhumanandchimpbehaviorsuggestthatevolutionaryadaptationshavehelpedsetaconsistent(一致的)baseline,”Hauxsaid.Futureworkwillcomparehowtherisk-takingpreferencesofchimpslivinginreservesmaydifferfromthoselivinginzoosorinthewild,aswellashowtheycomparetothoseofbonobos,anothercloseevolutionaryrelativeofhumans,Hauxadded.5.Whatwasthepurposeoftheresearchonchimps?A.Tocomparetheirintelligencelevelwithhumans’.B.Toprovethatchimpsaremorewillingtotakerisks.C.Totestthetheevolutionaryrootsofhumanriskpreference.D.Tofindoutthedifferencesbetweenhumansandchimps.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 6.Whichillustratestheriskyconditionintheexperimentalsetting?A.B.C.D.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“parallels”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Conflicts.B.Interactions.C.Misunderstandings.D.Similarities.8.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Hauxissatisfiedwiththecurrentresearch.B.Otheranimalswillbestudiedformoreevidence.C.Theresearchtopicwillbeshiftedtoanotherfield.D.Bonoboswillbestudiedbecausetheyliveinthewild.【答案】5.C6.B7.D8.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。为了检验人类冒险偏好的进化根源，Haux和他的同事在一个实验环境中测量了55只生活在保护区的黑猩猩的冒险和模糊选择。通过实验他们发现，黑猩猩和人类一样，更喜欢避免风险模糊的情况。5.细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句“Totesttheevolutionaryrootsofhumanriskpreference,Hauxandhiscolleaguesmeasured55chimpslivinginreservesfortheirriskyandambiguouschoicesinanexperimentalsetting.(为了检验人类冒险偏好的进化根源，Haux和他的同事们在实验环境中测量了55只生活在保护区的黑猩猩的冒险和模糊选择)”可知，对黑猩猩进行研究的目的是为了检验人类冒险偏好的进化根源。故选C项。6.细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“Intheriskycondition,thesecondpotalsocontainedtwoballs,butonewasfilledwithtwopeanutsandtheotherwithnothing.(在冒险的条件下，第二个罐子里也有两个球，但一个里面装满了两颗花生，另一个什么也没有)”可知，第二个图的内容与实验的描述项符合。故选B项。7.词义猜测题。根据第四段中Haux所说的第一句“Structuralsimilaritiesinriskpreferencesofhumansandoneofourclosestlivingrelativesarelikelytoreflectadaptationstosimilarchangesinevolution.(人类和我们最亲近的亲缘动物之一在冒险偏好上的结构相似性可能反映了对进化中类似变化的适应)”和单词parallel后面的“betweenhumanandchimpbehaviorsuggestthatevolutionaryadaptationshavehelpedsetaconsistentbaseline(人类和黑猩猩之间的行为的……学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 表明，进化适应有助于建立一致的基线)”可知，此处说的是人类和黑猩猩之间的相似性，parallels和上一句中的similarities是对应的。故选D项。8.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Futureworkwillcomparehowtherisk-takingpreferencesofchimpslivinginreservesmaydifferfromthoselivinginzoosorinthewild,aswellashowtheycomparetothoseofbonobos,anothercloseevolutionaryrelativeofhumans,Hauxadded.(Haux补充说，未来的工作将比较生活在保护区的黑猩猩与生活在动物园或野外的黑猩猩的冒险偏好有何不同，以及它们与人类的另一个近亲——倭黑猩猩的冒险偏好有何不同)”可以推论出，研究人员还会研究其它动物以获得更多证据。故选B项。Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏苏州·高一江苏省木渎高级中学统考期中Kangarooscancommunicatewithhumans,accordingtoanewstudy.Thereportisthefirstresearchofthiskindtobedoneonmarsupials—atypeofmammalwhoseyounggetcarriedinpouches(育儿袋)ontheirmother’sbody.Itsuggestskangaroosareclevererthanpreviouslythought.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofRoehamptonintheUKandtheUniversityofSydneyinAustraliatestedkangaroosatthreelocations--theAustralianReptilePark,WildlifeSydneyZooandKangarooProtectionCo-operative.Thescientistsputfoodinaboxthatthekangarooscouldnotopen,andwaitedtoseewhattheanimalswoulddo.Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.DrAlexandraGreen,aco-authorofthestudy,toldTheGuardiannewspaperthatsomeofthekangaroosactuallyapproachedthepersonandstartedscratchingandsniffingthem,thenlookedbackatthebox.“Sotheywerereallytryingtocommunicate,”Greensaid.Thisbehaviourisnotuncommoninanimals.However,itisusuallyonlyseenindomesticatedanimals.Domesticatedmeansanimalsthathavebeenbred(饲养)tolivealongsidepeople,suchaspetsorfarmanimals.Theleadauthorofthestudy,DrAlanMcElligott,explained,“Throughthisstudy,wewereabletoseethatcommunicationbetweenanimalscanbelearntandthatthebehaviouroflookingathumanstoaccessfoodisnotrelatedtodomestication.”“Indeed,kangaroosshowedaverysimilarpatternofbehaviourwehaveseenindogs,horsesandevengoats,whenputtothesametest,”headded.Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenaspeststhatdamagefarmers’crops.9.Whydidthekangarooslookatthepersonandthenthebox?A.Theywerecurious.B.Theywereaskingforhelp.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.Theywereconfusedbythebox.D.Theywereplayingwiththeperson.10.WhatdoesDrAlanMcElligottsayaboutkangaroos’behavior?A.Itisonlyseeninwildanimals.B.Ithasnothingtodowithdomestication.C.Itsetskangaroosapartfromotheranimals.D.Itcanonlybelearnedbydomesticatedanimals.11.Whatpurposeisthestudyexpectedtoserve?A.Protectingfarmers’cropsfromkangaroos.B.Callingonpeopletoprotectkangaroos.C.Changingthewaypeopleseekangaroos.D.Encouragingpeopletodomesticatekangaroos.12.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.HowkangaroosaccessfoodB.WhyKangaroosareourfriendsC.Kangarooscan“talk”tousD.Kangaroosareclevererthanwethought【答案】9.B10.B11.C12.C【导语】本文为一篇说明文。根据一项新的研究表明，袋鼠可以与人类交流。9.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.(这些袋鼠并没有放弃，11个袋鼠中的10个都积极地看着将食物放在盒子里的那个人，然后又看着盒子。研究者说，这可以理解为袋鼠在寻求帮助，想要打开这个盒子。)”可知，袋鼠看了这个人，然后又看了盒子的原因是，它们在寻求帮助，故选B。10.细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Theleadauthorofthestudy,DrAlanMcElligott,explained,“Throughthisstudy,wewereabletoseethatcommunicationbetweenanimalscanbelearntandthatthebehaviouroflookingathumanstoaccessfoodisnotrelatedtodomestication.”(该研究的主要作者AlanMcElligott解释道：‘通过这项研究，我们可以看到动物之间的交流是可以学习的，而且看着人类获取食物的行为与驯化无关。’)”可知，AlanMcElligott认为袋鼠的行为与驯化无关，故选B。11.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenaspeststhatdamagefarmers’crops.(希望这项研究能够让人们对袋鼠有更积极的态度，因为袋鼠有时被视为破坏农作物的害虫。)”可推知，这项研究的在于改变人们对袋鼠惯有的态度，希望不再将袋鼠看作是破坏农作物的害虫，故选C。学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 12.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Kangarooscancommunicatewithhumans,accordingtoanewstudy.(根据一项新的研究表明，袋鼠可以与人类交流。)”可知，本篇文章主要讲述了新的研究表明袋鼠可以与人类交流，并介绍了研究的过程，故C项“袋鼠可以与我们‘说话’”符合文章标题，故选C。Passage42022-2023学年下学期·江苏连云港·高一统考期中Someofthetallconifers(针叶树)thathavegrownupinCalifornia’sSierraNevadaarenolongersuitablefortheclimatetheylivein,newresearchhasshown.Althoughthereareconifersinthoseareasnow,Hillandotherresearcherssuggestedthatasthetreesdieout,they’llbereplacedwithothertypesofplantsbettersuitedtotheenvironmentalconditions.Theteamestimatedthatabout20%ofallSierraNevadaconifertreesinCaliforniaarenolongersuitablefortheclimatearoundthemandareindangerofdisappearing.Theycalledthesetrees“zombieforests”.Thatchangeislargelyduetohighertemperaturesandlessrainfallintheselower-elevationareas.Inaddition,humanactivities,suchasloggingandanincreaseinwildfires,haveaneffectonthereductionofconifers.TheSierraNevadaconifersaren’tstandingstill.Theaverageelevation(海拔)ofthetreeshasincreasedoverthepast90years,moving112feetupslope(上坡).AccordingtoHill,thatisbecauselower-elevationconifershavediedwhileconifersathigherelevationswheretheairiscoolerhavebeenabletogrow.Buttheconifers’uphilltrekhasn’tbeenabletokeeppacewiththedramaticincreaseintemperatures.TheresearcherssaidthenumberofSierraNevadaconifersincompatible(不能共处的)withtheirenvironmentscoulddoubleinthenext77years.Tohelpshapepeople’sunderstandingoftheeffectsofclimatechange,Hillandhiscolleaguesdevelopedsomemapswhichshowthestate’s“zombieforests”.“Thesemapsareunique,inthatyoucanputyourfingeronapointanditwillsay,‘Thisarearighthereisexpectedtomoveupslopeduetoclimatechangeinthenearfuture’,andthisbringssomereallydifficultquestionsaboutwhatwewantthislandmanagedfor.Dowetrytoresisttheseupcomingchanges?’’Hilladded.“Conservationistsknow,scientistsknow,somanypeopleknowthatecosystemsarechangingandexpectthemtochangebetter,andpeoplearedealingwiththis.”hesaid.13.WhatmainlycausessomeconifertreesinSierraNevadaindanger?A.Zombieforests.B.Humanactivities.C.Othertypesofplants.D.Environmentalconditions.14.WhatdotheSierraNevadaconifersdotosurvive?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Theydoubleinnumber.B.Theygiveintotheenvironment.C.Theymovetohigher-elevationareas.D.Theykeeppacewiththerisingtemperatures.15.What’sspecialaboutHill’smaps?A.Theyexplaintheprobleminaudio.B.Theyshowthestate’s“zombieforests”.C.Theypresenttheeffectsofclimatechange.D.Theypersuadepeopletochangetheirminds.16.WhatdoHill’swordsimply?A.Peopleshouldtrytoresistchangestotheecosystem.B.Peopleshouldmakemoreeffortstoimprovetheecosystem.C.Peopleshouldmanagelandforhumankindinsteadofplants.D.Peopleshouldworktogethertodealwiththecurrentproblem.【答案】13.D14.C15.A16.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些生长在加州内华达山脉的高大针叶树已经不再适应它们所生活的气候条件并分析了原因。13.推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Thatchangeislargelyduetohighertemperaturesandlessrainfallintheselower-elevationareas.”(这种变化主要是由于这些低海拔地区的气温升高和降雨量减少)可知，这种变化主要是由于这些地区的高温和降雨减少造成的，这一变化属于环境影响。故选D项。14.细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“AccordingtoHill,thatisbecauselower-elevationconifershavediedwhileconifersathigherelevationswheretheairiscoolerhavebeenabletogrow.”(根据Hill的说法，那是因为低海拔地区的针叶树会死亡，而空气更凉爽的高海拔的针叶树能够生长)可知，该针叶树若想存活，需要向高海拔地区移动。故选C项。15.细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Thesemapsareunique,inthatyoucanputyourfingeronapointanditwillsay,‘Thisarearighthereisexpectedtomoveupslopeduetoclimatechangeinthenearfuture’”(这些地图是独特的，因为当你把手放在地图某一点时，它就会说：“由于近期气候变化，这个地区预计将向上倾斜”)可知，地图的特别之处体现在可以用语音讲解问题。故选A项。16.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“TheresearcherssaidthenumberofSierraNevadaconifersincompatible(不能共处的)withtheirenvironmentscoulddoubleinthenext77years.(研究人员表示，内华达山脉与环境不相容的针叶树数量可能在未来77年翻一番)”第四段最后一句学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 “Conservationistsknow,scientistsknow,somanypeopleknowthatecosystemsarechangingandexpectthemtochangebetter,andpeoplearedealingwiththis.”(环保主义者知道，科学家知道，所以许多人都知道生态系统正在变化，并期待它们能变得更好，人们正在应对这个问题)推知，Hill认为改善生态系统需要付出更多的努力。