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英语六级阅读模拟考试题1.1990年A．Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe“SecondIndustrialRevolution”.Labour’sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignment.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe“improvementfactor”,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkingtime.21.Thoughlabourworriesabouttheeffectofautomation,itdoesnotdoubtthat________.A)automationwilleventuallypreventunemploymentB)automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskillsC)automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthattheemployersD)automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped（D）22.Theideaofthe“improvementfactor”(Line6,Para.3)probablyimpliesthat________.A)wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofserviceB)thebenefitofincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkersC)supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted
1D)thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers（B）23.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,labourwilldependmostlyon________.A)additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissedworkersB)theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivityC)shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretimeD)astrongdriveforplanningnewinstallations（C）24.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?A)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.B)Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.C)Unemploymentbenefitplansandautomation.D)Socialbenefitsofautomation.（B）Questions25to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney,become“better”people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon’tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon’tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother’sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout-oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators.Someobserverssaythefault!Iswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves-theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat’sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole,anddoesn’texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We’vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan’tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year-olds,either.Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,itseems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn’tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,quick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollege
2graduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresy(异端邪说)tothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.25.Accordingtothepassage,theauthorbelievesthat________.A)peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducationB)peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducationC)allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeD)veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege（B）26.Inthe2ndparagraph,“thosewhodon’tfitthepattern”refersto________.A)highschoolgraduateswhoaren’tsuitableforcollegeeducationB)collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxisC)collegestudentswhoaren’tanybetterfortheirhighereducationD)highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtocollege（C）27.Thedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause________.A)youngpeoplearedisappointedwiththeconventionalwayofteachingatcollegeB)manyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointhearmyC)youngpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahighereducationD)youngpeopledon’tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool（C）28.Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat________.A)societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduatesB)highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducationC)toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownlivingD)collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropout（A）29.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat________.A)moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduatesB)collegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobesuccessfulC)collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeopleD)intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon’tgotocollege（A）
330.The“surveysandstatistics”mentionedinthelastparagraphmighthaveshownthat________.A)college-educatedpeoplearemoresuccessfulthannon-college-educatedpeopleB)collegeeducationwasnotthefirstchoiceofintelligentpeopleC)thelessschoolingapersonhasthebetteritisforhimD)mostpeoplehavesweetmemoriesofcollegelife（A）Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago“beingemployed”meantworkingasafactorylabourerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmericansocietyduringthesefiftyyears:middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatoldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrialproduction.Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist’stradeorbookkeeping(簿记).Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.31.Itisimpliedthatfiftyyearsago________.A)eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactoriesB)twentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployeesC)thepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofindustrialworkersD)thepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustrialworkers（D）32.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodernindustry,________.
4A)factorylabourerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumberB)thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesasfactorylabourersC)employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylabourersD)theproportionoffactorylabourersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased（D）33.Theword“dubious”(L.2,Para.2)mostprobablymeans________.A)valuableB)usefulC)doubtfulD)helpful（C）34.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis________.A)lessimportancethanawarenessofbeingagoodemployeeB)asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelationsC)moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelationsD)moreimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganization（A）35.Fromthepassageitcanbeseenthatemployeeshiphelpsone________.A)tobemoresuccessfulinhiscareerB)tobemorespecializedinhisfieldC)tosolvetechnicalproblemsD)todevelophisprofessionalskill（A）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours’sleepalternationwithsome16-17hours’wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoreversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidence(发生率)ofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhile
5somethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.36.Whyisthequestionof“howeasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnight”notamereacademicquestion?A)Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.B)Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.C)Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.D)Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.（D）37.Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemliesin________.A)theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomationB)thedisturbanceofthedailylifecycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequentlyC)thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffectiveD)thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers（B）38.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-hourworkingsystemseemstobe________.A)tochangeshiftsatlongerintervalsB)tohavelongershiftsC)toarrangeforsomepeopletoworkonnightshiftsonlyD)tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers（C）39.Itispossibletofindoutifapersonhasadaptedtothechangesofroutinebymeasuringhisbodytemperaturebecause________.A)bodytemperaturechangeswhenthecycleofsleepandwakefulnessalternatesB)bodytemperaturechangeswhenhechangestonightshiftorbackC)thetemperaturereverseswhentheroutineischangedD)peoplehavehighertemperatureswhentheyareworkingefficiently（D）40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?
6A)Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker’sperformance.B)Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkershasprovedtobethebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.C)Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangesofroutine.D)Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.（B）Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OnedayinJanuary1913.G.H.Hardy,afamousCambridgeUniversitymathematicianreceivedaletterfromanIndiannamedSrinivasaRamanujanaskinghimforhisopinionof120mathematicaltheorems(定理)thatRamanujansaidhehaddiscovered.ToHardy,manyofthetheoremsmadenosense.Oftheothers,oneortwowerealreadywell-known.Ramanujanmustbesomekindoftrickplayer,Hardydecided,andputtheletteraside.ButallthatdaytheletterkepthangingroundHardy.Mighttherebesomethinginthosewild-lookingtheorems?ThateveningHardyinvitedanotherbrilliantCambridgemathematician,J.E.Littlewood,andthetwomensetouttoassesstheIndian’sworth.Thatincidentwasaturningpointinthehistoryofmathematics.Atthetime,RamanujanwasanobscureMadrasPortTrustclerk.Alittlemorethanayearlater,hewasatCambridgeUniversity,andbeginningtoberecognizedasoneofthemostamazingmathematicianstheworldhaseverknown.Thoughhediedin1920,muchofhisworkwassofarinadvanceofhistimethatonlyinrecentyearsisitbeginningtobeproperlyunderstood.Indeed,hisresultsarehelpingsolvetoday’sproblemsincomputerscienceandphysics,problemsthathecouldhavehadnonotionof.ForIndians,moreover,Ramanujanhasaspecialsignificance.Ramanujan,thoughborninpoorandill-paidaccountant’sfamily100yearsago,hasinspiredmanyIndianstoadoptmathematicsascareer.MuchofRamanujan’sworkisinnumbertheory,abranchofmathematicsthatdealswiththesubtle(难以捉摸的)lawsandrelationshipsthatgovernnumbers.Mathematiciansdescribehisresultsaselegantandbeautifulbuttheyaremuchtoocomplextobeappreciatedbylaymen.Hislife,though,isfullofdramaandsorrow.Itisoneofthegreatromanticstoriesofmathematics,adistressingreminderthatgeniuscansurfaceandriseinthemostunpromisingcircumstances.21.WhenHardyreceivedthe120theoremsfromRamanujan,hisattitudeatfirstmightbebestdescribedas________.A)uninterestedB)unsympatheticC)suspiciousD)curious（）22.Ramanujan’spositioninCambridgeUniversityowedmuchto________.
7A)thejudgementofhisworkbyHardyandLittlewoodB)hisletterofapplicationacceptedbyHardyC)hisworkasaclerkatMadrasPortTrustD)hisbeingrecognizedbytheworldasafamousmathematician（）23.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor________.A)feelssorryforRamanujan’searlydeathB)isdissatisfiedwiththeslowdevelopmentofcomputerscienceC)ispuzzledaboutthecomplexityofRamanujan’stheoremsD)greatlyappreciatesRamanujan’smathematicalgenius（）24.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorpointsoutthat________.A)Ramanujan’smathematicaltheoremswerenotappreciatedbyothermathematiciansB)extremelytalentedpeoplecanprovetheirworthdespitedifficultcircumstancesC)RamanujanalsowroteanumberofstoriesaboutmathematicsD)Ramanujanhadworkedoutanelegantbutcomplicatedmethodofsolvingproblems（）25.Theword“laymen”(LastPara,Lind6)mostprobablymeans________.A)peoplewhodonotspecializeinmathematicalscienceB)peoplewhoarecarelessC)peoplewhoarenotinterestedinmathematicsD)peoplewhodon’tliketosolvecomplicatedproblems（）Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Evenifallthetechnicalandintellectualproblemscanbesolved,therearemajorsocialproblemsinherentinthecomputerrevolution.Themostobviousisunemployment,sincethebasicpurposeofcommercialcomputerizationistogetmoreworkdonebyfewerpeople.OneBritishstudypredictsthat“automationinducedunemployment”inWesternEuropecouldreach16~,6inthenextdecade,butmostanalysesaremoreoptimistic.Thegeneralruleseemstobethatnewtechnologyeventuallycreatesasmanyjobsasitdestroys,andoftenmore.“Peoplewhoputincomputersusuallyincreasetheirstaffsaswell”saysCPT’sScheff.“Ofcourse,”headds,“oneindustrymaykillanotherindustry.That’stoughonsomepeople.”Theoretically,allunemployedworkerscanberetrained,butretrainingprogramsarenothighonthenation’sagenda(议事日程).Manynewjobs,moreover,will
8requireanabilityinusingcomputers,andtheretrainingneededtousethemwillhavetoberepeatedasthetechnologykeepsimproving.SaysachillingreportbytheCongressionalOfficeofTechnologyAssessment:“Lifelongretrainingisexpectedtobecomethestandardformanypeople.“Thereisaalreadyconsiderableevidencethattheschoolchildrennowbeingeducatedintheuseofcomputersaregenerallythechildrenofthewhitemiddleclass.Youngblacks,whoseunemploymentratestandstodayat5096,willfindanotherbarrierinfrontofthem.Suchsocialproblemsarenotthefaultofthecomputer,ofcourse,butaconsequenceofthewaytheAmericansocietymightusethecomputer.“EveninthedaysoftheBig,main-framecomputers,whentheywereamachineforthefew.”saysKatherineDavisFishman,authorofTheComputerEstablishment,“itwasatooltohelptherichgetricher.Itstillistoalargeextent.Oneofthegreatvaluesofthepersonalcomputeristhatsmallerfirms,smallerorganizationscannowhavesomeoftheadvantagesofthebiggerorganizations.”26.Theclosestrestatementof“oneindustrymaykillanotherindustry”(Para.1Line11)isthat________.A)industriestendtocompetewithoneanotherB)oneindustrymightbedrivenoutofbusinessbyanotherindustryC)oneindustrymayincreaseitsstaffattheexpenseofanotherD)industriestendtocombineintobiggerones（）27.Theword“chilling”(Para.2,Line5)mostprobablymeans________.A)misleadingB)convincingC)discouragingD)interesting（）28.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?A)Computersareefficientinretrainingunemployedworkers.B)Computersmayoffermoreworkingopportunitiesthantheydestroy.C)Computerswillincreasetheunemploymentrateofyoungblacks.D)Computerscanhelpsmallerorganizationstofunctionmoreeffectively.（）29.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat________.A)allschoolchildrenareofferedacourseintheuseofcomputersB)allunemployedworkersarebeingretrainedC)retrainingprogrammesareconsideredveryimportantbythegovernmentD)inrealityonlyacertainportionofunemployedworkerswillberetrained（）30.Themajorproblemdiscussedinthepassageis________.
