2023新课标版英语高考第二轮复习--专题十一　推理判断

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2023
᪗᱐ὃ⚪ᓝᳮᑨPassage1TheHearClearGoRechargeableDigitalHearingAidisapopularmemberofourrechargeablehearingaidfamilyforagoodreason:Itcombinesgreatperformancewithincrediblevalue!Thishearingaidfeaturesadvancedthird-generationdigitaltechnologyatanunbelievablyaffordableprice.TheGoispackedwiththesamekeytechnologiesthatallhigh-enddigitalhearingaidssharewhileleavingouttheextrafancybellsandwhistlesthatincreasecostsandrequireexpensiveadjustments.WiththeGo,you'llhearclearlywhilesavingalotofmoney.WiththeGo*sincludedchargingstation,youwon'thavetokeepbuyingandreplacingtinyhearingaidbatteries!Youlllovethelightweightdesign.TheGoispre-programmedformostmoderatetosignificanthearinglosses—nocostlyprofessionaladjustmentsneeded.Theyareshippeddirectlytoyouandwillhelpyouhearbetterrightoutofthebox!Youcanspendthousandsonanexpensivehearingaid,oryoucanspendjust$239onahearingaidthatisgreatformosthearinglosses(only$199eachwhenyoubuyapair-hearupto3timesbetterthanwearingjustone).Wearesosureyouwillloveyourhearingaids.Weoffera100%MoneyBackGuarantee-Risk-freeifyouarenotsatisfiedforanyreason.Nocostlyprofessionalappointmentsneeded!Withourfreetelecare,youcancallourfriendlyandcaringstafffromthecomfortandsafetyofyourhometodiscussyourhearingaidcare.1.WhatdoweknowabouttheGo?A.Itspriceisunbelievablylow.B.Itfeaturesfancybellsandwhistles.C.Itincludesachargingstation.D.Itneedsexpensiveprofessionaladjustments.2.Howmuchshouldyoupaytobuyapair?A.$239,B.$478.C.$199.D.$398.3.Whereisthetextmostlikelyfrom?A.Amagazine.B.Aresearchpaper.1⚓ᐳ116⚓

1C.Atravelbrochure.D.Ascientificjournal.ᫀ:ᵨᦻ஺⚪᛻:஺ᦪṹᘤḄᱯ!ஹ#$%&'()஺1.C*⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷.ᦻ/0123“WiththeGo'sincludedchargingstation,youwon'thavetokeepbuyingandreplacingtinyhearingaidbatteries!”456,theGoᒹ9ᐙᵯ=஺2.D*⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷.0>23“only$199eachwhenyoubuyapair—hearupto3timesbetterthanwearingjustone”4?@ABᘤC@DE◤⌕HI199Jᐗ@LDMN398Jᐗ஺3.AOᳮᑨQ⚪஺RᦻNST@4UVWᩖY஺Passage2Iwasalwaysareader.Asakid,Iwalkedtothelibraryseveraltimesaweekandstayeduplatereadingwithatorch.IdidmyundergraduatedegreeinEnglishandwentontogetamaster'sinliterature.When1createdmyonlineprofile,Imademyscreenname“missbibliophile”.Fillingouttheufavoritebooks“section,Iletmytasteinliteraturespeakforme:OneHundredYearsofSolitude,AMoveableFeast,WhiteTeeth,TheNamesake,TheKnownWorld.ButIrealizedithadbeenmorethantwoyearssinceIhadreadmostofthosetitles.Ihadstoppedreadinggradually,thewayonehealsordies.Davidwasmyonlinefriend.Hisprofilesaidhelikedtoread,soIaskedhimabouthislastbook.Hisfacelitupandhisfingersdanced.ItoldhimIonlyreadonebookthatyear."Butit'sJune.Readabook!^^hesaid.IwaspainfullyawareoftheglaringhypocrisyZ[\]inmylife.Idefendedthevirtuesofbookstoresintheageofonlineretailingandboughtbooks,andtheysatoneverysurfaceuntilmyhouseappearedtowearbooksthewayonewearsclothes.Hissuggestionof"readingabook“echoedinmyhead.Oneafternoon,IpickeduponeI'dboughtonlyforitspoetictitle.Ihadahardtimegettingintoit.WheneverIwastemptedtogiveuponit,IthoughtofDavid.IpushedthroughthefirsttwochaptersanddiscoveredanewnarratorandIlovedthealternatingpointsofview.Ireadatlunchandonmywalkhome,occasionallyliftingmyeyestoavoidstrangersandtheunevenroadsurface.Istayeduplateandfinishedthebook.2⚓ᐳ116⚓

2Ifeltgreatandproudofmyself.ThelasttimeI'dpulledanall-nightertoread,Iwas12.1felthewaspushingmetobemoreofthepersonIusedtobe.l.Whydidtheauthorpurposelylistmanyclassicsinherprofile?A.Toshowhertaste.B.Tolistthebooksshehadread.C.Tofillouttheform.D.Toindicateherability.2.HowmuchdoweknowaboutDavid?A.Heisinterestedindancing.B.Heisexcitedaboutbooks.C.HeiscuriousabouttheInternet.D.Heispatientwithstrangers.3.Howdidtheauthortrytoappearfbndofreading?A.Byrefusingonlinebooks.B.Bydecoratingherhousewithbooks.C.Bywanderingaboutbookstores.D.Byconstantlybuyingdifferentbooks.4.Whydidtheauthorfeelproudofherself?A.Shestayedupallnight.B.Shefinishedreadingabook.C.Sheregainedpassionforbooks.D.Davidpushedhertoread.ᫀ:^_ᦻ஺⚪᛻:Wᡃ஺:aὅcdB▅Ḅf᰿஺1.AOᳮᑨQ⚪஺᪷.023“Iletmytasteinliteraturespeakforme”4O?@aὅhᑡjkl℉ḄnḄNopWqBᦻrḄsᕡ஺2.B*⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷.0>23“Hisprofilesaidhelikedtoread,soIaskedhimabouthislastbook.Hisfacelitupandhisfingersdanced.”4?,DavidNuf᰿vḄ஺3⚓ᐳ116⚓

33.D*⁚ᳮ⚪஺ᵫᦻ/0x23"Idefendedthevirtuesofbookstoresintheageofonlineretailingandboughtbooks,andtheysatoneverysurfaceuntilmyhouseappearedtowearbooksthewayonewearsclothes.”4?@aὅyzA{|Ḅv}~opWq▅஺4.COᳮᑨQ⚪஺᪷.ᨬ'23“IfelthewaspushingmetobemoreofthepersonIusedtobe.”4?@aὅᑮW@NcBvḄf᰿஺Idefendedthevirtuesofbookstoresintheageofonlineretailingandboughtbooks,andtheysatoneverysurfaceuntilmyhouseappearedtowearbooksthewayonewearsclothes.ᙠ&ḄC,ᡃvḄ!Av@ᓰ.u⊤☢@ᑮᡃḄ¡¢£ᩭ¥u¦Ḽ⊟(᪵ᑮᜐ᤮¬v஺Rᑡᔠ஺301uand¯°ᑡᑖ@ᙠ01uᑖ3until²³C´µ¶,ᙠC´µ¶3theway²³·¸µ¶஺Passage3Theotherday,Iwaspurchasingsomegiftsinastore.Standingatthecounterwasanelderlyladywhoimmediatelydrewmyattention.Shelookedtobeatmymother'sage.Ismiledatherwhilenoticinghershockofwhitehair,clearblueeyesbehindherglassesandthegentlesmile.Shesmiledbackandasked,"What'syourname?,,Ireplied,"Seena.What'syours?,^Heranswerwas“Whatalovelyname.MynameisRose.,,Afterputtingawayherwallet,Rosesearchedthroughherbagandwasn'thavinganeasytime.Sheaskedme,"Wouldyoumindhelpingmelookfbrsomethinginmybag?It'ssoheavy,andIcanneverfindanything.Rosewasmeltingmyheart.“Sure.Whatareyoulookingfbr?^^Iasked.Shereplied,needtofindmytelephonebooksoIcancallataxi."Iaskedherwhereshewasgoing,andRoserespondedwith"SimpsonHouse”.Ifeltawarmconnectionwithmynewacquaintanceandsaid,“IpassrightbySimpsonHouse.I'dbehappytodriveyouhome.^^Roserespondedjokingly,"AreyousureI'magoodperson?^^Ireplied,UIamassureasIcanbe.Lefsgo.”WewalkedouttomycarandIopenedthedoorfbrher.Shesaid,"I'mOKgettinginbutIneedsomehelpwiththeseatbelt.^^Itremindedmeofallthetimesmymomwaitedformyassistancetogetintomycar.WhenIwasdriving,Rosesaid,“Inallmyyears,nobodyeverofferedtogivemearide.Ifeelblessedtoknowyou.^^Rosedidmostofthetalking,andwelaughedalot.4⚓ᐳ116⚓

4Wearrivedatherplace.Igotoutofthecartomeetheronthepassenger'ssideandtoopenherdoor.Shesaid,“Icangetout."Rose'spartingwordswere“IhopeIseeyouagain,“andminewere“Iwouldlikethat.^^Withawave,webothleft.l.WhywasRosemeltingSeena*sheart?A.Roselookedelegantandpowerful.B.Seenafelttrustedbyastranger.C.RosepraisedSeenaforthelovelyname.D.SeenawashappytobeyoungerthanRose.2.WhatwasRosetryingtofindinherbag?A.Herwallet.B.Hercellphone.C.Herglasses.D.Hertelephonebook.3.WhydidSeenamentionherownmother?A.TostressRose'spositivelife.B.Toshowherloveforhermother.C.ToimplyRosewasingreatneedofhelp.D.Toremindherselftocaremoreabouthermother.4.WhatkindofpersonisRose?A.Helpfulandserious.B.Honestandoptimistic.C.Considerateandambitious.D.Humorousandindependent.ᫀ:^_ᦻ஺⚪᛻:஺:Seenaᙠᖪº⍗ᑮ¼½Rose,᝛¿ᯠÁÂÃÄ@ÅᨵḼÇÈÉ᩽ḄË᝱Í஺1.BOᳮᑨQ⚪஺᪷.0>24?,RoseÎᓄSeenaḄÐNRoseÑÒSeenaÓÔᙠᒹºÕÖ×,SeenaØÙWqÚuÛËÜÝ஺2.D*⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷.0x23“IneedtofindmytelephonebooksoIcancallataxi.”4?,RoseᙠÕ᝛ḄᵯÞR஺3.AOᳮᑨQ⚪஺᪷.023“Shelookedtobeatmymother'sage.Ismiledatherwhilenoticinghershockofwhitehair,clearblueeyesbehindherglassesandthegentlesmile.”ß0à23"I'mOKgettingin5⚓ᐳ116⚓

5butIneedsomehelpwiththeseatbelt."%"Itremindedmeofallthetimesmymomwaitedformyassistancetogetintomycar.”4O?,Seenaáᑮ%RoseÁâãäḄåæNçoRoseᙠèuÁé@Ë᝱ÍjÉ᩽஺4.DOᳮᑨQ⚪஺᪷.0x23“Roserespondedjokingly,"AreyousureI*magoodperson?”'ßᨬ'23“Shesaid,4Icangetout.’”4O?,Roseêëìíî஺Passage4Likemanyparentsworkingfromhomewhiletheirkidsarelearningremotely,we'vebeenlookingforcreativewaystoconnectwithourchildren——andnowherehasthisbeentruerthaninthekitchen.Kitchenscience,asLizHeinecke,authorofKitchenScienceLabforKidscallsit,doesn'trequireanyfancyequipmentoringredientsZïᧇ]and,bestofall,intheeraofremoteeducation,wecancombinesciencelessonswitheverydaymealpreparations.Byhelpingwithcooking,kidscanengageinlively,project-basedlessons.Actually,eventheeasiestrecipesincludebothsimpleandcomplexscientificconcepts.Kitchenscienceisn*tjustaboutwhatwe'recooking.It'salsoaboutunderstandingwhyit*sworthtakingthetimetofigureouthowingredientsandtemperatureinteractandwhysubstancesbehavethewaytheydo.Everyoneinvolvedwilllearnsomething.Forexample,weallknowoilandwaterdon'tmixeasily,butwecanchangethisbyaddingmustardZñò⏓]totheoilandwatertomakeasaladdressing.ThisisanopportunitytoteachkidsaboutthescienceofemulsionsZôõ!].Addinglemonjuicetoavegetablestopsthatvegetablefromturningbrown;cabbagechangescolorwhenyouaddvinegartoit.Bothofthosephenomenaaretheresultofchemicalreactions.Intheclassroom,itcanbehardtoseehowscientificconceptswillbeappliedoutsidethelab.Butwhenkidsseetheseconceptsworkintherealworld,thatsparkscuriosityandlearning.“Everytimeyoustepintoyourkitchentocook,youputsciencetowork.Infact,physicsandchemistrycomeintoplaywheneveryousteam,bake,freezeorboil.Thus,everytimeyoustepintothekitchen,it'sanopportunityforeveryonetolearnmoreaboutscience/9LizHeineckesaid.l.Whatareparentsexpectedtodointhekitchen?A.Askkidstocookamealontheirown.B.Doscientificexperimentsinthekitchen.C.Payattentiontocookingingredients.D.Combinescientificconceptswithrecipes.6⚓ᐳ116⚓

62.Whatdoesthefourthparagraphindicate?A.Rawmaterialsareimportantinthekitchen.B.Procedurestocookdinnermustbefollowed.C.Cookingcaninspirekids'interestinstudyingscience.D.Familyeducationismoreimportantthanschooleducation.3.WhatcanwelearnfromLizHeinecke'swords?A.Cookingcanbenefitbothkidsandparents.B.Parentsneedtomasterdifferentcookingskills.C.Labexperimentscanberepeatedathome.0.Schoolsshouldoffercookingcourses.4.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinthetext?A.Topracticehealthyeatinghabits.B.Tolearnfoodscienceoutofthelab.C.Toturnmealpreparationsintofamilylearning.D.Toteachkidssomerecipesforcookinginthekitchen.ᫀ:øùᦻ஺⚪᛻:Wᡃ஺:úûᡂý¡%᱄årÿ
Ḅᙢ஺1.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷“wecancombinesciencelessonswitheverydaymealpreparations...eventheeasiestrecipesincludebothsimpleandcomplexscientificconcepts”ᙠḄᭆ"#$%&'Ḅ()*ᔠ,ᩭ஺2.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷.“Butwhenkidsseetheseconceptsworkintherealworld,thatsparkscuriosityandlearning.”./012⊤4ᭆ"#56*ᔠ789:;<Ḅᐶ>஺3.A?⁚ᳮA⚪஺᪷ᨬCD“Thus,everytimeyoustEintothekitchen,it'sanopportunityforeveryonetolearnmoreaboutscience”56G9:H᱄JᩭKLM<
ḄNO9:H᱄JLPQR஺4.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺/SᐰᦻV*ᔠᨬCDWὅY⌕[\ᡃ;ᡂ_<
Ḅᙢ`ab&'cᡂd<ḄNO஺7⚓ᐳ116⚓

7Passage5Whereverontheglobeshemaybe,humanitarianNyamayarokeepsclosetohernativeAfricabycarryingayellowdress."Itremindsmeofthebright,beautifulAfricanskyIusedtoseeinmysmallvillage,shetellsPeople.Nyamayaro'slifepathwasn'talwayssohigh-profile.Growingup,sheassumedshe'dspendherlifecontributingtohervillage,andfarminginthefieldsliketheotherwomenaroundher.ButachanceencounterwithaUnitedNationsworkerthatcameamidaseveredroughtalteredthatpathforever.TwillneverforgetthatdayJNyamayarosays."Achilddiedfromhungereveryfiveseconds,andIalmostbecameoneofthosechildren.AseveredroughthadhitourvillagewhenIturned8yearsoldandsuddenly,myparadisechangedovernightandtherewasnothingtoeatordrink.IthoughtIwasgoingtodie.Itfeltliketherewasnowayofgettingoutofthis.Butthenthisincrediblethinghappened.AnAfrican,whowasaUnitedNationshumanitarian,foundme,andgavemeabowlofporridgethatsavedmylifb."Thechanceencounterprovidedmorethanjustlifesavingnourishment-itopenedthedoorsastowhatcouldbepossibleforher,whoimmediatelysethersightsonworkingfortheUnitedNationsjustlikehersavior.“IthoughtIwantedtobelikeher,sothatonedayIcouldchangethelivesofothers.Tmsogratefulforthatmomentwhichwasverydevastating,becauseitgavemylifesomuchmeaningandpurpose.Thewomanshowedmewhatwaspossible.Sometimesonemomentcanreallychangeyourentirelife/9JustastheUnitedNationsworkeropenedhereyestoopportunitiespreviouslyunknown,NyamayarohopesgirlsfromAfricacandothesameforchildrengrowingupinvillagesjustlikeher,assheknowsherstoryisnotunique.l.Whyisayellowdressmentionedinparagraph1?A.ltstandsforherbrightfuture.B.Ithighlightsherpersonalpreference.C.Itisrelatedtothesceneryofherhometown.D.Itistheluckycolorofherhometown.2.WhydidNyamayarowanttobeahumanitarian?A.Togetridofthepovertyassoonaspossible.B.Toshouldertheresponsibilityofhelpingothers.C.Toseekforchancestobroadenhermind.D.Tosetanexampletothewholecountry.8⚓ᐳ116⚓

83.WhatdoesNyamayaro*scareerstorytellus?A.Fameisagreatthirstoftheyoung.B.Successmeansgettingaperson'sdesiressatisfied.C.Upsanddownsmakeonestrong.D.Wherethere'sawillthere'saway.4.Whereisthispassagemostlikelyfrom?A.Amagazine.B.Anovel.C.Abrochure.D.Aguidebook.eᫀghiASjhikl:noᦻ஺p⚪h᛻:r#sO஺pt:r⍝pvὅNyamayar஺wx᎛zᑮ|rḄ}~,G᝛ᜧ᝛C}~|r஺1.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷D“humanitarianNyamayarokeepsclosetohernativeAfricabycarryingayellowdress.4Itremindsmeofthebright,beautifulAfricanskyIusedtoseeinmysmallvillage,5shetellsPeople”,NyamayaroḄ⁐⊟P᝛ὶYᑮḄ⁐஺2.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ஹDr⍝pvὅ}~Nyamayaro᝛Y⌕}~|rᡠNyamayaroYᡂ_r⍝pvὅ}~|r஺3.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᨬCD"JustastheUnitedNationsworkeropenedhereyestoopportunitiespreviouslyunknown,NyamayarohopesgirlsfromAfricacandothesameforchildrengrowingupinvillagesjustlikeher,assheknowsherstoryisnotunique.”HᦻḄNyamayaroᡂ_r⍝pvὅ}~rM_¡ᑮ}~᝛ḄrḄ⌕&V¢ᡂ£ᡠD⚗“ᨵ§ὅ¨ᡂ”Mᦑ⌕[\ᡃ;Ḅ⍝ᳮ஺4.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻ«ᦻp⌕¬r⍝pvὅNyamayarowx᎛zᑮ|rḄ}~G᝛ᜧ᝛C}~|r஺®§ᦑᨬᨵP¯°ᙠᩖ§²ᦑ⌱A⚗஺´µJustastheUnitedNationsworkeropenedhereyestoopportunitiespreviouslyunknown,NyamayarohopesgirlsfromAfricacandothesameforchildrengrowingupinvillagesjustlikeher,assheknowsherstoryisnotunique.¶᝞¸ὶᔠ¹ºWrᕒᡭ½᝛Ḅ¾¿᝛ÀᑮÁÂ⍝ḄNO,NyamayaroÃÄᩭÅÆÇḄ᝕9ÉP_ÊË᝛D᪵ᙠÍ᩟ᜧḄ9:;&Ï᪵ḄÐ,_᝛⍝᝛ḄᦑVÆÑDÒ஺«µ_pÓÔᔠµ஺µDasÕÖ×ØhÓµ,asÕÖÙØhÓµ,girlsfromAfricacandothesameforchildrengrowingupinvillagesjustlikeherWÚÛhopesḄÜhᐸÁḕᶍÛthato9⚓ᐳ116⚓

9Passage6Ifyouweretothrowabananapeeloutofyourcarwhiledrivingalongthemotorway,thatwouldbeacompletelyharmlessaction,duetothefactthatit'spartofafruit—right?Actually,no.Abananapeelcantakeuptotwoyearstobenaturallyprocessed,andwithathirdofmotoristsadmittingtolitteringwhiledriving,that'sawholelotofdiscardedbananapeels.Anorangepeel,aswellasacigarettebutt,hasasimilarbiodegrading(áᱥãA)termtothatofabananapeel,buttincanslastupto100years;andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles.Despitethefactthatlonger-lastingmaterialswillservetodamagetheenvironmentanditsanimalsforlonger,wecan'tmerelymeasuretheseverityofacertaintypeofrubbishbyitslifetime.Forexample,despitehavingafairlyshortlengthofbiodegradingtime,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitterisdiscardedintheUKeveryday.It'snotacheaphabiteither:TokeepthestreetscleanannuallycostsUKtaxpayers£50()million,andwhenyouincludethegreenspaces,thatgoesupto£1billion.So,it*snotsurprisingthatifcaughtfly-tippingyoucouldfacea£20,000fineorevenjailtimeand,ifyoudisposedofsomethingdangerous,thecourtcouldgiveyoufiveyearstoserve.Regardlessofhowseverethesepunishmentsmightseem,however,amongthereportedcasesonly2,000werefoundguiltyoutof825,000,sowestillhavealongwaytogoinmakingsurepeopleobeytherules.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“discarded“inpara.1mean?A.Harmless.B.Processed.C.Thrown.D.Long-lasting.2.Whichofthefollowinghasthelongestbiodegradingterm?A.Glassbottles.B.Tincans.C.Cigarettebutts.D.Bananapeels.3.Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?A.Theseverityofrubbishcanbemeasuredbyitslifetime.B.Quiteafewpeoplewerefoundguiltyofillegallylittering.C.EveryyearUKtaxpayersspend500millionpoundskeepingstreetsfreeofdirt.D.Cigarette-relatedlitterandpeelscanbeignoredfortheirfairlyshortlifetime.4.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?10⚓ᐳ116⚓

10A.Toinformreadersofdifferentbiodegradingterms.B.Tocallforpeoplenottolitterillegally.C.Toencouragepeopletousefewerplasticbags.D.Tostresstheimportanceofgoodbehavior.eᫀghiASjhikl:K4ᦻ஺p⚪h᛻:r#Åᯠ஺pt:Wὅæᔙr;Â⌕èᡮᚗë஺1.CìÛv⚪஺᪷²ᦻ“Ifyouweretothrowabananapeeloutofyourcarwhiledrivingalongthemotorway,thatwouldbeacompletelyharmlessaction,duetothefactthatit'spartofafruit-right?”Ḅ“throw”¯discarded⊤íthrownḄîï஺2.A?⁚ᳮA⚪஺᪷D“Anorangepeel,aswellasacigarettebutt,hasasimilarbiodegrading(áᱥãA)termtothatofabananapeel,buttincanslastupto10()years;andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles.”,glassbottlesḄáᱥãAxðᨬ஺3.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᨬCD“TokeᓺthestreetscleanannuallycostsUKtaxpayers£500million^^òóô¹õör◤øùúûô╏ᩭýᢝ⊙⍝
஺4.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᐰᦻᡠὅḄᑏḄᙠ⌕ᡮᚗ஺Passage7We*veallbeenthere,whenareallyessentialitemthatyouhadtoorderonlinearrivesinsuchanunbelievableamountofpackagingthatitmakesyoufeellikeit'sanunpreparedgameofpassingtheparcel.It'smadeevenworsebythefactthatsomeofthepackagingcan'tberecycled.Infact,10milliontonnesofpackagingwasteareproducedintheUKeveryyear.Alotofthisendsupinlandfill,two-thirdsofwhichcouldhaveinsteadbeenrecycled.Thegoodnews,however,isthathowpackagingwasteismanagedisinforaBIGshake-upinlinewiththe"polluterpaysprinciple”.Byplacingthemainpointofdutytopayonbrandowners,theywillbeencouragedtochoosemoresustainablepackagingoptionswhicharerecyclableandreusableasmuchaspossible.Otherwise,theywillhavetopayhigherfees.ThisisasystemknownasExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)—meaningthatthosewhohavecontroloverpackagingdesigndecisionswillbeencouragedtodotherightthingfortheplanetatthebeginningandconsiderwhathappensattheendofthepackaging'slifefromthestart.11⚓ᐳ116⚓

11Whatthismeansisthatinsteadoflocalauthoritiespickingupthebillforhouseholdwastemanagement,companieswillhavetopayformanagingyourhouseholdpackagingwaste,andtheywillbemetwiththeassociatedlittlecoststoo.And,asanaddedbonus,thenewEPRlawsonpackagingwillalsomeanthatproducersarerequiredtoputclearmandatory"#ᑴឋḄ&labellingonpackaging.Forexample,thiscouldbe"RECYCLE"or“DONOTRECYCLE”.Ofcourse,wehopethatthe"DONOTRECYCLE^^categorylabellingistheminority.Itisaimedthatby2030,78%ofpackagingwillberecycledintheUK.l.Whatcanweknowfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Two-thirdsofpackagingwasteisrecycled.B.0ver-packagingisoftenthecaseinlife.C.Thequalityofgoodscannotbeguaranteed.D.Onlineshoppingisgettinglesspopular.2.Whowillberesponsibleforpayingpackagingwastecostsaccordingtothelaw?A.Designers.B.Producers.C.Customers.D.Localauthorities.3.WhatcantheEPRlawsleadthebrandownerstodo?A.Payhighertaxesandrecyclepackagingwaste.B.Putclearlabellingonpackagingandpromotesales.C.Cutpackagingwasteandimprovepackagingrecycling.D.Followthepackagingdesigntrendandtherightthings.4.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheitemsorderedonlineinthefuture?A.Theirlabellingonpackagingwillbesimpleandgenerous.B.Themajorityoftheirpackagingneedn'tberecycled.C.Theywillbeofhighqualityandinexpensive.D.They'llarriveintherightamountofrecyclablepackaging.'ᫀ)*+,-.*+/0:23ᦻ஺4⚪*᛻:67ᯠ஺49::;<=>ᒹ@Aᒹ@BCᦈᑭᵨḄG⚪HᑴIḄJKLMEPRANOBPᩭḄRS6ᵨ஺12⚓ᐳ116⚓

121.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷TUVW“insuchanunbelievableamountofpackaging”ATXVW“10milliontonnesofpackagingwasteareproducedintheUKeveryyear”OYTUஹXV[\ᡃ=>ᒹ@ᙠ^_W`aᨵḄc஺2.Bd⁚ᳮ,⚪஺᪷TfVW“inlinewiththe'polluterpaysprinciple”'ATgVW“companieswillhavetopayformanagingyourhouseholdpackagingwaste”OYᢥ᯿jḄkl,noὅᓽqr^qὅstuvwᒹ@ᚗᜐᳮyᵨ஺3.Cd⁚ᳮ,⚪஺᪷TfVW“theywillbeencouragedtochoosemoresustainablepackagingoptionswhicharerecyclableandreusable”Aᨬ{UVW“thenewEPRlawsonpackagingwillalsomeanthatproducersarerequiredtoputclearmandatory"#ᑴឋḄ&labellingonpackaging”OYjḄEPRk|}~rᡠᨵὅᒹ@yᦋᗐᒹ@Cᦈᑭᵨ஺4.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷TVW“Ofcourse,wehopethatthe4DONOTRECYCLE,categorylabellingistheminority.Itisaimedthatby2030,78%ofpackagingwillberecycledintheUK.”OYᩭḄᖪrsᵨᔠ〉ᦪḄOCᦈᒹ@ᡭᒹ⌴〈஺Whatthismeansisthatinsteadoflocalauthoritiespickingupthebillforhouseholdwastemanagement,companieswillhavetopayformanagingyourhouseholdpackagingwaste,andtheywillbemetwiththeassociatedlittlecoststoo.ᕡḼ`ᵫᙢLᩭ:¡¢ᚗ£ᳮ¤ᓫH`¦§¨©:¡¢ᒹ@ᚗḄ£ᳮ¤ᓫª«¬ᐵḄyᵨ஺¯:ªᑡ±ᔠWwhat²³4*´,that²³⊤*´ᙠ⊤*´W¶·and¶¸ªᑡᑖ஺Passage8ChinesescientistshaveidentifiedanewproteinthatrestrictsHIVinfection,adiscoverythatcouldpavethewayfbrthedevelopmentofnewdrugsagainstthevirus.Theprotein,P-selectinglycoproteinligand1PSGL-1
,whichexistsinhumancells,caninhibit"ᢓᑴ&theprocessbywhichHIVreproduces,accordingtoresearchpublishedinthesciencejournalNatureMicrobiologythismonth.However,thestudyalsoshowedthatPSGL-1canbenegativelyaffectedbyVpu-anaccessory"▬¼&proteinofHIV-whichcanneutralizetheabilityofPSGL-1toresistHIV.FurtherresearchisunderwaytodevelopadrugthatcaninhibittheHIVproteinsothatPSGL-1canrestrictHIV,accordingtoTanXu,aresearcheratTsinghuaUniversity'sSchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,aleadingauthorofthestudy.13⚓ᐳ116⚓

13SeveralotherproteinsinhumancellsthatcouldresistHIVhavebeendiscoveredoverthepast10years,buttheviruscanalsoevade"½¾&them.PSGL-1showsparticularpromiseinthatitcaninhibitHIVinmultipleways-especiallybyblockingtheinfectiousnessofvirusoffspring,Tansaid.“Wearestartingtoresearchintosmallmolecule"ᑖ¿&compoundsinthehopeoffindingonethatcanrestorePSGL-1'santi-HIVfunction.Inthisway,wecandevelopaveryeffectiveantiviraldrugforpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,“hesaid.Tansaiditwillrequireatleastthreetofiveyearsfortheresearchtoreachthepreclinicalstage,andmoretimeafterthatbeforeaclinicaltrialispossible.TheresearchwasconductedbyresearchersatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijing,FudanUniversityinShanghaiandGeorgeMasonUniversityintheUnitedStates.ExistingtreatmentmethodsfbrpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,whichmostlyrelyonacombinationofdifferentdrugs,canpreventthediseasefromprogressingbutcannotcureit,andlong-termuseofdrugscanresultindrugresistance.Anestimated37millionpeopleintheworldlivewithHIV,accordingtotheJointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS.Thestudyprovidesnewleadstodevelopingantiviraldrugs,TsinghuaUniversitysaidinastatement.l.WhatcanwelearnaboutPSGL-1fromthepassage?A.BoththeproteinPSGL-1andtheproteinVpuareHIVproteins.B.PSGL-1canrestrictthefunctionoftheproteinVpu.C.PSGL-Tsmoleculecompoundshavebeenidentified.D.TheproteinPSGL-1functionsbetterthanothersinresistingHIV.2.Whatcanweinferfromthelastthreeparagraphs?A.TheexistingtreatmentforAIDSarefarfromperfect.B.Itwillbeadecadebeforetheantiviraldrugsisputonthemarket.C.Americanscientistsplayedaleadingroleintheresearch.D.HIV/AIDSwillnolongerbeadeadlyproblemowingtothenewdiscovery.3.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.ThereisalongwaytogobeforecuringAIDS.B.MorepeoplearefacedwiththethreatofHIV.C.ChinesescientistsareleadingthewayincuringAIDS.D.AnewproteintoresistHIVwasconfirmedbyscientists.14⚓ᐳ116⚓

144.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Aguidebook.B.Afiction.C.Amagazine.D.Abrochure.'ᫀ)*+,-.*+/0:23ᦻ஺4⚪*᛻:6À}஺49:WÁÂájÄÅÆUÇOÈᢓᑴÉÊËËÌÍoḄÎÏÐ,OB:ẆÄᢙÉÊËËÌḄjÓr¾ÔÕÖ஺1.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷TfVW“PSGL1showsparticularpromiseinthatitcaninhibitHIVinmultipleways—especiallybyblockingtheinfectiousnessofvirusoffspring,Tansaid.”OY,PSGL-1ᐹᨵØÇᢙÉÊËËÌÙBÚÅÛÜḄÝÞ——àᐸBᢓᑴj^ËÌḄâoឋ஺ᦑPSGL-1ÎÏᙠäᢙÉÊËËÌ☢æᐸçÎÏÙBèÜ஺2.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷TgV“ExistingtreatmentmethodsforpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,whichmostlyrelyonacombinationofdifferentdrugs,canpreventthediseasefromprogressingbutcannotcureit,andlong-termuseofdrugscanresultindrugresistancé“OYÝÉÊËḄëᶭí`ØÇÓᱥḄïᔠððë᪗ë¯òᵨó}ôq^ᢙÓឋõõö÷ø஺3.D49⌕ù⚪஺᪷ᦻúTUW“ChinesescientistshaveidentifiedanewproteinthatrestrictsHIVinfection”AûᦻᑁýOYᦻúᜧ:Âáÿ
ḄᢙḄ஺4.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺ᦻ⌕ḄḄᢙḄ!"#ᐸ%&ḄẆ()*+஺ᡠ"ᦻᨬᨵ/0ᩭ2ᩖ4஺Passage9InaclassicepisodeofTheSimpsons,Homer'sclassreunionendsinshamewhenoneofHomer'sguiltysecretsisexposed:henevergraduatedfromhighschool.Togethisdiploma,hemustpassasciencetest.Ashesitsdowntoretaketheexam,heholdsoneofhistrademarkdialogueswithhisbrain.UA11right,brain.Youdon'tlikemeandIdon'tlikeyou.Butlet'sjustdothisandIcangetbacktokillingyouwithbeer.^^Manyatruewordisspokenasajoke.HomerSimpson'sEverymancharacterreallyisanEveryman.Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.Itissomucheasiertoquitandletthebrain'sautopilottakeover.Andnowonder.Evolutionhasblessedthehumanbrainwithallkindsofmentalshortcutsthatmakelifemanageable.Ifwehadtothinkabouteveryactionorweighupeverydecision,wewouldbreakdown.Asaresult,certainideasandmodesofthinkingcomenaturallytous,suchaseffortlessthinking.15⚓ᐳ116⚓