故选B项。高频话题02人与自然--自然灾害防范Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏盐城·高一江苏省响水中学校考期中Seismometer(地震仪)stationsnotonlysensegroundshakingduetoearthquakesbutalsosignalsatthesurfaceofourplanet,suchasstormsand—astheresearchersdiscovered—alsofloods.Forthisresearch,scientiststurnedanearthquakeseismometerstationnearthetownofAhrweilerinGermanyintoafloodtrackingtool.Usingseismologicalinformationfromthetimeoftheevent,theycantellpeopleaboutthedisasterinatimelyway.AsthetownofAhrweilertookthefullforceofaflood,scientistsfoundtheseismometerexactlyshowedthetrackofthefloodforonehour.Bycomparingmathematicalmodels,theresearcherswereabletoestimate(估算)thespeedwithwhichthefloodmoved.Infact,thiswastheonlysystematicsourceofmeasurableinformationabouthowtheflooddevelopedbecausethethreepresentwaterlevelstationsinthetownwereoutofserviceearly.Astheresearchshows,thismethodcanprovideinformationthatisvaluabletotrackfloodforwarningandrescueactivities.“Ifthedatafromthatstationisavailable(可用的)andasourresearchnowshows,realtimeinformationonthemagnitudeandspeedofthefloodwillbeavailableaswell,”saysDrMichaelDietzeattheUniversityofGottingen.“As10%ofEurope’ssurfaceareaislikelytosufferfromrapidfloodingbyrivers,wemaywanttostartthinkingaboutnewwaysoffloodearlywarning.Thepresentnetworkofwaterlevelstationsisnotenoughtobefullypreparedforfutureevents,”Dietzeadds.Dietzeandhisteamareworkingonaplantodiscoverfurtherareasatriskoffloodingandprovidethemwithlowcost“watchtower”scismometerpairs--anefforttocutthelossescausedbyfuturefloods.Dietzesays,“ThedeadlyJulyfloodthathittheAhrweilerinGermanyinJuly2021gaveawarningtothelocals,thegovernment,emergencyservicesandscientists--howmuchweneedtolearntoimprovethepresentfloodwarningsystems.”1.WhatcanbeknownaboutAhrweiler?A.Itsawanearthquake.B.It’sturnedintoastation.C.It’shardhitbyafloodD.Itpraisedthesescientists.2.Whatdotheresearchersexpectoftheseismometer?A.It’llspeedupwatersupply.B.It’llstoprapidflooding.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.It’llbeatoolforafamily.D.It’llprovideearlywarning.3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Peoplewillcutthecostofpublicservices.B.Effortsshouldbeputintofloodcontrol.C.Thegovernmentmustsaveitsspending.D.Thelocalshavemadeaplanofaction.4.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Ahealthreport.B.Aguidebook.C.Ashortstory.D.Asciencemagazine.【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一项新研究发现——地震仪可用于洪水监测预警。1.细节理解题。根据第二段“AsthetownofAhrweilertookthefullforceofaflood,scientistsfoundtheseismometerexactlyshowedthetrackofthefloodforonehour.(当Ahrweiler镇承受了洪水的全部力量时，科学家们发现地震仪在一个小时内准确地显示了洪水的轨迹)”可知，Ahrweiler遭受了猛烈的洪水侵袭。故选C。2.细节理解题。根据第一段“Usingseismologicalinformationfromthetimeoftheevent,theycantellpeopleaboutthedisasterinatimelyway.(利用地震发生时的地震信息，他们可以及时地告诉人们灾难的情况)”及第三段“Astheresearchshows,thismethodcanprovideinformationthatisvaluabletotrackfloodforwarningandrescueactivities.(研究表明，该方法可为洪水跟踪预警和救援活动提供有价值的信息)”可知，研究人员希望地震仪可以提供预警信息。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段“ThedeadlyJulyfloodthathittheAhrweilerinGermanyinJuly2021gaveawarningtothelocals,thegovernment,emergencyservicesandscientists—howmuchweneedtolearntoimprovethepresentfloodwarningsystems.(2021年7月，德国Ahrweiler发生了致命的7月洪水，给当地人、政府、应急服务机构和科学家们敲响了警钟——我们需要学习多少东西来改善目前的洪水预警系统)”可推断，还需把更多精力投入到未来防洪工作中。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据第一段“Seismometer(地震仪)stationsnotonlysensegroundshakingduetoearthquakesbutalscsignalsatthesurfaceofourplanet,suchasstormsand—astheresearchersdiscovered—alsofloods.Forthisresearch,scientiststurnedanearthquakeseismometerstationnearthetownofAhrweilerinGermanyintoafloodtrackingtool.Usingseismologicalinformationfromthetimeoftheevent,theycantellpeopleaboutthedisasterinatimelyway.(地震仪站不仅能探测到地震引起的地面震动，还能探测到地球表面的信号，比如风暴，还有研究人员发现的洪水。在这项研究中，科学家们把德国阿赫韦勒镇附近的一个地震检波器站变成了一个洪水跟踪工具。利用地震发生时的地震信息，他们可以及时地告诉人们灾难的情况)”学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一项新研究发现——地震仪可用于洪水监测预警，故文章可能出自一本科学杂志。故选D。Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏徐州·高一统考期中Earthquakeforecastingisoneofthemostancientskillsknowntomankind.FromancientGreecetothepresentday,countlessscientistshavetriedtodeveloptoolstopredictearthquakes.Theirattemptsusuallyfocusedonsearchingforreliableevidencesofcomingquakes.However,therearemanyreasonswhypredictingquakesissohard.“Wedon’tunderstandsomebasicphysicsofearthquakes,”saidEgill,aresearchprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Scientistshavealsoattemptedtocreatemathematicalmodelsofmovement,butpreciselypredictingwouldrequiregreatmappingandanalysisoftheEarth’scrust.Otherchallengesincludealackofdataontheearlywarningsigns,giventhatthesewarningsignsarenotyetentirelyunderstood.Actually,realearthquakepredictionisverysimilartothediagnosisofpotentialhumanillnessesbasedonobservingandanalyzingeachpatient’ssignsandsymptoms.Asitturnsout,quakepredictionisextremelydifficult.ManysourcesshowthatearthquakeforecastingwasarecognizedscienceinancientGreece.AncientGreekslivedveryclosetonatureandwereabletodetectunusualphenomenaandforecastearthquakes.ThefirstknownforecastwasmadebyPherecydesofSyrosabout2500yearsago:hemadeitashescoopedwaterfromawellandnoticedthatusuallyverycleanwaterhadsuddenlybecomemuddy.Indeed,anearthquakeoccurredtwodayslater,makingPherecydesfamous.Nowadays,seismicandremote-sensingmethodsareconsideredtohavethegreatestpotentialintermsofsolvingtheearthquakepredictionproblem.Currently,TerraSeismiccanidentifyaforthcomingearthquakewithahighlevelofconfidence.Generally,TerraSeismicdoesnotpredictaquakeiftheearthquake’sepicenterislocatedbeyondadepthof40km.Fortunately,suchquakesarealmostalwaysharmless,sincequake’senergyreducesbeforereachingtheEarth’ssurface.“Scientistshavetriedeverypossiblemethodtotrytopredictearthquakes,”Bruneausaid.“Nobodyhasbeenabletocrackitandmakeabelievableprediction.”5.Whyisearthquakeforecastingsodifficult?A.Somebasicphysicsofearthquakesisunknown.B.Dataonearlywarningsignsarefullyunderstood.C.MappingandanalysisoftheEarth’scrustareimpossible.D.Earthquakepredictionisthesameasthediagnosisofhumanillness.6.WhydoestheauthorgivetheexampleofPherecydes?A.ToexplainwhyPherecydeswasfamous.B.ToexplainAncientGreekslivedveryclosetonature.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.Toshowearthquakeforecastingisasciencewithalonghistory.D.Toshowremote-sensingmethodsarethebestsolutiontoearthquakeprediction.7.WhatdoesBruneaumeaninparagraph4?A.Scientistshavemethodstopredictearthquake.B.TerraSeismiccanpredictanearthquake.C.Somequakesareharmlessifquake’senergyisreleased.D.Scientistshavenoreliablemethodtopredictanearthquake.8.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Thereasonsforearthquakeforecasting.B.Thehistoryofearthquakeforecasting.C.Themethodsofearthquakeforecasting.D.Thefutureofearthquakeforecasting.【答案】5.A6.C7.D8.C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了地震预报是古老的技能，解释了地震预报困难的原因以及地震预报的历史和方法等。5.细节理解题。根据第二段“However,therearemanyreasonswhypredictingquakesissohard.“Wedon’tunderstandsomebasicphysicsofearthquakes,”saidEgill,aresearchprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.(然而，预测地震如此困难的原因有很多。“我们不了解地震的一些基本物理原理，”加州理工学院的研究教授Egill说)”可知，地震预报如此困难是因为地震的一些基本物理原理尚不清楚。故选A。6.推理判断题。根据第三段“ManysourcesshowthatearthquakeforecastingwasarecognizedscienceinancientGreece.AncientGreekslivedveryclosetonatureandwereabletodetectunusualphenomenaandforecastearthquakes.ThefirstknownforecastwasmadebyPherecydesofSyrosabout2500yearsago:hemadeitashescoopedwaterfromawellandnoticedthatusuallyverycleanwaterhadsuddenlybecomemuddy.Indeed,anearthquakeoccurredtwodayslater,makingPherecydesfamous.(许多资料表明，地震预报在古希腊是一门公认的科学。古希腊人生活在与自然非常接近的地方，他们能够探测到不寻常的现象并预测地震。已知的第一个预测是在2500年前由Syros的Pherecydes做出的：当他从一口井里舀水时，他注意到通常非常干净的水突然变得泥泞。事实上，两天后发生了地震，Pherecydes因此而出名)”可推知，作者举Pherecydes的例子是为了表明地震预报是一门历史悠久的科学。故选C。7.推理判断题。根据第四段““Scientistshavetriedeverypossiblemethodtotrytopredictearthquakes,”Bruneausaid.“Nobodyhasbeenabletocrackitandmakeabelievableprediction.”(Bruneau说：“科学家们已经尝试了所有可能的方法来预测地震。没有人能够破解它，做出可信的预测。”)”可推知，Bruneau在第4段中的意思是科学家没有可靠的方法来预测地震。故选D。学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 8.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Earthquakeforecastingisoneofthemostancientskillsknowntomankind.FromancientGreecetothepresentday,countlessscientistshavetriedtodeveloptoolstopredictearthquakes.Theirattemptsusuallyfocusedonsearchingforreliableevidencesofcomingquakes.(地震预报是人类已知的最古老的技能之一。从古希腊到现在，无数的科学家试图开发预测地震的工具。他们的努力通常集中在寻找即将发生地震的可靠证据上)”结合文章主要说明了地震预报是古老的技能，解释了地震预报困难的原因以及地震预报的历史和方法等。可知，这篇文章的主旨是地震预报方法。故选C。Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏徐州·高一徐州市第一中学校考期中Asatelliteisabouttodemonstrateanewwayofcapturingspacejunkwithmagnetsforthefirsttime.Withthefrequencyofspacelaunchesdramaticallyincreasinginrecentyears,thepotentialforadisastrouscollisionaboveEarthiscontinuallygrowing.Now,Japaneseorbitalclean-upcompanyAstroscaleistestingapotentialsolution.Thefirm’sEnd-of-LifeServicesbyAstroscaledemonstrationmissionisscheduledtoliftoffon20MarchaboardaRussianSoyuzrocket.Itconsistsoftwospacecraft:asmaller“client”satelliteandalarger“servicer”satellite,or“chaser”.Thesmallersatelliteisequippedwithamagnetic(磁力的)platewhichallowsthechasertodockwithit.Thetwostackedspacecraftwillperformthreetestsonceinorbit,eachofwhichwillinvolvetheservicersatellitereleasingandthenrecapturingtheclientsatellite.Thefirsttestwillbethesimplest,withtheclientsatellitedriftingashortdistanceawayandthenbeingrecaptured.Inthesecondtest,theservicersatellitewillsettheclientsatellitetumblingbeforecatchingupwithitandmatchingitsmotiontograbit.Finally,ifthosetwotestsgowell,thechaserwillliveuptoitsnamebylettingtheclientsatellitefloatafewhundredmetresawaybeforefindingitandattachingtoit.Allofthesetestswillbeperformedautonomously,withlittletonohumaninputoncetheyaresetinmotion.