上海市某高级中学2022-2023学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷含详解

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ᐶ2022ὃὃᔁILGrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Hello,I'mEverythingOholicHaveyoualwaysblamedyourchocolatehabitandinabilitytostopsmokingonyour'addictive9personality?Accordingtoscience,there'snosuchthing...It'sawidely1(hold)beliefthatsomepeoplearejusthardwiredtobeaddicted.Butisthereactuallyanyevidence2this?AccordingtoaddictionexpertProfRobertWest,thereisn't.However,therearepersonalitycharacteristics,likeanxiety,depressionandimpulsecontrolproblems,that3makeapersonmorevulnerable(᧕Ḅ)toaddiction.Hesaysthisisanimportantdistinction,becausetheterm'addictivepersonality,impliesthatifapersonstopsoneadditivebehaviour,theyUljuststartanother,andthafsnotwhathappens.Ifapersonhasunderlyingriskfactorsforaddiction,4it'srelatedtotheirmentalhealth,theirpersonality,orotherfactorssuchasafamilyhistory,thenstoppingonebehaviourwillnotthenmakethemimmune(Ḅ)totheriskofotheraddictions.Buttheywon'tbemoreatriskofanotheraddictionjust5theyovercameone.Westpointstoresearch6investigatedtheimpactofstoppingsmokingonaperson'sdrinkingbehaviour.Studieshavefoundthatwhenpeoplestopsmoking,theyalsoshowashort-termreductioninalcoholconsumption,whichgraduallyreturnstothelevelitwasatbefore7(quit)smoking.Butalcoholconsumptiondoesn'tincreaseaftertheystopsmoking,andthesameistrueofsmokingheavinesswhenpeoplegiveupalcohol.t€Ifanything,stopping8canbehelpfulinstoppingorreducingtheother,“saysWest.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionsandstoriesofindividualswhohavegivenuponesubstanceorbehaviour,only9(have)anothertakeovertheirlives.AccordingtoWest,whilethevulnerabilitiesarestillthere,there'snoevidencethatanaddictivepersonality10(exist).SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.literallyB.barrierC.EventuallyD.findE.examinesF.featuresG.innovationsH.meanI.professionalJ.strikingK.well-positionedTheBestCompanytoWorkForEveryyear,Fortunemagazinepublishedalistofthe4100BestCompaniestoWorkFor'.How

1doesthemagazinechoosethecompanies?Firstly,itusesasurvey:350employeesanswer57questionsabouttheircompany.Secondly,Fortunelooksatimportant11ofcompanies:forexample,pay,benefits,andcommunicationbetweenworkersandmanagement.Finally,themagazine12theresultstofinditsTop100.WegmansFoodMarkets,whichranksNo.1onthelist,hasamotto!'Employeesfirst,customerssecond',anditisalsooneofthe50largestprivatecompaniesintheUS,withannualsalesof$3.6billion,accordingtoForbesmagazine.Apparently,beinggoodtoyouremployeesisno13tomakingmoney.HowmuchofWegmans'successisduetothecompany'spolicies?4Uptoapoint,thesuccessisbecauseofthefreedomtheygiveus,'saysoneemployee.uOntheotherhand,nocompanygetsrichjustbynotbeing14toitsemployees.Wegmanshasgreatmarketingstrategiesandit's15withinthecommunity.I'vebeenherefor15years.Lookingback,I'dsaythatthecompany's16forcustomers,suchastheShoppers?Clubelectronicdiscountprogrammeinthe1990s,havebeenjustasimportantasthebenefitstostaff.9Buttheemployeebenefitsare17.Fundamentally,Wegmansbelievesin18development.Aswellasscholarships,thecompanygivesitsemployeesbusinessopportunities.Foryears,oneemployeemadedeliciouscookiesforhercolleagues.19*shestartedsellingthecookiesinWegmans.41justaskedthemanager/shesays.'Whilelookingback,Ithinkshouldhaveaskedearlier.Icouldhavemademoremoney!?Thestaff'sfreedomtomakedecisionsisanotherthingyouwon't20everywhere.Essentially,Wegmanswantsitsworkerstodoalmostanythingtopleasethecustomers.Believeitornot,anemployeeoncecookedaThanksgivingturkeyinthestoreforacustomerbecausethewoman'sturkey,boughtinWegmans,wastoobigforheroven.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.“Lookbothwaysbeforeyoucrossthestreet!Lookleft,rightandleftagain!”Theseclassicchildhood21lessonsarepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Yettrafficaccidentsremainoneofthemostcommon22ofinjuriesanddeathsforchildrenaroundtheworld.Paststudieshavefoundthatyoungstersarelessgoodat23roadhazardsthanadults,butAnatMeir,alecturerinindustrialengineeringandmanagementatBen-GurionUniversityoftheNegeveandtheHolonInstituteofTechnologyinIsrael,wantedtopinpointexactlywhichbehaviorsleadtoaccidents,withthegoaloffindingwaysto24them.Todothatwithoutputtinganyoneindanger,sheturnedtovirtualreality.In2013Meirandhercolleaguessimulated"#18streetsinIsraelandusedaneye-trackingdevicetostudyhow46adultsandchildrenranginginagefromsevento13
evaluatedwhenitwassafetocross.Childrenagedseventonine,theyfound,exhibitedtheleast25whencrossing,typicallydecidingto

2stepintothevirtualroadwithlittleornohesitation,evenwhentheirfieldofvisionwasrestricted.“Wehadparentslookingonwhowerelike,4Wow,Icannotbelievemychildjustcrossedthere!”'Meirsays."Itcausedthemto26theirchild'sroad-crossingabilities.,,Theolderchildrendidnotperformmuch27.thoughfordifferentreasons.Theyoftenstayedonthecurb($%)foranimproperamountoftime-a(n)28thattheyarelessabletodistinguishbetweensafeandhazardoussituationsthanadults-andininterviewsdidnotexpressanunderstandingofhow29suchascarspeedandfieldofvisionaffectcrossingsafety.30doseemtoimprovecrossingsuccess.InMeir'smostrecentstudy,describedinAccidentAnalysis&Prevention,twodozenseven-tonine-year-oldsunderwent40minutesofhazard-detectiontraining.Afterward,Meirandhercolleagues31trainees5andcontrolkids'performancesinthevirtualroad-crossingtask.Thechildrenwho32safetyinstructionsweresignificantlybetteratcrossingthanthecontrolsubjects—tothepointthattheircrossingskillsweresimilartothoseofadults.Next,Meirandpolicymakersaimtofigureouthowtotranslatethesefindingsintothe33world."Theseresultsareimportantbecauseyoucannotfindsolutionswithouta(n)34oftheproblemJsaysJosephKearney,aprofessorofcomputerscienceattheUniversityofIowa."Nowifsuptopeoplewiththeirfeetonthegroundtodeterminehowtheycandevelop35programsforchildrenandforparentsaboutgoodroad-crossinghabits.,,21.A.safetyB.scienceC.visionD.indication22.A.sourcesB.categoriesC.levelsD.results23.A.encounteringB.identifyingC.presentingD.recalling24.A.performB.ignoreC.correctD.define25.A.cautionB.interestC.emotionD.relief26.A.recordB.recoverC.reinventD.reassess27.A.worseB.betterC.morequicklyD.moreslowly28.A.decisionB.indicationC.predictionD.instruction29.A.examplesB.ideasC.factorsD.insights30.A.MotivationsB.ObservationsC.ProhibitionsD.Interventions31.A.combinedB.restrictedC.comparedD.separated32.A.designedB.revealedC.emphasizedD.received33.A.outsideB.oldC.realD.modem34.A.featureB.tacklingC.intensityD.understanding

