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专题十八 推理判断
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2角度1对文章事实细节推断【典例】Iwasblind，butIwasashamedofitifitwasknown.Irefusedtouseawhitestickandhatedaskingforhelp.Afterall，Iwasateenagegirl，andIcouldn'tbearpeopletolookatmeandthinkIwasnotlikethem.Imusthavebeenaterribledangerontheroads.Comingacrossmewanderingthroughthetraffic，motoristsprobablywouldhavetosteprapidlyontheirbrakes.Apartfromthat，therewereallsortsofdisastersthatusedtooccuronthewaytoandfromwork.
3Oneevening，IgotoffthebusabouthalfwayhomewhereIhadtochangebuses，andasusualIranintosomething.“I'mawfullysorry，”Isaidandsteppedforwardonlytorunintoitagain.Whenithappenedathirdtime，IrealizedIhadbeenapologizingtoalamppost.Thiswasjustoneofthestupidthingsthatconstantlyhappenedtome.SoIcarriedonandfoundthebusstop，whichwasarequeststop，wherethebuswouldn'tstopunlesspassengerswantedtogetonoroff.NooneelsewasthereandIhadtotrytoguessifthebushadarrived.
4Generallyinthissituation，becauseIhatedshowingIwasblindbyaskingforhelp，Itriedtoguessatthesound.SometimesIwouldstopabiglorryandstandtherefeelingstupidasitdrewaway.Intheend，Iusuallymanagedtoswallowmyprideandasksomeoneatthestopforhelp.Butonthisparticulareveningnoonejoinedmeatthestop；itseemedthateveryonehadsuddenlydecidednottotravelbybus.OfcourseIheardplentyofbusespass，orIthoughtIdid.ButbecauseIhadgivenupstoppingthemforfearofmakingafoolofmyself，Iletthemallgoby.Istoodtherealoneforhalfanhourwithoutstoppingone.ThenIgaveup.Idecidedtowalkontothenextstop.(2012·广东，C)
5【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。题材属于人物故事类。“我”是一个盲人，但不愿让别人看出自己的不同之处，也不愿向别人求助，结果在乘车时常常遭遇困难。
61．Thegirlrefusedtoaskforhelpbecauseshethought.A．shemightberecognizedB．askingforhelplookedsillyC．shewasnormalandindependentD．beingfoundblindwasembarrassing解析根据文章前三句可知，我不愿去向别人求助，是因为我不想让别人看出自己是盲人，否则自己会感到很丢人，或者说被看出是盲人后觉得很“尴尬”。答案D
72．Whatwastheproblemwithguessingatthesoundtostopabus?A．Othervehiclesalsostoppedthere.B．Itwasunreliableformakingjudgments.C．Morelorriesthanbusesrespondedtothegirl.D．Ittooktoomuchtimeforthegirltocatchthebus.解析根据倒数第二段的叙述可知，靠听声音的方式来拦住公交车是不可靠的，因为有时候我会把大货车拦下来。答案B
83．Finallythegirldecidedtowalktothenextstop，hoping.A．tofindpeoplethereB．tofindmorebusesthereC．tofindthebusbyherselfthereD．tofindpeoplemorehelpfulthere解析根据文章倒数第二段最后一句的叙述可知，最终我通常会收起自己的自尊而向他人求助，但最后一段指出，当晚没有人在车站等车，听声音又觉得不可靠，因此走向下一车站，希望能找到人帮忙。答案A
9【知识链接】忠于原文，合理推断推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，但答案的依据一定在原文中，因此在推理过程中一定要忠于原文，在文中寻找并确定可推断的依据，即已知部分——推断的前提，从中推出未知部分——推断的结论。这就要求考生不仅要读懂所涉及的每个句子的意思，推断出它们之间的关系，而且要结合自己的生活常识和经验，通过逻辑推理和判断理解文章的话外之音，言外之意。做推理判断题时要注意以下几点：
101．选项内容与原文相同，不需要经过推断，这样的选项直接排除。2．绝对化、扩大化的选项要排除。3．与文章主基调不相符的结论也要淘汰。4．推断时要客观，忠于原文，不要受主观意识的影响。
11角度2对文章作者的观点、态度推理判断【典例】Insidethepleasinglyfragrantcafe，SoAllMayEat(SAME)indowntownDenver，thespiritofgenerosity(慷慨)isinstantlynoticeable：Adonationboxstandsinplaceofacashregister.Customersherepayonlywhattheycanafford，noquestionsasked.Ariskybusinessplan，perhaps，butSAMECafehasdoneoneunchangeablethingintheMileHighCityforsixyears：Openonlyatmidday，therestaurantprovidespoorlocalpeoplewithhealthy，deliciouslunchessixdaysaweek.Thoseunabletopayfortheirmealscaninsteadvolunteeraswaitersandwaitresses，anddishwashers，orlookafterthebuildingsandequipmentforthecafe.