9A)theimportanceoflifelongretrainingoftheunemployedworkersB)thesocialconsequencesofthewidespreaduseofcomputersintheUnitedStatesC)thebarriertotheemploymentofyoungpeopleD)thegeneralruleoftheadvancementoftechnology（）Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Mobilityofindividualmembersandfamilygroupstendstosplitupfamilyrelationships.Occasionallythemovementofafamilyawayfromasituationwhichhasbeenthesourceoffrictionresultsingreaterfamilyorganization,butonthewholemobilityisdisorganizing.Individualsandfamiliesareinvolvedinthreetypesofmobility:movementinspace,movementupordowninsocialstatus,andthemovementofideas.Thesearetermedrespectivelyspatial,vertical,andideationalmobility.Agreatincreaseinspatialmobilityhasgonealongwithimprovementsinrailandwatertransportation,theinventionanduseoftheautomobile,andtheavailabilityofairplanepassengerservice.Spatialmobilityresultsinadeclineintheimportanceofthetraditionalhomewithitsemphasisonfamilycontinuityandstability.Italsomeansthatwhenindividualfamilymembersorthefamilyasawholemoveawayfromacommunity,thepersonorthefamilyisremovedfromthepressuresofrelatives,friends,andcommunityinstitutionsforconventionalityandstability.Evenmoreimportantisthefactthatspatialmobilitypermitssomemembersofafamilytocomeincontactwithandpossiblyadoptattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingdifferentfromthoseheldbyotherfamilymembers.Thepresenceofdifferentattitudes,values,andwaysofthinkingwithinafamilymay,andoftendoes,resultinconflictandfamilydisorganization.Potentialdisorganizationispresentinthosefamiliesinwhichthehusband,wife,andchildrenarespatiallyseparatedoveralongperiod,orarelivingtogetherbutseeeachotheronlybrieflybecauseofdifferentworkschedules.Oneindexoftheincreaseinverticalmobilityisthegreatincreaseintheproportionofsons,andtosomeextentdaughters,whoengageinoccupationsotherthanthoseoftheparents.Anotherindexofverticalmobilityisthedegreeofintermarriagebetweenracialclasses.Thisoccursalmostexclusivelybetweenclasseswhichareadjacenttoeachother.Engaginginadifferentoccupation,orintermarriage,likespatialmobility,allowsonetocomeincontactwithwaysofbehaviordifferentfromthoseoftheparentalhome,andtendstoseparateparentsandtheirchildren.Theincreaseinideationalmobilityismeasuredbytheincreaseinpublications,suchasnewspapers,periodicals,andbooks,theincreaseinthepercentageofthepopulationowningradios,andtheincreaseintelevisionsets.Allthesetendtointroducenewideasintothehome.Whenindividualfamilymembersareexposedtoandadoptthenewideas,the
10tendencyisforconflicttoariseandforthoseinconflicttobecomepsychologicallyseparatedfromeachother.31.Whatthepassagetellsuscanbesummarizedbythestatement:A)socialdevelopmentresultsinadeclineintheimportanceoftraditionalfamiliesB)potentialdisorganizationispresentintheAmericanfamilyC)familydisorganizationismoreorlesstheresultofmobilityD)themovementofafamilyisoneofthefactorsinraisingitssocialstatus（）32.Accordingtothepassage,thosewholiveinatraditionalfamily________.A)arelesslikelytoquarrelwithothersbecauseofconventionalityandstabilityB)havetodependontheirrelativesandfriendsiftheydonotmoveawayfromitC)cangetmorehelpfromtheirfamilymembersiftheyareintroubleD)willhavemorefreedomofactionandthoughtiftheymoveawayfromit（）33.Potentialdisorganizationexistsinthosefamiliesinwhich________.A)thehusband,wife,andchildrenworktoohardB)thehusband,wife,andchildrenseldomgettogetherC)bothparentshavetoworkfulltimeD)thefamilymembersaresubjecttosocialpressures（）34.Intermarriageanddifferentoccupationsplayanimportantroleinfamilydisorganizationbecause________.A)theyenablethechildrentotravelaroundwithouttheirparents’permissionB)theyallowonetofindagoodjobandimproveone’ssocialstatusC)theyenablethechildrentobetterunderstandthewaysofbehavioroftheirparentsD)theypermitonetocomeintocontactwithdifferentwaysofbehaviorandthinking（）35.Thispassagesuggeststhatawell-organizedfamilyisafamilywhosemembers________.A)arenotpsychologicallywithdrawnfromoneanotherB)neverquarrelwitheachotherevenwhentheydisagreeC)oftenhelpeachotherwithtrueloveandaffectionD)areexposedtothesamenewideasintroducedbybooks,radios,andTVsets（）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Tocallsomeonebird-brainedinEnglishmeansyouthinkthatpersonissillyor
11stupid.Butwillthisdescriptionsoondisappearfromuseinthelightofrecentresearch?ItseemstheEnglishmayhavebeenunfairinassociationbird’sbrainswithstupidity.Inanattempttofindouthowdifferentcreaturesseetheworld,psychologistsatBrownUniversityintheUSAhavebeencomparingthebehaviourofbirdsandhumans.OneexperimenthasinvolvedteachingpigeonstorecognizelettersoftheEnglishalphabet.Thebirdsstudyin“classrooms”,whichareboxesequippedwithacomputer.Afteraboutfourdaysofstudyingaparticularletter,thepigeonhastopickoutthatletterfromseveraldisplayedonthecomputerscreen.Threemalepigeonshavelearnttodistinguishalltwenty-sixlettersofthealphabetinthisway.Acomputerrecordofthebirds’four-monthstudyperiodhasshownsurprisingsimilaritiesbetweenthepigeons’andhumanperformance.Pigeonsandpeoplefindthesameletterseasy,orhard,totellapart.Forexample,92percentofthetimethepigeonscouldtelltheletterDfromtheletterZ.ButwhenfacedwithUandV(oftenconfusedbyEnglishchildren),thepigeonswererightonly34percentofthetime.Theresultsoftheexperimentssofarhaveledpsychologiststoconcludethatpigeonsandhumansobservethingsinsimilarways.Thissuggeststhatthereissomethingfundamentalabouttherecognitionprocess.Ifscientistscouldonlydiscoverjustwhatthisrecognitionprocessisitcouldbeveryusefulforcomputerdesigners.Thedisadvantageofapresentcomputeristhatitcanonlydowhatahumanbeinghasprogrammedittodoandtheprogrammermustgivethecomputerprecise,logicalinstructions.Maybeinthefuture,though,computerswillbeabletothinklikehumanbeings.36.Thewritersuggeststhattheexpression“bird-brained”mightbeoutofusesoonbecauseitis________.A)sillyB)impoliteC)unnecessaryD)inappropriate（）37.Psychologistshavebeenexperimentingwithpigeonstofindoutwhetherthebirds________.A)arereallysillyorstupidB)canlearntomakeideasknowntopeopleC)seetheworldashumanbeingsdoD)learnmorequicklythanchildren（）38.UandVareconfusedby________.A)92percentofpigeonsB)manyEnglishchildrenC)mostpeoplelearningEnglishD)34percentofEnglishchildren（）39.Therearesimilaritiesinobservingthingsbypigeonsandhumans________.A)becausepigeonsaretaughtbyhumansB)becausepigeonshavebrainsmoredevelopedthanotherbirdsC)becausetheirbasicwaystoknowtheworldarethesame
12D)becausepigeonsandhumanshavesimilarbrains（）40.Theresearchmayhelp________.A)computerdesignersB)computersalesmenC)psychologistsD)teachers（）2.1991Merchantandpassengershipsaregenerallyrequiredtohavealifepreserverforeverypersonaboardand,inmanycases,acertainpercentageofsmallersizesforchildren.AccordingtoUnitedStatesCoastGuardrequirements,lifepreserversmustbesimpleindesign,reversible,capableofbeingquicklyadjustedtofittheuninitiatedindividual,andmustbesodesignedastosupportthewearerinthewaterinanuprightorslightlybackwardposition.Sufficientbuoyancy(浮力)tosupportthewearershouldberetainedbythelifepreserverafter48hourinthewater,anditshouldbereliableevenafterlongperiodofstorage.Thusitshouldbemadeofmaterialsresistanttosunlight,gasoline,andoils,anditshouldbenoteasilysetonfire.Thepositioninwhichthelifepreserverwillsupportapersonwhojumpsorfallsintothewaterismostimportant,asisitstendencytoturnthewearerinthewaterfromaface-downpositiontoanuprightorslightlybackwardposition,withhisfaceclearofthewater,evenwhenthewearerisexhaustedorunconscious.Themethodofadjustmenttothebodyshouldbesimple,andself-evidenttouninitiatedpersonseveninthedarkundertheconfusedconditionswhichfollowadisaster.Thus,thelifepreservershouldbereversible,sothatitisnearlyimpossibletosetitonwrong.Catches,straps,andtiesshouldbekepttoaminimum.Inaddition,thelifepreservermustbeadjustabletothewidevarietyofshapesandsizesofwearers,sincethisgreatlyaffectsthepositionoffloatingandtheself-rightingqualities.Asuitablelifepreservershouldalsobecomfortabletowearatalltimes,inandoutofthewater,notsoheavyastoencouragetotakeitoffonshipboardwhiletheshipisindanger,norsoburdensomethatithindersapersoninthewaterwhiletryingtoswim.21.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A)theusesoflifepreserversB)thedesignoflifepreserversC)thematerialsforlifepreserversD)thebuoyancyoflifepreservers（D）22.Accordingtothepassage,alifepreservershouldbefirstofall,________.A)adjustableB)comfortableC)self-evidentD)self-righting（A）23.UnitedStatesCoastGuarddoesNOTrequirethelifepreservertothemade________.A)withasfewstringsaspossibleB)capableofbeingwornonbothsidesC)accordingtoeachwearer’ssizeD)comfortableandlighttowear（A）