335.A.testingB.learningC.trainingD.planningSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)VisitorstoHENN-NA,arestaurantoutsideNagasaki,Japan,aregreetedbyanoddsight:theirfoodbeingpreparedbyarowofhumanoidrobotsthatlookliketheTerminator.H.I.S.,thecompanythatrunstherestaurant,aswellasanearbyhotelwhererobotscheckguestsintotheirroomsandhelpwiththeirluggage,turnedtoautomationpartlyoutofnecessity.Japan'spopulationisshrinking,anditseconomyisbooming;theunemploymentrateisonly2.8percent,"UsingrobotsmakesalotofsenseinacountrylikeJapan,“saidCEOHideoSawada.Sawadapredictsthat70percentofthejobsatJapan'shotelswillbeautomatedinthenextfiveyears.t4Ittakesaboutayeartotwotogetyourmoneyback,^^hesaid."Butsinceyoucanworkthem24hoursaday,andtheydon'tneedvacation,eventuallyit'smorecost-efficienttousetherobot/5Thismayseemlikeavisionofthefuturebestsuited-perhapsonlysuited—toJapan.ButaccordingtoMichaelChui,apartnerattheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute,manytasksinthefood-serviceandaccommodationindustryareexactlythekindthatareeasilyautomated.Chui'slatestresearchestimatesthat54percentofthetasksworkersperforminAmericanrestaurantsandhotelscouldbeautomatedusingcurrentlyavailabletechnologies.Therobots,infact,arealreadyhere.Chowbotics,acompanyinRedwoodCity,California,manufacturesSally,aboxyrobotthatpreparessaladsorderedonatouchscreen.Botlr,arobotbutler,nowbringsguestsextratowelsandtoiletriesindozensofhotelsaroundthecountry.Thisseemstobeworrying.America'seconomyisn'tdevelopingnearlyassmoothlyasJapan's,andoneofthefewbrightspotsinrecentyearshasbeenemploymentinrestaurantsandhotels,whichhaveaddedmorejobsthanalmostanyotherindustry.Thatgrowth,infact,hashelpeddulltheblowthatautomationhasdeliveredtootherindustries.Thefood-serviceandaccommodationindustrynowemploys13.7millionAmerican.Since2013,ithasaccountedformorejobsthanmanufacturing.Thesenewpositionsonceseemedsafefromrobotsbecausetheyrequiredahumantouchinawaythatmanufacturingorminingjobsdidnot.Whenorderingacoffeeorcheckingintoahotel,humanbeingswanttointeractwithotherhumanbeings—orsowethought.Thecompaniesbringingrobotsintotheserviceindustryarebettingthatwe'Hbehappytotradeourrelationshipwithroboticwaitersorclerksforgreaterefficiency.They'realsoconfidentthataddingrobotswon'tnecessarilymeancuttinghumanjobs.36.Accordingtothewriter,whywasitpartlyoutofnecessitythatH.I.S.turnedtoautomation?A.It'shardtofindemployeesinJapan.B.TheJapaneseareusedtousingrobots.

4C.RobotictechnologyisadvancedinJapan.D.Japan'seconomydevelopslessfastthanexpected.37.AccordingtoMichaelChui,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Itisnoeasyjobtoautomatetasksinthehotelindustry.B.Restaurantworkerscanbeeasilyreplacedbyrobots.C.Technologiesneedupgradingtopavethewayforroboticwaiters.D.Robotsnowperform54%ofthetasksinAmericanrestaurantsandhotels.38.WhydoestheautomationinAmericanrestaurantsandhotelsseemworrying?A.Themanufacturingindustryiswaitingtobeautomated.B.America'seconomyisdevelopingatanunexpectedrate.C.Automationhasalreadyhadanegativeeffectontheserviceindustry.D.ThesetwoindustriescontributemuchtoAmerica'semploymentrate.39.Itcanbeinferredthatcompaniesbringingrobotsintotheserviceindustrythinkthat.A.thehumantouchmaynotmatterthatmuchB.profitismoreimportantthancustomersatisfactionC.manufacturingorminingjobsrequirehumaninteractionD.robotswillrobhumansoftheirjobsatthecostofefficiency(B)ColleagueCouncilMeeting3rdOct20Chairperson:JaneSimmonsMinutesSecretary:LizBateman1WelcomeJaneSimmonswelcomedallcolleaguestothemeeting.SheexplainedtheaimoftheColleagueCouncil—issueswhichareofconcerntostaffmemberscanberaisedanddiscussedbythegroupandthenaddressedtoPersonnelManager,PennyKacelnik,inthesecondhalfofthemeeting.Meetingswillbeheldfourtimesayear.MATTERSARISINGFROMTHEMINUTES2LiftingofInternationalcallbarringThecouncilaskedifitwouldbepossibletohavethephonesystemchangedsothatinternationalcallscanbemade.AllphonesinSales&MarketingwillbemodifiedinNovembertoallowforinternationalcalls.AnyoneelsewhoneedstocalloverseasshouldcontactAsifDininIT.3RecyclingofpaperThecouncilenquiredifthecorrectrouteforraisingrecyclingissueswasthroughJohnEvans,OfficeServicesManager.Pennyagreedthatthiswasthecorrectroute.Shealsoaddedthatshewouldwelcomeeveryonelookingatthepapertheyuseandcuttingdownifpossible.Individualsareremindedthattheycanalsomakeadifferencebyturninglightsandmonitorsetc.off.

54HealthysnackoptionsinsnackmachinesThecouncilrequestedthatahealthyrangeofsnacksbeavailablefromthesnackmachinePennyremindedeveryonethatthecanteenoffershealthylunch-timeoptions.Shewilldiscussthecontentsofthemachinewiththeleasers(&'()whentheleasecomesupforrenewalnextmonth.FeedbacktobegivenatJanmeeting.5RemovalofstudygrantsThecouncilexpressedregretthatstudygrantsfornon-professionalcourseswerenolongeravailable.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtotakelanguagecourses,forexample,givenourgrowinginternationalmarket.PennyexplainedthatManagementfeltthismoneycouldbebetterusedonpayingforcourseswhichwouldleadtoprofessionalqualifications,suchasAccountancy,CreditControl.Shealsosuggestedthatin-houselanguagecoursescouldbetaughtbymembersofstaff.NextMeeting:WillbeJanuary,precisedatetobeconfirmedAttendees:LouisaBarlow,GaryBrown,NatalieCole,OrlaDoyle,TariqAli,PennyKacelnik(PersonnelOfficer)40.Theword“Minutes''isclosestinmeaningto"A.unexpectedemergenciesB.thedurationofameetingC.writtenrecordsofameetingD.suggestionsfromemployees41.WhatproposaldidtheColleagueCouncilputforward?A.HoldingtheColleagueCouncilMeetingfourtimesayear.B.Allowingtheemployeestomakeinternationalcalls.C.Dealingwithdocumentsonthecomputerinsteadofonpaper.D.Askingthecanteentoprovidemorehealthylunchoptions.42.WhatsuggestiondidPennyKacelnikgivetothosewhowanttotakelanguagecourses?A.Shiftingtoacourseleadingtoprofessionalqualifications.B.ApplyingtothePersonnelOfficeforaspecialgrant.C.Turningtoacolleaguewhospeaksthatlanguage.D.Referringtothegrowinginternationalmarket.(C)Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharmhumanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedtotalkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsomeofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogleAssistantthatshewouldn'ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutoursecrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreatedeviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetterbutmaynothelpusbe

6self-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.Thesevehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thuspreventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumansthepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),theywillalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey'vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey'vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspilloversorexternalities,asthey5reoftencalledintoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAl'spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.43.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAI.44.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecline"referstothedeclinein.A.drivers5interactionwiththecarsB.drivers'exhaustionanddistractionC.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledrivingD.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving45.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.46.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.

7B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.SectionCDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthesentencesgivenbelow.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.AuthenticatingSushi...andPicassosArecentstudyoftheseafoodindustrybyOceana,aconservationgroup,foundthat,nationwide,grocerystoresmislabelednearlyone-fifthofallthefishtheysold.Sushirestaurantswereevenworse,servingafishotherthanwhatwaspromisedonthemenuthree-quartersofthetime.47Butsomemerchantsseemedtosubstitutecheapfishliketilapiafbrmoreexpensivefareonpurpose.DNAbarcodingcanhelpuncoversuchpractices.Bytakingabitofmusclefromafishandsequencing)*+,U
theDNAinside,scientistscanquicklytellonespeciesfromanother.BarQcodingtechnologyisaccessibleenoughthathigh-schoolstudentshaveusedittoexposefraud-.atrestaurants.48Andtheycanseefbrthemselveswhetherthey'rereallygettingthebluefintunatheyordered.49Billionsofdollars9worthofartchangeshandseveryyear,andsomeexpertsestimatethat40percentofitisfake.Professionalauthenticationcanhelp,butrecentstoriesinvolvingworkssaidtohavebeenpaintedbyJacksonPollock,AmedeoModigliani,andothershaveshownthataskillfulᑴ012ὅcanfooleventhemostrespectedexperts.50Ratherthanusingtheartist'sownDNA—whichathiefcouldliftfromclothes,rubbish,orhairs—theselabelswouldcontainDNAfromanothercreature,withpiecesofsyntheticDNAwovenin.Toauthenticatethepiece,scientistswouldtakeDNAfromthelabel,sequencethesynthetichits,andconsultadatabase.Onlyifthesequencematchedthedatabaserecordwouldthepiecebepronouncedgenuine.A.Artisanotherareawhereforgeryisdecreasingduetotheresultingprofits.B.DNAcouldbeusedtoexposefraudintheartworld,too.C.Ifthetechnologycontinuestoevolve,consumerscouldsomedaybringhandheldbarcoderstothetable.D.Simpleconfusionmightexplainsomeofthedifferences,sincefishspeciescanbehardtotellapart.E.TheDNAmoleculeiscapableofstoringvastamountsofdataandcansurviveforthousandsofyears.F.Tosolvethisproblem,somescientistshavesuggestedattachingasmallplasticlabelfullofDNAtoworksofart.IV.SummaryWriting51.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaandthemainpoints
ofthepassage.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

