四级真题汇编

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四级真题汇编PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)　　Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.　　CaughtintheWeb　　Afewmonthsago,itwasn'tunusualfor47-year-oldCarlaToebetospend15hoursperdayonline.She'dwakeupearly,turnonherlaptopandchatonInternetdatingsitesandinstant-messagingprograms–leavingherbedforonlybriefintervals.Herhouseholdbillspiledup,alongwiththedishesanddirtylaundry,butittooknear-constantcomplaintsfromherfourdaughtersbeforesherealizedshehadaproblem.　　"Iwasstartingtofeellikemywholeworldwasfallingapart–kindofslippingintoadepression,"saidCarla."IknewthatifIdidn'tgetoffthedatingsites,I'djustkeepgoing,"detaching(使脱离)herselffurtherfromtheoutsideworld.　　Toebe'sconclusion:Shefeltlikeshewas"addicted"totheInternet.She'snotalone.　　ConcernaboutexcessiveInternetuseisn'tnew.Asfarbackas1995,articlesinmedicaljournalsandtheestablishmentofaPennsylvaniatreatmentcenterforoverusersgeneratedinterestinthesubject.There'sstillnoconsensusonhowmuchtimeonlineconstitutestoomuchorwhetheraddictionispossible.　　ButasrelianceontheWebgrows,therearesignsthatthequestionisgettingmoreseriousattention:Lastmonth,astudypublishedinCNSSpectrumsclaimedtobethefirstlarge-scalelookatexcessiveInternetuse.TheAmericanPsychiatricAssociationmayconsiderlistingInternetaddictioninthenexteditionofitsdiagnosticmanual.AndscoresofonlinediscussionboardshavepoppeduponwhichpeoplediscussnegativeexperiencestiedtotoomuchtimeontheWeb.　　"There'snoquestionthatthere'repeoplewho'reseriouslyintroublebecausethey'reoverdoingtheirInternetinvolvement,"saidpsychiatrist(精神科医生)IvanGoldberg.Goldbergcallstheproblemadisorderratherthanatrueaddiction.　　JonathanBishop,aresearcherinWalesspecializinginonlinecommunities,ismoreskeptical."TheInternetisanenvironment,"hesaid."Youcan'tbeaddictedtotheenvironment."Bishopdescribestheproblemassimplyamatterofpriorities,whichcanbesolvedbyencouragingpeopletoprioritizeotherlifegoalsandplansinplaceoftimespentonline.　　ThenewCNSSpectrumsstudywasbasedonresultsofanationwidetelephonesurveyofmorethan2,500adults.Likethe2005survey,thisonewasconductedbyStanfordUniversityresearchers.About6%ofrespondentsreportedthat"theirrelationshipssufferedbecauseofexcessiveInternetuse."About9%attemptedtoconceal"nonessentialInternetuse,"andnearly4%reportedfeeling"preoccupiedbytheInternetwhenoffline."　　About8%saidtheyusedtheInternetasawaytoescapeproblems,andalmost14%reportedthey"foundithardtostayawayfromtheInternetforseveraldaysatatime."　　"TheInternetproblemisstillinitsinfancy,"saidEliasAboujaoude,aStanfordprofessor.Nosingleonlineactivityistoblameforexcessiveuse,hesaid."They'reonlineinchatrooms,checkinge-mail,orwritingblogs.[Theproblemis]notlimitedtoporn(色情)orgambling"websites.　　ExcessiveInternetuseshouldbedefinednotbythenumberofhoursspentonlinebut"intermsoflosses,"saidMaressaOrzack,aHarvardUniversityprofessor."Ifit'saloss[where]you'renotgettingtowork,andfamilyrelationshipsarebreakingdownasaresult,thenit'stoomuch."　　Sincetheearly1990s,severalclinicshavebeenestablishedintheU.S.totreatheavyInternetusers.TheyincludetheCenterforInternetAddictionRecoveryandtheCenterforInternetBehavior.　　ThewebsiteforOrzack'scenterliststhefollowingamongthepsychologicalsymptomsofcomputeraddiction:　　●Havingasenseofwell-being(幸福)orexcitementwhileatthecomputer.　　●Longingformoreandmoretimeatthecomputer.　　●Neglectoffamilyandfriends.　　●Feelingempty,depressedorirritablewhennotatthe

1computer.　　●Lyingtoemployersandfamilyaboutactivities.　　●Inabilitytostoptheactivity.　　●Problemswithschoolorjob.　　Physicalsymptomslistedincludedryeyes,backaches,skippingmeals,poorpersonalhygiene(卫生)andsleepdisturbances.　　PeoplewhostrugglewithexcessiveInternetusemaybedepressedorhaveothermooddisorders,Orzacksaid.WhenshediscussesInternethabitswithherpatients,theyoftenreportthatbeingonlineoffersa"senseofbelonging,andescape,excitement[and]fun,"shesaid."Somepeoplesayrelief…becausetheyfindthemselvessorelaxed."　　SomepartsoftheInternetseemtodrawpeopleinmorethanothers.Internetgamersspendcountlesshourscompetingingamesagainstpeoplefromallovertheworld.Onesuchgame,calledWorldofWarcraft,iscitedonmanysitesbyposterscomplainingofa"gamingaddiction."　　AndrewHeidrich,aneducationnetworkadministratorfromSacramento,playsWorldofWarcraftforabouttwotofourhourseveryothernight,butthat'snothingcomparedwiththe40to60hoursaweekhespentplayingonlinegameswhenhewasincollege.Hecutbackonlyafterafull-scalefamilyintervention(干预),inwhichrelativestoldhimhe'dgainedweight.　　"There'sthiswholecultureofcompetitionthatsuckspeoplein"withonlinegaming,saidHeidrich,nowafatheroftwo."Peopledoitattheexpenseofeverythingthatwasaconstantintheirlives."Heidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussgamingaddictionregularly"toremindmyselftokeepmyloveforonlinegamesincheck."　　ToebealsoregularlyvisitsasitewherepostersdiscussInternetoveruse.InAugust,whenshefirstrealizedshehadaproblem,shepostedamessageonaYahooInternetaddictiongroupwiththesubjectline:"IhaveanInternetAddiction."　　"I'mself-employedandneedtheInternetformywork,butI'mfailingtoaccomplishmywork,totakecareofmyhome,togiveattentiontomychildren,"shewroteinamessagesenttothegroup."Ihavenomoneyorinsurancetogetprofessionalhelp;Ican'tevenpaymymortgage(抵押贷款)andfacelosingeverything."　　Sincethen,Toebesaid,shehaskeptherpromisetoherselftocutbackonherInternetuse."Ihaveaboyfriendnow,andI'mnotinterestedinonlinedating,"shesaidbyphonelastweek."It'salotbetternow."　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。　　1.WhateventuallymadeCarlaToeberealizeshewasspendingtoomuchtimeontheInternet?　　A)Herdaughter'srepeatedcomplaints.B)Fatigueresultingfromlackofsleep.　　C)Thepoorlymanagedstateofherhouse.D)Thehighfinancialcostsaddingup.　　2.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutexcessiveInternetuse?　　A)Peopleshouldbewarnedofitsharmfulconsequences.B)Ithasbecomevirtuallyinevitable.　　C)Ithasbeensomewhatexaggerated.D)Peoplehaven'tyetreachedagreementonitsdefinition.　　3.JonathanBishopbelievesthattheInternetoveruseproblemcanbesolvedifpeople______.　　A)trytoimprovetheInternetenvironmentB)becomeawareofitsseriousconsequences　　C)canrealizewhatisimportantinlifeD)canreachaconsensusonitsdefinition　　4.AccordingtoProfessorMaressaOrzack,Internetusewouldbeconsideredexcessiveif______.　　A)itseriouslyaffectedfamilyrelationships　B)onevisitedpornwebsitesfrequently　　C)toomuchtimewasspentinchatroomsD)peoplegotinvolvedinonlinegambling　　5.AccordingtoOrzack,peoplewhostrugglewithheavyrelianceontheInternetmayfeel______.　　A)discouraged　B)pressured　C)depressedD)puzzled　　6.WhydidAndreHeidrichcutbackonlinegaming?　　A)Hehadlostalotofmoney.　B)Hisfamilyhadintervened.　　C)Hehadoffendedhisrelatives.　D)Hiscareerhadbeenruined.　　7.AndrewHeidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussonlinegamingaddictionto______.　　A)improvehisonlinegamingskills　B)curbhisdesireforonlinegaming　　C)showhowgoodheisatonlinegamingD)exchangeonlinegaming

2experience　　8.Inoneofthemessagesshepostedonawebsite,Toebeadmittedthatshe______.　　9.ExcessiveInternetusehadrenderedToebesopoorthatshecouldn'taffordtoseek______.　　10.Nowthatshe'sgotaboyfriend,Toebeisnolongercrazyabout______.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whenwethinkofgreenbuildings,wetendtothinkofnewones–thekindofhigh-tech,solar-paneledmasterpiecesthatmakethecoversofarchitecturemagazines.ButtheU.S.hasmorethan100millionexistinghomes,anditwouldbe__47__wastefultotearthemalldownand__48__themwithgreenerversions.Anenormousamountofenergyandresourceswentintotheconstructionofthosehouses.Anditwouldtakeanaverageof65yearsforthe__49__carbonemissionsfromanewenergy-efficienthometomakeupfortheresourceslostbydestroyinganoldone.Sointhebroadest__50__,thegreenesthomeistheonethathasalreadybeenbuilt.Butatthesametime,nearlyhalfofU.S.carbonemissionscomefromheating,coolingand__51__ourhomes,officesandotherbuildings."Youcan'tdealwithclimatechangewithoutdealingwithexistingbuildings,"saysRichardMoe,thepresidentoftheNationalTrust.　　Withsome__52__,theoldesthomestendtobetheleastenergy-efficient.Housesbuiltbefore1939useabout50%moreenergypersquarefootthanthosebuiltafter2000,mainlyduetothetinycracksandgapsthat__53__overtimeandletinmoreoutsideair.　　Fortunately,therearea__54__numberofrelativelysimplechangesthatcangreenolderhomes,from__55__oneslikeLincoln'sCottagetoyourownpostwarhome.Andefficiencyupgrades(升级)cansavemorethanjusttheearth;theycanhelp__56__propertyownersfromrisingpowercosts.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)accommodationsB)clumsyC)doubtfulD)exceptionsE)expandF)historicG)incrediblyH)poweringI)protectJ)reducedK)replaceL)senseM)shiftedN)supplyingO)vastSectionB　　Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Youneverseehim,butthey'rewithyoueverytimeyoufly.Theyrecordwhereyouaregoing,howfastyou'retravelingandwhethereverythingonyourairplaneisfunctioningnormally.Theirabilitytowithstandalmostanydisastermakesthemseemlikesomethingoutofacomicbook.They'reknownastheblackbox.　　Whenplanesfallfromthesky,asaYemeniairlinerdidonitswaytoComorosIslandsintheIndiaoceanJune30,2009,theblackboxisthebestbetforidentifyingwhatwentwrong.SowhenaFrenchsubmarine(潜水艇)detectedthedevice'shomingsignalfivedayslater,thediscoverymarkedahugesteptowarddeterminingthecauseofatragedyinwhich152passengerswerekilled.　　In1958,AustralianscientistDavidWarrendevelopedaflight-memoryrecorderthatwouldtrackbasicinformationlikealtitudeanddirection.Thatwasthefirstmodeforablackbox,whichbecamearequirementonallU.S.commercialflightsby1960.Earlymodelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965thedevicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearoftheplane–thearealeastsubjecttoimpact–fromitsoriginalpositioninthelandingwells(起落架舱).Thesameyear,theFederalAviationAuthorityrequiredthattheboxes,whichwereneveractuallyblack,bepaintedorangeoryellowtoaidvisibility.　　Modernairplaneshavetwoblackboxes:avoicerecorder,whichtrackspilots'conversations,andaflight-datarecorder,whichmonitorsfuellevels,enginenoisesandotheroperatingfunctionsthathelpinvestigatorsreconstructtheaircraft'sfinalmoments.Placedinan

