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树德中学高2021级高三上期期末测试英语试题（全卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟）第I卷（选择题，共100分）第一部分听力部分（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。1.Whatdoesthemando?A.Ashopassistant.B.Ahotelreceptionist.C.Acomputertechnician.2.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.Atthegrocer’s.B.Atthecleaner’s.C.Atthetailor’s.3.HowdidthespeakercometoSeattle?A.Bytrain.B.Bycar.C.Byplane.4.Whatwillthespeakershavefordinnertoday?A.Friedrice.B.Steak.C.Noodles.5.HowisSophiefeelingnow?A.Confused.B.DisappointedC.Worried.第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或读白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6.Whatdoesthemanwanttodobeforenoon?A.Writeanemail.B.Makeacard.C.Postaletter.7.Whosebirthdayisit?
A.Richard’s.B.Vera’s.C.Sarah’s.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。8.WhatcoursedoesProfessorBrooksteach?A.EuropeanHistory.B.PublicSpeaking.C.EnglishLiterature.9.WhydoesVickycometotalkwithProfessorBrooks?A.Toaskforamake-uptest.B.Tosignupforhiscourse.C.Todiscussherhomework.听第8段材料，回答第10至13题。10.WhatdoesLindadoforplaysandshows?A.Shegivesactorsadvice.B.Sheassignsrolestoactors.C.Shedesignsactors’clothes.11.WhatdoesLindaneedtoresearch?A.Thenamesofthecharacters.B.Thedecorationofthestage.C.Thesettingofthestory.12.WhodoesLindareportherworkto?A.Theeditor.B.Thedirector.C.Thephotographer.13.WhatdoesLindasayaboutherjob?A.Itpaysverywell.B.Itinvolvesfrequenttravel.C.Itrequiresteameffort.听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。14.WhatdoesKevinthinkofabstractart?A.Ithaslastingartisticvalue.B.Itappealsmainlytochildren.C.Itmakeslittlesensetohim.15.Whatimpressiondidthefirstpaintinggivethewoman?
A.Hopefulness.B.Coldness.C.Nervousness.16.Whatcolorwasusedforthebackgroundinthesecondpainting?A.Purple.B.Green.C.Red.17.WhatwillKevinprobablydothisSaturday?A.Visitanexhibition.B.Attendanartclass.C.Buyanabstractpainting.听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。18.WhatcausedtheclosureofPittwaterRoad?A.Afallentree.B.Acaraccident.C.Afloodedriver.19.WhathappenedatTownHallStation?A.Thestationroofwasbroken.B.Apassengerwentmissing.C.Apoliceofficergothurt.20.Whatareroadusersadvisedtodo?A.Driveatlowspeed.B.Followtrafficsigns.C.Postponetheirtrips.第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题：每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AInspiringyoungminds!TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgoodfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.WhatissospecialaboutTOKNOWMagazine?Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy—andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreative
thingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.Soundstoogoodtobetrue?Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrecommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear!Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeverymonth?Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope£55RestofWorld£65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofWorld£70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.21.WhyisTOKNOWaspecialmagazine?A.Itentertainsyoungparents.B.Itpublishespopularsciencefictions.C.Itcombinesfunwithcomplexconcepts.D.Itprovidesseriousadvertisements.22.WhatdoesTOKNOWofferitsreaders?A.Articlesonnewtopics.B.Lecturesonabalancedlife.C.Reportsonscientificdiscoveries.D.Onlinecourses.23.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-monthsubscriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfromChina?A.£55.B.£60.C.£65.D.£70.BOnSeptember7,1991,thecostliesthailstorm(雹暴)inCanadianhistoryhitCalgary’ssouthernsuburbs.Asaresult,since1996agroupofinsurancecompanieshavespentabout$2millionperyearontheAlbertaHailSuppressionProject.Airplanesseedthreateningstormcells
withachemicaltomakesmallicecrystalsfallasrainbeforetheycangrowintodangeroushailstones.Butfarmersineast-centralAlberta—downwindofthehailprojectflights—worrythatpreciousmoisture(水分)isbeingstolenfromtheirthirstylandbythecloudseeding.NormanStienwand,whofarmsinthatarea,hasbeenaddressingpublicmeetingsonthisissueforyears.“Basically,theprovincialgovernmentislettingtheinsurancecompaniesprotecttheCalgary-Edmontonurbanareafromhail,”Mr.Stienwandsays,“butthey’reincreasingdroughtriskasfareastasSaskatchewan.”TheAlbertahailprojectismanagedbyTerryKrauss,acloudphysicistwhoworksforWeatherModificationInc.ofFargo,NorthDakota.“Weaffectonlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalmoistureintheair,sowecannotbecausingdrought.”Dr.Krausssays.“Infact,wemaybehelpingincreasethemoisturedownwindbycreatingwetterground.”OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.