15Butathugecost.Ourmentalshortcutsworkfineatthelevelofindividualsandsmall-scalesocieties,butinanincreasinglyinterconnectedandglobalizedworld,theyareadangertosociety.Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld'smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.Allarecausedbypeopledisengagingtheircriticalthinkingandgoingwiththeirgut67ᳮឋḄ9feeling.Everybodyiscapableofgutfeeling,butalsoofcriticalthinking.Boththinkingstylesareneededtomaketheworldgoround.Unfortunately,thelatterrequirestrainingthatisunavailableorunappealingtomanypeople.Oneofthebrightspotsin2017wasthestartofamovementcalledtheMarchforScience.Thosewhobelieveinthepowerofscienceneedtokeeponmarching,orgivemorepowertopeoplewhodon'tmuchliketheirownbrains-orotherpeople's.l.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoconveythroughHomer'sstory?A.Feelingisveryimportant.B.Drinkingbeerisharmfultoone'sbrain.C.Highschoolseniorsshouldworkhard.D.MostpeoplehateeffortfulthinkinglikeHomer.2.Howdoyoureadbetweenthelinesoftheunderlinedsentenceaccordingtothepassage?A.Mostpeoplewouldrathertelljokesthantellthetruth.B.Mostpeopledon'twanttotoilthroughscientifictests.C.Mostpeoplewouldlovetohavetheirbrainscontrolledbyapilot.D.MostpeoplelikeSimpson'sordinarycharacterarewillingtothinksimple.3.Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A.Ourmentalshortcutsfunctionwell.B.Effortlessthinkingisexpensiveforpeople.C.Effbrtlessthinkingisdangeroustosociety.D.Peopleprefereffortlessthinkingtocriticalthinking.4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcriticalthinking?A.Itmakestheworldgoround.B.Itneedsnecessarytraining.C.Itworksfineatthelevelofpersonalaffairs.16⚓ᐳ116⚓

16D.ItleadstotheMarchforSciencein2017.5.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeededB.EffortlessThinkingIsOutofDateC.WeNeedtoMarchTowardsScienceD.ThinkingContributestoSocialProblems:ᫀl.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷=>?@>?AB)>CAB/D!EὅGHI₹KḄᦑMNOᜧQᦪST₹K᪵VWXYZὃ஺2.D\]^_⚪஺᪷=>?@>?AB)>CAB/D!`aAbG⌕⊤dḄeZf“T₹Khij᪵klḄSmnoepᓫᙢZὃ”஺3.Ctᜧe⚪஺>u@Ḅ>ABf⚪A,@⌕
wxXYḄZὃyz{fᓻ◅Ḅ஺4.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷=>~@ᨬ%AB/D,EὅᢇᑨឋZ◤⌕⌕Ḅ஺5.Atᜧe⚪஺᪷=>?@>CAB#>u@Ḅ>CAB/D,ᦻ⌕
ᙠQᦪSxᢇᑨឋZ!ᓽᳮឋZ!⚪Ḅ᪷ᙠSmᳮឋZ஺ᵫ/D,A⚗“CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeeded6ᢇᑨឋZᑗ◤⌕9”〉ᔠEᦻ¤Ḅᨬ¥᪗⚪஺Passage10Asparents,wewantourchildrentoreachtheirfullacademicpotential.Wereadtothem,encouragetheirspecialtalents,andsupportthemwhentheyhaveproblems.Iftheychoosetoparticipateinmusicorsports,wealsohelpthemreachtheirpotentialinthoseareas.Theseareallgoodgoals.Thereis,however,anevenmoreimportantgoal.Itisagoalmoredifficultthanexcellenceinarithmeticorsoccerortheviolin.Parentsareresponsibleforprovidingtheirchildrenwithamoralcompass.Theyneedtonurtureandtreasuregoodnessintheirchildren.Everychildhasthecapacitytobecomeagood,decenthumanbeing.Tofulfillthiscapacity,childrenneedtheguidanceandsupportofparentsandotheradults.Raisinggood,moralchildrenisthemostimportantjobwewillhave.Whatisagood,decenthumanbeing?Whilewemaydifferonsomedetails,mostwouldagreethatrespectforothers,kindnessandcaring,honestyandhonor,andareverence6§¨9forlifearekey.Good,decenthumanbeingsarepeoplewithafirmsenseofdirectionandpurpose-amoralcompass-toguidetheirlives.Childrenneedourhelptodevelopthesecharacteristicsandvalues.17⚓ᐳ116⚓

17Whilemostpeopletrytoactwithhonorandkindness,doingsoconsistentlyisdifficultandrequireslifelongeffort.Goodnessisnoteasyforanadultanditisevenmoredifficultforachild.Theydonothavetheknowledge,experiences,orcognitiveskillstounderstandtheimpactandconsequencesoftheiractions.Reinforcementissometimesanefficientapproachtobuildingpositivebehavior.Thechildbehavesinadesiredwayandtheparentsprovidereinforcement.Thebehaviorthentypicallyincreasesinfrequency.Thisapproachworksfbrteaching“Please"and"Thankyou”.Thenewbehaviorismaintained,becauseithelpsthechildgetalongintheworld.Loving,everydayinteractionsarethebeginningofraisingmoralchildren.Thechildwhofallsandreceivesadultconcernlearnshowtotreatotherskindlywhentheystumble6©ªᑮ9.Thechildwhomakesamistakeandisencouragedtotryagainlearnshowtosupportothers.Whenparentsintercede6®9graciouslyfortheirchild,thechildcanseethebasisforfriendship.Whenwetreatchildrenwithrespectandcare,weprovideapositivemodelofhowtobehave.Theseearlyexperiencesestablishpatternsfortheirtreatmentofothers.l.Whatareadultssupposedtodotomakechildrenbecomegood,decenthumanbeings?A.Toencouragetheirchildrentolearnmoreaboutsportsormusic.B.Tohelptheirchildrentodeveloptheirspecialtalents.C.Tosupporttheirchildrenwhentheyhaveproblems.D.Toreinforcepositivebehaviorthrougheverydayinteractions.2.Whyisitdifficultforachildtoactwithhonorandkindness?A.Becauseitisdifficultfbradultstodoso.B.Becauseachildisnotmatureenoughtodoso.C.Becauseachilddoesnotunderstandtheabstractconceptof“goodness”.D.Becauseachilddoesnothaveamodeltofollow.3.Theauthortalksaboutteaching"Please”and“Thankyou,,todemonstratethat.A.saying“Please”and"Thankyou“isagoodhabitB.politenessisthenatureofamoralcompassC.politenesshelpsthechildgetalongintheworldD.reinforcementisanefficientapproachtobuildingpositivebehavior4.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A.Toemphasizetheimportanceofadults*concernwhenachildfalls.18⚓ᐳ116⚓

18B.Toshowhowtoguidechildrentodevelopfriendship.C.Toexplainwhyadultsshouldtreatchildrenwithrespectandcare.D.Toshowhowloveandeverydayinteractionsworkinmoldingamoralchild.:ᫀl.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷=>?@Ḅᨬ%CABஹ>~@Ḅ>AB)ᨬ%@Ḅ>AB/D!᱄±²³HI´µ¶·ᩭ¸ᓄºbḄ»᩽,½¾ºbḄ⍝ÀÁ!ÂúbᡂÅÆÇḄS஺2.BÈ⁚ᳮ®⚪஺᪷=>u@Ḅᨬ%ÊAB/D,ºbmxᡂË!ÌmÍᨵDÎஹÏÐ)Dᢈ0ᩭᳮ®ÌmḄÒÓḄ*+)%Ô!ÕÃÖºbm×Ø"ᗐÆḄÚÛ½M஺3.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷=᎔ᦪ>?@ḄÝCAB/D!¸ᓄᨵÞfßà»᩽ḄᨵᦔÚâ஺ᯠ%äᦻåæç'Thisapproachworksforteaching'Please1and'Thankyou’.”,EὅᵨᦟºbN"Please")"Thankyou^^Eëbᩭì¸ᓄfßà»᩽ḄᨵᦔÚâ஺4.D᝱îeï⚪஺Hðᨬ%@/D,>ABfñA஺Â>?Aᑮ᎔ᦪ>?AEὅᙠòëNOó᝞õᙠ´µÓö¾ºbᡂᨵ⍝ÀḄS஺ᨬ%A¸ºbḄ÷øÏᔊᦟ{ºb᝞õyúÌS஺ᵫ/D,³@ḄûḄfNO᰿)´µýþ᝞õÿ
ᡂᨵ⍝Ḅ஺Passage11ArtificialintelligenceAI
technologyhasbeenwidelyappliedinanationalparkinNorthwestChinatotracksnowleopardsinhabitingtheregion.TheAi-aideddigitaltoolboxcanautomaticallytellthespeciesapartintheQilianMountainNationalPark,Gansuprovince,fromotherwildlife,usingimagescapturedᣓᣍbyinfraredcameras᜜.Thetechnology,jointlydevelopedbyChineseInternetgiantTencent,theWorldWildFundforNatureandOnePlanetFoundation,canthusimprovedataprocessingefficiency.Locatedataround3,500metersabovesealevel,theQilianMountainswithvaststretchesofbarerocksreachingfromthegrassprovideafavorablehideawayshelterforthesnowleopards.Thoughmorethan200camerashavebeenputintheregion,sortingoutrelevantinformationhadnotbeeneasyforresearchers.“Forconductingfurtherstudiesonthepopulation,distributionandactivitiesofthesnowleopards,aflagshipspeciesintheregion,thecameraswouldcapturehundredsofthousandsofvideoclipsandphotoseveryquarter,saidMaDuifangwiththeadministrationbureauofthepark'sGansusection.19⚓ᐳ116⚓

19“Evenaslightmovementintheenvironment,suchasamildbreezeblowingoverthegrass,canactivatethecameras.Sometimes,curiouswildlifebumpsintothedevicetriggeringtheshutter,andthecamerastakepicturesofmereclouds,Maadded.Maandhiscolleagueshadtogothrougheachvideoframebyframe⌲ᙢ.Theinformationofspeciesthatappearedontheimagesalsorequiredhumaninput,soitoftentookthemseveralweekstocompletesuchtasks.Tencent'sengineeringteamhasindependentlydevelopedaspeciesrecognitionalgorithmbymeansoftransferlearningandautomaticdataenhancement.ThankstoAItechnology,researchersintheQilianMountainNationalParknolongerneedtoworklikemadinsearchofleopardshidingoutinthewild.“Theforestpolicecannowlocateasnowleopardfrom1,000picturesinjustabout20minutes,muchfasterthanbefore,saidHuangXiangqi,oneofthetechdevelopers.SnowleopardsareunderChina*shighestnational-levelprotectionandarelistedasvulnerableᾪḄbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature.InChina,theycanbespottedincoldareasinsouthwestern,northwestern,andnorthernregionsincludingTibet,Sichuan,Xinjiang,GansuandInnerMongolia.“Wehopewecancombinemonitoringdatawithfieldinvestigationtohelpresearchersaccuratelyidentifythewildspeciessoastodrawupamorespecificplanfortheirprotection,saidMaYao,directoroftheproject,hopingthedigitaltoolboxcanbeusedinmorecountries.1.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph2?A.Infraredcamerascantellthespeciesapartautomatically.B.AItechnologycanimprovethequalityoftheinfraredcameras.C.AItechnologyhasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofidentifyingsnowleopards.D.TencenthelpeddevelopinfraredcamerasfortheQilianMountainNationalPark.2.WhatisthepurposeofplacingsomanycamerasintheQilianMountainNationalPark?A.Toprovetheexistenceofsnowleopards.B.Tosortoutthelocalwildlife.C.Tocaptureasmuchcuriouswildlifeaspossible.D.Tolearnmoreaboutsnowleopards.3.WhatcanbeconcludedfromParagraph6?A.Thecamerasmostlytakepicturesofclouds.20⚓ᐳ116⚓

20B.Manyfactorswillaffecttheworkofinfraredcameras.C.Thecamerasareonlyactivatedbycuriouswildlife.D.Thecamerasarealsousedtomonitortheweather.4.Whataretheresearchers*attitudestowardstheAItechnologydevelopedbyTencent?A.Grateful.B.Wait-and-see.C.Optimistic.D.Skeptical.5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.ALaidedTechDevelopedfortheProtectionofSnowLeopardsB.AITechnologyUsedtoCaptureSnowLeopardsC.InfraredCamerasPlacedtoTrackSnowLeopardsD.AITechnologyDevelopedtoImproveDataProcessingEfficiencyᫀl.c!ᳮᑨ$⚪஺᪷'()*(+,-./0123ᢈ5᩽ᜧᙢ89:;<=>Ḅᦔ᳛஺2.D!ᳮᑨ$⚪஺᪷'(A*(+,-./0ᙠἅDEFGHIJK᝞MNḄ᤬PᜮR::STNᐵV=>ḄWX஺3.BYZᜧ[⚪஺᪷'(\*./,]᛻_`aḄbcdefgcᱥijNklmnop᤬PḄ1q஺4.A!ᳮᑨ$⚪஺᪷'(r*(),-./0ᙠstHuvḄ123ᢈ5Ḅwxy,Ẇ{ᕒ}~◤⌕f᜜Ḅ=>0ᡠdẆ{ᕒstvḄ123ᢈ5ᢝḄ᝱஺5.AYZᜧ[⚪஺᪷'(+*deᨬ+*./0ᦻY⌕:123xᢈ5ᨵxV=>0=>Ḅ0ᡠdA⚗〉ᔠqᦻ᪗⚪஺Passage12Lastyearscientistsreportedusinganeuralimplant¡ᐭᱥinaman'sbraintorestorehisabilitytocommunicate.Themanhasbeenpartiallyparalyzedandunabletoproducecomprehensiblespeechsincesufferingaseverestroke.Itisthelatestadvanceintheexplodingfieldofbrain-computerinterfaces£¥,orBCIs,whichallowcomputerstoreadinformationoutofalivingbrain.Brain-computerinterfacesarepossiblebecauseoftwofacts.Thefirstisthatyourbraincontainshundredsoftinymaps.Eachrepresentsspecificfeaturesofyourphysicalfeelingsandintendedactions.Andcrucially,thebasicsetofbrainmapsandtheirlocationswithinthebrainareverysimilaracrossindividuals.21⚓ᐳ116⚓

21Thankstotheirspecializedfunctionsanduniversallocations,brainmapsareidealentrypointsforBCItechnologies.PickingupsignalsfromabrainmapisonlythefirststepinmakingausefulBCI.Althoughthelocationofabrainmapisthesameacrossindividuals,thedetails——whatpatternsofactivitywithinthemapmean-differfrompersontoperson.Inasense,theuniquefeaturesofyourspecificbrainmapsserveasakindofencryption¦11§,safeguardingyourspecificthoughtsandfeelingsfromwould-bespies.ThatbringsustothesecondfactthatmakesBCIspossible.Thankstoadvancesinmachinelearning,scientistshavedevelopedprogramsthatcanlearntorecognizekeypatternsinavastseaofnumbers.TheytraintheseprogramstodecodeSṹbrainsignalsbyfeedingthemtonsofexamples.ResearchersdevelopingBCIsoftencreatesuchexamplesbyinstructinganindividualtothinkspecificthoughtsatspecifictimes,creatinganeuralcurriculumfortheprogramtolearnfrom.WhiletheuniversalfeaturesandlocationsofbrainmapsmakethemobviousentrancesforBCIs,theuniquefeaturesofyourbrainmapstendtoprotectthemfromspyingeyes.IncaseswhereBCIshavesuccessfullyreadspecificthoughtsorintentionsfromabrain,ithasbeenwiththepermissionoftheindividualwhosebrainwasbeingread.Buttherearesurreptitiouswaystotraindecodersonyourbrainwithoutyourknowledge.Thiscanhappenifyourneuraldatafallsintothehandsofcompanieswithdetailedinformationaboutyouractivities.Likealltechnologies,brain-computerinterfacesarenotnecessarilygoodorbad.YetwhileharvestingthebenefitsofBCIs,weneedtoensurethatwehavethemeanstoprotectourselvesfromcorporationswitheverymotivetotakeadvantageofthistechnologyfortheirfinancialgain.l.Whatcanwelearnaboutbrainmaps?A.Theycarryuniquemessages.B.Theycanprocessencryptedsignals.C.Theirfunctionsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Theirlocationsrevealhumanthinkingpatterns.2.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.BCIscanboostbrainsignalsdramatically.B.BCIscouldhelprecoverfrombraininjuries.C.MachinelearningenablesBCIstoreadmind.D.ThedecodingofthebrainmaybeaffectedbyBCIs.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“surreptitious“inParagraph5probablymean?(22⚓ᐳ116⚓

22A.Secure.B.Stable.C.Standard.D.Secret.4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.ThefuturetrendofBCIs.B.ThepotentialrisksofBCIs.C.TheworkingprincipleofBCIs.D.ThegeneralapplicationsofBCIs.ᫀ«¬S®¯BCIR+°D£ᜧᾯ²ᵯᾯḄ£¥0´ᐕ¶·®¸¹ºᜧᾯ_ḄWX஺1.A!ᳮᑨ$⚪஺᪷'()*_Ḅ"Thefirstisthatyourbraincontainshundredsoftinymaps.Eachrepresentsspecificfeaturesofyourphysicalfeelingsandintendedactions.”»(¼*_Ḅ“Inasense,theuniquefeaturesofyourspecificbiainmapsserveasakindofencryption,safeguardingyourspecificthoughtsandfeelingsfromwould-be½ies.”./¾ᾯᙢ¿ÀÁḼÃᱯḄWX஺2.C!ᳮᑨ$⚪஺᪷'(Å*_Ḅ“UᚆÇiQJrixanc*È!Ê©Ìlearning,scientistshavedevelopedprogramsthatcanlearntorecognizekeypatternsinavastseaofnumbers.Theytraintheseprogramstodecodebrainsignalsbyfeedingthemtonsofexamples...”./0ᘤÎÏÐBCI3Ñ®Òᜧᾯ஺3.D!ÓÔÕ⚪஺Ö×Ôᡠᙠ,
_ØÙ:withoutyourknowledge,ᢣ“ᙠÜ}/ÝḄÝÞy”0kMàáâãäRå§Ḅ(secret)஺4.CYZ⌕Õ⚪஺æᦻY⌕▊è:BCIR᝞鮸ᜧᾯ_ḄWXḄ0ᓽBCIḄ1qëᳮ஺Passage13IwasattheMarchforScienceinBoston,on22April2017,aswereabout70,000otherscientists.Weweretheretostandupforfactsandtruth.Wherearethecrowdsofscientistsnow?Sincethen,harmfromsciencedenialhasonlyincreased:globalsufferinghasgrownowingtoinactiononclimatechange,andsomeepidemicshaverisenalongwithvaccineskepticism.Fvebeenouttheretalkingtothesciencedeniers,andI'veaskedmyscientistfriendstocomewithme.“Thosepeoplejustaren'tworthtalkingto/9they'llsay."Iwouldn'tmakeadifferenceanyway.,,Thafswrong.Thosepeoplecananddochangetheirminds,althoughitrequiressomeonetoputinthetimetoovercomedistrust.23⚓ᐳ116⚓

23Tobesure,manyexpertshavelaunchedthemselvesagainstmisinformation,enduringabuseonsocialmediaandeventhreatstotheirsafety.Butwhenscientiststurndownmyinvitations,it'snotbecauseoffear.Mostoften,theirexcusesaregroundedinthe"backfireeffect”,aquestionablefindingthatpeoplesometimesembracemisconceptionsmorestronglywhenfacedwithcorrectiveinformation,implyingthatpushingbackagainstfalsehoodsiscounterproductive.Eventheresearcherswhoseresultswereexaggeratedtopopularizethisideadonotembraceitanymore,andarguethatthetruechallengeislearninghowbesttotargetcorrectiveinformation.Infact,evidenceisgrowingthatrebuttalscanbeeffective.Sciencedeniersalldrawonthesameflawedreasoningtechniques:cherry-pickingevidence,relyingonfakeexperts,andengaginginillogicalreasoning.Alandmark2019studyshowedthatcritiquingflawedtechniquescancontainthespreadofmisinformation.Sohowdoes"techniquerebuttal“workinpractice?ArnaudGagneurandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofSherbrookeconductedmorethan1,00020-minuteinterviewsinwhichtheylistenedtonewparents*concernsaboutvaccinationsandansweredtheirquestions.Thoseparents*childrenwere9%morelikelytoreceiveallthevaccinesontheschedulethanthoseofuninterviewedparentswhosebabiesweredeliveredinthesamematernityward.Onemothertoldhim:"It'sthefirsttimethatI'vehadadiscussionlikethis,andIfeelrespected,andItrustyou.,,Itisself-evidentinsciencecommunicationthatyoucannotconvinceasciencedenierwithfactsalone;mostsciencedeniersdon'thavealackofinformation,butalackoftrust.Sowhatshouldscientistsdo?Evennon-expertscanusetechniquerebuttal.Ageologistcanengageaneighborwhoisvaccinehesitantinconversation.Aproteinbiologistcancoachanauntorunclewhowants“moreevidence^^thatclimatechangeisreal.Insteadofshiftingtomorecomfortableconversations,engageinrespectfulexchanges.Ifyouspendmoretimeaskingquestionsthanofferingexplanations,peoplewillbemorelikelytopayattentiontotheexplanationsthatyoudooffer.l.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.TheMarchforScienceaddressedonlineabuse.B.Thesilenceofscientistsworsensharmfromsciencedenial.C.Ineffectivevaccinesspeedupthespreadofsomeepidemics.D.Theauthor'sfriendsfinditvaluabletotalkwithsciencedeniers.2.Accordingtothepassage,the"backfireeffect“.A.suggestscautionbeforecorrectingothers24⚓ᐳ116⚓

24B.emphasizestheeffectivenessofrebuttalsC.resultsfromflawedreasoningtechniquesD.enjoyswidesupportintheacademicfield3.Thelasttwoparagraphssuggestthat,A.theinterviewedparentsagreedtovaccinationduetothesufficiencyoftheinformationB.geologistsandproteinbiologistsneedtomakesuretheconversationsarecomfortableC.scientistsareencouragedtolistencarefullyandaskquestionsduringinteractionD.scientistsshouldteachnon-expertshowtoconductrespectfulexchanges4.Inwritingthispassage,theauthoraimsto.A.expressconcernsformisinformationB.analyzetherootcauseofsciencedenialC.advocateemployingtechniquerebuttalD.presenttheproblemsscientistsencounterᫀ«¬S®¯ᦻ8Ø:ì☢îÎᔲðὅò0îÎGãä᝞éTóᙢã“⌮õᦔã”——÷¸ᢈ5øùḄúû஺1.B!ᳮᑨ$⚪஺᪷'(Å*(),»(¼,./0îÎGüýþîÎᔲðὅḄ┯
஺᪷"Infact,evidenceisgrowingthatrebuttalscanbeeffective.”▭ᔲὅḄ┯
!ᨵᦔḄ஺ᵫ%,B⚗()*Ḅ+,-.ᒓᔲ0Ḅᓻ234ᔠᦻ7ᑁ9஺2.A:ᳮᑨ=⚪஺᪷?@A?"Mostoften,theirexcusesaregroundedinthe'backfireeffect\aquestionablefindingthatpeoplesometimes,embracemisconceptionsmorestronglywhen,facedwithcorrectiveinformation,implyingthatpushingbackagainstfalsehoodsiscounterproductive.Eventheresearcherswhoseresultswereexaggeratedtopopularizethisideadonotembraceitanymore,andarguethatthejuB©DEusuargᡈGMTgeiheinfomᵨikm.”“⌮KᦔL”NO*ᙠ☢┯
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25ᢈ——᝞WḄUxz]!O*-WᐵḄ஺%C⚗(D)ᙠxyz⚪34ᔠᦻ7ᑁ9஺4.C⌕⚪஺ᑖ᪆ᐰᦻᑁ9ᦻ7m?xy¡¢£:ᙠLᔲὅḄ┯¥fA
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¾C⚗⊤ÀÁ஺Passage14IntheUSA,youthcurfews(ÂἭ3aretraditionallyissuedbyaparentintheinterestofsafety.Thistypeofcurfewispersonal,andrightfullyso.However,tostopteenagerscommittingcrimes,someofficialshaveturnedyouthcurfewsfromfamilydecisionsintopubliclaws.Theideamayhavebeenthoughttohavegoodintentions.Inpractice,however,thesepolicieshavebeenshowntobeunfairandunconstitutional,accordingtotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionACLU
.InthetownofSumner,Washington,afatherallowedhisfourteen-year-oldsontogotoaconveniencestoreafter11:00p.m.Sumnerhadadoptedacurfewlawthatprohibitedpeopleundertheageofeighteenfrombeinginpublicplacespastthathour.Thefatherwasfined,andthenhepursuedalegalchallengeagainstthetown.TheACLU,whichfiledthecaseonbehalfofthefather,claimedthecurfewlawshadviolated(ijE
parents*rights.Intheend,Sumnefscurfewlawswerestruckdown.Butisn*titirresponsiblenottoenforceacurfewonteenagers?Curfewlawssupportersarguethatofficialsshouldprovideacurfewtoensureteensareathomebyareasonablehour.Theriskofaseriousaccidentisthreetimesashighfordriversagedsixteentonineteenasfordriversovertwenty.Anddangersonlyincreaseatnight.Thisindicatestosomethatalawkeepingteensofftheroadlateatnightisapositivesafetymeasure.Still,theNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationNHTSA
saysthatthebestwaysfordriverstoincreasesafetyarebyobeyingthespeedlimit,wearingaseatbelt,andpayingattention.NHTSAmakesnomentionofyouthcurfewsmakingdrivingsafer.Incities,curfewenforcementhasbeenineffectiveorevenhadanegativeimpactoncommunities.Mostcrimescommittedbyteensactuallyhappenaround3:00p.m.,rightafterschool.Onnon-schooldays,thattimeshiftstobetween7:00p.m.and9:00p.m.Thecurfewhours,usuallybetween10:00p.m.and6:00a.m.,occuratatimeofdaywhenteenagecrimeisatitslowest.Meanwhile,violentcrimereachesitspeakaround10:0026⚓ᐳ116⚓

26p.m.fbradults.Whenlawenforcementperformstheteencurfewsweep,policemenaredistractedfromthemoreseriousviolentcrimesbeingcommittedbyadultsatthattime.Alsotroublingistheracialdiscriminationincitieswithcurfews.Forexample,recentdatahavefoundthatinMinneapolis,Minnesota,56%ofyouthschargedwithbreakingcurfewswereAfricanAmerican.Otherlawenforcementdepartmentreportsshowsimilarproblems.Curfewlawsarecriticizedbecausetheyareenforcedinaraciallydiscriminatoryway.TheACLUhassucceededinstrikingdownatleastonecurfewlawbecauseofconcernsoverparentalrights.Alongwithothercommunityandcivilrightsgroups,itcontinuestopursueothercases,arguingthatcurfewlawenforcementcanonlyincreasetensionandcrime.Toarrestteensfordrivinghomefromthemovies,playingbasketballinthepark,orsimplywalkingtheirdogistopunishthemforbeingoutsidetheirhomes—apolicyinconsistentwiththeindividualrightsestablishedintheU.S.Constitution.1.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardslegalcurfewsforteenagers?A.Disapproving.B.Supportive.C.Uncertain.D.Indifferent.2.WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Reasonablecurfewhoursforteenagers.B.Thenecessityofenforcingyouthcurfews.C.Unwantedconsequencesofyouthcurfews.D.Theimpactofyouthcurfewsonadultcrimes.3.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheACLUfromthepassage?A.Ithelpspeopledefendtheirindividualrights.B.Itisinfavorofenforcingacurfewonteenagers.C.Itstressestheresponsibilitiesofparentstotheirchildren.D.Itbelievesyouthcurfewsarehighlyrelatedtoroadsafety.4.Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat.A.teenagersintheUnitedStateslovetheirindependenceB.enfbrcingyouthcurfewswillleadtodistrustofthepolicemenC.legalcurfewsshouldexistonlywhenparentsareirresponsibleD.legalcurfewsviolateindividuallibertiesandmaybecanceledÅᫀÆÇÈÉÊᦻ7┐ÌÍxyḄÂἭfµy¶ᔜeḄ
®஺27⚓ᐳ116⚓

271.A:ᳮᑨ=⚪஺᪷Ḅst“Thistypeofcurfewispersonal,andrightfullyso.However,tostopteenagerscommittingcrimes,someofficialshaveturnedyouthcurfewsfromfamilydecisionsintopubliclaws.”,Ï"Theideamayhavebeenthoughttohavegoodintentions.”GÐᨬsᑁ9ὅ☘ÒÓf0ÂἭuÔÕḄ᝱×!Ø᩽ஹÚ☢Ḅ%⌱bA⚗(ÛÜḄ3஺supportiveÝᢝḄßuncertainà0ḄßindifferentáᐵâḄ஺2.C⌕⚪஺᪷?"Incities,curfewenforcementhasbeenineffectiveorevenhadanegativeimpactoncommunities.”GÐãᦻᑁ9᡻ÂἭḄU!☘ÒÓåæḄçèUᓾV᡻ÂἭêëìíWîïḄðñæòóØ᩽ôõ஺ÜUᙠ᡻ÂἭḄö÷᡻ὅV-NᵨøùúûḄe½᡻ÂἭuü-ýᩭÚ☢ôõ஺ᵫ%?⌕!ᙠ|☘ÒÓÂἭḄþs¾C⚗⊤ÀÁ஺3.A:ᳮᑨ=⚪஺᪷ÏÏ"Inpractice,however,thesepolicieshavebeenshowntobeunfairandunconstitutional,accordingtotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionACLU
.”GÐÏḄ¹ÿ
,ACLU☘ἭḄACLU⊤ᫀḄ᱄"#$%&:Ἥ()*᱄+Ḅᩗᑭ஺᪷0ᨬ234ᨬ235"Toarrestteensfor...apolicyinconsistentwiththeindividualrightsestablishedintheU.S.Constitution.“
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,D⚗`Ἥ()@Aaᵫ,bcdefgᔠᦻjᑁV஺Passage15Nowweareina“goldenage“ofspace-samplecollectionandexploration.Spaceagenciesaroundtheworldarebusycollecting,orplanningtocollect,samplesfromasteroids`klmfmoonsandplanetsandsoon.China'sChang'e-5missionisthemostrecentsample-returnmissionthathasbeensuccessfullycompleted.OnDec.17,2020,theChang'e-5lunarprobe`noᘤfreturnedhomeandlandedintheInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionafterweeksofspacetravel,ChinaDailyreported.Thiswastheworld'sfirstlunarsample-returnmissionsince1976.Themissioncollected1,713gramsofsamplesofrocksanddustwiththehelpofadrillandamechanical`qrḄfarm.Anotherspacesample-returnmissionwascompletedonDec.6,2020.Japan'sHayabusa-2probereturnedacapsuletoEarthcontainingvaluablesamplesfromtheasteroidRyugu.Thiswasthesecondtime28⚓ᐳ116⚓

28asteroidsampleshadeverbeencollectedandbroughtbacktoEarth.ThefirstasteroidsampleswerecollectedbytheoriginalHayabusaspacecraftbackin2010.Therewillbemoresuchmissionsinthenearfuture.NASA'sOSIRIS-RExspacecraft,whichcollectedsamplesfromtheasteroidBennuinOctober2020,isexpectedtoreturntoEarthin2023.Russia'sLunar-25missionisscheduledtolaunchtothemoonin2021tocollectlunarsamples.“Icannotemphasizeenoughhowvaluablereturnsamplesareforincreasingourunderstandingoftheoriginandevolutionofoursolarsystemandourplaceintheuniverse,andhowwecametobe,“saidAnnNguyen,aNASAplanetaryscientist.AsfortheChang'e-5lunarsamples,scientistswillconductvariousanalyses,testsandexperimentstodeterminethecomposition,structureandphysicalcharacteristicsofthesamples.Thisinformationwillhelptodeepenourknowledgeaboutthehistoryofthemoon,aswellasoursolarsystemasawhole.l.WhatdoweknowabouttheChang'e-5lunarprobe?A.ItwaslaunchedonDec.17,2020.B.Itcompletedthemostsuccessfulmission.C.Itcollectedtheworld'sfirstlunarsample.D.Itbroughtbackmorethan1,700gramsoflunarsamples.2.WhatdoestheauthorfocusoninParagraphs3and4?A.Providingexamples.B.Explainingaconcept.C.Drawingcomparisons.D.Makingasummary.3.WhydowecollectsamplesfromspaceaccordingtoAnnNguyen?A.Tolearnmoreabouthowthesolarsystemoriginatesandevolves.B.Todeterminethestructureofthesolarsystem.C.TodeepenourknowledgeaboutourplaceonEarth.D.Tounderstandhowwaterfirstappearedonthemoon.4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.A"goldenage“comesB.ManexploresspaceC.SpacesampleslandD.Scientistsanalysesamplessᫀ29⚓ᐳ116⚓