“Thesekindsofdemonstrationshaveneverbeendonebeforeinspace—theyareverydifferentto,say,anastronautcontrollingaroboticarmontheInternationalSpaceStation,”saysJasonForshawatAstroscaleUK.“Thisismoreofanautonomousmission.”Attheendofthetests,bothspacecraftwillburnupinEarth’satmosphere.Ifcompanieswantedtousethiscapability,theywouldhavetoattachamagneticplatetotheirsatellitessotheycouldbecapturedlater.Becauseofthegrowingspacegarbageproblem,manycountriesnowrequirefirmstohaveawaytobringbacktheirsatellitesoncetheyrunoutoffuelorfail,sothiscouldbeafairlysimplelikelyplan,Forshawsays.Rightnow,eachchasercanonlynabonesatellite,butAstroscaleisworkingonaversionthatcoulddragthreeorfouroutoforbitat学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 once.9.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“dockwith”inParagraph2?A.Jointogether.B.Keepupwith.C.Dealwith.D.Crash.10.Whymanycountriesnowrequirefirmstohaveawaytobringbacktheirsatellites?A.Becausetheycanearnlargeprofitsfromit.B.Becausethefrequencyofspacelaunchesaredramaticallyincreasing.C.Becauseofthegrowingspacewasteproblem.D.BecauseAstroscalehasfoundanewmethodofcapturingthespacegarbage.11.WhatwillAstroscaledotosolvethespacejunkproblem?A.AnastronautcontrolsaroboticarmontheInternationalSpacetocapturethe“client”satellite.B.Throughamagneticplateremotelycontrolledbyhumansonthegroundtocatchthe“client”satellite.C.Tumblingtomatchthemotionof“client”satellitethedragthreeorfoursatellitesoutofitsorbitintoatmosphere.D.Findingthe“client”satelliteandattachingtoitwithamagneticplateautomatically.12.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.peoplewillburnthespacejunkupinEarth’satmosphereinthefuture.B.thedemonstrationmissionwillbedividedintothreephases.C.Thesekindsofdemonstrationshaveneverbeendonebefore.D.JapanandRussiawillconductspacedebriscleanupexperimenttogether.【答案】9.A10.C11.D12.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。随着近年来空间发射频率的急剧增加，地球上空发生灾难性碰撞的可能性不断增大。现在，日本轨道清理公司Astroscale正在测试一种解决方案，以期应对日益严重的太空垃圾问题。9.词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Itconsistsoftwospacecraft:asmaller“client”satelliteandalarger“servicer”satellite,or“chaser”.Thesmallersatelliteisequippedwithamagnetic(磁力的)plate(它由两个航天器组成：一个较小的“客户”卫星和一个较大的“服务”卫星，或称“追逐者”卫星。较小的卫星装有磁板)”可知，这颗较小的卫星装有一块磁板，可以让“追逐者”与它对接由。由此可知，划线部分dockwith与jointogether的意思相近，表示“连接在一起”的意思。故选A。10.细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Becauseofthegrowingspacegarbageproblem,manycountriesnowrequirefirmstohaveawaytobringbacktheirsatellitesoncetheyrunoutoffuelorfail,sothis学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 couldbeafairlysimplelikelyplan,Forshawsays.(Forshaw说，由于日益严重的太空垃圾问题，许多国家现在要求公司在卫星燃料耗尽或出现故障时有办法将其带回，因此这可能是一个相当简单的可行计划)”可知，因为日益严重的太空垃圾问题，许多国家现在要求公司带回他们的卫星。故选C。11.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Itconsistsoftwospacecraft:asmaller“client”satelliteandalarger“servicer”satellite,or“chaser”.Thesmallersatelliteisequippedwithamagnetic(磁力的)platewhichallowsthechasertodockwithit.(它由两个航天器组成：一个小型的“客户”卫星和一个较大的“服务”卫星，或称“追逐者”。较小的卫星配备了使追踪器与之对接的板磁力板)”，第三段第一句“Thetwostackedspacecraftwillperformthreetestsonceinorbit,eachofwhichwillinvolvetheservicersatellitereleasingandthenrecapturingtheclientsatellite.(两个堆叠的航天器将在轨道上进行三次试验，每一次试验都将涉及释放服务卫星，然后重新捕获客户卫星)”以及第四段最后一句“Allofthesetestswillbeperformedautonomously,withlittletonohumaninputoncetheyaresetinmotion.(所有这些测试都将自动执行，一旦启动，几乎不需要人工输入)”可知，Astroscale公司会通过服务卫星找到客户卫星，服务卫星通过客户卫星上的磁力板连接上客户卫星，进而捕获客户卫星，整个过程都是自动执行的。通过这样的过程，就可以捕获太空中的垃圾。故选D。12.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Thetwostackedspacecraftwillperformthreetestsonceinorbit,eachofwhichwillinvolvetheservicersatellitereleasingandthenrecapturingtheclientsatellite.(两个堆叠的航天器将在轨道上进行三次试验，每一次试验都将涉及服务卫星释放，然后重新捕获客户卫星)”可知，这个示范任务将会进行三个不同的测试。由此推知，演示任务会被分成三个不同阶段。故选B。高频话题03人与自然--环境保护Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏泰州·高一统考期中Seagrassmeadows(海草床)arewonderplantsgrowinginthesea.Theyfeedandpreservesealifeandaremasterfulatstoringcarbon.Thankstotheassistanceoftigersharks,ahugeseagrassmeadowintheBahamasBankswasrecentlydiscovered,offeringtheworldatooltofightclimatechange.SeagrasshasusuallybeendetectedbyEarth-orbitingsatellitesthatidentifydarkerareasinthebluewater.Inthisstudy,tigersharkswereselectedasresearchtoolsduetotheirconsistentandcloseassociationswithseagrassecosystems.Theyspend70%oftheirtimeinseagrassmeadows.Theteamequippedeighttigersharks(鲨鱼)withsatellitetags,sevensharkswithcameratags,and学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 useda360-degreecameraonasharkforthefirsttimeever.Thedataresearcherscollectedwasastonishing.Theworld’slargestseagrassecosystem,measuringatleast66,900squarekilometers,hasbeendiscovered.Thisreflectsa41%increasefrompreviousestimatesofglobalseagrass.Seagrasscantakeinhugequantitiesofcarbon(碳)byphotosynthesisandstoresitontheseafloor.Intermsofclimatechange,thisisexcellentnews;seagrassis35timesfasteratremovingcarbonthantropicalrainforests.Whenreferredtoglobalseagrasscarbonstockestimates,thestudyindicatesthatseagrassintheBahamasmaycontain19.2%to26.3%ofallthecarbonstoredinseagrassmeadowsonEarth.Yetseagrassmeadowsarerapidlydisappearing,withover92%ofmeadowsintheUKgone,accordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund.Scientistsarecollectingseedsandtryingtogrownewseagrassmeadowsthroughrestorationprojects.Thisnewdiscoveryoffersoptimismandprovestheimportanceoftheoceanforhealingandrepairingthedamage.ThesharksledustotheseagrassecosystemintheBahamas,whichwenowknowislikelythemostsignificantbluecarbonsinkontheplanet.Whatthisdiscoveryshowsusisthatoceanexplorationandresearchareessentialforahealthyfuture.Theuntappedpotentialoftheoceanislimitless.Thesemeadowscanbeprotectedandcanbereplicated(复制),offeringhopeforclimatechangearoundtheglobe.1.Whyweretigersharkschosenasresearchtools?A.Theymanagetoadjustthemselvestothedeepsea.B.Theycanbeeasilyequippedwithexperimentaldevices.C.Theyhaveastrongconnectionwithseagrassecosystems.D.Theyprovetobemuchmoreimportantthanotherseaanimals.2.WhatcanlearnfromthenumbersinParagraph3?A.Thedeclineofglobalseagrassmeadows.B.Theinfluenceofclimatechangeonthesealife.C.TherapidincreaseintheamountofcarbononEarth.D.Thepotentialvalueoftheworld’slargestseagrassecosystem.3.Whatarescientistsdoingtoprotectseagrass?A.Plantingmoreseagrassmeadows.B.Developingnewtechnologytocollectseeds.C.Mappingtheseagrassmeadows.D.Encouragingpeopletojoininrestorationprojects.4.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheNewWayofRemovingCarbonB.TheSignificanceofOceanExploration学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.ANewDiscovery:World’sLargestSeagrassMeadowD.TigerSharks:Scientists’EfficientHelperstoStudyClimate【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们通过虎鲨的帮助，在巴哈马海岸发现了一片巨大的海草草地，这为世界提供了应对气候变化的新可能，因为海草通过光合作用捕获碳、将其储存在海底的能力非常强大。1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inthisstudy,tigersharkswereselectedasresearchtoolsduetotheirconsistentandcloseassociationswithseagrassecosystems.(在本研究中，选择虎鲨作为研究工具是因为它们与海草生态系统有着一致而密切的联系。)”可知，虎鲨被选为研究工具是因为它们与海草生态系统有着密切的联系。故选C项。2.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Theworld’slargestseagrassecosystem,measuringatleast66,900squarekilometers,hasbeendiscovered.Thisreflectsa41%increasefrompreviousestimatesofglobalseagrass.Seagrasscantakeinhugequantitiesofcarbon(碳)byphotosynthesisandstoresitontheseafloor.Intermsofclimatechange,thisisexcellentnews;seagrassis35timesfasteratremovingcarbonthantropicalrainforests.Whenreferredtoglobalseagrasscarbonstockestimates,thestudyindicatesthatseagrassintheBahamasmaycontain19.2%to26.3%ofallthecarbonstoredinseagrassmeadowsonEarth.(世界上最大的海草生态系统被发现，面积至少为6.69万平方公里。这与之前对全球海草的估计相比增加了41%。海草可以通过光合作用吸收大量的碳并将其储存在海底。就气候变化而言，这是个好消息；海草去除碳的速度是热带雨林的35倍。当提到全球海草碳储量估算时，该研究表明，巴哈马的海草可能含有地球上海草草甸中储存的所有碳的19.2%至26.3%。)”可知，从数字来看，巴哈马的海草生态系统数量庞大，吸收碳的速度非常快。由此推知，该海草生态系统在吸收碳以应对气候变化方面具有非常大的潜在价值。故选D项。3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Scientistsarecollectingseedsandtryingtogrownewseagrassmeadowsthroughrestorationprojects.(科学家们正在收集种子，并试图通过恢复项目种植新的海草草地。)”可知，科学家们通过种植海草草地保护海草。故选A项。4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们通过虎鲨的帮助，在巴哈马海岸发现了一片巨大的海草草地，这为世界提供了应对气候变化的新可能，因为海草通过光合作用捕获碳、将其储存在海底的能力非常强大。因此，C项“新发现：世界上最大的海草草地”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏泰州·高一姜堰中学校考期中学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 AnewstudysaystheAmazonrainforestisnearingatippingpoint(临界点)initsdeclinethatcouldseethebiologicallyrichanddiverseecosystemturnedintoasavannah(热带草原).“TheAmazonislosingitsabilitytorecoverfromdisturbanceslikedroughtandextremeweather.Deforestationandclimatechangearelikelythemaindriversofthisdecline,”studyco-authorNiklasBoerssaidinastatement.Theresearcherssaythey’vefoundevidenceofthisdeclineacross75percentoftheAmazon.“It’sworthremindingourselvesthatifitgetstothattippingpointandwecommittolosingtheAmazonrainforest,wewillgetsignificantfeedbackonglobalclimatechange,”saidTimothyLenton,ascientistandco-authorofthestudy.Theresearchteamlookedatthreedecades’worthofsatellitedata,payingcloseattentiontotreesandotherplantsafterextremeevents.Theresearchersconcludedthattheforest,whichisessentialforoxygenproductionandcarbonsequestration(碳封存),hasbeenlosingitsresilienceforthelasttwodecades.Theresearcherssaytheforestisnearingatippingpoint,butthearrivaldateisunclearasanumberoffactorscanpushitclosertoorfartherfromthatedge.It’sjusttoochallengingtoestimatewhenthechangemayoccur.Butthescientistswarnthatoncethetippingpointhasbeencrossed,thechangecouldhappenquickly.ThenewscomesaftertheAmazonrecordedrecordlevelsofdeforestationinBrazilinJanuary.AnimalagricultureiscausingdeforestationintheAmazon,asBrazilisnowtheworld’stopbeefexporter.LastNovember,theEUtookstepstobanbeeflinkedtodeforestation.