“In1999,IpersonallysawsignificanttornadoesformfromaseededstormcellinKansas,”Dr.Doswellsays.“Doescloudseedingcreatekillerstormsorreducemoisturedownwind?Noonereallyknows,ofcourse,buttheseedinggoeson.”Giventhedegreeofdoubt,Mr.Stienwandsuggests,“Itwouldbewisetostopcloudseeding.”Inpractice,doubthashadtheoppositeeffect.Duetothelackofscientificproofconcerningtheirimpacts,noonehassucceededinwinningalawsuitagainstcloud-seedingcompanies.Hence,privateclimateengineeringcanproceedinrelativelegalsafety.24.Whatdoestheprojectaimtodo?A.Conservemoistureinthesoil.B.Forecastdisastroushailstorms.C.Preventtheformationofhailstones.D.Investigatechemicaluseinfarming.25.Whoareopposedtotheproject?A.Managersofinsurancecompanies.B.Farmersineast-centralAlberta.C.Provincialgovernmentofficials.D.ResidentsofCalgaryandEdmonton.26.WhydoesDr.Doswellmentionthetornadoeshesawin1999?A.Tocomparedifferentkindsofseedingmethods.B.Toillustratethedevelopmentofbighailstorms.C.Toshowthelinkbetweenstormsandmoisture.D.Toindicateapossibledangerofcloudseeding.27.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
A.ScientificstudieshaveprovedStienwandright.B.Cloud-seedingcompanieswillcontinuetoexist.C.Thedoubtaboutcloudseedinghasdisappeared.D.PrivateclimateengineeringisillegalinCanada.CTheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottemptedbysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.28.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?A.Takeanexaminationalone.B.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.C.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.D.Showrespectfortheresearchers.29.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween_______.
A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetitesB.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneedsC.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfitD.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrains30.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.B.Absorbnewinformationreadily.C.Usediverseinformationsources.D.Protecttheinformationenvironment.31.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.EatLess,ReadMoreB.TheLater,theBetterC.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownupsD.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumansDMarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism.Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.Withminorexceptions,Twainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory.Againandagain,inthepostwaryears,Twainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.Considerthemostcontroversial,atleasttoday,ofTwain’snovels,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinn,Twain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatime,peoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenovel“trashandsuitableonlyfortheslums(贫民窟).”MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJim,theescapedslave,andmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.(ThetermNiggerJim,forwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticized,neverappearsinit.)Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.
Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.Chadwickhaspointedout,thecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalities,“thevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jim,thefatherandtheman.”Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior(低等的)towhites,especiallyinintelligence,Twain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyand,forfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouth,switchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave.Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture(养育),notnature,wasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeech,forexample—were,toTwain,indicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims.Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasy,forexample,bythelengthypassageinhisautobiographyabouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalled“niggershows”inhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthat they didnot.WasTwainaracist?Askingthequestioninthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthe“wisdom”oftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresent,wewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincoln,whobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhite,foughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwain,raisedinaslavestate,brieflyasoldier,andinventorofJim,mayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.32.HowdoTwain’snovelsonslaverydifferfromStowe’s?A.Twainwasmorewillingtodealwithracism.B.Twainwasopenlyconcernedwithracism.