29tuvwxyzᦻ{|}⍝஺⚪u᛻A6aᯠ;⚪u᛻ᑁVn஺ᙠᜐᦈn᪵zḄ“ᔜᙢḄq᪀ᙠḼᦈᡈᑜᦈklmஹImlm¡Ḅ᪵z஺1.D¢⁚ᳮw⚪஺z⚪⚪¤¥:¦§¨5©ᨴᳫnoᘤᡃG*w®?᪷0ST4°ᐸᨬ235“Themissioncollected,1,713.gramsofSamples..ofrocks..anddustwiththehelpofadrillandamechanicalarm.”
sᫀD⚗஺2.ADᳮᑨQ⚪஺z⚪⚪¤¥:±ὅᙠS³ஹ´4ᐵ¶Ḅ®?ᦻjS34Ḅ“ᔜᙢḄq᪀ᙠḼᦈᡈᑜᦈklmஹImlm¡Ḅ᪵zzᦻḄ·5,STஹ³ஹ´4¸¹º»ᥛ½3·5ḄᵫCD
S³ஹ´4⌕ᙠº(Providingexamples),ᦑsᫀA⚗஺B:wÀᭆÂ;C:±ÃÄ;D:ÅÆÇ஺3.ADᳮᑨQ⚪஺z⚪⚪¤¥:AnnNguyenᡃG⌕Èᦈ᪵zḄÉ<®?᪷0SÊ4Ḅ“Icannotemphasizeenoughhowvaluablereturnsamplesareforincreasingourunderstandingoftheoriginandevolutionofoursolarsystemandourplaceintheuniverse,andhowwecametobe”D
sᫀA⚗஺C⚗ḄonEarth6ᦻḄ“intheuniverse”9័ᦑ᣸◀஺4.CÎ⌕Ï⚪஺z⚪⚪¤¥:zᦻḄᔠ〉Ḅ⚪Ñ®?¸xᐰᦻ°ᐸS34(ᦻj⚪4Ô)
z⚪sᫀC⚗஺Passage16ScientistshavediscoveredwhatmaybetheoldestfossilsofagreenplanteverfoundinrocksfromnorthernChina.TheplantisthoughttobeapieceofseaweedgrowingonEarth7soceanfloorabout1billionyearsago.Thatwouldmakethisseaweedanancestorofallgreenplantsalivetoday.TheseaweedisaformofgreenalgaecalledProterocladusantiquus.Itwasverysmall,aboutthesizeofasinglepieceofrice.Researcherssaytheplantwasconnectedtotheoceanfloorwitharoot-likestructure.Atthetime,theplantwasoneofthelargestlifeformsinthesea.Itcontainedmostlybacteriaandothermicro-organisms.Proterocladuswasabletoperformphotosynthesis,takingenergyfromthesuntoproducelife-supportingcarbonandoxygen.Theplantalsoprovidedfoodandshelterformanydifferentkindsofsealife.Thefossilsrepresenttheoldestgreenseaweedeverfound.Thenextoldestfossilofgreenseaweedwasfoundinrockthoughttobeabout800millionyearsold.Thescientistssaytheseaweedoncelivedinanoceanthatwasnotverydeep.Oncetheplantsdied,theybecame"cooked”underthicksediment.Itcreatedfossilsintheshapeoftheseaweed.Manymillionsofyearslater,thedirtwasliftedoutoftheocean.Thenitbecamethedrylandwheretheexampleswerecollected.30⚓ᐳ116⚓

30Thefirstlandplants,believedtobeancestorsofgreenseaweeds,didnotappearuntilabout450millionyearsago.TheVirginiaTechresearchersbelievethatlandplants—includingtrees,grasses,foodcropsandothers-alldevelopedfromgreenseaweedsthatlivedintheocean.Then,overmillionsofyears,theseaweedplantsmovedoutofthewaterandadaptedtolifeonland.1.WhatwasProterocladus,influenceonsealife?A.Itenlargedthechainoffood.B.Itincreasedtheamountofoxygen.C.Itprotectedsealifefrombeinghurt.D.Itsuppliedsealifewithfoodandhabitat.2.Howdoesthefourthparagraphdevelop?A.Byshowingtheseaweed\livingconditions.B.Bytellingushowfossilsformed.C.Byintroducingthehistoryofseaweed.D.Byanalyzingtheprocessoflandchanges.3.What'sthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheOldestFossilsWereFoundinRocksinChinaB.ScientistsDiscoverEarth'sOldestGreenPlantFossilinChinaC.TheEvolutionoftheSeaweedDelightedScientistsinChinaD.TheDiscoveryoftheOldestGreenPlantFossilShocksthePublicsᫀtuvwxyzᦻÖᦻ஺⚪u᛻A6aᯠ⚪u᛻ᑁV×ØÙ஺×ØÚᙠ8ᓅÜḄÝÞÙ*ᙢᳫßᨬàὁḄâ⁐äᱥḄᓄÞ஺1.D¢⁚ᳮw⚪஺z⚪⚪¤¥:Proterocladus¦çèéᱥᨵ®ëì?᪷0ST4ḄProterocladuswasableto...Theplantalsoprovidedfood.andshelterformany,differentkindsஹofseaஹlife,
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313.B4A⌕B⚪஺,⚪⚪DE>:,ᦻḄᨬH⚪I8JK?MN3OᑮScientistshavediscoveredwhatmaybetheoldestfossilsofagreenplanteverfoundinrocksfromnorthernChina.QᦻRSTU01B⚗VWᭆY,ᦻ#Zᦑ><ᫀ஺Passage17Electricvehiclesareclosetothefc

32A.PoliciesinNorwaysupportelectricvehicles.B.EconomyinNorwayoutgrowsothernations.C.Themarketshareofelectricvehicleswilldecline.D.ThetaxbreaksinEuropewillcontinuetoincrease.3.Howwillelectricvehiclesequalfuelvehiclesinprice?A.Byincreasingthedemandforcobalt.B.Byboostingthesalesofelectriccars.C.Byreducingtheproductionofbatteries.D.Bycuttingthecostsoflithium-ionbatteries.4.Whatistheattitudeofpeoplesurveyedtowardselectriccars?A.Tolerant.B.Positive.C.Unwilling.D.Opposed.<ᫀefghij,ᦻ>67ᦻ஺4⚪f᛻>lmn4⚪f᛻ᑁp>qᢈsT஺ᵫuᵯwᡂ,Ḅxᵯyz{ḄsT|}ᐭ{⍝஺1.C⁚ᳮh⚪஺,⚪⚪DE>:JKᵯyz{├Ḅ?᪷M13“Electricvehiclesareclosetothe'tumingpoint'ofrapidmassadoptionᵫiliQjfedὶ00§ᡈatfetiss,expertssay.”01<ᫀ>C⚗஺A:z\;B:x^ᦈḄ;D:¡¢£Ḅ◤⌕.2.A¦ᳮᑨ¨⚪஺,⚪⚪DE>:!M23ᡃ0ª¦¨%JK«᪷M23#Ḅ“…theturningpointhasalreadybeenpassedinNorway,wheretaxbreaksmeanelectriccarsarecheaperandthemarketshareofbattery-poweredcarsincreasedto54%in2020inNorway,comparedwithlessthan5%inmostEuropeannations."]ᙠ®,¯°ᢚ²³´µ¶(^ᦈ_`EᕡḼᵯyz{¹ºᙠ2020,®Ḅᵯyz{»¼½¾¿54%,ÀÁQᜧÃᦪÄÅÆÇḄ»¼½¾Èᑮ5%
0¦1®ḄÉʦy(ᵯyz{ḄsT,ᦑ<ᫀ>A⚗஺B:®Ḅ´Ë̵ᐸÎÆÇ;C:ᵯyz{Ḅ»¼½¾Ïx;D:ÄÅḄ^ᦈ_`ÐÑÏÒÓÔᜧ஺3.D⁚ᳮh⚪஺,⚪⚪DE>:ᵯyz{Ḅ᝞:mÕ\z{ᢝ×?᪷M33M2ØBloombergNEFḄᑖ᪆⚜Üᑮ2023┞cdᵯwḄᡂ,ÏᜧÝxᵯyz{Ḅmz\Þ[\z{Àß/01<ᫀ>D⚗]àµá_┞cdᵯwḄᡂ,/஺A:ÔaḄ◤â;B:àµã}ᵯyz{Ḅ├ä;C:àµ_åᵯwḄ¢æ஺33⚓ᐳ116⚓

334.B¦ᳮᑨ¨⚪஺,⚪⚪DE>:çèḄlᵯyz{ᢝJK᝱Ñ?᪷᎔ᦪM23ᨬNØ]N⚗┐2,000ìᵯyz{{4Ḅçèsí,91%Ḅl⊤ïÎÈðñUÕ\z{/01çèḄlᵯyz{ᢝò᩽ôõḄ᝱Ñᦑ<ᫀ>B⚗஺A:öpḄ;C:È÷Ḅ;D:øḄ஺Passage18Disease-carryingmosquitoescanspreaddiseaseswithoutaffectingthemselves.Nearly700millionpeoplegetamosquito-borneillnesseachyear,whichresultsinoveronemilliondeaths.Humansexperiencecontinuouspressuresfromdisease-carryingmosquitoesinmanypartsoftheworld,sowehavetofindwaystofightagainstthoseinsectsbecausetheykeepgettingscarier.EventhoughDEETremainsthemostcommonlyused,andmostpowerful,mosquitorepellent]ùúû!J
everdeveloped,scientistsareactivelypursuingeffectiveproductsbasedentirelyonplantoils.WhileDEETisaneffectivecontactrepellent,manypeopledisliketheoilyfeelandsmellontheirskin,andsometimessomepeoplearesensitivetoit.ConsumersarealwaysinterestedinalternativestoDEETandothersynthetic]ᔠᡂḄ/repellents,sotherearenumerousnaturalrepellentsonthemarket.InmylabatIowaStateUniversity,myteamandIhavebeenconductingresearchonnaturalproductsaspossibleinsectrepellentsforthepast20years.Inthepastfewyears,threeofmyPh.D.studentshavecontributedgreatlytoourresearchbydesigning,synthesizing,purifying,characterizingandtestingmorethan300closelyrelatedchemicalscomingfromthebestofnaturalrepellentslikecitronellol,mentholandthymol.Thesestudentshavesuccessfullytestedtheserepellentsagainstthreespeciesofdangerousmosquitoes.Thefirstgroupofthenewrepellentsactthroughtheair.Thesechemicalshaveavaporactionthatprovidesprotection.Thesearepotentiallymostusefulinbackyards,parks,houses,barracksandhorsebarns.Theothergroupofthenewrepellentsaretheclassiconesthatstopinsectsfromstandingonatreatedsurface,suchashumanskin,clothingortents;someresearchershaveconductedtestingonsomehumanstoconfirmtheeffectivenessandidentifytheverybestones.Thenewrepellentsweredesignedandmadefromthenaturalmaterialsinplantessentialoils.Theymaintainmanyoftheadvantagesofthenaturalrepellents:Theyarefullybiodegradable]0¢ᱥxhḄ/,withnoecologicalconcernsorenvironmentalwastes,andgenerallyconsideredsafelikethethousandsoftypesofplantessentialoilsusedintheflavorandperfumeindustries.However,thoroughtestingwillbeconductedtodetermineiftheyaretrulynon-poisonousbecausethereisstillnoenoughevidence.1.WhatdoestheauthormainlywanttoshowinParagraph1?A.Thewaymosquitoesspreaddisease.34⚓ᐳ116⚓

34B.Thehighdeathrateofmosquito-borneillness.C.Thedifficultyoffightingdisease-carryingmosquitoes.D.Theurgencyoffindingtoolstofightagainstmosquitoes.2.WhatisadisadvantageofDEET?A.Itcausesdiscomforttotheusers.B.Itgreatlyharmspeople'shealth.C.Itcan'tbeapplieduniversally.D.ltwon'tbeeffectiveforlong.3.Whatcanwelearnaboutthesecondgroupofthenewrepellents?A.Theycankillmosquitoesindirectly.B.Theyaremainlyusedintheopenair.C.Theyaremoreeffectiveonhumanskin.D.Theycanpreventmosquitoesfromcontactingusers.4.What'stheauthor'sattitudetothenewrepellents?A.Disapproving.B.Negative.C.Objective.D.Subjective.<ᫀefghij,ᦻ>67ᦻ஺4⚪f᛻>lmþᯠ4⚪f᛻ᑁp>ÿ■஺ᦻὅḄᵨᜩᯠᩞᧇᑺḄẆ஺1.D⌕!⚪஺⚪⚪#$:ᙠ'1(ὅ⌕)⊤+,-?᪷0'1(12ᐸ4'35“Humansexperiencecontinuouspressuresfromdisease-carryingmosquitoesinmanypartsoftheworld,sowehavetofindwaystofightagainstthoseinsectsbecausetheykeepgettingscarier."6ᙠ789:ᙢ<1=>?@ABḼᩭEFGHIḄḄJK1ᡠMᡃOPQᑮSTU᧎WḄQᑮbXᩭSḄcdឋ1ᦑgᫀD⚗஺2.Aj⁚ᳮm⚪஺⚪⚪#$:DEETḄ?nop4,-?᪷0'2(q“WhileDEETisaneffectivecontactrepellent,manypeopledisliketheoilyfeelandsmellontheirskin,andsometimessomepeoplearesensitivetoit”6rᯠst4?uᨵᦔḄxyzᑺ1{9:=|}~TḄZḄᕡ1ᨵᨵU=st`^agᫀA⚗6ZᵨὅGᩭ|〉`஺3.Dj⁚ᳮm⚪஺⚪⚪#$:'zᑺ,ᡃmᑮ,-?᪷0'4(qḄ“Theothergroupofthenewrepellentsaretheclassiconesthatstopinsectsfromstandingonatreatedsurface,such35⚓ᐳ116⚓

35ashumanskin,clothingortents”6?>4ᐺḄzᑺ,Z^MᶇᙠᑺḄᱥ⊤☢,᝞=Ḅஹ⊟¥ᡈ§¨`^agᫀD⚗6Z^M■©ᵨὅxy`஺4.Cᳮᑨ«⚪஺⚪⚪#$:ὅ¬Uzᑺᢝ,-᝱¯?ᨬ±?(ὅ✌ᐜzᑺḄᦔ´µ¶·¸6Z¹ᢝᜩᯠᑺḄ9:º»`1x¼ᩭὅᙠᨬ±?5½“ᯠ¿1⌕À¸Z4ᔲÂḄÃÄÅ◤⌕ÇÈḄÉÊ1YËÌÅÍᨵÎÏḄÐ0ᩭÐѬ?»ᵫÓ^aὅzᑺḄ᝱¯4ÔÕḄobjective
,ᦑgᫀC⚗஺Passage19AmusictalentshowlaunchedbyMangoTVhascaughttheattentionofdomesticTVchannelviewersrecently.Thisentertainmentprogram,whoseChinesenametranslatesto4tSistersWhoBraveWindsandWaves”,invited30establishedactressesintheirthirties,putthemupinanapartmentwheretheycompetedagainsteachotherandthenselectedfiveamongthemtoformanewstargroup.Whileyounghopefulsarecommonlyconsideredtobetheprotagonistsofthemusictalentshow,“SistersWhoBraveWindsandWaves^turnsouttobeanoutlier.Apartfromshowcasingfemalestars'musicaltalent,thisshowtriestodeliverapositivemessagethatageshouldnotbethebarrierforfemaleentertainerstochasetheirdreams.Therealitythatmostfemaleentertainershaveashort64shelflife^needstobechanged.AttractedbytheuniquethemeofMangoTV'snewshow,manyChineseviewersweredesperatefortheshow'sdebut.Thefirstepisodeairedlastweekreceived10millionviewswithinthefirst20minutes.Followingtheinitialsuccess,MangoExcellentMedia'sstockrosebynearly9%onFridayandanother7%onMonday.Thecompany'smarketvaluehasnowsurpassed100billionyuan$14billion
.Thevalueofthisshowwasnotonlyrecognizedbythemarket,butalsothemajorityofChineseviewers.Manynetizensmadegoodcommentsonthenewshowasitencouragedthemtoexploretheirinnerpotentialnomatterhowoldtheyare.Onewrote,€€Ofcourse,youngstarsintheirlateteensandearly20sarebeautiful.ButIfeelmoreimpressedbythesecelebritiesovertheageof3O."Shewentontosaythattheirconfidenceandambitionmakethemshine,andthatageisjustanumber.TheMangoTV'snewshowcomesasawelcomerelief,whichdemonstratesthatcharmandambitionarenotlimitedtotheyoungage.Infact,suchageequalityshouldextendtoallprofessionstoensurethatpeoplewithallagescouldbetreatedequallyinpursuitoftheircareergoals.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“outlier“inParagraph2mean?A.surpriseB.success36⚓ᐳ116⚓

36C.failureD.exception2.HowdidtheentertainmentmarketreactafterMangoTV'snewshowwasreleased?A.Thecompany'smarketvaluehasnowexceeded14billiondollars.B.MangoExcellentMedia'sstockrosebynearly16%overtheweekend.C.Nearly10millionviewerswatchedthefirstepisodewithinthefirsthour.D.Thedebutofthenewshowdidnotaffectthecompany'smarketvalue.3.Whatdoweknowfromthenetizen'scommentonthenewlyreleasedshow?A.Shethinksyoungcelebritiesarenotattractivetotheaudience.B.SheholdstheviewthatMangoTV'snewshowisconventional.C.Shebelievescharmcanmakethecelebritiesshinenomatterhowoldtheyare.D.Shecomplainsaboutagediscriminationintheentertainmentindustry.4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.He/Sheaimstopursuegenderequality.B.He/Sheprotestsagainstagediscrimination.C.He/Sheisafanofmusicalshows.D.He/Shedreamsaboutbeinganactor/actress.gᫀÖ×ØmÙÚᦻ4ᦻÛ⍝஺⚪×᛻=©Þ஺⁤´ᵯáâãḄ?᫏᝕æᡂèéê⁚ëìíîẚðḄññòóôõᑁᵯáÕ÷Ḅᐵù஺1.DúÉû!⚪஺⚪⚪#$:'2(qüýû“outlier”4,-$þ?üýûᡠᙠ5qḄ“while”ÿ
✌,“although”,⚪᪷ᐵḄ஺᪷
Ḅᯠᨵ"Ḅ⌱$%&'(")*+⌱,⁚.Ḅ/012345ẚ7Ḅ889':;)……=>?"@A᜜஺ᦑDᫀ"D⚗஺2.AG⁚ᳮI⚪஺⚪⚪J":⁤MᵯOPḄQ⁚.RST,U+VWᨵXYZ?᪷\3]ᨬT_
“Thecompany'smarketvaluehasnowsurpassed100billionyuanSI4billion
.”?Dᫀ"A⚗஺᪷\3]ᑁb?B⚗cḄ“overtheweekend”ஹC⚗cḄ“thefirsthour”ஹD⚗cḄ“didnot”eᙠ┯h,ᦑᐰ'᣸◀஺3.C>ᳮᑨm⚪஺⚪⚪J":nopqQRSḄ⁚.Ḅrs1ᡃu?⍝wx?᪷᎔ᦪ\2]copḄrs{ᐸ)ᨬT_
᝛~Ḽ1᝛uḄ᝛uᐝ᯿1)_ᦪ=ᔠ]37⚓ᐳ116⚓

37\2
opqQ⁚.r1"usᜧ⌕R᣾¢Ḅᑁᙠ£¤=?Dᫀ"C⚗᝛("sᜧ1¥¦¤§ᐝ᯿=஺4.B>ᳮᑨm⚪஺⚪⚪J":nᦻ©cᡃu¤>mªᨵᐵ«ὅḄwx?᪷\2]ḄᨬT®
◀¯°±᝕;³Ḅ*+´µ1⁚.¶·¸¹⌴_»᩽Ḅ,½¾)¿Zᡂ"᝕ÁÂ⌲ÄÅḄÆÇ஺ᜧᦪ᝕ÁḄ“ÉÊË”Í,_ÎÏ◤⌕ᦋÒ=ÓᨬT_]c⊤;Õ¿)ᨵ´ᨵ¥¦Ö×஺ØÏÙ1ÚÛZÜÝᑮᡠᨵàá,âãÉᡠᨵḄᙠÂäᐸàá.᪗æ¤çᑮÚÛqè=?Dᫀ"B⚗é/᝛YqëO=஺ìíᙽl.catchtheattentionofïð...Ḅò2.deliverapositivemessage¹⌴»᩽3.exploretheirinnerpotentialR᣾ᑁᙠ£¤Passage20Doyoulovefood?Whetheryou'reafoodieorsomeonewhojustlikeseating,thereissomuchtochoosefrom.Weknowthattoomuchofthewrongkindoffoodcanbebadforourhealth,butforsomepeoplehavingafoodallergymeanseatingcertainthingscanactuallybeharmful—andnow,itseems,thisisaffectingmoreandmoreofus.Anallergyiscausedbytheimmunesystemfightingsubstancesintheenvironment,knownasallergensóôõ=,whichshouldbeseenasharmless.Foodallergiescancauselife-threateningreactions,whichmeanspeoplehavetospendtheirlivesfollowingstrictdietaryrestrictionsandworryingabouttheingredientsofeverythingtheyconsume.AllergyspecialistDrAdamFoxsays,“Ifyoulookbackover,say,30or40years,therearemuchmoreallergicproblemsaroundnowthantherewere.^^Weoftenhearaboutpeoplehavingallergiestodairyproductsandtopeanuts.Lastyearayounggirldiedaftersufferingadeadlyallergicreactionfromeatingabaguettecontainingsesameseeds.Thisledtoacallforbetterfood-labellinglaws.Researchhasfoundthatthisproblemisparticularlyaffectingchildren.Moreandmoreofthemarehavingallergicreactionstocertainfoodstuffs.DrAlexandraSantosfromKing'sCollegeLondonsays“thefoodallergynowaffectsabout7percentofchildrenintheUKand9percentofthoseinAustralia.AcrossEurope,2percentofadultshavefoodallergies,,.Sowhatmightbethecause?DrSantossaystheincreaseinallergiesisnotsimplytheeffectofsocietybecomingmoreawareofthemandbetteratdiagnosingthem;itseemstobemoreenvironmental.Shesayspossiblefactorsarepollution,dietarychangesandlessexposuretomicrobesö÷ᱥ=,whichchangehowourimmunesystemsrespond.38⚓ᐳ116⚓

38Alotofworkisbeingdonetotryandfindacure,butthat'snoteasy.Sofornowallergysufferersmustwatchwhattheyeatandtheymustrelyonclearandaccuratelabelling.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this"inparagraph1referto?A.Havinganimbalanceddiet.B.Beingallergictosomecertainfood.C.Consumingtoomuchofharmfulfood.D.Fightingsubstancesintheenvironment.2.WhichofthefollowingwritingskillsisNOTusedinparagraphs2&3?A.Givingadefinition.B.Makingacomparison.C.Offeringanexample.□.Presentingspecificdata.3.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A.Dairyproductsaretoblameformostfoodallergies.B.Kidsdon'tsufferfromfoodallergiesasmuchasadults.C.Allergiesunknowninthepastmaybediagnosednow.D.Moreexposuretomicrobescanreducefoodallergies.4.What*sapracticalsuggestionfbrallergysufferers?A.Nevertrynewfood.B.Makeeffortstofindacure.C.Haveabalanceddiet.D.Readlabelsbeforeeating.DᫀùúûIüýᦻ";ᦻ஺/⚪ú᛻"ÿ
⚪᛻ᑁᢈ஺Ẇ⊤ᩭḄḄᱥ"#$%&'()ᨵ+,-./0$1234ᕖ61.B789:⚪஺᪷<=2>?ḄforsomepeoplehavingafoodallergymeanseatingcertainthingscanactuallybeharmfulAB,thisᢣEḄFGHIᱥ%&ᦑ⌱B⚗஺2.DMᳮᑨP⚪஺=Q>=2RSᵨ$UV:ḄᑏXYZ,=Q>ᨬ\2R]^_`;=b>=QRSᵨ$cdeḄᑏXYZ஺fFgᨵ>hijᐹlḄᦪ

393.CMᳮᑨP⚪஺᪷<=p>?ḄDrSantossaystheincreaseinallergiesisnotsimplytheeffectofsocietybecomingmoreawareofthemandbetteratdiagnosingthemAB3ᙠG%&'(rstu%&'(vwxytzᙢ|P}ᩭᦑ⌱C⚗஺4.D~⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷<ᨬ\2>?ḄSofornowallergysufferersmustwatchwhattheyeatandtheymustrelyonclearandaccuratelabelling.AB3ᙠ%&ὅrGᔛḄ☠ᨎḄᱥ᪗஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺Passage21DearMr.Whitacre,Ifellinlovewitha"flyingDutchman,\literally.Inthesummerof2011,1movedtotheNetherlandsnotknowinganyoneexceptmyhusband,notknowinghowtospeakthelanguage,andleavingbehindmyfriends,family,andeverythingIknewthatrepresentedme.Butastheysay,"Loveisblind.^^Inthebeginning,Ispentmanymonths"aloneinmyhead”.Mymother-in-lawdidn'tspeakEnglish(orItalian).This,however,didn'tstopherfromtryingtocommunicatewithme.Atfirst,soundsofvaguemeaningscoupledwithhandgestureswereourwayofhavingaconversation.Itwasn'tuntilIdiscoveredshewasachoral(ᔠᖛḄ)directorforawomen'sgroupinthecommunitythatwethenbegancommunicatingonawholedifferentlevel.Frommyearlydaysinschool,Iwasalwayspartofaschoolchoirforoveradecade.Wesharedaloveofmusic!Dien(mymother-in-law'sname)taughtmemanybeautifulDutchsongs.Isanginherchoirthroughouttheyearsthatfollowed.Andthenbychance,IcameacrossaTED-Talkfeaturingyou,Mr.Whitacre,discussingyourmusicandthevirtual(ᔠᖛ)choir.Withinminutes,Iresearchedwhenthenextprojectwouldstartandtomysurprise,itwasVirtualChoir4"FlytoParadise”.Icouldn'twaittotellmymother-in-law!Thenext2weekswespentpracticingourpartsandperfectingourvideosubmissions.Itwaspurejoyforus.Somethingwesharedalovefor,encouragingeachother,spendinghourstogether,andmakingapermanentbondasamotheranddaughter-in-law.Musichasalwaysbeenapartofmylife.Itssignificanceisgreaterthananythingmostpeopleareawareof.OurparticipationinyourvirtualchoirisoneIwillneverforget.Iamgratefulforyou,yourmusic,anditsabilitytoconnectusall.1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'smother-in-law?A.Talkativeandhumorous.40⚓ᐳ116⚓

40B.Activeandcaring.C.Strictanddetermined.D.Quietandconsiderate.2.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Shefeltregretfulabouthermarriageatthebeginning.B.ShetriedtoavoidspeakingtoDienduetothelanguagebarrier.C.ShedecidedtojointhevirtualchoirwithDien'ssuggestions.D.Shedevelopedacloserfamilybondbyjoiningthevirtualchoir.3.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Togiveencouragement.B.Toofferhelp.C.Toexpressthanks.D.Tointroduceachoir.ᫀᦻ¡¢ᦻ஺⚪᛻£ᡃ⚪᛻ᑁ¥¦#§஺ᦻ¨⌕ª«Xὅ¬ᑮ₹ᐲ°±²fF³´Ḅµµᦟ
᝛¸₹ᐲ¹º,᝛Gᐳ¼½Whitacreᐜ#Ḅᔠᖛ¿ᡂ$2ÁÂÃḄÄÅḄ¥¦ᐵÇXὅᑏnᔣ⊤ÉÊr஺1.BMᳮᑨP⚪஺᪷<=Q>ËÌ=b>ABXὅḄµµÍAwÎÏZXὅÐÑÒÓᦟ
Xὅ¸¹ºᦑ⌱B»2.D~⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷<᎔ᦪ=Q>?ḄSomethingwesharedalovefor,encouragingeachother,spendinghourstogether,andmakingapermanentbondasamotheranddaughter-in-law.AB²%ÕÖᐭᔠᖛXὅØ᝛ḄµµᐵÇtÄÅ$஺ᦑ⌱D஺3.CMᳮᑨP⚪஺᪷<᎔ᦪ=2>?ḄIamgratefulforyou,yourmusic,anditsabilitytoconnectusall.AB²%¼½Whitacreᐜ#ḄᔠᖛXὅØ᝛ḄµµᐵÇtÄÅ$,ᡠËXὅᑏ1ᦻ¨Fᔣ⊤ÉÚÊᦑ⌱CoPassage22Buyingsunglassescanleaveanyonepuzzledbychoice.ButBosemayhavestuckthelandinginthestyledepartmentwithitsnewBoseFrames,designedtopumpmusicdirectlyintoyourearsandworkwithappstodeliverwalkinginstructionsandmore.41⚓ᐳ116⚓

41BoseFrameslookbetterthanmostsmartglassesalreadyaround.TheFramesareblack,withgoldaccentsonthepowerbutton.Thosethickarmslooklikeapairofdesignersunglassesyou'dgetfromsomepopshopsguaranteedtobeoutofbusinessinayear.MorethanonepersoncommentedontheFrameswhileIworethemaroundtown,andtwoofmyco-workersthoughttheylookedsurprisinglycool.Andthatwasbeforetheyknewaboutthebuilt-inspeakers.TheFramessoundasgreatastheylook,atleastwhenyoucomparethemtotheheadphonesthatcamewithyoursmartphones.IneachoftheFrames'armsisaminispeakerpumpingmusicdirectlyatyourears.Ontheoutsideofeacharmisanotherspeakerdesignedtocanceloutwhattheinsideoneisplaying.Theendresult:musicyoucanhear,andsilenceanybodynearbycanappreciate.Mostly.Ofcourse,youshouldn'tweartheseindoorsorinaquietenvironment,likealibrary.BoseFramesareessentiallywearablespeakers,meaningtheyleaksound,sopeoplenearbycanstillhearsomething.BoseFramesarenotforeveryone,noraretheygreatforeverysituation-sometimes,regularoldheadphonesaremoresociallyappropriate.Butonceyougetovertheastonishmentthatyou'rewearingapairofglasseswithbuilt-inspeakers,youmightfindthembecomingaseasonaladditiontoyou.Ifyou'reinthemarketforsunglasses,andarewillingtodroptwohundreddollarsonapair,BoseFramesareasolidoptionforeveryfashion-forwardfuturist.1.Whatimpressedtheauthor'scolleaguesatfirstaboutBoseFrames?A.Thelowprice.B.Thegoodlook.C.Thelimitededition.D.Theminispeakers.2.WhataretheoutsidespeakersofBoseFramesusedfor?A.Avoidingleakinganysound.B.Connectingtosmartphones.C.Pumpingmusicdirectlyintoears.0.Decreasingdisturbanceofpeoplearound.3.Forwhatpurposedoestheauthorwritethetext?A.Togivetipsonhowtochoosesuitablesunglasses.B.Tocomparetraditionalandhigh-techsunglasses.C.TointroducethenewlydesignedBosesunglasses.42⚓ᐳ116⚓

42D.TosharetheexperienceofwearingBosesunglasses.ᫀᦻÛᦻ஺⚪᛻
⚪᛻ᑁᢈÜÝnoᢈÞß஺ᦻ¨⌕àá$ßâãḄBoseä□æ஺1.B~⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷<=Q>?ḄMorethanonepersoncommentedontheFrameswhileIworethemaroundtown,andtwoofmyco-workersthoughttheylookedsurprisinglycoolABXὅḄç2èé1êëæḄ᜜⊤ᓺ4îï஺ᦑ⌱B஺2.D~⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷<=b>=bஹñRABòóëæôḄ᜜õöᨵ÷2Áøùᘤᵨᩭûüý☢Ḅùÿ஺ᨬḄ:ᑮ,ᕜḄᑮ☟஺ᡠ,᜜ᘤ!"ᕜḄḄ#᡾஺ᦑ⌱D஺3.C'ᳮᑨ*⚪஺,-ᦻ/012345□7BoseFrames,ᒹ9:Ḅ᜜;ஹ=ஹ>ᵨ@ᔠB஺ᡠ,Cὅᑏ,-ᦻ/ḄFḄ0134ḄBose5□7஺ᦑ⌱C஺Passage23Mymotherdidn'tsetouttobeacivilrightsactivist.Infact,shehadnointentionofbecomingapioneerofanysort.Butbecauseofthekindofpersonshewas,andthetimesshelivedthrough,sheturnedouttobeboth.ShegaveawholegroupofblackAlabamagirlsopportunitiestheyotherwisewouldn'thavehad,andbecamearolemodelfbrallofus.In1941sheboughtanoldVictorianhousetooperateasapreschool.Thehuge,sunnyroomsandbreezyporchesalsoservedasameetingplaceformymother'sfirstGirlScouttroop.Thoughthismayseemasmallthingnow,atthetimeitwasawatershedGᑖIJKevent.Racismwasafactoflifeinthe1940s,andAfricanAmericangirlswerebarredfromjoiningwhitetroops.Mymother,whowasonlyfivefeettallbutcouldbeatyouonafast-pacedhike,decideditwastimeforachange.HertroopwasthefirstforAfricanAmericansinAlabama.WhenMamasawaneed,shefilledit.In1950,theGirlScoutssentagroupofwomen-allofthemwhite-fromheadquartersinNewYorktohelpmymotherwithanovernighttrainingcamp.ThewomenmetinawildernessareaoutsideBirminghamwhere,unknowntothem,theKuKluxKlanGLKNKwasactive.Itneveroccurredtothewomen,blackandwhite,thattheywereviolatingtherulesofsegregationbycampingtogether.Thatnight,mymotherawoketothesoundofmen'svoices.Shestoleoutofhertentandsawthem,dressedintheirhorribleuniforms.Theyofferedwhatmusthavebeenaterrifyingwarning:Begonebysunrise.43⚓ᐳ116⚓

43Sheneversharedthisstorywithme;peopleprotectedtheirchildrenfromsomeoftheugliersidesofracism.ButIover-heardmyparentstalkingaboutitlaterthatnightandIrealizedtherewassomethingremarkableaboutMama.Ifeltanobligationtogiveback,toseeksolutionsandcreateopportunitiesasshedid.“It'snotsomethingyouchoosetodo;ifsjustsomethingyoudo,“shewouldsay.AndwhatFvefoundisthis.Ingivingtoothers,yougetasmuchasyougive.1.Whatmadetheauthor'smotheranadvocateforcivilrights?A.Herpassionandeducationalbackground.B.Herraceandfinancialcondition.C.Herpersonalityandsocialbackground.D.Heroccupationandreligiousbelief.2.Whydoestheauthormentionhermother'sheightinthethirdparagraph?A.Toindicateherdeeply-rootedsympathyforhermother.B.Toemphasizehermother'ssurprisingstrength.C.Toillustratewhatarolemodelshouldlooklike.D.Toshowhermotherdiffersfromaverageblackwomen.3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofhermother'smeetingwiththeKuKluxKlan?A.Itprovestobedangerousandunworthy.B.Itrevealsthedangerofracism.C.Itviolatestherulesofsegregation.D.Itinspireshertobebraveandcaring.OᫀQR-STUVᦻWXYᦻ஺Z⚪R᛻W\]ᡃ_Z⚪R᛻ᑁaWbcde_fgḄh᝱j_klmn\opqr஺ᦻ/st2CὅḄuvᡂWlᩗ᎝zὅ{|}ḼCὅᜧḄᦑ஺1.C⁚ᳮS⚪஺᪷ḄButbecauseofthekindofpersonshewas,andthetimesshelivedthrough,sheturnedouttobeboth._uvḄឋop>᝛ᡂW■lᩗḄ᎝zὅ஺ᦑ⌱C஺2.B'ᳮᑨ*⚪஺᪷LḄMymother,whowasonlyfivefeettallbutcouldbeatyouonafast-pacedhike,decideditwastimeforachange.,uvᯠᜧ_ᓾᜧ஺ᦑ⌱B஺3.D'ᳮᑨ*⚪஺st2uv⍗ᑮLKNḄ_¢£Ḽ¤᝛¥ᩭ§ᨵ©ᡃsª,«஺¬ᜩ¯°_ᡃ±²ᑮᡃ᱄u´µ,«_ᡃ²¶ᑮᝤᝤᨵ¸¹ᱯ»¼ᜐ஺ᡃ¾¿]ÀᨵmnÁ✄op,Ã᝛᪵ÅÆSÇÈᫀ_É⌼Ëp஺ᵫÍ_Cὅ¾¿,«ÎÏÐ᝛Ñ¿ÒᦢᐵÕÖ஺ᦑ⌱Do44⚓ᐳ116⚓