1324.By“theuninitiatedindividual”(Para.1,line6)theauthorreferstotheperson________.A)whohasnotbeeninstructedhowtousealifepreserverB)whohasalittleexperienceinusingalifepreserverC)whousesalifepreserverwithoutpermissionD)whobecomesnervousbeforeadisaster（D）25.Whatwouldhappenifapersonweresupportedbythelifepreserverinawrongposition?A)Thewaveswouldmovehimbackwards.B)Thewaterwouldchokehim.C)Hewouldimmediatelysinktothebottom.D)Hewouldbeexhaustedorunconscious.（C）Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistence(生活维持费)incaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist(维持生活),inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason”.Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusedanykindofsocialobligation.Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithink,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature,actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundless,fromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininter-personalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
1426.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto________.A)theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomyB)thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaultsC)thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsocietyD)thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educated（C）27.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat________.A)thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimprovedB)everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany“reason”C)everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountryD)peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoor（B）28.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould________.A)providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployedB)encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligationsC)guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployedD)provideeveryonewiththerighttoaminimumsubsistenceforacertainperiod（B）29.Theword“fallacy”(Para.2.L.6)means________.A)doubtB)factC)strongargumentD)wrongbelief（D）30.Accordingtothewriter,asystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum________.A)demandstoomuchfromsocietyB)makesfreedomofcontractimpossibleC)helpspeopletakeinterestintheirworkD)helpsbringaboutchangesintherelationshipamongpeople（D）Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thenewborncanseethedifferencebetweenvariousshapesandpatternsfrombirth.Hepreferspatternstodullorbrightsolidcolorsandlookslongeratstripesandanglesthanatcircularpatterns.Withinthreeweeks,however,hispreferenceshiftsdramaticallytothehumanface.Whyshouldababywithsolittlevisualexperienceattendmoretoahumanfacethantoanyotherkindofpattern’?Somescientiststhinkthispreferencerepresentsabuiltinadvantageforthehumanspecies.Theobjectofprimeimportancetothephysicallyhelplessinfantisahumanbeing.Babiesseemtohaveanaturaltendencytothehumanfaceaspotentiallyrewarding.Researchersalsopointoutthatthenewbornwiselyreliesmoreonpatternthanonoutline,size,orcolor.Patternremainsstable,whileoutlinechangeswithpointofview;size,withdistancefromanobject;andbrightnessandcolor,withlighting.Mothershavealwaysclaimedthattheycouldseetheirnewbornslookingatthem
15astheyheldthem,despitewhattheyhavebeentold.Theexpertswhothoughtthatperception(知觉)hadtoawaitphysicaldevelopmentandtheconsequenceofactionwerewrongforseveralreasons.Earlierresearchtechniqueswerelesssophisticatedthantheyaretoday.Physicalskillswereonceusedtoindicateperceptionofobjects-skillslikevisualtrackingandreachingforanobject,bothofwhichthenewborndoespoorly.Then,too,assumptionsthatthenewborn’seyeandbrainweretooimmatureforanythingassophisticatedaspatternrecognitioncausedopposingdatatobethrownaway.Sinceperceptionofformwaswidelybelievedtofollowperceptionofmore“basic”qualitiessuchascolorandbrightness,thepossibilityofitspresencefrombirthwasrejected.31.Whatdoesanewbornbabyliketoseemost’?A)Brightcolors.B)Circularpatterns.C)Stripesandangles.D)Variousshapes.（B）32.Thenewbornpaysmoreattentiontoahumanfacethananyotherkindofobjectsbecause________.A)heseesahumanfacemoreoftenthananyotherkindofpatternB)hehasaninherentabilitytoregardahumanbeingashelpfulC)ahumanfaceisthemostcomplexpatternhecanseeD)ahumanfaceisoftenaccompaniedbyapleasantvoice（A）33.Contrarytowhattheybelieve,mothershavebeentoldthatnewborns________.A)carelittleaboutahumanfaceB)can’ttracktheirmovementsC)can’tseetheirfacesD)caneasilyperceivebrightness（C）34.Inearlierresearchesonthenewborn’sperception,scientists________.A)ignoredevidencecontrarytotheirassumptionsB)believedthatperceptionofformcomesbeforeperceptionofcolorandbrightnessC)opposedthrowingawayeffectivedataD)provedthatphysicalskillscomeaftervisualperception（C）35.Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.A)researchtechniquesareofvitalimportancescientificinvestigationB)thefindingsofearlierscientificresearchersoftenprovewrongC)newbornscanperceiveformsfrombirthD)moreoftenthannottheclaimsofmothersarereliable（A）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AlbertEinsteinrecalledhislearningproblemsphilosophically:“Myintellectual
16(智力的)developmentwasslow,asaresultofwhichIbegantowonderaboutspaceandtimeonlywhenIhadalreadygrownup.Naturally,Icouldgodeeperintotheproblemthanachild.”Andso,11yearsafterdismissalfromschool,youngAlbertEinsteinpublishedthetheoryofrelativitythatchangedourunderstandingoftheuniverse.NooneinthiscenturyhasbeenmorewidelyrecognizedasageniusthanEinstein.Yethisproblemswithearlyintellectualdevelopmentandhispeculiargiftscastgreatdoubtonallourconventionalideasaboutgenius,intelligenceor“I.Q.”(智商).Ontheonehand,Einsteinshowedearlydefectsinabilitiesthatourmentaltestsvalue;ontheotherhand,hisspecialintellectualfacultieswentfarbeyondmostdefinitionsofintelligence.Moreover,theirgrowthappearspeculiarlygradual,contradictingthepopularconceptionofintelligenceassomethinginbornandfixed.Hisresolutepersistenceandhisskillsinplayinggameswithideaswereapparentlyasdecisivetohisgeniusasanycuttingedgeofintellect(智能).Thesepowerfulaspectsofintelligencethatconventionaldefinitionsoverlookaregettingcloseattentioninanewwaveofresearch.Thiscomesafteryearsofearlierstudieswhichexposedthenarrownessofourusualmeasuresofmentalability.Intelligence,itturnsout,ismultifacetedandmarvelous;itincludespersonalcharacteristics,creativityskillsandintellectualcapabilitiesthatshowuponnotest.Whatismostexcitingisthatsomeoftheseiii-definedabilitiesarepossessedbymanypeople.Justknowingaboutsuchneglectedskillswillhelpusdiscoveranddevelopuntapped(未开发的)potential-inourselvesandinourchildren.36.Thispassageisabout________.A)thedevelopmentofEinstein’sintellectB)thewiderecognitionofEinsteinasageniusC)conventionalideasconcerninggeniusD)aninsighttothecomplexityofhumanintelligence（D）37.Accordingtothepassage,whenEinsteinwasatschool,he________.A)fellbehindotherpupilsB)wasfondofstudyingphilosophicalproblemsC)wasproudofhisowndiligenceD)thoughtmoredeeplyabouttheproblemsofspaceandtimethanhisclassmates（B）38.WhichofthefollowingledtoEinstein’ssuccess?A)Hisgoodskillsingame-playing.B)Hisdiligenceandpowerfulmind.C)Hisunusualinsightintotheconceptionofintelligence.D)Hisdecisivenessintakingactions.（C）39.“Multifaceted”(Para.3,Line6)probablymeans________.
17A)havingmanyaspectsB)havingmanyabilitiesC)havingmanyskillsD)havingmanyuses（A）40.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE’?A)Conventionalintelligencetestsarenotreliable.B)Forordinarypeopleintelligenceissomethinginbornandfixed.C)Einsteinwasapparentlyageniusinplayinggamesaswellasinscientificresearch.D)Einstein’searlydefectsinabilitiescontributedtohislatermentaldevelopment.Itisnaturalforyoungpeopletobecriticaloftheirparentsattimesandtoblamethemformostofthemisunderstandingsbetweenthem.Theyhavealwayscomplained,moreorlessjustly,thattheirparentsareoutoftouchwithmodernways;thattheyarepossessiveanddominantthattheydonottrusttheirchildrentodealwithcrises;thattheytalktoomuchaboutcertainproblemsandthattheyhavenosenseofhumour,atleastinparent-childrelationships.Ithinkitistruethatparentsoftenunderestimatetheirteenagechildrenandalsoforgethowtheythemselvesfeltwhenyoung.Youngpeopleoftenirritatetheirparentswiththeirchoicesinclothesandhairstyles,inentertainersandmusic.Thisisnottheirmotive.Theyfeelcutofffromtheadultworldintowhichtheyhavenotyetbeenaccepted.Sotheycreateacultureandsocietyoftheirown.Then,ifitturnsoutthattheirmusicorentertainersorvocabularyorclothesorhairstylesirritatetheirparents,thisgivesthemadditionalenjoyment.Theyfeeltheyaresuperior,atleastinasmallway,andthattheyareleadersinstyleandtaste.Sometimesyouareresistant,andproudbecauseyoudonotwantyourparentstoapproveofwhatyoudo.Iftheydidapprove,itlooksasifyouarebetrayingyourownagegroup.Butinthatcase,youareassumingthatyouaretheunderdog:youcan’twinbutatleastyoucankeepyourhonour.Thisisapassivewayoflookingatthings.Itisnaturalenoughafterlongyearsofchildhood,whenyouwerecompletelyunderyourparents’control.Butitignoresthefactthatyouarenowbeginningtoberesponsibleforyourself.Ifyouplantocontrolyourlife,co-operationcanbepartofthatplan.Youcancharmothers,especiallyparents,intodoingthingsthewaysyouwant.Youcanimpressotherswithyoursenseofresponsibilityandinitiative,sothattheywillgiveyoutheauthoritytodowhatyouwanttodo.21.Theauthorisprimarilyaddressing________.A)parentsofteenagersB)newspaperreadersC)thosewhogiveadvicetoteenagersD)teenagers（A）22.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.