8ABriefHistoryofSilkComfortabletowearwhethertheweatherishotorcold,silkisaspopulartodayasitwas5,000yearsagowhenitwasfirstmanufactured.However,thehistoryofsilkhasnotalwaysbeenassmoothasthefabric4ᱥitself.Today'sbasicsilk-productionprocesshaschangedverylittlesinceitfirstbegan.Thefabriccomesfromsilkwormswhich,althoughtinywhenborn,growrapidlyinsize.Indeed,onastrictdietofmulbenyleaves,itisestimatedthattheyincreaseinweightby10,000%overthefirstsixweeksoftheirlife.Whentheyarefullygrown,thesilkwormscreateacocoon-aprotectiveshellmadeofsilk.Theythencrawlinsideinordertopreparefortheirnextstageofdevelopment.However,forcommercialsilkproduction,thesecocoonsarethenboiled,killingtheworminside,toensurethatthesilkisnotdamaged.Afterthis,thesilkisgatheredandprepared.Asinglecocooncanproducebetween300and900metresofsilkthread.Althoughtodaysilkisbothgrownandwornworldwide,theoriginalproductionofsilkwasrestrictedtoChina.Likewise,inthesixthcentury,twomonksmanagedtotakesomeeggsallthewaybacktotheirnativeByzantiummodern-dayIstanbul,inTurkey
.Thiswasaneventofgreatimportance,sinceEuropewasformthatpointabletomanufactureitsownsilk.Beforethemonks5successinbringingthesilkwormsoutofChina,EuropeansweredependentonmerchantsbringingthefabricfromEastAsiaacrossthemountainroadsofCentralAsiaandtheMiddleEast.Indeed,somuchsilkwastransportedthatthistraderoutebecameknownasSilkRoad.Althoughman-madefibres67arecheaperandeasiertomanufacture,thebeautyofsilkisdifficulttomatch,andthereisalwayslikelytobealargeinternationalmarket.V.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.52.9:;<9Ḅ=ᩭ?ᡲᙠBCDEḄFG஺base
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10
ᐶ2022ὃII.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Hello,TinEverythingOholicHaveyoualwaysblamedyourchocolatehabitandinabilitytostopsmokingonyour'addictive9personality?Accordingtoscience,there9snosuchthing...It'sawidely](hold)beliefthatsomepeoplearejusthardwiredtobeaddicted.Butisthereactuallyanyevidence2this?AccordingtoaddictionexpertProfRobertWest,thereisn't.However,therearepersonalitycharacteristics,likeanxiety,depressionandimpulsecontrolproblems,that3makeapersonmorevulnerable(᧕Ḅ)toaddiction.Hesaysthisisanimportantdistinction,becausetheterm'addictivepersonality,impliesthatifapersonstopsoneadditivebehaviour,they'lljuststartanother,andthat'snotwhathappens.Ifapersonhasunderlyingriskfactorsforaddiction,4it'srelatedtotheirmentalhealth,theirpersonality,orotherfactorssuchasafamilyhistory,thenstoppingonebehaviourwillnotthenmakethemimmune(Ḅ)totheriskofotheraddictions.Buttheywon'tbemoreatriskofanotheraddictionjust5theyovercameone.Westpointstoresearch6investigatedtheimpactofstoppingsmokingonaperson'sdrinkingbehaviour.Studieshavefoundthatwhenpeoplestopsmoking,theyalsoshowashort-termreductioninalcoholconsumption,whichgraduallyreturnstothelevelitwasatbefore7(quit)smoking.Butalcoholconsumptiondoesn'tincreaseaftertheystopsmoking,andthesameistrueofsmokingheavinesswhenpeoplegiveupalcohol.uIfanything,stopping8canbehelpfulinstoppingorreducingtheother,“saysWest.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionsandstoriesofindividualswhohavegivenuponesubstanceorbehaviour,only9(have)anothertakeovertheirlives.AccordingtoWest,whilethevulnerabilitiesarestillthere,there5snoevidencethatanaddictivepersonality10(exist).ூÉᫀ௃l.held2.for3.can4.and5.because6.which##that7.quitting8.one9.tohave10.existsூÌ௃ᦻÍ¡ᦻ஺E{ÎÏÐ!ᨵÑEᜩÓÔ஺g¸ÕÖᨵ×Ø×ÙÚ஺

11ூ1⚪ÜÝ௃ὃÞ±ßᑖá஺âã¯E{ÎÏÐ!ᨵÑEᜩÓÔ஺ᑖ᪆âzåæ!çèᜐéêᐭëìíá0*஺îï⛲ñábeliefòíáholdîíᐵô!ᦑᵨ±ßᑖá஺ᦑêheldoூ2⚪ÜÝ௃ὃÞõá஺âã¯g¸Õᨵ×Ø×ÙÚᔩ÷ᑖ᪆âzåæ!çèᜐéêᐭõá஺evidence¼òõáforøù஺ᦑêfor஺ூ3⚪ÜÝ௃ὃÞú᝱íá஺âã¯ᯠû!ᨵÑឋèᱯþ!᝞ᯖ⇋ஹᢓᑴ⚪᧕஺᪷Ḅmakeᜐ"#ᐭ%᝱஺ᵫ()*ᜐᢣ“-"ᦑᵨcan஺ᦑ#can஺ூ4⚪23௃ὃ67஺()8᝞:;<ᨵᡂḄ?ᙠᓻ◅CDEFGHIḄJᳮᏉMஹឋᡈᐸHCDQ᝞RSTUᨵᐵWXYZ;[\]E^-HI_`ᐸHᡂḄa◅஺ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭ7஺ᵫ()*ᜐeEᑡᐵgᦑᵨand஺ூ5⚪23௃ὃ6hij(஺()8keHI^C]lmn;[o᧕pq஺ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭjr7஺ᵫ()*ᜐeC:ᐵgᦑᵨbecausest஺ᦑ#because஺ூ6⚪23௃ὃ6uij(஺()8vwᱯᢣy;⚗Ẇ|}6nᡄ;<⏀\]Ḅ஺ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭuij(st஺ᐜ\eresearch,ᢣᱥFᐵgᙠj(iᦑᵨwhich/thatoᦑ#which/that஺ூ7⚪23௃ὃ6஺()8Ẇ|IYZᔾHIḄ⏀E⌲ឮᑮᡄḄ஺ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭ஺eᵨi஺beforedoingsth.)]“ᙠ¡¢£¤"஺ᦑ#quitting஺ூ8⚪23௃ὃ6¥஺()8vwᱯ¦8“᝞:ᨵ§X^¨Ḅ©YZ;<ªᨵ«¬YZᡈ;<஺”ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭ¥onei☢Ḅtheother°"஺ᦑ#one஺ூ9⚪23௃ὃ6^u±஺()8ᯠᨵ;³´᜜ᦑ£;³¶·n;[ᱥ¸ᡈ\]¹e]nº;[ᱥ¸»¼HIḄ½¾.ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭÀÁi஺onlyto

12doeÂuÃ᪀ᙠ(Ã:hi⊤Æ)ᧇ¤᜜ḄÃ:஺ᦑ#iohave஺ூ10⚪23௃ὃ6᝱஺()8᪷vwᱯḄ¦ÈɼᾪËឋÌᯠÍᙠkÎᨵÏ⊤ÐḄÍᙠ஺ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭÁi஺᪷ÑᦻᑨÔ*ᜐ"ᵨ;Õᙠ஺ieanaddictivepersonality,ᓫᦪᦑÁiᵨᓫᦪØÙÚ±஺ᦑ#existsoSectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.literallyB.barrierC.EventuallyD.findE.examinesF.featuresG.innovationsH.meanI.professionalJ.strikingK.well-positionedTheBestCompanytoWorkForEveryyear,Fortunemagazinepublishedalistofthe'100BestCompaniestoWorkFor'.Howdoesthemagazinechoosethecompanies?Firstly,itusesasurvey:350employeesanswer57questionsabouttheircompany.Secondly,Fortunelooksatimportant11ofcompanies:forexample,pay,benefits,andcommunicationbetweenworkersandmanagement.Finally,themagazine12theresultstofinditsTop100.WegmansFoodMarkets,whichranksNo.1onthelist,hasamottoQÛÜÝUJEmployeesfirst,customerssecond5,anditisalsooneofthe50largestprivatecompaniesintheUS,withannualsalesof$3.6billion,accordingtoForbesmagazine.Apparently,beinggoodtoyouremployeesisno13tomakingmoney.HowmuchofWegmans'successisduetothecompany'spolicies?'Uptoapoint,thesuccessisbecauseofthefreedomtheygiveus,'saysoneemployee.'Ontheotherhand,nocompanygetsrichjustbynotbeing14toitsemployees.Wegmanshasgreatmarketingstrategiesandit's15withinthecommunity.I'vebeenherefbr15years.Lookingback,I'dsaythatthecompany's16fbrcustomers,suchastheShoppers?Clubelectronicdiscountprogrammeinthe1990s,havebeenjustasimportantasthebenefitstostaff.9Buttheemployeebenefitsare17.Fundamentally,Wegmansbelievesin18development.Aswellasscholarships,thecompanygivesitsemployeesbusinessopportunities.Foryears,oneemployeemadedeliciouscookiesforhercolleagues.19ஹshestartedsellingthecookiesinWegmans.4justaskedthemanager/shesays."Whilelookingback,Ithinkshouldhaveaskedearlier.Icouldhavemademoremoney!9Thestaff'sfreedomtomakedecisionsisanotherthingyouwon't20everywhere.Essentially,Wegmanswantsitsworkerstodoalmostanythingtopleasethecustomers.Believeitornot,anemployeeoncecookedaThanksgivingturkeyinthestoreforacustomerbecausethewoman'sturkey,boughtinWegmans,wastoobigforheroven.

