英语六级模拟考试题

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英语六级模拟考试题PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)　　Google’splanforworld’sbiggestonlinelibrary:philanthropyoractofpiracy?　　Googlehasalreadyscanned10millionbooksinitsbidtodigitisethecontentsoftheworld’smajorlibraries,butacopyrightbattlenowthreatenstheproject,withAmazonandMicrosoftjoiningauthorsandpublishersopposedtothescheme.　　Inrecentyearstheworld’smostvenerablelibrarieshaveplayedhosttosomeincongruousvisitors.Industynooksandfar-flungstacks,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenbeaveringawaytomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope–includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.　　WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure,soseeminglyout-of-kilterwithitssnazzy,hi-techimage?Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organisetheworld’sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.LiketheAncientEgyptianswhoattemptedtobuildalibraryatAlexandriacontainingalltheknownworld’sscrolls,Googleexecutivestalkofconstructingauniversalonlinearchive,atreasuretroveofknowledgethatwillbefreelyavailable–oratleastfreelysearchable–forall.　　Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavinglofty,utopianaspirations."Thisreallyisn’taboutmakingmoney"isamantra."Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."　　DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,offersananalogywiththeinventionoftheGutenbergpress–Google’sbookproject,hesays,willhaveasimilardemocratisingeffect.Hetalksofpeopleinfar-flungpartsbeingabletoaccessknowledgeasneverbefore,ofsearchqueriesleadingthemtotheone,longout-of-printbooktheyneed.　　Andhedoesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropicexercise."Google’scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle’ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheetoutliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany’sfounders."　　Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionaryzeal.ButGoogle’sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.　　First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld’sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity’slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.　　Thesecond,relatedcriticismisthatGoogle’sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.This

1allegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredinalegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinBleakHouselookstraightforward.　　Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor’slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor’sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andlastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.　　OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian’sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).　　But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysnippetsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.　　"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."　　In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishersandpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuitagainstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofwrangling,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarestaggeringlycomplicated–thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement’smostvocalBritishcritics.　　Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletoreimburseauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.　　ThesettlementstipulatesthatabodyknownastheBooksRightsRegistrywillrepresenttheinterestsofUScopyrightholders.AuthorsandpublisherswithacopyrightinterestinabookscannedbyGooglewhomakethemselvesknowntotheregistrywillbeentitledtoreceiveapayment–intheregionof$60perbook–ascompensation.　　Additionally,thesettlementhandsGooglethepower–butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement’smostcontroversialaspect.　　Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany’srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google’sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associate

2professoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement’sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.　　Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5%to10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicence.　　"ThedealhasineffecthandedGoogleaswathofintellectualcopyright.Itisamammothpotentialbooksellingmarket,"saysBlofeld.HeaddsitisnosurprisethatAmazon,whichcurrentlycontrols90%ofthedigitalbooksmarket,isbecomingworried.　　ButDanClancyofGoogledismissestheideathat,bygainingcontroloverout-of-printandorphanworks,Googleissecuringforitselfasignificantfuturerevenuestream.Hepointsoutthatout-of-printbooksrepresentonlyatinyfractionofthebooksmarket–between1%and2%."Thisideathatwearegainingaccesstoavastmarkethere–Ireallydon’tthinkthatistrue."　　JamesGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,broadlyagrees.Hesaysthat,althoughGoogle’sinitialscanningofin-copyrightbooksmadehimuncomfortable,thesettlementitselfisafairdealforauthors.　　"Thethingthatneedstobeemphasisedisthatthisso-calledmarketoverwhichGoogleisbeinggivendominance–themarketinout-of-printbooks–doesn’tcurrentlyexist.That’swhythey’reoutofprint.Inreallife,Ican’tseewhatthedamageis–it’sonlygood."　　Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted–itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis–andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.　　Overthecomingmonths,wewillhearalotmoreabouttheGooglesettlementanditsramifications.Althoughit’sasubjectthatmayseemobscureandspecialised,itconcernsoneofthebiggestissuesaffectingpublishingand,indeed,othercreativeindustries–thecontrolofdigitalrights.　　NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld’slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleickpointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn’tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayoranother,Google’sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldinyearstocome.　　1.Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld’sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____　　A.tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries.　　B.toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic　　C.toencouragereadingaroundtheworld　　D.topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching　　2.AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google’sbook-scanningprojectwill　　A.helpthebroadmassesofreaders　　B.broadenhumanity’sintellectualhorizons　　C.makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine　　D.revolutionisetheentirebookindustry　　3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld’sbooksshouldbe