18A)theteenagers’criticismoftheirparentsB)misunderstandingsbetweenteenagersandtheirparentsC)thedominanceoftheparentsovertheirchildrenD)theteenagers’abilitytodealwithcrises（B）23.Teenagerstendtohavestrangeclothesandhairstylesbecausethey________.A)wanttoshowtheirexistencebycreatingacultureoftheirownB)haveastrongdesiretobeleadersinstyleandtasteC)havenootherwaytoenjoythemselvesbetterD)wanttoirritatetheirparents（A）24.Teenagersdonotwanttheirparentstoapproveofwhatevertheydobecausethey________.A)havealreadybeenacceptedintotheadultworldB)feelthattheyaresuperiorinasmallwaytotheadultsC)arenotlikelytowinovertheadultsD)haveadesiretobeindependent（D）25.Toimproveparent-childrelationships,teenagersareadvisedtobe________.A)obedientB)responsibleC)co-operativeD)independent（C）Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing(定量供应)isvirtuallysuspended,andoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswidespreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvests.NorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofall,withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhaveseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarket
19guarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogrammeisnotworkingverywell.26.Whyisthere“wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusionaboutthefoodsituationinBritain?”A)Theabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtolast.B)Britainisimportinglessfood.C)Despitetheabundance,foodpriceskeeprising.D)Britainwillcutbackonitsproductionoffood.（D）27.Themainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat________.A)peoplearebuyinglessfoodB)thegovernmentisprovidinglessfinancialsupportforagricultureC)domesticfoodproductionhasdecreasedD)importedfoodisdrivingpriceshigher（B）28.Whydidn’tthegovernment’sexpansionprogrammeworkverywell?A)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthegovernmentguaranteed.B)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthebenefitsofexpandingproduction.C)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduce.D)Becausetheoldergenerationoffarmerswerestronglyagainsttheprogrammer.（A）29.Thedecreaseinworldfoodpricewasaresultof________.A)asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheconsumersB)asharpfallinthecostoffoodproductionC)theoverproductionoffoodinthefood-importingcountriesD)theoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingcountries（C）30.WhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain’sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewaswritten?A)ThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodproducers.B)Anexpansionoffoodproductionwasathand.C)Britishfoodproducerswouldreceivemoregovernmentfinancialsupport.
20D)Itlooksdepressingdespitegovernmentguarantees.（D）Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’t,andifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.Indeed,Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itis,initsway,anilluminationpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment(启蒙运动)tobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimes,weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthis,wearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance,theworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginning,andthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure,theremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkup,ever,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimits,weshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswers,ifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention.31.Accordingtotheauthor,reallygoodscience________.A)wouldsurprisethebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmentB)willproduceresultswhichcannotbeforeseenC)willhelppeopletomaketherightchoiceinadvanceD)willbringaboutdisturbingresults（B）32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsofthe18thcentury________.A)thoughtthattheyknewagreatdealandcouldsolvemostproblemsofscienceB)wereafraidoffacinguptotherealitiesofscientificresearchC)knewthattheywereignorantandwantedtoknowmoreaboutnatureD)didmoreharmthangoodinpromotingman’sunderstandingofnature（B）33.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofscientistsinearliertimes?
21A)Theyinventedfalsetheoriestoexplainthingstheydidn’tunderstand.B)Theyfalselyclaimedtoknowallaboutnature.C)Theydidnotbelieveinresultsfromscientificobservation.D)Theypaidlittleattentiontotheproblemstheydidn’tunderstand.（A）34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsscience?A)Heisdepressedbecauseoftheignoranceofscientists.B)Heisdoubtfulbecauseoftheenormousdifficultiesconfrontingit.C)Heisconfidentthoughheisawareoftheenormousdifficultiesconfrontingit.D)Heisdelightedbecauseoftheilluminatingscientificfindings.（C）35.Theauthorbelievesthat________.A)mancanfindsolutionstowhateverquestionsconcerningnaturehecanthinkupB)mancannotsolvealltheproblemshecanthinkupbecauseofthelimitsofhumanintellectC)soonerorlatermancanthinkupallthequestionsconcerningnatureandanswerthemD)questionsconcerningconsciousnessareoutsidethescopeofscientificresearchD（）Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresent,itisgenerallyaccepted,althoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreet-doorofthehouse.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasant
22walkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreat,ifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.36.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironment________.A)isstillunknownB)isusuallyneglectedC)isbeingcloselystudiedD)hasbeenfullyrecognized（D）37.Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationhasledto________.A)thedisproportionofrecreationfacilitiesintheneighbourhoodB)thelocationofrecreationfacilitiesfarfromhomeC)relativelylittleattentionforrecreativepossibilitiesD)theimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesintheneighbourhood（B）38.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecreativepossibilitiesofgreenspaceshouldbeprovided________.A)inspecialareasB)inthesuburbsC)intheneighbourhoodofthehouseD)ingardensandparks（C）39.Accordingtotheauthor,greenspacefacilitiesshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythat________.A)moreobligatoryactivitiesmighttakeonarecreativeaspectB)moreandmorepeoplemighthaveaccesstothemC)anincreasingnumberofrecreativeactivitiesmightbedevelopedD)recreativeactivitiesmightbebroughtintoourhomes（A）40.Themainideaofthispassageisthat________.A)betteruseofgreenspacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlifeB)attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesC)theurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreationactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsagoD)prioritymustbegiventothedevelopmentofobligatoryactivities（A）3.1992Lecturingasamethodofteachingissofrequentlyunderattacktodayfromeducationalpsychologistsandbystudentsthatsomejustificationisneededtokeepit.
23Criticsbelievethatisresultsinpassivemethodsoflearningwhichtendtobelesseffectivethanthosewhichfullyengagethelearner.Theyalsomaintainthatstudentshavenoopportunitytoaskquestionsandmustallreceivethesamecontentatthesamepace,thattheyareexposedonlytooneteacher’sinterpretationofsubjectmatterwhichwillcertainlybelimitedandthat,anyway,fewlecturesriseabovedullness.Nevertheless,inanumberofinquiriesthispessimisticevaluationoflecturingasateachingmethodprovesnottobegeneralamongstudentsalthoughtheydofairlyoftencommentonpoorlecturingtechniques.Studentspraiselectureswhichareclearandorderlyoutlinesinwhichbasicprinciplesareemphasizedbutdisliketoonumerousdigressions(离题)orlectureswhichconsistinpartofthecontentsofatextbook.Studentsofsciencesubjectsconsiderthatalectureisagoodwaytointroduceanewsubject,puttingitinitsvalueasaperiodofdiscussionofproblemsandpossiblesolutionswiththeirlecturer.Theydonotlookforinspiration(灵感)—thisismorecommonlymentionedbyteachers—butartsstudentslookfororiginalityinlectures.Medicalanddentalstudentswhohavereportsonteachingmethods,orspecificallyonlecturing,suggestthatthereshouldbefewerlecturesorthat,attheleast,morewouldbeunpopular.21.Thepassagestatesthat________.A)fewstudentsdislikelecturingasateachingmethodB)lecturingisagoodmethodofteachingC)lecturingasateachingmethodprovestobeuninspiringD)moststudentslikelecturesbecausetheycanfullyengagethelearner（）22.Accordingtothecritics,A)lecturescan’tmakestudentsactiveintheirstudiesB)somelecturers’knowledgeoftheirsubjectslimitedC)mostlecturesaresimilarincontentD)fewlecturesaredull（）23.Accordingtothispassage,studentsdislikelectureswhich________.A)introducematla[notincludedinthetextbookB)presentmanyproblemsfordiscussionC)alwayswanderfromthesubjectD)stressthemainpoints（）24.Lecturingasateachingmethodislessappreciatedby________.A)dentalteachersB)medicalstudentsC)artslecturersD)sciencelearners（）25.Accordingtotheauthor,theevaluationoflecturingasateachingmethodbyeducationalpsychologistsis________.A)defensiveB)conservativeC)realisticD)negative（）Fromthemomentthatananimalisbornithastomakedecisions.Ithastodecide