12“It'sbasedontrust，andit'sworkingallright，”sayscoownerBradBirky，whostartedthecafein2006withhiswifeLibby.Previouslyvolunteeringatsoupkitchens，theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealstheyservedthere.“Wewantedtoofferqualityfoodinarestaurantwhereeveryonefeltcomfortable，regardlessoftheircircumstances，”Birkysays.SAME'sspeciallunchmenuchangesdailyandmostfoodmaterialsarenaturalandgrownbylocalfarmers.
13Thecafenowaverages65to70customers(andeightvolunteers)aday.Andthespiritofgenerositybehindtheprojectappearstobespreading.Inearly2007，onevolunteerwhohadclearedsnowforhismealsduringthelongwintersaidgoodbyetotheBirkys.“HesaidhewasgoingtoNewOrleanstohelpwiththehurricanecleanup，”saysBirky.(2012·辽宁，D)
14Theauthor'sattitudetowardsrunningsuchacafeis.A．unfavorableB．approvingC．doubtfulD．cautious解析本文为记叙文，题材为人物故事类。本文记述了BradBirky和他的妻子Libby经营的SAME餐馆及这家餐馆慷慨大度精神的传播。文章第Q题为推理判断题，根据第一段Insidethepleasinglyfragrantcafe...thespiritofgenerosity(慷慨)．..中的形容词fragrant可知作者的态度是赞成的。unfavorable不赞成的；approving赞成的；doubtful怀疑的；cautious谨慎的，故答案为B。答案B
15【知识链接】观点、态度类推断题考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。这类题的选项一般分为三种：1．中性词，如neutral，indifferent，uninterested等。2．褒义词，如positive，supportive，useful，enthusiastic，admiring等。3．贬义词，如disgusted，critical，negative，disappointed等。一般作者或文中人物的态度不直接给出，而是隐含在文章的字里行间，需要考生细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的信息，如本文中的fragrant等词句。
16考生在做题时，一定要在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度进行准确分析和识别。另外，不要固守自己的看法或观点，要从作者或文中人物的角度去考虑。
17角度3对上下文逻辑关系以及“弦外之音”的推理判断【典例】BarditchHighSchooldecidedtohaveanAllSchoolReunion.Over450peoplecametotheevent.ThereweretoursoftheoldschoolbuildingandapicnicatConfederatePark.Severalformerteacherswereonhandtotellstoriesabouttheolddays.Ms.MabelYates，theEnglishteacherforoverfiftyyears，waswheeledtothePark.
18Someeyesrolledandtherewereafewlowgroans(嘟囔声)whenMs.Yateswasabouttospeak.Manystartedlookingattheirwatchesandcomingupwithexcusestobeanywhereinsteadofpreparingtolistentoalecturefromanoldwomanwhohadfewkindwordsforherstudentsandmadethemworkharderthanalltheotherteacherscombined.ThenMs.Yatesstartedtospeak：“Ican'ttellyouhowpleasedIamtobehere.Ihaven'tseenmanyofyousinceyourgraduation，butIhavefollowedyourcareersandenjoyedyourvictoriesaswellascryingforyourtragedies.Ihavealargecollectionofnewspaperphotographsofmystudents.AlthoughIhaven'tappearedinperson，Ihaveattendedyourcollegegraduations，weddingsandeventhebirthsofyourchildren，inmyimagination.”