“Whatweproposeisapioneeringinitiative,”VirginijusSinkevicius,theEUenvironmentcommissioner,said.“TheEUactionalonewillnotsolvetheproblem.WealsoneedmajormarketsliketheUStocleanuptheirsupplychain.”5.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?A.TheAmazonrainforestisindangerofchangingintograssland.B.TheAmazonrainforesthasreachedthepointofnoreturn.C.Scientistsareconvincedthatthechangecouldhappenquickly.D.Scientistsareunclearaboutwhatisresponsibleforthedecline.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resilience”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Theabilitytopredictthefuture.B.Theabilitytorisetochallenges.C.Theabilitytoremainunchanged.D.Theabilitytogobacktonormal.7.WhatdoestheEUenvironmentcommissionerexpect?A.Deforestationwillbecomeeasytodealwith.B.Theexportofbeefshouldbebanned.C.Morecountriesshouldjoinhands.D.TheEUshouldadoptstrictmeasures.8.Whatisthetextlikelytobe?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Anadventurediary.B.Abiologytextbook.C.Anofficialproposal.D.Ascientificreport.【答案】5.A6.D7.C8.D【导语】本文为一篇说明文。新的研究表明，亚马逊雨林正接近临界点，生物丰富多样的生态系统变成了热带草原，它也正失去从干旱和极端天气中的恢复能力。5.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“AnewstudysaystheAmazonrainforestisnearingatippingpoint(临界点)initsdeclinethatcouldseethebiologicallyrichanddiverseecosystemturnedintoasavannah(热带草原).(一项新的研究表明，亚马逊雨林正在接近其衰落的临界点，可以看到的是，生物丰富多样的生态系统变成了热带草原。)”可知，从研究报告可以看出，亚马逊正面临着变成大草原的危险，故选A。6.词义猜测题。根据文章第四段划线词resilience前文的提示“Theresearchteamlookedatthreedecades’worthofsatellitedata,payingcloseattentiontotreesandotherplantsafterextremeevents.Theresearchersconcludedthattheforest,whichisessentialforoxygenproductionandcarbonsequestration(碳封存),hasbeenlosingits(研究团队看了30年的卫星数据，密切关注极端事件后树林和其他植物。研究者得出结论，森林对氧气生产和碳封存很重要，但研究失去了……)”可知，森林在经历了极端事件后，已经无法向以前一样生产氧气，封存碳了，故此处的resilience与D项“回归正常的能力”意思接近，故选D。7.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段““Whatweproposeisapioneeringinitiative,”VirginijusSinkevicius,theEUenvironmentcommissioner,said.“TheEUactionalonewillnotsolvetheproblem.WealsoneedmajormarketsliketheUStocleanuptheirsupplychain.”(欧盟环境专员VirginijusSinkevicius说道：‘我们提出的是一项开创性的举措，但是仅靠欧盟的行动是不能解决问题的。我们还需要像美国这样的主要市场来清理其供应链’。)”可知，欧盟环境专员希望，更多的国家和欧盟一起努力，来对抗这一问题，故选C。8.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“AnewstudysaystheAmazonrainforestisnearingatippingpoint(临界点)initsdeclinethatcouldseethebiologicallyrichanddiverseecosystemturnedintoasavannah(热带草原).(一项新的研究表明，亚马逊雨林正在进阶其衰落的临界点，可以看到的是，生物丰富多样的生态系统变成了热带草原。)”可知，文章主要讲述了新的研究表明，亚马逊雨林正在接近其衰落的临界点这一件事，故可推知，文章属于一篇科学报道，故选D。Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏盐城·高一校联考期中Lastnight’smeteorshower(流星雨)leftmanypeopleinthecommunitydissatisfiedanddemandinganswers. AccordingtoGabeRothschild,EmeraldValley’smayor,peoplegatheredin学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 thesuburbsofthecity,carryingheavytelescopes,expectingtowatchthebrightlyburningmeteorspassingthroughthesky.Whattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity’slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead.“Myfamilywassofrustrated,”admittedtownresidentDuaneCosby,“Wewantedtomakethisanunforgettablefamilyouting,butitturnedouttobeahugedisappointment.”Astronomers-scientistswhostudystarsandplanets-havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecades. Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast. Theycallonpeopleandthegovernmenttotakemeasurestofightagainstit.Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution. Thispopulationconsistsofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes,etc. Forexample,outdoorlightingbadlyaffectsmigrating(迁徙)birds. AccordingtotheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,“100millionbirdsayearthroughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers.”Countlessmoreanimalcasualties(伤亡)resultfromtheuseofartificiallighting. Clearly,peopleenjoythebenefitsoflightingtheirevenings. Butsomescientiststhinkitcanbeharmfulforhumans,too.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.EmeraldValleyisonlyonecommunitythatisbecomingawareofthenegativeeffectsoflightpollution. Foryears,Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertohelpastronomersattheLowellObservatorywithagoodobservationcondition. Similareffortshavebeenmadeworldwide,andamovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.9.Whatdotheastronomerscomplainabout?A.Meteorshowersoccurlessoftenthanbefore.B.Lightpollutionhasremainedunsolvedforyears.C.Theirobservationequipmentisinpoorrepair.D.Theireyesightisfailingduetoartificiallighting.10.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsoutdoorlighting?A.Positive.B.Calm.C.Worried.D.Doubtful.11.LightingregulationsinFlagstaff,Arizonaareputintoeffectto_______.A.createagoodobservationconditionB.lessenthechanceofgettingcancerC.ensurecitizensagoodsleepatnightD.enableallcreaturestoliveinharmony学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 12.Whatmessagedoestheauthormostwanttogiveus?A.Greateffortsshouldbemadetosaveenergy.B.Savingwildlifeissavingourselves.C.Newequipmentshouldbeintroducedforspacestudy.D.Humanactivitiesshouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly.【答案】9.B10.C11.A12.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人想在晚上看流星雨，结果由于光线太亮，影响了他们的观看效果，由此引发了人们对光污染的思考。9.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Astronomers-scientistswhostudystarsandplanets-havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecades.Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.(天文学家——研究恒星和行星的科学家——几十年来一直在抱怨这个问题。他们说，光污染使他们无法看到天空中的物体，而在过去，他们可以很容易地看到这些物体。)”可知，天文学家抱怨的是光污染多年来一直没有得到解决。故选B项。10.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Forexample,outdoorlightingbadlyaffectsmigrating(迁徙)birds.AccordingtotheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,“100millionbirdsayearthroughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers.”(这个种群包括鸟、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等。例如，室外照明严重影响候鸟。据国际黑暗天空协会称，“在北美，每年有1亿只鸟死于与灯火通明的建筑物和塔楼相撞。”)”可推知，作者对户外照明的态度是担忧的。故选C项。11.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Foryears,Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertohelpastronomersattheLowellObservatorywithagoodobservationcondition.(多年来，亚利桑那州的弗拉格斯塔夫一直在该市实施照明规定，以帮助洛厄尔天文台的天文学家获得良好的观测条件。)”可知，亚利桑那州弗拉格斯塔夫的照明法规生效是为了创造良好的观察条件。故选A项。12.推理判断题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了许多人想在晚上看流星雨，结果由于光线太亮，影响了他们的观看效果，由此引发了人们对光污染的思考，并且反复强调了光污染问题对人类活动和动物的影响，所以作者最想给我们的信息应该是：人类活动应该是环境友好型的。故选D项。Passage42022-2023学年下学期·江苏南京·高一南京师大附中校考期中IntheancientwalledcityofSana’a,mudskyscrapersrisehighintothesky.Thetoweringstructuresarebuiltentirelyoutofearth学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 anddecoratedwithamazinggeometricpatterns.ThelocalmudarchitectureissouniquethatthecityhasbeenrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritagesite.“Asanoutstandingexampleofarchitecturereflectingthespatial(空间的)characteristicsoftheearlyyears,thecityinitslandscapehasanextraordinaryartisticquality,”UNESCOwritesinitsdescriptionofSana’a.“Thebuildingsalsoshowexceptionalcraftsmanship(工艺)intheuseoflocalmaterialsandtechniques.”EventhoughthebuildingsinSana’aarethousandsofyearsold,theancientstructuresarestillinhabitedtodayandmostremainprivatehouses.Itiseasytoseewhythesemudbuildingshavenotlosttheirappeal—theyarewell-insulated(隔热的),sustainableandextremelyadaptableformodernuse.“Itisthearchitectureofthefuture,”saysDamluji,co-founderoftheMudBrickArchitectureFoundation.Architectsaroundtheworldarereviving(复兴)raw-earthconstructionastheyseektoconstructsustainablebuildingsthatcansurviveextremeweathereventssuchasflashfloodsandintenseheat.Couldthisancientformofarchitectureinfluencethedesignofourfuturehomes?Theconstructionindustryaccountsfor38%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.Thebuildingsectorhasanimportantroletoplayiftheworldistomeetthegoalofreachingnetzeroby2050.Concrete,acommonmodernconstructionmaterial,hasahugecarbonfootprint.Replacingconcretewithlesspollutingmaterialsisimportanttoachievingourclimategoals,scientistswarn.Theancientmaterial,mud,couldbetheperfectsustainablereplacementforconcrete,accordingtoDamluji.Constructingwithmudhasaverylowimpactontheenvironmentandthematerialitselfisfullyrecyclable,shesays.“Ifyouwanttopulldownawallorchangethedesign,youcanrecycleallthematerials.”Anaddedbenefitisthatmudbuildingsarewarminthewinterandcoolinthesummer.Thisreducestheneedforairconditioningunits,whichconsumelargeamountsofelectricityandcontainrefrigerants(制冷剂)thatmakeupgreenhousegasemissions.Mudstructuresarealsoincrediblystrongandresistanttoextremeweather,suchasheatwaves,floodsanddroughts,whichscientistssaywillbecomemorefrequentandintenseastemperaturescontinuetorise.Therefore,peoplewhowishtoliveinamodern,comfortablehomeshouldconsideronemadeofmud.Overall,itmakesforhighlyadvancedaswellassustainabledesign.13.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,buildingsinSana’aare“unique”because .A.theyaretallandtowerovertheentirecityB.theirgeometricpatternscreateartisticfeelingsC.theyarebeautifullycraftedwithlocalresourcesD.theirfascinatinghistoryhasattractedmanytourists14.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutmudmaterialsaccordingtothepassage?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Theycanreducethechanceofextremeweatherevents.B.Theycanbeidealforsustainableconstructionofthefuture.C.Theymightproducealotofgreenhousegasemissions.D.Theymightcausesubstantialtemperaturechanges.15.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.mudmightbeanimportantsolutiontotheclimatecrisisB.themudbuildingsinSana’aarenolongersuitabletoliveC.rebuildingmudconstructionwouldtakegreateffortsD.mudhasbecomethefavouritematerialofarchitects16.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsraw-earthconstructioninthebuildingindustry?A.Cautious.