2015最新英语六级阅读模拟考试题

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2015最新英语六级阅读模拟考试题2009年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOne　　Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtles(海龟)havestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlings(幼龟)downtothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.　　ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.　　Whichraisestheobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurs(恐龙)willmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.52.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.A．humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurviveB．effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingoutC．governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles’extinctionD．marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction53.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness”(Line1,Para.2)?A．Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.B．Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.C．Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.D．Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.54.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?A．Theirinadequatefoodsupply.B．Unregulatedcommercialfishing.C．Theirlowerreproductivelyability.D．Contaminationofseawater55.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?A．Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.B．Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.C．Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.D．Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.

156.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto________.A．persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtlesB．stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotectedC．callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survivalD．warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspeciesPassageTwo　　Therearefewmoresoberingonlineactivitiesthanenteringdataintocollege-tuitioncalculatorsandgaspingastheWebspitsbackasix-figuresum.Buteconomistssayfamiliesabouttogointodebttofundfouryearsofpartying,aswellasstudying,canconsolethemselveswiththeknowledgethatcollegeisaninvestmentthat,unlikemanybankstocks,shouldyieldhugedividends.　　A2008studybytwoHarvardeconomistsnotesthatthe“labor-marketpremiumtoskill”—ortheamountcollegegraduatesearnedthat’sgreaterthanwhathigh-schoolgraduateearned—decreasedformuchofthe20thcentury,buthascomebackwithavengeance(报复性地)sincethe1980s.In2005,Thetypicalfull-timeyear-roundU.S.workerwithafour-yearcollegedegreeearned$50,900,62%morethanthe$31,500earnedbyaworkerwithonlyahigh-schooldiploma.　　There’snoquestionthatgoingtocollegeisasmarteconomicchoice.Butalookatthestrangevariationsintuitionrevealsthatthechoiceaboutwhichcollegetoattenddoesn’tcomedownmerelytodollarsandcents.DoesgoingtoColumbiaUniversity(tuition,roomandboard$49,260in2007-08)yielda40%greaterreturnthanattendingtheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderasanout-of-statestudent($35,542)?Probablynot.Doesbeinganout-of-statestudentattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderyieldtwicetheamountofincomeasbeinganin-statestudent($17,380)there?Notlikely.　　No,inthisconsumeristage,mostbuyersaren’tevaluatingcollegeasaninvestment,butratherasaconsumerproduct—likeacarorclothesorahouse.Andwithsuchpurchases,priceisonlyoneofmanycrucialfactorstoconsider.　　Aswithautomobiles,consumersintoday’scollegemarketplacehavevastchoices,andpeoplesearchfortheonethatgivesthemthemostcomfortandsatisfactioninlinewiththeirbudgets.Thisaccountsforthewillingnessofpeopletopaymorefordifferenttypesofexperiences(suchasattendingaprivateliberal-artscollegeorgoingtoanout-of-statepublicschoolthathasagreatmarine-biologyprogram).Andjustastwoautopurchasersmightspendanequalamountofmoneyonverydifferentcars,collegestudents(or,moreaccurately,theirparents)oftenshowawillingnesstopayessentiallythesamepriceforvastlydifferentproducts.Sowhichisit?Iscollegeaninvestmentproductlikeastockoraconsumerproductlikeacar?Inkeepingwiththeautomotiveworld’shottestconsumertrend,maybeit’sbesttocharacterizeitasahybrid(混合动力汽车);anexpensiveconsumerproductthat,overtime,willpayrichdividends.57.What’stheopinionofeconomistsaboutgoingtocollege?A．Hugeamountsofmoneyisbeingwastedoncampussocializing.B．Itdoesn’tpaytorunintodebttoreceiveacollegeeducation.C．Collegeeducationisrewardinginspiteofthestartlingcosts.D．Goingtocollegedoesn’tnecessarilybringtheexpectedreturns.58.ThetwoHarvardeconomistsnoteintheirstudythat,formuchofthe20thcentury,________.A．enrollmentkeptdecreasinginvirtuallyallAmericancollegesanduniversitiesB．thelabormarketpreferredhigh-schooltocollegegraduatesC．competitionforuniversityadmissionswasfarmorefiercethantodayD．thegapbetweentheearningsofcollegeandhigh-schoolgraduatesnarrowed59.Studentswhoattendanin-statecollegeoruniversitycan________.A．savemoreontuitionB．receiveabettereducationC．takemoreliberal-artscoursesD．avoidtravelinglongdistances60.Inthisconsumeristage,mostparents________.

2A．regardcollegeeducationasawiseinvestmentB．placeapremiumontheprestigeoftheCollegeC．thinkitcrucialtosendtheirchildrentocollegeD．considercollegeeducationaconsumerproduct61.Whatisthechiefconsiderationwhenstudentschooseacollegetoday?A．Theiremploymentprospectsaftergraduation.B．Asatisfyingexperiencewithintheirbudgets.C．Itsfacilitiesandlearningenvironment.D．Itsrankingamongsimilarinstitutions.2008年12月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneSustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（营养成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（栖息地）lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons（正反两方面）ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.52.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?A)ByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheenvironmentB)ByitssustainabilityD)Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth53.Specialisationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin________.A)LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromoverseasB)theshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofbiodiversity54.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?A)TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB)TheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowthC)TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD)Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly

355.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcenturyA)ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB)ItwillsupplymoreanimalproductsC)ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD)Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment56Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)ToremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopmentB)TosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproductionC)ToadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogressD)TourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureisPassageTwoThepercentageofimmigrants(includingthoseunlawfullypresent)intheUnitedstateshasbeencreepingupwardforyears.At12.6percent,itisnowhigherthanatanypointsincethemid1920s.WearenotabouttogobacktothedayswhenCongressopenlyworriedaboutinferiorracespollutingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortnewcomers.Theirloudestcriticsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thantheirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinue.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoundasimilartrendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemired（陷入）inaseeminglypermanentstateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-Americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandardschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforanyethnicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tforeverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelatestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.57.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?A)Theywereofinferiorraces.B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorruption.C)Theywereathreattothenation’ssecurity.D)Theywerepartofthenation’sbloodstream.58.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewimmigrants?A)TheywillbeadynamicworkforceintheU.S.B)Theycandojustaswellastheirpredecessors.C)Theywillbeverydisappointedonthenewland.D)Theymayfindithardtofitintothe

4mainstream.59.WhatdoesEdwardTelles’researchsayaboutMexican-Americans?A)Theymayslowlyimprovefromgenerationtogeneration.B)Theywilldobetterintermsofeducationalattainment.C)TheywillmeltintotheAfrican-Americancommunity.D)Theymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.60.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?A)Ridthemoftheirinferioritycomplex.B)UrgethemtoadoptAmericancustoms.C)Preventthemfrombeingmarginalized.D)TeachthemstandardAmericanEnglish.61.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationis_______.A)HowtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withoutdocumentsB)HowtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericansocietyC)HowtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingtheborderD)HowtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoentertheU.S.2008年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneImaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you’renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn’tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,foranation’sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It’salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan’taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you’reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola’sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke’sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald’sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn’texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon’tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.52.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?A)TheireconomyisplungingB)Theycan’taffordtripstoEuropeC)TheircurrencyhasslumpedD)Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.53.HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?A)TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.

5B)Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-poprestaurants.C)Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.D)Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.54HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?A)TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB)Theyaresympatheticwithit.C)Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D)Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.55whatistheauthor’sadvicetoAmericans?A.TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB.Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargambleC.TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD.Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.56Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon’tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?A.Thedollar’svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.B.ThevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadimeC.Thedollar’svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.D.FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.PassageTwoInthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefights.Wearepushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.I’vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids’collegebackgroundaseprizedemonstratinghowwellwe’veraisedthem.Butwecan’tacknowledgethatourobsession(痴迷)ismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn’tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon’tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteria(歇斯底里)isthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible——andmostlywrong.Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools.Ontwomeasures——professors’feedbackandthenumberofessayexams——selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates’lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-poinntincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke(偶然).Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.GettingintoYalemaysignifyintelligence,talentandAmbition.Butit’snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisnotlifeonlycompetition.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.PrincetoneconomistAlanKruegerstudiedadmissionstoonetopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGREhelpedexplainwhogotin;degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdidn’t.So,parents,lightenup.thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.ptoapoint,wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.buttoomuchpushinesscanbedestructive.theveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.onestudyfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtobeingontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.57.Whydosetheauthorsaythatparentsarethetruefightersinthecollege-admissionswars?A.Theyhavethefinalsayinwhichuniversitytheirchildrenaretoattend.B.Theyknowbestwhichuniversitiesaremostsuitablefortheirchildren.

6C.theyhavetocarryoutintensivesurveysofcollegesbeforechildrenmakeanapplication.D.theycaremoreaboutwhichcollegetheirchildrengotothanthechildrenthemselves.58.Whydoparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolthanever?A.theywanttoincreasetheirchildrenchancesofenteringaprestigiouscollege.B.theyhopetheirchildrencanenterauniversitythatoffersattractivescholarships.C.Theirchildrenwillhaveawiderchoiceofwhichcollegetogoto.D.Eliteuniversitiesnowenrollfewerstudentthantheyusedto.59.Whatdoestheauthormeanbykidscountmorethantheircollege(Line1,para.4?A.Continuingeducationismoreimportanttoapersonsuccess.B.Apersonhappinessshouldbevaluedmorethantheireducation.C.Kidsactualabilitiesaremoreimportantthantheircollegebackground.D.Whatkidslearnatcollegecannotkeepupwithjobmarketrequirements.60.WhatdoesKruegerstudytellus?A.GettingintoPh.d.programsmaybemorecompetitivethangettingintocollege.B.Degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdonotguaranteeentrytograduateprograms.C.GraduatesfromprestigiousuniversitiesdonotcaremuchabouttheirGREscores.D.Connectionsbuiltinprestigiousuniversitiesmaybesustainedlongaftergraduation.61.Onepossibleresultofpushingchildrenintoeliteuniversitiesisthat______A.theyearnlessthantheirpeersfromotherinstitutionsB.theyturnouttobelesscompetitiveinthejobmarketC.theyexperiencemorejobdissatisfactionaftergraduationD.theyoveremphasizetheirqualificationsinjobapplication2007年12月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneLikemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingeraminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤杂工)byplentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold.IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked-cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently,Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduateschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinordertogetwhattheywant.IthinkI’lltakethemtodinnerfirst,

7andseehowtheytreatsomeonewhoseonlyjobistoservethem.52.Theauthorwasdisappointedtofindthat___________________.A)one’spositionisusedasagaugetomeasureone’sintelligence.B)talentedpeoplelikehershouldfailtogetarespectablejobC)one’soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasapersonD)professionalstendtolookdownuponmanualworkers53.Whatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytheexampleinthesecondparagraph?A)Somecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservethem.B)Peopleabsorbedinaphoneconversationtendtobeabsent-minded.C)Waitressesareoftentreatedbycustomersascasualacquaintances.D)Somecustomersliketomakeloudcomplaintsfornoreasonatall.54.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenwaitingtablesattheageof19?A)Shefeltitunfairtobetreatedasamereservantbyprofessionals.B)Shefeltbadlyhurtwhenhercustomersregardedherasapeon.C)Shewasembarrassedeachtimehercustomersjokedwithher.D)Shefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasinferior.55.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“…manyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant”(Lines3-4,Para.7)?A)Thosewhocatertoothers’needsaredestinedtobelookeddownupon.B)Thoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn’tbetreatedasservants.C)Thoseservingothershavetoputupwithroughtreatmenttoearnaliving.D)Themajorityofcustomerstendtolookonaservantasaservernowadays.56.Theauthorsaysshe’llonedaytakeherclientstodinnerinorderto_______.A)seewhatkindofpersontheyareB)experiencethefeelingofbeingservedC）showhergenerositytowardspeopleinferiortoherD）arousetheirsympathyforpeoplelivingahumblelifePassageTwoWhat’shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?AS7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh.andincomeinequality.Sure,someleftishbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstincomeinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestartingtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.InDecember.MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.SNews&WorldReport,whichheowns.“Ournation’scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating,”lamented(哀叹)the117th-richestmaninAmerica.“Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouseholdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinarow.”Henotedthat“TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.”WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman’sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-classAmericans.“It’sanoutragethatanyAmerican’slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage,”saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelGroup.What’shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,popularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornia’governortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon’tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocrats(有钱有势的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory(没收性的)taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.

8No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefinanciallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders.AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.Forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundtheworld,that’stherealnightmare.57.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinAmerica?A)Thefateoftheultrawealthypeople.B)Thedisintegrationofthemiddleclass.C)Theinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.D)Theconflictbetweentheleftandtherightwing.58.WhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman’slamentation?A)Manymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterwelfare.B)TheAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedmanycompaniestogobankrupt.C)TheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth.D)ThemajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation’sgrowingwealth.59.Fromthefifthparagraphwecanlearnthat____________.A)theveryricharefashion-consciousB)theveryricharepoliticallysensitiveC)universalhealthcareistobeimplementedthroughoutAmericaD)Congresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumwage60.Whatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleclass?A)Theywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxation.B)Theyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttosociety.C)Theywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicintegration.D)Theyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicinsecurity.61.WhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods?A)Thepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondcontrol.B)Theinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocatecapital.C)Thewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossborders.D)Foreigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.2007年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneYouheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfalling

9behind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.PassageTwoTheuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.

10Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday2006年12月英语六级阅读真题(A)

11PassageOneInapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse.“Ananimalthatcan’tdetectdangercan’tstayalive,”saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神经元)deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃核).LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalereceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdaleappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey’reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,“ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear.”Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worry.That’snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell.“Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,”hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere’sarightwaytoworry.“Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan.”Hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe’refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit’sbeendifficulttogetfactabouthowweshouldrespond.That’swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro(抗炭疽菌的药物)andbuyinggasmasks.52.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”(Line2,Para.1)refersto“________”.A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolvesB)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdangerC)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecisionD)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation53.FromthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat________.A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictableB)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistressC)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingoffearD)theamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger54.Fromthepassageweknowthat________.A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperlyB)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecessionC)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedangerD)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents55.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?A)Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.56.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas________.A)ridiculousB)understandableC)over-cautiousD)sensiblePassageTwo

12AmitaiEtzioniisnotsurprisedbythelatestheadingsaboutschemingcorporatecrooks(骗子).AsavisitingprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolin1989,heendedhisworktheredisgustedwithhisstudents’overwhelminglostformoney.“They’retaughtthatprofitisallthatmatters,”hesays.“Manyschoolsdon’tevenofferethics(伦理学)coursesatall.”Etzioniexpressedhisfrustrationabouttheinterestsofhisgraduatestudents.“Byandlarge,IclearlyhadnotfoundawaytohelpclassesfullofMBAsseethatthereismoretolifethanmoney,power,fameandself-interest.”Hewroteatthetime.Todayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthese“business-leaders-to-be.”“IreallylikeIfailedthem,”hesays.“IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.”EtzioniwasarespectedethicsexpertwhenhearrivedatHarvard.Hehopedhisworkattheuniversitywouldgivehiminsightintohowquestionsofmoralitycouldbeappliedtoplaceswhereself-interestflourished.Whathefoundwasn’tencouraging.Thosewouldbeexecutiveshad,saysEtzioni,littleinterestinconceptsofethicsandmoralityintheboardroom—andtheirprofessorwasmetwithblankstareswhenheurgedhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.EtzioniseestheexperienceatHarvardasaneye-openingoneandsaysthere’smuchaboutbusinessschoolsthathe’dliketochange.“Alotofthefacultyteachingbusinessarebadnewsthemselves,”Etzionisays.Fromofferingclassesthatteachstudentshowtolegallymanipulatecontracts,toreinforcingthenotionofprofitovercommunityinterests,Etzionihasseenalotthat’slefthimshakinghishead.Andbecauseofwhathe’sseentaughtinbusinessschools,he’snotsurprisedbythelatestrashofcorporatescandals.“Inmanywaysthingshavegotalotworseatbusinessschools,Isuspect,”saysEtzioni.Etzioniisstillteachingthesociologyofrightandwrongandstillcallingforethicalbusinessleadership.“Peoplewithpoormotiveswillalwaysexist.”Hesays.“Sometimesenvironmentsconstrainthosepeopleandsometimesenvironmentsgivethosepeopleopportunity.”Etzionisaystheboomingeconomyofthelastdecadeenabledthoseindividualswithpoormotivestogetrichbeforegettingintrouble.Hishopenow:thatthecriesforreformwillprovidemorefertilesoilforhislong-standingmessagesaboutbusinessethics.57.WhatimpressedAmitaiEtzionimostaboutHarvardMBAstudents?A)Theirkeeninterestinbusinesscourses.B)Theirintensedesireformoney.C)Theirtacticsformakingprofits.D)Theirpotentialtobecomebusinessleaders.58.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisay“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem”(Line4,Para.2)?A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.B)Hedidn’tteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.D)Hedidn’toffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness-leaders-to-be.59.Mostwould-beexecutivesattheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievedthat________.A)questionsofmoralitywereofutmostimportanceinbusinessaffairsB)self-interestshouldnotbethetoppriorityinbusinessdealingsC)newanddifferentprinciplesshouldbetaughtatbusinessschoolsD)therewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings60.InEtzioni’sview,thelatestrashofcorporatescandalscouldbeattributedto________.A)thetendencyinbusinessschoolstostressself-interestoverbusinessethicsB)theexecutives’lackofknowledgeinlegallymanipulatingcontractsC)theincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernbusinessworldD)themoralcorruptionofbusinessschoolgraduates61.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.A)thecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethicsB)businessmenwithpoormotiveswillgaintheupperhandC)businessethicscoursesshouldbetaughtinallbusinessschoolsD)reforminbusinessmanagementcontributestoeconomicgrowth2006年12月英语六级阅读真题（B）

13PassageOneEachsummer,nomatterhowpressingmyworkschedule,Itakeoffonedayexclusivelyformyson.Wecallitdad-sonday.Thisyearourthirdstopwastheamusementpark,wherebediscoveredthathewastallenoughtorideoneofthefastestrollercoasters(过山车)intheworld.Weblastedthroughface-stretchingturnsandloopsforninetyseconds.Then,aswesteppedofftheride,beshruggedand,inadistressinglycalmvoice,remarkedthatitwasnotasexcitingasotherrideshe’dbeenon.AsIlistened,Ibegantosensesomethingseriouslyoutofbalance.Throughouttheseason,Inoticedsimilareventsallaroundme.Parentsseemedhardpressedtofindnewthrillsforindifferentkids.Surroundedbyever-greaterstimulation,theiryoungfaceswerelookingdisappointedandbored.Facingtheirchildren’scomplaintsof“nothingtodo“,parentswereshellingoutlargenumbersofdollarsforvariousformsofentertainment.Inmanycasesthemoneyseemedtodolittlemorethanbuytransientrelieffromtheterriblemoansoftheirboredchildren.Thissetmeponderingtheobviousquestion:“Howcanitbesohardforkidstofindsomethingtodowhenthere’sneverbeensucharangeofstimulatingentertainmentavailabletothem?”Whatreallyworriesmeistheintensityofthestimulation.Iwatchmylittledaughter’sfaceassheabsorbsthepowerfulonslaught(冲击)ofarousingvisualsandbloodyspecialeffectsinmovies.Whydochildrenimmersedinthismuchexcitementseemstarvedformore?Thatwas,Irealized,thepoint.Idiscoveredduringmyownrecklessadolescencethatwhatcreatesexcitementisnotgoingfast,butgoingfaster.Thrillshavelesstodowithspeedthanchangesinspeed.I’mconcernedaboutthecumulativeeffectofyearsattheselevelsoffeverishactivity.Itisnomysterytomewhymanyteenagersappearapathetic(麻木的)andburnedout,witha“beenthere,donethat”airofindifferencetowardmuchoflife.Asincreasingnumbersoffriends’childrenareprescribedmedications-stimulantstodealwithinattentivenessatschooloranti-depressantstohelpwiththelossofinterestandjoyintheirlives-Iquestiontheroleofkids’boredominsomeofthediagnoses.Myownworkisfocusedonthechemicalimbalancesandbiologicalfactorsrelatedtobehavioralandemotionaldisorders.Thesearecomplexproblems.YetI’vebeenreflectingmoreandmoreonhowthepaceoflifeandtheintensityofstimulationmaybecontributingtotherisingratesofpsychiatricproblemsamongchildrenandadolescentsinoursociety.21.Theauthortellsurprisedintheamusementparkatfactthat________.A)hissonwasnotasthrilledbytherollercoastersrideasexpectedB)hissonblastedthroughtheturnsandloopswithhisfacestretchedC)hissonappeareddistressedbutcalmwhileridingtherollercoastersD)hissoncouldkeephisbalancesowellonthefastmovingrollercoasters22.Accordingtotheauthor,childrenarebored________.A)unlesstheirparentscanfindnewthrillsforthemB)whentheydon’thaveanyaccesstostimulatingfungamesC)whentheyareleftaloneatweekendsbytheirworkingparentsD)eveniftheyareexposedtomoreandmorekindsofentertainment23.Fromhisownexperience,theauthorcametotheconclusionthatchildrenseemtoexpect________.A)amuchwidervarietyofsportsfacilitiesB)activitiesthatrequiresophisticatedskillsC)ever-changingthrillingformsofrecreationD)physicalexercisesthataremorechallenging24.InPara6theauthorexpresseshisdoubtabouttheeffectivenessoftryingtochangechildren’sindifferencetowardmuchoflifeby________.A)divertingtheirinterestfromelectronicvisualgamesB)prescribingmedicationsfortheirtemporaryreliefC)creatingmorestimulatingactivitiesforthemD)spendingmoremoneyontheir