19Ms.Yatespausedandstartedcryingabit.Thenshecontinued：“ItwasmybeliefthatifIpushedyouashardasIcould，someofyouwouldsucceedtopleasemeandotherswouldsucceedtoannoyme.Regardlessofourmotives，Icanseethatyouhaveallbeensuccessfulinyourchosenpath.”“Thereisnogreatercomfortforaneducatorthantoseetheendresultofhisorheryearsofwork.YouhaveallbeenagreatsourceofpleasureandprideformeandIwantyoutoknowIloveyouallfromthebottomofmyheart.”
20Therewasasilenceoverthecrowdforafewsecondsandthensomeonestartedclapping.Theclappingturnedintocheering，thenintoadeafeningroar(呼喊)．Lawyers，truckdrivers，bankersandmodelswererubbingtheireyesorcryingopenlywithnoshameallbecauseofthewordsfromalongforgottenEnglishteacherfromtheirhometown.(2012·天津，B)【语篇解读】本文为记叙文，题材为人物故事类。在Barditch中学举办的全校聚会上，Ms.MabelYates，一位严格且颇具爱心的老教师，发自肺腑的一段讲话使全场哗然，让在场的校友禁不住热泪盈眶。
211．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?A．SomegraduatesweretoobusytolistentoMs.Yates'speech.B．ManygraduatesdislikedMs.Yates'waysofteaching.C．Somepeoplegottiredfromthereunionactivities.D．Mostpeoplehadlittleinterestinthereunion.解析推理判断题。根据第二段中“许多人想找借口离开现场，因为Ms.Yates对学生非常严厉，并让学生加倍努力地学习”可知，许多毕业生不喜欢她的教学方法。答案B
222．WecanlearnfromMs.Yates'speechthatshe.A．kepttrackofherstudents'progressB．gaveherstudentsadviceontheircareersC．attendedherstudents'collegegraduationsD．wenttoherstudents'weddingceremonies解析推理判断题。从Ms.Yates的讲话“多年来，她一直关注着学生们的事业，分享他们胜利的喜悦，为他们的不幸而流泪，收集他们的照片……”可知，多年来她一直关注着学生们的进展，所以A项正确。答案A
233．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeMs.Yates?A．Reliableanddevoted.B．Toughandgenerous.C．Proudbutpatient.D．Strictbutcaring.解析推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知Ms.Yates对学生们非常严格(strict)；从她的讲话中可以看出：她是一个对学生极其关心的(caring)老师。所以D项正确。答案D
24【知识链接】理清写作思路是突破口有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做这类题时考生应准确把握作者的写作思路，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的推断。如本篇文章的1、2、3题要认真推理上下文，作者的态度，说话者的语气等。
25体验高考
26防范1断章取义，以偏概全【典例】...Thepositionwasofferedatthelastminute，andIwasgiventwoweekstoprepare，aperiodIspentsearchingforbriefcase(公文包)andstandingbeforemyfulllengthmirror，repeatingthewords，“Hello，class.I'mMr.Davis.”SometimesIwouldgivemyselfanaggressivevoice.SometimesIwouldsoundexperienced.Butwhenthedayeventuallycame，mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor，butrathera12yearoldboy....(2012·广东)
27WhatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromParagraph2?A．Hewouldbeaggressiveinhisfirstclass.B．Hewaswellpreparedforhisfirstclass.C．Hegotnervousuponthearrivalofhisfirstclass.D．Hewaitedlongforthearrivalofhisfirstclass.解析第二段讲述了他为第一节课所作的大量的准备，但通过后两句Butwhenthedayeventuallycame，...butrathera12yearoldboy.可以看出事实上他并没有准备好，而是开始紧张起来。答案C
28【探究】误选错因分析A原文中有aggressive，却表示他第一堂课就盛气凌人，与主旨不符，仅是部分意义。断章取义而误选B文中虽然说“我”准备了两星期，但并不能推断出两星期就准备很好。因臆断而误选D文中提到thedayeventullycame，作者强调心情，而不断章取义为等得时间长
29防范2推理片面或过度，脱离主旨【典例】ABookReview—TheSnakeStonebyBerlieDohertyThesetting：UrbanEngland(thecities)，butalsoruralEngland(thecountryside)includingremoteEnglishvillages.Thetheme：Themainthemeisateenagesearchofselfdiscovery，inthiscasethesearchforamotherfromwhomtheherowasseparatedatanearlyage.Itsotherconcernsarelove，gettingonwithothers，beingpersistentandcourageousandtryingtodealwithdoubts，troublesandworries.Asthebookmovestoaclose，James'swimmingcoachsaystohim：‘Youarenotlikeakidobeyinginstructionsanymore.Youaredivinglikeayoungmanwhoknowswhereheisgoing.'