3insulated(隔绝的)caseandsurroundedbyaquarter-inch-thickpanelsofstainlesssteel,theboxescanwithstandmassiveforceandtemperaturesupto2,000℉.Whensubmerged,they'realsoabletoemitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.ExpertsbelievetheboxesfromAirFranceFlight447,whichcrashednearBrazilonJune1,2009,areinwaternearlythatdeep,butstatisticssaythey'restilllikelytoturnup.Intheapproximately20deep-seacrashesoverthepast30years,onlyoneplane'sblackboxeswereneverrecovered.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　57.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheblackbox?　　A)Itensuresthenormalfunctioningofanairplane.B)Theideaforitsdesigncomesfromacomicbook.　　C)Itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.D)Itisanindispensabledeviceonanairplane.　　58.WhatinformationcouldbefoundfromtheblackboxontheYemeniairliner?　　A)Dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.B)Thetotalnumberofpassengersonboard.　　C)Thesceneofthecrashandextentofthedamage.D)Homingsignalssentbythepilotbeforethecrash.　　59.Whywastheblackboxredesignedin1965?　　A)Newmaterialsbecameavailablebythattime.B)Toomuchspacewasneededforitsinstallation.　　C)Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.D)Theearlymodelsdidn'tprovidetheneededdata.　　60.WhydidtheFederalAviationAuthorityrequiretheblackboxesbepaintedorangeoryellow?　　A)Todistinguishthemfromthecolouroftheplane.B)Tocautionpeopletohandlethemwithcare.　　C)Tomakethemeasilyidentifiable.D)Toconformtointernationalstandards.　　61.WhatdoweknowabouttheblackboxesfromAirFranceFlight447?　　A)Thereisstillagoodchanceoftheirbeingrecovered.B)Thereisanurgentneedforthemtobereconstructed.　　C)Theyhavestoppedsendinghomingsignals.　D)TheyweredestroyedsomewherenearBrazil.PassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?　　ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.　　Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.　　Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,"Iamlovable."　　Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.　　Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　62.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-helpindustry?　　A)Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.B)Itisbasedontheconceptofpositivethinking.　　C)ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.D)Ithasyieldedpositiveresults.　　63.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadian

4researchers?　　A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmanydomoreharmthangood.B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.　　C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.　　64.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"…you'rejustunderlininghisfaults"(Line4,Para.3)?　　A)YouarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyenoughB)Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted.　　C)Youareemphasizingthefactthatheisnotintelligent.D)Youaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisfaults.　　65.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?　　A)Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.B)Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone'smood.　　C)Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.　D)Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings.　　66.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?　　A)Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.　　C)Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.D)Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.PartVCloze(15minutes)　　Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　Theterme-commercereferstoallcommercialtransactionsconductedovertheInternet,includingtransactionsbyconsumersandbusiness-to-businesstransactions.Conceptually,e-commercedoesnot__67__fromwell-knowncommercialofferingssuchasbankingbyphone,"mailorder"catalogs,orsendingapurchaseordertosupplier__68__fax.E-commercefollowsthesamemodel__69__inotherbusinesstransactions;thedifference__70__inthedetails.　　Toaconsumer,themostvisibleformofe-commerceconsists__71__onlineordering.Acustomerbeginswithacatalogofpossibleitems,__72__anitem,arrangesaformofpayment,and__73__anorder.Insteadofaphysicalcatalog,e-commercearrangesforcatalogstobe__74__ontheInternet.Insteadofsendinganorderonpaperorbytelephone,e-commercearrangesfororderstobesent__75__acomputernetwork.Finally,insteadofsendingapaperrepresentationofpaymentsuchasacheck,e-commerce__76__onetosendpaymentinformationelectronically.　　Inthedecade__77__1993,e-commercegrewfroman__78__novelty(新奇事物)toamainstreambusinessinfluence.In1993,few__79__hadawebpage,and__80__ahandfulallowedonetoorderproductsorservicesonline.Tenyears__81__,bothlargeandsmallbusinesseshadwebpages,andmost__82__userswiththeopportunitytoplaceanorder.__83__,manybanksaddedonlineaccess,__84__onlinebankingandbillpayingbecame__85__.Moreimportantly,thevalueofgoodsandservices__86__overtheInternetgrewdramaticallyafter1997.　　67.A)distractB)descendC)differD)derive　　68.A)withB)viaC)fromD)off　　69.A)appearedB)usedC)resortedD)served　　70.A)situatesB)liesC)rootsD)locates　　71.A)onB)ofC)forD)to　　72.A)reflectsB)detectsC)protectsD)selects　　73.A)sendsinB)putsoutC)standsforD)carriesaway　　74.A)visibleB)responsibleC)feasibleD)sensible　　75.A)besideB)overC)beyondD)up　　76.A)appealsB)admitsC)advocatesD)allows　　77.A)afterB)behindC)untilD)toward78.A)optionalB)invalidC)occasionalD)insignificant79.A)communitiesB)corpsC)corporationsD)compounds　　80.A)largelyB)slightlyC)solelyD)only　　81.A)latelyB)laterC)lateD)latter　　82.A)offeredB)convincedC)equippedD)provided　　83.A)InsteadB)NeverthelessC)HoweverD)Besides　　84.A)andB)orC)butD)though　　85.A)differentB)flexibleC)widespreadD)productive　　86.A)acquiredB)adaptedC)practicedD)proceededPartVITranslation(5minutes)

5　　Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyoutranslationonAnswerSheet2.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。　　87.Becauseofthenoiseoutside,Nancyhadgreatdifficulty__________________(集中注意力在实验上).　　88.Themanagerneverlaughed;neither__________________(她也从来没有发过脾气).　　89.Welookforwardto__________________(被邀请出席开幕式).　　90.Itissuggestedthattheairconditioner__________________(要安装在窗户旁).　　91.The16-year-oldgirldecidedtotravelabroadonherowndespite__________________(她父母的强烈反对).　（2）2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案　　PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Collegestakinganotherlookatvalueofmerit-basedaid　　Goodgradesandhightestsscoresstillmatter—alot—tomanycollegesastheyawardfinancialaid.　　Butwithlow-incomestudentsprojectedtomakeupanever-largershareofthecollege-boundpopulationincomingyears,someschoolsarere-examiningwhetherthataid,typicallyknownas“meritaid”,isthemosteffectiveuseofpreciousinstitutionaldollars.　　GeorgeWashingtonUniversityinWashington,D.C.,forexample,saidlastweekthatitwouldcutthevalueofitsaveragemeritscholarshipsbyaboutone-thirdandreducethenumberofrecipients(接受者),pouringthesavings,about$2.5million,intoneed-basedaid.AlleghenyCollegeinMeadville,Pa.,madeasimilardecisionthreeyearsago.　　Now,HamiltonCollegeinClinton,N.Y.,saysitwillphaseoutmeritscholarshipsaltogether.Nocurrentmerit-aidrecipientswilllosetheirscholarships,butneed-basedaidalonewillbeawardedbeginningwithstudentsenteringinfall2008.　　Notallcollegesoffermeritaid;generally,themoreselectiveaschool,thelesslikelyitistodoso.HarvardandPrinceton,forexample,offergenerousneed-basedpackages,butmanyfamilieswhodon’tmeetneedeligibility(资格)havebeenwillingtopaywhatevertheymustforabig-nameschool.　　Forsmallregionalcollegesthatstrugglejusttofillseats,meritaidcanbeanimportantrevenue-builderbecausemanyrecipientsstillpayenoughtuitiondollarsoverandabovethescholarshipamounttokeeptheinstitutionrunning.　　Butforrankings-consciousschoolsinbetween,meritaidhasservedprimarilyasatooltorecruittopstudentsandtoimprovetheiracademicprofits.“They’retryingtobuystudents,”saysSkidmoreCollegeeconomistSandyBaum.　　Studiesshowmeritaidalsotendstobenefitdisproportionatelystudentswhocouldaffordtoenrollwithoutit.　　“Aswelooktothefuture,weseeamorepressingneedtoinvestinneed-basedaid,”saysMonicaInzer,deanofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,whichhasofferedmeritscholarshipsfor10years.Duringthattime,itroseinUSNews&WorldReport’srankingofthebestliberalartscolleges,from25to17.　　Meritaid,whichbenefitedabout75studentsayear,orabout4%ofitsstudentbody,atacostofabout$1millionayear,“serveduswell,”Inzersays,but“tobediscountingthepriceforfamiliesthatdon’tneedfinancialaiddoesn’tfeelrightanymore.”　　Need-basedaidremainsbyfarthelargestshareofallstudentaid,whichincludesstate,federalandinstitutionalgrants.Butmeritaid,offeredprimarilybyschoolsandstates,isgrowingfaster,bothoverallandattheinstitutionallevel.　　Between1995-96and2003-04,institutionalmeritaidaloneincreased212%,comparedwith47%forneed-basedgrants.Atleast15statesalsooffermeritaid,typicallyinabidtoenrolltopstudentsinthestate’spublicinstitutions.　　Butinrecentyears,agrowingchorus(异口同声)ofcriticshasbegunpressuringschoolstodropthepractice.RecentdecisionsbyHamiltonandothersmaybe“asignthatpeoplearestartingtorealizethatthere’sthisdestructivecompetitiongoingon,”saysBaum,co-authorofarecentCollegeReportthatraisesconcernsabouttheroleofinstitutionalaidnotbasedonneed.　　DavidLaird,presidentoftheMinnesotaPrivateCollegeCouncil,saysmanyofhisschoolswouldliketoreducetheirmeritaidbutfearthatindoingso,theywouldlosetopstudentstotheircompetitors.　　“Noonecantakeone-sidedaction,”saysLaird,whoisexploringwhethertoseekanexemption(豁免)fromfederalanti-trustlawssomembercollegescandiscusshowtheycouldjointlyreducemeritaid,“Thisisamerry-go-roundthat’sgoingveryfast,andnoneof