44Passage24Likeanylanguage,EnglishhasmanyvariationsGÑ×Kinvocabulary,spellingandpronunciation.Thedifferencescanberegionalorevenexistwithinthesamecity!AsaCanadianwholivesinVancouver,Ihavealwaysknownthesedifferences,butIdidn'tgettoexperiencethemfirsthanduntilIbeganattendinganAmericanuniversity.IfoundthattherearesomeCanadianwordsthatpeopleintheUSjustdon!tunderstandlike"tuque”,whichisawarm,knittedhat.MyfriendsteasemeeverytimeIusethe“washroom"_asthewordisn'tusedintheUS—“bathroom”,“toilet"and"restroom^areoftenusedinstead.Inasimilarway,whenIaskedmyfriendwhatmarkshegotonhistest,hegavemeaconfusedlook.PeopleintheUSonlysay“grades”.ThoughcertainCanadianexpressionssoundverydifferentfromourNorthAmericanneighbor,theysharethesameoriginallanguagebecausebothservedascoloniesGØlÙKoftheformerBritishEmpire.Thisculturalheritagesurvivesthroughspeechandlanguage.UnlikeAmericanEnglish,mostCanadianspellingsaresimilartotheBritishwords.IntheUS,wordslike“harbour"and"colour"arespelledwithoutthe"u”.Evenso,somewordschangedinCanada,like“aluminum”.Britishpeoplespellandpronouncethiswordas“aluminium”.Asaresult,CanadianEnglishhasdevelopedanidentityofitsown.Forexample,wecannotforgetthemostimportantwordinCanadianEnglish:sorry.Whileitisn*treallythemostimportantword,Canadianshaveareputationforbeingpoliteandfriendly.I,forone,wanttopreservethatreputationandhonormyCanadianroots,evenwhileI'mintheUnitedStates."Languagebringswithitanidentityandaculture,vwroteSouthAfricancomedianTrevorNoahinhisbook,BomaCrime:StoriesfromaSouthAfricanChildhood.64Alanguagebarriersays6We'redifferent9.Asharedlanguagesays4We'rethesame'.”l.WhymightAmericansfailtounderstandCanadianssometimes?A.CanadianEnglishismorechallenging.B.Thereexistdifferencesinthetwolanguages.C.CanadaislessstronglyinfluencedbytheformerBritishEmpire.D.Canadiansattachmoreimportancetobeingpoliteandfriendly.2.WhichofthefollowingcanmostlikelybeaCanadianexpression?A.Excuseme,where'sthebathroom?B.Thegirlstudentgotgoodgradesonherexams.45⚓ᐳ116⚓

45C.Fmsorrythathelabouredalldayintheharbour.D.Thewindowofthetoiletismadeofaluminium.3.AsaCanadian,thewriter.A.neverseesthedifferencebetweendifferentkindsofEnglishB.isalwayslookeddownuponbyhisfriendsintheUSC.foundgreatdifficultyadaptingtouniversitylifeintheUSD.doesnotwanttolosehisidentityasaCanadian4.Wecanlearnfromthetextthat.A.languageisanimportantcarrierofcultureB.mostofthelanguageshavethesameoriginC.oneculture'smeatisanotherculture'spoisonD.honestyisthekeytocrossingthelanguagebarrierOᫀQR-STUVᦻW¤Üᦻ஺Z⚪R᛻W\op_Z⚪R᛻ᑁaWÝᦻᓄßà஺ᦻ/Z⌕012âãᜧäRḄåᐹ_¤Ü2Rçèm2éḄê஺1.B⁚ᳮS⚪஺᪷ᦻ/ë_ìéᨵíîâãᜧḄïðW,ñòRçóᙠõö஺ᦑ⌱B஺2.C'ᳮᑨ*⚪஺᪷ᦻ/ë,bathroomஹgradestoiletìéḄ⊤ø_⌱⚗AஹBஹD┯û஺ᦑ⌱C஺3.D⁚ᳮS⚪஺᪷ᦻ/᎔ᦪëḄI,forone,wanttopreservethatreputationandhonormyCanadianroots,evenwhileI'mintheUnitedStates._CὅCWâãᜧ_þᜫ
ᜧḄᱯ஺ᦑ⌱D஺4.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻ᦮ᐸḄThisculturalheritagesurvivesthroughspeechandlanguage.ᨬḄLanguagebringswithitanidentityandaculture!"#$ᦻᓄḄ&⌕(஺ᦑ⌱AoPassage25WhenJackAndrakawas15yearsold,hecreatedanewdiagnostic)*Ḅ+testforpancreaticcancer),-.+.Jack'stestis28timesfaster,26,000timeslessexpensiveandover100timesmoresensitivethanthecurrentdiagnostictests.HistestearnedhimfirstprizeattheIntelInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair,whichisliketheOlympicsofsciencefairs.46⚓ᐳ116⚓

46ItwasafteraclosefamilyfrienddiedofpancreaticcancerthatJackAndrakabecameinterestedinfindingabetterearly-detectiondiagnostictest.Jacksaidthesolutioncametohimduringhishighschoolbiologyclass.Hewassecretlyreadinganarticleaboutnanotubes)123+whiletheteacherwastalkingaboutantibodies.Jacksaidthetwoideascametogetherinhishead,andhethoughthecouldcombinewhattheteacherwassayingwithwhatheknewaboutnanotubestocreateanearlydetectiontestforpancreaticcancer.JackAndrakausedwhathefoundthroughGooglesearchesandfreeonlinesciencejournalstodevelopaplanandabudget.Jackcontactedabout200peopleincludingresearchersatJohnsHopkinsUniversityandtheNationalInstitutesofHealthwithaproposaltoworkintheirlabs.Hegot199rejectionsbeforehefinallygotanacceptancefromDr.AnirbanMaitra,ProfessorofOncology)4᷈6+atJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicine.Jackworkedafterschooleveryday,onweekendsandoverholidaysatMaitra'slabuntilhedevelopedhistest.So,thinkaboutJackAndrakanexttimeyouhearthatsomethingcan*tbedone.Or,ifyoureceivenumerousrejectionscloseto200inJackAndraka'scase
oryou'resimplyhesitatingtogiveoneofyourideasashot.Also,keepinmindthatyoudon'tnecessarilyneedagiantteam,billionsofdollarsinresourcesorevenmorethan15yearsoflifeexperiencetodosomethingamazing.l.WhydidJackdecidetoworkonthediagnostictest?A.Theexistingtestwasnotwidelyused.B.Hewantedtowinaprizeinasciencefair.C.Afamilyfrienddiedofpancreaticcancer.D.Hegotinspiredinhishighschoolbiologyclass.2.HowdidJackworkoutthetest?A.BycooperatingwithGoogle.B.Bydoingexperimentsinthelab.C.Byconductingresearchesonline.D.Bycontactingabout200people.3.Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanthisarticleappear?A.LifeStyle&TrendsB.Hospitals&ICUsC.InspirationalStoriesD.InterestingDiscoveries47⚓ᐳ116⚓

477ᫀ9#:;<=>ᦻ?@Aᦻ஺B⚪#᛻?DEF"B⚪#᛻ᑁH?I6JK஺ᦻLMN15OḄJackAndrakaPQNRSḄ,-.*TUVW஺1.CX⁚ᳮ;⚪஺᪷ZḄItwasafteraclosefamilyfriend...early-detectiondiagnostictest.!["ᩲ]^_`*TU"a?bcḄdefgh,-.஺ᦑ⌱Co2.BX⁚ᳮ;⚪஺᪷᎔ᦪZḄJackworkedafterschool...atMaitra'slabuntilhedevelopedhistest.!["ᩲ]klᙠnopq`norPsNtuḄTUVW஺ᦑ⌱Bo3.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺vᔠᦻḄB⌕ᑁH![JackxyzN{|}"~U"ᨬᡂ஺ᵫ![":ᦻ!ᙠḄ“Ḅᦑ''᱐☢஺ᦑ⌱CoPassage26Whenyougoonacruise)Ꮇ+,youusuallythinkyouareleavingsolidgroundbehind,buttheCelebritySolsticebringsawholenewexperiencetoitspassengers.Aboardthe317m-longshipisahalf-acrelawn)₝+.TheCelebritySolsticeisthefirstcruiseshipevertohouselivegrass.NikolasAsproudas,theship'senvironmentalofficertoldNewZealandNews,44Itwasacrazyideatostartwith."Forfiveyears,theyhavebeensayingthatthislawnisthemostwalkedlawnintheworld.Ifsasymbolofhonor,particularlybecausethelawnonthetopdeckoftheshiphasspecialchallengeswithgrowthatsea,including“burns"fi*omthesaltwater,whichmustbewashedoffimmediatelyandclearancechecksbeforetheshipcanpullintoshore.Thelawnisgrowninsilica)Zᓄấ+sandratherthansoil,whichnotonlyreducesweight,helpingtheship'sstability,butalsoagreeswithrestrictionsandhelpscontrolpeststhatmayotherwisestayonthegrass.AsproudassendstheCaptainoftheshipaweeklyreportonthestatusofthelawn."WeknowthattheAustralianandNewZealandauthoritiesareverystrictwiththegrass,andofcourse,theyhavetocheckbeforewecomeifeverything'sOK,"saidtheCaptain.ThelawnisasourceofprideforAsproudas,sowhenthereareproblemswithit,hesays,“Itbringsmesomesadfeelings,butIneedtobestrong,becauseIknowthatitwillrecoverwithinoneweek."Allofthecrew*shardworktomaintainthe“backyard“isappreciatedbyitsmanyguests,includingsomethatsaytheCelebritySolstice'slawnisbetterthantheirsathome.Thoughtheoptionofwalkingbarefootthroughagrassyfieldonamovingcruiseshipseemsterrific,therearemanyothershipsthataretryingtooutdooneanotherwithevenmoresurprisingguestoptions.1.Whatisaspecialchallengethatthelawnfaces?A.Badweather.B.Saltwater.48⚓ᐳ116⚓

48C.Raresoil.D.Strictrestrictions.2.Whatmightbetalkedaboutifthepassageiscontinued?A.Effortstomaintainthelawn.B.Othercommentsonthecruise.C.Guestchoicesonsomeothercruises.D.Thecrewmembersofthecruise.3.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheAdvantagesofaCruiseShip.B.ACruiseShipthatHasaBackyard.C.TheBuildingofaSpecialCruiseShip.D.ACruiseShipthatProtectstheEnvironment.7ᫀ9#:;<=>ᦻ?Qᦻ஺B⚪#᛻?DEF"B⚪#᛻ᑁH?I6Dᢈ஺ᦻLMNᙠ⁂Ḅᵬ£¤✌}ᵨZᓄấ§¨R₝஺1.BX⁚ᳮ;⚪஺᪷ᦻZḄincluding“bums”fromthesaltwater![,¤Ḅ₝☢©ªᱯ«Ḅᢧᡊ,ᐸᒹ¯ᩭt±²Ḅ³´஺ᦑ⌱B஺2.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻᨬ![,µ3ᙠ¤Ḅ₝q¶·¸¹Ḅo{º"»ᨵ½|ᐸ~Ḅ¾¿ᙠUÀ?ÁÂÃÄÅÆḄ⌱Ç஺a,ÈÉᩭÊËÌÍᐸ~FÃÄÎÏ᪵Ḅ“⌱Ç”஺ᦑ⌱Co3.BBÒ⌕Ó⚪஺᪷ᐰᦻv᪀!["ÃsÖ⚪:CelebritySolsticeᡂ?⁂ᙠ¤R₝Ḅ;ÈḼᐹᑏᙠ¤R₝☢©ḄÜÝÞ"ᨬÃᑮÂà`WḄáâãᐸ~ḄäÊ஺a"᦮:ᦻåᙠᑏæçᨵ“▾”Ḅ஺ᦑ⌱B஺Passage27Atage22,HikariObermanhasalreadybeenalifeguardforfouryears.Lastweek,ObermantalkedtoTheGardenIslandabouthowhehelpedsavelivesduringarecentrescue.OnDec.30,ObermanandhiscoworkerCopewereparkedintheirtruckatAniniBeachwhentwoworkersranuptothemandsaid,“Ithinksomeone'sgettingstuckinthechannel“Igrabourequipment.Westartrollingoutdownthere,“Obermansaid.Whenhegotoutthere,Obermanfoundastand-uppaddler,amaninhislate30s,strugglingagainstthecurrent,withanelderlymanholdingtightlytothebackofthepaddleboard)éê£+.49⚓ᐳ116⚓

49Hesaid,“Mycoworkergrabthestand-upguy.Meanwhile,I'mstuckwiththeolderman.,,Normally,Obermansaidhewouldpullthepaddlerup,layhimonthesurfboard,climbupbehindandpaddlefromthere.Hetriedthattechniqueatfirstandquicklyrealizeditwasnotapracticableoption.Theywerenotgoinganywhere.Waveshitagainsttheextremelysharpreefveryhardabout30yardsbehindthem,andthecurrentwaspullingthemintoit.“It'srightbehindus.IfIstoppaddling,we'redefinitelygoingtobeinthatzone/9hesaid.Theystartedmakingprogresstowardthereef,wheretheymightsafelybeabletoclimbout.Obermanjustfocusedonforwardmovement.Afteraboutfiveminutes—“eventhoughitfeltlonger^^Obermansaidhispartnerhadgottenthepaddleboardersafelytoshoreandstartedcomingbackouttohelp.“Ilookback,andIseeourjetski.He'sfinallycominginthechannel.WeYenotgoingtohavetoworryaboutthatnow.”Itwasagoodrescue.Whenaskedwhatitfeelsliketosavesomeone'slife,Obermanresponded,C€Iloveit!That'swhywedoit!”Butasexcitingasitmightbetoperformabigrescue,heexplainedthatthemostimportantpartofhisjobistokeeppeoplefromgettingintotroubleinthefirstplace.1.HowdidHikariObermanreacttothetwoworkers*cryforhelp?A.Hedraggedthetwoworkerstohistruck.B.Herolledtheequipmenttothechannel.C.Hecalledhiscoworkertoruntothebeach.D.Hemadehiswaytothechannelwithoutdelay.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“Theywerenotgoinganywhere."inParagraph6probablymean?A.Theywereunwillingtogoanywhere.B.Theywerewaitingothersforhelp.C.Theywerebeingpulledbythecurrent.D.Theyweregoingtogiveup.3.Whatdidtheauthorwanttoshowbymentioningthewaves?A.Itwastheperfecttimetosurf.B.Thereefwassohardtodamage.50⚓ᐳ116⚓

50C.Thesituationwasextremelyserious.D.Thepaddlerswerepushedforward.4.Whichofthefollowingthingscontributedmoretotherescue?A.Thejetski.B.Thecurrent.C.Thepaddleboard.D.Thetruck.5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardshisjob?A.Skeptical.B.Tolerate.C.Approving.D.Frightened.7ᫀ9#:;<=>ᦻ:@Aᦻ஺B⚪#᛻Dtᡃ"B⚪#᛻ᑁH?ìíÓîDEFïð஺>ᦻLMNd±ñᦗóᕒõö÷ᦗøù⍗◅Ḅéê᰿ýὅḄᦑ஺1.DX⁚ᳮ;⚪஺᪷ḄIgrabourequipment.Westartrollingoutdownthere.![⌱Do2.Cÿ
⚪஺᪷Waveshitagainsttheextremelysharpreefveryhardabout30yardsbehindthem,andthecurrentwaspullingthemintoit.ᙢḼ30ṹᜐ᩽ᐸ┦Ḅờ!"#$%&'()஺*+,-./0$12"3455"ᦑ⌱Co3.C'ᳮᑨ:⚪஺;ὅᙠ>?ᑮ5waves,A⌕CḄDEFGHḄᓻញKL"ᦑ⌱C஺4.A'ᳮᑨ:⚪஺᪷ᦻN᎔ᦪQRḄIlookback,andIseeourjetski.He'sfinallycominginthechannel.ᡃTᜮVW"Wᑮ5ᡃḄ#X᥅ᡲ‷஺\](ᐭ5_஺*+,#X᥅ᡲ‷Ḅᑮᩭ\]ᓄb5ᨬVdὅḄᓻe"ᦑ⌱Ao5.C'ᳮᑨ:⚪஺᪷ᦻNᨬVVfWhenaskedwhatitfeelsliketosavesomeone'slife,Obermanresponded,loveit!Thafswhywedoit!”+,⌱CghḄ*஺ifᑖ᪆lf:Whenhegotoutthere,Obermanfoundastand-uppaddler,amaninhislate30s,strugglingagainstthecurrent,withanelderlymanholdingtightlytothebackofthepaddleboard.ᑖ᪆:nfRwhenopHqrstf,strugglingagainstthecurrentvfoundḄws⊡ys"☢Ḅwith{sv|}rs஺~ᦻ:GObermanᑮ>H,5VḄὅ"V40Ḅᵱ."%ᙠ0ᧅ"ᨵVὁ.ᙢᢕḼḄ஺Passage28Weoftensaythatintelligencemeansbeingabletosolveproblems.Someanimalsseemabletodothis.Forexample,dogsandcatsoftenfindtheirwayhomefromlongdistances.Todothistheyhavetousetheir51⚓ᐳ116⚓

51intelligence.Theyhavetorememberandthink.Butmanybirdsfindtheirwayoverlongdistances,too.Theytravelthousandsofmileseveryyearwhentheymovefromcoldtowarmcountries.Wedonotknowhowtheydothisbutweknowthattheydonotusetheirintelligence.Theydonotrememberplacesanddirectionsandthenmakedecisions.Youngbirdsareabletomakethesejourneyswithouthelpassoonastheycanfly.Theyarebornwiththisability.Thisisnotintelligence.Wecallthis“instinct”.Oftenwecannotbesurewhetherananimalisactingintelligentlyorinstinctively.Whenadoghearsastrangenoise,itbarks.Thisisinstinct.ltcannotstopitselffromdoingthis.ltdoesnotreallyknowwhyitisdoingthis.Butsupposeahouseisonfireandthedogbarksoutsideitsmaster'sbedroomuntilhewakesup.Isthedogusingitsintelligence?Isitsolvingtheproblembywakingitsmasterorisitsimplybarkinginstinctivelybecauseitisafraid?Oftenwecannotbesure.Manyanimals,however,canbetaughttosolveproblems,especiallywhentheyaregivenrewards.Ratshavebeentaughttotouchakeytogetfood.Animalsincircuses*havebeentaughttodoallsortsoftrickstoamusetheaudience.Inallthesecaseswemaysaythatananimalisusingintelligence.ltissaying,“IfIdothis,Iwillgetareward.Therefore,Iwilldoit."Thismaybethoughtofasalowkindofintelligence.l.Tofindtheirwayhomefromlongdistances,catsanddogshaveto.A.usetheirinstinctB.usetheirintelligenceC.travelthousandsofmilesD.getenoughfood2.Birdsdon'thaveintelligencebecause.A.theycannotfindtheirwayhomeB.theydon'trememberplacesanddirectionsandthenmakedecisionsC.youngbirdsareabletoflyD.theycannotbearcoldweather3.Wesayadogisnotusingitsintelligencewhenbarkingatastrangenoisebecause.A.itcannotcontrolitselfB.itknowshowtobarkwhenithasgrownupC.wearenotsureofitD.itstopspeoplefromgettingintoahouse4.Animalsincircusesdoallsortsoftrickstoamusetheaudiencebecause.52⚓ᐳ116⚓

52A.theyknowhowtospeakB.theyliketodosoC.theyknowtheywillberewardedD.theyareafraidofhumanbeings5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?A.Wearenotsurewhetherbirdsusetheirinstinctwhentheyflylongdistances.B.Evenyoungbirdscantravellongdistances.C.Animalsknowhowtosolveaproblemifyouteachthem.D.Aratisshowingalowkindofintelligencewhenittouchesakeytogetfood.ᫀsbnᦻDVᦻ஺A⚪s᛻D.ᯠ"A⚪s᛻ᑁ£v.3ᱥ஺nᦻ¥¦53ᱥḄ§¨n©Ḅª«஺1.B¬⁚ᳮb⚪஺᪷VRḄTodothistheyhavetousetheirintelligence4⌕®ᑮ¯V°"±²³´ᵨ±Ḅ§᠗஺*+,⌱B஺2.B¬⁚ᳮb⚪஺᪷VRḄTheydonotrememberplacesanddirectionsandthenmakedecisions.+,⌱B஺3.A¬⁚ᳮb⚪஺᪷·+,"¸¹ᑮ᜻»Ḅ¼½¾¿"¯Dn©"±ÀÁÂᑴÄ஺ᦑ⌱A஺4.C¬⁚ᳮb⚪஺᪷ᨬVVfManyanimals,however,canbetaughttosolveproblems,especiallywhentheyaregivenrewards.+,⌱Co5.A'ᳮᑨ:⚪஺᪷VᨬÅfÆYoungbirdsareabletomakethesejourneys...Thisisnotintelligence.Wecallthis"instinct”.+,AD4%ÇḄ஺ifᑖ᪆lf:Butsupposeahouseisonfireandthedogbarksoutsideitsmaster'sbedroomuntilhewakesup.ᑖ᪆:supposeÈthatopḄwstf"Éᜐḕᶍ5that,untilopHqrstf஺~ᦻ:ÌᎷÎVᡠÐÑḼÒ5"¸¾ᙠA.ḄᓷÔ᜜¿"ÖᑮA.⏨ᩭ஺Passage29TheofficialopeningofBeijingDaxingInternationalAirportcapsalongdesignandbuildingprocess.DesignedbythelatearchitectZahaHadidandherpartners,theairportisbuiltforthefuture,havingaterminalthesizeof97soccergrounds—aswellascustomer-servicerobotsthatprovidetravelerswithflightupdatesandairportinformation.53⚓ᐳ116⚓

53Called“starfish“byChinesemediafbritsshapeoffiveconcoursesᜧᔉ*connectedtoamainhall,DaxingAirportaimstoreducethewalkingdistancefbrpassengers.Theairportauthorityhaspromisedadistanceofnomorethan600metersabouteightminutesofwalking
betweensecuritycheckpointsandtheremotestboardinggate.Thisnewmodernairportemploysaspecialintelligentlightingsystem,supportedbyeightbigC-shapedcolumnsthatletinthesunlight,brighteningthearchitectureandstructure.Therefore,itminimizestheneedtouseelectriclighting.Toofferamorerefreshingtravelexperience,fiveoutdoorcourtyardswiththethemes“SilkGarden,H4TeaGarden,U6PorcelainGarden,,uCountrysideGarden"and"ChineseGarden^^featureattheendofthefivedepartureloungesÚ᎛Ô*forusebypassengerswaitingfortheirflights.Travelerswillbescannedoncamerasusingfacialrecognition.Counterswillbefullyautomatedtocapturefacephotosandrelaythemineachpartofthejourneythroughtheairport,includingsecurityandthedeparturegate.ChinaisprojectedtoovertaketheUnitedStatesastheworld'sbiggestairtravelmarketby2O22.The6tmodesf,initialoperationaltargetatDaxingAirportistoaccommodate72millionpassengersand2milliontonsofgoodsannuallyby2025.Theambitiousmasterplancallsfbrthebuildingofatotalofsevenrunways,andmovingatleast100millionpassengersand4milliontonsofgoodsayearthroughtheairport.l.Whyistheairportinastarfish-shapeddesign?A.Toholdasmanypassengersaspossible.B.Tomakethemainhalleasiertobefound.C.Tokeepsecuritycheckpointseffective.D.Tomakeboardinggateswithineasyreach.2.Whatcantheairport'slightingsystembedescribedas?A.High-end.B.Energy-saving.C.Passenger-friendly.D.Strangely-formed.3.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefiveoutdoorcourtyards?A.TheyreflecttheChinesetradition.B.Theyusepopulartechniques.C.TheypromoteChinesegoodstopeople.D.Theyfollowthelatestworldtrend.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?54⚓ᐳ116⚓

54A.ThedesignandconstructionofDaxingAirporttookalongtime.B.ZahaHadidhaspassedaway.C.Passengerspassthroughthedeparturegatequickly.D.ChinahasnowovertakentheUnitedStatestobecometheworld'slargestairtravelmarket.5.Whatdothenumbersinthelastparagraphindicate?A.Theairport'smarket.B.Theairporfsproject.C.Theairport'spotential.D.Theairport'sfacilities.ᫀsbnᦻDVᦻ஺A⚪s᛻D.ÜÝ"A⚪s᛻ᑁ£vÞß⚞áḄâ⊤ឋ;å஺nᦻæç5ᓅéᜧᐶë▭eíḄÞßᱯ°ïC᪗஺1.D'ᳮᑨ:⚪஺᪷ᦻN·RVfCalled“starfish"byChinesemediaforitsshapeoffiveconcoursesconnectedtoamainhall,DaxingAirportaimstoreducethewalkingdistanceforpassengers.ᜧᐶeí/Rëñòóv“õ”"÷v±ḄørDùᜧᔉúÈᑮVAᔉ"ûᙠüýþÿḄ
஺⌱Dᙠ஺2.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᨬTherefore,itminimizestheneedtouseelectriclighting."#$%ᨬᜧ▲(ᙢ*+,-ᵨᵯ᯿1Ḅ◤⌕஺ᜧᐶ5᯿1678⁚ḕ;<Ḅ=>$ᦑ⌱B⚗஺3.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ABCDḄEFG᜜I▾ḄKLMN$%OP᧜,BRS7ᦻᓄ$ᦑ⌱Ao4.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷EChinaisprojectedtoovertaketheUnitedStatesastheworld'sbiggestairtravelmarketby2022.⚜>ᑮ2022X$BRYZ[\R,ᡂ_`abᨬᜧḄcdef5஺ghiBRjkZl\Rᡂ_ᨬᜧḄcdef5$ᦑD_┯n⊤D஺5.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺ᨬCD,kᩭᜧᐶ5⌕qᑮḄh᪗$ᦑ⌱C5Ḅst஺uᑖ᪆x:Thisnewmodernairportemploysaspecialintelligentlightingsystem,supportedbyeightbigC-shapedcolumnsthatletinthesunlight,brighteningthearchitectureandstructure.ᑖ᪆:z{|supportedby..._[}ᑖ~,that$☢Ḅbrighteningthearchitectureandstructureᙠᑖ~஺ᦻ:zᓄḄ5ᵨ,ᱯḄ;᯿167$ᵫ᪷ᜧCᥛ,□ᐝ᯿5$-ᑁ¡᪀£1¤஺Passage3055⚓ᐳ116⚓

55Trafficlights,ortrafficsignals,arelocatedonmostmajorcornersincitiesandtownsaroundtheworld.Thered,yellowandgreenlightsletusknowwhenitissafetodrivethroughtheintersectionᓝL¦andwhentowalkacrossthestreetaswellaswhentostopandletotherdrivers,bikersandpedestrianstaketheirturnstocontinueontheirway.Trafficjamswereaproblemevenbeforetheinventionoftheautomobile.Horse-drawncarriagesandpedestrianscrowdedtheroadsofLondoninthe1860s.ABritishrailwaymanager,JohnPeakeKnight,suggestedadaptingarailroadmethodforcontrollingtraffic.Railroadsusedasemaphore§¨᪗systemwithsmallarmsextendingfromapoletoindicatewhetheratraincouldpassornot.InKnight'sadaptation,semaphoreswouldsignal"stop"and"go"duringtheday,andatnightredandgreenlightswouldbeused.Gaslampswouldlightupthesignatnight.Apoliceofficerwouldbestationednexttothesignalstooperatethem.Theworld'sfirsttrafficsignalwasinstalledonDec.9,1868,attheintersectionofBridgeStreetandGreatGeorgeStreetintheLondonboroughofWestminster,neartheHousesofParliamentandWestminsterBridge.ltwasasuccessandKnightpredictedmorewouldbeinstalled.However,onlyonemonthlater,apoliceofficercontrollingthesignalwasbadlyinjuredwhenaleakinagasmaincausedoneofthelightstoexplodeinhisface.Theprojectwasdeclaredapublichealthhazardandimmediatelydropped.Followingtheaccident,aboutfourdecadespassedbeforetrafficsignalsbegantogrowinpopularityagain,mainlyintheUnitedStatesasmoreautomobileshittheroad.Theearly1900ssawseveralpatentsbeingfiled,eachwithadifferentinnovationtothebasicidea.Thefirstelectrictrafficlightusingredandgreenlightswasinventedin1912byLesterFarnsworthWire,apoliceofficerinSaltLakeCity,Utah.Wire'strafficsignalresembledafour-sidedbirdhousemountedonatallpole.Itwasplacedinthemiddleofanintersectionandwaspoweredbyoverheadtrolleywires.Apoliceofficerhadtomanuallyswitchthedirectionofthelights.1.Whatbenefitdotrafficlightsbringtotheworld?A.Theyletthepedestriansknowhowtocrosstheintersection.B.Theydecoratemostmaincomersincitiesandtownsaroundtheworld.C.Theyhelptosolvetheproblemoftrafficblocks.D.Theykeepussafebystoppingdrivers,bikersandpedestrians.2.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs2and3?56⚓ᐳ116⚓

56A.Knightinventedelectrictrafficlightstoeasetrafficjams.B.Asemaphoresystemcontainedsmallarmsextendingfromapoletoguidetrains.C.Semaphoresonlyworkedduringtheday.D.Knighfssignalsystemrequiredapolicemantoguarditallday.3.Thepurposeoftheauthormentioningtheexplosionofthefirsttrafficsignalisto.A.tellusthesuccessofthefirsttrafficsignalB.showtheawkwardnessofthefirsttrafficsignalC.showhowcarelessthepoliceofficerwasD.tellusKnightsdetermination4.Whatisthemainfactorbehindtherapiddevelopmentoftrafficsignals?A.Theimprovementofthetrafficsignals.B.Theemergenceoflargenumbersofcars.C.Theaccidentcausedbythetrafficsignals.D.Moreautomobileaccidentsontheroad.5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Whoinventedthetrafficlight?B.AboomintrafficlightsC.HistoryoftrafficlightsD.Themysteryoftrafficlights©ᫀ«¬®¯°ᦻ8¬±1ᦻ஺²⚪᛻8´µ¶·$²⚪᛻ᑁ¸_¹ᢈ»¼஺°ᦻ½¾,¿À§¨ÁḄ»¼ᔊÃ஺1.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻÄᨬThered,yellowandgreenlightsletusknowwhenitissafetodrivethroughtheintersectionand…ÅஹÇஹÈÁᡃO⍝ËÌÍ᎛Ï[ᓝL¦8ÐᐰḄ
⌱C%OÒÓÔ¿ÀÕÖḄ×⚪஺2.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷Railroadsusedasemaphoresystemwithsmallarmsextendingfromapoletoindicatewhetheratraincouldpassornot.ئÙÚ-ᵨ§¨᪗67$ÛÜÝᩚBßNᩭᢣáâã8ᔲMÀ[஺⌱B஺3.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷E$ᙠF§¨ÁNᰦæçᦑ$§¨Á67èéêᓽìᵨ,஺ᦑ⌱B⊤1F¿À§¨ÁḄíîï⍗஺57⚓ᐳ116⚓

574.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ñFollowingtheaccident,aboutfourdecadespassedbeforetrafficsignalsbegantogrowinpopularityagain,mainlyintheUnitedStatesasmoreautomobileshittheroad.çᦑ»ò$ᜧó40X[},$¿À§¨Áôõö÷øùúᩭ$²⌕8ᙠ\R,"_ᨵ£üḄýãb¦,஺⌱BᜧþýãḄN஺5.C²ÿ⌕
⚪஺ᦻ⌕Ḅᔊᦑ⌱C஺ᑖ᪆:However,onlyonemonthlater,apoliceofficercontrollingthesignalwasbadlyinjuredwhenaleakinagasmaincausedoneofthelightstoexplodeinhisface.ᑖ᪆:controllingthesignalᙠᑖ!"#$%&'#,when)*+,-#.஺/ᦻ:ᯠ12234ᨴ%,367ᑴḄ9:;<=>?᯼ABC⍝EF*GᐸI3JᙠKῊMᰦO஺Passage31Itwaslate,about10:15p.m.JaniceEspositogotoffthetrain,wenttohercarandstarteddrivinghome.Shewassofamiliarwiththeroutethatshealmostdroveautomatically:turnedlefttotheStationRoad,thenanotherleftontoMontaukHighway,andthen—bam!WhenEsposito'scarhadjustcrossedtherailroadtracks,ithitanothervehicleandwaspushedbackontothetracks.Injuredbutmostlyshockedbythecrashandbytheairbagsthatpoppedup,shewasstuckinthevehicle.Asithappened,PeteDipintowasjustabouttogotosleepwhenheheardasharpnoiseandsawtheaccidentnotfaroutsidehisbedroomwindow.Asavolunteerfirefighterandretiredteacher,Dipintowhowas65,fetchedaflashlightandrushedoutwithouthesitation.4fcAnyfirefighterwouldhavedonewhat1did.We'realwaysonduty,“hesaid.Atfirst,hespottedtheothercarintheaccident.Aftermakingsurethatthedriverwasallright,DipintolookedaroundanddiscoveredEsposito'scarstraddlingPQRSTtherailwaytracks.Andthenheheardthebellring,whichsignaledatrain'sarrival.DipintorushedtoEsposito'scarandbrokethewindowonthedriver'sside.Espositolookedupathim,withhereyesglazingover.46Idon'tknowwhereIamJshesaid.46You'reontherailroadtracks,“Dipintoyelled."havetogetyouoffrightnow!”Thetrainwasrunningtowardthemataspeedofsome105kilometersperhour.Thedriver'sdoorcannotbeopenedduetothecollision,soDipintoquicklyrantotheothersideandmanagedtoopenthedoor.Heputtheairbagsaside,seizedherarms,pulledhertowardhimacrossthepassengerseatuntilfinallygotheroutandwalkedherto58⚓ᐳ116⚓