30Thecharacters：Jamesistheheroofthestory.Heisachampionshipdiver，andhasacomfortablelifewithhisfosterparents(养父母)．Yethealsohasthequalitiestotakehimonalongjourneytofindhisbirthmother.TheothercharactersinTheSnakeStone，James'parents，hisdivinginstructor，bestfriend，thevillagers，peoplehemeetsonhisjourney，arepicturedrealistically.(2012·江西，B)
31Whatdothecoach'swordsinParagraph2suggest?A．Jamesisasuccessfuldiver.B．Jamesisahopefulswimmer.C．Jamesisanoutgoingyoungman.D．Jamesisanindependentyoungman.解析该文为一则书评，介绍了Thesnakestone一书的故事情节、背景以及人物等。本题是一个较难的推理判断题，根据第二段第二句中谈及的爱、与人相处、毅力与勇气，以及应对困难等等，可推断出教练这句话表明James已经从一个只知道服从指令的孩子成长为一个能够独立应对困难的青年。故答案为D。答案D
32【探究】误选错因分析A此项为第三段内容，推理过度而误选B此项内容很易误选，但认真推理后会知道，此项内容脱离主旨，故错误C文章中并未提及James是一个外向的青年，因过度推理而误选
33防范3忽视逻辑，自以为是【典例】...Satisfied，thecouplesetuptheRichterFamilyFoundationandgottowork.Since2004，theyhaveshippedmorethan12,200bookstopreschoolersintheirarea.MeganWilliams，amotheroffour，ismorethanappreciative：“ThisprogramintroducesustobooksI'veneverheardof.”TheRichtersspendabout$400amonthsendingbooksto200children.“Somepeoplesitthereandwaittodie，”saysTim.“Othersgetasbusyastheycaninthetimetheyhaveleft.”(2011·山东)
34WhatcanwelearnfromTim'swordsinthelastparagraph?A．Heneedsmoremoneytohelpthechildren.B．Hewonderswhysomepeoplearesobusy.C．Hetriestosavethosewaitingtodie.D．Heconsidershiseffortsworthwhile.解析从文章最后一段中可以看出Tim所说的有些人坐在那里等死，说明Tim认为这种人的活法毫无意义，反之另外一些人却在他们剩下的时间里让自己忙碌，这说明了他积极的心态，因为他认为这样做才活得有价值。因此在实际解题过程中要善于揣摩作者的措辞，分析其意图，了解其弦外之音，不可忽视逻辑，自以为是，这样才能正确理解其深层含义，选出正确答案。答案D
35【探究】误选错因分析A“救助孩子要花很多钱，但是他需要更多的钱帮助孩子”与文章的主旨逻辑关系不大，故使自以为是而误选B“人们为什么如此忙”与主题设问没有逻辑关系，脱离主旨而误选C“他努力拯救那些等死的人”与主旨逻辑关系不强，脱离文章主旨而误选
36【名师支招】人物性格推断技巧(1)紧扣人物本身的言语及行为来分析。(2)结合上下文，抓住其他人对这一人物的评价，以及文中的论点与例证之间的承接关系；抓住字里行间表达感情、态度观点的词语。(3)切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想，结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
37专题测试