14entertainment25.Inordertoalleviatechildren’sboredom,theauthorwouldprobablysuggest________.A)adjustingthepaceoflifeandintensityofstimulationB)promotingthepracticeofdad-sondaysC)consultingaspecialistinchildpsychologyD)balancingschoolworkwithextracurricularactivitiesPassageTwoItusedtobethatpeoplewereproudtoworkforthesamecompanyforthewholeoftheirworkinglives.They’dgetagoldwatchattheendoftheirproductiveyearsandadinnerfeaturingspeechesbytheirbossespraisingtheirloyalty.Buttoday’srichcapitalistshaveregressed(倒退)tothe“survivalofthefittest”ideasandtheirloyaltyextendsnottotheirworkersoreventotheirstockholdersbutonlytothemselves.Insteadofgivingoutgoldwatchesworthahundredorsodollarsforfortyorsoyearsofword,theygrabtensandevenhundredsofmillionsofdollarsastheysellfortheirownprofitthecompanytheymayhavebeenwithforonlyafewyears.Thenewrichselfishlyactontheirowntounfairlygrabthewealththatthecountryasawholehasproduced.Thetop1percentofthepopulationnowhaswealthequaltothewholebottom95percentandtheywantmore.Theirselfishnessismostshamelesslyexpressedindownsizingandoutsourcing(将产品包给分公司做)becausethesebusinessmaneuversdon’tacttocreatednewjobsasthefounderofnewindustriesusedtodo,butonlyoutjobswhilekeepingthemoneyvalueofwhatthosejobsproducedforthemselves.Tokeepthemoneymachineworkingsmoothlytherichhaveboughtallthepoliticiansfromthetopdown.ThepresidenthimselfisconstantlyleavingWashingtonandthebusinessatthenationbecauseheissummonedto“fundraisingdinners”wherefatcatspayathousandorsodollarsaplatetowormtheirwayintogovernmentnotthroughservicebutthroughdonationsofvastamountsofmoney.Onceontheinsidetheyhavebothpoliticalpartiesbusilytearingupalltheregulationsthatprotecttherestofusfromthegreedoftherich.Themiddleclassusedtobeloyaltothefreeenterprisesystem.Inthepast,thepeopleofthemiddleclassmostlythoughtthey’dberichthemselvessomedayorhaveagoodshotatbecomingrich.Butnowadaysincomeisbeingdistributedmoreandmoreunevenlyandcorporateloyaltyisathingofthepast.Themiddleclassmayalsowakeuptoforgetitsloyaltytotheso-calledfreeenterprisesystemaltogetherandthegovernmentwhichgovernsonlytherestofuswhilelettingthecorporationsdowhattheypleasewithourjobs.Asthingsstand,ifsomebodydoesn’twakeup,themiddleclassisonapathtobeingdownsizedallthewaytothebottomofsociety.26.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleusedtoplaceahighvalueon________.A)jobsecurityB)bosses’praiseC)corporateloyaltyD)retirementbenefits27.Theauthorisstronglycriticaloftoday’srichcapitalistsfor________.A)notgivingnecessaryassistancetolaid-offworkersB)maximizingtheirprofitsattheexpenseofworkersC)notsettinguplong-termgoalsfortheircompaniesD)rewardingonlythosewhoareconsideredthefittest28.Theimmediateconsequenceofthenewcapitalists’practiceis________.A)lossofcorporatereputationB)lowerpayfortheemployeesC)ahigherrateofunemploymentD)adeclineinbusinesstransactions29.Therichtrytoswaythepolicyofthegovernmentby________.A)occupyingimportantpositionsinbothpoliticalpartiesB)makingmonetarycontributionstodecision-makersC)pleasingthepublicwithgenerousdonationsD)constantlyhostingfundraisingdinners30.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

15A)tocallonthemiddleclasstoremainloyaltothefreeenterprisesystemB)towarnthegovernmentoftheshrinkingoftheAmericanmiddleclassC)topersuadethegovernmenttochangeitscurrenteconomicpoliciesD)tourgethemiddleclasstowakeupandprotecttheirowninterestsPassageThreeIntelchairmanAndyGrovehasdecidedtocuttheGordianknotofcontroversysurroundingstemcellresearchbysimplywritingacheck.Thecheck,whichhepledgedlastweek,couldbeforasmuchas55million,dependingonhowmanydonorsmakegiftsofbetween550,000and5,500,000,whichhehaspromisedtomatch.ItwillbemadeouttotheUniversityofCalifornia-SanFrancisco(UCSF).Thanksinparttosuchprivatedonations,universityresearchintousesforhumanstemcells—thecellsattheearlieststagesofdevelopmentthatcanformanybodypart—willcontinueinCalifornia.Withprivatefinancialsupport,thestatewillbelesslikelytolosetalentedscientistswhowouldbetemptedtoleavethefieldorevenleavethecountryasresearchdependentonfederalmoneyslowstoglacial(极其缓慢的)pace.HinderedbylimitsPresidentBushplacedonstemcellresearchayearage,scientistsareturningtolaboratoriesthatcancarryoutworkwithoutusingfederalmoney.Thisisawkwardforuniversities,whichmustspendextramoneybuildingseparatelabsandkeepingrigorcotsrecordsprovingnofederalfundswereinvolved.Grove’sdonation,afirststeptowarda$20milliontargetatUCSF,willeasetheburden.Thepresident’sdecisionayearagotoallowresearchonalreadyexistingstemcelllineswasportrayedasareasonablecompromisebetweenscientists’needsforcellstoworkwith,andconcernsthatthiskindofresearchcouldleadtowholesalecreationanddestructionofhumanembryos(胚胎),clonedinfantsandageneralcontemptforhumanlife.ButBush’sefforttopleasebothsidesendeduppleasingneither.Anditcertainlydidn’tprovidethebasisforcuttingedgeresearch.Ofthe78existingstemcelllineswhichBushsaidareallthatsciencewouldeverneed,onlyoneisinthiscountry(attheUniversityofWisconsin)andonlyfivearereadyfordistributiontoresearchers.Allweregrowninconjunctionwithmousecells,makingfuturetherapeutic(治疗的)usesunlikely.TheBushadministrationseemsbentonsatisfyingthesmallbutvocalgroupofAmericanswhoopposestemcellresearchunderanyconditions.Fortunately,GroveandothersaremoreinterestedinadvancingscientificresearchthatcouldbenefitthelargenumberofAmericanswhosufferfromParkinson’sdisease,nerveinjuries,heartdiseasesandmanyotherproblems.31.WhenAndyGrovedecidedtocuttheGordianknot,hemeatto________.A)putanendtostemcellresearchB)endIntel’srelationswithGordianC)settlethedisputeonstemcellresearchquicklyD)expelGordianfromstemcellresearchforgood32.ForUCSFtocarryonstemcellresearch,newfundshavetocomefrom________.A)interestedbusinessesandindividualsB)theUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentC)afoundationsetupbytheIntelCompanyD)executivesofleadingAmericancompanies33.AsaresultofthelimitBustplacedonstemcellresearch.Americanuniversitieswill________.A)conducttheresearchinlaboratoriesoverseasB)abandontheresearchaltogetherinthenearfutureC)havetocarryouttheresearchsecretlyD)havetoraisemoneytobuildseparatelabs34.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatfuturetherapeuticusesofstemcellswillbeunlikelyunless________.A)humanstemcellsareusedintheresearchB)alotmoreprivatedonationscanbesecuredC)morefederalmoneyisusedfortheresearchD)talentedscientistsareinvolvedinthe

16research35.ThereasonlyingbehindPresidentBush’splacinglimitsonstemcellresearchisthat________.A)hisadministrationisfinanciallypinchedB)hedidnotwanttooffenditsopponentsC)itamountstoacontemptforhumanlifeD)itdidnotpromiseanytherapeuticvaluePassageFourThislooksliketheyearthathard-pressedtenantsinCaliforniawillrelief-notjustinthemarketplace,wheretentshaveeased,butfromthestatecapitalSacramento.Twosignificanttenantreformsstandagoodchanceofpassage.Onebill,whichwillgivemoretimetotenantsbeingevicted(逐出),willsoonbeheadingtothegovernor’sdesk.Theother,protectingsecuritydeposits,facesavoteintheSenateonMonday.Formorethanacentury,landlordsinCaliforniahavebeenabletoforcetenantsoutwithonly30days’notice.ThatwillnowdoubleunderSB1403,whichgotthroughtheAssemblyrecently.Thenewprotectionwillapplyonlytorenterswhohavebeeninanapartmentforatleastayear.Even60daysinatighthousingmarketwon’tbelongenoughforsomefamiliestofindanapartmentnearwheretheirkidsgotoschool.ButiswillbeanimprovementincitieslikeSanJose,whererentersrightsgroupschargethatunscrupulous(不择手段的)landlordshavekickedouttenantsonshortnoticetoputuptents.TheCaliforniaLandlordsAssociationarguedthatlandlordsshouldn’thavetowait60daystogetridofproblemtenants.ButthebillgainedsupportwhenaJapaneserealestateinvestorsentout30-dayevictionnoticesto550familiesrentinghomesinSacramentoandSantaRosa.ThelandlordslobbyeventuallydroppeditsoppositionandinsteadturneditsforcesagainstAB2330,regardingsecuritydeposits.SponsoredbyAssemblywomanCaroleMigdenofSanFrancisco,thebillwouldestablishaprocedureandatimetablefortenantstogetbacksecuritydeposits.Somelandlordsviewsecuritydepositsasafreemonth’srent,theirsforthetaking.Inmostcases,though,therearehonestdisputesoverdamages-whatconstitutesordinarywearandtearAB2330wouldgiveatenanttherighttorequestawalk-throughwiththelandlordandtomaketherepairsbeforemovingout;reputablelandlordsalreadydothis.Itwouldincreasethepenaltyforfailingtoreturnadeposit.Theoriginalbillwouldhaverequiredthelandlordtopayinterestonthedeposit.Thelandlordslobbyprotestedthatitwouldinvolvetoomuchpaperworkovertoolittlemoney-lessthan$10ayearona$1,000deposit,atcurrentrates.OnWednesday,thesponsordroppedtheinterestsectiontoincreasethechanceofpassage.Eveninitsamendedform,AB2330is,likeSB1403,vitallyimportantfortenantsandshouldbemadestatelaw.36.WelearnfromthepassagethatSB1403willbenefit________.A)long-termrealestateinvestorsB)short-termtenantsinSacramentoC)landlordsintheStateofCaliforniaD)tenantsrentingahouseoverayear37.A60-daynoticebeforeevictionmaynotbeearlyenoughforrentersbecause________.A)movinghouseissomethingdifficulttoarrangeB)appropriatehousingmaynotbereadilyavailableC)moretimeisneededfortheirkids’schoolregistrationD)thefurnishingofthenewhouseoftentakesalongtime38.Veryoftenlandlordsdon’treturntenants’depositsonthepretextthat________.A)theirrenthasnotbeenpaidintimeB)therehasbeenordinarywearandtearC)tenantshavedonedamagetothehouseD)the30-daynoticeformovingoutisover39.WhydidthesponsoroftheAB2330billfinallygiveinontheinterestsection?A)Toputanendtoalengthyargument.B)Tourgelandlordstolobbyforitspassage.C)Tocutdowntheheavypaperworkforitseasypassage.

17D)TomakeiteasierfortheStateAssemblytopassthebill.40.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat________.A)bothbillsarelikelytobemadestatelawsB)neitherbillwillpassthroughtheAssemblyC)AB2330standsabetterchanceofpassageD)SacramentoandSanJosesupportSB14032006年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneTherearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies,Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat’swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted“biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors”asallplayingtheirparts.Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontributetoviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.Thetroublecomeswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality(因果关系).SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:“Atthistime,wellover1,000studies...pointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren.”Freedom-of-speechadvocatesaccusedthesocietiesofcateringtopoliticians,andevendisputedthenumberofstudies(mostwerereviewarticlesandessays,theysaid).WhenJonathanFreedman,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofToronto,reviewedtheliterature,hefoundonly200orsostudiesoftelevision-watchingandaggression.Andwhenheweededout“themostdoubtfulmeasuresofaggression”,only28%supportedaconnection.Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread‘aggressive’or‘non-aggressive’wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?TheintentofthenewHarvardCenteronMediaandChildHealthtocollectandstandardizestudiesofmediaviolenceinordertocomparetheirmethodologies,assumptionsandconclusionsisanimportantstepintherightdirection.Anotherappropriatestepwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.21.Whyistheresomuchviolenceshowninmovies,TVandvideogames?A)Thereisalotofviolenceintherealworldtoday.B)Somethinghasgonewrongwithtoday’ssociety.C)Manypeoplearefondofgunplayandbloodshed.D)Showingviolenceisthoughttobeentertaining.22.Whatistheskeptics(Line3.Para.3)viewofmediaviolence?A)Violenceontelevisionisafairlyaccuratereflectionofreal-worldlife.B)Moststudiesexaggeratetheeffectofmediaviolenceontheviewers.C)Acausalrelationshipexistsbetweenmediaandreal-worldviolence.D)Theinfluenceofmediaviolenceonchildrenhasbeenunderestimated.23.Theauthorusestheterm“alarmists”(Line1.Para.5)torefertothosewho________.A)usestandardizedmeasurementsinthestudiesofmediaviolenceB)initiatedthedebateovertheinfluenceofviolentmediaonreality

18C)assertadirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandaggressivebehaviorD)useappropriatemethodologyinexaminingaggressivebehavior24.Inrefutingthealarmists,theauthoradvanceshisargumentbyfirstchallenging________.A)thesourceandamountoftheirdataB)thetargetsoftheirobservationC)theirsystemofmeasurementD)theirdefinitionofviolence25.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedebateconcerningtherelationshipbetweenthemediaandviolence?A)Morestudiesshouldbeconductedbeforeconclusionsaredrawn.B)Itshouldcometoanendsincethematterhasnowbeensettled.C)Thepaststudiesinthisfieldhaveprovedtobemisleading.D)Hemorethanagreeswiththeviewsheldbythealarmists.PassageTwoYou’reintroubleifyouhavetobuyyourownbrand-nameprescriptiondrugs.Overthepastdecade,pricesleapedbymorethandoubletheinflationrate.Treatmentsforchronicconditionscaneasilytop$2,000amonth-nowonderthatoneinfourAmericanscan’saffordtofilltheirprescriptions.Thesolution?Aheartychorusof“OCanada.”Northoftheborder,wherepricecontrolsreign,thosesamebrand-namedrugscost50%to80%less.TheCanadianoptionisfastbecomingapoliticalwake-upcall,“Ifourneighborscanbuydrugsatreasonableprices,whycan’twe?Eventowhisperthatthoughtprovokesanger.“Un-American!”And-thepropagandists’trumpcard(王牌)—“Wreckourbrillianthealth-caresystem.”Supersizedrugprices,theyclaim,fundtheresearchthatsparksthenextgenerationofwonderdrugs.Nosky-highdrugpricetoday,nocureforcancertomorrow.Soshutupandpayup.Commonsensetellsyouthat’safalsealternative.Therewardforfinding,say,acancercureissohugethatnoone’sgoingtohangitup.Nevertheless,ifCanada-levelpricingcametotheUnitedStates,theindustry’sprofitmarginswoulddropandthepaceofnew-drugdevelopmentwouldslow.HereliestheAmericandilemma.Whoisallthissplendidmedicinefor?Shouldourhealth-caresystemcontinueitsdrivetowardthebestofthebest,eventhoughrisingnumbersofpatientscan’taffordit?Orshouldwedirectourwealthtowardlettingeveryoneinontoday’slevelofcare?Measuredbysavedlives,thelatterisalmostcertainlythebettercourse.Todefendtheirprofits,thedrugcompanieshavewarnedCanadianwholesalersandpharmacies(药房)nottoselltoAmericansbymail,andarecuttingbacksuppliestothosewhodare.Meanwhile,theadministrationisplayingthefearcard.OfficialsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationwillarguethatCanadiandrugsmightbefake,mishandled,orevenapotentialthreattolife.DobaddrugsflyaroundtheInternet?Sure-andthemorewelook,themorewe’llfind,ButIhaven’theardofanyragingepidemicsamongthehundredsofthousandsofpeoplebuyingcrossborder.Mostusersofprescriptiondrugsdon’tworryaboutcostsalot.They’reshelteredbyemployeeinsurance,owingjusta$20co-pay.Thefinancialblowsrain,instead,ontheuninsured,especiallythechronicallyillwhoneedexpensivedrugstolive,Thisgroupwillstillincludemiddle-incomeseniorsonMedicare,who’llhavetodigdeeplyintotheirpocketsbeforegettingmuchfromthenewdrugbenefitthatstartsin2006.26.WhatissaidabouttheconsequenceoftherocketingdrugpricesintheU.S.?A)AquarterofAmericanscan’taffordtheirprescriptiondrugs.B)ManyAmericanscan’taffordtoseeadoctorwhentheyfallill.C)ManyAmericanshavetogotoCanadatogetmedicaltreatment.D)Theinflationratehasbeenmorethandoubledovertheyears.27.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericacanfollowtheCanadianmodelandcurbitssoaringdrugpricesby________.

19A)encouragingpeopletobuyprescriptiondrugsonlineB)extendingmedicalinsurancetoallitscitizensC)importinglow-priceprescriptiondrugsfromCanadaD)exercisingpricecontrolonbrand-namedrugs28.HowdopropagandistsarguefortheU.S.drugpricingpolicy?A)LowpriceswillaffectthequalityofmedicinesinAmerica.B)Highpricesareessentialtofundingresearchonnewdrugs.C)Lowpriceswillbringabouttheangerofdrugmanufacturers.D)High-pricedrugsareindispensableincuringchronicdiseases.29.WhatshouldbethepriorityofAmerica’shealth-caresystemaccordingtotheauthor?A)Toresolvethedilemmainthehealth-caresystem.B)TomaintainAmerica’sleadinthedrugindustry.C)Toallowthevastmajoritytoenjoyitsbenefits.D)Toquickenthepaceofnewdrugdevelopment.30.WhatareAmericandrugcompaniesdoingtoprotecttheirhighprofits?A)LabelingdrugsboughtfromCanadaasbeingfakes.B)Threateningtocutbackfundingfornewdrugresearch.C)ReducingsuppliestouncooperativeCanadianpharmacies.D)AttributingtheragingepidemicstotheineffectivenessofCanadiandrugs.PassageThreeAgehasitsprivilegesinAmerica.Andoneofthemoreprominentofthemistheseniorcitizendiscount.Anyonewhohasreachedacertainage—insomecasesaslowas55—isautomaticallyentitledtoadazzlingarrayofpricereductionsatnearlyeverylevelofcommerciallife.Eligibilityisdeterminednotbyone’sneedbutbythedateonone’sbirthcertificate.Practicallyunheardofagenerationago,thediscountshavebecomearoutinepartofmanybusinesses—ascommonascolortelevisionsinmotelroomsandfreecoffeeonairliners.Peoplewithgrayhairoftenaregiventhediscountswithoutevenaskingforthem；yet,millionsofAmericansaboveage60arehealthyandsolvent(有支付能力的).Businessesthatwouldneverdareofferdiscountstocollegestudentsoranyoneunder30freelyofferthemtoolderAmericans.Thepracticeisacceptablebecauseofthewidespreadbeliefthat“elderly”and“needy”aresynonymous(同义的).Perhapsthatoncewastrue,buttodayelderlyAmericansasagrouphavealowerpovertyratethantherestofthepopulation.Tobesure,thereiseconomicdiversitywithintheelderly,andmanyolderAmericansarepoor,Butmostofthemaren’t.Itisimpossibletodeterminetheimpactofthediscountsonindividualcompanies.Formanyfirms,theyareastimulustorevenue.Butinothercasesthediscountsaregivenattheexpense,directlyorindirectly,ofyoungerAmericans.Moreover,theyareadirectirritantinwhatsomepoliticiansandscholarsseeasacomingconflictbetweenthegenerations.GenerationaltensionsarebeingfueledbycontinuingdebateoverSocialSecuritybenefits,whichmostlyinvolvesatransferofresourcesfromtheyoungtotheold.Employmentisanothersorepoint,Buoyed(支持)bylawsandcourtdecisions,moreandmoreolderAmericansaredecliningtheretirementdinnerinfavorofstayingonthejob-therebylesseningemploymentandpromotionopportunitiesforyoungerworkers.Farfromakindofcharitytheyoncewere,seniorcitizendiscountshavebecomeaformidableeconomicprivilegetoagroupwithmillionsofmemberswhodon’tneedthem.Itnolongermakessensetotreattheelderlyasasinglegroupwhoseeconomicneedsdeservepriorityoverthoseofothers.Seniorcitizendiscountsonlyenhancethemyththatolderpeoplecan’ttakecareofthemselvesandneedspecialtreatment；andtheythreatenthecreationofanewmyth,thattheelderlyareungratefulandtakingforthemselvesattheexpenseofchildrenandotheragegroups.SeniorcitizendiscountsaretheessenceoftheverythingolderAmericansarefightingagainst-discriminationbyage.31.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.

20A)offeringseniorcitizensdiscountshasbecomeroutinecommercialpracticeB)seniorcitizendiscountshaveenabledmanyoldpeopletoliveadecentlifeC)givingseniorcitizensdiscountshasboostedthemarketfortheelderlyD)seniorcitizenshavetoshowtheirbirthcertificatestogetadiscount32.Whatassumptionliesbehindthepracticeofseniorcitizendiscounts?A)Businesses,havingmadealotofprofits,shoulddosomethingforsocietyinreturn.B)Oldpeopleareentitledtospecialtreatmentforthecontributiontheymadetosociety.C)Theelderly,beingfinanciallyunderprivileged,needhumanehelpfromsociety.D)SeniorcitizendiscountscanmakeupfortheinadequacyoftheSocialSecuritysystem.33.Accordingtosomepoliticiansandscholars,seniorcitizendiscountswill________.A)makeoldpeopleevenmoredependentonsocietyB)intensifyconflictsbetweentheyoungandtheoldC)haveadversefinancialimpactonbusinesscompaniesD)bringamarkedincreaseinthecompaniesrevenues34.HowdoestheauthorviewtheSocialSecuritysystem?A)Itencourageselderlypeopletoretireintime.B)Itopensupbroadcareerprospectsforyoungpeople.C)Itbenefitstheoldattheexpenseoftheyoung.D)Itshouldbereinforcedbylawsandcourtdecisions.35.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’smainargument?A)Seniorcitizensshouldfighthardagainstagediscrimination.B)Theelderlyareselfishandtakingseniordiscountsforgranted.C)Priorityshouldbegiventotheeconomicneedsofseniorcitizens.D)Seniorcitizendiscountsmaywellbeatypeofagediscrimination.PassageFourIn1854mygreat-grandfather,MorrisMarable,wassoldonanauctionblockinGeorgiafor$500.Forhiswhiteslavemaster,thesalewasjust“businessasusual.”ButtoMorrisMarableandhisheirs,slaverywasacrimeagainstourhumanity.ThispatternofhumanrightsviolationsagainstenslavedAfrican-Americanscontinuedunderracialsegregationfornearlyanothercentury.ThefundamentalproblemofAmericandemocracyinthe21stcenturyistheproblemof“structuralracism”thedeeppatternsofsocio-economicinequalityandaccumulateddisadvantagethatarecodedbyrace,andconstantlyjustifiedinpublicspeechesbybothraciststereotypesandwhiteindifference.DoAmericanshavethecapacityandvisiontoremovethesestructuralbarriersthatdenydemocraticrightsandopportunitiestomillionsoftheirfellowcitizens?Thiscountryhaspreviouslywitnessedtwogreatstrugglestoachieveatrulymulticulturaldemocracy.TheFirstReconstruction(1865-1877)endedslaveryandbrieflygaveblackmenvotingrights,butgavenomeaningfulcompensationfortwocenturiesofunpaidlabor.Thepromiseof“40acresandamule(骡子)”wasformostblacksadreamdeferred(尚未实现的).TheSecondReconstruction(1954-1968),orthemoderncivilrightsmovement,endedlegalsegregationinpublicaccommodationsandgaveblacksvotingrights.ButthesesuccessesparadoxicallyobscurethetremendoushumancostsofhistoricallyaccumulateddisadvantagethatremaincentraltoblackAmericans’lives.Thedisproportionatewealththatmostwhitesenjoytodaywasfirstconstructedfromcenturiesofunpaidblacklabor.Manywhiteinstitutions,includingsomeleadinguniversities,insurancecompaniesandbanks,profitedfromslavery.Thispatternofwhiteprivilegeandblackinequalitycontinuestoday.Demandingreparations(赔偿)isnotjustaboutcompensationforslaveryandsegregation.Itis,moreimportant,aneducationalcampaigntohighlightthecontemporaryrealityof“racialdeficits”ofallkinds,theunequalconditionsthatimpactblacksregardlessofclass.Structuralracism’sbarriersinclude“equityinequity.”theabsenceofblackcapitalformationthatisadirect