58safetyasswiftlyaspossible.Severalsecondslater,thetraincrashedintothevehicle.ltwaslikeaHollywoodmovie,Dipintotoldreportersthenextday.“LastnightJsaidSouthCountryAmbulance'sChief,"theheroarrivedinpajamasnotinafiretruck?"1.WhatcanweknowabouttheaccidentfromParagraph1?A.Esposito'scarhitanothervehicle.B.Espositodrovetoofast.C.Espositodidn'tknowtheroutewell.D.ArunningtraincrashedintoEsposito'scar.2.HowwasJaniceEspositorightaftertheaccident?A.Shefeltallright.B.Shewasbadlyhurt.C.Shegotstuckinthecar.D.Shecompletelylostherconsciousness.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"collision”meaninParagraph5?A.Movingobjectcrashesintosomething.B.Tobemovingslowlyinthesamedirection.C.Astrongdisagreementbetweentwogroups.D.Anideaoccurswhentwodifferentculturesconflict.4.HowwasJaniceEspositorescuedfromhercar?A.Throughthewindowonthedriver'sside.B.Throughthedooronthedriver'sside.C.Throughthewindowonthepassenger'sside.D.Throughthedooronthepassenger'sside.5.Whatdidthechiefmeanby“theheroarrivedinpajamas,notinafiretruck”?A.Dipintowasnotaprofessionalfirefighter.B.Dipintorushedtosavelifewithoutthinkingabouthimself.C.Dipintowasaspecialfirefighterwholikedwearingpajamas.D.Dipintowasunabletofindafiretruckwhentheaccidenthappened.Uᫀ59⚓ᐳ116⚓

59W#XYZ[ᦻ3\]ᦻ஺⚪#᛻_`aᡃ஺⚪#᛻ᑁdefghi஺[ᦻjk3l65mḄὁ᱅᱅ᙠpqrsṑ⊟XᦗwxἪz{SxIḄ3l᝕}~ᐸSḄᦑ஺1.A⁚ᳮX⚪஺᪷3᎔ᦪWhenEsposito'scarhadjustcrossedtherailroadtracks,ithitanothervehicleandwaspushedbackontothetracks4ᡲḄxs+M3xzᑮM஺T⌱A஺2.C⁚ᳮX⚪஺᪷3ᨬ%3Injuredbutmostlyshockedbythecrashandbytheairbagsthatpoppedup,shewasstuckinthevehicle.P᝛>?¢⌕>ᑮ£¤¥¦Ḅ§ᐰA©Ḅªᔥz{ᙠx¬஺T⌱C஺3.A®!
⚪஺᪷¯°ᓫ!ᡠᙠᑨ´:Thedriver'sdoorcannotbeopenedduetothecollision...Pµ¶·ᡭ¹ºwe—……T½¾¿x·ᡭ¹ºᵫxᦑ⌼ᡂḄᦑ⌱A஺4.Dᳮᑨ´⚪஺᪷ÃIḄsoDipintoquicklyrantotheothersideandmanagedtoopenthedoor...walkedhertosafetyasswiftlyaspossible⌱Do5.Bᳮᑨ´⚪஺ᵫSÄÅᡲÆᑮxÇÈ%3+,;¦ᩭᦗ_ÊsḼṑ⊟஺ÄÅᡲÌÍḼᦗ_͹ÎaÏ஺ᦑ⌱B஺Passage32GiuseppePaternoachievedthedreamofalifetime:Hegotauniversitydegreewhenhewas96.Mr.Paterno^graduationhasinspirednewscoveragearoundtheworld,partlybecauseofhisage.Mr.Paternohasgotaroundmanydifficultiesinhislifetime.Studyinghadbeenhispassionsincehewasasmallchild,hesaid,“butunfortunatelylifebetrayedme.^^BorninPalermoin1923,hewasthefirstofsevenchildreninaverypoorfamily.Hisdadworkedatajobonafarm,andhismothertookcareofthesechildrenathome.Mr.Paternobeganworkingsoonafterfinishingprimaryschool."Thefamilywaslarge,therewasonlyonepaycheck,wewereunderfascismPÐ
T,andtimesweretough,“hesaid.Eventuallyheendedupatapublishinghouse,wherethebosspersuadedhisfathertosendhimbacktoschoolforathree-yearvocationaldegree.Mr.Paternothenworkedforaninsuranceagencywhilehetookprivateclassestobecomeatelegraphoperator.ThejobalsoopenedthedoortotheStateRailwayscompany,whereheworkedformorethanfourdecades.In1951,withawifeandtwosmallchildrenathome,heearnedahighschooldegreeasasurveyor,whichledtoanofficejobatStateRailways.Itwasonlyafterheretired,inthemid-1980s,thathereturnedtohisbooks,takingtheologycoursesafterachancemeetingwithaprofessorofhistorywhourgedhimtofollowhispassion.60⚓ᐳ116⚓

60Mr.Micari,thepresidentoftheUniversityofPalermo,congratulatedMr.Paternoonfinishinghisdegreewithanearperfectgradepointaverage.44Agraduateatthisage,whohasallthispassion,thisenthusiasm,andthistalentiscertainlyanextraordinaryspokesmanforouruniversity,Mr.Micaritoldreporterslater.l.WhatdidGiuseppePaternodoafterprimaryschool?A.Hetookcareofchildrenathome.B.Heworkedtosupporthisfamily.C.Hehelpedhisfatherwithhiswork.D.Hemanagedapublishinghouse.2.Whichwordbestdescribesthebossofthepublishinghouse?A.Creative.B.Good-tempered.C.Cautious.D.Far-sighted.3.WhatmadeGiuseppePaternogetanofficejobatStateRailways?A.Workingforaninsuranceagency.B.Takingprivateclassesintelegraph.C.Receivinghishighschooldegree.0.Workingtherefbroverfortyyears.4.Whatmessagedoesthestoryconvey?A.It'snevertoolatetolearn.B.Romewasn'tbuiltinaday.C.Educationisthekeytosuccess.D.Upsanddownsmakeonestrong.UᫀW#XYZ[ᦻ3\]ᦻ,⚪#᛻e_`ÑÒ⚪#᛻ᑁdefghi¤ÓÔḄ_Õ᝱×஺ᦻᩋÙÚÛᱯÝᙠ96mḄÞßàÎᜧââlãäåᡃæ“èᑮὁâᑮὁ”஺1.Bᳮᑨ´⚪஺᪷⚪êIafterprimaryschool'lᑮë஺᪷Mr.PaternobeganworkingsoonafterfinishingprimaryschoolÛᱯÝᐜÕíâîï%¹ð;ºñò$T,íâîïó%ᩋÙÚÛᱯÝò$ᩭôõ஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺2.Dᳮᑨ´⚪஺᪷ëIEventuallyheendedupatapublishinghouse,wherethebosspersuadedhisfathertosendhimbacktoschoolforathree-yearvocationaldegreePᨬ÷Køᐭ3õ¦᱐Ñᙠû¬ὁüýþKḄ᱄〈᪥3Ḅᔊ᱐ḄὁᨵḄ஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺61⚓ᐳ116⚓

613.C"⁚ᳮ%⚪஺᪷(getanofficejobatStateRailways)*ᑮ,-.஺᪷(In1951,withawifeandtwosmallchildrenathome,heearnedahighschooldegreeasasurveyor,whichledtoanofficejobatStateRailways.01ᔊ2ᩋ456ᱯ8ᙠ:;<=>?ᑮ@AB>CDE஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺4.AᳮᑨG⚪஺᪷(ᦻI,——.GiuseppePaternoachievedthedreamofalifetime:Hegotauniversitydegreewhenhewas96.ᩋ456ᱯ8KL@MḄNO:ᙠ96QR@ᜧ*ᦻITUᩋ456ᱯ8ᙠ96QḄ0Vᜧ*WXYZ[ᡃ]“_ᑮὁᑮὁ”஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺Passage33Roughlythesizeofasodacan,sittingonabookshelf,arelativelyharmlessdeviceabᜓmaybeturningfriendsawayfromyourhome.TheelephantinyourlivingroomisyourInternet-connectedsecuritycamera,adevicepeopleareincreasinglyusingforpeaceofmindintheirhomes.Butfewstoptothinkabouttheeffectthesedevicesmayhaveonhouseguests.Shouldyoutellyourfriends,forinstance,thatthey'rebeingrecordedwhileyouallwatchTVtogether?“It'scertainlynewterritory,especiallyashomesecuritycamerasbecomeeasiertodx,“saysLizziePost,adistinguishedmannersadvisor.thinkitwillbeveryinterestingtoseewhatmannersappearintermsofwhetheryoutellpeopleyouhaveacameraornot,andwhetherguestshavearighttoaskthatitbeturnedoff,ifit'snotasecurityissue."Postwantstomakeclearthatshe'snottalkingaboutlegalrights,butratherpersonalpreference.Whenitcomestosecuritycameras,Postsaysit'sahost'sresponsibilitytomakesureguestsfeelcomfortablewithintheirhome.Ifthehostcasuallyacknowledgesthatthereisacameraintheroombytellingastoryaboutit,thatmaybeenoughtoprovideanopeningforaguesttosayiftheyareuncomfortable.However,ifacontractoraeᒹᖪisworkinginyourhome,youdon'tneedtotellthemthattherearecameraswatching.Thenagain,thecameracanalsoworkincontractors*favor.t4IfanythingdoesgowrongwhiletheyYeinthehouse,theydon'twanttobeblamedforit,“shesays.Infact,thecameracouldbethethingthatprovesthattheydidn'tstealthe$20,orknockthevaseoffthetable.l.Thevisitorsareconcernedthatthesecuritycameramay.A.threatentheirhealthB.spoiltheirpeaceofmindC.disturbtheirprivacyD.affecttheirpreference2.Whatisahost'sresponsibilityconcerningthesecuritycamera?62⚓ᐳ116⚓

62A.Indicatingitsposition.B.Makingtheirguestsfeelatease.C.Tumingitoffintime.0.Havingacasualtalkwithguests.3.Howcanthehomesecuritycamerabenefitcontractorsworkinginyourhome?A.Itcanpreventtheaccidentshappening.B.Itcanprovetheirinnocence.C.Itcanrecordtheirworkingprogress.D.Itcanmaketheirworkmoreenjoyable.4.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardsthesecuritycamera?A.Negative.B.Pessimistic.C.Favorable.D.Objective.hᫀjkl%mnoᦻlpqᦻr⚪k᛻tuvwᡃ,r⚪k᛻ᑁzt;{M_஺u]|ᩭ|~ᙢᙠ;2ᵨὶᐰ᤬ᑁḄ☟ᨵuᩭὃ⇋WbᜓMḄ஺1.CᳮᑨG⚪஺᪷(.¡~u¢O£᤬¤¥]¦ᐰ᤬§᡾]Ḅ◚ª஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺2.B"⁚ᳮ%⚪஺᪷(,«.ḄWhenitcomestosecuritycameras,Postsaysit'sahost'sresponsibilitytomakesureguestsfeelcomfortablewithintheirhomeapᑮᐰ᤬,Postp,¬uᙠ;®ᑮ—〉ruḄ±²⌱B⚗஺3.B"⁚ᳮ%⚪஺᪷(ᨬ´µInfact,thecameracouldbethethingthatprovesthattheydidn'tstealthe$20,orknockthevaseoffthetable.,;{ᐰ᤬TU¶qᙠ;DEḄeᒹᖪḄ·¸¹]ᨵºᜐ஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺4.DᳮᑨG⚪஺᪷(ᦻIᑁzEὅpq@ᐰ᤬Ḅᑭv¾¿ÀᨵpqwÁÂᢝÄÅᐰ᤬,ÆÇEὅḄ᝱ÉÊḄ஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺Passage34StudentloanaËÌdebthasbecomeaworldwideproblem.InAmerica,thecountry'soverallstudentdebtreachedarecord$1.6trillionin2019.Theaveragepersonwithstudentloandebtowedbetween$20,000and$25,000.ArecentJapanesegovernmentreportsaysithasbeenlendingover$9billionyearlytostudentssince2010.SimilarconditionsexistinAfricaandSouthAmerica.63⚓ᐳ116⚓

63Severalfactorsaccountforhighstudentloandebt.Oneisthatemployerseverywherehaveincreasedtheirdemandsonworkers,makinghighereducationarequirementformanyjobs.Thestudents,however,aftergraduation,oftenfindthattheircountry'seconomyisnotstrongenoughtosupporttheirfinancialneeds,sotheirabilitytopaybacktheloanbecomesaproblem.Tosolvetheproblem,manycountriesareseekingtheirways.Australiahasdevelopedasystemwherestudentsdonothavetopayanythingbackuntiltheyareearningatleast$40,000ayear.InAmerica,severalcandidatesrunningforpresidenthaveofferedmoreextremesolutionsthatalloratleastsomeoftheseloanswillbeforgiven.Someprofessorsinseveraluniversitiesrecentlystudiedwhattheeffectsofdebtforgivenessmightbe.Theyfoundthat,overall,suddendebtreliefgreatlyimprovedtheborrowers'lives.Notonlydidtheyhavemoremoney,buttheyweremorelikelytomovetoanewareaandseekbetterpayingwork.Yettheprofessors'researchdoesn'tincludealookatwhatmighthappentofinancialinstitutionsortheoveralleconomyifdebtweretotallyforgiven.Itonlylooksathowdebtforgivenesswouldhelptheborrowers.TheprofessorswarnthatdebtreliefmightactuallymakeborrowersbecomemorerecklessaÍ᳛Ḅwiththeirborrowinginthefuture.Nomatterwhat,theprofessorsagreethatifcountriesdodecidetoapprovesomestudentdebtrelief,theneedieststudentsshouldbehelpedfirst.1.Howdoestheauthorintroducetheproblemofstudentloandebt?A.Bymakingacomparison.B.Bymakingclassifications.C.Bypresentingsomestatistics.D.Bysettingdowngeneralrules.2.Whatcanwelearnaboutstudentloandebtrelief?A.Itwillsurelyprovidesomebenefitstoborrowers.B.IthasalreadybeencarriedoutintheUnitedStates.C.Itaimstoencouragemorestudentstoborrowmoney.D.Itwillpreventapersonfromlandingawellpayingjob.3.Whatistheprofessors*attitudetodebtrelief?A.Uncaring.B.Positive.64⚓ᐳ116⚓

64C.Disapproving.D.Cautious.4.What'sthemainideaofthetext?A.Studentloandebtisthemostseriousproblemworldwide.B.Growingglobalstudentdebtfuelssearchforsolutions.C.Studentloandebttendstopulltheneedyoutoftrouble.D.Peopleholddifferentopinionsondebtforgiveness.hᫀjkl%mnoᦻlpqᦻ,r⚪k᛻tuvr⚪k᛻ᑁztÏÐÑ⚪஺ᦻIÒÓ@MËÌÔÕᡂtᐰᳫឋÑ⚪ᔜ:ÚᙠÛÜ%ÝÞᫀ஺1.CᳮᑨG⚪஺ᵫ,.EὅTUàáâãᦪ(ÒÓMËÌÔÕÑ⚪஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺2.A"⁚ᳮ%⚪஺᪷(,-.ḄTheyfoundthat,overall,suddendebtreliefgreatlyimprovedtheborrowers”ivesa]åLæḄᩭp,çᯠḄÔÕéê᩽ᜧᙢᦋᗐ@îÌuḄM_ïÔÕéêð)ñîÌuòᩭºᜐ஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺3.DᳮᑨG⚪஺᪷(,-.,ó.ᦟᣴ]åL@ÔÕéêḄºᜐ,]ö÷@Ḅø☢ÆÇᦟᣴ]ÔÕéêḄ᝱ÉúûḄ஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺4.Brü⌕þ⚪஺oᦻ.ÿ
⚪☢ᫀᡠᦻ⌕Ḅᐰᳫ
ᔜ!"#ᫀ஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺()Thestudents,however,aftergraduation,oftenfindthattheircountry'seconomyisnotstrongenoughtosupporttheirfinancialneeds,sotheirabilitytopayback,theloanbecomesaproblem.ᯠ,,ᙠ/0
1234561!7Ḅ289ᨵ;ᑮ=>ᥛ61Ḅ@◤Bᡠ61CDḄEFᡂHIJ⚪஺)KthatLMNOfindḄPQR)஺Passage35IenteredacabinetmakingS7ᐹᑴ⌼Wprogram.1didn'tthinkIwouldbegoodatmakingfurniture.I'mnothandy.Nobodyinmyfamilyis.Ihadgreatteachers,butmakingfurnitureishard.Therearesomanystepsandsomethingcangowrongateachone.Icouldn'tevengetorganized.Mytoolboxalwayslookedasifahurricanehadgonethroughit.Ididn'tfullyknowwhat1wascommittedtointhebeginning,but1keptattendingclasses.1triedtobewrappedupinmath.Theprojectsforcedmetosolvenewkindsofproblems.Mybrainstartedtobuildnew65⚓ᐳ116⚓

65connections.Workinginthisnewphysicalmannerandgivingit100percentofmyefforthadhugebenefitsformymentalhealth.Igotovermyfearofembarrassmentandaskedforhelpateveryopportunity.Ispentthatyeartrulylearning.Truelearningisthemostchallengingexperience,especiallyforthoseofuswhoarelearninganewsetofskills.IcouldunderstandexactlywhatwaswrongwiththefurnitureImade,butIcouldn'tfixthoseproblems.Andyet,Ikepttrying.Ifailedagainandagain,untilIlearnedtofailbetter.Intheend,Ifinishedtheprogram——withhonors,noless!Mygradeswerehelpedbymygoodwrittenwork.Ialsolearnedhowtousetools.Havingtoconstantlypushmyselftostepoutsidemycomfortzonehasmademeamorewell-roundedperson.Maybemostimportantly,theschoolgavemeamorerealisticideaofmystrengthsandlimitations.I'mstrongerthanIthought!1.Whatcanweknowabouttheauthorfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Shehadagiftformakingfurniture.B.Shelackedpracticalskills.C.Shedislikedmakingeverythinginamess.D.Shewenttotheprogramtosurpriseherfamily.2.Whatwasthebiggestchallengetheauthorencountered?A.Physicalcondition.B.Psychologicalpreparation.C.Toknowhowtocorrectmistakes.D.Notbeinggoodatmath.3.Whatdoyouthinkoftheauthor?A.Hard-workinganddetermined.B.Confidentandefficient.C.Cooperativeandcreative.D.Modestandtalented.4.Whatdidtheauthorbenefitmostfromtheproject?A.Shewonanawardforgoodwriting.B.Shebecamestrongerbothmentallyandphysically.C.Shebecameskillfulatmakingfurniture.D.Shehadabetterunderstandingofherself.66⚓ᐳ116⚓

66XᫀYQZ[\]ᦻ^IZᜳ`ᜳaᦻ⚪Q᛻Hcdeᡃ,⚪Q᛻ᑁhHi᩽Ḅ
k᝱m஺ᦻn⌕opὅrIJsḄtuI7ᐹᑴ⌼Ḅ2ᔊ஺Iwxpὅ☢yzz{(|pὅ9ᨵ}~,i᩽Ḅ᝱mᨬᡂItuᙠuKeḄᳮ஺1.Bᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷IKI'mnothandyKIcouldn'tevengetorganized.Mytoolboxalwayslookedasifahurricanehadgonethroughit,pὅᢈE஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺2.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷pὅ⍗ᑮḄᨬᜧᢧᡊ^᝞ᙠKᦋ¡eḄ┯£஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺3.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷¤KIdidn'tfullyknowwhatIwascommittedtointhebeginning,butIkeptattendingclasses¥IgotovermyfearofembarrassmentandaskedforhelpateveryopportunityKIspentthatyeartrulylearning¥Andyet,Ikepttrying.Ifailedagainandagain,untilIlearnedtofailbetter¦ᔠpὅ¨p©Fª«¬஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺4.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᨬIMaybemostimportantly,theschoolgavemeamorerealisticideaofmystrengthsandlimitations.I'mstrongerthanIthought!pὅᙠJ⚗®KᨬᜧḄᦈ°^᝛eᨵ²³Ḅ஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺Passage36TheGermanshipPolarsternisdesignedtobreakupheavyice.ButinSeptember,2019,theshipsetsailfromNorwaywiththegoalofgettingfrozenintotheArcticicecapforayear.Themission(µ)waspartofa$155millionprojectknownasMOSAiC,ledbyGermany'sAlfredWegenerInstitute(AWI),whosegoalistolearnmoreabouttheicethatformsneartheNorthPole.Theicecaphereisn'tcompletelysolid,andit'sacollectionoffloes—floatingsheetsofice.Assummerapproaches,someoftheicemeltsandmanyfloesbreakfree.ByOctober,2019,theshipwasfrozenintotheArcticicenorthofSiberia.Themissionwasn'twithoutitschallenges.Firstandmostimportantly,thePolarstemhadtofindanicefloethatwouldbeusedasitsprimaryresearchbase.Theicefloemustbesolidenoughtoanchortheshipandtosupportalltheresearchequipmentthescientistsneededtouse.However,doingitprovedeasiersaidthandone.Oncetheshipwasfrozeninplace,thescientistshadtowrestlewiththedangerouspolarbearsthatwerewanderingaround.Dealingwithextremecoldwasanotherchallenge.Theyalsohadtofacethelonganddarkpolarnight,aperiodduringwinterwhenthesundoesn'triseatallinthecentralArctic.InOctober,2020,theboatfinallyreturnedtoBremerhaven,Germany.67⚓ᐳ116⚓

67“WearewatchingtheArcticseaicedie,“saidthemission'sleader,MarkusRex.Theteamreportsthattheiceshelfisfullofholes,andthattheicethatremainsisthinandmelting.Recentsatellitemeasurementssupportthatidea.Thesizeofthisyear'sicecapisthesecondsmallesteverrecorded.Nextcomesthelongprocessofstudyingallthedatathatwascollectedduringthelastyear.ThomasKrumpen,oneofthescientists,said,6tWe*lllikelybebusywithitoverthenexttenyears.^^Thescientistshopethisabundantinformationwillhelpthemmakebetterpredictionsaboutclimatechange.l.WhatdoesMOSAiCtrytodointheArctic?A.Protecttheicecap.B.Stoptheicemelting.C.Studytheicedeeply.D.Breakupheavyice.2.WhatwasthebiggestchallengeforthescientistsonthePolarstern?A.Findingtherightfloe.B.Fightingtheextremecold.C.Avoidingpolarbears.D.Reducingloneliness.3.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthesituationsofArcticice?A.Carefree.B.Positive.C.Tolerant.D.Objective.4.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthejourneytotheArctic?A.Expensive.B.ConfidentiaLC.Fruitful.D.Casual.XᫀYQZ[\]ᦻ^IZ·¸ᦻ,⚪Q᛻Hcdeᯠ⚪Q᛻ᑁhH¹᛻º»deᯠ
᝱஺¼!“᩽¾”ÀẚÂᙠᓅ᩽ÂÅKÆÇIÈÉ2020È10ᨴËÉÌᑮ¼!Ḅᩭ᫥Ï஺ÐᦈÑᜧÒᨵᐵᓅ᩽ÂḄÔÕÖ71×ØÙÔÕEÚÛÜ61²³ᙢ⚜ßà᎛âᓄ஺1.Cä⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷IḄThemission(µ)waspartofa$155millionprojectknownasMOSAiC,ledbyGermany'sAlfredWegenerInstitute(AWI),whosegoalistolearnmoreabouttheicethatformsneartheNorthPoleJ⚗®Ḅ®Ḅ^²æᙢᓅ᩽▬èéᡂḄÂ஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺68⚓ᐳ116⚓

682.Aä⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷ḄFirstandmostimportantly,thePolarsternhadtofindanicefloethatwouldbeusedasitsprimaryresearchbase...However,doingitprovedeasiersaidthandone#êljᔠ〉Ḅì“᩽¾”ÀíḄÖ7ᩭ·^ᨬᜧḄᢧᡊ஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺3.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻn¤pὅî^ïð·¸ᓅ᩽ñÂḄ5ò஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺carefreeóôó⇋Ḅ;positivei᩽÷ðḄ;tolerantᒹhḄ;objectiveïðḄ஺4.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷Nextcomesthelongprocessofstudyingallthedatathatwascollectedduringthelastyear.ThomasKrumpen,oneofthescientists,said,"We'lllikelybebusywithitoverthenexttenyears.”¥ùThescientistshopethisabundantinformationwillhelpthemmakebetterpredictionsaboutclimatechange.“᩽¾”Àúûᓅ᩽üýᦈ°⚟ÿ஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺Passage37SawyerCurrent'sfirstvisittoIslaMujeres,asmallislandoffthecoastofCancun,Mexico,wasmeanttobeagetaway.Butinsteadofrelaxingonwhitesandbeaches,Currentwasdisappointedatthenumberofunwantedanimalswanderingthestreets.<4Dogswereeverywhere,comingoutofthebushesandalongthesidesoftheroad,“sherecallsthattrip25yearsago."Theyweredirtyandcoveredwithfleasandscars.“Itwassad,“shesays."Ijustcouldn'tstandtowatchit.”Currentdecidedtohelpfixit.ShebuiltasecondhomeonIslaMujeresin2000,andbeginningwithaskinny,toothlesscatsherescuedfromthestreets,shewentontofindhomesformorethan2,000dogsandcats.Today,thankstoCurrentsefforts,theislandnolongerhasawilddogproblem,and"peoplearemoreawareoftheirpets*needs,“saysMarcelinoVelazquez,34,apropertymanagerfromIslaMujeres.4tTheyvaccinate...themanddon'tabandonthemtothestreets.Thewayofthinkinghaschanged.^^ForCurrent,itwasahard-foughttransformation.4

69"There'snothingintheworldlikefindingastarvingdog,nursingitbacktogoodhealthandfindingitalovinghome,^^Currentsays.l.WhatmadeCurrentfeeldisappointedwiththeisland?A.Insectsbitingpeople.B.Peoplewithoutresources.C.Housesinpoorconditions.D.Animalsabandonedtothestreets.2.WhydidCurrentfollowthetruckandlettheairoutofitstires?A.Toshowthelocalpeoplehowtosolvetheirproblems.B.Todrawpublicattentiontowhatshewasdoing.C.Tostoptheworkersfromkillingtheanimals.D.Tohelpthegovernmentpunishbadpeople.3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesCunent?A.Loving.B.Ambitious.C.Intelligent.D.Cautious.ᫀᦻḄ⚪᛻"#$%ᯠ⚪᛻ᑁ("#$)*ᱥ஺ᦻ,-./SawyerCurrentᦗ23456IslaMujeresḄ789Ḅ:;)ᱥḄᦑ<஺1.D=⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷AB3CBDEButinsteadofrelaxingonwhitesandbeaches,Currentwasdisappointedatthenumberofunwantedanimalswanderingthestreets.FGH⍡Jᙠ⊙9Ḅ)ᱥMCurrentNᑮᜫQ஺2.C=⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷ABRCSḄ"Iusedtofollowthetruck,andwhenthey'dgofbrlunch,Fdletthedogsout,“shesays."OnetimeIlettheairoutoftheirtires()FG.CurrentVW"X6᝛Z⌕\]^_)ᱥHᩔa஺3.Abᳮᑨd⚪஺CurrentZᙠ789efVgᓾX6iᑮjk:;)ᱥlNᑮᜫQ,ᯠnopᙠ89ᦗ2:;)ᱥqr2^_:;)ᱥsᑮtu஺ᵫwFxiyCurrentz{ᨵ᰿~(loving)஺Passage38LiuJichen,founderandCEOofClearPlate,designedamini-programthatrecognizesemptyplatesandrewardsuserswithpoints.Thesepointscanbeexchangedforgiftslikebooksandcellphones,orbetteryet,theycanbeusedtopurchasecharitymealsdonatedtopoorchildreninruralareasofChina.70⚓ᐳ116⚓

70In2016,Liu,athenstudentofTsinghuaUniversity,noticedapopularcampaigncalled"LeftoverParty”wherepeoplebroughttheirleftoverstoeattogether,intendingtoraiseawarenessoffoodwaste.Liuandhisclassmatesorganizedonesuchevent,whichwasattendedbyhundredsofpeople.Thesuccessencouragedhimtospreadtheconceptofreducingfoodwastetoawideraudience.Theideaofamini-programstruckhimatadinnerin2017whenLiudinedatarestaurant,whichrewardeddinerswhofinishedofftheirfood.Liufoundthattherestaurantwouldgivethesedinersacardeverytimeandofferthemsmallgiftswhentheycollectedacertainnumberofcards."Everyonewhovaluesfoodcanenjoyasenseofgainatalowercost,“Liusaid,notingthatsuchanideacouldberealizedonline.Heformedateamtoworkontheproject.YetitwasquiteachallengefortheAIsystemtoidentifytheuploadedphotos.Liuandhisteam,assistedbymorethan1,000others,spenthalfayearcollectingover100,000samplesacrossthecountrytotrainthedigitalbrain.“Thereweresomanyuncertaintiesinresearchanddevelopment.Forourteammembers,thebiggestchallengewaswhetherwewereconfidentenoughtocompleteit,“Liusaid.Theynotonlyachievedtheirgoal,butnow,themini-programhasmorethanfivemillionregisteredusers.t4WehopetoinspireeveryonetotakeactionagainstfoodwasteandtocontributeChinesewisdomandsolutionstoglobalfoodsecuritychallenges,headded.1.WhatinspiredLiuJichentocreatethemini-program?A.Arestaurant'spractice.B.Hisinterestinhightechnology.C.Acampaignconcept.D.Hisclassmates*advice.2.Whatisthemainaimofthemini-program?A.Toincreaseawarenessofcharity.B.Toencouragepeopletosavefood.C.Tocollectphotosofemptyplates.D.Topromotebooksandothergifts.3.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeLiuJichen?A.Generousandoptimistic.B.Lovingandeasy-going.C.Determinedandresponsible.71⚓ᐳ116⚓

71D.Gratefulandconsiderate.ᫀᦻḄ⚪᛻"#$⚪᛻ᑁ("⚪஺ᦻ,⌕/oḄ7஺1.A=⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷ABRCB3ETheideaofamini-programstruckhimatadinnerin2017whenLiudinedatarestaurant,whichrewardeddinerswhofinishedofftheirfood.FGZ⌕o^47"X6^u⚶ᔉḄ/ḄᮣN஺2.B=⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷AB3CB3ELiuJichen,founderandCEOofClearPlate,designedamini-programthatrecognizesemptyplatesandrewardsuserswithpoints.xᦻḄᐹFG,^47ḄḄ"#⁚¡ᱥ஺3.Cbᳮᑨd⚪஺iᑮ“LeftoverParty”^4¢)Fx£¤#¥¡ᱥ;¦Ḅ§¨%©ª«3¤¬/^᪵Ḅ¢)¯°"34ᨵ±²~Ḅ(responsible)#஺ᙠo7Ḅ³S´ᯠ⍗ᑮ/jkᢧᡊ¸"¹º»/,ᨬ½¾¿ᡂÁ°"34ᨵÃ~Ḅ(determined)#஺Passage39Whetherhuntingorcompetingforlimitedspaceandresources,humansaretheplanefssuperpredator(ᣓ¡ὅ).Asthehumanpopulationexpands,it'sgettingharderforothercreaturestofindsomewheretohideduringtheday.Nownewfindingsindicateanimalsaroundtheworldhavecomeupwithanotherstrategy:Theyarebecomingnocturnal.InapaperpublishedinScience,researchersanalyzed76previousscientificstudiesaboutthehumanimpactonanimalactivity.Theycomparedanimals'activityduringthedayandnightinareasofhighhumandisturbance(fromhuntingorfarmingtohikingandotheroutdoorrecreations)andlowhumandisturbance(relativelynaturalconditions).Theanalysisshowedanimalsarebecominganaverageof1.36timesmorenocturnalduetohighhumandisturbance.Forexample,inPolandwildboarsgofrom48%nocturnalinnaturalforeststo90%nocturnalinurbanareas.Evenactivitiespeopleconsiderrelativelyinnocuous,suchashikingandwildlifeviewing,stronglyaffectedanimals*dailyrhythms.t4Wethinkthatwe'releavingnotraceoftenwhenwe'reoutdoors,butwecanbehavinglastingconsequencesonanimalbehavior,“saysKaitlynGaynor,leadresearcherfbrthestudy.Thisisnotthefirsttimeanimalshavehadtoliveatnight;duringthetimeofdinosaurs,theywerealsonocturnal."Dinosaurswerethisubiquitous(ÆᡠÈᙠḄ)scaryforce,andonlyaftertheirextinctiondid72⚓ᐳ116⚓