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Supportive.【答案】13.C14.B15.A16.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文以Sana’a具有特色的泥质城堡引入，主要介绍了泥浆这种古老的材料可作为完美的可持续的建筑材料。13.细节理解题。根据第一段的“Thetoweringstructuresarebuiltentirelyoutofearthanddecoratedwithamazinggeometricpatterns.ThelocalmudarchitectureissouniquethatthecityhasbeenrecognizedasaUNESCOWorldHeritagesite.(这些高耸的建筑完全是用泥土建造的，装饰着引人注目的几何图案。当地的泥建筑非常独特，因此这座城市已被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产)”和第二段的“Thebuildingsalsoshowexceptionalcraftsmanship(工艺)intheuseoflocalmaterialsandtechniques.(这些建筑还展示了在使用当地材料和技术方面的卓越工艺)”可知，Sana’a的建筑的独特之处在于它们是用当地的资源进行精心装饰的。故选C。14.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Itiseasytoseewhythesemudbuildingshavenotlosttheirappeal—theyarewell-insulated(隔热的),sustainableandextremelyadaptableformodernuse.“Itisthearchitectureofthefuture,”saysDamluji,co-founderoftheMudBrickArchitectureFoundation.(很容易理解为什么这些泥建筑没有失去吸引力——它们隔热良好，可持续发展，非常适合现代使用。“这是未来的建筑，”泥砖建筑基金会的联合创始人Damluji说)”和第四段的“Architectsaroundtheworldarereviving(复兴)raw-earthconstructionastheyseektoconstructsustainablebuildingsthatcansurviveextremeweathereventssuchasflashfloodsandintenseheat.(世界各地的建筑师正在复兴生土建筑，因为他们寻求建造能够抵御暴洪和高温等极端天气事件的可持续建筑)”可知，泥土材料是未来可持续建设的理想选择。故选B。15.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Theconstructionindustryaccountsfor38%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.Thebuildingsectorhasanimportantroletoplayiftheworldistomeetthegoalofreachingnetzeroby2050.Concrete,acommonmodernconstructionmaterial,hasahugecarbon学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 footprint.Replacingconcretewithlesspollutingmaterialsisimportanttoachievingourclimategoals,scientistswarn.(建筑业占全球二氧化碳排放量的38%。如果世界要实现到2050年实现净零排放的目标，建筑行业可以发挥重要作用。混凝土是一种常见的现代建筑材料，它的碳足迹非常大。科学家警告说，用污染更少的材料取代混凝土对实现我们的气候目标至关重要)”和倒数第二段的“Theancientmaterial,mud,couldbetheperfectsustainablereplacementforconcrete,accordingtoDamluji.Constructingwithmudhasaverylowimpactontheenvironmentandthematerialitselfisfullyrecyclable,shesays.(达姆利伊表示，这种古老的材料——泥浆，可能是混凝土的完美可持续替代品。她说，用泥浆建筑对环境的影响非常小，而且材料本身是完全可回收的)”推知，泥浆可能是气候危机的重要解决方法。故选A。16.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Therefore,peoplewhowishtoliveinamodern,comfortablehomeshouldconsideronemadeofmud.Overall,itmakesforhighlyadvancedaswellassustainabledesign.(因此，想要住在现代舒适的房子里的人应该考虑用泥土做的房子。总的来说，它有助于高度先进和可持续的设计)”推知，作者对建筑行业的生土建筑持支持态度。故选D。热点考向01人与社会--公益行为Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一统考期中TheBeaver-LawrenceFarmBureausetsupaseriesofstorytimemeetingsacrossBeaverCounty’slibraries,aprogramthathelpsattractattentiontothefarmingprocessinnearbycommunities.Itprovidesanopportunityforreaderstotalkaboutagriculturethroughabookandalsosharetheirownfarmingexperiencesandbackgrounds.Sochildrencanlearnwhatfarmersdoandwheretheirfoodcomesfrom.DuringSpringStoryTimeattheBeaverAreaMemorialLibraryinMarch,overtwelvefamiliesgatheredtohearaboutthefarmingprocessandallowedtheirchildrentojoininthefunactivitiesofferedbythelibrary.Thechildrenwereshowndifferentanimalsthatarefoundonafarmandhowvegetablesgrow.Parentsalsojoinedintheconversationthroughouttheevent.WhenSpringStoryTimestarted,thebookwasreadbyAmandaMcDowell,thetreasureroftheBeaver-LawrenceFarmBureau.Owningafarm,McDowellwasabletoshareherownexperienceswiththefarmingequipmentandherdifferentfarmingroutines.“Thebookshowsthescienceandtechnologyincludedinfarming.Moreimportantly,theideaistoputafarmerinfrontofchildrensotheycanaskquestionsandhearitdirectlyfromfarmers.Educationaboutfarmingandwhatisgoingoninthatprocessisimportanttohelpingthenextgenerationconsiderfarmingthemselves,”said学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 McDowell.“Peoplecanlearnnottobeafraidtowavetothefarmerandknowwhat’sgoingon.”Forfarmingeducators,itcanbechallengingtogettheirmessageoutandmakeyoungeraudiencesinterestedinfarming.Whileotherindustriesareapartofeverydaylife,agriculturalindustriesarenotasimportantformanyinthecitiesofwesternPennsylvania.Asaresult,thenumberofindependentlyownedfarmsandthoseworkinginagriculturecontinuestoreduceeachyear.Whilemanyfarmerssteppinguptohelpeducateothersabouttheprocesshavehelped,findingyoungpeopleinterestedinafarminglifestylehasbecomeincreasinglyimportant.1.Whatistheprogrammeanttodo?A.Helplocalfarmersinneed.B.Developgoodreadinghabits.C.Spreadknowledgeoffarming.D.Callforenvironmentalprotection.2.Whatisthelocalfamilies’attitudetotheprogram?A.Supportive.B.Doubtful.C.Surprised.D.Uncertain.3.WhydidAmandaMcDowellreadthebooktochildren?A.Toteachthemtochoosehealthyfood.B.Toencouragethemtotakeupfarming.C.Tobetterconnectwiththenextgeneration.D.Tocorrectthemisunderstandingaboutfarmers.4.Whatdoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph4?A.Theagriculturalindustryisplayingasignificantrole.B.Farmingeducatorsfailtolearnfromotherindustries.C.Thelocalagriculturalindustryisinadifficultsituation.D.Youngpeopleshowaninterestintheagriculturalprocess【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了比弗·劳伦斯农场局在当地图书馆成立了一个故事时间会议的系列活动项目，旨在帮助当地农民学习农业知识，引导学生从事农业。1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Itprovidesanopportunityforreaderstotalkaboutagriculturethroughabookandalsosharetheirownfarmingexperiencesandbackgrounds.(它为读者提供了一个通过书籍谈论农业的机会，同时也分享了他们自己的农业经验和背景。)”可知，该项目为读者提供通过书籍谈论农业的机会，也分享了他们自己的农业经验和背景。由此可知，该项目目的在于传播农业知识。故选C项。学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 2.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“overtwelvefamiliesgatheredtohearaboutthefarmingprocessandallowedtheirchildrentojoininthefunactivitiesofferedbythelibrary.Thechildrenwereshowndifferentanimalsthatarefoundonafarmandhowvegetablesgrow.Parentsalsojoinedintheconversationthroughouttheevent.(超过12个家庭聚集在一起，听取农业过程，并允许他们的孩子加入图书馆提供的有趣活动。孩子们看到了农场里发现的不同动物，以及蔬菜是如何生长的。在整个活动过程中，家长们也加入了谈话。)”可知，超过12个当地家庭聚在一起，学习相关农业知识。由此可知，当地家庭对这一项目表示支持。故选A项。3.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Educationaboutfarmingandwhatisgoingoninthatprocessisimportanttohelpingthenextgenerationconsiderfarmingthemselves(关于农业的教育以及在这个过程中发生了什么，对于帮助下一代考虑自己种地很重要)”以及“Peoplecanlearnnottobeafraidtowavetothefarmerandknowwhat’sgoingon.(人们可以学会不害怕当农民，知道接下来要做什么。)”可知，Amanda给孩子们读这本书，是为了鼓励孩子们从事农业。故选B项。4.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Asaresult,thenumberofindependentlyownedfarmsandthoseworkinginagriculturecontinuestoreduceeachyear.(因此，独立拥有的农场和从事农业工作的人数每年都在减少。)”可知，宾夕法尼亚州西部城市拥有农场和从事农业工作的认识每年都在减少。由此可推知，当地农业正处于一个艰难的境地。故选C项。Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一统考期中In2014,MahoneywasaskedtochooseapersonwhoregularlygavebacktotheHalifaxcommunity(社区)toperformanactofkindnessaspartofaFacebookchallenge.Mahoneychosea79-year-oldseniornamedEleanor,whonotonlygavegoodsforthepeopleatthepubwhereMahoneyworkedbutalsovolunteeredatthelocalhomelessshelter.MahoneywantedtogettoknowEleanorbetter,sosheaskedthattheyspentadaytogether—pickingupfruits,gettingtheirnailsdone,thatkindofthing.“Itwasthefirsttimeinyearsthatsomeonehadmadeadayabouther,”saysthe30-year-old.“Thatfocusmadehershine.”TheirsharedexperiencegotMahoneythinking.Howmanyotherseniorsmightbenefitfromthatkindofattention?Andhadsomeofthoseseniorsdelayedtheirdreamsbecausethey’dbeenbusycaringforothers?Chisholm,now31,wasequallyinterestedinthesequestions,andtogetherthepairsetuptheirnewcharity:WeAreYoung,orWAYforshort.WAYhassincedeliveredon(履行)38dreams—fromahelicoptertripoverachildhoodblueberry-pickingplacetotravellingtoTorontotowatchaBlueJaysgame.Thesedreamsaretoworkoutproblemscausedbythehealthandlonelinessofseniors.78-year-oldVictorwantedtogotothebeach--adreamhe’dgivenupwhenitbecametoophysicallydifficulttoreachthesea.The学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 teamatWAYofferedaboatforhimandhissoninthefallof2021sotheycouldreachtheseaandspendthedayenjoyingthemselvesonthebeach.“Ifyoulosethesenseofpurposethathavingapassion(激情)cangiveyou,yourself-confidencegoesdown,”saysMahoney.“Now,Victorhasgotsomeofhisself-confidenceagain—andhissenseofhumour.Wewanttoshowthatanythingispossiblewiththesupportofothers.”“Wewanttocreateamovementthatchangesourwholesociety’sopinionandsupportforseniors,”saysMahoney.“Thatistheinfluencewe’retryingtocreate.”5.HowdidEleanorfeelafterspendingadaywithMahoney?A.sheaspanicked.B.Shewasinagoodmood.C.Shewasconfused.D.Shewastired.6.WhydidMahoneyandChisholmsetupWAYA?A.Tohelpseniorsgetanswerstothequestions.B.Tomakethemselvesbecomebetter.C.Tomakeseniors’delayeddreamsareality.D.Torealizetheirowndelayeddreams.7.WhatmightVictorthinkofWAYafterthetrip?A.Itwasahomeforhim.B.Itwouldgainpopularity.C.It’smuchbetterthanbefore.D.Itmightbeownedbyhisson.8.Whatisthebesttitleofthearticle?A.SeniorsDeserveMoreCare.B.“WAY”forSeniors’DelayedDreams.C.AnActofKindness.D.Seniors’DreamComeTrue.【答案】5.B6.C7.B8.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是很多老年人在忙着帮助他人却失去了实现自己梦想的机会，Mahoney和Chisholm创立了一个新的慈善组织，帮助这些老年人实现自己未实现的梦想。5.细节理解题。根据第二段中的““Itwasthefirsttimeinyearsthatsomeonehadmadeadayabouther,”saysthe30-year-old.“Thatfocusmadehershine.”(“这是多年来第一次有人为她做一天，”这位30岁的年轻人说。“这种专注让她大放异彩。”)”可知，在与Mahoney待在一起完成一系列的事情后，Eleanor很是开心，这是第一次有人给她带来快乐，这让她大放异彩，所以这一天后Eleanor心情不错。故选B项。6.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“TheirsharedexperiencegotMahoneythinking.Howmanyotherseniorsmightbenefitfromthatkindofattention?Andhadsomeofthoseseniorsdelayedtheirdreamsbecausethey’dbeenbusycaringforothers?(学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 他们共同的经历让马奥尼思考。有多少其他老年人可能会从这种关注中受益？这些老年人中的一些人是否因为忙于照顾他人而推迟了他们的梦想？)”可知，有些老人忙着照顾他人而推迟自己的梦想，所以，他们成立了新的慈善组织WAY，所以他们建立这一组织是为了帮助老人实现延迟的梦想。故选C项。7.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“WAYhassincedeliveredon(履行)38dreams—fromahelicoptertripoverachildhoodblueberry-pickingplacetotravellingtoTorontotowatchaBlueJaysgame.Thesedreamsaretoworkoutproblemscausedbythehealthandlonelinessofseniors.