13ூÞᫀ௃11.F12.E13.B14.H15.K16.G17.J18.I19.C20.Dூti௃àᦻe;á¦Ðᦻ஺⌕ᑖ᪆nãäåæᩖèéê᝞ë⌱yᨬîïðñ஺[11⚪23௃ὃ6஺()8ᐸqãäåæᩖèᐵòðñḄó⌕ᱯô8´᝞õöஹ÷ᑭªùᕒï¼ᳮû¤üḄýþ஺ᑖ᪆(dᜐ"#ᐭi஺᪷()*ᜐᢣ“ᱯô“ᦑ⌱features஺ᦑÞᫀ]F஺ூ12⚪23௃ὃ6Ái஺()8ᨬÿᩖ
ᑮᐸ100஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭ஺᪷"#"Fortunelooksatimportant]ofcompanies"$ᜐᵨ&'(ᙠ*+,-ᓫᦪᵨᓫᦪ012345஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“”ᦑ⌱examines஺ᦑ<ᫀ>E஺13⚪@A௃ὃ஺6DEᯠᕒHIJK-LMḄOP஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭQ⊤஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“OP”ᦑ⌱barrier஺ᦑ<ᫀ>B஺ூ14⚪@A௃ὃ4T஺6DU&V☢Xᨵ&Z[\]]^_ᕒHK`abcd஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭ4TQ⊤஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“`aḄ"ᦑ⌱mean஺bemeantosb.fgh6>“i2`a"஺ᦑ<ᫀ>H஺ூ15⚪@A௃ὃ4T஺6DWegmansᨵjIḄ⃩├mᶍJ+ᙠopqgrsI஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭ4TQ⊤஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“grsIḄ"ᦑ⌱well-positioned஺ᦑ<ᫀ>Koூ16⚪@A௃ὃ஺6Du_ᜮᩭxᡃz{|[\>}ᡝᡠḄ᝞2090Ḅ“ᱥὅ"ᵯᢚᡷᑜᕒHḄᑭ᪵⌕஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭQ,஺+᪷"“havebeen”$ᜐᵨᦪ45஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ""ᦑ⌱innovationsoᦑ<ᫀ>G஺ூ17⚪@A௃ὃ4T஺6DᕒHᑭᓾ2◫஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭ4TQ⊤஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“2◫Ḅ"ᦑ⌱striking஺ᦑ<ᫀ>J஺

14ூ18⚪@A௃ὃ4T஺6D᪷#¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭ4TQgª⛲development஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“¦§Ḅ"ᦑ⌱professional஺ᦑ<ᫀ>I஺ூ19⚪@A௃ὃ¬஺6Dᨬ®᝛°±ᙠ¢£²³´µ஺ᑖ᪆ᜐᐭ¬Q¶஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“ᨬ®”ᦑ⌱Eventually஺ᦑ<ᫀ>C஺ூ20⚪@A௃ὃ஺6DᕒH²·gḄ¸ᵫ-U&º»ᙠ¼½ᙢV¿KᑮḄÀÁ஺᪷"ḄÁ᝱“won*”ᜐᐭÃ4஺᪷"6$ᜐᢣ“ᑮ”ᦑ⌱findoᦑ<ᫀ>D஺III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.“Lookbothwaysbeforeyoucrossthestreet!Lookleft,rightandleftagain!,,Theseclassicchildhood21lessonsarepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Yettrafficaccidentsremainoneofthemostcommon22ofinjuriesanddeathsforchildrenaroundtheworld.Paststudieshavefoundthatyoungstersarelessgoodat23roadhazardsthanadults,butAnatMeir,alecturerinindustrialengineeringandmanagementatBen-GurionUniversityoftheNegeveandtheHolonInstituteofTechnologyinIsrael,wantedtopinpointexactlywhichbehaviorsleadtoaccidents,withthegoaloffindingwaysto24them.Todothatwithoutputtinganyoneindanger,sheturnedtovirtualreality.In2013Meirandhercolleaguessimulated(ÅÆ)18streetsinIsraelandusedaneye-trackingdevicetostudyhow46adultsandchildren(ranginginagefromsevento13)evaluatedwhenitwassafetocross.Childrenagedseventonine,theyfound,exhibitedtheleast25whencrossing,typicallydecidingtostepintothevirtualroadwithlittleornohesitation,evenwhentheirfieldofvisionwasrestricted.“Wehadparentslookingonwhowerelike,cWow,Icannotbelievemychildjustcrossedthere!'"Meirsays."Itcausedthemto26theirchild'sroad-crossingabilities.^^Theolderchildrendidnotperformmuch27.thoughfordifferentreasons.Theyoftenstayedonthecurb(ÈÉ)foranimproperamountoftime-a(n)28thattheyarelessabletodistinguishbetweensafeandhazardoussituationsthanadults—andininterviewsdidnotexpressanunderstandingofhow29suchascarspeedandfieldofvisionaffectcrossingsafety.30doseemtoimprovecrossingsuccess.InMeir'smostrecentstudy,describedinAccidentAnalysis&Prevention,twodozenseven-tonine-year-oldsunderwent40minutesofhazard-detectiontraining.Afterward,Meirandhercolleagues31trainees5andcontrolkids'

15performancesinthevirtualroad-crossingtask.Thechildrenwho32safetyinstructionsweresignificantlybetteratcrossingthanthecontrolsubjects-tothepointthattheircrossingskillsweresimilartothoseofadults.Next,Meirandpolicymakersaimtofigureouthowtotranslatethesefindingsintothe33world."Theseresultsareimportantbecauseyoucannotfindsolutionswithouta(n)34oftheproblem,saysJosephKearney,aprofessorofcomputerscienceattheUniversityofIowa."Nowit'suptopeoplewiththeirfeetonthegroundtodeterminehowtheycandevelop35programsforchildrenandforparentsaboutgoodroad-crossinghabits.^^21.A.safetyB.scienceC.visionD.indication22.A.sourcesB.categoriesC.levelsD.results23.A.encounteringB.identifyingC.presentingD.recalling24.A.performB.ignoreC.correctD.define25.A.cautionB.interestC.emotionD.relief26.A.recordB.recoverC.reinventD.reassess27.A.worseB.betterC.morequicklyD.moreslowly28.A.decisionB.indicationC.predictionD.instruction29.A.examplesB.ideasC.factorsD.insights30.A.MotivationsB.ObservationsC.ProhibitionsD.Interventions31.A.combinedB.restrictedC.comparedD.separated32.A.designedB.revealedC.emphasizedD.received33.A.outsideB.oldC.realD.modem34.A.featureB.tacklingC.intensityD.understanding35.A.testingB.learningC.trainingD.planningூ<ᫀ௃21.A22.A23.B24.C25.A26.D27.B28.B29.C30.D31.C32.D33.C34.D35.CூÊ௃Ë-&Ì{Íᦻ஺ᦻÏ,⌕ÐÑÒ⁐ᑡ-Ö×ØᜧÚÛÜÝᳮHÚ▾ḄH§Hàáâᳮ¡ãäåᱯ•᫥é&⚗ᐵìíî_ïÈḄ&⚗Ẇñ஺[21⚪@A௃ὃòó᪆஺6DËôõᐺḄíîØᐰøà¤ù஺A.safetyØᐰúB.scienceûÚ;C.visionýþúD.indicationᨩ஺᪷ᦻ“Lookbothwaysbeforeyoucrossthestreet!Lookleft,rightandleftagain!!ᔣᔣᔣ!”