24whichofthethingsarounditareforeating,andwhicharetobeavoidedwhentoattackandwhentorunaway.Theanimalis,ineffect,playingacomplicatedandpotentiallyverydangerousgamewithitsenvironment,discomfortordestruction.Thisisadifficultandunpleasantbusinessandfewanimalswouldsurviveiftheyhadtostartfromthebeginningandlearnabouttheworldwhollybytrialanderror,fortherearethehavepossibledecisionswhichwouldprovefatal.Sowefind,inpractice,thatthegameisalwaysarrangedinfavouroftheyounganimalinonewayoranother.Eithertheanimalisprotectedduringtheearlystagesofitslearningabouttheworldaroundit,ortheknowledgeofwhichwaytorespondisbuiltintoitsnervoussystemfromthestart.Thefactthatanimalsbehavesensiblycanbeattributedpartlytowhatwemightcallgenetic(遗传的)learning,todistinguishitfromtheindividuallearningthatananimaldoesinthecourseofitsownlifetime.Geneticlearningislearningbyaspeciesasawhole,anditisachievedbyselectionofthosemembersofeachgenerationthathappentobehaveintherightway.However,geneticlearningdependsuponapredictionthatthefuturewillmoreorlessexactlyresemblethepast.Themorevariableindividualexperienceislikelytobe,thelessefficientisgeneticlearningasameansofgettingovertheproblemsofthesurvivalgame.Itisnotsurprisingtofindthatveryfewspeciesindeeddependwhollyupongeneticlearning.Inthegreatmajorityofanimals,behaviourisacompoundofindividualexperienceandgeneticlearningtobehaveinparticularways.26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thesurvivalgameisconsideredpotentiallyverydangerousbecause________.A)animalsareconstantlythreatenedbyattacksB)wrongdecisionswillleadtothedisappearanceofaspeciesC)decisionsmadebyananimalmayturnouttobefatalD)fewanimalscansurviveintheirstrugglewiththeenvironment（）27.Itisimpliedbutnotdirectlystatedinthepassagethatmostanimals________.A)arelikelytomakewrongdecisionsB)havemadecorrectdecisionsfortheirsurvivalC)dependentirelyontheirparentsinlearningabouttheworldaroundthemD)survivebymeansofindividuallearning（）28.Geneticlearningiseffectiveonlyif________.A)thesurvivalgameisarrangedinfavouroftheyounganimalsB)theanimalscanadaptthemselvestothechangingsurroundingsC)circumstancesremainmoreorlessthesameD)theanimalshavevariedindividualexperiences（）
2529.ThebestTITLEforthispassagewouldbe________.A)TheDecision-MakingAbilityofAnimalsB)SurvivalandEnvironmentC)RewardandPenaltyforAnimalsD)BehaviourandSurvival（）30.Howisgeneticleaningachieved?A)Itisinheritedfromanimalswithkeenobservation.B)Itispasseddownfromthoseanimalsthatbehaveinthecorrectway.C)Itistaughttotheyounggeneration.D)Itislearnedbythenewgenerationthroughtrialanderror.（）Scientists,likeotherhumanbeings,havetheirhopesandfears,theirpassionsanddisappointmentsandtheirstrongemotionsmaysometimesinterruptthecourseofclearthinkingandsoundpractice.Butscienceisalsoself-correcting.Themostfundamentalprinciplesandconclusionsmaybechallenged.Thestepsinareasonedargumentmustbesetoutforalltosee.Experimentsmustbecapableofbeingcarriedoutbyotherscientists.Thehistoryofscienceisfullofcaseswherepreviouslyacceptedtheorieshavebeenentirelyoverthrown,tobereplacedbynewideaswhichmoreadequatelyexplainthedata.Whilethereisanunderstandableinertia-usuallylastingaboutonegeneration-suchrevolutioninscientificthoughtarewidelyacceptedasanecessaryanddesirableelementofscientificprogress.Indeed,thereasonedcriticismofaprevailingbeliefisaservicetothesupportersofthatbelief;iftheyareincapableofdefendingit,theyarewell-advisedtoabandonit.Thisself-questioninganderror-correctingaspectofthescientificmethodisitsmoststrikingpropertyandsetsitofffrommanyotherareasofhumanendeavor,suchasreligionandfinearts.Theideaofscienceasamethodratherthanasabodyofknowledgeisnotwidelyappreciatedoutsideofscience,orindeedinsomecorridorsinsideofscience.Vigorouscriticismisconstructiveinsciencemorethaninsomeotherareasofhumanendeavorbecauseinitthereareadequatestandardsofvaliditywhichcanbeagreeduponbycompetentscientiststheworldover.Theobjectiveofsuchcriticismisnottosuppressbutrathertoencouragetheadvanceofnewideas:thosewhichsurviveafirmskeptical(怀疑的)examinationhaveafightingchanceofbeingright,oratleastuseful.31.Scienceisself-correctingbecauseitstheories________.A)havetoberevisedconstantlytoconformwithideaswhichexplainthedatabetterB)havereflectedthemostfundamentalprinciplesofnatureC)are,moreoftenthannot,basedoninadequatedataD)mustbesetoutforalltosee（）32.Itcanbelearnedfromthecontextthattheword“inertia”(Para.2,Line1)most
26probablymeans________.A)strongresolutionB)unwillingnesstochangeC)aperiodoftimeD)prevailingbelief（）33.The“revolutioninscientificthought”(Para.2,Lind2)refersto________.A)acceptanceofthereasonedcriticismsofprevailingscientifictheoriesB)thecontinuousoverthrowofexistingscientifictheoriesC)theadequateexplanationofthedatainprevailingscientifictheoriesD)themajordiscoveriesthatrepresentbreakthroughsinthehistoryofscientificprogress（）34.Theauthorsaysthatthemoststrikingpropertyofthescientificmethodisitsself-questioninganderror-correctingaspect,becauseitisthisaspectthat________.A)isindispensabletotheadvanceofscienceB)ismostwidelyappreciatedbyscientistsC)helpsscientiststoabandonanythingtheycannotdefendD)setsscienceofffrommanyotherareasofhumanendeavor（）35.Theword“it”(Para.3,Line4)refersto“________.”A)vigorouscriticismB)scientificmethodC)humanendeavorD)science（）Myfather’sreactiontothebankbuildingat43rdStreetandFifthAvenuesinNewYorkCitywasimmediateanddefinite:“Youwon’tcatchmeputtingmymoneyinthere!”hedeclared.“Notinthatglassbox!”Ofcourse,myfatherisagentlemanoftheoldschool,amemberofthegenerationtowhomagooddealofmodernarchitectureisupsetting,butIamconvincedthathisnegativeresponsewasnotsomuchtothearchitectureastoaviolationofhisconceptofthenatureofmoney.Inhisgenerationmoneywasthoughtofasarealcommodity(实物)thatcouldbecarried,orstolen.Consequently,toattractthecustomofasensibleman,abankhadtohaveheavywalls,barredwindows,andbronzedoors,toaffirmthefact,howeveruntrue,thatmoneywouldbesafeinside.Ifabuilding’sdesignmadeitappearimpenetrabletheinstitutionwasnecessarilyreliable,andthemeaningoftheheavywallasanarchitecturesymboldweltintheprevailingattitudetowardmoney.Butthatattitudetowardmoneyhasofcoursechanged.Exceptingpocketmoney,cashofanykindisnowrarelyused;moneyasatangiblecommodityhaslargelybeenreplacedbycredit.Adeficit(赤字)economy,accompaniedbyhugeexpansion,hasledustothinkofmoneyasaproductofthecreativeimagination.Thebankernolongeroffersusasafe:heoffersusaservice
27-aserviceinwhichthemostvaluableelementisthecreativityfortheinventionoflargenumbers.Itisinnowaysurprising,inviewofthischangeinattitude,thatwearewitnessingthedisappearanceoftheheavy-walledhank.Justastheolderbankemphasizeditsstrength,thisbankbyitsarchitectureboastsofitsimaginativepowers.Fromthispointofviewitishardtosaywherearchitectureendsandhumanassertion(人们的说法)begins.36.Themainideaofthispassageisthat________.A)moneyisnotasvaluableasitwasinthepastB)changeshavetakenplaceinboththeappearanceandtheconceptorbanksC)thearchitecturalstyleoftheolderbankissuperiortothatofthemodernbankD)prejudicemakestheoldergenerationthinkthatthemodernbankisunreliable（）37.Whataretheattitudesoftheoldergenerationandtheyoungergenerationtowardmoney?A)Theformerthinksmoreofitthanthelatter.B)Theyoungergenerationvaluesmoneymorethantheoldergeneration.C)Bothgenerationsrelyontheimaginativepowerofbankerstomakemoney.D)Theformerregardsitasarealcommoditywhilethelatterconsidersittobeameanstoproducemoremoney.（）38.Theword“tangible”(Para.4Line3)referstosomething________.A)thatispreciousB)thatisusableC)thatcanbetouchedD)thatcanbereproduced（）39.Accordingtothispassage,amodernbankershouldbe________.A)ambitiousandfriendlyB)reliableandpowerfulC)sensibleandimpenetrableD)imaginativeandcreative（）40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewtrendinbankingis________.A)cautiousB)regretfulC)positiveD)hostile（）WhatdoCharlesDarwin,NicholasCopernicusandFrankJ.Sullowayhaveincommon?Thefirsttwo,ofcourse,wererevolutionaryscientificthinkers:CopernicusestablishedthattheEarthrevolvesaroundthesun;Darwindiscoverednaturalselection.AndSulloway?He’sahistorianofscienceatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhohasdiscoveredsomethingelsethesetwomen-and,indeed,mostofthemajorpioneersinscienceoverthelast400years-haveincommon:theywere,likeSullowayhimself,precededinbirthbyatleastoneotherbrotherorsister.Birthorder,
28hefound,isthemostreliableindicatorofwhetherascientistwillembraceorattackradicalnewideas.Thethirdoffourchildren,Sullowayhasspent20yearssearchingoutthebirthorderof2,784scientistswhowereononesideortheotherof28scientificrevolutionssincethe16thcentury.Hediscoveredthat23ofthe28revolutionswereledbylater-borns.Sullowayfocusedonthemale-dominatedworldofscienceandthesoleissuehemeasuredwaswillingnesstochallengeestablishedopinions.Thoseleastlikelytoacceptnewtheorieswerefirstbornswithyoungerbrothersorsisters.Themostradicalwereyoungersonswithatleastoneolderbrother.AccordingtoSulloway’stheory,firstbornchildrenidentifymorereadilywithparentalauthoritybecause,amongotherthings,theyareoftenputinchargeofyoungerbrothersorsisters.Throughthisidentification,firstbornsabsorbthenorms(规范,准则)andvaluesofsocietyinwaysthatsubsequentchildrendonot.Theolderchildgetsresponsibility.Theyyoungeroneteststhelimits,triestoseewhathecangetawaywith.21.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)Later-bornsaremoreintelligentthanfirstborns.B)Revolutionarythinkerstendtorecognizetheinfluenceofbirthorder.C)Majorscientistsalwayshavesomethingincommonintheirwayofthinking.D)One’sbehaviourisoftendeterminedbybirthorder.（）22.Thehistorianofsciencementionedinthepassageisofthefamily.A)theyoungestchildB)neithertheeldestnortheyoungestchildC)theonlychildD)theeldestchild（）23.The2,784scientistsSullowaystudied________.A)hadled23ofthe28scientificrevolutionsB)wereprecededinbirthbyatleastonebrotherorsisterC)hadeithersupportedoropposedrevolutionaryideasD)haddominatedtheworldofsciencefor400years（）24.AccordingtoSulloway’stheory,whoismostlikelytochallengeestablishedideasofscience?A)Theonlysonwithyoungersisters.B)Thosewhoidentifymorereadilywithparentalauthority.C)Theonlychildofafamily.D)Apersonwithatleastoneolderbrotherorsister.（）