6theinstitutionsbelievetheycansustaintherisksoftryingtobreakawaybythemselves.”　　Acomplicatingfactoristhatmeritaidhasbecomesopopularwithmiddle-incomefamilies,whodon’tqualifyforneed-basedaid,thatmanyhavecometodependonit.And,astuitionscontinuetoincrease,thelinebetweenmeritandneedblurs.　　That’sonereasonAlleghenyCollegedoesn’tplantodropmeritaidentirely.　　“Westillbelieveinrewardingsuperiorachievementsandknowthatthesetopstudentstrulyvaluethescholarship,”saysScottFriedhoff,Allegheny’svicepresidentforenrollment.　　EmoryUniversityinAtlanta,whichboastsa$4.7billionendowment(捐赠),meanwhile,istakinganotherapproach.Thisyear,itannounceditwouldeliminateloansforneedystudentsandcapthemformiddle-incomefamilies.Atthesametime,itwouldexpandits28-year-oldmeritprogram.　　“Yeah,we’replayingthemeritgame,”acknowledgesTomLancaster,associatedeanforundergraduateeducation.Butithasitsstrongpoint,too,hesays.“Thefactofthematteris,it’snotjustaboutthelowest-incomepeople.It’stheaverageAmericanmiddle-classfamilywho’sbeingpricedoutofthemarket.”　　*Afewwordsaboutmerit-basedaid:　　Merit-basedaidisaidofferedtostudentswhoachieveexcellenceinagivenarea,andisgenerallyknownasacademic,athleticandartisticmeritscholarships.　　Academicmeritscholarshipsarebasedonstudents’grades,GPAandoverallacademicperformanceduringhighschool.Theyaretypicallymeantforstudentsgoingstraighttocollegerightafterhighschool.However,therearescholarshipsforcurrentcollegestudentswithexceptionalgradesaswell.Thesemeritscholarshipsusuallyhelpstudentspaytuitionbills,andtheycanberenewedeachyearaslongastherecipientscontinuetoqualify.Insomecases,studentsmayneedtoberecommendedbytheirschoolorateacheraspartofthequalificationprocess.　　Athleticmeritscholarshipsaremeantforstudentsthatexcel(突出)insportsofanykind,fromfootballtotrackandfieldevents.Recommendationforthesescholarshipsisrequired,sinceexceptionalathleticperformancehastoberecognizedbyacoachorareferee(裁判).Applicantsneedtosendinatapecontainingtheirbestperformance.　　Artisticmeritscholarshipsrequirethatapplicantsexcelinagivenartisticarea.Thisgenerallyincludesanycreativefieldsuchasart,design,fashion,music,danceorwriting.Applyingforartisticmeritscholarshipsusuallyrequiresthatstudentssubmitaportfolio(选辑)ofsomesort,whetherthatincludesacollectionofartwork,arecordingofamusicalperformanceoravideoofthemdancing.　　1.Withmoreandmorelow-incomestudentspursuinghighereducation,anumberofcollegesare________.　　A)offeringstudentsmoremerit-basedaidB)revisingtheirfinancialaidpolicies　　C)increasingtheamountoffinancialaidD)changingtheiradmissionprocesses　　2.WhatdidAlleghenyCollegeinMeadvilledothreeyearsago?　　A)Ittriedtoimplementanovelfinancialaidprogram.B)Itadded$2.5milliontoitsneed-basedaidprogram.　　C)Itphasedoutitsmerit-basedscholarshipsaltogether.D)Itcutsitsmerit-basedaidtohelptheneedystudents.　　3.Thechiefpurposeofrankings-consciouscollegesinofferingmeritaidisto______.　　A)improveteachingqualityB)boosttheirenrollmentsC)attractgoodstudentsD)increasetheirrevenues　　4.MonicaInzer,deanofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,believes______.　　A)itdoesn’tpaytospend$1millionayeartoraiseitsrankingB)itgivesstudentsmotivationtoawardacademicachievements　　C)it’sillogicaltousesomuchmoneyononly4%ofitsstudentsD)it’snotrighttogiveaidtothosewhocanaffordthetuition　　5.Inrecentyears,merit-basedaidhasincreasedmuchfasterthanneed-basedaiddueto______.A)moregovernmentfundingtocollegesB)fiercecompetitionamonginstitutionsC)theincreasingnumberoftopstudentsD)schools’improvedfinancialsituations　　6.Whatistheattitudeofmanyprivatecollegestowardmeritaid,accordingtoDavidLaird?A)Theywouldliketoseeitreduced.B)Theyregarditasanecessaryevil.C)Theythinkitdoesmoreharmthangood.D)Theyconsideritunfairtomiddle-classfamilies.　　7.Whydoesn’tAlleghenyCollegeplantodropmeritaidentirely?

7　　A)Raisingtuitionshavemadecollegeunaffordableformiddle-classfamilies.　　B)Withrisingincomes,fewerstudentsareapplyingforneed-basedaid.　　C)Manystudentsfrommiddle-incomefamilieshavecometorelyonit.　　D)Risingincomeshavedisqualifiedmanystudentsforneed-basedaid.　　8.Annualrenewalofacademicmeritscholarshipsdependsonwhethertherecipientsremain______.　　9.Applicantsforathleticmeritscholarshipsneedarecommendationfromacoachorarefereewho______theirexceptionalathleticperformance.　　10.Applicantsforartisticmeritscholarshipsmustproduceevidencetoshowtheir______inaparticularartisticfield　　PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)　　SectionA　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Infamilieswithtwoworkingparents,fathersmayhavemoreimpactonachild’slanguagedevelopmentthanmothers,anewstudysuggests.　　Researchers4792familiesform11childcarecentersbeforetheirchildrenwereayearold,interviewingeachtoestablishincome,levelofeducationandchildcarearrangements.Overall,itwasagroupofwell-classfamilies,withmarriedparentsbothlivinginthehome.　　Whenthechildrenwere2,researchersvideotapedthemathomeinfree-playsessionswithbothparents,48alloftheirspeech.ThestudywillappearintheNovemberissueofTheJournalofAppliedDevelopmentalPsychology.　　Thescientistsmeasuredthe49numberofutterance(话语)oftheparents,thenumberofdifferentwordstheyused,thecomplexityoftheirsentencesandother50oftheirspeech.Onaverage,fathersspokelessthanmothersdid,buttheydidnotdifferinthelengthofutterancesorproportionofquestionsasked.　　Finally,theresearchers51thechildren’sspeechatage3,usingastandardizedlanguagetest.Theonlypredictorsofhighscoresonthetestwerethemother’slevelofeducation,the52ofchildcareandthenumberofdifferentwordsthefatherused.　　Theresearchersare53whythefather’sspeech,andnotthemother’s,hadaneffect.　　“It’swell54thatthemother’slanguagedoeshaveanimpact,”saidNadyaPancsofar,theleadauthorofthestudy.Itcouldbethatthehigh-functioningmothersinthestudyhad55hadastronginfluenceontheirchildren’sspeechdevelopment,Ms.Pancsofarsaid,“oritmaybethatmothersare56inawaywedidn’tmeasureinthestudy.”　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。　　A)alreadyB)analyzedC)aspectsD)charactersE)contributingF)describing　　G)establishedH)qualityI)quotedJ)recordingK)recruitedL)total　　M)unconsciousN)unsureO)yet　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso,butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld’sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.　　Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.　　Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimpletobeherself.　　Itwon’tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.　　Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.Many

8African-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉着),confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.　　57.WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?　　A)SheservesasarolemodelforAfricanwomen.B)ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingaFirstLady.C)ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-Americanwomen.D)ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-Americanwomen.　　58.WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomenaccordingtotheauthor?A)Theyarevictimsofviolence.B)Theyareofaninferiorviolence.C)Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.D)Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.　　59.WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?　　A)WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofherfans.B)HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.C)HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.D)WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.　　60.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?　　A)Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest,B)Sheshouldn’tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.　　C)Howeverhardshetries,shecan’texpecttopleaseeverybody.D)ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen’sconcerns.　　61.WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObamawilldo?　　A)Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.B)HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.　　C)OutshinepreviousFirstLady　D)Fullydisplayherfinequalities.　　PassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whennextyear’scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they’llbejoinedbyanewface;AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who’llbecomeOxford’svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.　　Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,andlikesomanybusinesses,it’sgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.　　ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon’ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.“Wedidn’tdoanyglobalconsideration,”saysPatriciaHayes,theboard’schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raisingabilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.　　ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmadefunding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryforAmericans.　　Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”　　Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn’ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindofpromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.

9　　62.Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthepassage?　　A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheU.S.B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofunding-raising.　　63.WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhenhiringtop-leveladministrators?　　A)Thepoliticalcorrectness.B)Theirabilitytoraisefunds.C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.D)Theiradministrativeexperience.　　64.WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?　　A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.B)Theiroperationisunderstrictgovernmentsupervision.　　C)Theyarestrengtheningtheirpositionbyglobalization.D)Mostoftheirrevenuescomefromthegovernment.　　65.CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichardasitsvice-chancellorchieflybecause_____.　　A)shewasknowntobegoodatraisingmoneyB)shecouldhelpstrengthenitstieswithYale　　C)sheknewhowtoattractstudentsoverseasD)shehadboostedYale’sacademicstatus　　66.Inwhatwaydotop-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontributetouniversitydevelopment?　　A)Theycanenhancetheuniversity’simage.B)Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.　　C)Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.D)Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.PartⅤCloze(15minutes)　　Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　Olderpeoplemustbegivenmorechancestolearniftheyaretocontributetosocietyratherthanbeafinancialburden,accordingtoanewstudyonpopulationpublishedrecently.　　Thecurrentpeopleapproachwhich67onyoungerpeopleandonskillsforemploymentisnot68tomeetthechallengesofdemographic(人口结构的)change,itsays.Only1%oftheeducationbudgetis69spentontheoldestthirdofthepopulation.　　The70includethefactthatmostpeoplecanexpecttospendathirdoftheirlivesin71,thattherearenowmorepeopleover59thanunder16andthat11.3millionpeopleare72statepensionage.　　“73needstocontinuethroughoutlife.Ourhistoricconcentrationofpolicyattentionandresources74youngpeoplecannotmeetthenew75,”saysthereport’sauthor,ProfessorStephenMcNair.　　Themajor76ofoureducationbudgetisspentonpeoplebelowtheageof25.77peoplearechangingtheirjobs,78,partnersandlifestylesmoreoftenthan79,theyneedopportunitiestolearnateveryage80,somepeoplearestartingnewcareersintheir50sandlater.　　Peopleneedopportunitiestomakea“midlifereview”to81tothelaterstageofemployedlife,andtoplanforthetransition(过渡)82retirement,whichmaynowhappen83atanypointfrom50toover90,saysMcNair.　　Andthereshouldbemoremoney84tosupportpeopleinestablishinga85ofidentityandfindingconstructive86forthe“thirdage”,the20ormoreyearstheywillspendinhealthyretiredlife.　　67.A)operatesB)focusesC)countsD)depends　　68.A)superiorB)regularC)essentialD)adequate　　69.A)currentlyB)barelyC)anxiouslyD)heavily　　70.A)regulationsB)obstaclesC)challengesD)guidelines　　71.A)enjoymentB)retirementC)stabilityD)inability　　72.A)overB)afterC)acrossD)beside　　73.A)IndentifyingB)LearningC)InstructingD)Practicing　　74.A)atB)byC)inD)on　　75.A)desiresB)realmsC)needsD)intentions　　76.A)measureB)ratioC)areaD)portion　　77.A)WhenB)UntilC)WhetherD)Before　　78.A)neighborsB)moodsC)homesD)minds　　79.A)ageB)everC)previouslyD)formerly80.A)ForexampleB)BycontrastC)InparticularD)Onaverage　　81.A)transformB)yieldC)adjustD)suit　　82.A)withinB)fromC)beyondD)to　　83.A)unfairlyB)unpredictablyC)instantlyD)indirectly　　84.A)reliableB)considerableC)availableD)feasible　　85.A)senseB)conscienceC)projectD)definition　　86.A)ranksB)assetsC)idealsD)roles　　PartVITranslation(5minutes)