16ᐰ"☢Ḅ%ᦟ'ᡠ)*ᜐᵨsafety⊤“ᐰ”/01ᔠ3᛻஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺ூ22⚪:;௃ὃ>?@@AB᪆஺DEFᯠHIJKᦑLᯠMNᔜᙢQRᨬTUḄVWX%஺A.sourcesᩭZஹVW\B.categoriesᑖ^\C.levels_`FD.resultsab஺ᑖ᪆DE᪷cdeḄ஺finjuriesanddeaths*ᜐᵨsources⊤QRḄ"VW"1ᔠ3᛻஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺ூ23⚪:;௃ὃ>g@@AB᪆஺DEFhḄẆjklmnopq⍝ᓻ◅Ḅuvw᝞ᡂmoz)⁐ᑡ}-ᜧᳮ▾Ḅ0ᳮᱯ•᫥⌕>Kᦑᑮ¢£Ḅ"¤஺A.encountering¥⍗\B.identifyingpq\C.presentingᕈl\D.recalling¨©஺ᑖ᪆DE᪷cdeḄroadhazards*ᜐᵨidentifying⊤“pq”⍝ᓻ◅1ᔠ3᛻஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺[24⚪:;௃ὃ>g@@AB᪆஺DEFª஺A.perform⊤l;B.ignore¬;C.correct¢£\D.define®¯A஺᪷ᦻuwantedtopinpointexactlywhichbehaviorsleadtoaccidents⌕¯°Kᦑ”*ᜐᵨcorrect⊤ᑮ“¢£”Ḅ"¤1ᔠ3᛻஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺ூ25⚪:;௃ὃ>?@@AB᪆஺DEF±²kl7ᑮ9³Ḅᙠµᨬw¶·JT¸w¹ºᙢ»¯¼ᐭ¾¿⍝ᓽÁ±²ḄÂÃᑮ▲ᑴ஺A.caution¶·\B.interestᐶÇ\C.emotionÈÉ\D.reliefÊ᠚஺᪷®ᦻwtypicallydecidingtostepintothevirtualroadwithlittleornohesitationJTÈÌ®±²¸w¹ºᙢ;¿⍝”ᙠḄµ᎛w϶·Ḅᡠ)*ᜐᵨcaution☢ḄleastÐÑ⊤“ᨬw¶·”1ᔠ3᛻஺ᦑ⌱A⚗஺ூ26⚪:;௃ὃ>g@@AB᪆஺DEFÒÁ±²ÓÔÕÖ×ØḄuv஺A.recordÙÚ\B.recoverឮÜ\C.reinventÓÔÝ⌼\D.reassessÓÔÕÖ஺᪷ᦻ“Wow,1cannotbelievemychildjustcrossedthere!ßᡃwᦢâãᡃḄ×Øääåæ!"᱄è×ØåÉᑮéêḄᡠ)*ᜐᵨreassess⊤“ÓÔÕÖ”×ØḄuv1ᔠ3᛻஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺ூ27⚪:;௃ὃ>ë@@AB᪆஺DEFᜧ%ìḄ×Ø⊤líwîïVWwª஺A.worseðñò\B.betterðî;C.morequicklyðóô\D.moreslowlyðõ᠒஺᪷®ᦻ“Theyoften

17stayedonthecurb÷foranimproperamountoftime±²øTᙠùúᶇḄµüw〉þ”*ᜐᵨbetter☢Ḅnotÿᵨ⊤ᜧ⊤“”ᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺[28⚪௃ὃ᪆஺!"#$%&'ᙠ)*+,ᶇḄ/0〉23⊤4$%5ᡂ789:;ᑖ=ᐰ?ᓻ◅ḄBCᙠDEFG$%HIJ?KLMNO᝞QRSTU)=ᐰ⊤ᳮ஺A.decisionWXYB.indication⊤4ஹᨩYC.prediction⚜];D.instructionᢣ`஺᪷cdᦻ“Iheyarelessabletodistinguishbetweensafeandhazardoussituationsthanadultsf$%ᙠ;ᑖ=ᐰ?ᓻ◅BCg☢Ḅ:i᝞ᡂ78j“klG3mBCnmᨩGᡠpqᜐᵨindication⊤''⊤4ஹᨩ”ᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺ூ29⚪௃ὃ᪆஺!"#u+஺A.examplesvYB.ideaswxYC.factorsNOYD.insightsyzi஺᪷cdᦻ"suchascarspeedandfieldofvisionaffectcrossingsafetyf᝞IJ?KLMRSTU)=ᐰj”klGqᜐ{|n}RSTU)=ᐰḄ}NOGᡠpᵨfactors⊤“NO”ᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺ூ30⚪௃ὃ᪆஺!"#~⚜Ḅᡂ᳛஺A.MotivationsYB.ObservationszYC.ProhibitionsἭYD.Interventions~⚜஺᪷cdᦻ"twodozenseven-tonine-year-oldsunderwent40minutesofhazard-detectiontraining247U9Ḅ40ᑖḄᓻ◅]j”klG3}~⚜GᡠpqᜐᵨInterventions⊤“~⚜”Ḅᡂ᳛Gᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺[31⚪௃ὃ᪆஺!"#G᫥?᝛Ḅu¡5¢£?¤ᑴ£ᙠ¦§TU)¨©FḄ⊤஺A.combinedªᔠYB.restricted▲ᑴYC.compared5¢#D.separatedᑖ¬஺᪷cdᦻḄ"trainees'andcontrolkids'performancesf|£?¤ᑴ£Ḅ⊤j“klGqᜐᵨcompared⊤“5¢”®ὅḄ⊤Gᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺ூ32⚪௃ὃ᪆஺!"#=ᐰᢣ`ḄᙠTU)g☢4°±H᯿³ᙠ´mµ¶+G$%ḄTU)ᢈ¸¹ᡂ78º஺A.designed»¼YB.revealed½☄YC.emphasized¿ÀYD.receivedᦈᑮஹ஺ᑖ᪆!"Ã᪷cÄÅḄsafetyinstructionsklGqᜐᵨreceived⊤“”=ᐰᢣ`ḄGᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺ூ33⚪௃ὃÆÇ᪆஺!"#dᩭG᫥?ÉÊᑴXὅḄË᪗nÍÎÏ᝞QÐ3}ÑÒᓄÔÕÖ஺A.outside᜜☢ḄYB.oldØḄஹÙὁḄ;C.realḄYD.modernÛ

18Ḅ஺ᑖ᪆!"Ã᪷cÄÅÜḄtranslateklGqᜐᵨreal⊤Ý3}ẆßÒᓄàᵨᑮ“”ÕÖFGᔠ᛻ᦑ⌱C⚗஺ூ34⚪௃ὃ᪆஺!"#3}ªáâã⌕GNÔ᝞áå⚪GæçxèᑮWgᫀ஺A.featureᱯYB.tacklingᜐᳮYC.intensity¿¶YD.understandingᳮ஺ᑖ᪆!"Ã᪷cÄÅḄproblemklGqᜐᵨunderstanding⊤Hå⚪Ḅ“ᳮ”ᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺ூ35⚪௃ὃÆÇ᪆஺!"#ᙠGëᵫí}îïᙢḄ8ᩭWX᝞QÔ?᱄òᑴXᨵᐵõTU)ö÷Ḅø⚗Ë஺A.testingᙠ]ùḄYB.learningúöḄYC.trainingøḄYD.planning¼ᑜḄ஺᪷cdᦻ“goodroadcrossinghabits(õḄTU)ö÷)”klGqᜐᵨtraining⊤ᑴXᐵ3ö÷Ḅ“ø”⚗ËGᔠ᛻஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)VisitorstoHENN-NA,arestaurantoutsideNagasaki,Japan,aregreetedbyanoddsight:theirfoodbeingpreparedbyarowofhumanoidrobotsthatlookliketheTerminator.H.I.S,,thecompanythatrunstherestaurant,aswellasanearbyhotelwhererobotscheckguestsintotheirroomsandhelpwiththeirluggage,turnedtoautomationpartlyoutofnecessity.Japan'spopulationisshrinking,anditseconomyisbooming;theunemploymentrateisonly2.8percent."UsingrobotsmakesalotofsenseinacountrylikeJapan,“saidCEOHideoSawada.Sawadapredictsthat70percentofthejobsatJapan'shotelswillbeautomatedinthenextfiveyears.t4Ittakesaboutayeartotwotogetyourmoneyback,^^hesaid."Butsinceyoucanworkthem24hoursaday,andtheydon'tneedvacation,eventuallyit'smorecost-efficienttousetherobot/5Thismayseemlikeavisionofthefuturebestsuited—perhapsonlysuited-toJapan.ButaccordingtoMichaelChui,apartnerattheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute,manytasksinthefood-serviceandaccommodationindustryareexactlythekindthatareeasilyautomated.Chui'slatestresearchestimatesthat54percentofthetasksworkersperforminAmericanrestaurantsandhotelscouldbeautomatedusingcurrentlyavailabletechnologies.Therobots,infact,arealreadyhere.Chowbotics,acompanyinRedwoodCity,California,manufacturesSally,aboxyrobotthatpreparessaladsorderedonatouchscreen.Botir,arobotbutler,nowbringsguestsextratowelsandtoiletriesindozensofhotelsaroundthecountry.Thisseemstobeworrying.America'seconomyisn'tdevelopingnearlyassmoothlyasJapan's,andoneofthefewbrightspotsinrecentyearshasbeenemploymentinrestaurantsandhotels,which