72mammalsÉÊ)ᱥemergeintothedaylight,Gaynorsays."Andnowhumanshavetakenoverandarepushingotheranimalsbackintothenight.^^Scientistssuspectbecomingnocturnalmayhurtthosespecieshighlyadaptedtothesun.Theymightnotbeabletolivewellatnight,whichwouldultimatelyhurttheirchancesofsurvivalandreproduction.Perhapsevenmorealarmingeffectscouldbeinthewiderecosystem.InCalifornia'sSantaCruzMountains,coyoteshavebeenmorenocturnalinresponsetohikersandhavestartedtoaltertheirdietsfromdaytimeprey,suchassquinelsandbirds,tonocturnalprey,suchasratsandrabbits.Exactlyhowecologicalcommunitieswillchange,andwhetheritwillbeforbetterorworse,requiresfurtherstudy.Somenighttimeshiftsmaybenefitbothanimalsandhumans,Gaynornotes.Forinstance,tigersinNepalareavoidingpotentiallydeadlyconflictswithpeopleastheybecomemorenocturnal.Studieslikethisonewilleventuallyhelpconservationmanagersmakebetterdecisionsabouthowtoprotectecosystems."We'llneedtounderstandlocaldynamicstoreallyunderstandhowweshouldbechangingmanagementofwildlifepopulationsorhumanactivities,vGaynornotes.uOnepotentialapproachmightbetomanagethetimingofhumanactivitiessothatweleavesomeofthedaylightforotheranimals.^^l.Howdoanimalsrespondtoincreasinghumandisturbance?A.Bylimitingfoodintake.B.Byleavingtheirhabitat.C.Bycontrollingpopulation.D.Byadjustingdailyroutine.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“innocuous“inParagraph3probablymean?A.Harmless.B.Recreational.C.Organized.D.Irregular.3.Whydoestheauthormentiondinosaurs?A.Tohighlighttheimportanceofdaylight.B.Toindicatethedominationofhumans.C.Toillustratemammals1adaptability.D.Todemonstratedinosaurs'power.4.Whatcanwelearnaboutanimals*becomingnocturnal?A.Ithasledtoanewecologicalbalance.B.Itdemandsmoreconservationareas.73⚓ᐳ116⚓

73C.Itmayencouragebiodiversity.D.Itmightbedouble-edged.ᫀᦻḄ⚪᛻"#$%ᯠ஺⚪᛻ᑁ("#$)*ᱥ஺X6#Ë¢)ḄÌÍÎᩭÎkḄ)ᱥÐᡂᙠÑÒ¢),ᦻ,ᑖ᪆/^¥)ᱥx᦮4Ö᝱Ø᛻FÙ⌼ᡂḄÌÍx¥ÛÜÖ᝱ÝÞḄßà஺1.D=⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷ABDCᨬn3ETheanalysisshowedanimalsarebecominganaverageof1.36timesmorenocturnalduetohighhumandisturbance.FG)ᱥ6/á¥#ËÈdḄâ᡾äÙåæÑÒ¢)Ḅçᦪ^¯°)ᱥé᦮/ê{ë6஺2.Aìíîï⚪஺᪷AðñîᡠᙠESḄEvenFGðñî©ESḄstronglyaffectedanimals'dailyrhythmsò§ÌÍ)ᱥḄê{⁚óôõö÷;ù᪷AðñînḄsuchashikingandwildlifeviewingú᝞üýþë©ÿ
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ᨵᑭᨵSTUᑓᒃ஺Passage40Whichanimalpullsatyourheartstrings-apandaoratoadTXYZZoologistLucyCookedrawsattentiontosomeoftheworld'sleastattractiveanimals.Shehopestoshowtheworldwhysomeofthemostunlovableanimalsareactuallythemostinterestinganddeservingofourattentionandprotection.Cooke'sblogsandonlinevideosbringherunusualstorytellingstyletoaseriousmessage:Ifweonlycareaboutthebestlovedanimals,otherimportantpartsoftheweboflifecouldbeignored.Therearesomanytelevisionshowsaboutlovelyanimalslikekoalabearsandkittens,sheobserves.Alltheattentionseemsfocusedon“celebrity“animals."ThoseunusualcreaturesattractmebecausetheytellanamazingevolutionaryT[ᓄḄstory,“Cookesaid.'Tminterestedinallofnature,notjusttheshinybits.^^Amphibians-animalslikefrogsthatlivebothonlandandinwater-topCooke*slist.Overathirdofamphibiansaregoingextinct;it'stheworstextinctioncrisissincethedinosaurswerewipedoffthefaceoftheearth."Amphibiansoccupyacrucialspotinthemiddleofthefoodchain.Ifyouremovethem,everythingelse74⚓ᐳ116⚓

74willbelostasweIl,^^shenoted."Thatmotivatedmetostartmyblog,TheAmphibianAvenger.Whenamphibiansgoextinct,birdsandsnakesthateatthemalsodisappear.Andsincetheybreathethroughtheirskin,theyareeasilyattackedbypollutionandclimatechange.Thatmakesthemfantasticinstrumentsformeasuringthehealthofecosystems.^^OneofCooke'smostpopularonlinevideosisaboutsloths-extremelyslow-movinganimalsthatliveintrees.They'vealwayshadareputationforbeinglazyandstupid.Infhct,“slothftilness“isthekeytotheanimaFssuccess,allowingthesloth'sliverT]^toprocesspoisonoussubstancesfoundintheleavesiteats.Movingslowlyalsokeepsithiddenfromenemies.uMyvideoshowedtheworldhowinterestingtheyare,“Cookesaid.Thebats,dungbeetlesandmoregettheirmomentinthesunthankstoCooke."Ijustwantpeopletosharemysenseofamazementandloveforthesecreatures,Cookestated.4€Onceyouunderstandwhythey'reuglyorodd,you'llappreciatethemandwanttosavethemasmuchasIdo.^^1.CookestartedTheAmphibianAvengerinorderto.A.maketheanimalpopularwithpeopleB.showheruniqueappreciationofbeautyC.introducetheresearchonanewspeciesD.explaintheimportanceofthiskindofanimal2.Cooke'svideoaboutslothsisanexampleof.A.whysomeanimalsdeservetheirreputationB.whyshethinksitnecessarytosaveanimalsC.howpeoplefocusonsomespecificanimalsD.howsheistryingtochangepeople'sminds3.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.AnimalDefenderB.IntelligentAnimalsC.Cooke'sStorytellingBlogsD.TheSecretofExtinctCreatures_ᫀabcdefgᦻḄ=⚪b᛻jkᯠ2=⚪b᛻ᑁnj
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751.D~⁚ᳮd⚪o᪷BḄ"Amphibiansoccupyacrucialspotinthemiddleofthefoodchain.Ifyouremovethem,everythingelsewillbelostaswell,“shenoted."Thatmotivatedmet஺startmyblog,TheAmphibianCookeTheAmphibianAvengerḄḄd᪠
ᱥḄ⌕ឋ஺2.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷᎔ᦪ0"OneofCooke'smostpopularonlinevideosisaboutsloths—extremelyslow-movinganimalsthatliveintrees.They'vealwayshadareputationforbeinglazyandstupid.,᎔ᦪᨬ&!""Myvideoshowedtheworldhowinterestingtheyare,“Cookesaid.MNᨬ&!B“Onceyouunderstandwhythey'reuglyorodd,you'llappreciatethemandwanttosavethemasmuchasIdo.”2ᐵ᪛Ḅ⚣CookeᦋD+Ḅ!஺3.A=⌕⚪஺eᐰᦻ2ᐸ᪷!BḄZoologistLucyCookedrawsattentiontosomeoftheworld'sleastattractiveanimals.Shehopestoshowtheworldwhysomeofthemostunlovableanimalsareactuallythemostinterestinganddeservingofourattentionandprotection.ஹᦻp=⌕qrsCookevwx
ᱥᡠzḄ¢£஺¤¥AnimalDefender(
ᱥwxὅ)ᨬ¨᪗⚪஺Passage41Manypeoplehavefeltisolatedandafraidduringthepandemicthisyear,andtheWeberfamilyisnodifferent.But11-year-oldEmersonWeberhasahobbythathasturnedintoaremarkableantidote.Emersonwritesletters—lotsofletters.Onedaylastspring,sheevenwrotetoDoug,hermailcarrier.wanttothankyoufortakingmylettersanddeliveringthem,“shesaid."Youareveryimportanttome.”Innotimeatall,Emerson'ssimplethank-younotewassharedaroundtheUnitedStatesPostalService(USPS).Manyoftheworkerswhoreaditwroteback.HerfatherwassomovedbytheresponsethathetooktoTwittertosharehisappreciationfortheoutpouringoflove.ThenextdayafterEmersongaveDougtheletter,apackagearrivedwithtwoletters.DoughadsharedEmerson'sletterwithhissupervisor,Sara,andtheybothwantedtosharehowtouchedtheywere.Thenextweek,theygotaletteraddressedto"Mr.andMrs.Weber”.ItseemedthatSarahadsharedEmerson'snoteasa“TokenofThanks“intheinternalUSPSnewsletter,andtherewerepostalfolksthatwantedtothankher.Thatday,thefamilysawDouggettingoutofthetruckwithtwoBOXESoflettersfromaroundthecountry.Theselettersweresodeeplyhuman.Theywerefilledwithfamily,pets,hobbies,community,andanoverwhelmingsenseofkindness.76⚓ᐳ116⚓

76Buttherewassomethingmoreintheseletters.Peoplefeltseen—somefbrthefirsttimeinalongtime."Iworkaloneinasmallruralpostoffice...“"Mykidsalllivefaraway...“"Notalotofpeoplethinkabouthowhardwework...^^Onewrote,can'ttellyouhowmuchitmeanstoreadyourletter...”Withdozensofnewpenpals,Emersondidwhatshedoesbest.Shewrote.SheacknowledgedthatthereWEREalotofletters,butshereadthemall.'TmnotsharingthisbecauseI'maprouddadJherfatherwroteonTwitter."Pmsharingitbecauseitisrelativelyeasy,ifwetakethetime,togiveotherstheonethingtheyneedtobewell—humanconnection.Emersondoesthisboldly.Herlessontomewassimple:It'sthesmallthingsthatmattermost.”Sendaletter.Makeacall.Takeastepofboldness.Foryourselforforothers.l.Mr.WebersharedEmerson'sstoryonTwitterbecause.A.hewasmovedbythereaders'responseB.hewantedmorepeopletoreadtheletterC.hetookgreatprideinbeingEmerson'sfatherD.hewasthankfultoDougfordeliveringletters2.Whatdothelettersinthepassagesymbolize?A.Asenseofcommunity.B.Thecompanyoffamily.C.Abondbetweenpeople.D.Theoutpouringofcourage.3.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeEmerson?A.Selflessandpatient.B.Smartandmature.C.Determinedandproud.D.Lovingandgrateful._ᫀabcdefgᦻḄ=⚪b᛻vjª«2=⚪b᛻ᑁnv¬Ḅ▭ᐵ¯஺ᙠ°£±Q,²³´µᑮ¶·$᝿,Emersonᵨᑏ»Ḅ¼½¾¿⌴Áᨨ$}Ã஺77⚓ᐳ116⚓

771.A~⁚ᳮd⚪஺᪷"HerfatherwassomovedbytheresponsethathetooktoTwittertosharehisappreciationfortheoutpouringoflove.,WeberᐜᙠTwitterÅᑖÇ᝕ÉḄᦑ¢¤vËeὅḄ7»µ
s஺2.Cᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻp!!"Manypeoplehavefeltisolatedandafraidduringthepandemicthisyear,andtheWeberfamilyisnodifferent.$EmersonḄFv,EmersonÌᑏ»Ḅ¼½Íᙠ°£±Qµᑮj/QḄÁᨨ;Ï᪷᎔ᦪBḄI'msharingitbecauseitisrelativelyeasy,ifwetakethetime,togiveotherstheonethingtheyneedtobewell—humanconnection..C»ÑÒj/Qὶ¯ḄÔG஺3.Dᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷!Emersonᙠ»BᡠᑏḄIwanttothankyoufortakingmylettersanddeliveringthem,BÕ᝛Ḅµ×»ËØÙᑖÇḄÚÛ,MN᝛ᑏḄ»¾〈ÝsᐵÞ$Áᨨ,Emerson!ßᨵ᰿Þ$µ឵/ÞḄ஺Passage42mangoesOncesmallfarmersinMasii,aremotevillageinKenya,havepickedtheircrops,alltheycandoiswaituntilabuyertrucksthrough.Thesystemworksfairlywellforbeansandcom,butmangoes-thearea'sothermaincrop-spoilῖãmorequickly.Ifthetraderislate,theyrot.ObadiahKisaingu,afarmerinMasii,estimates40%ofthevillage'smangocropislosttospoilage.Butasimplecoatingcouldchangethat.Acompany,SmartTech,hascreatedaproductthatdoublestheshelflifeoffreshproduce,enablingfarmerslikeKisaingutoaccessfar-off,largermarkets.Moretimeforfreshproduceongrocers*shelvesalsomeanslessfoodwaste-a$2.6trillionproblem,accordingtotheUnitedNations*FoodandAgricultureOrganizationFAO
.JamesRogers,CEOofSmartTech,whohasaPhDinmaterialsscience,wantedtosolvetheproblemforfoodmuchinthesamewaythatoxidebarrierspreventingrustT┤haveachievedforsteel.Fortunately,researchershavefoundwhenplantsmadethejumpfromwatertolandhundredsofmillionsofyearsago,theydevelopedcutin,abarrierwhichismadeoffattyacidsthatlinktogethertoformasealaroundtheplant,helpingkeepwaterin.78⚓ᐳ116⚓

78Thecutinwassuchagrandstrategythattodayyou'llstillfinditacrosstheplantkingdom.Notthatit'sexactlythesamesolutionacrosstheboard:Anorangecanlastlongerthanastrawberrynotsomuchbecauseofthethicknessofitsskin,butbecauseofthedifferenceinthearrangementofthosecutinmoleculesTᑖonthesurface.SmartTech*schallengewasfirstidentifyingthekeycomponentsofcutin.Afterextensivetrials,Rogersandhisteamdevelopedanaturalandtastelessprotectivecoatingfromplantmaterial-stems,leavesandskins.Theproductextendsthesweetspotbetweenripeningandrot.Andbestofall,thetreatedproducedoesn'trequirerefrigeration.SmartTechtraveledalongroadtogethere.Itwassixyearsfromthelaunchbeforeproductsappliedwiththesubstancewereinstores.SmartTech-treatedfruitsandvegetablesarealreadyinlargegrocerychainsinEuropeandtheU.S.andthecompanyrecentlygainedregulatoryapprovalinseverallessdevelopedcountriesinSouthAmerica.“SmartTechhashugepotentialtoturnpoorfarmersinAfricaintocommercialfarmers,saysRogers.“Thatmeansmoremoneyinpockets,andmorefoodinstomachs."Butwhetherthecompanycancost-effectivelyreachsmallfarmersinfar-offareasstillremainsachallenge.l.TheauthormentionsthesmallfarmersinKenyato.A.stresstheirneedforpreservingproduceB.showtheirdifficultyinharvestingcropsC.evaluatetheirlosscausedbyslowtransportD.helpexpresstheirwishtoreachlargermarkets2.WhatcanwelearnaboutSmartTech'sproduct?A.ItisfinanciallysupportedbyFAO.B.Itisintendedtoreplacerefrigeration.C.Itisdesignedtothickenproduce'sskin.D.Itisbasedonplants1owndefencesystem.3.WhatdoesJamesRogersexpect?A.Toprofitfarmers.B.Toearnmoremoney.C.Toproducemorefood.D.Toexpandgrocerychains.4.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.79⚓ᐳ116⚓

79A.proveatheoryB.promoteaproductC.introduceacompany0.presentatechnology_ᫀabcdefgᦻḄ=⚪b᛻vjª«2=⚪b᛻ᑁnvåᢈçè஺ᦻpqrsSmartTechéêë{Ḅ!⚗íᢈî2⚗ᢈîï4ðëñwòóô2õövð÷øᑭ஺1.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷BḄObadiahKisaingu,afarmerinMasii,estimates40%ofthevillage'smangocropislosttospoilage.Butasimplecoatingcouldchangethat.Acompany,SmartTech,hascreatedaproductthatdoublestheshelflifeoffreshproduce,enablingfarmerslikeKisaingutoaccessfar-off,largermarkets..ð'ᱥ᧕ῖã.'ὅᑮúûüḄýðþ=vs:;6wòðëñḄ◤஺2.D⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷Fortunately,researchershavefoundwhenplantsmadethejumpfromwatertolandhundredsofmillionsofyearsago,theydevelopedcutin,abarrierwhichismadeoffattyacidsthatlinktogethertofoimasealaroundtheplant,helpingkeepwaterin.,SmartTechḄᙠᱥḄ■ḄẠ"#஺3.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷ᦻ%ᨬ'()“SmartTechhashugepotentialtoturnpoorfarmersinAfricaintocommercialfarmers,"saysRogers."Thatmeansmoremoneyinpockets,andmorefoodinstomachs.“*+,-.ᩲ-0123SmartTech456789ᑭ஺4.D;<⌕>⚪஺ᦻ%;⌕?@ASmartTech45BḄ(⚗DᢈF,G⚗ᢈFHI7JKLMN,OP6789ᑭ஺Passage43Thephilosopher,MartinBuber,ismostknownfbrhisworkon"IThou/You“relationshipsinwhichpeopleareopen,direct,mutuallyinterestedineachother.Incontrast,relationshipsarethoseinwhichweusetheother,likeanobject,tosolveourproblemsandfulfillourneedsandpurposes.Itisnotourfaultthatmanyofourrelationshipsareorbecome"It"relationshipsbecausemostofwhatwefeel,thinkanddoismotivatedbyunconsciousmemoriesofhowtosurvivetheenvironmentintowhichwewereborn.Thus,oneofthereasonsweuseotherpeopletohelpusfeelbetteraboutourselvesandcopeintheworldisthatusingpeoplewasoncenecessaryanditworked.Whenweweresmallandhelpless,"It"cameandfedus,andheldus,andsetusonourway.Wedidn'thavetoreciprocateandcarefbr"It”.Evenwhenthecare80⚓ᐳ116⚓

80andattentionof“It"wasminimalorunpredictable,ifwegotoutofchildhoodalive,somewherealongtheway"It"wasinvolved.Freudcalledthisstageofearlylife“primarynarcissism^^,whichisourinstinctQHRforself-preservationandisanormalpartofourdevelopment.Whilemostofusgrowoutofit,westillholdasurvivalfear,whichmotivatesustoescapedangerandtostayalive,andweallneedthisfearinhealthymeasure.Theproblemisthattoomanyofus,toomuchofthetime,areinaconstantstateofthreat-andweoftendon'tknowit.Weimaginepeoplearetalkingaboutusbehindourbacks,thatwehavecancer,thatweareinadequate,andvulnerabletomorethanourshareofbadluck.Asourbrainshavegrowninsizeandcomplexity,sohasourabilitytoscareourselves.Thiscausesmanyproblems.Forexample,ourstresslevelsincrease,ourdigestionisimpairedandourthinkingbecomesrestricted.Ourthreatresponsestopsanybodilyfunction,feeling,thoughtandbehaviorthatmight“waste”energyanddetractfromfightingorescapingdanger.Thus,wheninthreat,ouremotional,cognitiveandbehavioralrangeissignificantlyreduced.Andinthisreducedstate,oneofoursolutionsistofindsomeonewhocansaveandcomfortus.Insteadofenablingustobeopen,directandmutual,fearandanxietyleadustowardsconversationsandchoicesinourrelationswithothersthatareorientatedtowardssurviving—notthrivingQTᡂVR.Threat-motivatedrelationshipsarecharacterizedbyneed,dependency,control,demand,dishonesty,andself-interest.Wecannotformthe"I-Thou“relationshipsthatBuberspeaksofuntilwehavelearnedtonotice,comfort,andunderstandtheemotionsandpatternsofourthreatbrain.Wheninthreat,wetendtouseotherpeopleasobjectswhocansaveandprotectus,orwhowecanblameforourproblems.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"reciprocate”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Returnthefavor.B.Askforsomeadvice.C.Conveyanapology.D.Makesomecomments.2.Whatcanwelearnabout"primarynarcissism^^?A.ltleadstooursurvivalfear.B.Itisnormalandusuallytemporary.C.Itimpactsourgrowthnegatively.81⚓ᐳ116⚓

81D.ItlaysthefoundationforFreud'stheory.3.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeanexampleofrelationships?A.Comfortinganupsetfriend.B.Feelingsorryforyourmistakes.C.Tryinghardtobeindependent.D.Askingotherstotakeonyourtask.4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.HowWeCanFormThe"I-Thou"RelationshipsB.HowWeCanGetOutOfThe“I-It”RelationshipsC.WhyWeTreatOthersAsObjectsRatherThanIndividualsD.WhatHelpsUsSurviveAndThriveInEarlyStagesOfLifeXᫀZ[\]^ᦻḄ;⚪[᛻6`abc*;⚪[᛻ᑁe6fNḄ`▭ᐵabcij஺ᦻ%kBAlm`nᡂᱥopḄ“ᡃ(s”ᐵ*uAᐸw'ḄxyzH{ᩭḄ}⚪஺1.A~>⚪஺᪷'ḄandḄzcarefor(Qᡃzᐵ“s”R,᪷'ᦻEvenwhenthecareandattentionof"It"wasminimalorunpredictable…Qno‘‘s"Ḅᐵஹ/ᐵᐸᡈ⚜……R)ḄEven*G)⌕⊤Ḅ⌴(¡¢£,ᵫ¥ᑨ§¥ᜐ⌕⊤Ḅ©ᡃ“ªB«¬returnthefavor
”஺2.B⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷(Freudcalledthisstageofearlylife"primarynarcissism”,whichisourinstinctQHRforself-preservationandisanormalpartofourdevelopment.z)ḄWhilemostofusgrowoutofit,“ឋ¯°”©±²Ḅ,P³2²©ᨚḄ஺3.Dµᳮᑨ§⚪஺᪷(Incontrast,"I-It"relationshipsarethoseinwhichweusetheother,likeanobject,tosolveourproblemsandfulfillourneedsandpurposes.Q¶·."ᡃ—s”ᐵ©¹ºᡃ»opᱥ(᪵ᑭᵨo¾ᩭ¿ᡃḄ}⚪ஹÀÁᡃḄ◤zÃḄḄᐵ஺Rµ,D⚗Q⌕m`ᩭÄÅÆḄÇÈRaᐸᓛÊ஺4.C;<⌕>⚪஺ᦻ%23“ᡃ(s”ᐵuA6ËÌᡃlm`nÍᱥP©`஺VIncontrast,"I-It"relationshipsarethoseinwhichweusetheother,likeanobject,tosolveourproblemsandfulfillourneedsandpurposes.¶·*"ᡃ(s”ᐵ©¹ºᡃ»opᱥ(᪵ᑭᵨo¾ᩭ¿ᡃḄ}⚪ஹÀÁᡃḄ◤zÃḄḄᐵ஺82⚓ᐳ116⚓

82G©(¡;OÎᔠ஺inwhichÐÑÒ[O*Ó⛲ᐜÖthose,ᐵᙠO)Í?inḄ×[;likeanobject6Ùᐭ[஺Passage44Overthepasthalf-century,scientistshavesettledontworeasonabletheoriesrelatedtobabytalk.Onestatesthatayoungchild'sbrainneedstimetomasterlanguage.Thesecondtheorystatesthatachild*svocabularylevelisthekeyfactor.Accordingtothistheory,somekeystepshavetooccurinalogicalsequencebeforesentenceformationoccurs.In2007,researchersatHarvardUniversity,whowerestudyingthetwotheories,foundacleverwaytotestthem.Morethan20,000internationallyadoptedchildrenentertheU.S.eachyear.Manyofthemnolongerheartheirbirthlanguageaftertheyarrive,andtheymustlearnEnglishmoreorlessthesamewayinfantsQÛÜRdo.Internationaladopteesdon'ttakeclassesoruseadictionarywhentheyarelearningtheirnewtongue.Allofthesefactorsmakethemanidealpopulationinwhichresearcherscouldtestthesecompetingtheoriesabouthowlanguageislearned.NeuroscientistsJesseSnedeker,JoyGerenandCarissaShaftostudiedthelanguagedevelopmentof27childrenadoptedfromIndiabetweentheagesoftwoandfiveyears.ThesechildrenbeganlearningEnglishatanolderagethanUSnativesandhadmorematurebrains.Evenso,justasAmerican-borninfants,theirfirstEnglishsentencesconsistedofsinglewords.TheadopteesthenwentthroughthesamestagesastypicalAmerican-bornchildren,thoughatafasterclip.Theadopteesandnativechildrenstartedcombiningwordsinsentenceswhentheirvocabularyreachedthesamesizes,furthersuggestingthatwhatmattersisnothowoldyouareorhowmatureyourbrainis,butthenumberofwordsyouknow.Thisfinding—thathavingmorematurebrainsdidnothelptheadopteesavoidthebabytalkstage—suggeststhatbabiesspeakinbabytalknotbecausetheyhavebabybrains,butbecausetheyhaveonlyjuststartedlearningandneedtimetogainenoughvocabulary.Beforelong,theone-wordstagewillgivewaytothetwo-wordstageandsoon.Learninghowtochatlikeanadultisagradualprocess.Butthisfindingalsoraisesanevenolderandmoredifficultquestion.Adultimmigrantswholearnasecondlanguagerarelyachievethesameproficiencyinaforeignlanguageastheaveragechildraisedasanativespeaker.Researchershavelongsuspectedthereisa"criticalperiod^^forlanguagedevelopment,afterwhichitcannotproceedwithfullsuccesstofluency.Yetwestilldonotunderstandthiscriticalperiodorknowwhyitends.1.Whatisthewriter'smainpurposeinParagraph2?83⚓ᐳ116⚓

83A.Toarguethatcultureaffectsthewaychildrenlearnalanguage.B.Togivereasonswhyadoptedchildrenwereusedinthestudy.C.Torejecttheviewthatadoptedchildrenneedtwolanguages.D.Tojustifyaparticularapproachtolanguagelearning.2.WhatdoestheHarvardfindingshow?A.Languagelearningtakesplaceinorderedsteps.B.Somechildrenneedmoreconversationthanothers.C.Childrenwithmorematurebrainsskipthebabytalkstage.D.Vocabularymakeslittledifferencetosentenceformation.3.Whenthewritersays"criticalperiod”,hemeansaperiodwhen.A.childrenstarttolearnasecondlanguageB.immigrantswanttolearnanotherlanguageC.adultsneedtobetaughtbynativespeakersD.languagelearnersmayachievenative-likefluency4.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A.Whatisbabytalk.B.Whybabieslearnasecondlanguageeasily.C.Whataffectschildren'slanguagedevelopment.D.Howchildrenexpandtheirvocabularygradually.XᫀZ[\]^ᦻḄ;⚪[᛻©`abc*;⚪[᛻ᑁe©ÝÞẆà஺ᦻ%?@AáâÛÜ[ãäåḄyæ஺1.Bµᳮᑨ§⚪஺᪷ᨬ'(AUofthesefactorsmakethemanidealpopulationinwhichresearcherscouldtestthesecompetingtheoriesabouthowlanguageislearned.µ*ḄÃḄ©çè6ËÌ⌱ê⚞ìÜíÍ6Ẇàoî஺2.Aµᳮᑨ§⚪஺᪷ïThisfinding—thathavingmorematurebrainsdidnothelptheadopteesavoidthebabytalkstage-suggeststhatbabiesspeakinbabytalknotbecausetheyhavebabybrains,butbecausetheyhaveonlyiuststaitedleamingandneedtimetogainenoughvocabulaiy.Beforelong,theone-wordstagewillgivewaytothetwo-wordstageandsoon.Learninghowtochatlikeanadultisagradualprocess.µð,ñòḄẆà⊤èA[ãÞó©ᢥ᯿ᨵ÷ḄøùÖḄ஺84⚓ᐳ116⚓

843.Dµᳮᑨ§⚪஺᪷ᨬ'(᎔ᦪResearchershavelongsuspectedthereisa"criticalperiod^^forlanguagedevelopment,afterwhichitcannotproceedwithfullsuccesstofluency.µ*“ᐵüý”©ᢣ[ãÞóὅḄᑮ᪵ḄᑭḄ஺4.C⌕⚪஺᪷Overthepasthalf-century,scientistshavesettledontworeasonabletheoriesrelatedtobabytalk.Onestatesthatayoungchild'sbrainneedstimetomasterlanguage.Thesecondtheorystatesthatachild'svocabularylevelisthekeyfactor.!"#ᦻ⌕%&'()*+,-Ḅ./஺Passage45OnAugust28th,atapresentationovertheInternet,Mr.Muskshowedofftheprogressofhisfirm,Neuralink.ThehighlightwastheappearanceofGertrude,apigwithachipimplanted0ᐭintoherbrain.Readingthebrain'selectricalsignals,atechniquecalledelectroencephalographyEEG
,startedover10
yearsagoandisnowroutine.Itgenerallyinvolvesplacingnon-invasiveelectrodes23ᐭ4ᵯ᩽onthescalpᜮ8,thoughitsometimesrequirestheinvasiveinsertionofwiresintothescalporthebrain.Non-invasiveEEGprovidesusefulinformation,andcanevenbeusedtodothingslikeplayingcomputergames.InvasiveEEGoffersmoreaccuratereadingsfromthenervecellsinthebrain,thoughatgreaterriskbecauseofthesurgeryinvolved.ThedeviceGertrudecarries,knowntechnicallyasabrain-computerinterface:;,carriesinvasivenessonestagefurtherbymakingtheEEGrecorderapotentiallypermanentimplant.Alongwiththisimprovedinterface,Neuralinkhasbuiltarobotthatwillimplantit.Todoso,therobotfirsttakesahigh-resolutionscanoftherecipient'sbrain.Usingthis,itisabletosewtheelectrodethreadsintoplacewithaprecisionthatavoidsanybloodtubesinthearea,whichreducestheriskofdamageduringsurgery.Therobotcanputtheinterfaceinplaceinlessthananhour.Generalanesthesia<⏥isnotneededfortheprocedure.Onechallengethefirmwantstotackleissendingelectricalsignalsintothebrain.Mr.Musksaysthiswillrequirearangeofinputsincludingdelicatestimulationandlargeamountsofcurrents.Thepointofdoingsowillbetoestablishtwo-waycommunication.Thiscouldallowentirelynewareasoftreatmenttobeexplored.Besidesepilepsy>?prevention,suchbrainstimulationmightalsoworktotreatdepression.Moreimportantlyinthelongrun,itisalsoessentialtoMusk'svisionofwidespreadengagementbetweenpeopleandmachines.This,hehopes,willresultinafuturewherememoriescanbedownloadedandstoredelsewhere,andhumanscanformarelationshipwithAIthatismutuallydependentandbeneficial.85⚓ᐳ116⚓

85Noteveryoneisimpressed.CriticsworrythatNeuralinkistoosecretive,andthatMr.Musk'svisionpromisesmorethanhecandeliver.Hedoes,though,havearecordofdoingwhathesaysheisgoingto,despitethefactthatsometimesnotasrapidlyashesayshewill.Hemoreorlesssingle-handedlyintroducedbattery-electriccarstothemarketandhebuiltasuccessfulspace-rocketbusinessoutofnothing.Brainsarealotmorecomplicatedthancars,andeventhanrocketscience.ButdonotbetagainstthecomingintobeingatsomepointoftheMuskvisionofbrainsandcomputersworkingtogetherdirectly.l.WhatcanwelearnaboutEEG?A.EEGrequirestheinsertionofelectrodes.B.Non-invasiveEEGissuperiorinsafetyandspeed.C.InvasiveEEGfunctionsbetterinreadingnervecells.D.EEGcanbeupdatedbyusingthebrain-computerinterface.2.InParagraph3,theauthordescribestheimplantationtoshow.A.theadvantagesofusingtherobotB.thesimplicityoftheprocedureC.theimprovementoftheinterfaceD.thepossiblerisksofthesurgery3.Accordingtothetext,.A.MuskachievesmoreinbrainstudythaninrocketscienceB.brainstimulationiscrucialforpeople-machineinteractionC.newmethodsoftreatmenthavebeenresearchedandcreatedD.thefirmhasdifficultyfindingtherightkindofinputforbrains4.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardsMusk'svision?A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Doubtful.D.Neutral.@ᫀBCDEF#ᦻḄ⚪᛻HIJKL"⚪᛻ᑁNHOᢈ,-஺ᦻQ⌕%&'RSTḄUVWᙠᑭᵨᾯᵯ[(EEG)ᢈ\ᔣᜧᾯ,〈ᵯ`ab,cdeIfJIghijklmnopqᨵsḄᐵu஺1.Cv⁚ᳮD⚪஺᪷yzInvasiveEEGoffersmoreaccuratereadingsfromthenervecellsinthebrain,thoughatgreaterriskbecauseofthesurgeryinvolved.!,3ᐭឋᾯᵯ[(EEG)ᙠE|}~vi"ᦑ⌱C஺86⚓ᐳ116⚓

862.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺ᨬUsingthis,itisabletosewtheelectrodethreadsintoplacewithaprecisionthatavoidsanybloodtubesinthearea,whichreducestheriskofdamageduringsurgery.Therobotcanputtheinterfaceinplaceinlessthananhour.Generalanesthesia<⏥isnntneededfortheprocedure.ᵨᘤIḄᜐᙢᵯ᩽ᔠᑮஹ\◅ஹ¡ஹ¢◤⌕ᐰ¥<⏥஺3.Bv⁚ᳮD⚪஺᪷z¦q§Besidesepilepsy>?prevention,suchbrainstimulationmightalsoworktotreatdepression.Moreimportantlyinthelongrun,itisalsoessentialtoMusk'svisionofwidespreadengagementbetweenpeopleandmachines.◀'⚜■>?"«lᾯ¬®¯ᶭᢓ²³஺´µᩭ"·⌕Ḅ¸"«®¸RSTḄIJᘤ¹º»:¼Ḅ½¾ᡠÀ¢ÁḄ஺!,ᾯ¬ÂIÃnÄᐵ·⌕஺4.Aᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᨬᨬHemoreorlesssingle-handedlyintroducedbattery-electriccarstothemarketandhebuiltasuccessfulspace-rocketbusinessoutofnothing.Brainsarealotmorecomplicatedthancars,andeventhanrocketscience.ButdonotbetagainstthecomingintobeingatsomepointoftheMuskvisionofbrainsandcomputersworkingtogetherdirectly.cᡈÆᡈÁ¸ᓫÈᓛRᙢÊᵯËÌÍᐭÎÏ"ÐÑÒjk'ÓᡂḄÕᜩ×ØÙÚ஺ᜧᾯÛÌÍÜᩖÞÆ"ßÄÛ×ØOàÜᩖÞÆ஺á¢⌕ᡭãäåÂRSTḄÂæIᾯqçèé:êëᔠìḄ½¾LᙠíÓîï஺,ìὅÂRSTḄñò¸ó᩽Ḅ஺Passage46LessonsintheLostArtofListeningWhenwasthelasttimeyoulistenedtosomeone?Andwhenwasthelasttimesomeonereallylistenedtoyou?Ionceaskedpeoplewhatitmeanttobeagoodlistener.Thetypicalresponsewasablankstare.Ofcourse,technologyplaysarole.Peoplefindphonecallsinterruptingthem,preferringtextsorwordlessemoji.Besides,schoolsandcollegesrarelyofferclassesoractivitiesthatteachcarefullistening.Youcanjoinclubstoperfectyourpublicspeaking,butwhoattemptstoachieveexcellenceinlistening?Theloudunpleasantmixtureofsoundsofmodernlifealsostopsusfromlistening.Generally,listeninggoesbeyondsimplyhearingwhatpeoplesay.Italsoinvolvespayingattentiontohowtheysayitandwhattheydowhiletheyaresayingit,inwhatcontext,andhowwhattheysayisrelatedtoyou.It'snotaboutmerelyholdingyourpeacewhilesomeoneelseholdsforth.Quitetheopposite.Alotoflisteninghastodowithhowyourespond-thedegreetowhichyoufacilitatetheclearexpressionofanotherperson'sthoughtsand,intheprocess,haveaclearmindofyourown.87⚓ᐳ116⚓