10　　Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.　　87.Youwouldnothavefailedifyou__________________________(按照我的指令去做).　　88.Despitethehardshipheencountered,Marknever______________(放弃对知识的追求).　　89.Scientistsagreethatitwillbealongtime______________(我们找到治愈癌症的方法).　　90.Productionhastobeincreasedconsiderablyto__________________(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步).　　91.Themoreexerciseyoutake,________________________(你越不大可能得感冒).（3）2009年6月英语四级考试真题与答案PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)HowDoYouSeeDiversity?Asamanager,Tiffanyisresponsibleforinterviewingapplicantsforsomeofthepositionswithhercompany.Duringoneinterview,shenoticedthatthecandidatenevermadedirecteyecontact.Shewaspuzzledandsomewhatdisappointedbecauseshelikedtheindividualotherwise.Hehadaperfectresumeandgavegoodresponsestoherquestions,butthefactthatheneverlookedherintheeyesaid“untrustworthy,”soshedecidedtoofferthejobtohersecondchoice.“Itwasn’tuntilIattendedadiversityworkshopthatIrealizedthepersonwepassedoverwastheperfectperson,”Tiffanyconfesses.Whatshehadn’tknownatthetimeoftheinterviewwasthatthecandidate’s“different”behaviorwassimplyaculturalmisunderstanding.HewasanAsian-Americanraisedinahouseholdwhererespectforthoseinauthoritywasshownbyaverting(避开)youreyes.“Iwasjustthrownoffbythelackofyecontact;notrealizingitwascultural,”Tiffanysays.“Imissedout,butwillnotmissthatopportunityagain.”Manyofushavehadsimilarencounterswithbehaviorsweperceiveasdifferent.Astheworldbecomessmallerandourworkplacesmorediverse,itisbecomingessentialtoexpandourunder-standingofothersandtoreexaminesomeofourfalseassumptions.HireAdvantageAtatimewhenhiringqualifiedpeopleisbecomingmoredifficult,employerswhocaneliminateinvalidbiases(偏爱)fromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.Mycompany,MindsetsLLC,helpsorganizationsandindividualsseetheirownblindspots.Arealestaterecruiterweworkedwithillustratesthepositivedifferencesuchtrainingcanmake.“DuringmyMindsetscoachingsession,Iwastaughthowtorecruitadiversifiedworkforce.Irecruitedpeoplefromdifferentculturesandskillsets.Theagentswereabletoutilizetheirfullpotentialandexperiencestobuildupthecompany.Whentherealestatemarketbegantochange,itwasbecausewehadadiverseagentpoolthatwewereabletostayintherealestatemarketmuchlongerthanothersinthesameprofession.”BlindedbyGenderDaleisanaccountexecutivewhoattendedoneofmyworkshopsonsupervisingadiverseworkforce.“Throughoneofthesessions,Idiscoveredmypersonalbias,”herecalls.“IlearnedIhadnotbeenlookingatapersonasawholeperson,andbeingopentodifferences.”Inhiscase,theblindnesswasnotaboutculturebutrathergender.“Ihadamanagementpositionopeninmydepartment;andthetwofinalistswereamanandawoman.HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel.Myreasoningwouldhavebeenthateventhoughbothcandidatesweregreatandcouldhavebeensuccessfulintheposition,Iassumedthewomanwouldhavewantedtobehomewithherchildrenandnottravel.”Dale’sassumptionsareanotherexampleofthewell-intentionedbutincorrectthinkingthatlimitsanorganization’sabilitytotapintothefullpotentialofadiverseworkforce.“Ilearnedfromtheclassthatinsteadofimposingmygenderbiasesintothesituation,Ineededtopresentthefull

11rangeofduties,responsibilitiesandexpectationstoallcandidatesandallowthemtomakeaninformeddecision.”Dalecreditstheworkshop,“becauseithelpedmemakedecisionsbasedonfairness.”YearoftheKnow-It-AllDougisanothersupervisorwhoattendedoneofmyworkshops.Herecallsamajorlessonlearnedfromhisownemployee.“OneofmymostembarrassingmomentswaswhenIhadaChinese-AmericanemployeeputinarequesttotaketimeofftocelebrateChineseNewYear.Inmyignorance,Iassumedhehadhisdateswrong,asthefirstofJanuaryhadjustpassed.WhenIadvisedhimofthis,Igavehimalongtalking-toaboutturninginrequestsearlywiththeproperdates.“Hepatientlywaited,thenwhenIwasdone,hesaidhewouldlikeChineseNewYeardidnotbeginJanuaryfirst,andthatChineseNewYear,whichistiedtothelunarcycle,isoneofthemostcelebratedholidaysontheChinesecalendar.Needlesstosay,Ifeltveryembarrassedinassuminghehadhisdatesmixedup.ButIlearnedagreatdealaboutassumptions,andthatthetimingofholidaysvariesconsiderablyfromculturetoculture.“AttendingthediversityworkshophelpedmerealizehowmuchIcouldlearnbysimplyaskingquestionsandcreatingdialogueswithmyemployees,ratherthanmakingassumptionsandtryingtobeaknow-it-all,”Dougadmits.“ThebiggestthingItookawayfromtheworkshopislearninghowtobemore‘inclusive’todifferences.”AbetterBottomLineAnopenmindaboutdiversitynotonlyimprovesorganizationsinternally,itisprofitableaswell.Thesecommentsfromacustomerservicerepresentativeshowhowaninclusiveattitudecanimprovesales.”MostofmycustomersspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage.Oneofthebestthingsmycompanyhasdoneistocontractwithalanguageservicethatofferstranslationsoverthephone.Itwasn’tuntilmybossreceivedMindsets’trainingthatshewasabletounderstandhowimportantinclusivenesswastocustomerservice.Asresult,ourcustomerbasehasincreased.”Oncewestarttoseepeopleasindividuals.anddiscardthestereotypes,wecanmovepositivelytowardinclusivenessforeveryone.Diversityisaboutcomingtogetherandtakingadvantageofourdifferencesandsimilarities.Itisaboutbuildingbettercommunitiesandorganizationsthatenhanceusasindividualsandreinforceoursharedhumanity.Whenwebegintoquestionourassumptionsandchallengewhatwethinkwehavelearnedfromourpast,fromthemedia,peers,family,friends,etc,webegintorealizethatsomeofourconclusionsareflawed(有缺陷的)orcontrarytoourfundamentalvalues.Weneedtotrainour-selvestothinkdifferently,shiftourmindsetsandrealizethatdiversityopensdoorsforallofus,creatingopportunitiesinorganizationsandcommunitiesthatbenefiteveryone.1.WhatbotheredTiffanyduringaninterviewwithhercandidate?A)Hejustwouldn’tlookherintheeye.BHewasslowinansweringherquestions.CHisanswerstosomeofherquestionswereirrelevant.DHisanswerstosomeofherquestionswereirrelevant.2.Tiffany’smisjudgmentaboutthecandidatestemmedfrom.A)Racialstereotypes.B)InvalidpersonalbiasC)Racialstereotypes.D)Emphasisonphysicalappearance3.Whatisbecomingessentialinthecourseofeconomicglobalizationaccordingtotheauthor?A)Hiringqualifiedtechnicalandmanagementpersonnel.B)Increasingunderstandingofpeopleofothercultures.C)Constantlyupdatingknowledgeandequipment.D)Expandingdomesticandinternationalmarkets.4.WhatkindoforganizationisMindsetsLLC?A)Arealestateagency.B)ApersonneltrainingcompanyC)AculturalexchangeorganizationD)Ahi-techcompany5.Afteroneoftheworkshops,accountexecutiveDalerealizedthat.A)Hehadhiredthewrongperson.B)Hecouldhavedonemoreforhiscompany.

12C)Hehadnotmanagedhisworkforcewell.D)Hemustgetridofhisgenderbias.6.WhatdidDalethinkofMindsetsLLC’sworkshop?A)Itwaswell-intentionedbutpoorlyconducted.B)Ittappedintotheexecutives’fullpotential.C)Ithelpedhimmakefairdecisions.D)Itmetparticipants’diverseneeds.7.HowdidDoug,asupervisor,respondtoaChinese-Americanemployee’srequestforleave?A)Hetoldhimtogetthedatesright.C)HeflatlyturneditdownB)Hedemandedanexplanation.D)Hereadilyapprovedit.8.Dougfeltwhenherealizedthathisassumptionwaswrong.9.AfterattendingMindsets’workshops,theparticipantscametoknowtheimportanceoftotheirbusiness.10.Whenweviewpeopleasindividualsandgetridofstereotypes,wecanachievediversityandbenefitfromthebetweenus.PartIVReadingComprehension(readingindepth)(25minutes)Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.EveryyearinthefirstweekofmyEnglishclass,somestudentsinformmethatwrithingistoohard.Theyneverwrite,unlessassignments47it.Theyfinethewritingprocess48anddifficult.Howawfultobeabletospeakinalanguagebutnottowriteinit-49English,withitsrichvocabulary.Beingabletospeakbutnotwriteislikelivinginan50mansion(豪宅)andneverleavingonesmallroom.WhenImeetstudentswhothinktheycan’twrite,Iknowasateachermy51istoshowthemtherestoftherooms.Mytaskistobuildfluencywhileprovidingtheopportunityinherentinanywritingactivityto52themoralandemotionaldevelopmentofmystudents.Onegreatwaytodothisisbyhavingstudentswriteinajournalinclasseveryday.Writingabilityislikestrengthtraining.Writingneedstobedone53,justlikeexercise;justasmusclesgrowstrongerwithexercise,writingskillsimprovequicklywithwritingpractice.Ioftenseeariseinstudentconfidenceand54afteronlyafewweeksofjournalwriting.ExpressingoneselfinwritingisoneofthemostimportantskillsIteachtostrengthenthewholestudent.Whenmystudentspracticejournalwriting,theyarepracticingfortheirfutureacademic,political,and55lives.Theybuildskillssothatsomedaytheymightwriteagreatnovel,apieceofsorelyneededlegislation,ortheperfectloveletter.Everydaythattheywriteintheirjournalsputsthemastep56tofluency,eloquence(雄辩),andcommandoflanguage.A)closerI)painfulB)dailyJ)performanceC)emotionalK)professionD)enhanceL)remarkablyE)enormousM)requireF)especiallyN)sensitiveG)hinderO)urgeH)mission

13PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheJanuaryfashionshow,calledFutureFashion,exemplifiedhowfargreendesignhascome.OrganizedbytheNewYork-basednonprofitEarthPledge,theshowinspiredmanytopdesignerstoworkwithsustainablefabricsforthefirsttime.Severalhavesincemadepledgestoincludeorganicfabricsintheirlines.Thedesignerswhoundertakegreenfashionstillfacemanychallenges.ScottHahn,cofounderwithGregoryofRoganandLoomstate,whichusesall-organiccotton,sayshigh-qualitysustainablematerialscanstillbetoughtofine.“Mostdesignerswithexistinglabelsarefindingtherearen’tcomparablefabricsthatcanjustreplacewhatyou’redoingandshatyourcustomersareusedto,”hesays.Forexample,organiccottonandnon-organiccottonarevirtuallyindistinguishableoncewovenintoadress.Butsomepopularsynthetics,likestretchnylon,stillhavefeweco-friendlyequivalents.Thosewhodomaketheswitcharefindingtheyhavemoresupport.LastyeartheinfluentialtradeshowDesigners&Agentsstoppedchargingitsparticipationfeeforyounggreenentrepreneurs(企业家)whoattenditstwospringtimeshowsinLosAngelesandNewYorkandgavespecialrecognitiontodesignerswhosecollectionsareatleast25%sustainable.Itnowcountsmorethan50greendesigners,upfromfewerthanadozentwoyearsago.ThisweekWal-Martissettoannounceamajorinitiativeaimedathelpingcottonfarmersgoorganic:itwillbuytransitional(过渡型的)cottonathigherprices,thushelpingtoexpandthesupplyofakeysustainablematerial.“Mainstreamisabouttooccur,”saysHahn.Someanalysts(分析师)arelesssure.Amongconsumers,only18%areevenawarethatecofashionexists,upfrom6%fouryearsago.NatalieHormilla,afashionwriter,isanexampleoftheunconvertedconsumer,whenaskedifsheownedanysustainableclothes,shereplied:“NotthatI’mawareof.”Likemostconsumers,shefindslittletimetoshop,andwhenshedoes,she’sonthehuntfor“cutestuffthatisn’ttooexpensive.”Byherownadmission,greenjustisn’tyetonhermind.But–thankstothecombinedeffortsofdesigners,retailersandsuppliers–onedayitwillbe.57.WhatissaidaboutFutureFashion?A)Itinspiredmanyleadingdesignerstostartgoinggreen.B)Itshowedthatdesignersusingorganicfabricswouldgofar.C)Itservedasanexampleofhowfashionshowsshouldbeorganized.D)Itconvincedthepublicthatfashionableclothesshouldbemadedurable.58.AccordingtoScottHahn,onebigchallengetodesignerswhowillgoorganicisthat.A)muchmoretimeisneededtofinishadressusingsustainablematerials.B)theyhavetocreatenewbrandsforclothesmadeoforganicmaterials.C)customershavedifficultytellingorganicfromnon-organicmaterials.D)qualityorganicreplacementsforsyntheticsarenotreadilyavailable.59.WelearnfromParagraph3thatdesignerswhoundertakegreenfashion.A)canattendvarioustradeshowsfree.B)arereadilyrecognizedbythefashionworldC)canbuyorganiccottonatfavorableprices.D)aregainingmoreandmoresupport.60.WhatisNatalieHormilla’sattitudetowardecofashion?A)Shedoesn’tseemtocareaboutit.C)Sheisdoubtfulofitspracticalvalue.B)Shedoesn’tthinkitissustainableD)Sheisverymuchopposedtotheidea61.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofgreenfashion?A)Greenproductswillsoongomainstream.B)Ithasaverypromisingfuture.C)Consumershavethefinalsay.D)Itwillappealmoretoyoungpeople.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Scientistshavedevisedawaytodetermineroughlywhereapersonhaslivedusingastrand(缕)ofhair,atechniquethatcouldhelptrackthemovementsofcriminalsuspectsorunidentifiedmurdervictims.

14Themethodreliesonmeasuringhowchemicalvariationsindrinkingwatershowupinpeople’shair.“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink,andthat’srecordedinyouhair,”saidThureCerling,ageologistattheUniversityofUtah.WhileU.Sdietisrelativelyidentical,watersuppliesvary.Thedifferencesresultfromweatherpatterns.Thechemicalcompositionofrainfallchangesslightlyasraidcloudsmove.Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes(同位素).Theheaviestraidfallsfirst.Asaresult,stormsthatformoverthePacificdeliverheavierwatertoCaliforniathantoUtah.SimilarpatternsexistthroughouttheU.S.Bymeasuringtheproportionofheavierhydrogenandoxygenisotopesalongastrandofhair,scientistscanconstructageographictimeline.Eachinchofhaircorrespondstoabouttwomonths.Cerling’steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionaldifferences.Theycheckedtheaccuracyofthemapbytesting200hairsamplescollectedfrom65barbershops.Theywereabletoaccuratelyplacethehairsamplesinbroadregionsroughlycorrespondingtothemovementofraidsystems.“It’snotgoodforpinpointing(精确定位),”Cerlingsaid.“It’sgoodforeliminatingmanypossibilities.”ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.Thewomanwas5feettall.Policerecovered26bones,aT-shirtandseveralstrandsofhair.WhenParkheardabouttheresearch,hegavethehairsamplestotheresearchers.Chemicaltestingshowedthatoverthetwoyearsbeforeherdeath,shemovedabouteverytwomonths.ShestayedintheNorthwest,althoughthetestcouldnotbemorespecificthansomewherebetweeneasternOregonandwesternWyoming.“It’sstillasubstantialarea,”Parksaid“Butitnarrowsitwaydownforme.”62.Whatisthescientists’newdiscovery?A)One’shairgrowthhastodowiththeamountofwatertheydrink.B)Aperson’shairmayrevealwheretheyhavelived.C)Hairanalysisaccuratelyidentifiescriminalsuspects.D)Thechemicalcompositionofhairvariesfrompersontoperson.63.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink”(Line1,Para.3)?A)Foodanddrinkaffectone’spersonalitydevelopment.B)Foodanddrinkpreferencesvarywithindividuals.C)Foodanddrinkleavetracesinone’sbodytissues.D)Foodanddrinkareindispensabletoone’sexistence.64.WhatissaidabouttherainfallinAmerica’sWest?A)ThereismuchmorerainfallinCaliforniathaninUtah.B)Thewateritdeliversbecomeslighterwhenitmovesinland.C)Itschemicalcompositionislessstablethaninotherareas.D)Itgathersmorelightisotopesasitmoveseastward.65.WhatdidCerling’steamproduceintheirresearch?A)Amapshowingtheregionaldifferencesoftapwater.B)Acollectionofhairsamplesfromvariousbarbershops.C)Amethodtomeasuretheamountofwaterinhumanhair.D)Achartillustratingthemovementoftherainsystem.66.WhatisthepracticalvalueofCerling’sresearch?A)Ithelpsanalyzethequalityofwaterindifferentregions.B)Ithelpsthepolicedeterminewhereacrimeiscommitted.C)Ithelpsthepolicenarrowdownpossibilitiesindetectivework.D)Ithelpsidentifythedrinkinghabitsofthepersonunderinvestigation.PartVCloze(15minutes)

15KimiyukiSudashouldbeaperfectcustomerforJapan’scar-makers.He’sayoung,successfulexecutiveatanInternet-servicescompanyinTokyoandhasplentyofdisposable67.HeusedtoownToyota’sHiluxSurf,asportutilityvehicle.Butnowheuses68subwaysandgrains.“It’snotinconvenientatall,”hesays69,“havingacarisso20thcentury.”Sudareflectsaworrisome70inJapan;theautomobileislosingitsemotionalappeal,71amongtheyoung,whoprefertospendtheirmoneyonthelatestelectronicdevices.72mini-carsandluxuryforeignbrandsarestillpopular,everythinginbetweenis73.Lastyearssalesfell6.7percent,7.6percent74youdon’tcountthemini-carmarket.Therehavebeen75one-yeardropsinothernations:salesinGermanyfell9percentin200776ataxincrease.ButexpertssayJapanis77inthatsaleshavebeendecreasingsteadily78time.Since1990,yearlynew-carsaleshavefallenfrom7.8millionto5.4millionunitsin2007.Alarmedbythisstateof79,theJapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(JAMA)80acomprehensivestudyofthemarketin2006.Itfoundthata81wealthgap,demographic(人口结构的)changesand82lackofinterestincarsledJapanesetoholdtheir83longer,replacetheircarswithsmallerones84giveupcarownershipaltogether.JAMA85afurthersalesdeclineof1.2percentthisyear.Someexpertsbelievethatifthetrendcontinuesformuchlonger,furtherconsolidation(合并)intheautomotivesectoris86.67.A)profitB)paymentC)incomeD)budget68.A)mostlyB)partiallyC)occasionallyD)rarely69.A)ThereforeC)OtherwiseB)BesidesD)Consequently70.A)driftC)currentB)tideD)trend71.A)remarkablyC)speciallyB)essentiallyD)particularly72.A)WhileC)WhenB)BecauseD)Since73.A)surgingC)slippingB)stretchingD)shaking74.A)unlessC)asB)ifD)after75.A)lowerC)broaderB)slighterD)larger76.A)liabletoC)thankstoB)intermsofD)inviewof77.A)uniqueC)mysteriousB)similarD)strange78.A)overC)onB)againstD)behind79.A)messC)growthB)boomD)decay80.A)proceededC)launchedB)relievedD)revised81.A)quickeningC)strengtheningB)wideningD)lengthening82.A)averageC)abundantB)massiveD)general83.A)labelsC)vehiclesB)cyclesD)devices84.A)orC)butB)untilD)then85.A)concludesC)reckonsB)predictsD)prescribes86.A)distantC)temporaryB)likelyD)immediatePartVITranslation(5minutes)87.Soonafterhetransferredtothenewschool,Alifoundthathehad(很难跟上班里的同学)inmathandEnglish.88.Ifshehadreturnedanhourearlier,Mary(就不会被大雨淋湿了).89.Itissaidthatthosewhoarestressedorworkingovertimeare(更有可能增加体重).90.(很多人所没有意识到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports.andfootballinparticular.91.Thestudyshowsthatthepoorfunctioningofthehumanbodyis(与缺乏锻炼密切相关)（4）2008年12月大学英语四级考试真题

16PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)That’senough,kidsItwasalovelydayattheparkandStellaBianchiwasenjoyingthesunshinewithhertwochildrenwhenayoungboy,agedaboutfour,approachedhertwo-year-oldsonandpushedhimtotheground.“I’dwatchedhimforalittlewhileandmysonwasthefourthorfifthchildhe’dshoved,”shesays.”Iwentovertothem,pickedupmyson,turnedtotheboyandsaid,firmly,’No,wedon’tpush,”Whathappenednextwasunexpected.“Theboy’smotherrantowardmefromacrossthepark,”Stellasays,”Ithoughtshewascomingovertoapologize,butinsteadshestartedshoutingatmefordiscipliningherchild,AllIdidwaslethimknowhisbehaviorwasunacceptable.WasIsupposedtositbackwhileherkiddidwhateverhewanted,hurtingotherchildrenintheprocess?”Gettingyourownchildrentoplayniceisdifficultenough.Dealingwithotherpeople’schildrenhasbecomeaminefield.Inmyhouse,jumpingonthesofaisnotallowed.Inmysister’shouseit’sencouraged.Forher,it’saboutkidsbeingkids:“Ifyoucan’tdoitatthree,whencanyoudoit?”Eachofthesephilosophiesisvalidand,ithastobesaid,mysonlovesvisitinghisaunt’shouse.ButIfindmyselfsaying“no”alotwhenherkidsareoveratmine.That’sOKbetweensistersbutbecomesdangerousterritorywhenyou’retalkingtothechildrenoffriendsoracquaintances.“Kidsaren’tallraisedthesame,”agreesProfessorNaomiWhiteofMonashUniversity.”Butthereisstillanideathatthey’rethepropertyoftheparent.Weseeourchildrenasanextensionofourselves,soifyou’resayingthatmychildisbehavinginappropriately,thenthat’ssomehowacriticismofme.”Inthosecircumstances,it’sdifficulttoknowwhethertoapproachthechilddirectlyortheparentfirst.Therearetwoschoolsofthought.“I’dgotothechildfirst,”saysAndrewFuller,authorofTrickyKids.Usuallyaquietreminderthat’wedon’tdothathere’isenough.Kidsnavefinelytunedantennae(直觉)forhowtobehaveindifferentsettings.”Hepointsoutbringingitupwiththeparentfirstmaymakethemfeelneglectful,whichcouldcauseproblems.Ofcourse,approachingthechildfirstcanbringitsownheadaches,too.ThisiswhyWhiterecommendsthatyouapproachtheparentsfirst.Raiseyourconcernswiththeparentsifthey’rethereandaskthemtodealwithit,”shesays.Askedhowtoapproachaparentinthissituation,psychologistMeredithFulleranswers:“Explainyourneedsaswellasstressingtheimportanceofthefriendship.Prefaceyourremarkswithsomethinglike:’Iknowyou’llthinkI’msillybutinmyhouseIdon’twant…’”Whenitcomestosituationswhereyou’recaringforanotherchild,whiteisstraightforward:“commonsensemustprevail.Ifthingsdon’tgowell,thenhaveachat.”There’reacoupleofnewgreyareas.Physicalpunishment,onceacceptedfromanyadult,isnolongerappropriate.“Anewsetofconsiderationshascometotheforeaspartofthedebateabouthowwehandlechildren.”ForAndrewFuller,thechild-centricnatureofoursocietyhasaffectedeveryone:”Therulesaredifferentnowfromwhentoday’sparentsweregrowingup,”hesays,“Adultsarescaredofsaying:’don’tswear’,oraskingachildtostanduponabus.They’reworriedthattherewillbeconflictiftheypointthesethingsout–eitherfromolderchildren,ortheirparents.”Heseesitasalossofthesenseofcommonpublicgoodandpubliccourtesy(礼貌),andsaysthatadultssufferformitasmuchaschild.MeredithFulleragrees:“Acodeofconductishardtocreatewhenyou’relivinginaworldinwhicheveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,andaworldinwhichnicepeopleareperceivedtofinishlast.”“It’saboutwhatI’mdoingandwhatIneed,”AndrewFullersays.”thedayswhenakidcamehomefromschoolandsaid,“Igotintotrouble”.Anddadsaid,‘youprobablydeservedit’.Areover.Nowtheparentsarecharginguptotheschooltohaveagoatteachers.”Thisjumpingtoourchildren’sdefenseispartofwhatfuelsthe“walkingoneggshells”feelingthatsurroundsourdealingswithotherpeople’schildren.Youknowthatifyouremonstrate(劝诫)withthechild,you’regoingtohavetodealwiththeparent.It’sadmirabletobeprotectiveofourkids,butisitgood?

17“Childrenhavetolearntonegotiatetheworldontheirown,withinreasonableboundaries,”Whitesays.“Isuspectthatit’sonlycertainsectorsofthepopulationdoingtherunningtotheschool–better–educatedparentsareprobablymorelikelytobetooinvolved.”Whitebelievesournotionsofamorechild-centered,it’awayoftalkingabouttreatingourchildrenlikecommodities(商品).We’recenteredonthembutinwaysthatreflectpositivelyonus.Wetreatthemasobjectswhoseappearanceandachievementsaresomethingwecanbeproudof,ratherthanservethebestinterestsofthechildren.”Onewayover-worked,under-resourcedparentsshowcommitmenttotheirchildrenistoleaptotheirdefence.Backatthepark,Bianchi’intervention(干预)onherson’behalfendedinanundignifiedexchangeofinsultingwordswiththeotherboy’mother.AsBianchiapproachedtheparkbenchwhereshe’dbeensitting,othermumscameuptoherandcongratulatedherontakingastand.“Apparentlytheboyhadalongstandingreputationforbadbehaviourandhismumforevenworsebehaviourifhewaschallenged.”AndrewFullerdoesn’tbelievethatweshouldbeafraidofdealingwithotherpeople’skids.“lookatkidsthataren’tyourownasapotentialminefield,”hesays.Herecommendsthatwedon’tstaysilentoverinappropriatebehaviour,particularlywithregularvisitors.1.WhatdidStellaBianchiexpecttheyoungboy’smothertodowhenshetalkedtohim?A)makeanapologyB)comeovertointerveneC)disciplineherownboyD)takeherownboyaway2.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdealingwithotherpeople’schildren?A)it’simportantnottohurttheminanywayB)it’snousetryingtostoptheirwrongdoingC)it’sadvisabletotreatthemasone’sownkidsD)it’spossibleforonetogetintolotsoftrouble3.AccordingtoprofessorNaomiwhiteofMonashuniversity,whenone’skidsarecriticized,theirparentswillprobablyfeel___________________________A)discouragedB)hurtC)puzzledD)overwhelmed4.Whatshouldonedowhenseeingotherpeople’skidsmisbehaveaccordingtoAndrewfuller?A)talktothemdirectlyinamildwayB)complaintotheirparentspolitelyC)simplyleavethemaloneD)punishthemlightly5.Duetothechild-centricnatureofoursociety,______________________A)parentsareworriedwhentheirkidsswearatthemB)peoplethinkitimpropertocriticizekidsinpublicC)peoplearereluctanttopointourkids’wrongdoingsD)manyconflictsarisebetweenparentsandtheirkids6.Inaworldwhereeveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,____________________________A)it’seasyforpeopletobecomeimpatientB)it’sdifficulttocreateacodeofconductC)it’simportanttobefriendlytoeverybodyD)it’shardforpeopletoadmireeachother7.Howdidpeopleusetorespondwhentheirkidsgotintotroubleatschool?A)they’dquestiontheteachersB)they’dchargeuptotheschoolC)they’dtellthekidstoclamdownD)They’dputtheblameontheirkids8.Professorwhitebelievesthatthenotionsofamorechild-centredsocietyshouldbe____________________9.Accordingtoprofessorwhite,today’sparentstreattheirchildrenassomethingthey___________________10.Andrewfullersuggeststhat,whenkidsbehaveinappropriately,peopleshouldnot______________________PartIVReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（25minutes）SectionAQuestion47-56Abooklesslifeisanincompletelife.Booksinfluencethedepthandbreadthoflife.Theymeetthenatural______47_____forfreedom,forexpression,forcreativityandbeautyoflife.Learners,therefore,musthavebooks,andtherighttypeofbook,forthesatisfactionoftheirneed.Readersturn______48_____tobooksbecausetheircuriosityconcerningallmannersofthings,theireagernesstoshareintheexperiencesofothersandtheirneedto____49_____fromtheirownlimitedenvironmentleadthemtofindinbooksfoodforthemindandthespirit.Throughtheirreadingtheyfindadeepersignificancetolifeasbooksacquaintthemwithlifeintheworldasitwasanditisnow.Theyarepresentedwitha__50_____ofhumanexperiencesandcometo___51____otherwaysofthoughtandliving.Andwhile____52____theirownrelationshipsandresponsestolife,thereadersoftenfindthatthe___53__intheirstoriesaregoingthroughsimilaradjustments,whichhelptoclarifyandgivesignificancetotheirown.Booksprovide___54____materialforreaders’imaginationtogrow.Imaginationisavaluablequalityandamotivatingpower,and