19haveaddedmorejobsthanalmostanyotherindustry.Thatgrowth,infact,hashelpeddulltheblowthatautomationhasdeliveredtootherindustries.Thefood-serviceandaccommodationindustrynowemploys13.7millionAmerican.Since2013,ithasaccountedformorejobsthanmanufacturing.Thesenewpositionsonceseemedsafefromrobotsbecausetheyrequiredahumantouchinawaythatmanufacturingorminingjobsdidnot.Whenorderingacoffeeorcheckingintoahotel,humanbeingswanttointeractwithotherhumanbeingsorsowethought.Thecompaniesbringingrobotsintotheserviceindustryarebettingthatwe'llbehappytotradeourrelationshipwithroboticwaitersorclerksfbrgreaterefficiency.They'realsoconfidentthataddingrobotswon'tnecessarilymeancuttinghumanjobs.36.Accordingtothewriter,whywasitpartlyoutofnecessitythatH.I.S.turnedtoautomation?A.It'shardtofindemployeesinJapan.B.TheJapaneseareusedtousingrobots.C.RobotictechnologyisadvancedinJapan.D.Japan'seconomydevelopslessfastthanexpected.37.AccordingtoMichaelChui,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Itisnoeasyjobtoautomatetasksinthehotelindustry.B.Restaurantworkerscanbeeasilyreplacedbyrobots.C.Technologiesneedupgradingtopavethewayforroboticwaiters.D.Robotsnowperform54%ofthetasksinAmericanrestaurantsandhotels.38.WhydoestheautomationinAmericanrestaurantsandhotelsseemworrying?A.Themanufacturingindustryiswaitingtobeautomated.B.America'seconomyisdevelopingatanunexpectedrate.C.Automationhasalreadyhadanegativeeffectontheserviceindustry.D.ThesetwoindustriescontributemuchtoAmerica'semploymentrate.39.Itcanbeinferredthatcompaniesbringingrobotsintotheserviceindustrythinkthat.A.thehumantouchmaynotmatterthatmuchB.profitismoreimportantthancustomersatisfactionC.manufacturingorminingjobsrequirehumaninteractionD.robotswillrobhumansoftheirjobsatthecostofefficiencyூþᫀ௃36.A37.B38.D39.Aூ`௃ÿᦻ
ᦻ஺ᦻὅᨵḄHENN-NA⚶✂ᵨᘤᑖ᪆#$%&ᩭḄᑭ)*஺ூ36⚪-.௃0ᳮᑨ3⚪஺᪷567"H.I.S.,thecompanythatrunstherestaurant,aswellasanearbyhotelwhererobotscheckguestsintotheirroomsandhelpwiththeirluggage,turnedtoautomationpartlyoutofnecessity.Japan5spopulationisshrinking,anditseconomyisbooming;theunemploymentrateisonly2.8percent.tlUsingrobotsmakesalotofsenseinacountrylike

20Japan,"saidCEOHideoSawada."89⃩;<⚶ᔉḄ>?H.I.S.,@A▬C<ᵫᘤEFᳮᐭHIJKLMNOPQḄ⏀SᙠUVWXYᔣ[\ᓄ
^_◤⌕஺Ḅbᙠcd9eᓾᙠghijkᜫm᳛oᨵ2.8p✌s᡻PuHideoSawada⊤wx“ᙠ;᪵Ḅ{<ᵨᘤ|ᨵ}~஺”᪷5ὅḄH.LS.Yᔣ[\ᓄᙠUVWX
^_⌕ᙠ|ᑮᕒ#஺ᦑ⌱Aoூ37⚪-.௃⁚ᳮ.⚪஺᪷567“ButaccordingtoMichaelChui,apartnerattheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute,manytasksinthefood-serviceandaccommodationindustryareexactlythekindthatareeasilyautomated.Chui'slatestresearchestimatesthat54percentofthetasksworkersperforminAmericanrestaurantsandhotelscouldbeautomatedusingcurrentlyavailabletechnologies."8┱ᐰᳫẆᡠḄᔠMichaelChuiHPmḄ¡#¢
|£᧕[\ᓄḄ஺ChuiḄᨬ¦Ẇ§¨©{⚶✂⏀Sª54%Ḅ#@«¬ᨵᢈ¯°[\ᓄ஺᪷5MichaelChui,⚶ᔉ#ᕒ|£᧕±ᘤ²³஺ᦑ⌱B஺[38⚪-.௃0ᳮᑨ3⚪஺᪷5᎔ᦪ6¶7"Thisseemstobeworrying.America'seconomyisn'tdevelopingnearlyassmoothlyasJapan,s,andoneofthefewbrightspotsinrecentyearshasbeenemploymentinrestaurantsandhotels,whichhaveaddedmorejobsthanalmostanyolherindustry.Thatgrowth,infact,hashelpeddulltheblowthatautomationhasdeliveredtootherindustries.Thefood-serviceandaccommodationindustrynowemploys13.7millionAmerican.Since2013,ithasaccountedformorejobsthanmanufacturing."8;·¸¹º»஺©{9eij¼½ᨵ¾¿ÀᑭCÁᩭᦪ¡ḄÃÄÅ
⚶Æm⏀SmḄÇm;ÈÉPmÊ⌼ḄÇmÌ͸άᐸMÐÑPm஺Ò°X;ÓÔÕᨵL_cÖ[\ᓄ×ᐸMPm&ᩭḄØÙ஺HPmᙠÚÛ13஺700Ü©{஺[2013Á@ᩭÝḄÇmÞßà9άᑴ⌼m஺©{⚶✂⏀SḄ[\ᓄâãᩭ¹º»;ÈÉPmä©{ḄÇm᳛åæ|ᜧ஺ᦑ⌱D஺39⚪-.௃0ᳮᑨ3⚪஺᪷5ᨬè7“Thesenewpositionsonceseemedsafefromrobotsbecausetheyrequiredahumantouchinawaythatmanufacturingorminingjobsdidnot.Whenorderingacoffeeorcheckingintoahotel,humanbeingswanttointeractwithotherhumanbeings-orsowethought.Thecompaniesbringingrobotsintotheserviceindustryarebettingthatwe'llbehappytotradeourrelationshipwithroboticwaitersorclerksforgreaterefficiency.They'realsoconfidentthataddingrobotswon'tnecessarilymeancuttinghumanjobs.8;é¦ÞßW·¸ÂÌêᑮᘤḄëìÝ◤⌕Ḅíîïᑴ⌼mᡈñòmḄ#ᑣÂ◤⌕஺ôÄõᕸᖹᡈᐭH⏀Søùú⌕)Mû\——ýdᡃ
;¿Ḅ஺ÿᘤᐭḄᙠᡭᡃᵨᘤᕒḄᐵᩭᣚḄᦔ᳛஺#$%

21'()ᘤ*+,-.ᕡḼ123Ḅ45஺)789ᘤᐭḄ:;ᘤ9<ᦔ᳛;=>?@3Ḅ45஺ᦑ⌱A஺(B)ColleagueCouncilMeeting3rdOct20Chairperson:JaneSimmonsMinutesSecretary:LizBateman1WelcomeJaneSimmonswelcomedallcolleaguestothemeeting.SheexplainedtheaimoftheColleagueCouncil—issueswhichareofconcerntostaffmemberscanberaisedanddiscussedbythegroup,andthenaddressedtoPersonnelManager,PennyKacelnik,inthesecondhalfofthemeeting.Meetingswillbeheldfourtimesayear.MATTERSARISINGFROMTHEMINUTES2LiftingofInternationalcallbarringThecouncilaskedifitwouldbepossibletohavethephonesystemchangedsothatinternationalcallscanbemade.AllphonesinSales&MarketingwillbemodifiedinNovembertoallowforinternationalcalls.AnyoneelsewhoneedstocalloverseasshouldcontactAsifDininIT.3RecyclingofpaperThecouncilenquiredifthecorrectrouteforraisingrecyclingissueswasthroughJohnEvans,OfficeServicesManager.Pennyagreedthatthiswasthecorrectroute.Shealsoaddedthatshewouldwelcomeeveryonelookingatthepapertheyuseandcuttingdownifpossible.Individualsareremindedthattheycanalsomakeadifferencebyturninglightsandmonitorsetc.off.4HealthysnackoptionsinsnackmachinesThecouncilrequestedthatahealthyrangeofsnacksbeavailablefromthesnackmachine.Pennyremindedeveryonethatthecanteenoffershealthylunch-timeoptions.Shewilldiscussthecontentsofthemachinewiththeleasers(DEF)whentheleasecomesupforrenewalnextmonth.FeedbacktobegivenatJanmeeting.5RemovalofstudygrantsThecouncilexpressedregretthatstudygrantsfornon-professionalcourseswerenolongeravailable.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtotakelanguagecourses,forexample,givenourgrowinginternationalmarket.PennyexplainedthatManagementfeltthismoneycouldbebetterusedonpayingforcourseswhichwouldleadtoprofessionalqualifications,suchasAccountancy,CreditControl.Shealsosuggestedthatin-houselanguagecoursescouldbetaughtbymembersofstaff.NextMeeting:WillbeJanuary,precisedatetobeconfirmedAttendees:LouisaBarlow,GaryBrown,NatalieCole,OrlaDoyle,TariqAli,PennyKacelnik(PersonnelOfficer)