21consequenceofAmerica’shistory.Onethirdofallblackhouseholdsactuallyhavenegativenetwealth.In1998thetypicalblackfamily’snetwealthwas$16,400,lessthanonefifththatofwhitefamilies.Blackfamiliesaredeniedhomeloansattwicetherateofwhites.Blacksremainthelasthiredandfirstfiredduringrecessions.Duringthe1990-91recession,African-Americanssuffereddisproportionately.AtCoca-Cola,42percentofemployeeswholosttheirjobswereblacks.AtSears,54percentwereblack,Blackshavesignificantlyshorterlifespans,inpartduetoracisminthehealthestablishment.Blacksarestatisticallylesslikelythanwhitestobereferredforkidneytransplantsorearly-stagecancersurgery.36.Totheauthor,theauctionofhisgreat-grandfatherisatypicalexampleof________.A)crimeagainsthumanityB)unfairbusinesstransactionC)racialconflictsinGeorgiaD)racialsegregationinAmerica37.Thebarriertodemocracyin21stcenturyAmericais________.A)widespreaduseofraciststereotypesB)prejudiceagainstminoritygroupsC)deep-rootedsocio-economicinequalityD)denialoflegalrightstoordinaryblacks38.WhatproblemremainsunsolvedinthetwoReconstructions?A)DifferencesbetweenracesaredeliberatelyobscuredB)Theblacksarenotcompensatedfortheirunpaidlabor.C)Thereisnoguaranteeforblackstoexercisetheirrights.D)Theinterestsofblacksarenotprotectedbylaw.39.Itisclearthatthewealthenjoyedbymostwhites________.A)hasresultedfrombusinesssuccessesovertheyearsB)hasbeenaccompaniedbyblackcapitalformationC)hasderivedfromsizableinvestmentsineducationD)hasbeenaccumulatedfromgenerationsofslavery40.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthecurrentsituationregardingracialdiscrimination?A)Racismisnotamajorobstacletoblacks’employment.B)Inequalityofmanykindsremainsvirtuallyuntouched.C)Amajorstephasbeentakentowardsreparations.D)Littlehasbeendonetoensureblacks’civilrights.2005年12月英语六级阅读真题PassageoneToomanyvulnerablechild-freeadultsarebeingruthlessly(无情的)manipulatedintoparent-hoodbytheirparents,whothinkthathappinessamongolderpeopledependsonhavingagrand-childtospoil.Weneedanorganizationtohelpbeatdownthepersistentcampaignsofgrandchildlessparents.It’stimetoestablishPlannedGrandparenthood,whichwouldhavemanyglobalandlocalbenefits.Partofitsmissionwouldbetopromotetherisksandrealitiesassociatedwithbeingagrandparent.Thestaffwouldincludedepressedgrandparentswhowouldexplainhowgrandkidsbreaklamps,bite,screamandkick.Otherswoulddetailhowanhourofbaby-sittingoftenturnsintoacryingmarathon.Moregrandparentswouldtestifythattheyhadtopayfortheirgrandchild’sexpensivecollegeeducation.Plannedgrandparenthood’scarefullywrittenliteraturewoulddetailallthejoysoflifegrand-child-freeacalmlivingroom,extramoneyforluxuriesduringthegoldenyears,etc.Potentialgrandparentswouldberemindedthat,withoutgrandchildrenaround,it’spossibletohaveaconversationwithyourkids,who—incidentally—wouldhavemoretimefortheirownparents.Meanwhile,mostchildrenarevulnerabletotheenormousinfluenceexertedbygrandchildlessparentsaimingtopersuadetheirkidstoproducechildren.Theywilltakeacallfromapersistentparent,evenifthey’reloadedwithworks.Inaddition,someparentsmakehandsomemoneyofferspayableuponthegrandchild’sbirth.Sometimesthesegiftsnotonlycoverexpensesassociatedwiththeinfant’sbirth,butextras,too,likeavacation.Inanycase,cashgiftscanweakentheresolveofeventhenoblestperson.

22AtPlannedGrandparenthood,childrentargetedbytheirparentstoreproducecouldobtainnon-biasedinformationabouttheinsanityofhavingtheirownkids.Thecatastrophicpsychologicalandeconomiccostsofchildbearingwouldbeemphasized.Thesymptomsofmorningsicknesswouldbelistedandhorrorsofchildbirthpictured.Amonthlynewsletterwouldcontainstoriesaboutoverwhelmedparentsandofferguidanceonhowchildlessadultscanrespondtothedifferentlobbyingtacticsthatwould-begrandparentsemploy.WhenIthinkaboutalltheproblemsofouroverpopulatedworldandlookatourboygrabbingatthelampbythesofa,IwishIcouldhaveturnedtoPlannedGrandparenthoodwhenmyparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme.IfIcouldhave,Imightnotbeinthisparenthoodpredicament(窘境).Buthere’sthecrazyirony,Idon’twantmychild-freelifeback.Dylan’stoomuchfun.21.What’sthepurposeoftheproposedorganizationPlannedGrandparenthood?A)Toencouragechildlesscouplestohavechildren.B)Toprovidefacilitiesandservicesforgrandchildlessparents.C)Tooffercounselingtopeopleonhowtoraisegrandchildren.D)Todiscouragepeoplefrominsistingonhavinggrandchildren.22.PlannedGrandparenthoodwouldincludedepressedgrandparentsonitsstaffinorderto________.A)showthemthejoysoflifegrandparentsmayhaveinraisinggrandchildrenB)drawattentiontothetroublesanddifficultiesgrandchildrenmaycauseC)sharetheirexperienceinraisinggrandchildreninamorescientificwayD)helpraisefundstocoverthehighexpenseofeducationforgrandchildren23.Accordingtothepassage,somecouplesmayeventuallychoosetohavechildrenbecause________.A)theyfindithardtoresistthecarrot-and-stickapproachoftheirparentsB)theyhavelearnfromotherparentsaboutthejoysofhavingchildrenC)theyfeelmoreandmorelonelyadtheygrowolderD)theyhavefounditirrationaltoremainchildless24.Bysaying“...myparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme”(Line2-3,Para.6),theauthormeansthat________.A)herparentskeptpressuringhertohaveachildB)herparentslikedtohaveagrandchildintheirarmsC)herparentsaskedhertosavefortheexpensesofraisingachildD)herparentskeptblamingherforherchild’sbadbehavior25.Whatdoestheauthorreallyoftheideaofhavingchildren?A)Itdoesmoreharmthangood.B)Itcontributestooverpopulation.C)Itistroublesomebutrewarding.D)Itisapsychologicalcatastrophe.PassageTwoAskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericansinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote.“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfettered(无拘无束的)andunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself...Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil(干苦力活)，starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.Ournationalmythology(神化)isfullofillustrationtheAmericansuccessstory.There’

23sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillioneveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.26.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?A)Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.B)Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.C)Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.D)Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.27.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Line10,Para.1),theauthormeans________.A)themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnsB)laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryC)aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystepD)acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardwork28.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho________.A)succeedinrealestateinvestmentB)earnedenormousfortunesbychancesC)becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoorD)becamefamousdespitetheirmodestorigins29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat________.A)businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriageB)AmericanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifeC)goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccessD)successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildren30.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?A)TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.B)Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.C)TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.D)WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.PassageThreePublicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryandmanufacture.Mostgovernment,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureonscientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehabroughtinthepastandwillbringinthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvotersofthesplendidmachines‘ourscientists’haveinvented,thenewdrugstorelieveoldailments(病痛),andthenewsurgicalequipmentandtechniquesbywhichpreviouslyintractable(难治疗的)conditionsmaynowbetreatedandlivessaved.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto‘economicsneeds’,thattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare‘nearthemarket’andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,onpoliticiansformuchoftheirfunding,

24scientistshavelittlechoicebuttocomply.Liketherestofus,theyaremembersofasocietythatratesthecreationofwealthasthegreatestpossiblegood.Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasaclimatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.Insuchcircumstancesnooneshouldbetoohardonpeoplewhoaresuspiciousofconflictsofinterest.Whenwelearnthatthedistinguishedprofessorassuringusofthesafetyofaparticularproductholdsaconsultancywiththecompanymakingit,wecannotbeblamedforwonderingwhetherhisfeemightconceivablycloudhisprofessionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemanystilldistrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomehisresearchfunding.Thisattitudecanhavedamagingeffects.Itquestionstheintegrityofindividualsworkinginaprofessionthatprizesintellectualhonestyasthesupremevirtue,andplaysintothehandsofthosewhowouldliketodiscreditscientistsbyrepresentingthenavenal(可以收买的).Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas‘experts’.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstandthesafetyofanuclearreactor,forexample,isanuclearengineerdeclaresthatareactorisunsafe,webelievehim,becauseclearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehemaywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.31.Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?A)Supportfromthevotes.B)Thereductionofpublicexpenditure.C)Quickeconomicsreturns.D)Thebudgetforaresearchproject.32.Scientisthavetoadapttheirresearchto‘economicneeds’inorderto________.A)impressthepublicwiththeirachievementsB)pursueknowledgeforknowledge’ssakeC)obtainfundingfromthegovernmentD)translateknowledgeintowealth33.Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?A)Theythinktheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.B)Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionstothemselves.C)Theyknowittakespatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.D)Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.34.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause________.A)theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobewrongB)sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfundingC)someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonestyD)theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned35.Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?A)Itmakesthingsdifficultforscientistsseekingresearchfunds.B)Peoplewouldnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.C)Itmaydampentheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.D)Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.PassageFourInmanyways,today’sbusinessenvironmenthaschangedqualitativelysincethelate1980s.TheendoftheColdWarradicallyalteredtheverynatureoftheworld’spoliticsandeconomics.Injustafewshortyears,globalizationhasstartedavarietyoftrendswithprofoundconsequences:theopeningofmarkets,trueglobalcompetition,widespreadderegulation(解除政府对…的控制)ofindustry,andanabundanceofaccessiblecapital.Wehaveexperiencedboththebenefitsandrisksofatrulyglobaleconomy,withbothWallStreetandMainStreet(平民百姓)feelingthepainsofeconomicdisorderhalfaworldaway.Atthesametime,wehavefullyenteredtheInformationAge,Startingbreakthroughsininformationtechnologyhaveirreversiblyalteredtheabilitytoconductbusinessunconstrainedbythetraditionallimitationsoftimeorspace.Today,it’salmostimpossibletoimagineaworld

25withoutintranets,e-mail,andportablecomputers.Withstunningspeed,theInternetisprofoundlychangingthewaywework,shop,dobusiness,andcommunicate.Asaconsequence,wehavetrulyenteredthePost-Industrialeconomy.Wearerapidlyshiftingfromaneconomybasedonmanufacturingandcommoditiestoonethatplacesthegreatestvalueoninformation,services,support,anddistribution.Thatshift,inturn,placeanunprecedentedpremiumon“knowledgeworkers,”anewclassofwealthy,educated,andmobilepeoplewhoviewthemselvesasfreeagentsinaseller’smarket.Beyondtherealmofinformationtechnology,theacceleratedpaceoftechnologicalchangeinvirtuallyeveryindustryhascreatedentirelynewbusiness,wipedoutothers,andproducedaPervasive(广泛的)demandforcontinuousinnovation.Newproduct,process,anddistributiontechnologiesprovidepowerfulleversforcreatingcompetitivevalue.Morecompaniesarelearningtheimportanceofdestructivetechnologies—innovationsthatholdthepotentialtomakeaproductline,orevenanentirebusinesssegment,virtuallyoutdated.Anothermajortrendhasbeenthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets.There’sagrowingappreciationthatsuperficiallysimilargroupsofcustomersmayhaveverydifferentpreferencesintermsofwhattheywanttobuyandhowtheywanttobuyit.Now,newtechnologymakesiteasier,faster,andcheapertoidentifyandservetargetedmicro-marketsinwaysthatwerephysicallyimpossibleorprohibitivelyexpensiveinthepast.Moreover,thetrendfeedsonitself,abusiness’sabilitytoservesub-marketsfuelscustomers’appetitesformoreandmorespecializedofferings.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thechancesinthebusinessenvironmentinthepastdecadescanbeattributedto________.A)technologicaladvancesB)worldwideeconomicdisorderC)thefiercecompetitioninindustryD)theglobalizationofeconomy37.whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthesecondparagraph?A)Therapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhastakenbusinessmenbysurprise.B)Informationtechnologyhasremovedtherestrictionsoftimeandspaceinbusinesstransactions.C)TheInternet,intranets,e-mail,andportablecomputershavepenetratedeverycorneroftheworld.D)Thewaywedobusinesstodayhasbroughtaboutstartlingbreakthroughsininformationtechnology.38.IfabusinesswantstothriveinthePost-Industrialeconomy,________.A)ithastoinvestmorecapitalinthetrainingoffreeagentstooperateinaseller’smarketB)itshouldtryitsbesttosatisfytheincreasingdemandsofmobileknowledgeablepeopleC)itshouldnotoverlooktheimportanceofinformation,services,support,anddistributionD)ithastoprovideeachofitsemployeeswiththelatestinformationaboutthechangingmarket39.Intheauthor’sview,destructivetechnologiesareinnovationswhich________.A)caneliminateanentirebusinesssegmentB)demandaradicalchangeinprovidingservicesC)maydestroythepotentialofacompanytomakeanyprofitD)callforcontinuousimprovementinwaysofdoingbusiness40.Withthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets________.A)anincreasingnumberofcompanieshavedisintegratedB)manufacturersmustfocusononespecialproducttoremaincompetitiveinthemarketC)itisphysicallyimpossibleandprohibitivelyexpensivetodobusinessintheoldwayD)businesseshavetomeetindividualcustomers’specificneedsinordertosucceed2005年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneLow-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn’tharmrainforest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesof

26rich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfarming.ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom“blackcarbon”—theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred(烧成炭的)woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfarming.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil,“saysGlaser.Unburntvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure(粪肥).”Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrainforestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfarmers.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpottery(陶器)confirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.11.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat________.A)itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherainforestB)itdestroysrainforestsoilsC)ithelpsimproverainforestsoilsD)itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrainforestsoils12.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause________.A)thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstableB)blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrainsC)organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrainD)long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth13.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby________.A)studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazonB)examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizationsC)test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazonD)radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils14.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrainforests?A)Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.B)Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.C)Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.D)Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.15.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat________.

27A)humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorainforestsB)AmazonrainforestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworldC)farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrainforestsD)thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrainforestsPassageTwoAsawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon(扰乱)Europeans’privatelives.Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy(精通技术的)workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”OnlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”16.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause________.A)theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualismB)theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierageC)theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstabilityD)theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture17.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?A)Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.B)ItisgettingclosertoAmerican-stylecapitalism.C)Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.D)Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.18.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare________.A)warmandlightheartedB)oneithersideofmarriageC)negativeandgloomyD)healthyandwealthy19.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat________.

28A)somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedomB)thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEuropeC)someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonelyD)mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable20.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A)Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.B)Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.C)Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.D)Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.PassageThreeSupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershetestifiedtotheNewZealandgovernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganisations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.ButInghamstandsbyhercommentsandsaysthecomplaintsareanattempttosilenceher.“They’retryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,”InghamtoldNewScientist.Thecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand’sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyplantsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatplants,alloftheplantsdiedwithinaweek.“Wewouldloseterrestrial(陆生的)plants...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothecontinuedsurvivalofhumanbeings,”shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof“presentinginaccurate,carelessandexaggeratedinformation”and“generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界末日的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable”.Theysaythatherstudydoesn’tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofplants.What’smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham’sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA’sbio-pesticides(生物杀虫剂)division,says“thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest”theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It’salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilenceher.“Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn’tbeharassedinthisway,”saysAnnClarke,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission.“It’sanattempttosilencetheopposition.”21.Thepassagecentersonthecontroversy________.A)betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticmodificationB)astowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbecontinuedC)overthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonplantsD)aboutwhetherElaineInghamshouldbefiredbyheruniversity

2922.Inghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbasedon________.A)evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedStatesB)theresultsofanexperimentsheconductedherselfC)evidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermanbiologistsD)theresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,Oregon23.AccordingtoJanetAnderson,theEPA________.A)hascancelleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMorganismB)hasn’treviewedthefindingsofIngham’sresearchC)hasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMorganismD)hasn’tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMorganism24.AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork________.A)shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham’sclaimsB)shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulatedC)shouldn’tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviewsD)shouldn’tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway25.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?A)Hertestimonyhasn’tbeensupportedbytheEPA.B)Hercredibilityasascientisthasn’tbeenundermined.C)Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.D)ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.PassageFourEveryfall,likeclockwork,LindaKrentzofBeaverton,Oregon,feltherbraingoonstrike.“Ijustcouldn’tgetgoinginthemorning,”shesays.“I’dgetdepressedandgain10poundseverywinterandlosethemagaininthespring.”Thenshereadaboutseasonalaffectivedisorder,aformofdepressionthatoccursinfallandwinter,andshesawthelight-literally.Everymorningnowsheturnsonaspeciallyconstructedlightboxforhalfanhourandsitsinfrontofittotrickherbrainintothinkingit’sstillenjoyingthoselongsummerdays.Itseemstowork.Krentzisnotalone.Scientistsestimatethat10millionAmericanssufferfromseasonaldepressionand25millionmoredevelopmilderversions.Butthere’sneverbeendefinitiveproofthattreatmentwithverybrightlightsmakesadifference.Afterall,it’shardtodoadouble-blindtestwhenthesubjectscanseeforthemselveswhetherornotthelightison.That’swhynobodyhaseverseparatedtherealeffectsoflighttherapyfromplacebo(安慰剂)effects.Untilnow.Inthreeseparatestudiespublishedlastmonth,researchersreportnotonlythatlighttherapyworksbetterthanaplacebobutthattreatmentisusuallymoreeffectiveintheearlymorningthanintheevening.Intwoofthegroups,theplaceboproblemwasresolvedbytellingpatientstheywerecomparinglightboxestoanewanti-depressantdevicethatemitsnegativelychargedions(离子).Thethirdusedthetimingoflighttherapyasthecontrol.Whydoeslighttherapywork?Noonereallyknows.“Ourresearchsuggestsithassomethingtodowithshiftingthebody’sinternalclock,”sayspsychiatristDr.Lewey.Thebodyisprogrammedtostartthedaywithsunrise,heexplains,andthisgetslaterasthedaysgetshorter.Butwhysuchsubtleshiftsmakesomepeopledepressedandnotothersisamystery.Thathasn’tstoppedthousandsofwinterdepressivesfromtryingtohealthemselves.Lightboxesforthatpurposeareavailablewithoutadoctor’sprescription.ThatbotherspsychologistMichaelTermanofColumbiaUniversity.Heisworriedthattheboxesmaybetriedbypatientswhosufferfrommentalillnessthatcan’tbetreatedwithlight.Termanhasdevelopedaquestionnairetohelpdeterminewhetherexpertcareisneeded.Inanyevent,youshouldchooseareputablemanufacturer.Whateverproductyouuseshouldemitonlyvisiblelight,becauseultravioletlightdamagestheeyes.Ifyouarephotosensitive(对光敏感的),youmaydeveloparash.Otherwise,themaindrawbackishavingtositinfrontofthelightfor30to60minutesinthemorning.That’saninconveniencemanywinterdepressivescanlivewith.

3026.WhatistheprobablecauseofKrentz’sproblem?A)Anunexpectedgaininbodyweight.B)Unexplainedimpairmentofhernervoussystem.C)Weakeningofhereyesightwiththesettinginofwinter.D)Pooradjustmentofherbodyclocktoseasonalchanges.27.BysayingthatLindaKrentzsawthelight”(Line4,Para.1),theauthormeansthatshe________.A)learnedhowtoloseweightB)realizedwhatherproblemwasC)cametoseetheimportanceoflightD)becamelight-heartedandcheerful28.WhatistheCURRENTviewconcerningthetreatmentofseasonaldepressionwithbrightlights?A)Itseffectremainstobeseen.B)Itservesasakindofplacebo.C)Itprovestobeaneffectivetherapy.D)Ithardlyproducesanyeffects.29.WhatispsychologistMichaelTerman’smajorconcern?A)Winterdepressiveswillbeaddictedtousinglightboxes.B)Nomentalpatientswouldbothertoconsultpsychiatrists.C)Inferiorlightboxeswillemitharmfulultravioletlights.D)Lighttherapycouldbemisusedbycertainmentalpatients.30.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Winterdepressivespreferlighttherapyinspiteofitsinconvenience.B)Lighttherapyincreasesthepatient’sphotosensitivity.C)Eyedamageisasideeffectoflighttherapy.D)Lightboxescanbeprogrammedtocorrespondtoshiftsinthebodyclock.2005年1月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneThroughoutthenation’smorethan15,000schooldistricts,widelydifferingapproachestoteachingscienceandmathhaveemerged.Thoughtherecanbestrengthindiversity,anewinternationalanalysissuggeststhatthisvariabilityhasinsteadcontributedtolackluster(平淡的)achievementscoresbyU.S.childrenrelativetotheirpeersinotherdevelopedcountries.Indeed,concludesWilliamH.SchmidtofMichiganStateUniversity,wholedthenewanalysis,“nosingleintellectuallycoherentvisiondominatesU.S.educationalpracticeinmathorscience.”Thereason,hesaid,“isbecausethesystemisdeeplyandfundamentallyflawed.”Thenewanalysis,releasedthisweekbytheNationalScienceFoundationinArlington,Va.,isbasedondatacollectedfromabout50nationsaspartoftheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.NotonlydoapproachestoteachingscienceandmathvaryamongindividualU.S.communities,thereportfinds,butthereappearstobelittlestrategicfocuswithinaschooldistrict’scurricula,itstextbooks,oritsteachers’activities.Thiscontrastssharplywiththecoordinatednationalprogramsofmostothercountries.Onaverage,U.S.studentsstudymoretopicswithinscienceandmaththantheirinternationalcounterpartsdo.Thiscreatesaneducationalenvironmentthat“isamilewideandaninchdeep,”Schmidtnotes.Forinstance,eighthgradersintheUnitedStatescoverabout33topicsinmathversusjust19inJapan.Amongsciencecourses,theinternationalgapisevenwider.U.S.curriculaforthisagelevelresemblethoseofasmallgroupofcountriesincludingAustralia,Thailand,Iceland,andBulgaria.SchmidtaskswhethertheUnitedStateswantstobeclassedwiththesenations,whoseeducationalsystems“shareourpatternofsplintered(支离破碎的)visions”butwhicharenoteconomicleaders.Thenewreport“couldn’tcomeatabettertime,”saysGeraldWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationinArlington.“ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsprovidethatfocusedvision,”includingthecall“todoless,butingreaterdepth.”