18stimulatesachievement.Whileenrichingtheirimagination,books__55____theiroutlook,developafact-findingattitudeandtrainthemtouseleisure___56___.Thesocialandeducationalsignificanceofthereaders’bookscannotbeoverestimatedinanacademiclibrary.A.AbundantB.CharactersC.CommunicatingD.CompletelyE.DeriveF.DesireG.DiversityH.EscapeI.EstablishingJ.NarrowK.NaturallyL.PersonnelM.ProperlyN.RespectO.WidenSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouareamaleandyouarereadingthis,congratulations:youareasurvivor.Accordingtostatistics.youaremorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancerthanawoman,andninetimesmorelikelytodieofAIDS.Assumingyoumakeittotheendofyournaturalterm,about78yearsformeninAustralia,youwilldieonaveragefiveyearsbeforeawoman.Therearemanyreasonsforthis-typically,mentakemorerisksthanwomanandaremorelikelytodrinkandsmokebutperhapsmoreimportantly,mendon’tgotothedoctor.“Menaren’tseeingdoctorsasoftenastheyshould,”saysDr.Gullotta,“Thisisparticularlysofortheover-40s,whendiseasestendtostrike.”Gullottasaysahealthymanshouldvisitthedoctoreveryyearortwo.Forthoseover45,itshouldbeatleastonceayear.TwomonthsagoGullottasawa50-year-oldmawhohaddelayeddoinganythingabouthissmoker’scoughforayear.“WhenIfinallysawhimithadalreadyspreadandhehassincediedfromlungcancer”hesays,“Earlierdetectionandtreatmentmaynothavecuredhim,butitwouldhaveprolongedthislife”Accordingtoarecentsurvey,95%ofwomenagedbetween15andearly40sseeadoctoronceayear,comparedto70%ofmeninthesameagegroup.“Alotofmenthinktheyareinvincible（不可战胜的）”Gullottasays“Theyonlycomeinwhenafrienddropsdeadonthegolfcourseandtheythink”Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim.Thenthereistheostrichapproach,”somemenarescaredofwhatmightbethereandwouldrathernotknow,”saysDr.RossCartmill.“Mostmengettheircarsservicedmoreregularlythantheyservicetheirbodies,”Cartmillsays.Hebelievesmostdiseasesthatcommonlyaffectmencouldbeaddressedbypreventivecheck-ups.Regularcheck-upsformenwouldinevitablyplacestrainonthepublicpurse,Cartmillsays.”Butpreventionischeaperinthelongrunthanhavingtotreatthediseases.Besides,theultimatecostisfargreater:itiscalledprematuredeath.”57.Whydoestheauthorcongratulatehismalereadersatthebeginningofthepassage?A.TheyaremorelikelytosurviveseriousdiseasestodayB.Theiraveragelifespanhasbeenconsiderablyextended.C.Theyhavelivedlongenoughtoreadthisarticle.D.Theyaresuretoenjoyalongerandhappierlive.58.Whatdoestheauthorstateisthemostimportantreasonmendiefiveyearsearlieronaveragethanwomen?A.mendrinkandsmokemuchmorethanwomenB.mendon’tseekmedicalcareasoftenaswomenC.menaren’tascautionsaswomeninfaceofdangerD.menaremorelikelytosufferfromfataldiseases59.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthesentence“Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim…’(line2,para,8)?A.itcouldhappentome,tooB.IshouldavoidplayinggolfC.IshouldconsidermyselfluckyD.itwouldbeabigmisfortune60whatdoesDr.RossCartmillmeanby“theostrichapproach”(lineqpara.9)A.acasualattitudetowardsone’shealthconditionsB.anewtherapyforcertainpsychologicalproblemsC.refusaltogetmedicaltreatmentforfearofthepaininvolvedD.unwillingnesstofindoutaboutone’sdiseasebecauseoffear

1961.WhatdoesCartmillsayaboutregularcheck-upsformen?A.TheymayincreasepublicexpensesB.TheywillsavemoneyinthelongrunC.TheymaycausepsychologicalstrainsonmenD.TheywillenablementoliveaslongaswomenPassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.High-qualitycustomerserviceispreached(宣扬)bymany,butactuallykeepingcustomershappyiseasiersaidthandoneShoppersseldomcomplaintothemanagerorownerofaretailstore,butinsteadwillalerttheirfriends,relatives,co-workers,strangers-andanyonewhowilllisten.Storemanagersareoftenthelasttohearcomplaints,andoftenfindoutonlywhentheirregularcustomersdecidetfrequenttheircompetitors,accordingtoastudyjointlyconductedbyVerdegroupandWhartonschool“Storytellinghurtsretailersandentertainsconsumers,”saidPaulaCourtney,PresidentoftheVerdegroup.”thestorelosesthecustomer,buttheshoppermustalsofindareplacement.”Onaverage,everyunhappycustomerwillcomplaintoatleastfourother,andwillnolongervisitthespecificstoreforeverydissatisfiedcustomer,astorewillloseuptothreemoreduetonegativereviews.Theresulting“snowballeffect”canbedisastroustoretailers.Accordingtotheresearch,shopperswhopurchasedclothingencounteredthemostproblems.rankedsecondandthirdweregroceryandelectronicscustomers.Themostcommoncomplaintsincludefilledparkinglots,cluttered(塞满了的)shelves,overloadedracks,out-of-stockitems,longcheck-outlines,andrudesalespeople.Duringpeakshoppinghours,someretailerssolvedtheparkingproblemsbygettingmoonlighting（业余兼职的）localpolicetoworkasparkingattendants.Somehiredflagwaverstodirectcustomerstoemptyparkingspaces.Thisguidanceeliminatedtheneedforcustomerstocircletheparkinglotendlessly,andavoidedconfrontationbetweenthoseeyeingthesameparkingspace.Retailerscanrelievetheheadachesbyredesigningstorelayouts,pre-stockingsalesitems,hiringspeedyandexperiencedcashiers,andhavingsalesrepresentativesonhandtoanswerquestions.Mostimportantly,salespeopleshouldbediplomaticandpolitewithangrycustomers.“Retailerswho’reresponsiveandfriendlyaremorelikelytosmoothoverissuesthanthosewhoaren’tsofriendly.”saidProfessorStephenHoch.“Maybesomethingassimpleasagreeteratthestoreentrancewouldhelp.”Customerscanalsoimprovefutureshoppingexperiencesbyfilingcomplaintstotheretailer,insteadofcomplainingtotherestoftheworld.Retailersarehard-pressedtoimprovewhentheyhavenoideawhatiswrong.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答62.Whyarestoremanagersoftenthelasttohearcomplaints?AMostcustomerswon’tbothertocomplaineveniftheyhavehadunhappyexperiences.BCustomerswouldratherrelatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem.CFewcustomersbelievetheservicewillbeimproved.DCustomershavenoeasyaccesstostoremanagers.63.WhatdoesPaulaCourtneyimplybysaying“…theshoppermustalsofindareplacement”(Line2,Para.4)?ANewcustomersareboundtoreplaceoldones.BItisnotlikelytheshoppercanfindthesameproductsinotherstores.CMoststoresprovidethesameDNotcomplainingtothemanagercausestheshoppersometroubletoo.64.Shopownersoftenhiremoonlightingpoliceasparkingattendantssothatshoppers_____AcanstaylongerbrowsinginthestoreBwon’thavetroubleparkingtheircarsCwon’thaveanyworriesaboutsecurityDcanfindtheircarseasilyaftershopping65.Whatcontributesmosttosmoothingoverissueswithcustomers?AMannersofthesalespeopleBHiringofefficientemployeesCHugesupplyofgoodsforsaleDDesignofthestorelayout.66.Toachievebettershoppingexperiences,customersareadvisedto_________.AexertpressureonstorestoimprovetheirserviceBsettletheirdisputeswithstoresinadiplomaticway

20CvoicetheirdissatisfactiontostoremanagersdirectlyDshoparoundandmakecomparisonsbetweenstoresPartVCloze（15minutes）PlayingorganizedsportsissuchacommonexperienceintheUnitedStatesthatmanychildrenandteenagersthatthemforgranted.Thisisespeciallytrue__67__childrenfromfamiliesandcommunitiesthathavetheresourcesneededtoorganizeand__68__sportsprogramsandmakesurethatthereiseasy__69__toparticipationopportunities.Childreninlow-incomefamiliesandpoorcommunitiesare__70__likelytotakeorganizedyouthsportsforgrantedbecausetheyoften__71__theresourcesneededtopayforparticipation__72__,equipment,andtransportationtopracticesandgames__73__theircommunitiesdonothaveresourcestobuildand__74__sportsfieldsandfacilities.Organizedyouthsports__75__appearedduringtheearly20thcenturyintheUnitedStatesandotherwealthynations.Theywereoriginallydeveloped__76__someeducatorsanddevelopmentalexperts__77__thatthebehaviorandcharacterofchildrenwere__78__influencedbytheirsocialsurroundingandeverydayexperiences.This__79__manypeopletobelievethatifyoucouldorganizetheexperiencesofchildrenin__80__ways,youcouldinfluencethekindsofadultsthatthosechildrenwouldbecome.Thisbeliefthatthesocial__81__influencedaperson’soveralldevelopmentwasvery__82__topeopleinterestedinprogressandreformintheUnitedStates__83__thebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itcausedthemtothinkabout__84__theymightcontroltheexperiencesofchildrento__85__responsibleandproductiveadults.Theybelievedstronglythatdemocracydependedonresponsibilityandthata__86__capitalisteconomydependedontheproductivityofworker.67.A.amongB.withinC.onD.towards68.A.spreadB.speedC.spurD.sponsor69.A.accessB.entranceC.chanceD.route70A.littleB.lessC.moreD.much71.A.shrinkB.tightenC.limitD.lack72.A.billBaccountsC.feesD.fare73.A.soB.asC.andD.but74.A.maintainB.sustainC.containD.entertain75.A.lastB.firstC.laterD.finally76.A.beforeB.whileC.untilD.when77.A.realizedB.recalledC.expectedD.exhibited78.A.specificallyB.excessivelyC.stronglyD.exactly79.A.movedB.conductedC.putD.led80.A.preciseB.preciousC.particularD.peculiar81.A.engagementB.environmentC.stateD.status82.A.encouragingB.disappointingC.upsettingD.surprising83.A.forB.withC.overD.at84.A.whatB.howC.whateverD.however85.A.multiplyB.manufactureC.produceD.provide86.A.growingB.breedingC.raisingD.flyingPartⅥTranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.87.Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems______________(他们至今还没有答案)88.______________________(大多数父母所关心的)isprovidingthebesteducationpossiblefortheirchildren.89.You’dbettertakeasweaterwithyou_____________________________________________(以防天气变冷)90.Throughttheproject,manypeoplehavereceivedtrainingand__________________________(决定自己创业)91.Theanti-virusagentwasnotknown___________________________________(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)（5）2008年6月份四级真题PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)MediaSelectionforAdvertisementsAfterdeterminingthetargetaudienceforaproductorservice,advertisingagenciesmustselecttheappropriatemediafortheadvertisement.Wediscussherethemajortypesofmediausedinadvertising.Wefocusonattentiononseventypesofadvertising:television,newspapers,radio,magazines,out-of-home,Internet,anddirectmail.TelevisionTelevisioninanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencestoadvertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshowWhoWantstoBeaMillionaire?youcanunderstandthepoweroftelevisiontocommunicatewithalargeaudience.Whenadvertiserscreateabrand,forexample,theywanttoimpressconsumerswiththebrandanditsimage.Televisionprovidesanidealvehicleforthistypeofcommunication.Buttelevisionisanexpensivemedium,andnotalladvertiserscanaffordtouseit.Television’sinfluenceonadvertisingisfourfold.First,narrowcastingmeansthattelevisionchannelsareseenbyanincreasinglynarrowsegmentoftheaudience.theGolfChannel,forinstance,iswatchedbypeoplewhoplaygolf.HomeandGardenTelevisionisseenbythoseinterestedinhouseholdimprovementprojects.Thus,audiencesaresmallerandmorehomogeneous(具有共同特点的)thantheyhavebeen