3controlledby_______.　　A)theworld’stechgiants　　B)theworld’sleadinglibraries　　C)non-profitorganizations　　D)multinationalcompanies　　4.4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored______.　　A.thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks　　B.theinterestoftraditionalsellers　　C.thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned　　D.thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks.　　5.Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat__________.　　A)makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright　　B)theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse　　C)itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders　　D)itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent　　6.WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?　　A.ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.　　B.Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiations.　　C.ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestofAmericanpublishers.　　D.Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.　　7.Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?　　A.Thecompensationforcopyrightholders.　　B.ThechangeinGoogle’sbusinessmodel.　　C.Google’sfurtherexploitationofitsdatabase.　　D.Thecommercialprovisionsofthesettlement.　　8.While_______,Googlemakesmoneybysellingadvertising.　　9.Bookswhosecopyrightholdersarenotknownarecalled_______.　　10.Google’sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwilltremendously_______inthefuture第一篇　　"Justoneword,"Mr.McGuiretellsDustinHoffman’sBenjaminBraddockinTheGraduate."Plastics."　　What’stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduatetoday?China?India?Hedgefund(that’stwowords)?Plasticsurgery?Howabouttrade?　　Advertisement　　WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJunespikedtonearly$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoaslowdowningrowth.　　Butthere’sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession—i.e.,areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates—butaneconomicexpansion.　　InJune,importswere$200.3billionandexportswere$150.5billion—totaltradeingoodsandservicesof$350.8billion.InJune2009,bycontrast,importswere$155billionandexports

4were$128billion—atotaltradeingoodsandservicesof$283billion.Inotherwords,thevolumeofU.S.tradewithothercountriesinJunewasupnearly24percentfromtheyearbefore,withexportsup17.5percentandimportsup29percent.Tradeisnowherenearitspeak—inJuly2008,whenexportswere$165billionandimportswere$232billion,themonthlytotalwasnearly$400billion.Butoverthecourseof2010,astherateofeconomicgrowthhasslowed,tradehasgainedmomentum.InJune,exportswere5percenthigherthantheywereinDecember2009,andimportswereup10.5percent.　　Therisingvolumeoftrade—moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates—isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogisticshaveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets—whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice—agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.　　Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasitdoesintheUnitedStateseachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM’sbalancesheet—andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.　　OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That’stobeexpected,givenwhatwe’vebeenthrough.Butthere’sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?UnlessyouwanttopickupandmovetoIndia,orBrazil,orChina,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit’snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.　　AstheyfigureouthowtomonetizeeyeballsintheUnitedStates,forexample,smartmediacompaniesshouldalsobefiguringouthowtheycaninvestinandpromotenewventuresinothercountries—alaSlate.fr.Newsweek’sdomesticstruggleshavebeenwell-documented,butseveralforeignpublisherslicensethemagazine’snameandcontenttoproducelocal,foreign-languageversions.NewsweekPakistanisabouttolaunch.It’samysterytomethateveryU.S.printmediacompanydoesn’thaveanaggressivestrategytobecomeheavilyinvolvedinIndia.Resortsandhotelsthatdon’thaveaplantoappealtothegrowinglegionsofChinesepeoplewhohavetheabilityanddesiretotraveltotheUnitedStatesaresimilarlymissingoutonalargepotentialopportunity.　　Companiesandindividualswhodon’thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,ortoplayaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion’sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.　　第二篇　　ArecurringcriticismoftheUK’suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.　　Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsplaceamongtheworldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured,despiteanannual£40mspendbytheDepartmentofHealthonallkindsofresearch.　　Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovation

5systemand,inthefaceofthecurrenteconomicturmoil,oneofthefew’getoutofjail’cardsstillheldbythenation.　　However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket.ThemostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercialisationactivity.　　OurweaknessesshowupintheratesofUSpatentingandlicenseincomearisingfromourefforts,butthesehaveimprovedandthereisnoreasontobelievethatthistrendwillnotbecontinued.　　Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecade,suchasthesharpincreaseinresearchfunding,theevolutionoftheHigherEducationInnovationFundandthecontinuationoftheResearchAssessmentExercisehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofUKuniversities.TheevidencesuggeststheUK’spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.　　Nowforthehealthwarning.Nationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.　　ThistypeofskeweddistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.IntheUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesareinreceiptof75%oftheresearchfunding.ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicenseincome.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledandcommerciallyactive.　　Aspartofthedebateonthefutureofhighereducation,JohnDenham,theinnovation,universitiesandskillssecretary,challengedauthorstotakea10-15yearoutlookonthedirectionofthesector.　　Myreport,IntellectualPropertyandResearchBenefits,highlightstheinterrelationshipswhichhaveevolvedaroundresearchfunding,graduateschoolsandtheeffectivecreation,managementandexploitationofintellectualproperty.Itseemsclearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercialisationworkcreatesdifferencesbetweenuniversities.　　Aconsequenceofmorethantwodecadesofpolicyrecognisingandrewardingresearchexcellenceisfurtherdifferentiationinthesector.Atthesametime,weneedtoincreasethenumberofPhDstudentsacrossabroadrangeofdisciplines.ThiswillgenerateanopportunitytodevelopthegraduateschoolsatthoseuniversitieswithhighernumbersofPhDregistrations,toinvestinmorescholarshipsandtoexpandthetrainingopportunitiesforPhDstudentsbypromotingcourseslinkedtocommercialisationskillsandbusinessdevelopmentpractices.　　Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledmustbetomaximisetheimpactoftheirresearchefforts.Theirpurposeisnottogeneratefundstoaddtothebottomlineoftheuniversityortosubstituteotherincomestreams.Rather,theseuniversitiesshouldbegeneratingthewidestrangeofsocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.Inreturnforthescaleofinvestment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertiseinordertobuildgreaterconfidenceinthesector.　　PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheUKwillbedrivenbythenextgenerationofresearchcommercialisationspillingoutofouruniversities.Ontheevidencepresentedinmyreport,there

6arethreedozenuniversitiesintheUKwhichareactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingandcommercialisationwork.　　Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferofficeswithinregionsandasimultaneousinvestmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduateschools,universitiescould,andshould,playakeyroleinpositioningtheUKforthenextgrowthcyclePartVCloze　　TheTruthAboutPlastic　　ByBRYANWALSHThursday,July10,2008（Timemagazine）　　Ifyouknowwheretofindagoodplastic-freeshampoo,canyoutellJeanneHaegele?LastSeptember,the28-year-oldChicagoresident62.resolvedtocutplasticsoutofherlife.Themarketingcoordinatorwasconcernedabout63.whatthechemicalscomingoutofsomecommontypesofplasticmightbedoingtoherbody.Shewasalsoworriedaboutthedamagealltheplastic64.rubbishwasdoingtotheenvironment.Soshe65.hoppedonherbikeandrodetothenearestgrocerystoretoseewhatshecouldfindthatdidn’t66.includeplastic."Iwentinand67.barelyboughtanything,"Haegelesays.Shedid68.purchasesomecannedfoodandacarton(纸盒)ofmilk---69.onlytodiscoverlaterthatbothcontainerswere70.linedwithplasticresin(树脂)."Plastic,"shesays,"justseemedlikeitwasineverything."　　She’sright.Backinthe1960s,plasticwaswell71.onitswaytobecomingastapleofAmericanlife.TheU.S.produced28milliontonsofplasticwastein2005--27milliontonsofwhich72.endedupinlandfills.Ourfoodandwatercome73.wrappedinplastic.It’susedinourphonesandourcomputers,thecarswedriveandtheplanesweridein.Butthe74.infinitelyadaptablesubstancehasitsdarkside.Environmentalistsfretaboutthepetroleumneededtomakeit.Parentsworryaboutthepossibilityof75.toxicchemicalsmakingtheirwayfrom76.householdplasticintochildren’sbloodstreams.WhichmeansHaegeleisn’ttheonlypersontryingtocutplasticoutofherlife--sheisn’t77.eventheonlyonebloggingaboutthiskindof78.endeavor.Butthosewho’vetriedknowit’s79.farfromeasytogoplastic-free."Thesethingsseemtobesocommon80.thatitispracticallyimpossibletoavoidcominginto81.contactwiththem,"saysFrederickvomSaal,abiologistattheUniversityofMissouriPartVITranslation　　1.Youshouldn’thaverunacrosstheroadwithoutlooking,youwouldhavebeenknockeddownbyacar.(也许会被车撞到)　　2Bynomeansdoesheregardhimselfasanexpert,(他把自己当成专家)althoughheknowsalotaboutthefield.　　3Hedoesn’tappreciatethesacrificehisfriendshavemadeforhim,however,hetakesitforgranted.(把他们所做的视作理所应当)　　4Janettoldmethatshewouldratherhermothernothaveinterferedwithhermarriage.(不干涉她的婚姻)　　5Tokeepupwiththeexpandingfrontiersofscholarship.EdwardWilsonfoundhimselfalwayssearchingforinformationontheinternet.（经常上网查信息