2240.Theword"Minutes”isclosestinmeaningto"A.unexpectedemergenciesB.thedurationofameetingC.writtenrecordsofameetingD.suggestionsfromemployees41.WhatproposaldidtheColleagueCouncilputforward?A.HoldingtheColleagueCouncilMeetingfourtimesayear.B.Allowingtheemployeestomakeinternationalcalls.C.Dealingwithdocumentsonthecomputerinsteadofonpaper.D.Askingthecanteentoprovidemorehealthylunchoptions.42.WhatsuggestiondidPennyKacelnikgivetothosewhowanttotakelanguagecourses?A.Shiftingtoacourseleadingtoprofessionalqualifications.B.ApplyingtothePersonnelOfficeforaspecialgrant.C.Turningtoacolleaguewhospeaksthatlanguage.D.Referringtothegrowinginternationalmarket.ூHᫀ௃40.C41.B42.CூKL௃MᦻOᵨᦻ஺ᦻPQ⌕STᕒ4UᕒVḄ%ᐵᑁX஺ூ40⚪Z[௃\]^_⚪஺᪷a1Welcomebᑖ“SheexplainedtheaimoftheColleagueCouncil—issueswhichareofconcerntostaffmemberscanberaisedanddiscussedbythegroup,andthenaddressedtoPersonnelManager,PennyKacelnik,inthesecondhalfofthemeeting."d᝛[fgᕒ4UᕒḄhḄᕒ4ᐵiḄj⚪7<ᵫlmnopqrᯠtᙠVtuvᔣxyᳮPennyKacelnikno஺{p“MATTERSARISINGFROMTHEMINUTES"dV|}~Ḅx⚗ᩭMINUTES78MINUTESᢣᙠVnopqrḄᕒ4ᐵiḄj⚪,Vj⚪ᵫ|}ᡠ

23(C)Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharmhumanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedtotalkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsomeofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogleAssistantthatshewouldn'ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutoursecrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreatedeviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter,butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.Thesevehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thuspreventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumansthepowertomakemoraljudgments(fbrexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),theywillalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey'vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey'vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers,orexternalities,asthey5reoftencalled,intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAl'spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.43.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAL44.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecline,,referstothedeclinein.A.drivers9interactionwiththecarsB.drivers,exhaustionanddistractionC.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledriving

24D.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving45.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.46.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.ூHᫀ௃43.B44.C45.C46.DூKL௃,°Vrᦻ஺5ὅ²³´µ¶·~AlexapSiriḄ¸¹noº»Ḅr¼,,4½£m¾¿ÀÁÂÃḄÄÅ஺ÆḼÇÈnoº»ÉÊËÌÍÎḄÏÐpÑÒ*no◤⌕Ô,ÕnᓣÊËÌÍÎḄ×ØpÙØ¢ÚÛஹÝᐰᙢ஺43⚪Z[௃àᳮᑨâ⚪஺᪷aᦻPã,v"AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephumanconnects.däḼ4½£ÁᐭᡃḄ¶·ᡃåæ☢É᪵,¯7£ឋᓽÚ9êëᡃḄìpÁÂÃḄ▭ὶ஺{”785ὅ:;4½£êëᡃpîïḄÔÁÂÃḄὶ஺ðñ®4½£K¿ÀḄὶòóᩭóôõஹõö஺ᦑ⌱B⚗஺ூ44⚪Z[௃\÷^_⚪஺᪷aᦻPãøv“Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasiontoexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.dᡃÑiÊËÌÍÎù@gᡃúû¯£üḄ7£K¯ÚḄ⊦þ஺{”78“itsdecline”ᢣḄÿᦻ"thisability"Ḅ⊦஺᪷ᦻ“Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocialinteraction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.ᕖ?!"#$%Ḅ&'()◤⌕,-Ḅᔠ/஺0”23)“thisability”ᢣḄ7Euhighlevelsofcooperationn,ᓽ6Ḅᔠ/78஺ᦑ⌱C⚗஺ூ45⚪>?௃A⁚ᳮ?⚪஺᪷ᦻDEFGaForinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhilealongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thusincreasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey'vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhumandrivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfectaccordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance^I᝞)ᙠLMNOPQR-STḄU(VTWXYVTZG6[Ḅ\

25]27P^_`VT)ab)cdSTᑮfᨵ\]ᓰḄ,RijjG)klᦑḄ27ឋnop஺qr⊤t)uvᐰ⍳yz{|}STḄU(VTW~᣸ST▭,Ḅ⊤$஺0”23)VTW7ᐸdLḄ\]$z{lᦑḄᭆ᳛)n7VTᕒᙠᐸdLᐰ஺ᦑ⌱c⚗஺ூ46⚪>?௃ᳮᑨ⚪஺᪷ᦻDᨬG"Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardwareandsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAl'spotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthesakeofthepeoplebehindyou.ᡃU(VTWᡂ27ḄᡠḄ᪵¢8)ᩭ¤ᳮ¥¦7᜜ᕒḄ¨ᙠ஺©ª)ᡃᙠ«Ḅ☢ᑷ¯P°°)±²³⌕Z«Ḅᑭµ)¶Z«☢Ḅ஺0”23)/ὅ¸¹U(VTW)ᡃº»¢8,Ḅ)¼pᐰ஺ᦑ⌱D⚗஺SectionCDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthesentencesgivenbelow.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.AuthenticatingSushi...andPicassosArecentstudyoftheseafoodindustrybyOceana,aconservationgroup,foundthat,nationwide,grocerystoresmislabelednearlyone-fifthofallthefishtheysold.Sushirestaurantswereevenworse,servingafishotherthanwhatwaspromisedonthemenuthree-quartersofthetime.47Butsomemerchantsseemedtosubstitutecheapfishliketilapiaformoreexpensivefareonpurpose.DNAbarcodingcanhelpuncoversuchpractices.Bytakingabitofmusclefromafishandsequencing½O¾¿U
theDNAinside,scientistscanquicklytellonespeciesfromanother.BarQcodingtechnologyisaccessibleenoughthathigh-schoolstudentshaveusedittoexposefraudÀÁ0atrestaurants.48Andtheycanseefbrthemselveswhetherthey'rereallygettingthebluefintunatheyordered.49Billionsofdollars5worthofartchangeshandseveryyear,andsomeexpertsestimatethat40percentofitisfake.Professionalauthenticationcanhelp,butrecentstoriesinvolvingworkssaidtohavebeenpaintedbyJacksonPollock,AmedeoModigliani,andothershaveshownthataskillful8ᔞerᑴ/Äὅ0canfooleventhemostrespectedexperts.50Ratherthanusingtheartist'sownDNA—whichathiefcouldliftfromclothes,rubbish,orhairs—theselabelswouldcontainDNAfromanothercreature,withpiecesofsyntheticDNAwovenin.Toauthenticatethepiece,scientistswouldtakeDNAfromthelabel,sequencethesynthetichits,andconsultadatabase.Onlyifthesequencematchedthedatabaserecordwouldthepiecebepronouncedgenuine.A.Artisanotherareawhereforgeryisdecreasingduetotheresultingprofits.B.DNAcouldbeusedtoexposefraudintheartworld,too.