31Implementingthenewsciencestandardsandtheirmathcounterpartswillbethechallenge,heandSchmidtagree,becausethedecentralizedresponsibilityforeducationintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatanyreformsbetailoredandinstitutedonecommunityatatime.Infact,Schmidtargues,reformssuchastheseproposednationalstandards“faceanalmostimpossibletask,becauseeventhoughtheyareintellectuallycoherent,eachbecomesonlyonemorevoiceinthebabble(嘈杂声).”21.Accordingtothepassage,theteachingofscienceandmathinAmericais________.A)losingitsvitalitygraduallyB)characterizedbyitsdiversityC)goingdownhillinrecentyearsD)focusedontappingstudents’potential22.ThefundamentalflawofAmericanschooleducationisthat________.A)itattachestoomuchimportancetointensivestudyofschoolsubjectsB)itreliesheavilyontheinitiativeofindividualteachersC)itsetsaverylowacademicstandardforstudentsD)itlacksacoordinatednationalprogram23.BysayingthattheU.S.educationalenvironmentis“amilewideandaninchdeep”(Line2,Para.5),theauthormeansU.S.educationalpractice________.A)scratchesthesurfaceofawiderangeoftopicsB)laysstressonqualityattheexpenseofquantityC)encourageslearningbothindepthandinscopeD)offersanenvironmentforcomprehensiveeducation24.ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsaregoodnewsinthattheywill________.A)solvemostoftheproblemsinschoolteachingB)providedepthtoschoolscienceeducationC)quicklydominateU.S.educationalpracticeD)beabletomeetthedemandsofthecommunity25.Puttingthenewscienceandmathstandardsintopracticewillprovedifficultbecause________.A)manyschoolteacherschallengetheacceptabilityofthesestandardsB)thereisalwayscontroversyineducationalcirclesC)notenougheducatorshaverealizedthenecessityfordoingsoD)schooldistrictsareresponsibleformakingtheirowndecisionsPassageTwoIhadanexperiencesomeyearsagowhichtaughtmesomethingaboutthewaysinwhichpeoplemakeabadsituationworsebyblamingthemselves.OneJanuary,Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfortwoelderlywomeninmycommunity.Bothhaddied“fullofyears,”astheBiblewouldsay;bothyieldedtothenormalwearingoutofthebodyafteralongandfulllife.Theirhomeshappenedtobeneareachother,soIpaidcondolence(吊唁)callsonthetwofamiliesonthesameafternoon.Atthefirsthome,thesonofthedeceased(已故的)womansaidtome,“IfonlyIhadsentmymothertoFloridaandgottenheroutofthiscoldandsnow,shewouldbealivetoday.It’smyfaultthatshedied.”Atthesecondhome,thesonoftheotherdeceasedwomansaid,“IfonlyIhadn’tinsistedonmymother’sgoingtoFlorida,shewouldbealivetoday.Thatlongairplaneride,theabruptchangeofclimate,wasmorethanshecouldtake.It’smyfaultthatshe’sdead.”Whenthingsdon’tturnoutaswewouldlikethemto,itisverytemptingtoassumethathadwedonethingsdifferently,thestorywouldhavehadahappierending.Priestsknowthatanytimethereisadeath,thesurvivorswillfeelguilty.Becausethecourseofactiontheytookturnedoutbadly,theybelievethattheoppositecourse-keepingMotherathome,postponingtheoperation—wouldhaveturnedoutbetter.Afterall,howcouldithaveturnedoutanyworse?Thereseemtobetwoelementsinvolvedinourreadinesstofeelguilt.Thefirstisourpressingneedtobelievethattheworldmakessense,thatthereisacauseforeveryeffectandareasonforeverythingthathappens.Thatleadsustofindpatternsandconnectionsbothwherethey

32reallyexistandwheretheyexistonlyinourminds.Thesecondelementisthenotionthatwearethecauseofwhathappens,especiallythebadthingsthathappen.Itseemstobeashortstepfrombelievingthateveryeventhasacausetobelievingthateverydisasterisourfault.Therootsofthisfeelingmaylieinourchildhood.Psychologistsspeakoftheinfantilemythofomnipotence(万能).Ababycomestothinkthattheworldexiststomeethisneeds,andthathemakeseverythinghappeninit.Hewakesupinthemorningandsummonstherestoftheworldtoitstasks.Hecries,andsomeonecomestoattendtohim.Whenheishungry,peoplefeedhim,andwhenheiswet,peoplechangehim.Veryoften,wedonotcompletelyoutgrowthatinfantilenotionthatourwishescausethingstohappen.26.Whatissaidaboutthetwodeceasedelderlywomen?A)Theylivedoutanaturallife.B)Theydiedduetolackofcarebyfamilymembers.C)Theydiedofexhaustionafterthelongplaneride.D)Theyweren’taccustomedtothechangeinweather.27.Theauthorhadtoconductthetwowomen’sfuneralsprobablybecause________.A)hehadgreatsympathyforthedeceasedB)hewantedtoconsolethetwofamiliesC)hewaspriestofthelocalchurchD)hewasanofficialfromthecommunity28.Peoplefeelguiltyforthedeathsoftheirlovedonesbecause________.A)theybelievethattheywereresponsibleB)theyhadneglectedthenaturalcourseofeventsC)theycouldn’tfindabetterwaytoexpresstheirgriefD)theydidn’tknowthingsoftenturnoutintheoppositedirection29.Inthecontextofthepassage,“...theworldmakessense”(Line2,Para,4)probablymeansthat________.A)wehavetobesensibleinordertounderstandtheworldB)everythingintheworldispredeterminedC)there’sanexplanationforeverythingintheworldD)theworldcanbeinterpretedindifferentways30.Peoplehavebeenmadetobelievesinceinfancythat________.A)everystoryshouldhaveahappyendingB)theirwishesarethecauseofeverythingthathappensC)lifeanddeathisanunsolvedmysteryD)everybodyisattheircommandPassageThree“I’venevermetahumanworthcloning,”sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromhislabatTexasA&MUniversity.“It’sastupidendeavor.”That’saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteamhavenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocowsandexpecttocloneacatsoon.TheyjustmightsucceedincloningMissythisspring—orperhapsnotforanother5years.Itseemsthereproductivesystemofman’sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.Westhusin’sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimupsetbyallthistalkofhumancloning.InthreeyearsofworkontheMissyproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofdog’seggs,theA&Mteamhasproducedonlyadozenorsoembryos(胚胎)carryingMissy’sDNA.Nonehavesurvivedthetransfertoasurrogate(代孕的)mother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetuses(胎)maybeacceptablewhenyou’redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans.“Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,”hesays.Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin’sphonehasbeenringingwithpeoplecallinginhopesofduplicatingtheircatsanddogs,cattleandhorses.“Alotofpeoplewanttoclonepets,especiallyifthepriceisright,”saysWesthusin.CostisnoobstacleforMissy’smysteriousbillionaireowner;

33he’sputup$3.7millionsofartofundA&M’sresearch.Contrarytosomemediareports,Missyisnotdead.TheownerwantsatwintocarryonMissy’sfinequalitiesaftershedoesdie.Theprototypeis,byallaccounts,athletic,good-naturedandsupersmart.Missy’smasterdoesnotexpectanexactcopyofher.Heknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.Inastatementofpurpose,Missy’sownerandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare“bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonesdifferfromMissy.”Besidescloningagreatdog,theprojectmaycontributeinsightintotheoldquestionofnaturevs,nurture.Itcouldalsoleadtothecloningofspecialrescuedogsandmanyendangeredanimals.However,Westhusiniscautiousabouthiswork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogpregnant,theoffspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems~“Whywouldyoueverwanttoclonehumans,Westhusinasks,“whenwe’renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?”31.By“stupidendeavor”(Line2,Para.1),Westhusinmeanstosaythat________.A)humancloningisafoolishundertakingB)animalcloningisabsolutelyimpracticalC)humancloningshouldbedoneselectivelyD)animalcloningisnotworththeeffortatall32.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin’sdogcloningproject?A)Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.B)Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.C)Itisprogressingsmoothly.D)Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.33.BycloningMissy,MarkWesthusinhopesto________.A)examinethereproductivesystemofthedogspeciesB)findoutthedifferencesbetweenMissyanditsclonesC)searchforwaystomodify.itstemperamentD)studythepossibilityofcloninghumans34.Welearnfromthepassagethatanimalclonesarelikelytohave________.A)anabnormalshapeB)abadtemperC)defectiveorgansD)immunedeficiency35.Itcanbeseenthatpresentcloningtechniques________.A)provideinsightintothequestionofnaturevs,nurtureB)havebeenwidelyusedinsavingendangeredspeciesC)haveprovedquiteadequateforthecloningofhumansD)stillhavealongwaytogobeforereachingmaturityPassageFourFrustratedwithdelaysinSacramento,BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion’sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.ASanJosecouncilwomanandaSanFranciscosupervisorsaidtheywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly.TheyareamongagrowingnumberofCaliforniacitiesandcountiesthathaveexpressedthesameintention.Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.Anestimated6milliontelevisionsandcomputersarestockedinCaliforniahomes,andanadditional6,000to7,000computersbecomeoutdatedeveryday.Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills(垃圾填埋场).LegislationbySenatorByronSherwouldrequireconsumerstopayarecyclingfeeofupto$30oneverynewmachinecontainingacathode(阴极)raytube.Usedinalmostallvideomonitorsandtelevisions,thosedevicescontainfourtoeightpoundsofleadeach.Thefeeswouldgotowardsettinguprecyclingprograms,providinggrantstonon-profitagenciesthatreusethetubesandrewardingmanufacturersthatencouragerecycling.AseparatebillbyLosAngeles-areaSenatorGloriaRomerowouldrequirehigh-techmanufacturerstodevelopprogramstorecycleso-callede-waste.Ifpassed,themeasureswouldputCaliforniaattheforefrontofnationaleffortstomanagethe

34refuseoftheelectronicage.Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronicsAssociation,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.“Whatreallyneedstooccurisconsumereducation.Mostconsumersareunawarethey’renotsupposedtothrowcomputersinthetrash,”saidRoxanneGould,vicepresidentofgovernmentrelationsfortheelectronicsassociation.Computerrecyclingshouldbealocaleffortandpartofresidentialwastecollectionprograms,sheadded.Recyclingelectronicwasteisadangerousandspecializedmatter,andenvironmentalistsmaintainthestatemustsupportrecyclingeffortsandensurethatthejobisn’tcontractedtounscrupulous(毫无顾忌的)junkdealerswhosendthetoxicpartsoverseas.“Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina,”saidTedSmith,directoroftheSiliconValleyToxicsCoalition.HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher’sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.36.WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal?A)Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.B)LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.C)Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.D)Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.37.ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern________.A)thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestateB)regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfillsC)thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrashD)thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountries38.Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause________.A)thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernmentB)somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhereC)unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofitD)theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstances39.High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill________.A)hesitatetoupgradetheircomputersB)abandononlineshoppingC)buythemfromotherstatesD)stronglyprotestagainstsuchacharge40.WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia’selectronicwastehasbeen________.A)dumpedintolocallandfillsB)exportedtoforeigncountriesC)collectedbynon-profitagenciesD)recycledbycomputermanufacturers2004年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneGiventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay‘abouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adultswhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人轶事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,“Neverwassodullaboy.”Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheirgiftswerenot

35scholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:“BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach.”Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformityandstubbornness(andYeats’slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.21.Themainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthat________.A)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossibleB)theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents’abilityC)theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudentsD)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgrounds22.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith’steachers________.A)toshowhowpoorOliver’sperformancewasatschoolB)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildrenC)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessfulD)toprovidesupportforhisargument23.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwho________.A)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfullyB)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclassC)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooftenD)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers24.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess________.A)lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalentB)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathomeC)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents’coachingD)moretotheirparents’encouragementthantoschooltraining25.Therootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthat________.A)theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachersB)schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethemC)theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftroubleD)teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparentsPassageTwoIt’shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,it’sbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫机者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That’sbeenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS)(移民归化局)lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentionallyoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness(马虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11

36tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeiteasiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat’sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncethey’rehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenblockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they’vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept,11tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthemillionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation’sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.26.Terroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageof________.A)theirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpointsB)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeignersC)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeopleD)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService27.WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciesto________.A)limitthenumberOfimmigrantstotheU.S.B)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapersC)wardoffterroristsuspectsattheborderD)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisas28.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisas________.A)mightstayonforaslongas[heywishedB)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsC)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportationD)mighthavethemextendedwithouttrouble29.ItisbelievedbymanythatalltheseyearstheINS________.A)hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctionsB)hasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbiesC)hasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation’ssecurityD)hasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminately30.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.Congresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecause________.A)educationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationalsecurityB)resourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcementC)itwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmenD)theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplaborPassageThreeItwastheworsttragedyinmaritime(航海的)history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoes(鱼雷)firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,children

37andoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.I’llneverforgetthescreams,”saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermany’sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn’tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:“Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.”Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:“BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn’thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.”ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry’smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize(使…不得势)theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today’sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey’yenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.31.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?A)ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B)Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.C)Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.D)Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.32.Hundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhen________.A)thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideB)astrongicestormtiltedtheshipC)thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenD)thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats33.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermans________.A)wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB)hadbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitC)wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighborsD)feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarII34.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?A)Bydescribingtheship’ssinkingingreatdetail.B)BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.C)Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.D)Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.35.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthat________.A)theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenation’spastmisdeedsB)GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIIC)theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyD)it-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesPassageFourWhenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkaboutthe

38Federalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It’sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland’slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It’sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat’sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda“freetrialoffer”had30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.They,didn’tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanydeniesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields“transactionandexperience”information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefirms.They’vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Self-regulationdoesn’twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that“allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential.”ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn’t“sell”yourdataatall.Itmerely“shares”itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.36.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople’sprivacy________.A)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBIB)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscirclesC)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSD)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettaping37.Weknowfromthepassagethat________.A)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers’buyinghabits38.Whenthe“freetrial”deadlineisover,you’llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceif________.A)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberB)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodC)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadlineD)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactory39.Businessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecause

39________.A)itisconsidered“transactionandexperience”informationunprotectedbylawB)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicC)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulationD)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicy40.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.A)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)“freetrial”practicewilleventuallybebannedC)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedD)consumers’privacywillcontinuetobeinvaded2003年12月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneForyears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemextensiveurine(尿).Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollarsyouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.Oratleastthat’stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.WalterWillettandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementswouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whileresearchersworkonfiguringoutwherethetruthlies,itjustmakessensetosaythepotentialbenefitoutweighsthecost.Thebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.It’sbeenprovedtolimitthenumberofdefectsinembryos(胚胎),andarecenttrialfoundthatfolateincombinationwithvitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalrepair.ThenewsonvitaminEhasbeenmoremixed.Healthyfolkswhotake400internationalunitsdailyforatleasttwoyearsappearsomewhatlesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.ButwhendoctorsgivevitaminEtopatientswhoalreadyhaveheartdisease,thevitamindoesn’tseemtohelp.ItmayturnoutthatvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionbutcannotundoseriousdamage.DespitevitaminC’sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes(排泄)anyexcess.Themultivitaminsquestionboilsdowntothis:Doyouneedtowaituntilalltheevidenceisinbeforeyoutakethem,orareyouwillingtoacceptthatthere’senoughevidencethattheydon’thurtandcouldhelp?Ifthelatter,there’snoneedtogotoextremesandbuythebiggesthorsepillsorthemostexpensivebottles.Largedosescancausetrouble,includingexcessivebleedingandnervoussystemproblems.Multivitaminsarenosubstituteforexerciseandabalanceddiet,ofcourse.Aslongasyouunderstandthatanypotentialbenefitismodestandsubjecttofurtherrefinement,takingadailymultivitaminmakesalotofsense.21.Atonetimedoctorsdiscouragedtakingmultivitaminsbecausetheybelievedthatmultivitamins________.A)couldnoteasilybeabsorbedbythehumanbodyB)werepotentiallyharmfultopeople’shealthC)weretooexpensivefordailyconsumptionD)couldnotprovideanycureforvitamindeficiencies22.Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements________.A)oftenresultinmisleadingconclusionsB)taketimeandwillnotproduce

40conclusiveresultsC)shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscaleD)appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources23.IthasbeenfoundthatvitaminE________.A)shouldbetakenbypatientsregularlyandpersistentlyB)caneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofheartdiseaseC)hasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartdiseaseD)shouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyaspossible24.Itcanbeseenthatlargedosesofmultivitamins________.A)maybringaboutserioussideeffectsB)mayhelppreventexcessivebleedingC)arelikelytoinducetheblockageofarteriesD)areadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies25.Theauthorconcludesthepassagewiththeadvicethat________.A)thebenefitofdailymultivitaminintakeoutweighsthatofexerciseandabalanceddietB)it’sriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificfunctionC)thepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeoverestimatedD)it’sreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsdailyPassageTwoSomefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurge(剧增)ofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverse(反面)ofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriages.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.Coincidentwiththeincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife’sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily’sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily’sfinancialandemotionalstability.Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.Also,amajorpartofwomen’sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinthefamily.Aworkingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.26.Theword“portend”(Line2,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto“________”.A)defyB)signalC)sufferfromD)resultfrom27.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,________.A)menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartnersB)morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurityC)evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriages

41D)morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing28.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,________.A)theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartnersB)theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehouseworkC)theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthenedD)theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage29.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat________.A)theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedomB)theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbandsC)theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectationsD)theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands’loyaltytotheirmarriage30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor’sviewinthepassage?A)Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.B)Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.C)Inordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependent.D)Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.PassageThreeFormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists—thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled“humannature.”Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology(人类学).Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate(天生的)humantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto“humannature”inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.31.Thetraditionalviewof“humannature”wasstronglychallengedby________.A)theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheoryB)thehistoricalapproachtomanC)newinsightintohumanbehaviorD)thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery32.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings________.A)havesometraitsincommonB)arebornwithdiversecultures

42C)arebornwithoutafixednatureD)changetheircharactersastheygrowup33.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinker,inorderto________.A)emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof“humannature”B)showthattheconceptof“humannature”wasusedtojustifysocialevilsC)provethathehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof“humannature”D)supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired34.Theword“untenable”(Line3)inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostprobablymeans________.A)invaluableB)imaginableC)changeableD)indefensible35.Mostphilosophersbelievedthathumannature________.A)isthequalitydistinguishingmanfromotheranimalsB)consistsofcompetitivenessandselfishnessC)issomethingpartlyinnateandpartlyacquiredD)consistsofrationalityandundesirablebehaviorPassageFourRichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners(从业者).“Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(头盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor(肿瘤).Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures—operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered—surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”36.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine________.A)willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldB)canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldC)willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldD)canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield37.RichardSatavahasvisionsof________.A)usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseas

43B)woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldC)woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonsD)settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas38.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?A)Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.B)Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.C)Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothem.D)A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.39.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause________.A)heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreenB)thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglesC)thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedD)heiswearing3-Dglasses40.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey________.A)causelesspaintothewoundedB)allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyC)willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstediousD)aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision2003年9月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneIn1985whenaJapanAirLines(JAL)jetcrashed,itspresident,YasumotoTakagi,calledeachvictim’sfamilytoapologize,andthenpromptlyresigned.Andin1987,whenasubsidiaryofToshibasolesensitivemilitarytechnologytotheformerSovietUnion,thechairmanofToshibagaveuphispost.Theseexecutiveactions,whichToshibacalls“thehighestformofapology,”mayseembizarretoUSmanagers.NooneatBoeingresignedaftertheJALcrash,whichmayhavebeencausedbyafaultyBoeingrepair.Thedifferencebetweenthetwobusinessculturescentersarounddifferentdefinitionsofdelegation.WhileUSexecutivesgivebothresponsibilityandauthoritytotheiremployees,Japaneseexecutivesdelegateonlyauthority—theresponsibilityisstilltheirs.AlthoughthesubsidiarythatsoldthesensitivetechnologytotheSovietshaditsownmanagement,theToshibatopexecutivessaidthey“musttakepersonalresponsibilityfornotcreatinganatmospherethroughouttheToshibagroupthatwouldmakesuchactivityunthinkable,eveninanindependentlyrunsubsidiary.”SuchacceptanceofcommunityresponsibilityisnotuniquetobusinessesinJapan.SchoolprincipalsinJapanhaveresignedwhentheirstudentscommittedmajorcrimesafterschoolhours.Eveniftheydonotquit,Japaneseexecutiveswilloftenacceptprimaryresponsibilityinotherways,suchastakingthefirstpaycutwhenacompanygetsintofinancialtrouble.Suchpersonalsacrifices,eveniftheyarelargelysymbolic,helptocreatethesenseofcommunityandemployeeloyaltythatiscrucialtotheJapanesewayofdoingbusiness.HarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorGeorgeLodgecallstheritualacceptanceofblame“almostafeudal(封建的)wayofpurging(清除)thecommunityofdishonor,”andtosomeintheUnitedStates,suchresignationslookcowardly.However,inanerainwhichbothbusinessandgovernmentalleadersseemparticularlygoodatevadingresponsibility,manyUSmanagerswouldprobablywelcomeaninfusion(灌输)oftheJapanesesenseofresponsibility.If,forinstance,USautomobilecompanyexecutivesofferedtoreducetheirownsalariesbeforetheyaskedtheirworkerstotakepaycuts,negotiationswouldprobablytakeonaverydifferentcharacter.21.WhydidthechairmanofToshibaresignhispositionin1987?A)BecauseinJapan,theleakageofastatesecrettoRussiansisagravecrime.B)Becausehehadbeenunderattackforshiftingresponsibilitytohissubordinates.