(从那以后，WAY实现了38个梦想——从乘坐直升机飞越童年采摘蓝莓的地方，到前往多伦多观看蓝鸟队的比赛。这些梦是为了解决老年人的健康和孤独造成的问题。)”可知，WAY帮助很多老人实现了梦想，解决了他们因为健康和孤独而产生的问题，由此可以判断，这一慈善组织深受处于这种困境老人的欢迎。故选B项。8.主旨大意题。根据首段中的“In2014,MahoneywasaskedtochooseapersonwhoregularlygavebacktotheHalifaxcommunity(社区)toperformanactofkindnessaspartofaFacebookchallenge.(2014年，马奥尼被要求选择一个经常回馈哈利法克斯社区的人来做一件好事，这是Facebook挑战的一部分。)”可知，作为Facebook挑战中的一部分，Mahoney被要求为一位回馈社区的老年人做好事，以及第三段中的“Chisholm,now31,wasequallyinterestedinthesequestions,andtogetherthepairsetuptheirnewcharity:WeAreYoung,orWAYforshort.(现年31岁的奇泽姆对这些问题同样感兴趣，两人一起成立了他们的新慈善机构:WeAreYoung，简称WAY。)”可知，这些年轻人为帮助实现老年人延迟的梦想，他们创建了新的慈善机构“WAY”；再根据尾段中的““Wewanttocreateamovementthatchangesourwholesociety’sopinionandsupportforseniors,”saysMahoney.“Thatistheinfluencewe’retryingtocreate.”(“我们希望发起一场运动，改变我们整个社会对老年人的看法和支持，”马奥尼说。“这就是我们试图创造的影响力。”)”可知，Mahoney想要发起一项运动，这是年轻人试图创造的影响力，让更多的人了解和帮助老年人，让他们重拾生活的目标和激情，所以本文的题目为“为老年人延迟的梦想的“WAY””概括了本文的内容。故选B项。Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏常州·高一校考期中Scientistswhostudyhappinessknowthatbeingkindtootherscanimprovehappiness.Actsassimpleasbuyingacupofcoffeeforsomeonecanbetteraperson’smood(心情),forexample.Everydaylifeaffordsmanychancesforsuchactions,yetpeopledonotalwaysmakeuseofthem.InasetofstudiespublishedonlineintheJournalofExperimentalPsychology:General,NickEpley,abehavioralscientist,andIexaminedapossibleexplanation.Wefoundthatpeoplewhoperformrandom(随机的)actsofkindnessdonotalwaysrealizehowmuchofaneffecttheyare学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 havingonanotherperson.Peopleusuallythinklittleofhowothersvaluetheseacts.Acrossourinvestigations,severalresultscameout.Forone,bothgiversandreceiversoftheactsofkindnesswereinmorepositivemoodsthanusualaftertheseexchanges.Foranother,itwasclearthatgiversundervalued(低估)theireffect;receiversfeltmuchbetterthanthekindgiversexpected.Thereceiversalsoreallyrecognizedtheseactsas“bigger”thanthepeopleperformingthemdid.Atfirst,westudiedactsofkindnessdoneforfamiliarpeople,suchasfriends,classmatesorfamily.Butlaterwefoundthatgiversundervaluedtheirpositiveeffectonstrangersaswell.Inoneexperiment,giversinapublicparkgaveawayhotchocolatetostrangersonacoldwinter’sday.Onceagain,theexperiencewasmorepositivethanthegiversexpectedforthereceivers.Whilethepeoplegivingthehotchocolatesawtheactasunimportant,itreallymatteredtothereceivers.Ourfindingssuggestthatwhatmightseemsmalltothegiverscouldmatteragreatdealtothereceivers.Sincethesewarmactscanpromoteourownmoodandbrightenthedayofanotherperson,whynotchoosekindnesswhenwecan?9.Whatdogiversseldomthinkabout?A.Commentsabouttheiracts.B.Effectsoftheiractsonothers.C.Scientists’explanation.D.Tasteofhappiness.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph3referto?A.Investigations.B.Moods.C.Acts.D.Exchanges.11.Whydoestheauthormention“gaveawayhotchocolatetostrangers”inparagraph4?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toproveafinding.C.Topresentafact.D.Toshowatopic.12.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WarmActsAreUsuallyValuedB.WarmActsAreNecessaryForPeopleC.KindnessCanHaveUnexpectedlyPositiveResultsD.KindnessCanUnexpectedlyBrightenOurOwnDay【答案】9.B10.C11.B12.C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项研究发现，做善事可以给自己和他人带来意想不到的积极的影响。9.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Wefoundthatpeoplewhoperformrandom(随机的)actsofkindnessdonotalwaysrealizehowmuchofaneffecttheyarehavingonanotherperson.(学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 我们发现，进行随机善举的人并不总是意识到他们对另一个人的影响有多大。)”可知，做善事的人不总是能意识到他们对他人的影响。故选B项。10.词义猜测题。them通常指代的是上文中的名词复数；根据第三段中的“Thereceiversalsoreallyrecognizedtheseactsas“bigger”thanthepeopleperformingthemdid.(接收者也真正认识到这些行为比表演它们的人“更大”。)”可知，此处them指代的是上文中的theseacts，也就是文章讲述的“善举”。故选C项。11.推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Butlaterwefoundthatgiversundervaluedtheirpositiveeffectonstrangersaswell.(但后来我们发现，给予者也低估了他们对陌生人的积极影响)”推知，下文提到给陌生人送咖啡这一事例是为了证明研究发现是正确的。故选B项。12.主旨大意题。根据尾段中的“Ourfindingssuggestthatwhatmightseemsmalltothegiverscouldmatteragreatdealtothereceivers.(我们的研究结果表明，对给予者来说似乎很小的东西对接受者来说可能很重要。)”以及全文中的研究发现可知，做善事的人觉得微不足道的事情，却既可以给给予者以及接受者都会带来意想不到的影响，所以本文的题目是“善举会有意外的积极的效果”。故选C项。热点考向02人与社会—科普知识Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏镇江·高一统考期中Sometimeswemustadmitit:Readingisboring.Butpeoplewhothinksodon’tregardaudiobooksasashortcut,andtheyseemtoagreethatlisteningisaninferior(次等的)formofengagement(参与).Indeed,somestudieshaveshownthatpeoplewholistentobooksachievelessthanthosewhoreadthem.Aseasyasitistomultitaskwithaudiobooks,theformdoesmakeithardertoreturn,afteraspellofdistraction(分心),tothepassagewhereyourmindstartedtowander.Othersinsistthataudiobooksremovethereaders’responsibilitytounderstandsomethinglikeirony(讽刺),giventhatthepersonrecordingdoesthework.Accordingtothislogic,listeningtoaudiobooksisinferiorindeedbecauseitiseasier—becauseitlackstheelementofsufferingthatisincontrovertible(无可争议的)evidenceofaccomplishment.However,mostofuswerereadtobyadultsbeforewelearnedtoreadourselves,andlisteningtoaudiobooksrecallsthedelightofbeingtoldastory:Therhythmsoftheprose(散文)madeinahumanvoice;thedialogueanimatedthroughtheperformanceofaskillfulreader;theeasewithwhichoureyesarefreetomovesoastobetterimaginethedevelopmentoftheplot.Oralstorytellingpredates(早于)writingbythousandsofyears,andmanyoftheoldeststoriesexistedforcenturiesasbardictales(吟游诗)beforetheywereputdowninprint.Storytellingmay学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 haveappearedtodeepencommunitybondsormodelunfamiliarsituationsinwaysthatmighthaveincreasedchancesofsurvival.Butitseemstomethatthereexistsamoreobviousexplanationforwhyreadingoftenfeelssoboring:Mostbooksareverybad.Thevastmajorityofthemareuninspired,unconvincing,andpoorlywritten.Myadviceistobelessconcernedaboutthemediumandmorecarefulaboutthebooksyoupickup.Ifyoufindthatyourmindiswanderingorthatyou’renotabletofullyentertherealityofthestory,considerthatthismightbeaproblemwiththecontent.Audiobookshavesomedistinctadvantageswhenitcomestothis.It’seasiertoidentifyabadwriterwhenthebookisreadaloud.Mostofall,Iwouldurgeyoutotrustyourinstincts(直觉)—to“listen”.1.WhatdoweknowaboutlisteningtoaudiobooksaccordingtoParagraph1?A.Itisashortcuttoreplacereadingpaperbooks.B.Itweakensthesenseofaccomplishmentbyreducingsuffering.C.Peoplefacemoredistractionwhilelisteningtoaudiobooks.D.Peoplefeeliteasiertounderstandironyofaudiobooks.2.Whichisnotthedelightbroughtbybeingtoldastory?A.Thedialoguewithskillfulperformance.B.Theeasetopicturetheactionsofastory.C.Therhythmsoftheprosemadeinahumanvoice.D.Thefreedomtowalkaroundthebedroom.3.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Storytellingmighthavehelpedsurvive.B.Writinghasamuchlongerhistorythanstorytelling.C.Peoplepreferstorytellingowingtotheinstinctofimitation.D.Itwasbardictellerswhopasseddownthehistory.4.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Audiobooksareabsolutelybetterthanpaperbooks.B.Readingfeelsboringonlybecauseofabookitself.C.Themediumdoesn’tmatterwhenyoupickupabook.D.Thecontentsmaybetoblamewhenreadingfailstosatisfyreaders.【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了听有声读物让人回想起被告知的一个故事的快乐：散文的节奏以人声变得生动活泼；通过熟练读者的表演使对话生动起来；我们的眼睛从书页中解放出来，自由地在卧室里四处张望，以便更好地想象故事情节的发展。1.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Accordingtothislogic,listeningtoaudiobooksisinferiorindeed学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 becauseitiseasier—becauseitlackstheelementofsufferingthatisincontrovertible(无可争议的)evidenceofaccomplishment.(根据这一逻辑，听有声读物确实是低劣的，因为它更容易——因为它缺乏痛苦的元素，而痛苦是成就的无可争议的证据)”可推知，我们对听有声读物可以了解到它通过减少痛苦来削弱成就感。故选B项。2.细节理解题。根据第二段“However,mostofuswerereadtobyadultsbeforewelearnedtoreadourselves,andlisteningtoaudiobooksrecallsthedelightofbeingtoldastory:Therhythmsoftheprose(散文)madeinahumanvoice;thedialogueanimatedthroughtheperformanceofaskillfulreader;theeasewithwhichoureyesarefreetomovesoastobetterimaginethedevelopmentoftheplot.(然而，我们大多数人在学会阅读之前，就已经被大人读给自己听了，听有声读物会让我们回想起听故事时的喜悦：用人声朗诵的散文的节奏;通过熟练读者的表演，对话变得生动起来；我们的眼睛可以自由地移动，以便更好地想象情节的发展)”可知，在卧室里自由走动不是听故事带来的快乐。故选D项。3.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Storytellingmayhaveappearedtodeepencommunitybondsormodelunfamiliarsituationsinwaysthatmighthaveincreasedchancesofsurvival.(讲故事似乎可以加深社区联系，或者以可能增加生存机会的方式为不熟悉的情况建模)”可推知，讲故事或许有助于生存。故选A项。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ifyoufindthatyourmindiswanderingorthatyou’renotabletofullyentertherealityofthestory,considerthatthismightbeaproblemwiththecontent.(如果你发现自己走神了，或者你无法完全进入故事的现实，考虑一下这可能是内容的问题)”可推知，作者可能会同意的观点是当阅读不能满足读者时，内容可能是罪魁祸首。故选D项。Passage22022-2023学年下学期·江苏泰州·高一泰州中学校考期中Astudyofalmost2,700childrenagedbetweensevenandtenin38schoolsinBarceiona,Spain,firstresearchestheimpactoftrafficnoiseonchildcognitive(认知的)developmentovertime.Thechildreninthestudyareinacriticalstageforthedevelopmentofmemoryandattentionskill,whichareessentialtolearning.Theresearchfoundthatchildrenexposedtoaboutthreetimesmoretrafficinthestreetthanotherchildrenhadmemorydevelopmentthatwas23%slowerandattentionabilitydevelopment5%sloweroverayear.Noiseisthesecondmostdamagingenvironmentalfactortohealth,afterairpollution,and,forexample,wasalreadyknowntoincreaseheartattacksinadults.TheUNsaidthaturbannoisepollutionwasgrowingintoaglobalpublichealththreat,leadingto12,000earlydeathsayearintheEUaloneandaffectingmanycities.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Butresearchontheimpactofroadnoiseonchildrenwaslimiteduntilnow.“Wedonotknowthatnoisecanactuallybetoxic(有害的)fromaphysicalpointofview,”saidDr.MariaForaster,fromtheBarcelonaInstituteforGlobalHealth,wholedthestudy.