2925.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsSulloway’sbirthordertheoryis________.A)criticalB)defensiveC)neutralD)inconsistent（）Theindividualmobility,convenience,andstatusgivenbytheprivatepassengercarofferaseeminglyunbeatableattraction.In1987,arecord126,000carsrolledoffassemblylineseachworkingday,andcloseto400millionvehicleschokeuptheworld’sstreetstoday.Butthecar’susefulnesstotheindividualstandsinsharpcontrasttothecostsandburdensthatsocietymustshouldertoprovideanautomobile-centeredtransportationsystem.SincetheclaysofHenryFord,societieshavemadeasteadystreamoflawstoprotectdriversfromeachotherandthemselves,aswellastoprotectthegeneralpublicfromtheunintendedeffectsofmassiveautomobileuse.Lawmakershavestruggledoverthecompetinggoalsofunlimitedmobilityandtheindividual’sfighttobefreeofthenoise,pollution,andphysicaldangersthattheautomobileoftenbrings.Priortotheseventies,theauto’susefulnessandassuredroleinsocietywerehardlyquestioned.Evenworriesaboutuprisinggaspricesandfuturefuelavailabilitysubsided(减退)intheeightiesalmostasquicklyastheyhademerged.Carsalesrecovered,drivingisup,andwealthycustomersareoncemoreshoppingforhighperformancecars.Themotorvehicleindustry’sapparentsuccessindealingwiththechallengesoftheseventieshasobscuredtheharmfullong-termtrendsofautomobilecenteredtransportation.Risinggasolineconsumptionwillbeforelongputincreasedpressureonoilproductioncapacities.Inaddition,asmoreandmorepeoplecanaffordtheirowncarsandasmassmotorizationtakeshold,trafficjambecomesatoughproblem.Andmotorvehiclesareimportantcontributorstourbanairpollution,acidrain,andglobalwarming.Society’sinterestinfuelsupplysecurity,theintegrityofitscities,andprotectionoftheenvironmentcallsforafundamentalrethinkingoftheautomobile’srole.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsarethemostobviousandimmediatemeasuresthatcanbeadopted.Buttheycanonlybepartoftheanswer.Intheyearsahead,thechallengewillbetodevelopinnovative(革新的)transportationpolicies.26.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A)Agoodcarindicatesitsowner’shighsocialposition.B)Agoodcarallowsitsownertotravelfree.C)Acarprovidesitsownerwithasenseofsafety.D)Acaraddstoitsowner’sattractiveness.（）27.Thephrase“rolledoffassemblylines”(Para.1,Lines2-3)means________.A)“wereturnedoutfromfactories”B)“movedalongproductionlines”C)“movedalongthestreets”D)“werelinedupinthestreets”（）
3028.Thepassagestatesthatthereis________.A)asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandusefulnessofthecarsB)asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandperformanceofthecarsC)asharpconflictbetweencardriversandtrafficrulesD)asharpcontradictionbetweentheconvenienceofcarownersandtheburdensofsociety（）29.Itisimpliedthattheauto’sassuredroleinsocietyis________.A)threatenedbytherisinggaspricesB)challengedbyaseriesoffundamentalproblemsC)protectedbylawD)firmlyestablished（）30.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsare________.A)onlypartofthesolutiontomassiveautomobileuseB)thebestwaytocopewiththemassiveuseofcarsC)innovativetransportationpoliciesD)futurepoliciesoftheautomobileindustry（）WhileAmerica’sgrade-schoolandhigh-schoolsystemiscomingunderattack,onefactremains:U.S.universitiesareamongthebestintheworld.SinceWorldWarII,Americanscientists-mostlyworkinginuniversitiesorcolleges-havewonmorethanhalfofallNobelPrizesinphysicsandmedicine.ForeignstudentsrushtotheUnitedStatesbythetensofthousands;lastyeartheyearnedmorethanonequarterofthedoctoraldegreesawardedinthecountry.YetwhileAmericanuniversitiesproducegreatresearchandgreatgraduateprogramme,theysome-timespaylittleattentiontothetaskthatliesattheirverycore:theteachingofundergraduatestudents.Inaneraof$20,000academicyears,collegepresidentscannolongeraffordtoignorethecreepingrotattheircore.Inspeechesandinterviewsthenation’shighereducatorshaverediscoveredteaching.RobertRosenzweig,presidentoftheAssociationofAmericanUniversities,said:“Ourorganizationwasneververyconcernedaboutteaching.Inthelast18months,wehavespentmoretimeonundergraduateeducationthanonanyothersubject.”Despitesuchpromisingefforts,noonedoubtsthatresearchstilloutranksteachingattheleadinguniversities,notleastbecauseitisasurerandfasterwaytoearnstatus.Somepeopledon’tthinkithastobethatway.Theyarguethattherewardsystemforcollegefacultycanbechanged,sothatprofessorswillbeencouragedtodevotemoretimeandefforttoteaching.Theysaythattheyarebeginningtobelievethatthe1990smaycometoberememberedasthedecadeoftheundergraduate.Thatwouldbring‘itfullcircle.FormorethantwocenturiesafterthefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636,theinstructionofundergraduatestudentswasanessentialconditionofAmericanhighereducation.
3131.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebestTITLEforthispassage?A)UniversityEducationintheU.S.B)UniversityEducationChallengedC)TeachingandResearchinUniversitiesD)UndergraduateTeachingRediscovered（）32.Thefirstsentenceinthesecondparagraphmeansthat________.A)withabudgetof$20,000,presidentsfinditdifficulttokeeptheiruniversitiesgoingB)withtheincreaseinfees,educatorsfeelobligedtoimproveundergraduateteachingC)witha$20,000budget,presidentsfinditdifficulttostopthecreepingrotintheiruniversitiesD)withthedecreaseinfees,educatorscan’taffordtolayequalstressonbothresearchandteaching（）33.Accordingtoparagraph3,somepeoplethinkthattherewardsystemforteachersshouldbechangedsothat________.A)moreemphasiswillbelaidonteachingB)leadinguniversitiescanfurtherraisetheirstatusC)effortcanbedirectedtograduateinstructionD)the1990’swillbecomeadecadeofthe-undergraduate（）34.Accordingtothepassage,attheleadingAmericanuniversities________.A)researchisdeclininginimportanceB)teachingisnowrankedaboveresearchC)teachingisasurewaytogainpositionD)moreimportanceisattachedtoresearchthantoteaching（）35.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatabout150yearsagoundergraduateinstruction________.A)wasalreadythreatenedbyresearchworkB)begantobeneglectedinmostuniversitiesC)constitutedthefundamentalpartofhighereducationD)begantoundergorapidchanges（）InthefinalyearsbeforethebeginningoftheCivilWar,theviewthattheNegrowasdifferent,eveninferior,waswidelyheldintheUnitedStates.AtPeoria,Illinois,inOctober1854,AbrahamLincolnaskedwhatstandtheopponentsofslaveryshouldtakeregardingNegroes.“Freethem,andmakethempoliticallyandsociallyourequals?Myownfeelingswillnotadmitofthis;andifminewould,wewellknowthatthoseofthegreatmass,ofwhitepeoplewillnot.
32Whetherthisfeelingaccordswithjusticeandsoundjudgement,isnotthesolequestion,ifindeed,itisanypartofit.Auniversalfeeling,whetherwellorillfounded,cannotbesafelydisregarded.Wecannot,then,makethemequals.”TheLincolnstatementwasclearanddirect,anditdoubtlessrepresentedtheviewsofmostAmericansinthe1850’s.Mostofthosewhoheardhimorreadhisspeechwereofthesameopinionashe.Inlateryears,thePeoriaspeechwouldbeusedbythosewhotaughttodamageLincoln’sreputationasachampionoftherightsoftheNegro.In1964,theWhiteCitizens’CouncilsreprintedportionsofthespeechinlargeadvertisementsinthedailypressandinsistedthatLincolnsharedtheirviewsonthedesirabilityofmaintainingtwodistinctworldsofrace.Lincolncouldnothaveovercomethenation’sstronginclinationtowardracialseparationifhehadtried.Andhedidnottryveryhard.WhenhesetaboutformingNegrotroopslater,hewascontentnotonlytosetNegroesapartinaunitcalled“U.S.ColoredTroops,“butalsotohaveNegroprivates(列兵)receive$10permonthincludingclothing,whilewhitesofthesamerankreceived$13permonthplusclothing.OnlythefirmrefusalofmanyNegrotroopstoacceptunequalpayfinallyforcedCongresstoequalizecompensation,forwhiteandNegrosoldiers.Thefightforunionthatbecamealsoafightforfreedomneverbecameafightforequalityorforthecreationofoneracialworld.36.In1854,AbrahamLincolnbelievedthat________.A)itwaspracticaltogiveequalrightstoNegroesB)NegroesshouldhaveequalrightsC)racialequalityforNegroeswasimpossibleD)mostwhitepeoplewouldopposegivingfreedomtoNegroes（）37.Inthe1850’s,thenation’sinclinationtowardracialseparationwas________.A)disregardedbyCongressB)challengedbyLincolnC)toostrongtoovercomeD)basedonroundjudgement（）38.In1964,theWhiteCitizens’CouncilsreprintedthePeoriaspeechinorderto________.A)damageLincoln’sreputationB)defendtheirownviewpointsC)criticizeLincoln’sviewsonracialequalityD)defendLincoln’sreputation（）39.Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethatLincoln________.A)helpedNegroesfightforfreedomonlyB)gaveNegroesequalpayC)treatedwhiteandNegrosoldiersequallyD)helpedtocreateoneracialworld（）40.ThepurposeoftheCivilWarwas________.