44C)BecauseinJapan,thechiefexecutiveofacorporationisheldresponsibleforthemistakemadebyitssubsidiaries.D)Becausehehadbeenaccusedofbeingcowardlytowardscrisesthatweretakingplaceinhiscorporation.22.AccordingtothepassageifyouwanttobeagoodmanagerinJapan,youhaveto________.A)apologizepromptlyforyoursubordinates’mistakesB)beskillfulinacceptingblamesfromcustomersC)makesymbolicsacrificeswhenevernecessaryD)createastrongsenseofcompanyloyalty23.What’sProfessorGeorgeLodge’sattitudetowardstheresignationsofJapanesecorporateleaders?A)Sympathetic.B)Biased.C)Critical.D)Approving.24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)BoeinghadnothingtodowiththeJALaircrashin1985.B)Americanexecutivesconsiderauthorityandresponsibilityinseparable.C)Schoolprincipalsbearlegalresponsibilityforstudents’crimes.D)Persuadingemployeestotakepaycutsdoesn’thelpsolvecorporatecrises.25.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A)resignationasaneffectivewayofdealingwithbusinesscrisesB)theimportanceofdelegatingresponsibilitytoemployeesC)waysofevadingresponsibilityintimesofcrisesD)thedifferencebetweentwobusinessculturesPassageTwoAsmachinesgo,thecarisnotterriblynoisy,norterriblypolluting,norterriblydangerous;andonallthosedimensionsithasbecomebetterasthecenturyhasgrownolder.Themainproblemisitsprevalence,andthesocialcoststhatensuefromtheusebyeveryoneofsomethingthatwouldbefairlyharmlessif,say,onlytherichweretouseit.Itisapricewepayforequality.Beforebecomingtoogloomy,itisworthrecallingwhythecarhasbeenarguablythemostsuccessfulandpopularproductofthewholeofthepast100years—andremainsso.Thestorybeginswiththeenvironmentalimprovementitbroughtinthe1900s.InNewYorkcityin1900,accordingtotheCarCulture,a1975bookbyJ.Flink,ahistorian,horsesdeposited2.5millionpoundsofmanure(粪)and60,000gallonsofurine(尿)everyday.Everyyear,thecityauthoritieshadtoremoveanaverageof15,000deadhorsesfromthestreets,itmadecarssmellofroses.Carswerealsowonderfullyflexible.Themainearliersolutiontohorsepollutionandtrafficjamswastheelectrictrolleybus(电车).Butthatrequiredfixedoverheadwires,andrailsandplatforms,whichwereexpensive,ugly,andinflexible.ThecarcouldgofromanyAtoanyB,andallowedtownstodevelopinalldirectionswithlow-densityhousing,ratherthanjustbeingconcentratedalongthetrolleyorraillines.Ruralareasbenefitedtoo,fortheybecamelessremote.However,sincepollutionbecameaconcerninthe1950s,expertshavepredicted—wrongly—thatthecarboomwasabouttoend.InhisbookMr.Flinkarguedthatby1973theAmericanmarkethadbecomesaturated,atonecarforevery2.25people,andsohadthemarketsofJapanandWesternEurope(becauseoflandshortages).Environmentalworriesanddiminishingoilreserveswouldprohibitmasscaruseanywhereelse.Hewaswrong.Between1970and1990,whereasAmerica’spopulationgrewby23%,thenumberofcarsonitsroadsgrewby60%.Thereisnowonecarforevery1.7peoplethere,oneforevery2.1inJapan,oneforevery5.3inBritain.Around550millioncarsarealreadyontheroads,nottomentionallthetrucksandmocorcyeles,andabout50millionnewonesaremadeeachyearworldwide.Willitgoon?Undoubtedly,becausepeoplewantitto.26.Asisgiveninthefirstparagraph,thereasonwhythecarhasbecomeaproblemisthat________.A)poorpeoplecan’tafforditB)itistooexpensivetomaintain

45C)toomanypeopleareusingitD)itcausestoomanyroadaccidents27.Accordingtothepassage,thecarstartedtogainpopularitybecause________.A)itdidn’tbreakdownaseasilyasahorseB)ithadacomparativelypleasantodorC)itcausedlesspollutionthanhorsesD)itbrightenedupthegloomystreets28.Whatimpactdidtheuseofcarshaveonsociety?A)Peoplewerecompelledtoleavedowntownareas.B)Peoplewereabletoliveinlesscrowdedsuburbanareas.C)Businessalongtrolleyandraillinesslackened.D)Citystreetswerefreeofuglyoverheadwires.29.Mr.Flinkarguedinhisbookthatcarswouldnotbewidelyusedinothercountriesbecause________.A)theonceboomingcarmarkethasbecomesaturatedB)trafficjamsinthosecountriesaregettingmoreandmoreseriousC)expensivemotorwaysarenotavailableinlessdevelopedcountriesD)peopleworryaboutpollutionandthediminishingoilresources30.What’swrongwithMr.Flink’sprediction?A)Theuseofautomobileshaskeptincreasingworldwide.B)Newgenerationsofcarsarevirtuallypollutionfree.C)ThepopulationofAmericahasnotincreasedasfast.D)People’senvironmentalconcernsareconstantlyincreasing.PassageThreeCryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,orjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncomfortableandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating(毁灭性的)tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudgingfromrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefinitelyknowntoshedemotionaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponses,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormorefunctionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytoelicitassistancefromothers(asacryingbabymightfromitsmother),thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention.So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress.UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.Bothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareshedinresponsetoemotion.Tearsshedbecauseofexposuretocutonionwouldcontainnosuchsubstance.Researchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansofdiagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity’sTeatAnalysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication(药物),todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybeuncomfortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye”syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDr.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsforcluestothediagnosisofdiseasesawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytinyamountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedanalyses.31.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat________.

46A)sheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmericanB)cryingmayoftenimitatepeopleorevenresultintragedyC)cryingusuallywinssympathyfromotherpeopleD)onewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeblamed32.Whatdoes“boththoseresponsestotears”(Line5,Para,1)referto?A)Cryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsforhappiness.B)Theembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationoftheobservers.C)Thetearshedder’sapologyandtheobserver’sefforttostopthecrying.D)Linkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionoftears.33.“Counterproductive”(Lines5,Para,1)veryprobablymeans“________”.A)havingnoeffectatallB)leadingtotensionC)producingdisastrousimpactD)harmfultohealth34.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcrying?A)Itisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheenvironment.B)Itmusthavearoletoplayinman’ssurvival.C)Itismeanttogetattentionandassistance.D)Itusuallyproducesthedesiredeffect.35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?A)Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.B)Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.C)Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.D)Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears.PassageFourItisnosecretamongathletesthatinordertoimproveperformanceyou’vegottoworkhard.However,hardtrainingbreaksyoudownandmakesyouweaker,itisrestthatmakesyoustronger.Improvementonlyoccursduringtherestperiodfollowinghardtraining.Thisadaptationisaccomplishedbyimprovingefficiencyoftheheartandcertainsystemswithinthemusclecells.Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelstocompensateforthestressthatyouhaveapplied.Theresultisthatyouarenowatahigherlevelofperformance.Ifsufficientrestisnotincludedinatrainingprogram,imbalancebetweenexcesstrainingandinadequaterestwilloccur,andperformancewilldecline.The“overtrainingsyndrome(综合症)”isthenamegiventothecollectionofemotional,behavioral,andphysicalsymptomsduetoovertrainingthathaspersistedforweekstomonths.Itismarkedbycumulativeexhaustionthatpersistsevenafterrecoveryperiods.Themostcommonsymptomisfatigue.Thismaylimitworkoutsandmaybepresentatrest.Theathletesmayalsobecomemoody,easilyimitated,havealteredsleeppatterns,becomedepressed,orlosethecompetitivedesireandenthusiasmforthesport.Somewillreportdecreasedappetiteandweightloss.Physicalsymptomsincludepersistentmuscularsoreness,increasedfrequencyofviral(病毒性的)illnesses,andincreasedincidenceofinjuries.Thetreatmentfortheovertrainingsyndromeisrest.Thelongertheovertraininghasoccurred,themorerestrequired,therefore,earlydetectionisveryimportant.Iftheovertraininghasonlyoccurredforashortperiodoftime(e.g.3-4weeks)theninterruptingtrainingfor3-5daysisusuallysufficientrest.Itisimportantthatthefactorsthatleadtoovertrainingbeidentifiedandcorrected.Otherwise,theovertrainingsyndromeislikelytorecur.Theovertrainingsyndromeshouldbeconsideredinanyathletewhomanifestssymptomsofprolongedfatigueandwhoseperformancehasleveledoffordecreased.Itisimportanttoexcludeanyunderlyingillnessthatmayberesponsibleforthefatigue.36.Thefirstparagraphofthepassagetellsusthat________.A)theharderanathletetrains,thebetterhisperformancewillbeB)restaftervigoroustrainingimprovesanathlete’sperformance

47C)strictsystematictrainingisessentialtoanathlete’stopperformanceD)improvementofanathlete’sperformanceoccursinthecourseoftraining37.By“overtraining”theauthormeans________.A)aseriesofphysicalsymptomsthatoccuraftertrainingB)undueemphasisontheimportanceofphysicalexertionC)trainingthatisnotadequatelycompensatedforbyrestD)trainingthathasexceededanathlete’semotionallimits38.Whatdoesthepassagetellusaboutthe“overtraining”syndrome?A)Itoccurswhenathletesloseinterestinsports.B)Itappearsrightafterahardtrainingsession.C)Thefatigueitresultsinisunavoidableintheathlete’strainingprocess.D)Itmanifestsitselfinfatiguewhichlingersevenafterarecoveryperiod.39.Whatdoesthephrase“leveloff”(Line5,Para.4)mostprobablymean?A)Slowdown.B)Becomedull.C)Stopimproving.D)Beonthedecline.40.Theauthoradvisesattheendofthepassagethat________.A)overtrainingsyndromeshouldbetreatedasaseriousillnessB)overtrainingsyndromeshouldbepreventedbeforeitoccursC)anathletewithovertrainingsyndromeshouldtakealengthyrestD)illnesscausingfatigueshouldnotbemistakenforovertrainingsyndrome2003年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneInthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld’sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking(黑客的)tricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle(闯入……行窃).ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsiteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthatautomaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandothertypesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.Allthesemakewonderfultoolsforantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcausedamage.Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn’tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(恶意破坏)isn’tmuchfununlessyouhaveapeculiardislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let’senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.21.Bysaying“...ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors”(Lines3-4,Para.2),theauthormeansthat________.A)thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithusB)theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout

48C)manysitesarenotwell-protectedD)hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin22.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFannercanbeused________.A)toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsitesB)toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystemC)topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsitesD)todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation23.Fanner’sprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause.A)itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsersB)itcanbreakintoInternetsitesC)itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsitesD)itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent24.Theauthor’sattitudetowardSATANis________.A)enthusiasticB)criticalC)positiveD)indifferent25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat________.A)weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthenedB)weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurityC)influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurityD)netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternetPassageTwoIcameawayfrommyyearsofteachingonthecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconvictionthatenactment(扮演角色),performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteaching.Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningprocess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils“cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,”andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents“gladtheywerethere.”Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecturemethod,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,muchtruthinPatriciaNelsonLimerick’sobservationthat“lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGoddidnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbytheurgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15minutesatatime...foronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...IdonotbelievethatthisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo.”Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents’emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.Thecult(推崇)oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,someyears.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed“apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromoldlecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcardsthathadservedforyears,tojudgebythewornedges...Theteachersbeganontime,endedontime,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheirstudents,veryseldombeingdetainedbyquestioners...Theclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswereraisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours.”26.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto________.A)makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents’learningB)makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocessC)improvestudents’learningperformance

49D)makestudyjustaseasyasplay27.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat________.A)itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudentsB)itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreatorC)itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemannerD)ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily28.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat________.A)collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasuresB)morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudiesC)traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperformancesD)interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching29.Bysaying“Theyseemed‘apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing...’”(Lines3-4,Para.4),theauthormeansthat________.A)professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesamewayB)professorsarelikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplayC)thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmeritsD)professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethemlooklikepriests30.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?A)EzekielCheever’s.B)CottonMather’s.C)AlfredNorthWhitehead’s.D)PatriciaNelsonLimerick’s.PassageThreeTakethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofhelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenhatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute(贫民).OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

50A)Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B)Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C)Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.D)Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.32.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A)Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B)Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C)Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D)People’sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.33.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause________.A)theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducationB)anewleisureclasshasdevelopedC)theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD)anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem34.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment________.A)shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB)shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC)shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD)shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment35.Whydoestheauthorsay“OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire”(Lines10-11,Para.3)?A)OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B)CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.C)Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.D)EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.PassageFourAnewhigh-performancecontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityofHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingpeople’svisionsharperthanthatofcats.Billeandhisteamworkwithanopticalinstrumentcalledanactivemirror—adeviceusedinastronomicaltelescopestospotnewlyemergingstarsandfardistantgalaxies.Connectedtoawave-frontsensorthattracksandmeasuresthecourseofalaserbeamintotheeyeandback,thealuminummirrordetectsthedeficienciesofthecornea,thetransparentprotectivelayercoveringthelensofthehumaneye.Thehighlyprecisedatafromthetwoinstruments—which,Billehopes,willonedaybefoundattheopticians(眼镜商)allovertheworld—serveasabasisfortheproductionofcompletelyindividualizedcontactlensesthatcorrectandenhancethewearer’svision.Byday,Bille’scontactlenseswillfocusraysoflightsoaccuratelyontheretina（视网膜）thattheimageofasmallleafortheoutlineofafardistanttreewillbeformedwithasharpnessthatsurpassesthatofconventionalvisionaidsbyalmosthalfadiopter(屈光度).Atnight,thelenseshaveanevengreaterpotential.“Becausethenewlens—incontrasttothealreadyexistingones—alsoworkswhenit’sdarkandthepupiliswideopen,”saysBille,“lenswearerswillbeabletoidentifyafaceatadistanceof100meters”—80metersfartherthantheywouldnormallybeabletosee.Inhisexperimentsnightvisionwasenhancedbyanevengreaterfactor:insemi-darkness,testsubjectscouldseeupto15timesbetterthanwithoutthelenses.Bille’slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2000,andonetentativeplanisto

51usetheInternettotransmitinformationonpatients’visualdefectsfromtheopticiantothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.Thephysicistexpectsthelensestocostaboutadollarapair,aboutthesameasconventionalone-daydisposablelenses.36.Thenewcontactlensismeantfor________.A)astronomicalobservationsB)thenightblindC)thosewithvisiondefectsD)opticalexperiments37.Whatdothetwoinstrumentsmentionedinthesecondparagraph(Line5)referto?A)Theastronomicaltelescopeandthewave-frontsensor.B)Thealuminummirrorandthelaserbeam.C)Theactivemirrorandthecontactlens.D)Thealuminummirrorandthewave-frontsensor.38.Individualizedcontactlenses(Line7,Para.2)arelensesdesigned________.A)toworklikeanastronomicaltelescopeB)tosuitthewearer’sspecificneedsC)toprocessextremelyaccuratedataD)totestthewearer’seyesight39.AccordingtoBille,withthenewlensesthewearer’svision________.A)willbefarbetteratnightthaninthedaytimeB)maybebroadenedabout15timesthanwithoutthemC)canbebetterimprovedinthedaytimethanatnightD)willbesharperbyamuchgreaterdegreeatnightthaninthedaytime40.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBille’slenses?A)Theirproductionprocessiscomplicated.B)Theywillbesoldataverylowprice.C)Theyhavetobereplacedeveryday.D)PurchaseorderscanbemadethroughtheInternet.2002年12月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneBillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed(贪婪)onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,”saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience.“Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,‘ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends.”ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.,hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders.ThearticlecalledMBAhires“extremelydisappointing”andsaid“MBAswanttomoveuptoofast,theydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they’reoutlookingforotherjobs.”Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光环)offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbya

52backlash(反冲)againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement.BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness”,saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm.21.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampusesdominatedbypurerdisciplines?A)Scornful.B)Appreciative.C)Envious.D)Realistic.22.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevalueofMBAdegreeshadbeenfueledmainlyby________.A)thecomplaintsfromvariousemployersB)thesuccessofmanynon-MBAsC)thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplinesD)thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork23.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtotheHarvardBusinessReview?A)Theyareusuallyself-centered.B)Theyareaggressiveandgreedy.C)Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs.D)Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople.24.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs________.A)canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquicklyB)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmatesC)receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltrainingD)cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms.B)ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.C)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree.D)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses.PassageTwoWhenschoolofficialsinKalkaska,Michigan,closedclasseslastweek,themediaflockedtothestory,portrayingthetown’s2,305studentsasvictimsofstingy(吝啬的)taxpayers.Thereissometruthtothat;theproperty-taxratehereisone-thirdlowerthanthestateaverage.ButshuttingtheirschoolsalsoallowedKalkask’seducatorsandthestate’slargestteachers’union,theMichiganEducationAssociation,tomakeapoliticalpoint.TheiraimwastospurpassageoflegislationMichiganlawmakersaredebatingtoincreasethestate’sshareofschoolfunding.ItwasnocoincidencethatKalkaskashutitsschoolstwoweeksafterresidentsrejecteda28percentproperty-taxincrease.Theschoolboardarguedthatwithouttheincreaseitlackedthe$1.5millionneededtokeepschoolsopen.Buttheschoolsystemhadnotdoneallitcouldtokeeptheschoolsopen.Officialsdeclinedtoborrowagainstnextyear’sstateaid,theyrefusedtotrimextracurricularactivitiesandtheydidnotconsiderseekingasmaller—perhapsmoreacceptable—taxincrease.Infact,closingearlyiscostingKalkaskaasignificantamount,including$600,000inunemploymentpaymentstoteachersandstaffand$250,000inloststateaid.InFebruary,theschoolsystempromisedteachersandstafftwomonthsofretirementpaymentsincaseschoolsclosedearly,adealthatwillcostthedistrict$275,000more.Othersignssuggestschoolauthoritieswereatleastaseagertomakeapoliticalstatementastokeepschoolsopen.TheMichiganEducationAssociationhiredapublicrelationsfirmtostagearallymarkingtheschoolclosing,whichattracted14localandnationaltelevisionstationsandnetworks.ThepresidentoftheNationalEducationAssociation,theMEA’sparentorganization,flewfromWashington,D.C.,fortheevent.Andtheuniontutoredschoolofficialsintheartoftelevisioninterviews.SchoolsupervisorDoyleDisbrowacknowledgesthedistrictcouldhavekeptschoolsopenbycuttingprogramsbutdeniesthemoveswerepoliticallymotivated.Michiganlawmakershavereactedangrilytotheclosings.ThestateSenatehasalreadyvoted

53toputthesystemintoreceivership(破产管理)andreopenschoolsimmediately;theMichiganHouseplanstoconsiderthebillthisweek.26.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolsinKalkaska,Michigan,arefunded________.A)byboththelocalandstategovernmentsB)exclusivelybythelocalgovernmentC)mainlybythestategovernmentD)bytheNationalEducationAssociation27.Oneofthepurposesforwhichschoolofficialsclosedclasseswas________.A)toavoidpayingretirementbenefitstoteachersandstaffB)todrawtheattentionoflocaltaxpayerstopoliticalissuesC)tomakethefinancialdifficultiesoftheirteachersandstaffknowntothepublicD)topressureMichiganlawmakersintoincreasingstatefundsforlocalschools28.Theauthorseemstodisapproveof________.A)theMichiganlawmakers’endlessdebatingB)theshuttingofschoolsinKalkaskaC)theinvolvementofthemassmediaD)delayingthepassageoftheschoolfundinglegislation29.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolauthoritiesinKalkaskaareconcernedabout________.A)araiseintheproperty-taxrateinMichiganB)reopeningtheschoolsthereimmediatelyC)theattitudeoftheMEA’sparentorganizationD)makingapoliticalissueoftheclosingoftheschools30.Accordingtothepassage,theclosingoftheschoolsdevelopedintoacrisisbecauseof________.A)thecomplexityoftheproblemB)thepoliticalmotivesonthepartoftheeducatorsC)theweakresponseofthestateofficialsD)thestrongprotestonthepartofthestudents’parentsPassageThreeGermanChancellor(首相)OttoVonBismarckmaybemostfamousforhismilitaryanddiplomatictalent,buthislegacy(遗产)includesmanyoftoday’ssocialinsuranceprograms.Duringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedentedrashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion(怜悯)forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement,ChancellorBismarckcreatedtheworld’sfirstworkers’compensationlawin1884.By1908,theUnitedStateswastheonlyindustrialnationintheworldthatlackedworkers’compensationinsurance.America’sinjuredworkerscouldsuefordamagesinacourtoflaw,buttheystillfacedanumberoftoughlegalbarriers.Forexample,employeeshadtoprovethattheirinjuriesdirectlyresultedfromemployernegligenceandthattheythemselveswereignorantaboutpotentialhazardsintheworkplace.Thefirststateworkers’compensationlawinthiscountrypassedin1911,andtheprogramsoonspreadthroughoutthenation.AfterWorldWarII,benefitpaymentstoAmericanworkersdidnotkeepupwiththecostofliving.Infact,realbenefitlevelswerelowerinthe1970sthantheywereinthe1940s,andinmoststatesthemaximumbenefitwasbelowthepovertylevelforafamilyoffour.In1970,PresidentRichardNixonsetupanationalcommissiontostudytheproblemsofworkers’compensation.Twoyearslater,thecommissionissued19keyrecommendations,includingonethatcalledforincreasingcompensationbenefitlevelsto100percentofthestates’averageweeklywages.Infact,theaveragecompensationbenefitinAmericahasclimbedfrom55percentofthestates’averageweeklywagesin1972to97percenttoday.But,asmoststudiesshow,every10percentincreaseincompensationbenefitsresultsina5percentincreaseinthenumbersofworkerswhofileforclaims.Andwithsomuchmoremoneyfloatingintheworkers’compensationsystem,it’snotsurprisingthatdoctorsandlawyershavehelpedthemselvestoalargesliceofthegrowingpie.31.Theworld’sfirstworkers’compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck________.

54A)tomakeindustrialproductionsaferB)tospeedupthepaceofindustrializationC)outofreligiousandpoliticalconsiderationsD)forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement32.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope________.A)wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidentsB)resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprogramsC)requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplaceD)metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines33.OneoftheproblemstheAmericaninjuredworkersfacedingettingcompensationintheearly19thcenturywasthat________.A)theyhadtohavethecouragetosuefordamagesinacourtoflawB)differentstatesintheU.S.hadtotallydifferentcompensationprogramsC)America’saveragecompensationbenefitwasmuchlowerthanthecostoflivingD)theyhadtoproduceevidencethattheiremployerswereresponsiblefortheaccident34.After1972workers’compensationinsuranceintheU.S.becamemorefavorabletoworkerssothat________.A)thepovertylevelforafamilyoffourwentupdrasticallyB)therewerefewerlegalbarrierswhentheyfiledforclaimsC)thenumberofworkerssuingfordamagesincreasedD)moremoneywasallocatedtotheircompensationsystem35.Theauthorendsthepassagewiththeimplicationthat________.A)compensationbenefitsinAmericaaresoaringtonewheightsB)theworkersarenottheonlyonestobenefitfromthecompensationsystemC)peoplefromallwalksoflifecanbenefitfromthecompensationsystemD)moneyfloatinginthecompensationsystemisahugedrainontheU.S.economyPassageFourEarlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarII,anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate.”AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow’scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingeverprevalent.Overconsumptionbytheworld’sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate.Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches.Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow—that,misledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.Ofcourse,theoppositeofover-consumption—poverty—isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剥夺得一无所有的)peasantsslash-and-burntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert.Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendoeshavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?36.TheemergenceoftheaffluentsocietyafterWorldWarII________.

