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英语四级作文写作思路及练习:说明文说明文是用言简意赅的语言来介绍客观事物,讲清事理,并给人增加知识的一种文体。说明文解说事物的特点、发展变化规律,分析前因后果,目的在于使读者“明白事理”,获得必要的信息,对事物有个较完整明晰的了解和认识。说明文不同于记叙文和议论文,它重在给人介绍,让人明白,因而,轻“情义”重事实。说明文与议论文关系密切,有人将其统称为议论文。但在写作的目的和方法上两者仍有区别。说明文主要是通过事实客观地解释或说明事物本身;而议论文则以事实、数据等为证据,表明主观见解,使读者信服或赞同某一观点。历年四级考试中的“HowIOvercomeDifficultiesinLearningEnglish”、“MyIdealJob”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴,如,2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“StudentsUseofComputers”的作文。说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序,选择具体的特点和细节来说明。所以,说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如: 范文点评 AFamousClock WhenyouvisitLondon,oneofthefirstthingsyouwillseeisBigBen,thefamousclockwhichcanbeheardallovertheworldontheB.B.C.IftheHousesofParliamenthadnotbeenburneddownin1834,thegreatclockwouldneverhavebeenerected.BigBentakesitsnamefromSirBenjaminHallwhowasresponsibleforthemakingoftheclockwhenthenewHousesofParliamentwerebeingbuilt.Itisnotonlyofimmensesize,butisextremelyaccurateaswell.OfficialsfromGreenwichObservatoryhavetheclockcheckedtwiceaday.OntheB.B.C.youcanheartheclockwhenitisactuallystrikingbecausemicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.BigBenhasrarelygonewrong.Once,however,itfailedtogivethecorrecttime.Apainterwhohadbeenworkingonthetowerhungapotofpaintononeofthehandsandsloweditdown! 【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文,介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦,且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来,培训搜px.wangxiao.so培训网提示您:特点——不仅外型巨大,而且走时准确,在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上,把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章,我们不难发现,区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里,中小学辅导网wangxiao.so
1提示您:为什么?本文基于事实,分析了主题的来龙去脉,语言简洁又不失生动贴切,作者态度客观又充满幽默,使读者既“明白了事理”,又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识,此乃说明文之真谛也。 以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。 参考思路 1)目标的分类:(可根据时间顺序,空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序,任选一个进行分类和排列) 2)各个类别的特点和细节: 3)组织成文: 范文点评 Goals Everyonehasgoals.Manypeopledonotreachtheirgoalsforlackofplanning.Thesethreesetsofgoalsshouldbedeveloped:lifetime,intermediateandshortterm. Lifetimegoalsshouldbewrittenout.Thesegoalsshouldbeclearandreasonable.Forinstance,thegoaltowinaresearchprizeisclearandmeasurable.Otherlifetimegoalsmightincludepublishingacertainnumberofinfluentialbooksorarticles,earningadepartmentalchairmanshipatamajoruniversity,successfullycompetingforagrantfromtheNationalScienceFoundationorsecuringaconsultantshipwithabigcorporation. Intermediategoalsrelatetooutcomesduringthenextfewyears.Forthebeginningdoctoralstudent,intermediategoalsmayincludecompletionofcourseworkandpreparationofadoctoralresearchproposal.Likelifetimegoals,thesearemeasurableandclearlystated. Short-termgoalsinvolveoutcomesexpectedduringthenext12months.Thesegoalsaremoreperformanceoriented,andtheyhelpwithachievementofintermediategoals.Examplesofshort-termgoalsareearninganAinacourse,learninghowtoprogramacomputerorperforminganexperiment. 说明文的说明方法
2 对这些方法我们要了解并且掌握: 1.定义法(definition) 定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型: ①…isa/the…of…which/that…②…relateto/involve/referto… 【例】 (1)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolswhichisusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。 (2)Intermediategoalsrelatetooutcomesduringthenextfewyears. (3)Short-termgoalsinvolveoutcomesexpectedduringthenext12months. 2.举例法(illustration) 举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。 专家提醒 举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。 请看上述范文第二段:“Forinstance”引出“lifetimegoals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。 3.分类法(classification) 分类法就是把说明的对象,按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如:上述范文介绍人生的三种目标,并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。 4.比较法(comparison) 比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