33A)toestablishequalityofallpeopleB)tomaintaintheunionofthecountryC)todoawaywithracialseparationD)toendracialinjustice（）4.1993ProtestsattheuseofanimalsinresearchhavetakenanewandfearfulcharacterinBritainwiththeattemptedmurderoftwoBritishscientistsbytheterroristtechniqueofthepre-plantedcar-bomb.Theresearchcommunitywillrightlybealarmedatthesedevelopments,whichhavetwoobjectives:toarousepublicattentionandtofrightenpeopleworkinginresearchwithanimals.Thefirstneedisthateverythingshouldbedonetoidentifythoseresponsibleforthecrimesandtoputthemontrail.TheDefenceResearchSocietyhastakenthepracticalstepofofferingarewardof10,000poundsforinformationleadingtothoseresponsible,butpastexperienceisnotencouraging.Peopleareunlikelytobetemptedbysuchoffers.Theprofessionalpolicewillsimilarlybeconfrontedbytheusualproblemoffindinganeedleinahaystack.Thatiswhytheintellectual(知识分子)communityinBritainandelsewheremustactmorevigorouslyinitsowndefence.Thereareseveralstepsthatcanbetaken,ofwhichthechiefoneistodemandofalltheorganizationsthatexistwiththedeclaredobjectivesofsafeguardingtheinterestsofanimalsthattheyshoulddeclareclearlywheretheystandonviolencetowardspeople.Anditwillnotbeenoughforthechairmenandchairwomenoftheseorganizationstoutterplacatory(安抚的)statementsonbehalfofalltheirmembers.Thesepeopleshouldalsoundertakethatitwillbeatestofcontinuingmembershipintheirorganizationsthatmembersandwouldbemembersshoulddeclarethattheywilltakenopartinactsofviolenceagainsthumanbeings.Evensuchundertakingswouldnotbefullyeffective:people,afterall,canlie.Butatleasttheywoulddistinguishtheorganizationsentitledtoacontinuingvoiceinthedialoguewiththeresearchcommunityabouttherightsofanimalsinresearchfromtheorganizationsthatdeservenosay.21.Thewords“thesedevelopments”(Para.2,Line1)mostprobablyreferto________.A)theactsofviolenceagainstscientistsB)theuseofanimalsinresearchC)thetechniquesofplantingbombsincarsD)theestablishmentofnewanimalprotectionorganization（A）22.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A)Thepoliceabandonedtheireffortstofindthecriminals.B)Theterroristsescapedwiththehelpoftheirorganizations.C)TheattemptedmurdercausedgraveanxietyamongBritishscientists.D)PeoplesympathizedmurdercausedgraveanxietyamongBritishscientists.（C）
3423.Theauthor’spurposeinwritinghisarticleistodemandthatanimal-protectingorganizations________.A)declaretheirobjectivesclearlyB)giveuptheuseofviolenceC)continuethedialoguewiththescientificcommunityD)helptofindthoseresponsiblefortheattemptedmurder（B）24.Intheauthor’sopinion________.A)sincepeoplecanlie,theproblemabouttheirrightsofscientistscan’tbesolvedB)animal-protectingorganizationsaboutbeheldresponsibleforactsofviolenceagainstscientistsC)animalprotectionorganizationsshouldbedeclaredillegalD)thescientistsshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectthemselves（D）25.Whatdoestheword“they”(Para.3,Line3)referto?A)Theanimal-protectingorganizations.B)Theorganizationsthatwilltalkwiththeresearchcommunity.C)Thosewhosupporttheuseofanimalsinresearch.D)Thosewhosupporttheanimal-protectionorganizations.（A）Theearliertypeofsuburb,whichwasmostdependentontherailroad,hadaspecialadvantagethatcouldbefullyappreciatedonlyafterithaddisappeared.Thesesuburbs,spreadoutalongarailroadline,werediscontinuousandproperlyspaced;andwithouttheaidoflegislation(法规)theywerelimitedinpopulationaswellasarea;forthebiggestrarelyheldasmanyastenthousandpeople,andunderfivethousandwasmoreusual.In1950,forexample,Bronxville,NewYork,atypicalupper-classsuburb,had6,778people,whileRiverside,Illinois,foundedasearlyas1869,hadonly9.153.Thesizeandscaleofthesuburb,thatofneighborhoodunit,wasnotentirelytheresultofitsopenplanning,whichfavoredlowdensities.Beingservedbyarailroadline,withstationstopsfromthreetofivemilesapart,therewasanaturallimittothespreadofanyparticularcommunity.Househadtobesited“withineasywalkingdistanceoftherailroadstation,”assomeoldresidentswouldpointout;andonlythosewealthyenoughtoaffordahorseandacarriagedaredtopenetratefartherintotheopencountry.Throughitsspacedstationstops,therailroadsuburbwasatfirstkeptfromspreadingorexcessivelyincreasinginnumbers,foranaturalgreenbelt,oftenstillundercultivationaspark,gardens,remainedbetweenthesuburbsandincreasedtheavailablerecreationarea.Occasionally,inafewhappyareaslikeWestchester,between1915and1935aparkway,liketheBronxRiverparkway,accompaniedbycontinuousstripofparkforpedestrian(散步的人)use,notyetoverrunbyaconstantstreamofurbantraffic,addedtotheperfectionofthewholesuburbanpattern.
35Whateveronemightsayofthesocialdisadvantagesthiswasinmanywaysaperfectphysicalenvironment.Butitlastedlessthanageneration.26.Whatwasthespecialadvantageoftheoldtypeofsuburb?A)Itsnearnesstotherailroad.B)Thevastnessofitsopenspace.C)Itssmallsizeinareaandpopulation.D)Thehighsocialstatusofitsresidents.（B）27.Thesizeoftheoldsuburbwaslimitedbecause________.A)peoplewantedtoliveneararailroadstationB)itwasoriginallyplannedbyrailroadcompaniesC)therewasalawgoverningthesizeofthesuburbD)localinhabitantsdidn’tliketooutinthecountry（A）28.“Happyareas”(Para.3,Line3)wereareaswhere________.A)lifewasenjoyedbyeveryoneB)moreroadswerebuilttobypasstheheavytrafficC)agreenbeltwasavailablesolelyforrecreationD)peoplecouldhavelotsoffun（C）29.Itisevidentthatthewriter________.A)findsurbanlifeuncomfortableB)preferslifeinthecountrysideC)feelsdisappointedinthechangesofsuburbsD)advocatestheideaofreturningtonature（C）30.Thetopicdiscussedinthepassageis“________”.A)thesizeandscaleofsuburbanneighborhoodunitsB)theadvantageofold-typesuburbsC)thelocationofrailroadstationsD)theconceptofthesuburbanpattern（B）Recentstoriesinthenewspapersandmagazinessuggestthatteachingandresearchcontradicteachother,thatresearchplaystooprominentapartinacademicpromotions,andthatteachingisbadlyunderemphasized.Thereisanelementoftruthinthesestatements,buttheyalsoignoredeeperandmoreimportantrelationships.Researchexperienceisanessentialelementofhiringandpromotionataresearchuniversitybecauseitistheemphasisonresearchthatdistinguishessuchauniversityfromanartscollege.Someprofessors,however,neglectteachingforresearchandthatpresentsaproblem.Mostresearchuniversitiesrewardoutstandingteaching,butthegreatestrecognitionisusuallygivenforachievementsinresearch.Partofthereasonisthedifficultyofjudgingteaching.Ahighlyresponsibleandtoughprofessorisusuallyappreciatedbytopstudentswhowanttobechallenged,butdislikedbythosewhoserecordsarelessimpressive.Themildprofessorgetsoverallratingsthatareusually
36high,butthereisasenseofdisappointmentinthepartofthebeststudents,exactlythoseforwhomthesystemshouldpresentthegreatestchallenges.Thus,auniversitytryingtopromoteprofessorsprimarilyontheteachingqualitieswouldhavetoconfrontthisconfusion.Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,twoforcesareexertedonprofessor:oneisthetimeneededtokeeponwiththeprofession;theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.Thetrainingofnewscientistsrequiresoutstandingteachingattheresearchuniversityaswellastheartscollege.Althoughscientistsareusually“made”intheelementaryschools,scientistscanbe“lost”bypoorteachingatthecollegeandgraduateschoollevels.Thesolutionisnottoseparateteachingandresearch,buttorecognizethatthecombinationisdifficultbutvital.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewhoprofess,anditisperhapstimeforuniversitiestoreserveitforthosewillingtobeanearnestpartofthecommunityofscholars.Professorunwillingtoteachcanbecalled“distinguishedresearchinvestigators”orsomethingelse.Thepaceofmodernsciencemakesitincreasinglydifficulttobeagreatresearcherandagreatteacher.Yetmanyaredescribedinjustthoseterms.Thosewhosaywecanseparateteachingandresearchsimplydonotunderstandthesystembutthosewhosaytheproblemwilldisappeararenotfulfillingtheirresponsibilities.31.Whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthefirstparagraph?A)Itiswrongtooverestimatetheimportanceofteaching.B)Teachingandresearcharecontradictorytoeachother.C)Researchcanneverbeemphasizedtoomuch.D)Therelationshipbetweenteachingandresearchshouldnotbesimplified.（D）32.Inacademicpromotionsresearchuniversitiesstillattachmoreimportancetoresearchpartlybecause________.A)researchimprovesthequalityofteachingB)studentswhowanttobechallengedappreciateresearchprofessorsC)itisdifficulttoevaluateteachingqualityobjectivelyD)professorwithachievementsinresearchareusuallyresponsibleandtough（C）33.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,whichofthefollowingwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A)Distinguishedprofessorsatresearchuniversitiesshouldconcentrateonresearchonly.B)Theseparationofteachingfromresearchcanlowerthequalityoffuturescientists.C)Itisofutmostimportancetoimproveteachinginelementaryschoolsinordertotrainnewscientists.D)Therapiddevelopmentsofmodernsciencemakeitimpossibletocombine
37teachingwithresearch.（B）34.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewho,firstandforemost,do________.A)teachingB)fieldworkC)scientificresearchD)investigation（A）35.Thephrase“theproblem”(Para.5,Line3)refersto________.A)raisingthestatusofteachingB)thecombinationofteachingwithresearchC)theseparationsofteachingfromresearchD)improvingthestatusofresearch（C）Ihavehadjustaboutenoughofbeingtreatedlikeasecond-classcitizen,simplybecauseIhappenedtobethatputuponmemberofsociety-acustomer.ThemoreIgointoshopsandhotels,banksandpostoffices,railwaystations,airportsandthelike,themoreI’mconvincedthatthingsarebeingrunsolelytosuitthefirm,thesystem,ortheunion.Thereseemstobeanewmotto(座右铭)fortheso-called‘service’organization-StaffBeforeService.Howoften,forexample,haveyouqueuedforwhatseemslikehoursatthePostOfficeorthesupermarketbecausetherearen’tenoughstaffondutyatalltheservicecounters?Surelyinthesedaysofhighunemploymentitmustbepossibletoincreasecounterstaff.Yetsupermarkets,hintingdarklyathigherprices,claimthatbringingalltheircashregistersintooperationatanytimewouldincreaseexpenses.AndthePostOfficesayswecannotexpectalltheirservicecounterstobeoccupied‘attimeswhendemandislow’.It’sthesamewithhotels.Becausewaitersandkitchenstaffmustfinishwhenitsuitsthem,diningroomscloseearlierormenuchoiceisdiminished.Asforusguests(andhowthemeaningofthatwordhasbeencutawaylittlebylittle),wejusthavetoputupwithit.There’salsothenonsenseofsomanyfriendlyhotelnightportershavingbeengraduallywithdrawnfromserviceintheinterestsof‘efficiency’(i.e.profits)andreplacedbycoin-eatingmachineswhichsupplyeverythingfrombeertomedicine,nottomentionthecreepingthreatofthetea-makingsetinyourroom:akettlewithteabags,milkbagssugar.Whowantstowakeuptoarawteabag?Idon’t,especiallywhenIampayingfor‘service’.Ouronlyhopeistohammerourirritationwheneverandwhereverwecanand,ifallelsefails,restorethatother,oldersaying-TakeOurCustom(买卖)Elsewhere.36.Theauthorfeelsthatnowadayscustomersare________.A)notworthyofspecialtreatmentB)notprovidedwithproperserviceC)consideredtobeinferiormembersofsocietyD)regardedasprivileged（B）37.Intheauthor’sopinion,thequalityofserviceischangingbecause________.A)thestaffarelessconsideratethanemployersB)customersarebecomingmoredemandingC)customersunwillingtopayextramoney