55A)gavebirthtoanewgenerationofupperclassconsumersB)gaverisetothedominanceofthenewegoismC)ledtothereformoftheretailingsystemD)resultedintheworshipofconsumerism37.Apartfromenormousproductivity,anotherimportantimpetustohighconsumptionis________.A)theconversionofthesaleofgoodsintoritualsB)thepeople’sdesireforariseintheirlivingstandardsC)theimbalancethathasexistedbetweenproductionandconsumptionD)theconceptthatone’ssuccessismeasuredbyhowmuchtheyconsume38.Whydoestheauthorsayhighconsumptionisamixedblessing?A)Becausepovertystillexistsinanaffluentsociety.B)Becausemoralvaluesaresacrificedinpursuitofmaterialsatisfaction.C)Becauseoverconsumptionwon’tlastlongduetounrestrictedpopulationgrowth.D)Becausetraditionalritualsareoftenneglectedintheprocessofmodernization.39.Accordingtothepassage,consumeristculture________.A)cannotthriveonafragileeconomyB)willnotaggravateenvironmentalproblemsC)cannotsatisfyhumanspiritualneedsD)willnotalleviatepovertyinwealthycountries40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A)humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluenceB)thereisneveranendtosatisfyingpeople’smaterialneedsC)whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissueD)howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem2002年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneWhenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance(异乎寻常地).Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates(灵长目动物)some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign(宜人的)globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilization

56appeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.21.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged________.A)togiveuphisformerwayoflifeB)toleavethecoastalareasC)tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetationD)toabandonhisoriginalsettlement22.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate________.A)isgoingthroughafundamentalchangeB)hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000yearsC)willeventuallychangefromhottocoldD)hasgonethroughperiodicalchanges23.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution________.A)hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchangesB)hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchangesC)haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchangesD)hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges24.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat________.A)humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironmentB)Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterferenceC)Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefutureD)Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture25.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat________.A)humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchangesB)mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimateC)manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocessD)humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnaturePassageTwoNowwomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchess(公爵夫人)ofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat—orevenonlysomewhatoverweight—isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsession(迷恋)withthinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentionto

57theiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory(虚荣).26.Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat________.A)theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB)lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC)beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD)religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous27.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor________.A)hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB)couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC)hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativesD)hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes28.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight________.A)werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB)changedfromtimetotimeC)variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD)ledtodifferentmoralstandards29.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness________.A)fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB)fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC)fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD)inthelightofmoralprinciples30.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?A)Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.B)Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C)Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D)Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.PassageThreeWarmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality(守卫地盘的天性)areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate(天生的)survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservationthatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistencesofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction.Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical(道德上的)patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombatingtosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheircommitmentallegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.31.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat________.A)itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsB)itisinfluencedbysociety

58C)ithasrootsinreligiousconflictsD)itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw32.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassage,is________.A)tocontrolviolencewithinasocietyB)toprotecttheworldfromchaosC)tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevengeD)togivethegovernmentabsolutepower33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“...inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines4-5,Para.2)?A)Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B)Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C)Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D)Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.34.Theword“allegiance”(Line4,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto________.A)loyaltyB)objectiveC)survivalD)motive35.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.B)Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.C)Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheirpeople.D)Governmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwar.PassageFourResearcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudied.Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach,theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,BlackAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto________.A)beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasuresB)viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspectiveC)guardagainstinterferencefromtheirowncultureD)acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture37.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?A)Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues.B)Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.

59C)Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.D)Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.38.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore________.A)culturallyinteractiveB)culturallybiasedC)culture-orientedD)culture-specific39.Theeticapproachisconcernedwith________.A)thegeneralcharacteristicsofminorityfamiliesB)culture-relatedconceptsofindividualethnicgroupsC)featuressharedbyvariousculturesorethnicgroupsD)theeconomicconditionsofdifferenttypesoffamilies40.Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheethnicminorityfamiliesinthe________U.S.accordingtothepassage?A)Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.B)Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.C)Theydon’tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.D)TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies.2002年1月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneNavigationcomputers,nowsoldbymostcar-makers,cost$2,000andup.Nosurprise,then,thattheyaremostoftenfoundinluxurycars,likeLexus,BMWandAudi.Butitisadevelopingtechnology—meaningpricesshouldeventuallydrop—andthemarketdoesseemtobegrowing.Evenatcurrentprices,anavigationcomputerisimpressive.Itcanguideyoufrompointtopointinmostmajorcitieswithpreciseturn-by-turndirections—spokenbyaclearhuman-soundingvoice,andwrittenonascreeninfrontofthedriver.Thecomputerworkswithanantenna(天线)thattakessignalsfromnofewerthanthreeofthe24globalpositioningsystem(GPS)satellites.Bymeasuringthetimerequiredforasignaltotravelbetweenthesatellitesandtheantenna,thecar’slocationcanbepinneddownwithin100meters.Thesatellitesignals,alongwithinputsonspeedfromawheel-speedsensoranddirectionfromameter,determinethecar’spositionevenasitmoves.Thisinformationiscombinedwithamapdatabase.Streets,landmarksandpointsofinterestareincluded.Mostsystemsarebasicallyidentical.Thedifferencescomeinhardware—thewaythecomputeracceptsthedriver’srequestfordirectionsandthewayitpresentsthedrivinginstructions.Onmostsystems,adriverentersadesiredaddress,motorwayjunctionorpointofinterestviaatouchscreenordisc.ButtheLexusscreengoesastepfurther:youcanpointtoanyspotonthemapscreenandgetdirectionstoit.BMW’ssystemoffersasetofcrosshairs(瞄准器上的十字纹)thatcanbemovedacrossthemap(youhaveseveralchoicesofmapscale)topickapointyou’dliketogetto.Audi’sscreencanbeswitchedtoTVreception.Eventhevoicesthatrecitethedirectionscandiffer,withbettersystemslikeBMW’sandLexus’shavingawidervocabulary.TheinstructionsareavailableinFrench,German,Spanish,DutchandItalian,aswellasEnglish.Thedrivercanalsochooseparametersfordeterminingtheroute:fastest,shortestornofreeways(高速公路),forexample.21.Welearnfromthepassagethatnavigationcomputers________.A)willgreatlypromotesalesofautomobilesB)mayhelpsolvepotentialtrafficproblemsC)arelikelytobeacceptedbymoredriversD)willsoonbeviewedasasymbolofluxury22.Withanavigationcomputer,adriverwilleasilyfindthebestroutetohisdestination________.A)byinputtingtheexactaddressB)byindicatingthelocationofhiscarC)bycheckinghiscomputerdatabaseD)bygivingvocalorderstothecomputer23.Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars________.A)aremoreorlessthesamepriceB)providedirectionsinmuchthesameway

60C)workonmoreorlessthesameprinciplesD)receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites24.Thenavigationcomputerfunctions________.A)bymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetectorB)basicallyonsatellitesignalsandamapdatabaseC)mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirectionsD)byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals25.ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow________.A)theimmaturityofthenewtechnologyB)thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystemC)thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipmentD)thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedriverPassageTwo“Theworld’senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss.”Ifthatwereanexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapart,offeringalonglistofcomplaints:fromlocalsmog(烟雾)toglobalclimatechange,fromthefelling(砍伐)offoreststotheextinctionofspecies.Thelistwouldlargelybeaccurate,theconcernlegitimate.Yetthestudentswhoshouldbegiventhehighestmarkswouldactuallybethosewhoagreedwiththestatement.Thesurpriseishowgoodthingsare,nothowbad.Afterall,theworld’spopulationhasmorethantripledduringthiscentury,andworldoutputhasrisenhugely,soyouwouldexpecttheearthitselftohavebeenaffected.Indeed,ifpeoplelived,consumedandproducedthingsinthesamewayastheydidin1900(or1950,orindeed1980),theworldbynowwouldbeaprettydisgustingplace:smelly,dirty,toxicanddangerous.Buttheydon’t.Thereasonswhytheydon’t,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenmined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.Thatiswhy,today’senvironmentalproblemsinthepoorcountriesought,inprinciple,tobesolvable.Rawmaterialshavenotrunout,andshownosignofdoingso.Logically,onedaytheymust:theplanetisafiniteplace.Yetitisalsoverybig,andmanisveryingenious.Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisenand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessofthematerial,orlookedforanewsubstitute.Forthisreasonpricesforenergyandformineralshavefalleninrealtermsduringthecentury.Thesameistrueforfood.Pricesfluctuate,inresponsetoharvests,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability;andwhentheyrise,ittakessometimebeforenewsourcesofsupplybecomeavailable.Buttheyalwaysdo,assistedbynewfarmingandcroptechnology.Thelongtermtrendhasbeendownwards.Itiswherepricesandmarketsdonotoperateproperlythatthisbenign(良性的)trendbeginstostumble,andthegenuineproblemsarise.Marketscannotalwayskeeptheenvironmenthealthy.Ifnooneownstheresourceconcerned,noonehasaninterestinconservingitorfosteringit:fishisthebestexampleofthis.26.Accordingtotheauthor,moststudents________.A)believetheworld’senvironmentisinanundesirableconditionB)agreethattheenvironmentoftheworldisnotasbadasitisthoughttobeC)gethighmarksfortheirgoodknowledgeoftheworld’senvironmentD)appearsomewhatunconcernedaboutthestateoftheworld’senvironment27.Thehugeincreaseinworldproductionandpopulation________.A)hasmadetheworldaworseplacetoliveinB)hashadapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentC)hasnotsignificantlyaffectedtheenvironmentD)hasmadetheworldadangerousplacetolivein28.Oneofthereasonswhythelong-termtrendofpriceshasbeendownwardsisthat________.A)technologicalinnovationcanpromotesocialstability

61B)politicalinstabilitywillcauseconsumptiontodropC)newfarmingandcroptechnologycanleadtooverproductionD)newsourcesarealwaysbecomingavailable29.Fishresourcesarediminishingbecause________.A)nonewsubstitutescanbefoundinlargequantitiesB)theyarenotownedbyanyparticularentityC)impropermethodsoffishinghaveminedthefishinggroundsD)waterpollutionisextremelyserious30.Theprimarysolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsis________.A)toallowmarketforcestooperateproperlyB)tocurbconsumptionofnaturalresourcesC)tolimitthegrowthoftheworldpopulationD)toavoidfluctuationsinpricesPassageThreeAboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit(诉讼)inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate’sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.(Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.)Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartially,hisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild’sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild’sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.31.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?A)Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B)Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.C)Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D)Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.32.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto________.A)drawpublicattentiontoIQtestingB)putanendtospecialeducationC)removethestate’sbanonintelligencetestsD)havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools33.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting________.A)mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB)canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC)mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStates

62D)canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren’seducation34.Theauthor’sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat________.A)noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedB)whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC)adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD)cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated35.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat________.A)goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB)socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenC)intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasD)AmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissuesPassageFourNottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious”bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople’snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokin(亲戚)andneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifyouknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneelse.Eveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithkinthanarebig-cityresidents.Yetcitydwellerscompensatebydevelopingfriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsandactivities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.However,citydwellersdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity(多样性).Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitan(见多识广者的)outlook,todisplaylessresponsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobeoutcomesoflargepopulationsize.36.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?A)Twocontrastingviewsarepresented.B)Anargumentisexaminedandpossiblesolutionsgiven.C)Researchresultsconcerningthequalityofurbanlifearepresentedinorderoftime.D)Adetaileddescriptionofthedifferencebetweenurbanandsmall-townlifeisgiven.37.Accordingtothepassage,itwasonceacommonbeliefthaturbanresidents________.A)didnothavethesameinterestsastheirneighborsB)couldnotdeveloplong-standingrelationshipsC)tendedtobeassociatedwithbadbehaviorD)usuallyhadmorefriends38.Oneoftheconsequencesofurbanlifeisthatimpersonalrelationshipsamongneighbors________.

63A)disruptpeople’snaturalrelationsB)makethemworryaboutcrimeC)causethemnottoshowconcernforoneanotherD)causethemtobesuspiciousofeachother39.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis,________.A)thebetteritsqualityoflifeB)themoresimilaritsinterestsC)themoretolerantandopen-mindeditisD)thelikelieritistodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstress40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Similaritiesintheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenurbanitesandsmall-towndwellers.B)Advantagesoflivinginbigcitiesascomparedwithlivinginsmalltowns.C)Thepositiverolethaturbanismplaysinmodernlife.D)Thestrongfeelingofalienationofcityinhabitants.2001年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneOurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(语言上的)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual(多语言的)guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Thenattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwayshetheupperhand.21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably________.A)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir________.A)culturalself-centerednessB)casualmannersC)indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsD)arrogancetowardsothercultures23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans________.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants24.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans’culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill________.

64A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar25.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat________.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)itistimetogetacquaintedwithotherculturesPassageTwoIndepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels—awoman’sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating(使通气)lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone’sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist(足病医生)，andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate(阴沟栅)andbeingthrowntotheground—possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.26.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.27.Theauthor’spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant________.A)tobeironicB)topokefunatwomenC)tobefairtothefashionindustryD)tomakehispointconvincing28.Theauthorusestheexpression“thosebabies”(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels________.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesC)toshowwomen’saffectionforthemD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize29.Theauthor’schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat________.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen’shealthC)theydon’tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould________.A)seethroughtheverynatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadvice

65D)avoidfollowingfashiontoocloselyPassageThreeItishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering(闪烁)atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(独处的状态)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(心理的),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfactofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is________.A)ratherbleakB)fairlybrightC)veryimpressiveD)quiteencouraging32.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis________.A)elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis________.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput34.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis________.A)tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels________.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimisticPassageFourForcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andthe

66Apolloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms（隐约出现）ashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita（未探明之地）.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteorite（陨石）fromvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas________.A)todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymightB)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationD)topursuecommercialandstateinterests37.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis________.A)internationalcooperationB)scientificresearchC)nationalisticreasonsD)long-termprofits38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.39.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat________.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould________.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverse2000年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneInthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearlier

67timeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.PresidentHoover’ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation’ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A)TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B)Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.C)ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D)TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.22.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas________.A)toincreasefarmproductionB)toestablishagriculturallawsC)topreventfarmersfromgoingbankruptD)topromotethemechanizationofagriculture23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto________.A)reducetheirscaleofproductionB)makefulluseoftheirlandC)adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD)beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct________.A)mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB)didn’tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC)wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD)benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat________.A)reducingthecostoffarmingB)conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC)loweringtheburdenoffarmersD)helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayersPassageTwoInthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they’renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.

68AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.Imitatingthebrain’sneural(神经的)networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“Peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors”,heexplains,“butit’snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepatternrecognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.Rightnow,theoptionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.26.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday________.A)arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectB)areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorC)arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50’sD)stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage27.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom________.A)theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsB)thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsC)theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildD)theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells28.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto________.A)findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersB)buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesC)findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureD)separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought29.What’stheauthor’sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?A)Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.B)It’sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.C)It’smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.D)Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.30.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase“theonlygameintown”(Line3,Para.4)?A)Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.B)Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.C)Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.D)Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.PassageThreeCarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandonefourththegreenhouse(温室)gases.Theytakeasimilartollof(损耗)resourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelseface

69unacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworldsuggeststhatitisverydifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoanysignificantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpooling(合伙用车)havedeclinedsinceWorldWarII.EveninWesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan$1aliter(about$4agallon)andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor80percentofallpassengertravel.Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhouseemissions(especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartodeveloplesspollutingtypesofgasoline).31.Fromthepassageweknowthattheincreaseduseofcarswill________.A)consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworldB)haveseriousconsequencesforthewell-beingofallnationsC)widenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesD)imposeanintolerableeconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecities32.TheU.S.hastodealwiththeproblemsarisingfromvehicleusebecause________.A)mostAmericansarereluctanttoswitchtopublictransportationsystemsB)thepresentlevelofoilpricesisconsideredunacceptableC)othercountrieswillprotestitsincreasinggreenhouseemissionsD)itshouldtakealeadinconservingnaturalresources33.Whichofthefollowingisthebestsolutiontotheproblemsmentionedinthepassage?A)Thedesigningofhighlyefficientcarengines.B)Areductionofvehicleuseincities.C)Thedevelopmentofelectriccars.D)Theuseoflesspollutingfuels.34.Whichofthefollowingispracticalbutonlymakesamarginalcontributiontosolvingtheproblemofgreenhouseemissions?A)Theuseoffuelsotherthangasoline.B)Improvedenergyefficiency.C)Theintroductionoflesspollutingdrivingsystems.D)Reducingcarusebycarpooling.35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A)ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinWesternEurope.B)CarsarepopularinWesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhigh.C)ThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedWesternEurope.D)WesternEuropeanoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuels.PassageFourReebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalled“footwearforyuppies(雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments,especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren’sshoesfortheunder-18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics(健身操)orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarket(

70高档消费人群的)retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany’sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok’sexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcraze,replacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.36.OnereasonwhyReebok’smanagerialpersonneldon’tliketheirshoestobecalled“footwearforyuppies”isthat________.A)theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroupsB)newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoesC)“yuppies”usuallyevokesanegativeimageD)thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitiveprices37.Reebok’sviewthat“consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution”(Line5,Para.2)impliesthat________.A)thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB)thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC)thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellitD)consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores38.Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause________.A)itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemandB)toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofitsC)thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarketD)itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts39.AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders,it________.A)doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetworkB)stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostoresC)isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproductsD)stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts40.WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike’sdistributionproblems?A)Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.B)Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.C)Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.D)Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.2000年1月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneIntheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof“trashtalk(废话)”.Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalk

71showthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety’smoralcatastrophes(灾难),yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments(困境)ofotherpeople’slives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual’squalityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweek,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseveryshowwitha“finalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.Cleanasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow’smaintargetaudiencesaremiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,money,andstabilitytodealwithlife’stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow’sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday,bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.21.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare________.A)morefamily-orientedB)unusuallypopularC)moreprofoundD)relativelyformal22.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience________.A)remainfascinatedbythemB)arereadytofaceuptothemC)remainindifferenttothemD)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem23.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A)Anewtypeofrobot.B)Racisthatred.C)Familybudgetplanning.D)Streetviolence.24.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth________.A)ironicalB)sensitiveC)instructiveD)cynical25.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows________.A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB)exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC)appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD)aretargetedatdifferentaudiencesPassageTwoTounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.

72Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!26.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,________.A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB)makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC)thecustomer-centredapproachD)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship27.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A)Theneedsofthemarket.B)Theefficiencyofproduction.C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D)Thepreferencesofthedealer.28.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Lines3-4,Para.1)means“________”.A)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodsB)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction29.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.30.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson________.A)itsmaincharacteristicB)itssocialimpactC)itspossibleconsequenceD)itstheoreticalbasisPassageThreeConventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathy(冷漠)andstagnation(呆滞).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisiveness(分裂)andhostility.Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeopleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.RecentresearchbyProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk,however,suggeststhattheoptimallevelofconflictmaybemorecomplextodeterminethanthesesimplegeneralizations.Hestudiedperceptionsofconflictamongasampleofexecutives.Someoftheexecutivesworkedforprofit-seekingorganizationsandothersfornot-for-profitorganizations.Somewhatsurprisingly,Schwenkfoundthatopinionsaboutconflictvariedsystematicallyasafunctionofthetypeoforganization.Specifically,managersinnot-for-profitorganizationsstronglybelievedthatconflictwasbeneficialtotheirorganizationsandthatitpromotedhigherqualitydecisionmakingthanmightbeachievedintheabsenceofconflict.Managersoffor-profitorganizationssawadifferentpicture.Theybelievedthatconflictgenerallywasdamagingandusuallyledtopoor-qualitydecisionmakingintheirorganizations.Schwenkinterpretedtheseresultsintermsofthecriteriaforeffectivedecisionmakingsuggestedbytheexecutives.Intheprofit-seekingorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasmostoftenassessedinfinancialterms.Theexecutivesbelievedthatconsensusratherthanconflictenhancedfinancialindicators.Inthenot-for-profitorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasdefinedfromtheperspectiveofsatisfyingconstituents.Giventhecomplexitiesandambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituentsexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.31.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis________.A)wrongB)oversimplifiedC)misleadingD)unclear

7332.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk’sresearchshows________.A)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflictB)therealvalueofconflictC)thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflictD)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict33.WecanlearnfromSchwenk’sresearchthat________.A)aperson’sviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganizationB)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizationsC)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentwaysD)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict34.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganizations________.A)thereisnoendofconflictB)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouragedC)decisionsmustbejustifiableD)successliesingeneralagreement35.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization________.A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfyB)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinionsC)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisionsD)finditeasiertoreachagreementPassageFourImagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwant-withnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldn’tit?New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods.Critics,however,saythenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrients(营养物)andcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soit’suptodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcan’tbedigestedatall.Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines(肠)“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanBeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthreemoleculesofsubstancescalledfattyacids.ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,E,andK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit’sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovidesconsumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.Itcanalsopreventtheabsorptionofcarotenoids(类胡萝卜素),compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,heartdisease,etc.ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,E,andKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evenso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.36.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat________.A)containsplentyofnutrientsB)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitaminsC)makesfoodseasilydigestibleD)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious37.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe________.A)commerciallyuselessB)justasanticipatedC)somewhatcontroversialD)quiteunexpected38.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat________.