C.Twain’sthemesseemedtoagreewiththeplots.D.Twain’sattackonracismwasmuchlessopen.33.WhatbestprovesTwain’santi-slaverystandaccordingtotheauthor?A.Jimgrewupintoamanandafatherinthewhiteculture.B.Theslave’svoicewasfirstheardinAmericannovels.C.Twainsuspectedthattheslaveswerelessintelligent.D.Jim’ssearchforhisfamilywasdescribedindetail.34.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph7referto?A.Theattacks.B.Theshows.C.Whitemen.D.Slaveryandprejudice.35.Whatdoestheauthormainlyarguefor?A.Twain’sworkshadbeenbannedonunreasonablegrounds.B.Twain’sworksshouldbereadfromahistoricalpointofview.C.TwainwasanadmirablefigurecomparabletoAbrahamLincoln.D.Twainhaddonemorethanhiscontemporarywriterstoattackracism.第二节（共5小题：每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Childrenlovegettingdirty.36Butgettingmuddycouldhaveapowerfuleffectontheirwellbeing,too.“Don’tgetdirty!”wasonceaconstantfamilywarning,asparentsdespairinglywatchedtheirchildrenspoiltheirbestclothes.Whethertheywererunningthroughfarmers’fields,climbingtreesorcatchingtadpoles,itwasinevitablethatchildren’swhiteswouldturnbrownbeforethedaywasover.Today,manyparentsmaysecretlywishtheirchildrenhadthechancetopickupabitofdirt.Withtheriseofurbanism,andthetemptationofvideogamesandsocialmedia,contactwithnatureismuchrarerthaninthepast.37Whatisgainedinlaundrybillsmaybelostinthechild’swellbeing.Accordingtorecentresearch,thedirtoutsideisteamingwithfriendlymicroorganisms.38Manyofthepsychologicalbenefitsofoutdoorplayarealreadywellestablished.Naturalscenesprovidetheperfectlevelofstimulation,whichisthoughttohelprechargethebrainwhenit
istiredandeasilydistractible.Supportingthistheory,onestudyfrom2009foundthatchildrenwithADHD(多动症)werebetterabletoconcentratefollowinga20-minutewalkinthepark,comparedtoa20-minutewalkonthestreetsofawell-kepturbanarea.39Theauthorsrecommendedusingsuch“dosesofnature”asasafeandaccessiblewayofsupportingchildrenwithADHD,alongsideothertools.40Forexample,theactofmuddingandkneadingmaterialslikemudorsandcanhelpchildrendevelopthewaytheirsensesandmovementinteract,knownassensorimotordevelopment.Thisallowsthechildtograduallyunderstandhisorherbodilysignals.A.Formany,thereissimplynoopportunitytogetmuddy.B.Besidestheserestorativeeffects,outdoorplaycanoffervaluablelearningexperiences.C.Beingclosetograssandtreesseemedtohavehadabeneficialeffectontheirminds.D.Asforthechild’sphysicalhealth,themostobviousadvantageofoutdoorplaymaybetheexercise.E.Theyaredrawntopuddleslikemuddymagnets,withnoregardforfootwearorthecoloroftheirclothing.F.Theycantraintheimmunesystemandbuildresiliencetoarangeofillnesses,includingallergiesandasthma.G.Peoplewhogrowuponfarmsarelesslikelytodevelopasthma,allergies,orauto-immunedisorders.第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。Wehaveallheardhowtimeismorevaluablethanmoney,butisit41tohavetoomuch?I42backinhighschoolIspentmostofmydayatschoolsinceIalso43ateamsport.BythetimeIgothome,Ionlyhadafewhourstodomyhomework,andIhadtodoit44.WhenIgotintocollege,things45.Isuddenlyfoundmyselfoutofclassbeforenoontime.Becauseofallthis46time,therewasnosenseof47todomyschoolworkimmediately.Iwasperformingthisactionofwaitinguntilitlaterbecamea48.Oncethathappened,Ijustkept49mystudyingfurtherandfurtherbackinmyday.ThenIgottothepointwhereIwas50reallylateatnighttogetmyworkdone.