3 如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。 (1)Lifetimegoalsshouldbewrittenout. (2)Likelifetimegoals,thesearemeasurableandclearlystated. (3)Thesegoalsaremoreperformanceoriented,andtheyhelpwithachievementofintermediategoals. 5.数字法(statistics) 数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。 【例】 (1)NearlyhalfofallAmericansoverage20wearabridgeordenture,andmorethan20percenthavecompleteupperandlowerdenture.Byage50,oneoutofeverytwopersonshasgumdisease. (2)Anditseemssensibletowait.Onequarterofallmarriagesbetweenpeopleundertwenty-oneendindivorce.InBritainin1972,therewere124,248divorces.说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。 1.用定义法解释: CET-4: theOlympicGames: askeletoninthecupboard: HopeProject: qualifications: 2.用举例法说明: 教育的重要性:
4 当前网络游戏的危害: 成功的方法: 健身的种种看法: 大学生学好英语的方法: 3.用分类法说明: 社会实践的方面: 课外活动: 大学生谈恋爱的原因: 大学毕业生的分配情况: 食堂的伙食: 4.用比较法说明: 留学的利弊: 兼职的好坏: 不同的减肥方法: 题海战术与素质教育: 5.用数字法说明: 大学生的身体状况: 大学生的就业现状: 汽油价格上涨带来的影响: 手机的使用情况: 中国人住房状况:
5 6.借助说明文的构思方法,看看下列题目该如何写: (1)TheLayoutofaHospital Direction:Youareaskedtowriteacompositionabout“TheLayoutOfaHospital”.Locatesomeimportantdepartmentsinthehospitalbasedonthepictureandinformationgivenbelow.Yourcompositionsshouldbenolessthan100words. 1)theEmergencyDepartment 2)theOut-patientDepartment 3)theSurgeryDepartment 4)Dispensary/Pharmacy 5)PhysicianDepartment 6)theEye,Ear,andThroatDepartment 7)theDentalDepartment 8)theLaboratory 9)theX-rayDepartment 10)theAdministrativeBuilding 11)theWard 参考范文 Nearthegate,onthewestsideoftheroadistheEmergencyDepartment.OppositetheEmergencyDepartmentacrosstheMainRoadistheOut-patientDepartment.ThebuildingtothesouthwestofthelakeistheDispensary,whichfacestheSurgeryDepartmentlyingontheothersideoftheroad.Alongthewestwall,fromsouthtonorth,standthreebuildings:thePhysicianDepartment,theEye,Ear,andThroatDepartment,andtheDentalDepartment.TheLaboratoryistothenorthwestoftheroundabout,andbesidetheLaboratory,theX-rayDepartmentislocatedonthesamesideoftheroad.
6 AwindingroadbythelakeleadstotheWard.Neartheendofthemainroad,theAdministrativeBuildingissituatedontheeastside.Thehospitalisnicelyandconvenientlylaidout. 1.HowtoLoseWeight 思路提示:第一段先综述现象:大家都想保持身材要求减肥。第二段介绍多余的体重在身体中形成的原因。第三段提出相应的减肥方法。在最后一段,提出总结性的看法,指出减肥的要诀就是:减少摄入的卡路里,通过运动增加卡路里的消耗量。 参考范文 HowtoLoseWeight Abeautifulandhealthyfigureiseveryone’sdream.However,noteveryonecaneasilyfulfillthisdream.Overweightpeopleoftenhavetofindprecisewaystoloseweight. Fornormalhealthypeople,weightisgainedbytakinginmorecaloriesthanthebodyneeds.Therefore,ifyouwanttoloseweight,youeitherhavetoeatfewercaloriesorfindwaystouseupmorecaloriesyoutakein.Dietingisprobablythemostpopularwayoflosingweight,becausewhenonadiet,youaretakingfewercalories. However,thebodyneedsmanyelementsinordertostayhealthy,and“fad”orstarvationdietsarebadbecausetheyarenotnutritiouslybalanced.Abetterwayofdietingistokeeptrackofeverythingyoueat,eitherbyyourowncarefulchoicesorbybuying,foraweekatatime,thepackagedmealssoldbysomedietcompanies.Ifyoudonotnormallyexercise,youshouldalsobeginsensibleexercisesforyourageandlifestyletohelpyourbodyuseupsurpluscalories. Inshort,acombinedeffortofreducingthecaloriesyoueatandusingupmorecaloriesthanusualthroughexercisesshouldhelpyoushedoffpartofyourbody.