74A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbedB)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebodyC)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdiseaseD)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins39.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolestraaccordingtosomecritics?A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.D)Itmayspoiltheconsumers’appetite.40.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolestra?A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.1999年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneWesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldmot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.11.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity________.A)wasstrengthenedB)wasnotaffectedC)wasalteredD)wasweakened12.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto________.A)trytocontrolunpleasantstimulB)turnofftheelectricityC)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituationsD)becomeabnormallysuspicious13.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat________.A)theydislikeditstasteB)itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsC)itledtostomachpainsD)theyassociateditwithstomachaches14.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat________.A)theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

75B)thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemC)theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindD)theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning15.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals________.A)canbeweakenedbyconditioningB)canbesuppressedbydruginjectionsC)canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinD)canbealteredbyelectricshocksPassageTwoThedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinueoccur,largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixing(把…固定)legalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon(放任).Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeennetbylawsuits,personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelays—notonlyinacceptingresponsibility,butmoreimportantly,indoingsomethingaboutit.Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecidesitcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry’sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind’sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility?Ifevertherewillbetimeforenvironmentalhealthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblems,thattimeisnow.Wearebeingasked,and,infact,thepublicisdemandingthatwetakepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yes,theecologists,theenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistsservetocommunicate,stimulatethinkingandpromotebehavioralchange.However,itisthoseofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelop,improveandenforceenvironmentalstandards,Isubmit,whomustleadthecharge.Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimits,countylines,stateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtobetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthepresent.First,wemustcontinuetopressforimprovementsinthequalityoflifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Second,wemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Third,wemustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethreegoalsinthisdecade,maybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegradation,andnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeabletospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanonbandages.16.Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheindustrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchieflybecause________.A)theyareunawareoftheconsequencesofwhattheyaredoingB)theyarereluctanttosacrificetheirowneconomicinterestsC)timehasnotyetcomeforthemtoputdueemphasisonitD)itisdifficultforthemtotakeeffectivemeasures17.Themaintasknowfacingecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationistsis________.A)topreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandpersuasionB)toarousepublicawarenessoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionC)totakeradicalmeasurestocontrolenvironmentalpollutionD)toimprovethequalityoflifebyenforcingenvironmentalstandards18.Theword“tunnel-visioned(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablymeans“________”.A)narrow-mindedB)blindtothefactsC)short-sightedD)abletoseeonlyoneaspect19.Whichofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,shouldplaytheleadingroleinthesolution

76ofenvironmentalproblems?A)Legislationandgovernmentintervention.B)Theindustry’sunderstandingandsupport.C)Theeffortsofenvironmentalhealthprofessionals.D)Thecooperationofecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationists.20.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?A)Effortsshouldbeexertedonpollutionpreventioninsteadofonremedialmeasures.B)Moremoneyshouldbespentinordertostoppollution.C)Ordinarycitizenshavenoaccesstotechnicalinformationonpollution.D)Environmentaldegradationwillbestoppedbytheendofthisdecade.PassageThreeBritishuniversities,groaningundertheburdenofahugeincreaseinstudentnumbers,arewarningthatthetraditionofafreeeducationisatrisk.Theuniversitieshavethreatenedtoimposeanadmissionfeeonstudentstoplugagapinrevenueifthegovernmentdoesnotacttoimprovetheirfinancesandscrapsomepublicspendingcutbacks.Thegovernmentrespondedtotheuniversities’threatbysettingupthemostfundamentalreviewofhighereducationforageneration,underanon-partytroubleshooter(调停人)，SirRonDearing.Oneinthreeschool-leaversentershighereducation,fivetimesthenumberwhenthelastreviewtookplacethirtyyearsago.Everyoneagreesasystemthatisfeelingthestrainafterrapidexpansionneedsalotmoremoney-butthereislittlehopeofgettingitfromthetaxpayerandnotmuchscopeforattractingmorefinancefrombusiness.Mostcollegesbelievestudentsshouldcontributetotuitioncosts,somethingthatiscommonelsewhereintheworldbutwouldmarkarevolutionarychangeinBritain.Universitieswantthegovernmenttointroducealoanschemefortuitionfeesandhavesuspendedtheirownthreatenedactionfornow.TheyawaitDearing’sadvice,hopingitwillnotbetoolate-somearealreadyreportedtobeinfinancialdifficulty.Asthecenturynearsitsend,thewholeconceptofwhatauniversityshouldbeisunderthemicroscope.Expertsponderhowmuchtheycanusecomputersinsteadofclassrooms,talkoftheneedforlifelonglearningandrefertostudentsas“consumers.”TheConfederation(联盟)ofBritishIndustry,thekeyemployers’organization,wantsevenmoreexpansioninhighereducationtohelpfightcompetitiononworldmarketsfromboomingAsianeconomies.Butthegovernmenthasdoubtsaboutmoreexpansion.TheTimesnewspaperegress,complainingthatqualityhassufferedasstudentnumberssoared,withclosetutorialsupervisiongivingwayto“massproductionmethodsmoretypicalofEuropeanuniversities.”21.ThechiefconcernofBritishuniversitiesis________.A)howtotackletheirpresentfinancialdifficultyB)howtoexpandtheenrollmenttomeettheneedsofenterprisesC)howtoimprovetheireducationaltechnologyD)howtoputanendtothecurrenttendencyofqualitydeterioration22.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatinBritain________.A)thegovernmentpaysdearlyforitsfinancialpolicyB)universitiesaremainlyfundedbybusinessesC)highereducationisprovidedfreeofchargeD)studentsarereadytoacceptloanschemesfortuition23.WhatwasthepercentageofhighschoolgraduatesadmittedtouniversitiesinBritainthirtyyearsago?A)20%orso.B)About15%.C)Above30%.D)Below10%.24.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A)theBritishgovernmentwillbeforcedtoincreaseitsspendingonhighereducation

77B)BritishemployersdemandanexpansioninenrollmentattheexpenseofqualityC)thebestwayoutforBritishuniversitiesistofollowtheirEuropeancounterpartsD)Britishstudentswillprobablyhavetopayfortheirhighereducationinthenearfuture25.WhichofthefollowingistheviewpointoftheTimesnewspaper?A)ExpansioninenrollmentisboundtoaffectthequalityofBritishhighereducation.B)Britishuniversitiesshouldexpandtheirenrollmenttomeettheneedsofindustry.C)Europeanuniversitiescanbettermeettheneedsofthemodernworld.D)Britishuniversitiesshouldhelpfightcompetitiononworldmarkets.PassageFourThere’ssimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit.MyersisthefounderofAuburnUniversity’sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskofwhichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices—anartificialnose.Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arson(纵火)investigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors.Thetechnologythattheyareworkinginwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we’llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination.Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse;Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating(排卵),withoutaphysicalexam-orevenherknowledge.OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmericanlibertyisthatishasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.That’sgettingnottobethecase.ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.AromaScan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures.Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail-sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors(感受器)，enoughtocreateasensorthat’snearlyassensitiveasadog’snose.26.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Performingphysicalexaminations.B)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.C)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.D)Monitoringfoodprocessing.27.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis________.A)negligenceofpublicsafetyB)anabuseofpersonalfreedomC)ahazardtophysicalhealthD)athreattoindividualprivacy28.Theword“logged“(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans”________“.A)presetB)enteredC)processedD)simulated29.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential________.A)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsB)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicalsC)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthrough30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsLarryMyers’worksis________.A)cautiousB)approvingC)suspiciousD)overenthusiastic1999年1月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftherisks

78surroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere.”Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides(杀虫剂).Sayshe:“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens-asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms(磨菇)mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives(添加剂).DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We’vegotfatworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.21.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmericans’viewoftheirfood?A)Theyoverstatethegovernment’sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.B)Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.C)Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.D)Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.22.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause________.A)nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironmentB)pesticidesarewidelyusedinagricultureC)manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicalsD)almostallfoodshaveadditives23.Bysaying“theyemploychemicalwarfare”(Line4,Para.2),BruceAmesmeans“________”.A)plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseasesB)plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowthC)farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplantsD)farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases24.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson________.A)thegovernmentB)theconsumerC)theprocessorD)thegrower25.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?A)Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.B)Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.C)Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.D)Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.PassageTwo

79Therearesomeeachphenomenayoucancounton,butthemagneticfield,somedayisnotofthem.Itfluctuatesinstrength,driftsfromitsaxis,andeveryfew100,000yearsundergo,dramaticpolarityreversal-aperiodwhenNorthPolebecomesSouthPoleandSouthPolebecomesNorthPole.Buthowisthefieldgenerated,andwhyisitsounstable?GroundbreakingresearchbytwoFrenchgeophysicistspromisestoshedsomelightonthemystery.Using80metresofdeepseasediment(沉淀物)core,theyhaveobtainedmeasurementslotsofmagnetic-fieldintensitythatspan11polarityreversalsandfourmillionyears.Theanalysisrevealsthatintensityappearstofluctuatewithaclear,well-definedrhythm.Althoughthestrengthofthemagneticfieldvariesirregularlyduringtheshortterm,thereseemstobeaninevitablelong-termdeclineprecedingeachpolarityreversal.Whenthepolesflip—aprocessthattakesseveralhundredthousandyears-themagneticfieldrapidlyregainsitsstrengthandthecycleisrepeated.Theresultshavecausedastiramonggeophysicists.Themagneticfieldisthoughttooriginatefrommolten(熔化的)ironintheoutercore,3,000kilometersbeneaththeearth’ssurface.Bystudyingmineralgrainsfoundinmaterialrangingfromrockstoclayarticles,previousresearchershavealreadybeenabletoidentifyreversalsdatingback170millionyears,includingthemostrecentswitch730,000yearsago.Howandwhytheyoccur,however,hasbeenwidelydebated.Severaltheorieslinkpolarityflipstoexternaldisasterssuchasmeteor(陨星)impacts.ButPeterOlson,ageophysicistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,saysthisisunlikelyiftheFrenchresearchersareright.Infact,Olsonsaysintensitythatpredictablydeclinesfromonereversaltothenextcontradicts90percentofthemodelscurrentlyunderstudy.Iftheresultsprovetobevalidgeophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth’sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch.26.Whichofthefollowingtitlesismostappropriatetothepassage?A)PolarityReversal:AFantasticPhenomenonofNature.B)MeasurementoftheEarth’sMagnetic-FieldIntensity.C)FormationoftheTwoPolesoftheEarth.D)ANewApproachtotheStudyorGeophysics.27.Theword“flip”(Line6,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“________”.A)declineB)intensifyC)fluctuateD)reverse28.WhathavethetwoFrenchgeophysicistsdiscoveredintheirresearch?A)Someregularityinthechangesoftheearth’smagneticfield.B)Somecausesofthefluctuationoftheearth’smagneticfield.C)Theoriginoftheearth’smagneticfield.D)Thefrequencyofpolarityreversals.29.TheFrenchgeophysicists’studyisdifferentfromcurrentlyprevailingtheoriesin________.A)itsidentificationoftheoriginoftheearth’smagneticfieldB)thewaytheearth’smagneticintensityismeasuredC)itsexplanationoftheshiftintheearth’spolarityD)thewaytheearth’sfluctuationrhythmisdefined30.InPeterOslo’sopiniontheFrenchexperiment________.A)islikelytodirectfurtherresearchintheinnerphysicsoftheearthB)hassuccessfullysolvedthemysteryofpolarityreversalsC)iscertaintohelppredictexternaldisastersD)hascausedgreatconfusionamongtheworld’sgeophysicistsPassageThreeImagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion-aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,anxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlack

80rewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersofgroups.Society’seconomicunderpinnings(支柱)wouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10,therewouldbenoincentivetowork.Infact,therewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.Trueweconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject’sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous—hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsaregoodandothersarebad,andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife—fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexploitsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyaltymorality,prideshame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitselfItgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperformimportanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalpenal(刑法的)systemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.31.Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat________.A)theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjectsB)theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothemC)theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutloveD)theywoulddothingsthathurteachother’sfeelings32.Accordingtothepassage,people’slearningactivitiesarepossiblebecausethey________.A)believethatemotionsarefundamentalforthemtostayaliveB)benefitfromprovidinghelpandsupporttooneanotherC)enjoybeingrewardedfordoingtherightthingD)knowwhatisvitaltotheprogressofsociety33.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheeconomicfoundationofsocietyisdependenton________.A)theabilitytomakemoneyB)thewilltoworkforpleasureC)thecapacitytoenjoyincentivesD)thecategorizationsofouremotionalexperiences34.Emotionsaresignificantforman’ssurvivalandadaptationbecause________.A)theyprovidethemeansbywhichpeopleviewthesizeorshapeofobjectsB)theyarethebasisforthesocialfeelingofagreementbywhichsocietyismaintainedC)theyencouragepeopletoperformdangerousachievementsD)theygeneratemorelovethanhateamongpeople35.Theemotionalaspectsofanobjectaremoreimportantthanitsphysicalaspectsinthatthey________.A)helpsocietyexploititsmembersforprofitB)encourageustoperformimportanttasksC)helptoperfectthelegalandpenalsystemD)helpusadaptourbehaviortotheworldsurroundingusPassageFourTheCarnegieFoundationreportsaysthatmanycollegeshavetriedtobe“allthingstoallpeople”.Indoingso,theyhaveincreasinglycateredtoanarrowmindedcareerismwhilefailingtocultivateaglobalvisionamongtheirstudents.Thecurrentcrisis,itcontends,doesnotderivefromalegitimatedesiretoputlearningtoproductiveends.Theproblemisthatintoomanyacademic

81fields,theworkhasnocontext;skills,ratherthanbeingmeans,havebecomeends.Studentsareofferedavarietyofoptionsandallowedtopicktheirwaytoadegree.Inshort,drivenbycareerism,“thenation’scollegesanduniversitiesaremoresuccessfulinprovidingcredentials(文凭)thaninprovidingaqualityeducationfortheirstudents.“Thereportconcludesthatthespecialchallengeconfrontingtheundergraduatecollegeisoneofshapinganintegratedcoreofcommonlearning.Suchacorewouldintroducestudentstoessentialknowledge,toconnectionsacrossthedisciplines,andintheend,toapplicationofknowledgetolifebeyondthecampus.“Althoughthekeytoagoodcollegeisahigh-qualityfaculty,theCarnegiestudyfoundthatmostcollegesdoverylittletoencouragegoodteaching.Infact,theydomuchtoundermineit.Asoneprofessorobserved:“Teachingisimportant,wearetold,andyetfacultyknowthatresearchandpublicationmattermost.”Notsurprisingly,overthelasttwentyyearscollegesanduniversitieshavefailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidates.Facultymemberswhodedicatedthemselvestoteachingsoondiscoverthattheywillnotbegrantedtenure(终身任期),promotion,orsubstantialsalaryincreases.Yet70percentofallfacultiessaytheirinterestsliemoreinteachingthaninresearch.Additionally,afrequentcomplaintamongyoungscholarsisthat“Thereispressuretopublish,althoughthereisvirtuallynointerestamongadministratorsorcolleaguesinthecontentofthepublications.”36.Whenacollegetriestobe“allthingstoalpeople”(Lines1-2,Para.1)itaimsto________.A)satisfytheneedsofallkindsofstudentssimultaneouslyB)focusontrainingstudentsinvariousskillsC)encouragestudentstotakeasmanycoursesaspossibleD)makelearningserveacademicratherthanproductiveends37.Bysayingthat“intoomanyacademicfields,theworkhasnocontext”(Lines4-5,Pare.1)theauthormeansthattheteachingintheseareas________.A)ignorestheactualsituationB)isnotbasedontherightperspectiveC)onlyfocusesonanintegratedcoreofcommonlearningD)givesprioritytothecultivationofaglobalvisionamongstudents38.OneofthereasonsforthecurrentcrisisinAmericancollegesanduniversitiesisthat________.A)anarrowvocationalismhascometodominatemanycollegesB)studentsdon’thaveenoughfreedominchoosingwhattheywanttolearnC)skillsarebeingtaughtasameanstoanendD)studentsareonlyinterestedinobtainingcredentials39.Americancollegesanduniversitiesfailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidatesbecause________.A)mostofthemlackhigh-qualityfacultiesB)theinterestsofmostfacultymemberslieinresearchC)therearenotenoughincentivesforstudentstostudyhardD)theyattachgreaterimportancetoresearchandpublicationthantoteaching40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathigh-qualitycollegeeducationcallsfor________.A)puttingacademicworkinthepropercontextB)acommitmenttostudentsandeffectiveteachingC)thepracticeofputtingleaningtoproductiveendsD)dedicationtoresearchinfrontierareasofknowledge1998年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneCyberspace(网络空间)，datasuperhighways,mulletmedia-forthosewhohaveseenthefuture,thelinkingofcomputers,televisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever,Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopia(乌托邦)littleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.Aswithallnewhightechnology,whiletheWest

82concernsitselfwiththe“how,”thequestionof“forwhom”isputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundaries,andtransitionalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftrade,exchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets-withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.As“futures”(期货)aretradedoncomputerscreens,developingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.Sowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrol?Onealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves-so-called“developmentcommunications”modernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.,EuropeorJapan;thepatents,skillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries,Itisalsoexpensive,andimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit-creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermore,whennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelites,foreigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransitionalcorporationsmaybenefit,thoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.21.Fromthepassageweknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestsof________.A)therichcountriesB)scientificdevelopmentC)theeliteD)theworldeconomy22.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A)internationaltradeshouldbeexpandedB)theinterestsofthepoorcountrieshavenotbeengivenenoughconsiderationC)theexportsofthepoorcountriesshouldbeincreasedD)communicationstechnologyinthedevelopingcountriesshouldbemodernized23.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactondevelopingcountries?A)Becauseitenablesthedevelopedcountriestocontroltheinternationalmarket.B)Becauseitdestroystheeconomicbalanceofthepoorcountries.C)Becauseitviolatesthenationalboundariesofthepoorcountries.D)Becauseitinhibitstheindustrialgrowthofdevelopingcountries.24.Thedevelopmentofmoderncommunicationstechnologyindevelopingcountriesmay________.A)hindertheirindustrialproductionB)causethemtolosecontroloftheirtradeC)forcethemtoreducetheirshareofexportsD)costthemtheireconomicindependence25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis________.A)positiveB)criticalC)indifferentD)tolerantPassageTwoTheestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.DepartmentofEducationestimatesthereare250,000to35,000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.Hone-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigher-ataboutamillion.Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolers,perceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschools,chargingshortcomingsthatrangefrom

83lackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherd-likeapproachtoteachingchildren.Yet,aspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulation,andashomeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschools,thesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceand,insomecases,evencooperation.SaysJohnMarshall,aneducationofficial,“Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.“Theideais,‘Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentold,andthey’llwanttocomeback.Perhaps,butdon’tcountonit,sayhome-schooladvocates.Homeschoolers,opposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation-whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace-isbest.“Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone,”saysEngeCannon,associatedirectoroftheNationalCenterForHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasons,butreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime.ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalso“strictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentally,theyalsowanttheirchildrentolearn-bothintellectuallyandemotionally-thatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutioninsociety.“Otherhomeschoolerscontend“notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresy(异端邪说),butthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately,”VanGalenwrites.“Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto‘takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.”26.Accordingtothepassage,homeschoolersare________.A)thosewhoengageprivateteacherstoprovideadditionaleducationfortheirchildrenB)thosewhoeducatetheirchildrenathomeinsteadofsendingthemtoschoolC)thosewhoadvocatecombiningpubliceducationwithhomeschoolingD)thosewhodon’tgotoschoolbutareeducatedathomebytheirparents27.Publicschoolsaresofteningtheirpositiononhomeschoolingbecause________.A)thereisn’tmuchtheycangotochangethepresentsituationB)theywanttoshowtheirtolerancefordifferentsituationC)homeschoolingprovidesanewvarietyofeducationforchildrenD)publicschoolshavesomanyproblemsthattheycannotofferpropereducationforallchildren28.Home-schooladvocatesareoftheopinionthat________.A)thingsinpublicschoolsarenotsobadashasoftenbeensaidB)theirtoleranceofpubliceducationwillattractmorekidstopublicschoolsC)homeschoolingissuperiorand,therefore,theywillnoteasilygiveinD)theirincreasedcooperationwithpublicschoolwillbringabouttheimprovementofpubliceducation29.Mosthomeschoolers’oppositiontopubliceducationstemsfromtheir________.A)respectfortheinterestofindividualsB)worryabouttheinefficiencyofpublicschoolsC)concernwiththecostinvolvedD)devotiontoreligion30.AccordingtoVanGalensomehomeschoolersbelievethat________.A)publicschoolstakeupaherd-likeapproachtoteachingchildrenB)teachersinpublicschoolarenotasresponsibleastheyshouldbeC)publicschoolscannotprovideaneducationthatisgoodenoughfortheirchildrenD)publicschoolsarethesourceofbureaucracyandinefficiencyinmodernsocietyPassageThreeEveryyeartelevisionstationsreceivehundredsofcomplaintsabouttheloudnessofadvertisements.However,federalrulesforbidthepracticeofmakingadslouderthantheprogramming.Inaddition,televisionstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelallowedfor

84reasonsofefficiency.AccordingtooneNBCexecutive,nodifferenceexistsinthepeaksoundlevelofadsandprogramming.Giventhisinformationwhydocommercialssoundsoloud?Thesensationofsoundinvolvesavarietyoffactorsinadditiontoitsspeaklevel.Advertisersareskilfulatcreatingtheimpressionofloudnessthroughtheirexpertuseofsuchfactors.Onemajorcontributortotheperceivedloudnessofcommercialsisthatmushlessvariationinsoundleveloccursduringacommercial.Inregularprogrammingtheintensityofsoundvariesoveralargerange.However,soundlevelsincommercialstendtostayatornearpeaklevels.Other“tricksofthetrade”arealsoused.Becauselow-frequencysoundscanmaskhigherfrequencysounds,advertisersfilteroutanynoisesthatmaydrownouttheprimarymessage.Inaddition,thehumanvoicehasmoreauditory(听觉的)impactinthemiddlefrequencyranges.Advertiserselectronicallyvaryvoicesoundssothattheystaywithinsuchafrequencyband.Anotherapproachistowritethescriptsothatlotsofconsonants(辅音)areused,becausepeoplearemoreawareofconsonantsthanvowel(元音)sounds.Finally,advertiserstrytobegincommercialswithsoundsthatarehighlydifferentfromthoseoftheprogrammingwithinwhichthecommercialisburied.Becausepeoplebecomeadaptedtothetypeofsoundscomingfromprogramming,adramaticchangeinsoundqualitydrawsvieweraattention.Forexample,noticehowmanycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsometype.Theattention-gettingpropertyofcommercialscanbeseenbyobservingone-totwo-year-oldchildrenwhohappentobeplayingaroundatelevisionset.Theymaytotallyignoretheprogramming.However,whenacommercialcomeson,theirattentionisimmediatelydrawntoitbecauseofitsdramaticsoundquality.31.Accordingtothepassage,themaximumintensityofsoundcomingfromcommercials________.A)doesnotexceedthatofprogramsB)isgreaterthanthatofprogramsC)variesoveralargerangethanthatofprogramsD)islessthanthatofprograms32.Commercialscreatethesensationofloudnessbecause________.A)TVstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelsB)theirsoundlevelsarekeptaroundpeaklevelsC)theirsoundlevelsarekeptinthemiddlefrequencyrangesD)unlikeregularprogramstheirintensityofsoundvariesoverawiderange33.Manycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsomekindbecause________.A)popsongsattractviewerattentionB)itcanincreasetheirloudnessC)advertiserswanttomakethemsounddifferentfromregularprogramsD)advertiserswanttomergemusicwithcommercials34.Oneofthereasonswhycommercialsareabletoattractviewerattentionisthat________.A)thehumanvoicesincommercialshavemoreauditoryimpactB)peoplelikecheerfulsongsthatchangedramaticallyinsoundqualityC)high-frequencysoundsareusedtomasksoundsthatdrownouttheprimarymessageD)theypossesssoundqualitiesthatmaketheviewerfeelthatsomethingunusualishappening35.Inthepassage,theauthoristryingtotellus________.A)howTVadsvaryvocalsoundstoattractattentionB)howtheloudnessofTVadsisovercomeC)howadvertiserscontrolthesoundpropertiesofTVadsD)howtheattention-gettingpropertiesofsoundsaremadeuseofinTVadsPassageFourIntheUnitedStates,theneedtoprotectplantandanimalspecieshasbecomeahighlycontroversialandsharplypoliticalissuesincethepassageoftheEndangeredSpeciesActin1973.Theact,designedtoprotectspecies’livingareas,andpoliciesthatpreservelandandforestscompetewitheconomicinterests.Inthe1990’s,forexample,thewoodcuttersintheWesternUnitedStateswerechallengedlegallyintheirattempttocuttreesfortimberintheCascade