OnedayI51aformerclassmateofminewhowas52alotofmoneyrunningasideline(副业).Sincehisregularjobwas53,Iaskedhimwhyhejustdidn’tdohissidelinefull-time.Hesaidwithoutthejob,hewould54havetoomuchtimeandwouldjustdowhatIdidbackin55.Hesaidthatifhe56thejob,hewouldlosehis57toworkandsucceed.So,try58yourtimewithotherwork.Thisiswhythereisa59thatifyouwantsomethingdone,aska60persontodoit.41.A.trueB.fairC.strangeD.possible42.A.admitB.rememberC.understandD.expect43.A.playedB.lovedC.coachedD.watched44.A.atlastB.rightawayC.ofcourseD.mattered45.A.happenedB.repeatedC.matteredD.changed46.A.difficultB.extraC.valuableD.limited47.A.dutyB.directionC.urgencyD.achievement48.A.burdenB.reliefC.riskD.habit49.A.settingB.takingC.pushingD.calling50.A.stayingupB.hangingoutC.joggingroundD.showingoff51.A.treatedB.helpedC.metD.hired52.A.raisingB.wastingC.demandingD.making53.A.safeB.importantC.boringD.rewarding54.A.luckilyB.hardlyC.hopefullyD.simply55.A.collegeB.childhoodC.townD.business56.A.foundB.quitC.acceptedD.kept57.A.heartB.chanceC.driveD.way58.A.fillingupB.savingC.givingupD.trading59.A.sayingB.storyC.messageD.fact60.A.busyB.carefulC.reliableD.kind第II卷(50分)第三部分语言知识运用第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Theshelvesinmostsupermarketsarefulloffamily-sizethisandmulti-buythat.However,ifyou’reshoppingforone,buyingextra61(benefit)frompricereductionsdoesn’tmakesense.Eitheryourshoppingisthentooheavytocarryhome62youcan’tusewhatyou’veboughtwhileit’sstillfresh.Ofcourse,shopsarenotcharities—theypricegoodsintheway63willmakethemthemostmoney.Ifmostoftheircustomersarehappytobuylargerquantities,that’s64they’llpromote.Butthatleavesthesolocustomersoutofpocketanddisappointed.Manysupermarketsarenolongerdoing“buyonegetonefree”promotionsbecauseofthe65(criticize)thattheyleadtowaste.Consumersprefermoneyoffindividualitems.However,thoughit’snicetogetafewcentsoffapackofsausages,itwouldhelpevenmoreiftheycouldsometimes66(offer)insmallerpacks.Eventhebiggestsausagefandoesn’twanttoeatthemeveryday.Ifyoursupermarketsellslooseproduce,thenbuyingsmallerquantitiesiseasier.Overthelasttwoyears,somesupermarkets67(start)sellingchickenorsaladinpacks68(design)withtwohalvescontainingseparateportions(份).Then,whenyouuseonesection,69otherstaysfresh.Whoknows,perhapssomeofthemoreforward-looking70(one)mayyetcomeoutwithawholerangeof“justforyou”packsizeswithspecialoffersaswell.第四部分写作（共两节，满分35分）第一节短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及修改均仅限一词。 2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。Ithasprovedbyscientistsusinghiddencamerasthatwhenonlyoneortwopeoplerideinalift,theyusuallyleanagainstonthewalls.Iffourpeopleareaboard,theyusuallymovedtowardsthe
fourcorners.So,whenthepopulationreachesfiveandsixpeople,everyonebeginstoobeymoreformalrulesofliftetiquette.Theyallturntofacethedoor.“Theygettallerandthin,”asaprofessordescribesit.“Handandpurseshangdowninfrontoftheirbodies.Theymustn’ttoucheachotherinanywayiftheliftiscrowdedandthenonlylightlyat theshoulderortheupperarm.Alsothereareabehaviortolookupwardat thefloorindicator.Iftheyspeak,itisdefinitelyinthelowvoice.”第二节书面表达（满分25分）随着科技的发展，部分学生对书写的重视程度不够。学校英文报就此做了一项调查。请使用图表中的调查结果写一篇120字左右短文投稿，内容包括：1.描述调查情况；2.简单评论；3.你的建议。注意：文章开头已给出。Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,somestudentsarepayinglessattentiontotheirhandwriting._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