26C.Ifthetechnologycontinuestoevolve,consumerscouldsomedaybringhandheldbarcoderstothetable.D.Simpleconfusionmightexplainsomeofthedifferences,sincefishspeciescanbehardtotellapart.E.TheDNAmoleculeiscapableofstoringvastamountsofdataandcansurviveforthousandsofyears.F.Tosolvethisproblem,somescientistshavesuggestedattachingasmallplasticlabelfullofDNAtoworksofart.ூÅᫀ௃47.D48.C49.B50.FூÇÈ௃Éᦻtᦻ஺ÊËZÌÍÎÏOceanaᨬÐÑÒSÓÔSḄ⚗ẆÖk$)ᙠᐰ×Ùᑁ)ÛÄᩖÝÞᐸ├àḄᡠᨵáÐâᑖäḄáå┯Z᪗è஺DNAᩩêṹ2Mìíîïðñò|)~ó2Mºᵨᑮõö÷øùú⚞ü஺ூ47⚪>?௃ᦻ“Sushirestaurantswereevenworse,servingafishotherthanwhatwaspromisedonthemenuthree-quartersofthetime.ý\Þ±²þ)ÿᑖ
ḄᙠᓫḄ᜜Ḅ”᧕┯᪗!ᜐ┯Ḅ#$D⚗“'ᓫḄ()*+,-./012$345ᑖ஺”7ᔠ9᛻ᦑ⌱D஺ூ48⚪?,௃Aᦻ“Andtheycanseeforthemselveswhetherthey'rereallygettingthebluefintunatheyordered.CD*EFGGCDHᔲJḄKᑮ.CDMḄNOPQ஺”+REFSTMḄNOPQH⌕ᨵ/WḄᢈYZH[ᵨDNAᩩ^ṹ஺C⚗“᝞ab⚗ᢈYcdefghὅᨵj/k*+lmnᢝᩩ^ṹpqᑮ⚶s஺”7ᔠ9᛻ᦑ⌱C஺ூ49⚪?,௃Aᦻ“Billionsofdollars'worthofartchangeshandseveryyear,andsomeexpertsestimatethat40percentofitisfake.tuᨵvw30xyᐗḄ{Y|᧕n•/0~ᐸ40%HᎷḄ஺”ᜐartHᐵB⚗“DNA*ᵨᩭ☄{YḄ3஺”HDNAᩩ^ṹ/ᵨ⌶ᦑ⌱B஺ூ50⚪?,௃ᦻProfessionalauthenticationcanhelp,butrecentstoriesinvolvingworkssaidtohavebeenpaintedbyJacksonPollock,AmedeoModigliani,andothershaveshownthataskillfulforgerᑴ|ὅcanfooleventhemostrespectedexperts.~*+lᨵᡠᨬᨵᐵᩲ¢£•¤¥¢JacksonPollock
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27IV.SummaryWriting51.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassage.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ABriefHistoryofSilkComfortabletowearwhethertheweatherishotorcold,silkisaspopulartodayasitwas5,000yearsagowhenitwasfirstmanufactured.However,thehistoryofsilkhasnotalwaysbeenassmoothasthefabric(Ðᱥ)itself.Today'sbasicsilk-productionprocesshaschangedverylittlesinceitfirstbegan.Thefabriccomesfromsilkwormswhich,althoughtinywhenborn,growrapidlyinsize.Indeed,onastrictdietofmulberryleaves,itisestimatedthattheyincreaseinweightby10,000%overthefirstsixweeksoftheirlife.Whentheyarefullygrown,thesilkwormscreateacocoon/aprotectiveshellmadeofsilk.Theythencrawlinsideinordertopreparefortheirnextstageofdevelopment.However,forcommercialsilkproduction,thesecocoonsarethenboiled,killingtheworminside,toensurethatthesilkisnotdamaged.Afterthis,thesilkisgatheredandprepared.Asinglecocooncanproducebetween300and900metresofsilkthread.Althoughtodaysilkisbothgrownandwornworldwide,theoriginalproductionofsilkwasrestrictedtoChina.Likewise,inthesixthcentury,twomonksmanagedtotakesomeeggsallthewaybacktotheirnativeByzantium(modern-dayIstanbul,inTurkey).Thiswasaneventofgreatimportance,sinceEuropewasformthatpointabletomanufactureitsownsilk.Beforethemonks'successinbringingthesilkwormsoutofChina,EuropeansweredependentonmerchantsbringingthefabricfromEastAsiaacrossthemountainroadsofCentralAsiaandtheMiddleEast.Indeed,somuchsilkwastransportedthatthistraderoutebecameknownasSilkRoad.Althoughman-madefibres(ÓÔ)arecheaperandeasiertomanufacture,thebeautyofsilkisdifficulttomatch,andthereisalwayslikelytobealargeinternationalmarket.ூÕᫀ௃Comfortabletowear,silkisaspopulartodayasitwasfirstmanufactured.Howeverit'sbasicsilk-productionprocesshaslittlechangedsinceitwasoriginallyproducedinChina.Withsomuchsilkexportedabroad,thetraderoutebecameknownasSilkRoad.Itisexpectedtobealargeinternationalmarketbecausethebeautyofsilkisdifficulttomatch.ூ×9௃ØᦻH/Ùᦻ஺ᦻÚÛÜ.ÝÞḄᔊàáÝÞâãMஹäåæçஹèéêÝÞ
ëḄ^ᡂ¯íᩭî▎Ḅðñ஺ூ?,௃1.⌕M᤺ó

28©Comfortabletowearwhethertheweatherishotorcold,silkisaspopulartodayasitwas5,000yearsagowhenitwasfirstmanufactured.ঝToday'sbasicsilk-productionprocesshaschangedverylittlesinceitfirstbegan.©Althoughtodaysilkisbothgrownandwornworldwide,theoriginalproductionofsilkwasrestrictedtoChina.Indeed,somuchsilkwastransportedthatthistraderoutebecameknownasSilkRoad.@thebeautyofsilkisdifficulttomatch,andthereisalwayslikelytobealargeintemationalmarket.2.ö÷᪀ùúûজஹঝýÃ⌕Mþÿ
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29ூIᫀ௃Althoughmoreandmorepeopleareusingcomputerstotypewords,Ihopehandwritingcanalwayshaveitsplace.ூLM௃ὃO©ª«T¬
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w»thatḕᶍ“ᑏ”F_ohandwriting"£¾¡¢ᨵ”F_P᝱RR#]canhave,¿ᐭ⚣ÁÂalways“¦§ᙢ"F_SThaveone'splace,᯿ZVThandwriting,Z_haveitsplaceᡠbVF_IhopehandwritingcanalwayshaveitsplaceᦑeF_Althoughmoreandmoreopeopleareusingcomputerstotypewords,Ihopehandwritingcanalwayshaveitsplace.55.▅Å£ÆÇÈ°³ḄÉÊËஹÌ⌼Ë
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]ᡂ"y@Öஹ"y9ᩭḄ×Ø᝱Á஺(notonly)(EFG)ூIᫀ௃Readingcannotonlystimulatechildren'simaginationandcreativitybutalsohelpthemtounderstandtheworldandformabasicattitudetowardslifeandthefuture.ூLM௃ὃOwஹRUஹRஹU'ST஺ᑖ᪆
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Üᵨnotonly.......butalsoᩭw»ÞR⊤^“È°ḄÉÊË'Ì⌼Ë”ᵨUSTchildren'simaginationandcreativity⊤^“ÎÏß@àßá”ᵨ,-âãhelpsbtodosth⊤^"ÑÒÓÔ”ᵨ,-STunderstandtheworld⊤^“]ᡂ”ᵨRform⊤^“"……Ḅ×Ø᝱Á”ᵨ,-STabasicattitudetowards⊤^“@Ö'9ᩭ”ᵨSTlifeandthefutureᦑIᫀ_Readingcannotonlyostimulatechildren'simaginationandcreativity,butalsohelpthemtounderstandtheworldandformabasicattitudetowardslifeandthefutureoVI.GuidedWriting56.Directions:WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.Ꮇå4Wæçè%èÖéæ
ᨬëGìíîBillÇᩭïð
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30ᦟᣴᑁᦟᣴᑁᦑ▅ᑏᕜᕜ730-830ᕜ!730-830ᐳ8ᕜᐳ16ᕜᣴ#$ᐰ&ᦻᣴ#$&(ᦻூ*ᫀ௃DearBill,I'mmorethangladthatyouaresointerestedinlearningChinese.Twocoursesareprovidedforforeigners-oneisListeningandSpeaking,theotherisStoryReadingandWriting.Iadviseyoutochoosethelatterone.ComparedtoListeningandSpeaking,whichisjustteachyousomesimpledailydialogues,StoryReadingandWritingcantakeyoutoenjoymoreskillsoftheuseofChinese.Besides,thiscoursetakesplaceonFridaynights,justtakingupyourlittlesparetime.What'sthemostimportantisthatitistaughtbothinChineseandEnglish,whichmakesnodifficultyforyoutounderstandwhattheteachersexplaininclasses.Hopemysuggestionscanbeofgreathelptoyou.Yours,LiMingூ-.௃/ᦻ01ᵨᦻ஺⌕5ὃ789:&ᦻḄ(<=>Bill?₞A:BC.Ḅ஺ூDE௃1.GHIJKmorethan-veryLMadvisesuggestN᜜Besides-what'smoreᨵQᜧSTḄbeofgreathelp—begreatlyhelpful2.U$VWXᓫUZ[ᔠU]UBesides,thiscoursetakesplaceonFridaynights,justtakingupyourlittlesparetime.VWUBesides,thiscoursetakesplaceonFridaynights,whichjusttakesupyourlittlesparetime.ூ^_1[aᑖUc1]FmmorethangladthatyouaresointerestedinlearningChinese.ᵫthatd-Ḅe.fUgூaᑖUc2]ComparedtoListeningandSpeaking,whichisjustteachyousomesimpledaily

31dialogues,StoryReadingandWritingcantakeyoutoenjoymoreskillsoftheuseofChinese.hᵫwhichd-ḄK▲ᑴឋl.fUgூaᑖUc3]What'sthemostimportantisthatitistaughtbothinChineseandEnglish,whichmakesnodifficultyforyoutounderstandwhattheteachersexplaininclasses.ᵫWhatmI-Ḅn.fUthatd-Ḅ⊤.fUwhichd-ḄK▲ᑴឋl.fUpwhatd-Ḅe.fUgூaᑖUc4]Hopemysuggestionscanbeofgreathelptoyou.ᵫḕᶍsGthatd-Ḅe.fUg