“Wethinkthatweadapttoit,butresearchhasshownthatwedon’tcompletely—westillhaveaphysiological(生理的)response.Theresearchrevealedthatpeaksofnoiseheardinsidetheclassroom,suchasthepassingofloudtrucks,hadmoreimpactthanahigheraveragelevelofnoise.Italsofoundhighernoiselevelsatschoolweremoredamagingthanathome.Prof.IroiseDumontheil,atBirkbeck,UniversityofLondon,UK,said,“Thiscarefullydesignedstudyprovidesconvincingevidence.ConsideringthatmanyEuropeanchildrenlivinginlargecitiesareexposedtohighroad-trafficnoiselevels,thisstudyhasimplicationsforpublicpolicytoreduceroad-trafficnoisenearschools.”Theresearchfollowspreviousworkthatshowedhigherlevelsofaircraftnoiseatschoolaffectedreadingcomprehensionandcognitivedevelopment.Next,theauthorssaid,theywouldliketoseetheirfindingsreplicated(复制)indifferentcitiesandtowns,whereschoolsmaybebuiltdifferentlyandwindowsopenedmoreorlessoften.5.WhatcanwelearnfromMariaForaster’swords?A.Wearetroubledbynose.B.Welackconfidenceinherstudy.C.Wetryhardtoadapttonoise.D.Wearen’tfullyawareoftheharmofnoisetohumans.6.WhatisIroiseDumontheil’sattitudetowardsthestudy?A.Curious.B.Favorable.C.CautiousD.Unsatisfied.7.Whatmighttheresearchteamfocusonnext?A.Findingsolutionstoreducingnoise.B.Helpingstudentstorealizetheimpactofnoise.C.Confirmingtheirfindingsindifferentareas.D.Studyingthedifferencesbetweenvariousnoises.8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.PoliciesontrafficnoiseshouldbeimprovedB.Trafficnoiseslowschildren’smemorydevelopmentC.Trafficnoisehasagrowingimpactonpeople’shealthD.Attentionshouldbepaidtotheenvironmentaroundschools【答案】5.D6.B7.C8.B学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Barceiona对38所学校的2700名7至10岁儿童进行了研究，首次研究了交通噪音对儿童认知发展的影响。研究发现，与其他孩子相比，在大街上接触的交通量大约是其他孩子的三倍，这些孩子的记忆力发展比其他孩子慢23%，注意力发展比其他孩子慢5%。5.细节理解题。根据第四段中““Wedonotknowthatnoisecanactuallybetoxic(有害的)fromaphysicalpointofview,”saidDr.MariaForaster(MariaForaster博士说:“从物理角度来看，我们并不知道噪音实际上是有毒的。”)”可知，从MariaForaster的话中我们可以知道的是我们还没有完全意识到噪音对人类的危害。故选D。6.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Prof.IroiseDumontheil,atBirkbeck,UniversityofLondon,UK,said,“Thiscarefullydesignedstudyprovidesconvincingevidence.ConsideringthatmanyEuropeanchildrenlivinginlargecitiesareexposedtohighroad-trafficnoiselevels,thisstudyhasimplicationsforpublicpolicytoreduceroad-trafficnoisenearschools.”(英国伦敦大学Birkbeck分校的IroiseDumontheil教授说:“这项精心设计的研究提供了令人信服的证据。考虑到许多生活在大城市中的欧洲儿童暴露在高道路交通噪音水平下，这项研究对于减少学校附近道路交通噪音的公共政策具有启示意义。”)”可推知，IroiseDumontheil对这项研究的态度是赞成的，故选B。7.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Next,theauthorssaid,theywouldliketoseetheirfindingsreplicated(复制)indifferentcitiesandtowns,whereschoolsmaybebuiltdifferentlyandwindowsopenedmoreorlessoften.(接下来，作者说，他们希望看到他们的发现在不同的城市和城镇得到复制，在这些地方，学校的建筑可能会有所不同，窗户或多或少会打开。)”可知，研究小组下一步可能在不同地区确认他们的发现。故选C。8.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Astudyofalmost2,700childrenagedbetweensevenandtenin38schoolsinBarceiona,Spain,firstresearchestheimpactoftrafficnoiseonchildcognitive(认知的)developmentovertime.(Barceiona对38所学校的2700名7至10岁儿童进行了研究，首次研究了交通噪音对儿童认知发展的影响。)”和第二段中“Theresearchfoundthatchildrenexposedtoaboutthreetimesmoretrafficinthestreetthanotherchildrenhadmemorydevelopmentthatwas23%slowerandattentionabilitydevelopment5%sloweroverayear.(研究发现，与其他孩子相比，在大街上接触的交通量大约是其他孩子的三倍，这些孩子的记忆力发展比其他孩子慢23%，注意力发展比其他孩子慢5%。)”可知，文章主要介绍了Barceiona对38所学校的2700名7至10学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 岁儿童进行了研究，首次研究了交通噪音对儿童认知发展的影响。研究发现，与其他孩子相比，在大街上接触的交通量大约是其他孩子的三倍，这些孩子的记忆力发展比其他孩子慢23%，注意力发展比其他孩子慢5%。由此可知，B项“交通噪音减缓儿童记忆力的发展”适合做文章标题，故选B。Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏苏州·高一统考期中FreeWi-Fihasbecomeincrediblyimportanttous:manystoresandshoppingmallsofferit,restaurantsuseittoattractcustomers,andforlibrariesandcoffeeshopsitisamust-haveservice.Evenwhenpeoplearetraveling,theyscanforfreeWi-Fi,which,accordingtoresearchreleasedbyLondon’sAmbaHotelonDec4,hasbecomethemostimportantstandardforselectingahotel.Accordingtothesurvey,asmanyas67percentoftravelersquestionedsaidthatfreeWi-Fiwouldmakethemmorelikelytochooseaccommodation,aboveotherthingssuchasthehotel’slocationandfriendlystaff.Whenratingahotelthatthey’dalreadystayedin,sixintentravelersbelievedthatunlimitedWi-Fiwasthemostimportantfactorintheirrating.“Today,peopletreattheirsmartphones,tabletsandlaptopslikeclotheswhentheyareabouttotraveltosomeplaces.Theywillneverforgettopackitintothesuitcase,”saidtheDailyMail.“WerelyonfreeWi-Fiheavilywhentraveling––especiallywhenitcomestocheckingsocialmedia,searchingfortraveltips,andaccessingwebsites.”However,despitetheopportunitiesthatfreeWi-Figivesus,“ourover-relianceontechnologyhascomeataprice,withtravelersfeelingunabletoescapesocialmedia”,saidLonelyPlanet,theworld’slargesttravelguidebrand.AnitaIsalska,LonelyPlaneteditorandtechaddict,wasforcedtounplugwhenshewasstuckinanisolated(隔绝的)campinGreenlandrecently.“Adjustingtothisslowerpace,itbegantodawnonme:somewhere,somehow,socialmediahadchangedintoareflex(条件反射),”shewrote.“IhadbelievedIwascapturingmoments,butinrealitymybusythumbswerepreventingmefromenjoyingtravel’smostprofoundpleasures.Howfullycanyouappreciateahugeglacierormeadow(草地)ofwildflowerswhenyourbrainissubconsciously(潜意识地)selectingtherightphotofilter(滤镜),ortheperfectsixsecondstofilm?”InSeptember,thebrandreleased10predictionsforthefutureofglobaltravel.Oneofthemwasthattrueescapeswillbehighlyvaluedinfuture,soremotehotelswillstarttomaketheirlackofInternetintoafeature.Wouldyouliketohaveanunpluggedholiday?9.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisarticle?A.Toargueagainstpeople’sover-relianceonWi-Fi.B.Topredictwhatglobaltravelwillbelikeinthefuture.C.Toprotestagainsttravelers’standardwhenselectingahotel.D.TostressthegrowingimportanceoffreeWi-Fiindailylives.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 10.WhydotravelersattachimportancetofreeWi-Fiwhenselectingahotel?A.TheybelievehotelswithfreeWi-Fiusuallyhavebetterlocations.B.TheythinkhotelswithfreeWi-Fiarelikelytoprovidebetterservice.C.TheydependonfreeWi-Fitochecksocialmediaandaccesswebsites.D.TheyhopetoenjoymoreprofoundpleasureswhileusingfreeWi-Fi.11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“unplug”inParagraph6probablymean?A.Checksocialmedia.B.Calloffatravellingplan.C.Appreciatebeautifulscenery.D.Disconnectfromdigitaldevices.12.WhatisthelessonAnitaIsalskalearnedfromtheisolatedcampsheattendedinGreenlandrecently?A.Travelersshouldadapttoaslowerpacewhencheckingsocialmedia.B.Addictiontosocialmediahasnegativelyaffectedthequalityoftravel.C.Travelersshouldtakemorephotosandvideosduringtheirjourneys.D.Beautifulscenerycouldbeappreciatedbetteriffilmsareshotcautiously.【答案】9.A10.C11.D12.B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了WiFi在旅行过程中的重要性，但没有WiFi的酒店也在开始成为酒店的特色。9.推理判断题。第一段提到“FreeWi-Fihasbecomeincrediblyimportanttous:manystoresandshoppingmallsofferit,restaurantsuseittoattractcustomers,andforlibrariesandcoffeeshopsitisamust-haveservice.”(免费Wi-Fi对我们来说已经变得非常重要:许多商店和购物中心提供免费Wi-Fi，餐馆用它来吸引顾客，对于图书馆和咖啡馆来说，这是一项必不可少的服务。)但是在文章最后一段又提到“Oneofthemwasthattrueescapeswillbehighlyvaluedinfuture,soremotehotelswillstarttomaketheirlackofInternetintoafeature.Wouldyouliketohaveanunpluggedholiday?”(其中之一是，真正的逃离将在未来受到高度重视，因此偏远的酒店将开始把缺乏互联网变成一种特色。你想过一个不插电的假期吗?)现在人们对于WiFi特别依赖，在外面玩的时候也想要找有WiFi的酒店，但最近的调查发现，人们也想要逃离有WiFi的地方，去尽量的放松自己。因此作者是在反对人们对WiFi的过分依赖。故选A。10.细节理解题。第四段最后一句提到“WerelyonfreeWi-Fiheavilywhentraveling––especiallywhenitcomestocheckingsocialmedia,searchingfortraveltips,andaccessingwebsites.”(我们在旅行时严重依赖免费Wi-Fi，尤其是在查看社交媒体、搜索旅行提示和访问网站时。)由此判断，旅行者在旅行的时候要查看社交媒体、搜索旅行提示和访问网站，所以他们需要找一个有免费WiFi的酒店。故选C。11.词义猜测题。第六段提到“whenshewasstuckinanisolated(隔绝的)campinGreenland学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 recently”(被困在格陵兰岛一个与世隔绝的营地)由此判断，《孤独星球》的编辑被困在格陵兰岛一个与世隔绝的营地，说明当时什么都没有，因此也不会有电子设备或者是WiFi。此处指的是“和电子设备失联”。故选D。12.推理判断题。第六段提到“IhadbelievedIwascapturingmoments,butinrealitymybusythumbswerepreventingmefromenjoyingtravel’smostprofoundpleasures.”(我认为我是在捕捉瞬间，但实际上，我忙碌的大拇指让我无法享受旅行中最深刻的乐趣。)由此判断，AnitaIsalska认为如果对社交媒体上瘾的话就会影响旅行的质量，无法享受旅行的乐趣。故选B。热点考向03人与社会--社会问题与社会现象Passage12022-2023学年下学期·江苏扬州·高一扬州中学校考期中It’seasytobelievethatrobotsarestealingjobsfromhumanworkersandbadlyaffectthejobmarket;afterall,you’velikelyheardthattheyaretrackingandmovingpackageswithouttheuseofhumanhands.Butthere’snoneedtoworryaboutarobottakeoverjustyet,saysanewstudyfromBYUsociologyprofessorEricDahlin.Dahlin’sresearchfoundthatrobotsaren’treplacinghumansattheratemostpeoplethink,butpeoplearelikelytogreatlyexaggerate(夸大)therateofrobottakeover.Tounderstandtherelationshipbetweenjoblossandrobots,Dahlinsurveyednearly2,000peopleabouttheirviewsonjobsbeingreplacedbyrobots.Theywerefirstaskedtoguesswhatisthepercentageofemployeeswhoseemployershavereplacedjobswithrobots.Theywerethenaskedwhethertheiremployershaveeverreplacedtheirjobswithrobots.Thestudyfoundthatonly14%ofworkerssaythey’veseentheirjobreplacedbyarobot.Butthosewhohaveexperiencedjobdisplacementduetoarobotoverstatetheeffectofrobotstakingjobsfromhumansbyaboutthreetimes.“Ourunderstandingofrobotstakingoverjobsisgreatlyexaggerated,”saysDahlin.Thosewhohaven’tlostjobsoverstateitbyaboutdouble,andthosewhohavelostjobsoverstateitbyaboutthreetimes.Eye-catchingheadlinessayingabadfutureofemploymenthavelikelyoverblownthesituationofrobotstakingoverjobs.Thefindingfitsearlystudies,whichsuggestthatrobotsaren’treplacingworkers.Rather,workplaces,wherebothemployeesandrobotsareworkingtogether,delivermorevalueinaway.“Aneverydayexampleisanautonomousmachineatyourlocaldepartmentstore,”saysDahlin.“Thisrobotcleansthefloorswhileemployeescleanundershelvesorotherdifficult-to-reachplaces.”1.HowdidEricDahlincarryouthisresearch?A.Byaskingpeoplequestions.B.Bycomparingearlystudies.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C.Byinterviewingemployers.D.Bystudyingnewbusinesses.2.Whatmightaddtopeople’sworryaboutrobottakeoveraccordingtothetext?A.Lowpay.B.Physicalhealth.C.Newsreports.D.Fewerworkplaces.3.WhichstatementwillEricDahlinprobablyagreewith?A.Robotscanworkashumanpartners.B.Jobmarketswillbeaffectedseriously.C.Allhumanworkerswillbereplaced.D.Workexperiencematterstoomuch.