85Mountains.Thechallengewasmountedtoprotecttheendangeredspottedowl(猫头鹰),whoseremainingpopulationoccupiestheseforestsandrequirestheintact,ancientforestforsurvival.Theproblematicsituationsettheinterestsofenvironmentalistsagainstthoseofcorporationsandofindividualswhostoodtolosejobs.Aftermonthsofdebateandlegalbattles,thefateofthewoodcutters-andtheowls-wasstillundecidedinmid-1992.Similartensionsexistbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingnations.Manypeopleinindustrializednations,forexample,believethatdevelopingnationsintropicalregionsshoulddomoretoprotecttheirrainforestsandothernaturalareas.Butthedevelopingcountriesmaybeimpoverished(使穷困),withpopulationsgrowingsorapidlythatusingthelandisameanstotemporarilyavoidworseningpovertyandstarvation.ManyofthechangestoEarththatconcernscientistshavethepotentialtorobtheplanetofitsbiologicalrichness.ThedestructionofEarth’sozonelayer(臭氧层),forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultra-violetraystoharmplantsandanimals.Andglobalwarmingcouldwipeoutspeciesunabletoquicklyadapttochangingclimates.Clearly,protectingwillcomeonlythroughcoordinatedinternationaleffortstocontrolhumanpopulation,stabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere,andpreserveintactEarth’scomplexweblife.36.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheprotectionofendangeredspeciesisahighlycontroversialissue?A)Becausepeoplecan’tagreeastowhatspeciestoprotect.B)Becauseitisdifficulttofindaneffectivewaytoprotectsuchspecies.C)Becauseitaffectstheinterestsofcertaingroupsofpeople.D)Becauseitisamajorprobleminvolvingaseriesoflegalprocedures.37.Accordingtothepassage,thepreservationofrainforests________.A)mayhamperadevelopingcountryinitsfightagainstpovertyB)benefitsdevelopedcountriesratherthandevelopingcountriesC)shouldtakepriorityoverthecontrolofhumanpopulationD)willhelpimprovethelivingconditionsindevelopingcountries38.Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtresstogrowmorefood________.A)willwidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingcountriesB)isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblemC)canhardlyalleviatetheshortageoffoodD)provestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations39.Among“humanity’scurrentproblems”(Line6,Para.3),thechiefconcernofthescientistsis________.A)theimpoverishmentofdevelopingcountriesB)theexplosionofthehumanpopulationC)thereductionofbiologicaldiversityD)theeffectofglobalwarming40.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis________.A)todescribethedifficultiesinsolvinghumanity’scurrentproblemsB)topresentthedifferentviewsonhumanity’scurrentproblemsC)toanalyzethecontradictionbetweencountriesindealingwithhumanity’scurrentproblemsD)topointoutthathumanity’scurrentproblemscanonlybesolvedthroughthecooperationofnations1998年1月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneAfewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskindeep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnotsobeautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,morethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractive

86individualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.UnAmerican,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieties(虔诚)whileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudents,orteachersorcorporatepersonnelmangers-apieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractiveperson,someanaveragelookingcharacter,andsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthepersoninthepicture,thehigherthepersonisrated.Inthephrase,borrowedfromSappho,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,explains:Intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspire(追求)tomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomenwhomaybelessattractive.21.Accordingtothepassage,peopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager________.A)aperson’spropertyordebtsdonotmattermuchB)aperson’soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalqualificationC)womenshouldalwaysdressfashionablyD)womenshouldnotonlybeattractivebutalsohighminded22.Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat________.A)peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone’sbestB)womeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidwellC)goodlookingwomenaspiretomanagerialpositionsD)attractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoarenot23.Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattributes________.A)theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskindeepB)theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheysupportC)theygiveordinarylookingpersonsthelowestratingsD)theytendtobasetheirjudgmentontheindividual’saccomplishments24.“Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen”(Line1,Para.5)meansthat________.A)attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicjobsB)goodlookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofeverythingC)beingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforwomenD)attractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialpositions25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld________.A)handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenareB)physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewellC)physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewellD)goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformenPassageTwoNotcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactoryfarmingindustryalsoarguesthat“hungrynationsarebenefitingfromadvancesmadebythe

87poultry(家禽)industry”.Infact,ratherthanhelpingthefightagainstmalnutrition(营养不良)in“hungrynations,”thespreadoffactoryfarminghas,inevitablyaggravatedtheproblem.Largescaleintensivemeatandpoultryproductionisawasteoffoodresources.Thisisbecausemoreproteinhastobefedtoanimalsintheformofvegetablematterthancaneverberecoveredintheformofmeat.Muchofthefoodvalueislostintheanimal’sprocessofdigestionandcellreplacement.Neither,inthecaseofchicken,canoneeatfeathers,blood,feetorhead.Inall,onlyabout44%oftheliveanimalfitstobeeatenasmeat.Thismeansonehastofeedapproximately9—10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.Nevertheless,thehugeincreaseinpoultryproductionthroughoutAsiaandAfricacontinues.NormallyBritishorUSfirmsareinvolved.Forinstance,anAmericanbasedmultinationalcompanyhasthisyearannounceditsinvolvementinprojectsinseveralAfricancountries.Britain’slargestsupplierschickens,RossBreeders,arealsoinvolvedinprojectsallovertheworld.Becausesuchtradeisgoodforexports,Westerngovernmentsencourageit.In1979,afirminBangladeshcalledPhoenixPoultryreceivedagranttosetupaunitof6,000chickensand18,000layinghens.Thisalmostdoubledthenumberofpoultrykeptinthecountryallatonce.ButBangladeshlackscapital,energyandfoodandhaslargenumbersofunemployed.Suchchickenraisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfaminereliefproteinfood.Atpresent,oneofBangladesh’smainimportsisfoodgrains,becausethecountryisunabletogrowenoughfoodtofeeditspopulation.Onwhatthencantheypossiblyfeedthechicken?26.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat________.A)efficiencymustberaisedinthepoultryindustryB)raisingpoultrycanprovidemoreproteinthangrowinggrainC)factoryfarmingwilldomoreharmthangoodtodevelopingcountriesD)hungrynationsmaybenefitfromthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustry27.Accordingtotheauthor,infactory,vegetablefood________.A)iseasyforchickenstodigestB)isinsufficientfortheneedsofpoultryC)isfullyutilisedinmeatandeggproductionD)isinefficientlyconvertedintomeatandeggs28.WesterngovernmentsencouragethepoultryindustryinAsiabecausetheyregarditasaneffectivewayto________.A)boosttheirownexportsB)alleviatemalnutritioninAsiancountriesC)createjobopportunitiesinAsiancountriesD)promotetheexportsofAsiancountries29.Theword“carcass”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“________”.A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuseB)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeatC)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyaffordD)meatcannedforfutureconsumption30.Whatthelastparagraphtellsusistheauthor’s________.A)detailedanalysisofthewaysofraisingpoultryinBangladeshB)greatappreciationofthedevelopmentofpoultryindustryinBangladeshC)criticalviewonthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshD)practicalsuggestionfortheimprovementofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshPassageThreeWeallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreath

88aboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsaliva(唾液)slows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevilsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide(硫化物).Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygenrichsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.Formostofus,thesimple,drymouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdrymouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbadbreathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus(粘液).Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol-asmostdo-itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.31.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“________”.A)thriveonB)accountforC)originatefromD)descendfrom32.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?A)Toothtrouble.B)Sulfurrichfood.C)Toomuchexercise.D)Mentalstrain.33.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause________.A)itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducingB)itssmelladdstobadbreathC)itkillssomehelpfulbacteriaD)itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva34.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause________.A)theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenoughB)theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteriaC)theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworseD)theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus35.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat________.A)offensivebreathcan’teasilybecuredB)elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreathC)heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreathD)offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcoholPassageFour“WelcometotheU.S.A.!MajorCreditcardsaccepted!”Bythemillionstheyarecomingnolongerthetired,thepoor,thewretchedmasslongingforabetterliving.Thesearethewealthy.“Wedon’thaveabudget,”saysabiologistfromBrazil,asshewalkswithtwocompanionsthroughNewYorkCity’sSouthStreet.“Wejustuseourcreditcards.”TheU.S.haslongbeenoneoftheworld’smostpopulartouristdestinations,butthisyearhasbeenexceptional.FirsttherewastheWorldCup,whichdrewthousandsfromeverycorneroftheglobe;thencametheweakeningoftheU.S.dollaragainstmajorcurrencies.NowtheU.S.,stillthe

89world’ssuperpower,canalsoclaimtobetheworld’sbargainbasement(廉价商品部).NobodyundersellsAmericathesedaysonjustabouteverything,fromconsumerelectronicstofashionclothestotennisrackets.Bottomretailprices-anywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeandAsia-haveattractedsome47millionvisitors,whoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.That’supfrom$74billiontheyearbefore.True,noteveryonecomesjustforbrains.ThereremainsanundeniablefascinationintherestoftheworldwithallthingsAmerican,nourishedbyHollywoodfilmsandU.S.televisionseries.ButshoppingtheU.S.A.isprovingirresistible.Everyweekthousandsarrivewithemptysuitcasesreadytobefilled;someevenrentanadditionalhotelroomtoholdtheirpurchases.Thebuyingbinge(无节制)hasbecomeasimportantaswatchingOldFaithfulFountainseruptinYellowstoneParkorsunbathingonabeachinFlorida.TheU.S.hascomeatlasttoappreciatewhatothercountrieslearnedlongago:thepouringinofforeigntouristsmaynotalwaysbeconvenient,butisdoesputmoneyinthebank.Andwithatradedeficitatabout$130billionandgrowingforthepast12months,theU.S.needsallthedepositsitcanget.ComparedwithAmericantouristsabroad,visitorstotheU.S.staylongerandspendmoremoneyateachstop;anaverageof12.2nightand$1624atravellerversustheAmericans’fournightsand$298.36.FromwhattheBrazilianbiologistsays,weknowthattouristslikeher________.A)arereluctanttocarrycashwiththemB)simplydon’tcarehowmuchtheyspendC)arenotgoodatplanningtheirexpenditureD)oftenspendmoremoneythantheycanafford37.Thereasonwhy1994wasexceptionalisthat________.A)itsawanunusuallylargenumberoftouriststotheU.S.B)itwitnessedadropinthenumberoftouriststotheU.S.C)tourismwashardlyaffectedbytheweakeningoftheU.S.dollarthatyearD)touristscametotheU.S.forsightseeingratherthanforbargainsthatyear38.Bysaying“nobodyundersellsAmerica”(Line4,Para.3),theauthormeansthat________.A)noothercountryunderestimatesthecompetitivenessofAmericanproductsB)nobodyexpectstheAmericanstocutthepricesoftheircommoditiesC)nobodyrestrainsthesellingofAmericangoodsD)noothercountrysellsatalowerpricethatAmerica39.WhydoestheauthorassertthatallthingsAmericanarefascinatingtoforeigners?A)BecausetheyhavegainedmuchpublicitythroughtheAmericanmedia.B)Becausetheyrepresenttheworld’slatestfashions.C)Becausetheyembodythemostsophisticatedtechnology.D)Becausetheyareavailableatalltouristdestinations.40.FromthepassagewecanconcludethattheU.S.hascometorealize________.A)theweakeningiftheU.S.dollarcanresultintradedeficitsB)thelowertheretailprices,thegreatertheprofitsC)tourismcanmakegreatcontributionstoitseconomyD)visitorstotheU.S.arewealthierthanU.S.touristsabroad1997年6月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpusstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantitydeliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags,and

90tinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,two-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Astudyofdrugstoreandsupermarketshelveswillconvinceanyobserverthatallpossiblesizeandshapesofboxes,jars,bottles,andtinsareinuseatthesametimeand,asthepackagejournalsshow,weekbyweek,thereisneveranyhesitationinintroducinganewsize,andshapeofboxorbottlewhenitaidsinproductdifferentiation.Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyagainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork,andnetweightsthatareusedforimprovingaproduct’smarketposition.Whenapackagingexpertexplainedthathewasabletomultiplythepriceofhardsweetsby2.5,from1dollarto2.50dollarsbychangingtoafancyjar,orthathehadmadea5-ouncebottlelookasthoughitheld8ounces,hewasineffecttellingthepublicthatpackagingcanbeaveryexpensiveluxury.Itevidentlydoescomehigh,whenanaveragefamilypaysabout200dollarsayearforbottles,cans,boxes,jarsandothercontainers,mostofwhichcan’tbeusedanythingbutstuffingthegarbagecan.21.WhatstartedthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpus?A)Consumers’complaintsaboutthechangesinthepackagesize.B)Expensivepackagingforpoorqualityproducts.C)Asenator’sdiscoveryofthetricksinpackaging.D)Theriseintheunitpriceformanyproducts.22.Theword“undue”(Para.2)means“________”.A)improperB)adequateC)unexpectedD)excessive23.Consumersareconcernedaboutthechangesinthepackagesize,mainlybecause________.A)theyhatetoseeanychangesinthingstheyarefamiliarwithB)theyunitpriceforaproductoftenrisesasaresultC)theyhavetopayforthecostofchangingpackagesizesD)thisentailsanincreaseinthecostofpackaging24.Accordingtothispassage,varioustypesofpackagingcomeintoexistenceto________.A)meettheneedsofconsumersB)suitallkindsofproductsC)enhancethemarketpositionofproductsD)introducenewproducts25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof________.A)dishonestpackagingB)inferiorpackagingC)thechangesinpackagesizeD)exaggeratedillustrationsonpackagesPassageTwoIfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirminUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasic

91backgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthattowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.26.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?A)Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.B)Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’ownbusiness.C)Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.D)Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.27.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?A)Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinfirms.B)Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.C)Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinthefirms.D)Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.28.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto________.A)workerswhocanoperatenewequipmentB)technologicalandmanagerialstaffC)workerswholackbasicbackgroundskillsD)topexecutives29.Accordingtothepassages,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis________.A)theintroductionofnewtechnologiesB)theimprovementofworker’sbasicskillsC)therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployeesD)theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees30.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.B)Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.C)Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.D)Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.PassageThreeThebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritermaybeobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul-thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’sbiography-notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocratic

92motive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject,thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterisationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthestoryofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.31.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho________.A)knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhimB)isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywritingC)isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivityD)possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubject32.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat________.A)thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreadersB)biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects’livesC)thebestbiographiesaretheofheroesandfamousfiguresD)biographiescanservedifferentpurpose33.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?A)Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.B)Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.C)Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.D)Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.34.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause________.A)itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividlyB)itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject’sprivatelifeC)itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsidersD)itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject’scharacter35.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson________.A)thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjobB)thesecretofabiographertowinmorereadersC)thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteafoodbiographyD)thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographiesPassageFourWhethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable,thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyesthenthefacewillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyethenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sback,infantstonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner.”TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceawayas

93theytalk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselves-toglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakeratthe`precisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.36.Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare________.A)ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideasB)somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson’sinnerworldC)ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinterestingD)somethingthevalueofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebate37.Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson________.A)whosefrontviewisfullyperceivedB)whosefaceiscoveredwithamaskC)whosefaceisseenfromthesideD)whosefaceisfreeofanycovering38.Accordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner’sneckbecause________.A)theydon’tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerB)theyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontactC)theydon’tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontactD)theydidn’thavemuchopportunitytocommunicatethrougheyecontactinbabyhood39.Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto________.A)onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheotherB)eyecontactofmorethanonesecondC)improperly-timedceasingofeyecontactD)constantadjustmentofeyecontact40.Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants________.A)nottoweardarkspectaclesB)nottomakeanyinterruptionsC)nottoglanceawayfromeachotherD)nottomakeunpredictablepauses1997年1月英语六级阅读真题PassageOneMoreandmore,theoperationsofourbusinesses,governments,andfinancialinstitutionsarecontrolledbyinformationthatexistsonlyinsidecomputermemories.Anyonecleverenoughtomodifythisinformationforhisownpurposescanreapsubstantialrewards.Evenworse,anumberofpeoplewhohavedonethisandbeencaughtatithavemanagedtogetawaywithoutpunishment.It’seasyforcomputercrimestogoundetectedifnoonechecksuponwhatthecomputerisdoing.Butevenifthecrimeisdetected,thecriminalmaywalkawaynotonlyunpunishedbutwithaglowingrecommendationfromhisformeremployers.Ofcourse,wehavenostatisticsoncrimesthatgoundetected.Butit’sdisturbingtonotehowmanyofthecrimeswedoknowaboutweredetectedbyaccident,notbysystematicinspectionsorothersecurityprocedures.Thecomputercriminalswhohavebeencaughtmaybeenthevictimsofuncommonlybadluck.Forexample,acertainkeypunch(键盘打孔)operatorcomplainedofhavingtostayovertimetopunchextracards.Investigationrevealedthattheextracardsshewasbeingaskedtopunchwerefordishonesttransactions.Inanothercase,dissatisfiedemployeesofthethieftippedoff(向…透露)thecompanythatwasbeingrobbed.Unlikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,computercriminalssometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynotbechargedbutthattheybegivengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.Alltoooften,their

94demandshavebeenmet.Why?Becausecompanyexecutivesareafraidofthebadpublicitythatwouldresultifthepublicfoundoutthattheircomputerhadbeenmisused.Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginopencourtofhowhejuggled(耍弄)themostconfidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompany’sexecutives,aaccountant,andsecuritystaff.Andsoanothercomputercriminaldepartswithjusttherecommendationsheneedstocontinuehiscrimeselsewhere.21.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.A)itisstillimpossibletodetectcomputercrimestodayB)computercrimesarethemostseriousproblemintheoperationoffinancialinstitutionsC)computercriminalscanescapepunishmentbecausetheycan’tbedetectedD)peoplecommitcomputercrimesattherequesttheircompany22.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat________.A)manymorecomputercrimesgoundetectedthanarediscoveredB)therapidincreaseofcomputercrimesisatroublesomeproblemC)mostcomputercriminalsaresmartenoughtocoveruptheircrimesD)mostcomputercriminalsaresmartenoughtocoveruptheirbadluck23.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?A)Astrictlawagainstcomputercrimesmustbeenforced.B)Companiesneedtoimposerestrictionsonconfidentialinformation.C)Companieswillguardagainstcomputercrimestoprotecttheirreputation.D)Companiesusuallyhesitatetouncovercomputercrimes.24.Whatmayhappentocomputercriminalsoncetheyarecaught?A)Withabadreputationtheycanhardlyfindanotherjob.B)Theywillbedeniedaccesstoconfidentialrecords.C)Theymaywalkawayandeasilyfindanotherjob.D)Theymustleavethecountryorgotojail.25.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A)whycomputercrimesaredifficulttodetectbysystematicinspectionsB)whycomputercriminalsareoftenabletoescapepunishmentC)howcomputercriminalsmanagetogetgoodrecommendationfromtheirformeremployersD)whycomputercrimescan’tbeeliminatedPassageTwoItisoftenclaimedthatnuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.Weliveinaconsumersocietywherethereisanenormousdemandforcommercialproductsofallkinds.Moreover,anincreaseinindustrialproductionisconsideredtobeonesolutiontotheproblemofmassunemployment.Suchanincreasepresumesanabundantandcheapenergysupply.Manypeoplebelievethatnuclearenergyprovidesaninexhaustibleandeconomicalsourceofpowerandthatitisthereforeessentialforanindustriallydevelopingsociety.Thereareanumberofotheradvantagesintheuseofnuclearenergy.Firstly,nuclearpower,exceptforaccidents,isclean.Afurtheradvantageisthatanuclearpowerstationcanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff.Thenuclearreactorrepresentsanenormousstepinourscientificevolutionand,whatevertheantinucleargroupsays,itiswrongtoexpectareturntomoreprimitivesourcesoffuel.However,opponentsofnuclearenergypointoutthatnuclearpowerstationsbringadirectthreatnotonlytotheenvironmentbutalsotocivilliberties.Furthermore,itisquestionablewhetherultimatelynuclearpowerisacheapsourceofenergy.Therehave,forexample,beenverycostlyaccidentsinAmerica,inBritainand,ofcourse,inRussia.Thepossibilityofincreasesinthecostofuranium(铀)inadditiontothecostofgreatersafetyprovisionscouldpricenuclearpoweroutofthemarket.Inthelongrun,environmentalistsargue,nuclearenergywastesvaluableresourcesanddisturbstheecologytoanextentwhichcouldbringaboutthedestructionofthehumanrace.Thus,ifwewishtosurvive,wecannotaffordnuclearenergy.Inspiteofthecaseagainstnuclearenergyoutlinedabove,nuclearenergy

95programmesareexpanding.Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrialproductionandconsumerdemands.However,itisdoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue.Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,itseemstherearegoodeconomicandecologicalreasonsforsourcesofenergyotherthannuclearpower.26.Thewriter’sattitudetowardnuclearenergyis________.A)indifferentB)favorableC)tolerantD)negative27.Accordingtotheopponentsofnuclearenergy,whichofthefollowingistrueofnuclearenergy?A)PrimitiveB)ExhaustibleC)CheapD)Unsafe28.Somepeopleclaimthatnuclearenergyisessentialbecause________.A)itprovidesaperfectsolutiontomassunemploymentB)itrepresentsanenormousstepforwardinourscientificevolutionC)itcanmeetthegrowingdemandofanindustriallydevelopingsocietyD)nuclearpowerstationscanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthewritersupport?A)Thedemandforcommercialproductswillnotnecessarilykeepincreasing.B)Nuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.C)Uraniumisagoodsourceofenergyforeconomicandecologicalreasons.D)Greatersafetyprovisionscanbringabouttheexpansionofnuclearenergyprogrammes.30.Thefunctionofthelastsentenceisto________.A)advancethefinalargumentB)reflectthewriter’sattitudeC)reversepreviouslyexpressedthoughtsD)showthedisadvantagesofnuclearpowerPassageThreeClothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer’sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople’simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddleclassmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远…)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson’seducation,background,orinterests.Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装),includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollagestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinter-personalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwelldefinedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming(打扮)-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon’tgetajob.”31.Accordingtothepassage,thewaywedress________.

96A)providescluesforpeoplewhoarecriticalofusB)indicatesourlikesanddislikesinchoosingacareerC)hasadirectinfluenceonthewaypeopleregardusD)isofparticularimportancewhenwegetoninage32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan________.A)changepeople’sconservativeattitudestowardtheirlifestyleB)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesexC)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarketD)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationships33.Theword“precedent”(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto________.A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamplesB)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportanceC)thingsthatmenshouldagreeuponD)men’sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided34.Accordingtothepassage,manycareerwomenfindthemselvesindifficultsituationsbecause________.A)thevarietyofprofessionalclothingistoowideforthemtochooseB)womenaregenerallythoughttobeonlygoodatbeingfashionmodelsC)menaremorefavorablyjudgedformanagerialpositionsD)theyarenotsuretowhatextenttheyshoulddisplaytheirfemininequalitiesthroughclothing35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Dressingforeffect.B)Howtodressappropriately.C)Managerialpositionsandclothing.D)Dressingfortheoccasion.PassageFourThemorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization.ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T,CocaCola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescales(障眼物)havedroppedfromtheireyes.“Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,”saysKaleelJamison,aNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.“Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you’llgetahead—thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.”Sheadds,“Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydown(使不突出)theirvisibility.”Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.36.Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Line2,Para.1)probablyrefersto“________”.A)criticismsthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceB)theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefs

97C)thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheyeD)theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganization37.Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto________.A)letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouareB)projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyouC)workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiorsD)performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiors38.Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey________.A)knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotionB)wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefsC)don’twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolorD)believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolor39.TheauthorisoftheopinionthatColeman’sbeliefsare________.A)biasedB)popularC)insightfulD)superficial40.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.A)RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementB)TheImportanceofBeingVisibleC)JobPerformanceandAdvancementD)SexandCareerSuccess