87Goodlistenersaskgoodquestions.Theyengageinexploringthetopic,nottodivertattention.Therearecuriousquestionslike“Wouldn'tyouagree...?"or"Don'tyouthink...?”Thesequestionshavestrongtendencies.Theywillgreatlyinfluencetheotherpersontochangehisorherview.Andyou'dbetterstayawayfromsomepersonalquestionslike“Whatdoyoudoforaliving?^^or“Whatpartoftowndoyoulivein?”Justtrytofindoutwhatexcitespeople.Askaboutthelastmovietheysaworforthestorybehindapieceofjewelrythey'rewearing.Alsogoodareexpansivequestions,suchas,"Ifyoucouldspendamonth,wherewouldyougo?”Researchindicatesthatwhenpeoplewhodon'tknoweachotherwellaskeachotherthistypeofquestion,theyfeelmoreconnectedthaniftheyspendtimetogetherachievingatask.Becauseourbraincanthinkalotfasterthanpeoplecantalk,becarefulwiththetendencytotakementalsidetripswhenyouarelistening.Smartpeople'sattentioniseasilytakenawaybytheirownrunawaythoughts.Theymayalsoassumetheyalreadyknowwhattheotherpersonisgoingtosay.Therewardofgoodlisteningwillcertainlybemoreinterestingconversations.Researchershavefoundthatattentivelistenersreceivemoreinformationfromspeakers,evenwhentheydon'taskanyquestions.Weare,eachofus,thesumofwhatweattendtoinlife.Thegentlevoiceofamotherandthecriticismofabossbothultimatelyformandshapeus.Andtolistenpoorly,selectivelyornotatalllimitsyourunderstandingoftheworldandpreventsyoufrombecomingthebestyoucanbe.l.Oneofthefactorsthatinfluencelisteningisthat.A.ourconfidenceinlisteningisdecreasingB.ourspeechcreatesalotofnoisearoundusC.listeningskillsareseldomtaughtinschoolD.textingcausesabettereffectthanphonecalls2.WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Whytheartoflisteninggetslostbyitself.B.Whyeffectivemethodsareusedinlistening.C.Howpeoplemakethemselveswellunderstood.D.Howpeoplecanreclaimthelostartoflistening.3.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldpeopledowhentheyarelistening?A.Avoidbeingabsent-minded.B.Comeupwithcuriousquestions.C.Focusonthespeaker'spersonalinformation.88⚓ᐳ116⚓

88D.Trytofindcommoninterestswiththespeaker.4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Listeningandspeakingdeserveequalattention.B.Goodlistenersmaximizethebenefitsforthemselves.C.Badlisteningultimatelycontributestopeople'sfailure.D.Listeners1clearmindfacilitatesspeakers'expressionofthoughts.@ᫀBCDEF#ᦻḄ⚪᛻¸IJKL"⚪᛻ᑁN¸ôḄI▭ᐵuJKLÃö஺ᦻQ÷ø'ùúḄ·⌕ឋ"û'()ùúḄ./üÓḄùúὅýþÿ
஺1.C⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷Besides,schoolsandcollegesrarelyofferclassesoractivitiesthatteachcarefullistening.,Ḅᢈᙠ᪥ᦟᣴ஺2.D!"⌕$⚪஺᪷Italsoinvolvespayingattentiontohowtheysayitandwhattheydowhiletheyaresayingit,inwhatcontext,andhowwhattheysayisrelatedtoyou.(&'ᒹ)ᐵ+,-.᝞01Ḅஹ,-ᙠ1Ḅ3᎛56
ஹᙠ
᪵Ḅ8᛻:;<,-1Ḅ=.᝞0>?ᨵᐵAḄ஺)CD!⌕▊F6᝞0CᓽH⚕ḄJK஺3.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷LTheyengageinexploringthetopic,nottodivertattention..A⚗(NOPQᙠᯅ)Sᔠ⚪U஺4.BVᳮᑨX⚪஺᪷ᨬZ[Researchershavefoundthatattentivelistenersreceivemoreinformationfromspeakers,evenwhentheydon'taskanyquestions.;<ᨬZ[ᨬZ[Andtolistenpoorly,selectivelyornotatalllimitsyourunderstandingoftheworldandpreventsyoufrombecomingthebestyoucanbe.C\Ḅὅ^ᨬᜧ▲aᙢcdefᩭ\ᜐ஺Passage47BrightNights,BigProblemsAstronomersratethedarknessofourskiesonarangeof9(brightest)to1(darkest),andmostofusspendourlivesinthelightoflevels5to8.Allovertheglobeournightsaregrowingbrighter,andalmostnowherearetheygrowingdarker.Studiesincreasinglylinkouroveruseoflightatnightwithhealthconcernssuchassleepdisordersanddiseases.Otherstudiesreportthedamagingecologicalconsequencesandthebigwasteofenergy.Butthesteadylossofdarknessfromourlivesisnoteasilymeasured,forthetruevalueofdarknessissomethingwearebarelyawareof.89⚓ᐳ116⚓

89Sincethebeginningoftime,askywithstarswaspartofthecommonhumanexperience.EverywhereonEarth,onmostnights,peoplecamefacetofacewiththeuniverse.Thisexperienceinfluencedtheirbeliefs-theirveryunderstandingoftheirplaceintheworld.Today,manyofusliveunderskieswhicharepollutedbylight.Weliveunderanightskyshowingmuchfewerstars.Althoughournightskycontinuestoshapeus,itistheabsenceoftheuniversearoundusthatinfluencesourbeliefstocreate.Wearebeingshapedbyalessexperienceofdarkness,andmostofusdon'tevenknowwhatwearemissing.OurMilkyWaygalaxyijAkishometoseveralhundredbillionstars,andtheuniversehometoseveralhundredbillionothergalaxies.Askywithalargenumberofstarsencouragesustoemphasizeourimportance,toimaginehumanityasthecenterofallthings.Facetofacewiththeendlesssizeoftheuniverse,wehavethechancetoknowhowinsignificantwereallyare.Butwealsorealizethetruelargenessofourlivingonthisplanet,andrealizethatwehaveanenormousresponsibilitytocare,thatthereisnootherplacetogo,thathomeishere."EveryoneneedsbeautyaswellasbreadJwroteJohnMuir,Americannaturalist.Lightingdesignersunderstandthatwithoutdarkness,thereisno“cityoflight”,andtheyworkconstantlytocreatetheircity'satmosphericbeautybymixingartificiallightwithdarkness.Andwithnight'smoonlitgeography,itssmellsofdesertrainandautumnfires,itsinsectsymphoniesinterruptedbyabird'scallonalake,naturaldarknesshasmanyofferingsofitsown.Yetwearecompletelyinvolvedinartificiallight.Muchofthislightingiswhollyunnecessary,bornofhabitandlackofawareness.Soletusbecomeaware:simplybykeepingourexistinglightswecouldsignificantlyreducetheirnegativeeffectsonourbody,ourmind,oursoul.Artificiallightatnightisawonder,aqualitythatenrichesourlives.Butthesamehasalwaysbeentrueofdarkness,andcanbeagain.l.Theauthorsuggeststhatbecauseoflightpollutionwe.A.tendtocomefacetofacewiththeuniverseB.needalotofimaginationtounderstandtheuniverseC.areconsiderablylesscreativethanourancientancestorswere0.experiencetheworldinadifferentwaytopreviousgenerations2.WhatdoestheauthorthinkabouthumansinParagraph3?A.Wehaveanoverconfidentbeliefinourownvalue.B.Webehaveasifnothingexistsapartfromourselves.C.Weignoretherequirementoflookingafterourplanet.90⚓ᐳ116⚓

90D.WeavoidthinkingtoodeeplyaboutourroleonEarth.3.Whydoestheauthorincludereferencestorain,firesandwildlife?A.Toillustratetheboringlifeatnightwithoutartificiallight.B.Toexplainwhypeoplethinklightingisnecessaryatnight.C.Toprovideanexampleoftheattractivequalitiesofnight-time.D.Tohighlightthedifferencesbetweenurbanandnaturalenvironments.4.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthoris.A.clearaboutthereasonswhyartificiallightisessentialB.dissatisfiedwithpeople'slackofinterestinartificiallightC.willingtodrawcomparisonsbetweenartificiallightanddarknessD.hopefulthatpeoplewillbecomeawareofthenegativeimpactoflightslᫀn8opqDᦻḄ!⚪8᛻.s>dᯠC!⚪8᛻ᑁv.ᙢᳫ>xyᝍ{|}஺ᙢᳫ~ᙠḄᩭCᙢᳫ᝱⌼ᡂ6ẚCs-ᨵUᑮḄ஺1.DVᳮᑨX⚪஺᪷ᑁvSincethebeginningoftime,askywithstarswaspartofthecommonhumanexperience...Thisexperienceinfluencedtheirbeliefs-theirveryunderstandingoftheirplaceintheworld.Today,manyofusliveunderskieswhicharepollutedbylight...Althoughournightskycontinuestoshapeus,itistheabsenceoftheuniversearoundusthatinfluencesourbeliefstocreate…Cὅcᐝᡃ-Ḅ>¡¢sQ[᪵஺2.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷£Askywithalargenumberofstarsencouragesustoemphasizeourimportance,toimaginehumanityasthecenterofallthings.Facetofacewiththeendlesssizeoftheuniverse,wehavethechancetoknowhowinsignificantwereallyar¤.ὅcs¦deḄ§¨d©஺3.CVᳮᑨX⚪஺ὅᙠᦻª«ᜮ®¯ᡃ-ᨵUᑮḄ(thetruevalueofdarkness),°±ὅ®ᑮ²ᑁvḄ³Ḅ.´µ1¶·sḄ¸¹஺4.CVᳮᑨX⚪஺᪷ᨬZ[ᨬZºArtificiallightatnightisawonder,aqualitythatenrichesourlives.Butthesamehasalwaysbeentrueofdarkness,andcanbeagain.VCὅ»U¼s⌼ᐝ>½ᨩ¿ÀÁÂ஺Passage4891⚓ᐳ116⚓

91Humanshaveahabitofdelayingtheirownprogress.Fromcoffeetorefrigeratorstogeneticallychangedfood,historyisfilledwithinnovationsthatcausedresistancebeforetheybecomenecessityineverydaylife.CalestousJuma,aprofessorofHarvardUniversity,exploresthisphenomenoninhislatestbook,InnovationandItsEnemies:WhyPeopleResistNewTechnologies.AmongJuma'sclaimsisthatpeopledonotfearinnovationsimplybecausethetechnologyisnew,butbecauseinnovationoftenmeanslosingapieceoftheiridentityorlifestyle,andseparatingpeoplefromnatureortheirsenseofpurpose.Jumaidentifiedinhisresearchthreekeysourcesofoppositiontoinnovation:thosewithcommercialinterestsinexistingproducts,thosewhoidentifywithexistingproducts,andthosewhomightlosepowerasaresultofchange.Thefirstgroupisperhapsthemostobvious.Manyindustrieshavebeenaffectedbyinnovation.Justtakealookatthepointlesseffortsofmusicpublisherstostopthechangetodigitalmusic.Someconsumersmightopposeaninnovationbecausetheexistingproductisdeeplyrootedintheiridentity,cultureorcustoms.TheBritishpreferredteatimeathometosittinginacoffeeshop,forexample.Finally,theriseofnewtechnologiescanalsoresultinachangeredistributingwealthandinfluenceawayfromsomegroups,andtowardothers.Theexpansionofharvestersandothermechanicalequipmentreducedtheneedforfarmlabor,andthechangeinpopulationawayfromruralareashadsignificantpoliticalconsequence.HumansmakedecisionsaboutnewinnovationswiththeirinstinctiÃÄkratherthanevidence.Opponentsandenthusiastsofanewtechnologywilloftenmakeshockingclaimstosupporttheirarguments.Jumasaidbeneaththoseargumentswastypicallyobviousconcernaboutnewtechnologies,ratherthanareasonedresponse.Jumasaid,“Peopleseeanewproductandthereisanemotionalreactiontothatproductbecauseitchallengestheiroutlookontheworld.Thishasbeenthestorywithalmosteverynewproduct.^^Historically,technologistshavebeenmoreconcernedwiththefunctionalityoftheproductstheycreate,payinglessattentiontotheconsequenceitmayhaveonsocietyatlarge,Jumaclaims.Fortunately,thatmaybestartingtochange.1.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,whatisthekeyreasonwhypeopleresistinnovation?A.Thereliabilityoftheexistingtechnologies.B.Thedifficultiesofmasteringnewtechnologies.C.Theconcernoverthedevelopmentoftechnologies.D.Thefearforthechangescausedbynewtechnologies.2.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetopeople'soppositiontoinnovation?92⚓ᐳ116⚓

92A.Uncertain.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.3.Whatdoesthepassageimply?A.Technologies'effectonsocietyshouldbevalued.B.Theuseofnewproductsreducestheneedforlabor.C.Enthusiastsofthetechnologiesaremorereasonable.D.Thefunctionalityofnewproductscausesmoreworries.lᫀn8opqDᦻḄ!⚪8᛻.s>ÅÆC!⚪8᛻ᑁv.ÇᢈÈÉ஺ÊËᜧᦟᣴCalestousJumaᙠ,ḄÌÍÎᑖ᪆[²s-ÑᑴÓÌḄÔ°Cᙠ²ÕÖḄ×ZCØÙ.ÌᢈKḄÚÛ,ÜQ.ᳮឋḄÞß஺1.DVᳮᑨX⚪஺᪷AmongJuma'sclaimsisthatpeopledonotfearinnovationsimplybecausethetechnologyisnew,butbecauseinnovationoftenmeanslosingapieceoftheiridentityorlifestyle,andseparatingpeoplefromnatureortheirsenseofpurpose.<ÎḄJumaidentifiedinhisresearchthreekeysourcesofoppositiontoinnovation:thosewithcommercialinterestsinexistingproducts,thosewhoidentifywithexistingproducts,andthosewhomightlosepowerasaresultofchange.Cs-Ñᑴà1JÌḄᐵáÔ°.ÌᢈKfᩭḄâᓄᨵᡠÚÛ஺2.BVᳮᑨX⚪஺᪷[[£Humanshaveahabitofdelayingtheirownprogress.Fromcoffeetorefrigeratorstogeneticallychangedfood,historyisfilledwithinnovationsthatcausedresistancebeforetheybecomenecessityineverydaylife.

93brighterfuture.ButwhenNgan'sparentsheardthatOperationSmilewasconductingasurgicalmissioninDanang,theydideverythingintheirpowertotakeNganthereformedicaltreatment.Nganandherfamilytravelledmorethan200milesforthechancetogiveheranewsmile.Nganreceivedlife-changingsurgeryonhercleftlipandpalateandnow,10yearslater,sheisahappy,healthy,livelygirlwithasmilethatshowsit.Beforeshehadsurgery,Ngan'sfacialconditionpreventedhersocialengagementandevenherinvolvementinschool.Now,withtheconfidenceshegainedfromhernewsmile,Ngancanreachherfullpotential.Ngan'sparentssaidtheyhadgivenupeverythingbuthopebeforeOperationSmilegavetheirdaughterthechancetoseeherdreamsbecomeareality."Manyfamiliesinourprovincewillabandontheirchildifababyisbornwithacleftcondition,Ngan'sfathersaid.Heneverwantsthistohappen,knowinghowincrediblethetransformationiswithfreesurgerythroughOperationSmile.Ngan'sparentsnowactivelyreferotherfamiliesofchildrenbornwithcleftconditionstoOperationSmile.Theyaredeterminedtoensurethateverychildhastheopportunityforabrighterfuture,regardlessoftheirappearances.OperationSmilehasprovidedsafesurgeryforthosebornwithcleftconditionsworldwide.Ifyouwouldlikeadditionalinformation,pleasevisitwww.operationsmile.org.uk,call02034755126orwritetoOperationSmileUK,GenosHouse,JuniperDrive,LondonSW181FY.1.WhatdoweknowaboutNgan?A.Shegotseriouslyillaftershewasborn.B.Shewasbornphysically-challenged.C.Shewasabandonedbyherparents.D.Shewasalwayssmilingbrightly.2.WhatisOperationSmile?A.Anorganizationaimingtohelphopelessvillagers.B.Anorganizationaimingtohelpchildrenwithacleftcondition.C.Anorganizationaimingtomakechildreneducated.D.Anorganizationaimingtodosurgeryforthepoor.3.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbeusedtodescribeNgan'sparents?A.Responsible.B.Conventional.94⚓ᐳ116⚓

94C.Experienced.D.Passive.4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A.Toexplainwhatisacleftlip.B.TopromoteOperationSmile.C.Tointroduceagirlwithacleftlip.D.Tocallfordonationsforgirlswithcleftconditions.lᫀn8opqDᦻ.ûüᦻ஺ᦻª!⌕ýF6ᓭÿ᝕
NganᙠOperationSmileḄᡂᖃᐭḄᦑ஺1.B⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷!ᦻ#✌%“InVietnamese,Ngan'snamemeans'star',butshewasn'tabletosmilebrightlybecauseshewasbornwithacleftcondition.”&'(%)Ḅ“Nganreceivedlife-changingsurgeryonhercleftlipandpalate”*+,NganᨵḼᐜᜩឋ2345---ᖃ78459:᝛<=>?ᙢABCDE᝛ᩭCᨵḼᳮG◍஺2.B⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷!ᐰᦻJ7KḄLMNᐸDᨬQK%)“OperationSmilehasprovidedsafesurgeryforthosebornwithcleftconditionsworldwide.”*+7KRᙠᨵᖃḄ
S஺3.ATᳮBLU⚪(᪷!'(%)“theydideverythingintheirpowertotakeNganthereformedicaltreatment”*+,NganḄ᱄WXYKᑗ[=\᝕]^ᶭᵫaTUNganḄ᱄WD᩽cdeḄ(Responsible)஺4.BTᳮᑨU⚪gᐰᦻhi%jklm᝕
NganᙠOperationSmileḄnoApḄᦑq᎔ᦪ'(%ᑣu&NganḄ᱄Wv᩽TL7Kᙠᦻ#ᨬQK%ᑣwxJOperationSmileylz{LMᵫaTUᦻ#DclTL7K஺Passage50|⚪:~:)ᦪ:224“Apositiveattitudecanbeagifttothosearoundyou,"saidJamieLong,aclinicalpsychologistinFortLauderdale,Florida.4UButitshouldn'ttaketheplaceoflisteningthoughtfullytoothers'experiences.”“Whenyouchoosetolookatsituationsfromonepositiveangle,youareverylikelytodismissatrueexperience,Longexplained.Evenifyoutrytocheerupsomeone,ignoringsomeone'sdifficultexperiencescanleavethemfeelingtheyshouldhidenegativefeelingsinthefuture.Asexamplesof“positive“responsesthatmightdestroyafriend^abilitytosharetheirfeelings,Longlisted“lookforthesilverlining^^and“itcouldbeworse59.Insteadoftryingtofindapositiveangle,Longsuggestedusingacceptingphrasesthatcommunicateawillingnesstolisten,andtosharelife'sdifficultmomentswiththepeopleyoucareabout.95⚓ᐳ116⚓

95Still,thepositivebenefitsofnegativeemotionsmaybebestexperiencedinrelativelysmalldosesᑺ.LomasQuinterohighlightedthatappreciatingthevalueofdifficultfeelingsisallaboutfindingbalance."Anynegativeemotioncangotoofarorturnintoaclinicalissue,hesaid.Longagreed."Thereisanabundanceofresearchthatreallytoutsᔿᣟthebenefitsofpositivity,andwe'renotdenyingthat,“Longsaid."Whenyoudosotoanextreme,whenyoudismisstruth,that'swhereproblemsarise.^^l.WhatdoesJamieLongadvocate?A.Takingapositiveattitudetothosearoundyou.B.Listeningthoughtfullytoothers'trueexperiences.C.Choosingtolookatsituationsfromapositiveangle.D.Ignoringsomeone'sdifficultexperiencestocheerup.2.Whydoestheauthormention“lookforthesilverlining^^inparagraph3?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Togiveanexample.D.Tomakeacomparison.3.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothebenefitsofnegativeemotions?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Objective.4.Whatdothelasttwoparagraphsmainlytalkabout?A.Thebenefitsofpositiveemotions.B.Clinicalissuescausedbynegativity.C.Experiencingsomedifficultfeelings.D.Keepingabalancebetweenpositivityandnegativity.ᫀᦻDEᦻ஺ᦻ#⌕LMlᳮJamieLongJ᩽ḄᜐḄ=¡¢£¤¥⊝v᩽§᩽஺1.BTᳮᑨU⚪஺᪷!'K%Ḅ"Butitshouldn'ttaketheplaceoflisteningthoughtfullytoothers'experiences.“*+JamieLongu᎝©ª«¬£Ḅ®ᔊ஺96⚓ᐳ116⚓

962.CTᳮᑨU⚪▲᪷!'±%Ḅ“Asexamplesofpositive,responsesthatmightdestroyafriend^abilitytosharetheirfeelings,Longlisted4lookfbrthesilverlining^nd'itcouldbeworse'.”*+²ὅu´µ'·¸K¹º»''Dcl\¼K8½S஺3.DTᳮᑨU⚪஺ᦻ#⌕LMlᳮJamieLongJ᩽ḄᜐḄ=¾D¿À▰k,²ὅÂᨵÃ⊤ÅÆḄÀÇ஺ᵫaT+²ὅJ᩽Ḅᜐᢝ¿À᝱஺4.DRᜧË⚪஺ᨬQÌ%⌕▰k⌕¥⊝v᩽§᩽஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺Passage51|⚪:Ï᛻ÑÒ:)ᦪ:31
AherdofwildAsianelephantsinSouthwestChina'sYunnanProvincehasbeenawayfromitshomefortwomonths,withitscurrentdirectionoftravelshowingtheanimalshavenointentionofreturning.Theelephantshaveattractedglobalattentionaftertheyadvancedabout500kmtothenorthfromtheiroriginalhabitatinXishuangbannaDaiAutonomousPrefectureÓÔintheprovincetoenterKunming.It9sthefurthestthataherdofwildelephantsfromXishuangbannahasevertravelledfromitshabitat.Astheherdhasmovedtoofarfromitsoriginalhabitat,andYunnanhasenteredtherainyseasonmakingitdifficulttocrossrivers,itisextremelyunlikelythattheherdwillreturntoitsoriginalhabitatatanytimesoon,saidZhangLi,afieldwildlifebiologistandprofessoratBeijingNormalUniversity."Thebestsolutionistofindanewandmoresuitablehabitatfortheherdandguidethemthere,awayfromcrowds,toreducethepossibilityofhuman-elephantconflict,vZhangsaid.Previously,itwassupposedthatwildelephantswereleavingtheirhabitatbecausethelocalecologyhadbeendamaged,butsomeexpertspointedoutthatthemigrationofelephantsnorthwardinsteadprovedthatYunnan'secologyhasprogressedinrecentyears.“TherangeofAsianelephantsinChinahadexpandedfromtwoprefecturesandthreecountiesinthe1990stothreeprefecturesand12countiesbytheendof2020,whichalsoindicatesthattheareassuitableforAsianelephantsareincreasing,ChenFei,directoroftheAsianElephantResearchCentersaid.Researchershaveshownthatwildanimalsundertakelong-distancemigrationdependingontheconnectivityofthelandscapeandenvironmentalconditions.TheAsianelephantswereabletoreachKunmingunimpeded<ÕÖḄbecauseoftherestoredforestsandfarmlandalongtheway,Chenadded.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutthewildAsianelephantsfromparagraph1?A.Theygotlostontheirwayhome.B.Theymovedforabetterlivingplace.C.TheywenttoKunminginsearchoffood.97⚓ᐳ116⚓

97D.Theykeptheadingnorthafterleavingtheirhome.2.WhatisZhangLi'sadviceonhelpingtheelephants?A.Toguidethemtoabetterhabitat.B.Toprovidethemwithsomelocalfood.C.Tosendthembacktotheiroriginalhome.D.Toimprovethelocalenvironmentforthem.3.WhatcanwelearnfromChenFei'swords?A.Asianelephantsarelosingtheirhabitats.B.Moreforestsandfarmlandneedtoberestored.C.Thedestructionofthelocalecologyisworsening.D.TheenvironmentaffectsthemigrationoftheAsianelephants.4.What,stheauthor'sattitudetothemigrationoftheelephants?A.Pessimistic.B.Objective.C.Optimistic.D.Indifferent.ᫀᦻDEᦻ஺ᦻ#jkl×ᓭKÙÚÛÜÝÞßàᩭḄÅᯠ᪠ãᙢᔣᓅæçè&éJaḄê஺1.D⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷!'K%Ḅ"Theelephantshaveattractedglobalattentionaftertheyadvancedabout500kmtothenorthfromtheiroriginalhabitat”*+7ÙÚÛÜÝÞßë¤àḄÅᯠ᪠ãᙢKìᔣᓅ஺2.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷!'(%)Ḅ"Thebestsolutionistofindanewandmoresuitablehabitatfortheherdandguidethemthere”*+,íî©cᨬḄï[=CDc7ÙᜧݸᑮK8ñḄஹó〉ᔠë¤Ḅ᪠ãᙢö9ë¤æçᑮ÷ø஺3.DTᳮᑨU⚪஺ᨬQK%▰ùuᑮ“Researchershaveshownthatwildanimalsundertakelong-distancemigrationdependingontheconnectivityofthelandscapeandenvironmentalconditions.“*+,▰ù©cÏ᛻úû7üÛÜÝḄæç஺4.BTᳮᑨU⚪஺ᦻ#▰k¿ÀýøþÿᜳᩖὅḄ᝱ᦑ⌱B⚗஺Passage52⚪:ᯠ:ᦪ:313OnSunday,April23,almost50,000athleteswenttothestreetstocompeteinthe2017LondonMarathon.Whilefewwereabletogetevenclosetotherecordof2:05:48,nonewereasslowasTomHarrison,whocrawledtothefinishline,sixdayslater,onApril30.98⚓ᐳ116⚓

98However,theMetropolitanPoliceofficer,whowasdressedinagorillaᜧᲡᲡsuit,hadagoodreasonforhisslowness.Hehadcompletedthe26.2milesonallfourstoraisefundstohelpgorillaconservationeffortsinAfrica.The41-year-oldwhospentanaverageof8-10hoursonhishandsandknees,coveredabout4.5mileseachdaybeforecrashingathisfriend'shouseforthenight.Topreventhiskneesfromblistering!"heswitchedfromusinghishandsandkneestolopingᜧ#$alongonhandsandfeetandtookbreaksevery100to200meters.Butthearduouscrawlwaswellworthit.Harrison,whocrossedthefinishlineat11:45am,hasraisedover£37,000,farmorethanhisoriginalgoalof£1,790,fbrtheGorillaOrganization,whoseeffortsaremainlyspentinRwanda,Uganda,andDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Themuch-neededfundswillhelptrainthecommunitiesneargorillahabitatstobecomemoreself-sufficientanddecreasetheirrelianceonsellingwildlifemeatforaliving.Themoneywillalsohelppayforrangerservicestomonitorexcesshuntingofthegreatapes.Moreimportantly,Harrisonhopeshissix-daycrawlwillhighlightthebadsituationofthegorillas,whosenumbersaredecreasingatalarmingrates,andencouragemorepeopletohelpprotectthem.Whilethrilledattheoutcome,Harrison,alsoknownasMr.Gorilla,isnotdoneyet.HeintendstocontinuehisfundraisingeffortsattheannualRideLondoncyclingfestival.l.WhydidTomHarrisoncrawltothefinishline?A.Toimprovehisphysicalandmentalhealth.B.TocollectmoneyfortheGorillaOrganization.C.ToadvertisepoliciesfortheMetropolitanPolice.D.Towinthetitleoftheslowestmarathonrunner.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"arduous“meaninparagraph2?A.Difficult.B.Funny.C.Harmful.D.Attractive.3.WhatistheGorillaOrganizationintendedfor?A.Helpingprotecthabitatsforendangeredgorillas.B.ConservinggorillasinsomeAfricancountries.C.Supervisingandpunishingillegalhuntingofgorillas.D.Makingpeopleawareofthebadsituationofgorillas.99⚓ᐳ116⚓

994.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeTomHarrison?A.Strong.B.Diligent.C.Caring.D.Smart.%ᫀ'()*+,-ᦻ/0)123⍝஺ᦻ53⍝6TomHarrison789ḼᜧᲡᲡ;⛲=>?ᡂABCDEᩭGHIJᜧᲡᲡ஺1.BK⁚ᳮ*⚪஺᪷OPQRPQS"Hehadcompletedthe26.2milesonallfourstoraisefundstohelpgorillaconservationeffortsinAfrica.”TUPVR“...hasraisedover£37,000...fortheGorillaOrganization...”WX,TomHarrison/78=>ᑮ[\Ḅ]^ᩭᔾ`aᣎcdᜧᲡᲡefghijkᜧᲡᲡlmnḄop஺2.Aqrs⚪஺᪷Ot\uᦻvwWX,TomHarrisonḄ=>8x/yz⁎|Ḅᦑ⌱A⚗஺3.Bqᳮᑨ~᪷OPVRPRWXᜧᲡᲡef⌕/i6ᙢjky0ḄᜧᲡᲡ஺4.Cqᳮᑨ~⚪஺7+ᐰᦻWX,TomHarrison=>ᜩᩭGHᣎdᜧᲡᲡef,ᵫq~/0yzᐵ᰿^ᱥḄ஺Passage53⚪:Ꮙ:ᦪ:333Haveyoueverheardsomeonesay,"'breakfastisthemostimportantmealoftheday”,orgiveyouadviceaboutwhyit'svitaltostartthedaywithahealthybreakfast?Itseemsthatthismeal,formanyofus,isnecessaryforourdaytostartwell,butisitreallythatimportant?Theword“breakfast"comesfrom''breakingthefhst”—theideaofendingtheperiodinwhichwedon'teatduringthenight.Theregenerationprocessthattakesplacewhilewesleepconsumessomeofournaturalfoodreserves.Breakfastgivesusanopportunitytoreplenishthosereducedstoresofthingslikeproteinandcalcium.So,inthatway,ahealthybreakfastmakessense.Therearealsomanyoften-quotedstudieswhichseemtoconnectastateofbeingoverweightwithnoteatingbreakfast.Infact,manyhealthexpertsadviseahealthybreakfasttonotonlycontrolbutalsoloseweight.InaUSstudy,50,000peopleweremonitoredoversevenyears,andthosewhoateahealthybreakfastwerefoundtohavealowerBMIᢣᦪ,whichseemstosuggestthatbreakfastmayindeedhelppeoplemaintainahealthyweight.Butitmightnotbeassimpleasthat.AlexandraJohnstone,professorofappetiteresearchattheUniversityofAberdeen,suggeststhosewhodonothavebreakfastmightbelessawareofhealthydietsandnutrition,andpeoplewhoeatbreakfastmighthaveahealthierlifestyle,suchasexercisingandnotsmoking.AndhealsopointsoutthatwiththeriseinpopularityofintermittentឋḄfastingtoloseweight,there100⚓ᐳ116⚓

100mayalsobesomebenefitsofnoteatingbreakfast,likeimprovingbloodsugarcontrolandloweringbloodpressure.So,whilebreakfasthasitsbenefits,itmightnotbethemostimportantmeal.Itseemsthatahealthylifestylewithabalanceddietmightbemoreimportantformanyofusthanjustonesinglemeal.l.Whydoestheauthorlistthequestionsinthefirstparagraph?A.Togiveawarning.B.Tooffersomeadvice.C.Tointroducethetopic.D.Toproveacertainfact.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“replenish“meaninparagraph2?A.Setaside.B.Managewithout.C.Makeupfor.D.Runoutof.3.WhatconclusioncanwedrawfromJohnstone'sresearch?A.Skippingbreakfastmaydogoodtoourhealth.B.ThosewhoeatbreakfastcankeepalowerBMLC.Breakfastisthemostimportantmealoftheday.D.Intermittentfastingcontributesgreatlytoweightloss.4.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestwedoattheendofthetext?A.Trynewlifestyles.B.Followabalanceddiet.C.Paymoreattentiontobreakfast.D.Beawareofthebenefitsofeachmeal.%ᫀ'()*+,-ᦻ/ᦻ஺Ẇ¡⊤£⚶¥¦Ꮙᨵ0¨Ḅ©s,ª⌕Ḅ/ᏉḄ«¬ᙳ⊝Ḅ¯°஺1.Cqᳮᑨ~⚪஺᪷Oᦻ5P0Rᑡ]Ḅ²⚪Uᐵ³S“Itseemsthatthismeal,formanyofus,isnecessaryforourdaytostartwell,butisitreallythatimportant?”WXὅᙠP0Rᑡ]²⚪/i6µI¶⚪஺101⚓ᐳ116⚓