【答案】1.A2.C3.A【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了杨百翰大学社会学教授埃里克·达林(EricDahlin)的一项新研究表明，目前还没有必要担心机器人会接管人类。达林的研究发现，机器人取代人类的速度并不像大多数人想象的那样快，但人们可能会大大夸大机器人取代人类的速度。1.推理判断题。根据第三段“Tounderstandtherelationshipbetweenjoblossandrobots,Dahlinsurveyednearly2,000peopleabouttheirviewsonjobsbeingreplacedbyrobots.Theywerefirstaskedtoguesswhatisthepercentageofemployeeswhoseemployershavereplacedjobswithrobots.Theywerethenaskedwhethertheiremployershaveeverreplacedtheirjobswithrobots.”(为了了解失业和机器人之间的关系，达林调查了近2000人对机器人取代工作的看法。他们首先被要求猜测雇主用机器人取代工作的员工比例。然后，他们被问及雇主是否曾用机器人取代过他们的工作。)可推知，埃里克·达林是通过问别人问题来进行他的研究的。故选A项。2.细节理解题。根据第五段中“Eye-catchingheadlinessayingabadfutureofemploymenthavelikelyoverblownthesituationofrobotstakingoverjobs.”(引人注目的头条新闻称，就业前景堪忧，这可能夸大了机器人取代人类工作的情况。)可知，新闻报道会增加人们对机器人接管的担忧。故选C项。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thefindingfitsearlystudies,whichsuggestthatrobotsaren’treplacingworkers.Rather,workplaces,wherebothemployeesandrobotsareworkingtogether,delivermorevalueinaway.“Aneverydayexampleisanautonomousmachineatyourlocaldepartmentstore,”saysDahlin.“Thisrobotcleansthefloorswhileemployeescleanundershelvesorotherdifficult-to-reachplaces.””(这一发现符合早期的研究，即机器人不会取代工人。相反，员工和机器人一起工作的工作场所在某种程度上创造了更多的价值。达林说：“一个日常的例子是你当地百货公司的自动机器。“当员工清洁货架下面或其他难以触及的地方时，这个机器人会清洁地板。”)可推知，埃里克·达林可能会同意机器人可以作为人类的伙伴工作这一说法。故选A项。Passage2学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 2022-2023学年下学期·江苏南京·高一校联考期中Thetimeapersonspendsondifferentsmartphoneappsisenoughtoidentifythemfromalargergroupinmorethanoneinthreecases,sayresearchers.Researchersanalyzedsmartphonedatafrom780people.Theyfed4,680daysofappusagedataintostatisticalmodels.Eachofthesedayswaspairedwithoneofthe780userssothatthemodelslearnedpeople’sdailyappusepatterns.Theresearchersthentestedwhethermodelscouldidentifyanindividualwhenprovidedwithonlyasingledayofsmartphoneactivitythatwasanonymous(匿名的).Themodels,whichweretrainedononlysixdaysofappusagedataperperson,couldidentifythecorrectpersonfromadayofanonymousdataonethirdofthetime.Thatmightnotsoundlikemuch,butwhenthemodelspredictwhothedatabelongedto,itcouldalsoprovidealistofthemosttotheleastlikelycandidates.Itwaspossibletoviewthetop10mostlikelyindividualsthataspecificdayofdatabelongedto.Around75%ofthetime,thecorrectuserwouldbeamongthetop10mostlikelyindividuals.Inpracticalterms,alawenforcement(执法机构)investigationseekingtoidentifyacriminal’snewphonewiththesemodelscouldreduceacandidatepoolofapproximately1,000phonesto10phones,witha25%riskofmissingthem.Consequently,theresearcherswarnthatsoftwaregivenaccesstoasmartphone’sstandardactivityloggingcouldmakeareasonablepredictionaboutauser’sidentityevenwhentheywerelogged-outoftheiraccount.Anidentificationispossiblewithoutmonitoringconversationsorbehaviorswithinappsthemselves.Therefore,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatappusagedataalone,whichisoftencollectedbyasmartphoneautomatically,canpotentiallyrevealaperson’sidentity.Whileprovidingnewopportunitiesforlawenforcement,italsoposesriskstoprivacyifthistypeofdataismisused.4.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainandevelopment.B.Topresentaresearchfinding.C.Toshowaresearchprocess.D.Toconfirmanassumption.5.Howdidtheresearchersreachtheirconclusion?A.Byrecordingappusetime.B.Bycomparingdifferentapps.C.Bystudyingappusagedata.D.Bychangingappusepatterns.6.Whatisthefunctionofthestatisticalmodels?学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 A.Locatingcriminals.B.Trackingusageofapps.C.Predictingtrendsofapps.D.Recognizingphoneusers.7.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsappusagedata?A.SupportiveB.Cautious.C.Doubtful.D.Uninterested.【答案】4.B5.C6.D7.B【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了一项研究，一个人使用智能手机应用程序留下的数据可以泄露个人身份。4.推理判断题。文章第一段讲到“Thetimeapersonspendsondifferentsmartphoneappsisenoughtoidentifythemfromalargergroupinmorethanoneinthreecases,sayresearchers.(研究人员表示，在超过三分之一的案例中，一个人在不同的智能手机应用程序上花费的时间足以从一个更大的群体中识别出他们)”可知这篇文章的目的是提出一项研究发现，故选B。5.推理判断题。文章第二段讲到“Theyfed4,680daysofappusagedataintostatisticalmodels.Eachofthesedayswaspairedwithoneofthe780userssothatthemodelslearnedpeople’sdailyappusepatterns.(他们将4680天的应用使用数据输入到统计模型中。每天与780名用户中的一名进行配对，以便于这些模型可以了解人们的日常应用使用模式)”可知研究人员通过研究应用程序的使用数据来得出结论，故选C。6.细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“Themodels,whichweretrainedononlysixdaysofappusagedataperperson,couldidentifythecorrectpersonfromadayofanonymousdataonethirdofthetime.(这些模型只接受了六天的应用程序使用数据训练，就可以在这个时间的三分之一的时间里从一天的匿名数据中识别出正确的人)”可知这些模型的功能是识别手机用户，故选D。7.推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Whileprovidingnewopportunitiesforlawenforcement,italsoposesriskstoprivacyifthistypeofdataismisused.(在为执法提供新机会的同时，如果这类数据被滥用，也会对隐私造成风险。)”可知作者对待应用程序使用数据的态度是谨慎的，故选B。Passage32022-2023学年下学期·江苏苏州·高一苏州中学校考期中Weallknowthatunpleasantfeelingwhenwe’retalkingaboutsomethinginterestingandhalfwaythroughoursentencewe’reinterrupted(打断).Butwasthatreallyaninterruption?Theanswerdependsonwhomyouask,accordingtonewresearchledbyKatherineHiltonfromStanfordUniversity.Usingasetofcontrolledaudioclips,Hiltonsurveyed5,000AmericanEnglishspeakerstobetterunderstandwhataffectspeople’sperceptionsofinterruptions.Shehadparticipantslistento学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 audioclipsandthenanswerquestionsaboutwhetherthespeakersseemedtobefriendlyandengaged,listeningtooneanother,ortryingtointerrupt.HiltonfoundthatAmericanEnglishspeakershavedifferentconversationalstyles.Sheidentifiedtwogroups:highandlowIntensityspeakers.Highintensityspeakersaregenerallyuncomfortablewithmomentsofsilenceinconversationandconsidertalkingatthesametimeasignofengagement.Lowintensityspeakersfinditrudetotalkatthesametimeandpreferpeoplespeakoneafteranotherinconversation.Thedifferencesinconversationalstylesbecameobviouswhenparticipantslistenedtoaudioclipsinwhichtwopeoplespokeatthesametimebutwereagreeingwitheachotherandstayedontopic,Hiltonsaid.Thehighintensitygroupreportedthatconversationswherepeoplespokeatthesametimewhenexpressingagreementwerenotinterruptivebutengagedandfriendlierthantheconversationswithmomentsofsilenceinbetweenspeakingturns.Incontrast,thelowintensitygroupperceivedanyamountofsimultaneous(同时)chatasarudeinterruption,regardlessofwhatthespeakersweresaying.“Peoplecareaboutbeinginterrupted,andthosesmallinterruptionscanhaveamassiveeffectontheoverallcommunication,”Hiltonsaid.“Breakingapartwhataninterruptionmeansisessentialifwewanttounderstandhowhumansinteractwitheachother.”8.WhatdoesHilton’sresearchfocuson?A.Whatinterruptionsmeantopeople.B.Whetherinterruptionisgoodornot.C.Howtoavoidgettinginterrupted.D.Whyspeakersinterrupteachother.9.Whatdoparticipantsofthestudyneedtodo?A.Recordanaudioclip.B.Answersomequestions.C.Listentooneanother.D.Haveachatwithafriend.10.Whatdolowintensityspeakersthinkofsimultaneouschat?A.It’simportant.B.It’sinterestingC.It’sinefficient.D.It’simpolite.11.WhatcanwelearnfromHilton’sresearch?A.Conversationalstylesaffectperceptionsofinterruptions.B.Communicationistheverybasisofoureverydaylife.C.Interruptionsduringconversationscontributetothinking.D.Languagebarrierswillalwaysexistregardlessofthecontent.【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，在谈话中被打断是否会带来不愉快，因人而异。学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 8.主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句“Butwasthatreallyaninterruption?Theanswerdependsonwhomyouask,accordingtonewresearchledbyKatherineHiltonfromStanfordUniversity.(但这真的是打扰吗？根据斯坦福大学凯瑟琳·希尔顿领导的一项新研究，答案取决于你问谁。)”和第四段第二、三句“Thehighintensitygroupreportedthatconversationswherepeoplespokeatthesametimewhenexpressingagreementwerenotinterruptivebutengagedandfriendlierthantheconversationswithmomentsofsilenceinbetweenspeakingturns.Incontrast,thelowintensitygroupperceivedanyamountofsimultaneouschatasarudeinterruption,regardlessofwhatthespeakersweresaying.(高强度组报告说，人们在表达同意的同时说话的对话不会被打断，而是比在说话之间保持沉默的对话更投入、更友好。相比之下，低强度组认为任何数量的同时聊天都是粗鲁的打断，不管说话人在说什么。)”可知，文章主要说明了“打断”对不同的人来说，意义不同，即“打断”对人们意味着什么。故选A项。9.细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Shehadparticipantslistentoaudioclipsandthenanswerquestionsaboutwhetherthespeakersseemedtobefriendlyandengaged,listeningtooneanother,ortryingtointerrupt.(她让参与者听一些音频片段，然后回答一些问题，比如说话者看起来是否友好、投入、彼此倾听，还是试图打断。)”可知，参与者们需要在听完音频后回答一些问题。故选B。10.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Lowintensityspeakersfinditrudetotalkatthesametimeandpreferpeoplespeakoneafteranotherinconversation.(低强度说话者觉得同时说话很不礼貌，他们更喜欢人们在谈话中一个接一个地说话。)”可推知，对于低强度聊天者来说，同时聊天是粗鲁的，不礼貌的。故选D。11.推理判断题。根据第四段“Thedifferencesinconversationalstylesbecameobviouswhenparticipantslistenedtoaudioclipsinwhichtwopeoplespokeatthesametimebutwereagreeingwitheachotherandstayedontopic,Hiltonsaid.Thehighintensitygroupreportedthatconversationswherepeoplespokeatthesametimewhenexpressingagreementwerenotinterruptivebutengagedandfriendlierthantheconversationswithmomentsofsilenceinbetweenspeakingturns.Incontrast,thelowintensitygroupperceivedanyamountofsimultaneous(同时)chatasarudeinterruption,regardlessofwhatthespeakersweresaying.(希尔顿说，当参与者听两个人同时说话的音频片段时，谈话风格的差异变得明显起来，这些音频片段中两人的意见一致，并保持在主题上。高强度组报告说，人们在表达同意的同时说话的对话不会被打断，而是比在说话之间保持沉默的对话更投入、更友好。相比之下，无论说话人在说什么，低强度组都认为同时聊天是一种粗鲁的打断。)”和最后一段““Peoplecareaboutbeinginterrupted,andthosesmallinterruptionscanhaveamassiveeffectontheoverallcommunication,”Hiltonsaid.学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 “Breakingapartwhataninterruptionmeansisessentialifwewanttounderstandhowhumansinteractwitheachother.”(“人们很在意被打断，而这些小的干扰会对整体交流产生巨大影响，”希尔顿说。“如果我们想了解人类之间是如何互动的，就必须分解中断的含义。”)”可推知，会话风格会影响对中断的感知。故选A。学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司学科网（北京）股份有限公司
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