38D)moreconsiderationisgiventothestaffthancustomers（D）38.Accordingtotheauthor,longqueuesatcountersarecausedby________.A)thediminishingsupplyofgoodstaffB)lackofcooperationamongstaffC)inefficientstaffD)deliberateunderstaffing（D）39.Thedisappearanceofold-stylehotelporterscanbeattributedtothefactthat________.A)self-serviceprovidesacheaperalternativeB)thepersonaltouchislessappreciatednowadaysC)machinesaremorereliablethanhumanbeingsD)fewpeoplearewillingtodothistypeofwork（A）40.Theauthor’sfinalsolutiontotheproblemdiscussedinthepassageis________.A)toputupwithwhateverserviceisprovidedB)tomakestrongcomplaintswherevernecessaryC)tofullyutilizeallkindsofcoin-eatingmachinesD)togowheregoodserviceisavailable（D）“Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhenthey’re18,andthetruthisfarfromthat,”sayssociologistLarryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Today,unexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents,“Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass,”declaressociologistAllanSchnaibergofNorthwesterUniversity,whoseson,19,movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths.Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrising,aconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsome,theexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduation,youngpeoplefindtheirwingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts.Livingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermotheragreed,“It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome.”Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesandprivacy(不受干扰的生活).Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes-andleftthreetimes.“WhatIconsideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredanalcoholproblem,”sheexplains.“HeneverlikedanyoneIdated(约会),soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’house.”Justhowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingon?
39Mostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Children,strugglingtoestablishseparateidentities,canendupwith“asenseofinadequacy,defeatandfailure.”Andagingparents,whoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedom,findthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisits,however,canworkbeneficially.21.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasonceatrendintheU.S.________.A)foryoungadultstoleavetheirparentsandliveindependentlyB)formiddleclassyoungadultstostaywiththeirparentsC)formarriedyoungadultstomovebackhomeafteralengthyabsenceD)foryoungadultstogetjobsnearbyinordertolivewiththeirparents（A）22.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotaccountforyoungadultsreturningtothenest?A)Youngadultsfindhousingcoststoohigh.B)Youngadultsarepsychologicallyandintellectuallyimmature.C)Youngadultsseekparentalcomfortandmoralsupport.D)Quiteanumberofyoungadultsattendlocalschools.（B）23.Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat________.A)therewillinevitablybeinconveniencesineverydaylifeB)mostparentsfinditdifficulttokeepC)theyoungadultstendtobeoverprotectedbytheirparentsD)publicopinionisagainstyoungadultsstayingwiththeirparents（A）24.Theword“hassles”inthepassage(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans________.A)agreementsB)worriesC)disadvantagesD)quarrels（D）25.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthebestforbothparentsandchildren?A)Theyshouldadjustthemselvestosharingthefamilyexpenses.B)Childrenshouldleavetheirparentswhentheyaregrown-up.C)Adultchildrenshouldvisittheirparentsfromtimetotime.D)Parentsshouldsupporttheiradultchildrenwhentheyareintrouble.（C）Thewordconservationhasathrifty(节俭)meaning.Toconserveistosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.Ourforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesuppliesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothingaboutthecomplicatedanddelicatesystemthatrunsallthroughnature,andwhichmeansthat,as
40inalivingbody,anunhealthyconditionofonepartwillsoonerorlaterbeharmfultoalltheothers.Fiftyyearsagonaturestudywasnotpartoftheschoolwork;scientificforestrywasanewidea;timberwasstillcheapbecauseitcouldbebroughtinanyquantityfromdistantwoodlands;soildestructionandriverfloodswerenotnationalproblems;nobodyhadyetstudiedlong-termsclimaticcyclesinrelationtoproperlanduse;eventheword“conservation”hadnothingofthemeaningthatithasforustoday.Forthesakeofourselvesandthosewhowillcomeafterus,wemustnowsetaboutrepairingthemistakesofourforefathers.Conservationshould,therefore,bemadeapartofeveryone’sdailylife.Toknowaboutthewatertable(水位)inthegroundisjustasimportanttousasaknowledgeofthebasicarithmeticformulas.Weneedtoknowwhyallwatersheds(上游源头森林地带集水区)needtheprotectionofplantlifeandwhytherunningcurrentofstreamsandriversmustbemadetoyieldtheirfullbenefittothesoilbeforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspaceformostofman’sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth.Inbrief,itshouldbeourgoaltorestoreasmuchoftheoriginalbeautyofnatureaswecan.26.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthecurrentsituationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcesis________.A)positiveB)neutralC)suspiciousD)critical（D）27.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatestmistakeofourforefatherswasthat________.A)theyhadnoideaaboutscientificforestryB)theyhadlittleornosenseofenvironmentalprotectionC)theywerenotawareofthesignificanceofnaturestudyD)theyhadnoideaofhowtomakegooduseofrawmaterials（B）28.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatearliergenerationsdidn’trealize________.A)theinterdependenceofwater,soil,andlivingthingsB)theimportanceoftheproperuseoflandC)theharmfulnessofsoildestructionandriverfloodsD)thevalueofthebeautyofnature（A）29.Toavoidcorrectingthemistakeofourforefathers,theauthorsuggeststhat________.A)weplantmoretreesB)naturalsciencebetaughttoeverybody
41C)environmentaleducationbedirectedtowardeveryoneD)wereturntonature（C）30.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“livingspace...isfigured...alsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth”(Lines7-8,Para.3)?A)Ourlivingspaceontheearthisgettingsmallerandsmaller.B)Ourlivingspaceshouldbemeasuredincubicvolume.C)Weneedtotakesomemeasuretoprotectspace.D)Wemustpreservegoodlivingconditionsforbothbirdsandanimals.（D）Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemic(流行病)ofsleepinessinthenation.“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.Thebeginningofoursleep-deficit(睡眠不足)crisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.Fromdiaryentriesandotherpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5andeighthours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David.“Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,eightorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.”Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssayisthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogramme.“Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours’sleep.Ifyou’regottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David.“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”31.Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiesusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanightbecausetheyhad________.A)nodriveandambitionB)noelectriclightingC)thebestsleephabitsD)nothingtodointheevening（B）32.AccordingtoDr.David,Americans________.A)areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressureoflife
42B)oftenneglecttheconsequencesofsleepdeficitC)donotknowhowtorelaxthemselvesproperlyD)cangetbyon6.5hoursofsleep（B）33.ManyAmericansbelievethat________.A)sleepisthefirstthingthatcanbesacrificedwhenoneisbusyB)theyneedmoresleeptocopewiththecomplexitiesofeverydaylifeC)tosleepissomethingonecandoatanytimeofthedayD)enoughsleeppromotespeople’sdriveandambition（A）34.Theword“subjects”(Line1,Para.4)refersto________.A)theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficitB)specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudiedC)peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudiedD)thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit（C）35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatoneshouldsleepasmanyhoursasisnecessaryto________.A)improveone’smemorydramaticallyB)beconsidereddynamicbyotherpeopleC)maintainone’sdailyscheduleD)feelenergeticandperformadequately（D）Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodwewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoice.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandCrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeis
43similartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.36.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause________.A)personalhealthchoiceshelpcuremostillnessB)ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledgeC)itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansocietyD)wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth（D）37.To“liveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Line7,Para.1)inthepassagemeans________.A)to“liveaninactivelife”B)to“liveadecentlife”C)to“livealifewithcompletefreedom”D)to“livealifeofvice”（A）38.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause________.A)currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficientB)therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisionsC)fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeD)peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriends（B）39.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopurseunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriedandCrapoto________.A)improvingthequalityofone’slifeB)limitingone’spersonalhealthchoiceC)deliberatelyendingone’slifeD)breakingtherulesofsocialbehavior（C）40.AccordingtoFriesandCraposoundhealthchoicesshouldbebasedon________.A)personaldecisionsB)society’slawsC)statisticalevidenceD)friends’opinions（C）
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