1012.Cqrs⚪஺᪷Oᦻ5PQR"Theregenerationprocessthattakesplacewhilewesleepconsumessomeofournaturalfoodreserves.”U·0S"thosereducedstoresofthingslikeproteinandcalcium”WX,replenishmakeupfor©¸¹º⊤»“⊡ᐙ¿⊡3.AK⁚ᳮ*⚪஺᪷Oᦻ5PR“theremayalsobesomebenefitsofnoteatingbreakfast,likeimprovingbloodsugarcontrolandloweringbloodpressure”WXgJohnstoneḄẆ¡WXÀᔛ£⚶Âᨵ0ᜐ஺4.Bqᳮᑨ~⚪0᪷Oᦻ5ᨬÅ0Rᐵ³S"Itseemsthatahealthylifestylewithabalanceddietmightbemoreimportantformanyofusthanjustonesinglemeal.“WXὅÆÇᡃaÉÊᙳ⊝¯°஺Passage54⚪:ËÌ:ᦪ:267WatchinghumorousvideosontheInternetatworkisn'talwaysawasteoftime.AccordingtoRubyNadler,aPh.D.studentattheUniversityofWesternOntario,"Generally,apositivemoodhasbeenfoundtoenhancecreativeproblem-solvingandflexibleyetcarefulthinking.^^SheandhercolleaguespublishednewresearchinPsychologicalScience.Studentsinthestudywereputintovariousmoodsbeforebeinggivenacategorylearningassignmenttocomplete(theylearnedtoclassifysetsofpictureswithvisuallycomplexpatterns).Theresearchersusedmusicandvideoclipstoalterpeople'smoods;initially,theytestedoutafewtoseewhichonesmadeindividualsthehappiestandsaddest.ThehappiestmusicwasacheerfulMozartcomposition,whilethehappiestvideowasanewbornlaughing.Theresearchersthenusedthemintheexperiment,alongwithsadmusicandvideo(apieceofmusicfromSchindler'sListandanewsreportaboutanearthquake)andmusicandvideothathadnoeffectonthemood.Peoplewererequiredtolearntodetectapatternafterlisteningtothemusicandseeingthevideo.Volunteerswhowerehappywerebetteratlearningaruletocategorizethepatternsthanthosewhoweresadorindifferent.“Ifyouhaveaprojectwhereyouwanttothinkinnovatively,oryouhaveaproblemtocarefullyconsider,beinginapositivemoodcanhelpyoutodothat,“Nadlersays.Andlisteningtomusicisasimplemethodtoputyourselfinagoodmood.Everyonerespondstovarioustypesofmusic,sodon'tfeelitamusttoswitchtoMozart,sheadds.l.Whatistheresearchabout?A.Theeffectsofhumorousvideos.B.Positivemoodsandcreativethinking.102⚓ᐳ116⚓

102C.Waystosolvecreativeproblems.D.Typesoflearning.2.Whatwerethevolunteersrequiredtodoatlastintheresearch?A.Experiencevariousmoods.B.Decidewhichmusicmadethemthehappiestandsaddest.C.Classifypictureswithcomplexpatterns.D.Listentothemusicandseethevideo.3.Howdidtheresearchersdrawtheconclusion?A.Bymakingcomparisons.B.Bygivingexamples.C.Bymakingexplanations.D.Bymakingclassifications.4,Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Mozartisabetterchoicethanothertypesofmusic.B.Classicmusicistheeasiestwaytomakepeoplehappy.C.Youcan'tthinkinnovativelybeinginabadmood.□.Listeningtohappymusiccanenhancecreativethinking.%ᫀ'()*+,-ᦻ/ᦻ஺ᦻ5⌕6ÍÎᜧᶍᜧËḄÐÑRubyNadler᝛ḄÓÔÕ⊤Ḅ0⚗Ẇ¡——×᩽ḄÙÚÛÜÝÞ⌼ឋ¸à஺1.BK⁚ᳮ*⚪஺᪷OP0R“'Generally,apositivemoodhasbeenfoundtoenhancecreativeproblem-solvingandflexibleyetcarefulthinking/SheandhercolleaguespublishednewresearchinPsychologicalScience.”WXá⚗Ẇ¡/ᐵ¦×᩽ḄÙÚÞ⌼ឋ¸àḄ஺2.CK⁚ᳮ*⚪஺᪷OPQR“theylearnedtoclassifysetsofpictureswithvisuallycomplexpatterns”TUPVR“Peoplewererequiredtolearntodetectapatternafterlisteningtothemusicandseeingthevideo.MWX,âãὅaᨬÅ◤⌕¥åᫀæᩖḄåᱏÝ>ᑖé஺3.Aqᳮᑨ~⚪஺᪷OPQR“Theresearchersusedmusicandvideoclipstoalterpeople'smoods;initially,theytestedoutafewtoseewhichonesmadeindividualsthehappiestandsaddest.”TUPVR“Theresearchersthenusedthemintheexperiment,alongwithsadmusicandvideo...andmusicandvideothathadnoeffectonthemood.”WX,Ẇ¡ᕒa/78DëᩭÝ>Ẇ¡ì¶Ẇ¡íîḄ஺103⚓ᐳ116⚓

1034.Dqᳮïð᪷OP0RTUᨬÅ0RWXñòóḄôõWTö÷Ù៝óghÜÝÞ⌼ឋ¸à஺Passage55⚪:ù᛻jk:ᦪ:297Anewsurveymethodisinventedtocountwildspecies.Africanelephantsarethefirstanimalstobesuccessfullycountedfromspacewhilemovingthroughacomplicatedlandscapethatrangesfromopengrassestoforests.Typically,conservationistsdothisfromlow-flyingplanesinordertocountandmonitorAfricanelephants,amethodthattakesmanyhours.Withthenewtechniquethatcombinessatelliteimagerywithartificialintelligence,upto3,100squaremilescanbesurveyedonasingleblue-skydayinminutes.Then,thedeep-learningcomputeranalyzesthoseimagesandpickoutindividualelephants.Thenewtechniqueisakeypartofensuringthesurvivaloftheendangeredspecies.Duetoillegalhuntingandhabitatdestruction,just415,000Africanelephantsarelivinginthewild."Accuratemonitoringisessentialifwe'retosavethespecies,“saidOlgaIsupova,acomputerscientistattheUniversityofBathintheUK.”Weneedtoknowwheretheanimalsareandhowmanythereare.”Whatreallymakesthisstudystandapartfromothersatellite-trackingprojectsishowsuccessfulthecomputerprogramisatpickingouttheelephantsfromtheircomplexbackgrounds,includinggrasslandsandpartiallytree-coveredlandscapes.Satelliteimageryisalsoamuchmoreefficientsurveymethodthanthecurrentflyoversurveyscarriedout,whichisfasterandavoidsdouble-countingthesameelephants.Theremotesurveyalsoreducestheimpactresearchershaveontheanimalsandallowsthemtocountindividualsmovingbetweencountries."Althoughthisisaproofofconcept,it'sreadytogo,“saidProfessorDuporge,azoologistattheOxfordUniversity."Andconservationorganizationsarealreadyinterestedinusingthistoreplacesurveysusingaircraft.Assatelliteimagingimproves,othersmallerspeciesmaysoonbeabletobecountedingreaterdetailfromspacetoo.^^l.Whatareusedinthenewstudymethod?A.AIandsurveys.B.Satellitesandaircraft.C.Planesandcomputers.D.Satellitesandcomputers.2.Whatleadstothereductionofwildelephants?A.Climatechange.104⚓ᐳ116⚓

104B.Politicalactivities.C.Environmentalthreat.D.Socialimprovement.3.Whatistheadvantageofthenewmethodcomparingtotheold?A.Lessmoney.B.Moreaccurate.C.Lessworkers.D.Morecomplex.4.WhatisDuporge'sattitudetowardsthenewmethod?A.Worried.B.Objective.C.Doubtful.D.Optimistic.%ᫀ'()*+,-ᦻ/0)ᦻûü60ý1Ḅþÿ
ᱥḄ஺1.D⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷"Withthenewtechniquethatcombinessatelliteimagerywithartificialintelligence...thedeep-learningcomputeranalyzesthoseimagesandpickoutindividualelephants.“ᙠḄẆᵨ!"#$஺2.C⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷%“Duetoillegalhuntingandhabitatdestruction,just415,000Africanelephantsarelivinginthewild.”&᛻Ḅ()*+
ᜧ-Ḅ./஺3.B0ᳮᑨ2⚪஺᪷3“Whatreallymakesthisstudystandapartfromothersatellite-trackingprojectsishowsuccessfulthecomputerprogramisatpickingouttheelephantsfromtheircomplexbackgrounds,includinggrasslandsandpartiallytree-coveredlandscapes.”,5ḄẆ6789:ḄẆᨬ<=Ḅ>?@ABCDE஺4.D0ᳮᑨ2⚪஺᪷ᨬFG“Assatelliteimagingimproves,othersmallerspeciesmaysoonbeabletobecountedingreaterdetailfromspacetoo.”,DuporgeH85ḄẆḄ᝱JAK᩽MNḄ஺Passage56O⚪:ᏉR
SUJ:Vᦪ:288OverhalfofCanadianyouthandyoungadultswhohaveconsumedenergydrinkshaveexperiencednegativehealtheffectsasaresult,accordingtoastudyfromtheUniversityofWaterloo.InanationwidesurveyofCanadianyouth,overhalfofthosewhohadeverconsumedanenergydrinkhadreportedexperiencinganegativehealthevent.Currently,Canadianlegislationprohibitsenergydrinks105⚓ᐳ116⚓

105frombeingmarketedtochildrenandenergydrinksarenotrecommendedtobeusedbypeopleparticipatinginsportingactivities.“Mostriskassessmentstodatehaveusedcoffeeasthereferenceforestimatingthehealtheffectsofenergydrinks.However,itisclearthattheseproductscauseagreaterhealthrisk,^^saidDavidHammond,aprofessorintheSchoolofPublicHealthattheUniversityofWaterloo."Thehealtheffectsfromenergydrinkscouldbeduetothedifferentingredientsthancoffee,orthewaysinwhichtheyconsumed,includingwithalcoholorduringphysicalactivity.Regardless,thefindingssuggestaneedtoincreasemonitoringofhealtheffectsfromtheseproducts.”Inconductingthestudy,theresearcherssurveyed2,055youngCanadiansaged12to24.Ofthosewhohadreportedconsumingenergydrinksatsomepointintheirlives,55.4percentreportedexperiencinganegativehealthevent.Ofthosereportingnegativehealthevents,24.7percentreportedexperiencingafastheartbeat,24.1percentreporteddifficultysleepingand18.3percentreportedexperiencingheadaches.“ThenumberofhealtheffectsobservedinourstudysuggeststhatmoreshouldbedonetorestrictconsumptionamongchildrenandyouthJsaidHammond.

106A.Itisillegalforchildrentobuyenergydrinks.B.Energydrinksaresoldonlyingrocerystores.C.Somechildactorsadvertiseenergydrinks.D.It'salongwaytobanchildrenfromenergydrinks.XᫀZ[\]^_ᦻAabᦻ஺ᦻcᵨᦪabdefᧇH☘/iḄᏉR⌼ᡂḄl☢no஺1.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷Ḅ“Currently,Canadianlegislationprohibitsenergydrinksfrombeingmarketedtochildren”,CpᜧἭrᔣtu├wdefᧇ஺2.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷%Ḅ“Thehealtheffectsfromenergydrinkscouldbeduetothedifferentingredientsthancoffee”defᧇHᏉRᨵl☢noAyz{ᨵ|}Ḅᡂᑖ஺3.BJIᳮᑨ2⚪G3ᑡᜧeᦪᩭabdefᧇᩭḄl☢no஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺4.D0ᳮᑨ2⚪஺᪷ᨬFGḄ“Thenumberofhealtheffectsobservedinourstudysuggeststhatmoreshouldbedonetorestrictconsumptionamongchildrenandyouth"!"Atthemoment,therearenorestrictionsonchildrenpurchasingenergydrinks”⌕Ἥrtu!☘/idefᧇ,ᨵ⌕஺Passage57O⚪:ᢈUJ:Vᦪ:294Researchershavebeenlookingintosiliconcarbideᓄấ,apromisingalternativematerialforthesemiconductor*industry,forseveralyearsnow.Size,weightandefficiencyarethreeimportantfactorsforpowerelectronicstofitine-cars.Siliconcarbidemeetsallthreefactors.Itismoreefficientbutleavesasmallerfootprintthanconventionalsemiconductorssuchassilicon.Evenso,siliconcarbideisn'ttobefoundinanye-carsontheroadtoday.Thissemiconductormaterialisstilllimitedtoresearchlabs.Toshiftitfromthelabtothefactory,theSiliconCarbideModuleᙽprojecthastakenintoconsiderationalltheconditionsofindustrialproduction.Themodule'sdesignisagoodcase:researchersatFraunhoferIZMarebasingitonthestructureoftheclassicprintedcircuitboardthattheindustryhaslongfavored.Thisshouldspeedupitsfirstdisplay.Themoduleisalsobenefitingfromthelatestscientificadvances.Insteadofwire-bondingthesemiconductortothepackage,theresearchersdecidedtoputitdirectlyinthecircuit.Theteamalsobroughtthepotentialcustomeronboardforthisdevelopmenteffort.Intheproject'sfirstyear,theydrewupaspecificationsheetillustratingtherequirementsforthemoduleandsemiconductor.Theresearchersworkedcloselywithusers,cateringtotheirwisheswhentheydeterminedtheproductspecification.107⚓ᐳ116⚓

107Automakers,componentsuppliersandOEMsweredirectlyinvolvedintheefforttomapoutthepower-electronicmodule'ssize,layoutandelectricalcircuits.Thegroupsoughttomakethemostofthespaceavailableinthevehicle'spowertrain.LarsBottcher,groupleaderatFraunhoferIZMandheadoftheSiCsubproject,says,“Themajorgoalistoadvancethenewsemiconductormaterialsiliconcarbidetomassproduction.”1.Whatdoweknowaboutsiliconcarbide?A.Itislargerthansilicon.B.Itisstillunderresearch.C.Ithasbeenusedinsomee-cars.D.Ithasbeenshiftedtothefactory.2.Whydidresearchersbringthepotentialcustomer?A.Todrawupaformalagreement.B.Toadjustthemoduleaccordingly.C.Towitnesstheireffortandsuccess.D.Towire-bondthesemiconductortothepackage.3.Whatwasthemainpurposeofthegroupaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Tomass-producesiliconcarbide.B.Tochangetheshapeofthemodule.C.Toincreasethevolumeofthemodule.D.Toexpandtheproductionofpoweredvehicles.4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheresearch?A.Optimistic.B.Tolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Indifferent.XᫀZ[\]^_ᦻAabᦻ஺ᦻc⌕¡¢Ḅ*ᩞᧇᓄấḄẆ¤¥¦஺1.B⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷Ḅ“Thissemiconductormaterialisstilllimitedtoresearchlabs.”,5*ᩞᧇ§ᙠẆ஺2.B¨ᔛ⚣⚪G᪷%90«Ẇὅ⍸®¯ᙠ°ᡝ²Az³´°ᡝ◤¶H5Gᙽ=·¸᦮஺108⚓ᐳ116⚓

1083.A⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷ᨬFGḄ“Themajorgoalistoadvancethenewsemiconductormaterialsiliconcarbidetomassproduction.”5º»¼Ḅ⌕½ḄAe¾ᓄấ஺4.A0ᳮᑨ2⚪஺᪷ᐰᦻÀᐸAGḄ“Researchershavebeenlookingintosiliconcarbide,apromisingalternativematerialforthesemiconductorindustry,forseveralyearsnow.”!%Ḅ“Themoduleisalsobenefitingfromthelatestscientificadvances.”ὅHÂẆAᢝMN᝱JḄ஺Passage58O⚪:ᢈUJ:UVᦪ:377Singaporeusesabouttwobillionlitersofwatereveryday-anumberitexpectscoulddoubleinthenextfourdecades.ThatkindofconsumptionisaddingpressuretotheAsiancitystatetoaddressgrowingconcernsaboutglobalwatershortage.Soit'sbuildingnewtechnologytoprepareitselfforafuturewhereobtainingcleanwaterwillbeevenmoredifficult."Singaporetrulyhasbecomeaglobalwatercenter,^saidShaneSnyder,executivedirectorofNanyangEnvironment&WaterResearchInstituteatSingapore'sNanyangTechnologicalUniversity.uButasitstands,itimportsapproximately40%ofitswatertoday.Andwithclimatechange,thatwaterhasbecomefarlessdependable.^^Singapore,meanwhile,ishometomorethanfivemillionpeopleandiscoveredinfountains,reservoirsandotherwaterfeatures-includingtheworld'stallestindoorwaterfallthatpumpsabout45,000litersofwaterperminute.Butithasnonaturalwatersourcesofitsown,insteadrelyingheavilyonrecycledwaterandimportsfromitsneighbors.Snyder'sresearchfacilityisoneofseveralplacesdevelopingsolutionsforSingapore'swaterdependency.Thehopeistocreateprojectsthatcouldbeusedacrossthecity."Whatwehavebecomeusedtoasreliablewatermayquicklychange—sowehavetobeprepared,andwehavetobethinkingaboutthebasicfacilitiesinadvance,“Snydersaid."There'sabigdrivetobecomewaterindependent—tocontrolourownfutureGandthatislargelydependentonthetechnologieswe'redeveloping.^^Anothercompany,Wateroam,isalreadytakinginnovationfromSingaporetotherestoftheregion.Foundedin2014,Wateroamsaysithasdevelopedalightweight,portablefiltrationÄÅdevicethathasalreadyprovidedcleandrinkingwatertomorethan75,000peopleacrossSoutheastAsia.WateroamCEODavidPongsaidoneofthemostinnovativeaspectsoftheproductisitssimplicity.Thewaterfiltrationdeviceisnobiggerthanabicyclepump,yetitcanprovidecleanwatertovillagesof100peopleforuptotwoyears.109⚓ᐳ116⚓

109“We'vebeenveryblessedtohaveaccesstocleandrinkingwater,MPongsaid.It'snecessarytobringtheprivilegetotherestoftheregion,andadvocatethatcleanwaterisanessentialaspectforlifeonEarth,accordingtohim.1.WhatworsensthewatershortageprobleminSingapore?A.Morewaterimports.B.Thelackoftechnology.C.Theincreasingpopulation.D.Doublewaterconsumption.2.HowcanwatercrisisinSingaporebeeased?A.Searchingfornaturalwatersources.B.Controllingtheincreaseofpopulation.C.Importingwaterfrommoreneighbors.D.Usingtechnologiestoprovidecleanwater.3.WhatdoweknowaboutthefiltrationdevicefromParagraph5?A.Itiseasytocarryanduse.B.Itislargerthanabicyclepump.C.IthasalreadybeenusedacrossAsia.D.Ithasalreadybeeninusefortwoyears.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.CleanwaterisanessentialaspectforlifeonEarth.B.TechnologycanhelpSingaporeoutwithitswatershortage.C.TheincreasingwaterconsumptionisaddingpressuretoSingapore.D.Singapore'sfiltrationdevicehasprovidedmanypeoplewithcleanwater.XᫀZ[\]^_ᦻAabᦻ஺ᦻc⌕¡ᢈ9ÆÇCᚁÉÊËÌ⚪஺1.D⁚ᳮ⚪஺᪷G"Singaporeusesabouttwobillionlitersofwatereveryday—anumberitexpectscoulddoubleinthenextfourdecades."9Í“ThatkindofconsumptionisaddingpressuretotheAsiancitystatetoaddressgrowingconcernsaboutglobalwatershortage."ὑËeCÏCᚁḄÊËÌ⚪ូᓄ஺110⚓ᐳ116⚓

1102.D0^᪷"S஺it'sbuildingnewtechnologytoprepareitselfforafuturewhereobtainingcleanwaterwillbeevenmoredifficult.”ᑭᵨᢈᩭÓCᚁḄËᓻ$஺3.A0ᳮᑨ2⚪஺᪷Õ“ithasdevelopedalightweight,portablefiltrationdevice"!"oneofthemostinnovativeaspectsoftheproductisitssimplicity”,ÂÄÅÖ×Ø8Ù!ᵨ஺4.BÚᜧÛ⚪஺_ᦻ⌕ÜÝᢈ9ÆÇCᚁÉÊËÌ⚪஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺Passage59IwasattheMarchforScienceinBoston,on22April2017,aswereabout70,000otherscientists.Weweretheretostandupforfactsandtruth.Wherearethecrowdsofscientistsnow?Sincethen,harmfromsciencedenialhasonlyincreased:globalsufferinghasgrownowingtoinactiononclimatechange,andsomeepidemicshaverisenalongwithvaccineskepticism.Fvebeenouttheretalkingtothesciencedeniers,andFveaskedmyscientistfriendstocomewithme."Thosepeoplejustaren'tworthtalkingto,vthey'llsay,"Iwouldn'tmakeadifferenceanyway.,^That'swrong.Thosepeoplecananddochangetheirminds,althoughitrequiressomeonetoputinthetimetoovercomedistrust.Tobesure,manyexpertshavelaunchedthemselvesagainstmisinformation,enduringabuseonsocialmediaandeventhreatstotheirsafety.Butwhenscientiststurndownmyinvitations,it'snotbecauseoffear.Mostoften,theirexcusesaregroundedinthe"backfireeffect”,aquestionablefindingthatpeoplesometimesembracemisconceptionsmorestronglywhenfacedwithcorrectiveinformation,implyingthatpushingbackagainstfalsehoodsiscounter-productive.Eventheresearcherswhoseresultswereexaggeratedtopopularizethisideadonotembraceitanymore,andarguethatthetruechallengeislearninghowbesttotargetcorrectiveinformation.Infact,evidenceisgrowingthatrebuttalscanbeeffective.Sciencedeniersalldrawonthesameflawedreasoningtechniques:cherry-pickingevidence,relyingonfakeexperts,andengaginginillogicalreasoning.Alandmark2019studyshowedthatcritiquingflawedtechniquescancontainthespreadofmisinformation.Sohowdoes“techniquerebuttal“workinpractice?ArnaudGagneurandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofSherbrookeconductedmorethan1,00020-minuteinterviewsinwhichtheylistenedtonewparents5concernsaboutvaccinationsandansweredtheirquestions.Thoseparents5childrenwere9%morelikelytoreceiveallthevaccinesontheschedulethanthoseofuninterviewedparentswhosebabiesweredeliveredinthesamematernityward.Onemothertoldhim:"It's111⚓ᐳ116⚓

111thefirsttimethatI'vehadadiscussionlikethis,andIfeelrespected,andItrustyou.,,Itisself-evidentinsciencecommunicationthatyoucannotconvinceasciencedenierwithfactsalone;mostsciencedeniersdon'thavealackofinformation,butalackoftrust.Sowhatshouldscientistsdo?Evennon-expertscanusetechniquerebuttal.Ageologistcanengageaneighborwhoisvaccinehesitantinconversation.Aproteinbiologistcancoachanauntorunclewhowants“moreevidence,,thatclimatechangeisreal.Insteadofshiftingtomorecomfortableconversations,engageinrespectfulexchanges.Ifyouspendmoretimeaskingquestionsthanofferingexplanations,peoplewillbemorelikelytopayattentiontotheexplanationsthatyoudooffer.1.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.TheMarchforScienceaddressedonlineabuse.B.Thesilenceofscientistsworsensharmfromsciencedenial.C.Ineffectivevaccinesspeedupthespreadofsomeepidemics.D.Theauthor'sfriendsfinditvaluabletotalkwithsciencedeniers.2.Accordingtothepassage,the"backfireeffect“.A.suggestscautionbeforecorrectingothersB.emphasizestheeffectivenessofrebuttalsC.resultsfromflawedreasoningtechniquesD.enjoyswidesupportintheacademicfield3.Thelasttwoparagraphssuggestthat.A.theinterviewedparentsagreedtovaccinationduetothesufficiencyoftheinformationB.geologistsandproteinbiologistsneedtomakesuretheconversationsarecomfortableC.scientistsareencouragedtolistencarefullyandaskquestionsduringinteractionD.scientistsshouldteachnon-expertshowtoconductrespectfulexchanges4.1nwritingthispassage,theauthoraimsto.A.expressconcernsformisinformationB.analyzetherootcauseofsciencedenialC.advocateemployingtechniquerebuttalD.presenttheproblemsscientistsencounterXᫀ112⚓ᐳ116⚓

112Z[\]^ᦻcÞ=ß☢Hᔲáὅâã¸Â᝞åBæᙢ¸H“⌮êᦔ¸”——îïᢈðñḄòó஺1.B0ᳮᑨ2⚪஺᪷3ô!%ô"Butwhenscientiststurndownmyinvitations,it'snotbecauseoffear.Mostoften,theirexcusesaregroundedinthe'backfireeffect\aquestionablefindingthatpeoplesometimesembracemisconceptionsmorestronglywhenfacedwithcorrectiveinformation,implyingthatpushingbackagainstfalsehoodsiscounterproductive.”õöã÷yz“⌮êᦔ¸”øùHᔲáὅḄ┯ûNüýþðñ஺ÿ᪷
"Infact,evidenceisgrowingthatrebuttalscanbeeffective.^^,▭ᔲὅḄ┯ᨵᦔḄ஺ᵫ"#,B⚗%&'Ḅ()*+ᒓᔲ-Ḅᓻ/஺01ᔠᦻ4ᑁ6஺2.A7⁚ᳮ:⚪஺᪷
<=><"Mostoften,theirexcusesaregroundedinthe'backfireeffect9,aquestionablefindingthatpeoplesometimesembracemisconceptionsmorestronglywhenfacedwithcorrectiveinfonnation,implyingthatpushingbackagainstfalsehoodsiscounterproductive.Eventheresearcherswhoseresultswereexaggeratedtopopularizethisideadonotembraceitanymore,andarguethatthetruechallengeislearninghowbesttotargetcorrectiveinformation.''@"⌮CᦔD”ᢣG'ᙠ☢┯ḄJ@K*LMNᙢPQ┯,R┯ḄSᢧᡊ⌱WX᪵ḄZ[ᩭL]ᙢ┯஺ᵫ"#@G'ᙠ^G┯_`⌕bc஺ᦑ⌱A஺3.C#ᳮᑨf⚪஺᪷
ᦻ4ᨬhiḄᑁ6,jiᑁ6ᦻ4᎔ᦪ=mnḄo⚪“S஺howdoes'techniquerebuttal@workinpractice?”pnᩭḄ஺ᵫ"#@ᦻ4ᨬhiḄᑁ6ᙠqr᝞tu]ᢈw——᝞yz{L|ḄJ}moR~:@G'*LᐵzḄ:஺"C⚗%&ᙠ7mno⚪01ᔠᦻ4ᑁ6஺4.Cᜧ⚪஺ᑖ᪆ᐰᦻᑁ6,ᦻ4`<mn:DᔲὅḄ┯[>@&'⌱W()@R~P,G'L-ᙢPQ┯;ஹ¡ὅmn¢——£ᑴ┯Ḅ¥¦ᨵᦔḄ@mno⚪“᝞t¨Ku]ᢈw”;ᨬhi©ª«ᢈwḄDᵨᫀ®஺ᵫ"@¡ὅḄ¯Ḅm᎝±ᵨᢈwḄZ²ᩭᔲὅ'Ḅ┯@³C⚗⊤µ¶஺Passage60IntheUSA,youthcurfews%·Ἥ0aretraditionallyissuedbyaparentintheinterestofsafety.Thistypeofcurfewispersonal,andrightfullyso.However,tostopteenagerscommittingcrimes,someofficialshaveturnedyouthcurfewsfromfamilydecisionsintopubliclaws.113⚓ᐳ116⚓

113Theideamayhavebeenthoughttohavegoodintentions.Inpractice,however,thesepolicieshavebeenshowntobeunfairandunconstitutional,accordingtotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU).InthetownofSumner,Washington,afatherallowedhisfourteen-year-oldsontogotoaconveniencestoreafter11:00p.m.Sumnerhadadoptedacurfewlawthatprohibitedpeopleundertheageofeighteenfrombeinginpublicplacespastthathour.Thefatherwasfined,andthenhepursuedalegalchallengeagainstthetown.TheACLU,whichfiledthecaseonbehalfofthefather,claimedthecurfewlawshadviolated(»¼)parents'rights.Intheend,Sumner'scurfewlawswerestruckdown.Butisn'titirresponsiblenottoenforceacurfewonteenagers?Curfewlawssupportersarguethatofficialsshouldprovideacurfewtoensureteensareathomebyareasonablehour.Theriskofaseriousaccidentisthreetimesashighfordriversagedsixteentonineteenasfordriversovertwenty.Anddangersonlyincreaseatnight.Thisindicatestosomethatalawkeepingteensofftheroadlateatnightisapositivesafetymeasure.Still,theNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)saysthatthebestwaysfordriverstoincreasesafetyarebyobeyingthespeedlimit,wearingaseatbelt,andpayingattention.NHTSAmakesnomentionofyouthcurfewsmakingdrivingsafer.Incities,curfewenforcementhasbeenineffectiveorevenhadanegativeimpactoncommunities.Mostcrimescommittedbyteensactuallyhappenaround3:00p.m.,rightafterschool.Onnon-schooldays,thattimeshiftstobetween7:00p.m.and9:00p.m.Thecurfewhours,usuallybetween10:00p.m.and6:00a.m.,occuratatimeofdaywhenteenagecrimeisatitslowest.Meanwhile,violentcrimereachesitspeakaround10:00p.m.foradults.Whenlawenforcementperformstheteencurfewsweep,policemenaredistractedfromthemoreseriousviolentcrimesbeingcommittedbyadultsatthattime.Alsotroublingistheracialdiscriminationincitieswithcurfews.Forexample,recentdatahavefoundthatinMinneapolis,Minnesota,56%ofyouthschargedwithbreakingcurfewswereAfricanAmerican.Otherlawenforcementdepartmentreportsshowsimilarproblems.Curfewlawsarecriticizedbecausetheyareenforcedinaraciallydiscriminatoryway.TheACLUhassucceededinstrikingdownatleastonecurfewlawbecauseofconcernsoverparentalrights.Alongwithothercommunityandcivilrightsgroups,itcontinuestopursueothercases,arguingthatcurfewlawenforcementcanonlyincreasetensionandcrime.Toarrestteensfordrivinghomefromthemovies,playingbasketballinthepark,orsimplywalkingtheirdogistopunishthemforbeingoutsidetheirhomes-apolicyinconsistentwiththeindividualrightsestablishedintheU.S.Constitution.1.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardslegalcurfewsforteenagers?A.Disapproving.B.Supportive.114⚓ᐳ116⚓

114C.Uncertain.D.Indifferent.2.WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Reasonablecurfewhoursforteenagers.B.Thenecessityofenforcingyouthcurfews.C.Unwantedconsequencesofyouthcurfews.D.Theimpactofyouthcurfewsonadultcrimes.3.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheACLUfromthepassage?A.lthelpspeopledefendtheirindividualrights.B.Itisinfavourofenforcingacurfewonteenagers.C.Itstressestheresponsibilitiesofparentstotheirchildren.D.Itbelievesyouthcurfewsarehighlyrelatedtoroadsafety.4.Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat.A.teenagersintheUnitedStateslovetheirindependenceB.enforcingyouthcurfewswillleadtodistrustofthepolicemenC.legalcurfewsshouldexistonlywhenparentsareirresponsibleD.legalcurfewsviolateindividuallibertiesandmaybecancelled¾ᫀ¿ÀÁ:ÂÃᦻ4┐ÅÆmnḄ·Ἥ[©nªᔜZḄ¢஺1.A#ᳮᑨf⚪஺᪷
Ḅhi"Thistypeofcurfewispersonal,andrightfullyso.However,tostopteenagerscommittingcrimes,someofficialshaveturnedyouthcurfewsfromfamilydecisionsintopubliclaws."ஹÈ"Theideamayhavebeenthoughttohavegoodintentions."ஹ=`i"Butisn'titirresponsiblenottoenforceacurfewonteenagers?Curfewlawssupportersarguethatofficialsshouldprovideacurfewtoensureteensareathomebyareasonablehour.”ÉÊᨬhᑁ6@¡ὅ☘ÌÍ[-·ἭjÎÏḄ᝱ÑÒ᩽ஹÔ☢Ḅ@"⌱WA⚗%~ÕÖḄ0஺supportive×ᢝḄÙuncertain~Ú-ḄÙindifferentÛ~ᐵÜḄ஺2.Cᜧ⚪஺᪷
<"Incities,curfewenforcementhasbeenineffectiveorevenhadanegativeimpactoncommunities.”ÉÊÝᦻᑁ6@᡻ß·ἭḄJ}~☘ÌͼàḄáâJ@R᡻ß·ἭãäK*åæLçèḄéêàßᨵÒ᩽ëì@ÖJ᡻ß·ἭḄíî,᡻ßὅK*ïᵨðñòóḄZ²᡻ß·Ἥ,ô*õᩭÔ☢ëì஺ᵫ",<⌕ᙠq☘ÌÍ·ἭḄ~öhy@³C⚗⊤µ¶஺115⚓ᐳ116⚓

1153.A#ᳮᑨf⚪஺᪷
ÈÈ"Inpractice,however,thesepolicieshavebeenshowntobeunfairandunconstitutional,accordingtotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU).”ÉÊÈḄ®ø,ACLUù@☘ÌÍ·Ἥúûüýr~þÿ
ḄACLU⊤ᫀḄ᱄:Ἥ᱄Ḅᩗᑭ஺᪷ᨬ!"#ᨬ!"$"Toarrestteensfordrivinghomefromthemovies,playingbasketballinthepark,orsimplywalkingtheirdogistopunishthemforbeingoutsidetheirhomes-apolicyinconsistentwiththeindividualrightsestablishedintheU.S.Constitution.”%&,Ἥ()*+",Ḅ-./
01Ḅ23ᩗᑭ஺ᵫ5%6&,ACLU/"27839:;23ᩗᑭḄ<=,(A⚗⊤?",஺4.D6ᳮᑨB⚪஺᪷ᐰᦻᑁG%&,ACLU.H:;᱄ḄᩗᑭIJᡂLM◀SumnerḄἭ஺᪷ᨬ!"#ᨬ!"$%&,Ἥ
Ḅ23ᩗᑭ஺ᵫ5%6&,D⚗(Ἥ23QR%STUVW)Yᔠᦻ[ᑁG஺116⚓ᐳ116⚓