21inthepast.Second,thereisanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionchannelsavailabletoviewers,andthus,advertisers.Thishadalsoresultedinanincreaseinthesheernumberofadvertisementstowhichaudiencesareexposed.Third,digitalrecordingdevicesallowaudiencemembersmorecontroloverwhichcommercialstheywatch.Fourth,controloverprogrammingisbeingpassedfromthenetworkstolocalcableoperatorsandsatelliteprogrammers.NewspapersAftertelevision,themediumattractingthenextlargestannualasrevenueisnewspapers.TheNewYorkTimes,whichreachesanationalaudience,accountsfor$1billioninadrevenueannually.Ithasincreaseditsnationalcirculation(发行量)by40%andisnowavailableforhomedeliveryin168cities.Locally,newspapersarethelargestadvertisingmedium.Newspapersarealessexpensiveadvertisingmediumthantelevisionandprovideawayforadvertiserstocommunicatealonger,moredetailedmessagetotheiraudiencethantheycanthroughtelevision.Givennewproductiontechniques,advertisementscanbeprintedinabout48hours,meaningnewspapersarealsoaquickwayofgettingthemessageout.Newspapersareoftenthemostimportantformofnewsforalocalcommunity,andtheydevelopahighdegreeofloyaltyfromlocalreaders.RadioAdvertisingonradiocontinuestogrow.Radioisoftenusedinconjunctionwithoutdoorbill-boards(广告牌)andtheInternettoreachevenmorecustomersthantelevision.Advertisersarelikelytouseradiobecauseitisalessexpensivemediumthantelevision,whichmeansadvertiserscanaffordtorepeattheiradsoften.Internetcompaniesarealsoturningtoradioadvertising.Radioprovidesawayforadvertiserstocommunicatewithaudiencemembersatalltimesoftheday.Consumerslistentoradioontheirwaytoschoolorwork,atwork,onthewayhome,andintheeveninghours.Twomajorchanges—satelliteandInternetradio—willforceradioadvertiserstoadapttheirmethods.Bothoftheseradioformsallowlistenerstotuneinstationsthataremoredistantthanthelocalstationstheycouldreceiveinthepast.Asaresult,radiowillincreasinglyattracttargetaudienceswholivemanymilesapart.MagazinesNewsweeklies,women’stitles,andbusinessmagazineshaveallseenincreasesinadvertisingbecausetheyattractthehigh-endmarket.Magazinesarepopularwithadvertisersbecauseofthenarrowmarketthattheydeliver.Abroadcastmediumsuchasnetworktelevisionattractsalltypesofaudiencemembers,butmagazineaudiencesaremorehomogeneous.IfyoureadSportsIllustrated,forexample,youhavesuchincommonwiththemagazine’sotherreaders.Advertisersseemagazinesasanefficientwayofreachingtargetaudiencemembers.Advertisersusingtheprintmedia—magazinesandnewspapers—willneedtoadapttotwomainchanges.First,theInternetwillbringlargeraudiencestolocalnewspapers.Theseaudienceswillbemorediverseandgeographicallydispersed(分散)thaninthepast.Second,advertiserswillhavetounderstandhowtouseanincreasingnumberofmagazinesfortheirtargetaudiences.Althoughsomemagazineswillmaintainnationalaudiences,alargenumberofmagazineswillentertainnarroweraudiences.Out-of-homeadvertisingOut-of-homeadvertising,alsocalledplace-basedadvertising,hasbecomeanincreasinglyeffectivewayofreachingconsumers,whoaremoreactivethaneverbefore.Manyconsumerstodaydonotsitathomeandwatchtelevision.Usingbillboards,newsstands,andbussheltersforadvertisingisaneffectivewayofreachingtheseon-the-goconsumers.Moreconsumerstravellongerdistancestoandfromwork,whichalsomakesout-of-homeadvertisingeffective.Technologyhaschangedthenatureofthebillboardbusiness,makingitamoreeffectivemediumthaninthepast.Usingthedigitalprinting,billboardcompaniescanprintabillboardin2hours,comparedwith6dayspreviously.Thisallowsadvertisersmorevarietyinthetypesofmessagestheycreatebecausetheycanchangetheirmessagesmorequickly.InternetAsconsumersbecomemorecomfortablewithonlineshopping,advertiserswillseektoreachthismarket.AsconsumersgetmoreoftheirnewsandinformationfromtheInternet,theabilityoftelevisionandradiotogetthewordouttoconsumerswilldecrease.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthataudiencemembersremember.Internetadvertisingwillplayamoreprominentroleinorganizations’advertisinginthenearfuture.Internetaudiencestendtobequitehomogeneous,butsmall.Advertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachtheseaudiencesandwillhavetoadapttheirpersuasivestrategiestotheinlinemediumaswell.DirectmailAfinaladvertisingmediumisdirectmail,whichusesmailingstoconsumerstocommunicateaclient’smessage.Directmailincludesnewsletters,postcards,andspecialpromotion.Directmailisaneffectivewaytobuildrelationshipswithconsumers.Formanybusinesses,directmailisthemosteffectiveformofadvertising.1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat________.A)ithaslargeaudiencesB)itappealstohousewivesC)ithelpsbuildupacompany’sreputationD)itisaffordabletomostadvertisers2.WiththeincreaseinthenumberofTVchannels,________.A)thecostofTVadvertisinghasdecreasedB)thenumberofTVviewershasincreasedC)advertisers’interestinothermediahasdecreasedD)thenumberofTVadspeoplecanseehasincreased3.Comparewithtelevision,newspapersasanadvertisingmedium_______.A)earnalargerannualadrevenueB)conveymoredetailedmessagesC)usemoreproductiontechniquesD)getmessagesoutmoreeffectively4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_______.A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetupB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumersD)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradio5.Magazinesareseenbyadvertisersasanefficientwayto_______.A)reachtargetaudiencesB)appealtoeducatedpeopleC)attractdiverseaudiencesD)conveyallkindsofmessages6.Out-of-homeadvertisinghasbecomemoreeffectivebecause_______.A)billboardscanbereplacedwithintwohoursB)consumerstravelmorenowthaneverbeforeC)suchadshavebeenmademuchmoreattractiveD)thepaceofurbanlifeismuchfasternowadays

227.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthatare________.A)quicktoupdateB)pleasanttolookatC)easytorememberD)convenienttoaccess8.Internetadvertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachaudiencesthattendtobe_______.9.Directmailisaneffectiveformofadvertisingforbusinesstodevelop________.10.Thispassagediscusseshowadvertisersselect________foradvertisements.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionASomeyearsagoIwasofferedawritingassignmentthatwouldrequirethreemonthsoftravelthroughEurope.Ihadbeenabroadacoupleoftimes,butIcouldhardly_47_toknowmywayaroundthecontinent.Moreover,myknowledgeofforeignlanguageswas_48_toalittlecollegeFrench.Ihesitated.HowwouldI,unabletospeakthelanguage,_49_unfamiliarwithlocalgeographyortransportationsystems,setup_50_anddoresearch?Itseemedimpossible,andwithconsiderable_51_Isatdowntowritealetterbeggingoff.Halfwaythrough,athoughtcanthroughmymind:youcanlearnifyoudon’ttry.SoIacceptedtheassignment.Thereweresomebad_52_.ButbythetimeIhadfinishedthetripIwasanexperiencedtraveler.Andeversince,Ihaveneverhesitatedtoheadforeventhemostremoteofplaces,withoutguidersoreven_53_bookings,confidentthatsomehowIwillmanage.Thepointisthatthenew,thedifferent,isalmostbydefinition_54_.Buteachtimeyoutrysomething,youlearn,andasthelearningpilesup,theworldopenstoyou.I’velearnedtoskiat40,andflownuptheRhineRiverina_55_.AndIknowI’llgoondoingsuchthings.It’snotbecauseI’mbraverormoredaringthanothers.I’mnot.ButI’llacceptanxietyasanothernameforchallengeandIbelieveIcan_56_wonders.A)accomplishB)advancedC)balloonD)claimE)constantlyF)declareG)interviewsH)limitedI)manufactureJ)momentsK)newsL)reducedM)regretN)scaryO)totalSectionBPassageOneGlobalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,butregardlessofwhetheritisorisn’t–wewon’tdomuchaboutit.Wewillargueoveritandmayeven,asanation,makesomefairlysolemn-soundingcommitmentstoavoidit.Butthemoredramaticandmeaningfulthesecommitmentsseem,thelesslikelytheyaretobeobserved.AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan“inconvenienttruth,”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.Buttherealtruthisthatwedon’tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwarming,and–withoutmajortechnologicalbreakthroughs—wecan’tdomuchaboutit.From2003to2050,theworld’spopulationisprojectedtogrowfrom6.4billionto9.1billion,a42%increase.Ifenergyuseperpersonandtechnologyremainthesame,totalenergyuseandgreenhousegasemissions(mainly,CO2)willbe42%higherin2050.butthat’stoolow,becausesocietiesthatgrowricherusemoreenergy.Weneedeconomicgrowthunlesswecondemntheworld’spoortotheirpresentpovertyandfreezeeveryoneelse’slivingstandards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuseandgreenhouseemissionsmorethandoubleby2050.Nogovernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictionsoneconomicgrowthandpersonalfreedom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.Still,politicianswanttoshowthey’re“doingsomething.”ConsidertheKyotoProtocol(京都议定书).Itallowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunishthosethatdidn’t.Butithasn’treducedCO2emissions(upabout25%since1990),andmanysignatories(签字国)didn’tadopttoughenoughpoliciestohittheir2008-2012targets.Thepracticalconclusionisthatifglobalwarmingisapotentialdisaster,theonlysolutionisnewtechnology.Onlyanaggressiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammightfindwaysofbreakingdependenceonfossilfuelsordealingwithit.Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithasbecomeamoralproblemwhenit’sreallyanengineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon’tsolvetheengineeringproblem,we’rehelpless.57.Whatissaidaboutglobalwarminginthefirstparagraph?A)Itmaynotproveanenvironmentalcrisisatall.B)Itisanissuerequiringworldwidecommitments.C)Seriousstepshavebeentakentoavoidorstopit.D)Verylittlewillbedonetobringitundercontrol.58.Accordingtotheauthor’sunderstanding,whatisAlGore’sviewonglobalwarming?A)Itisarealitybothpeopleandpoliticiansareunawareof.B)Itisaphenomenonthatcausesusmanyinconveniences.C)Itisaproblemthatcanbesolvedonceitisrecognized.D)Itisanareaweactuallyhavelittleknowledgeabout.59.Greenhouseemissionswillmorethandoubleby2050becauseof_______.A)economicgrowthB)thewideninggapbetweentherichandpoorC)wastefuluseofenergyD)therapidadvancesofscienceandtechnology60.Theauthorbelievesthat,sincethesigningoftheKyotoProtocol,________.A)politicianshavestartedtodosomethingtobetterthesituationB)fewnationshaveadoptedrealtoughmeasurestolimitenergyuseC)reductionsinenergyconsumptionhavegreatlycutbackglobalwarmingD)internationalcooperationhascontributedtosolvingenvironmentalproblems61.Whatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoconvey?A)Globalwarmingismoreofamoralissuethanapracticalone.B)TheultimatesolutiontoglobalwarmingliesinnewtechnologyC)Thedebateoverglobalwarmingwillleadtotechnologicalbreakthroughs.D)Peoplehavetogiveupcertainmaterialcomfortstostopglobalwarming.PassageTwoSomedayastrangerwillreadyoure-mailwithoutyourpermissionorscantheWebsitesyou’vevisited.Orperhapssomeonewillcasuallyglancethroughyourcreditcardpurchaseorcellphonebillstofindoutyourshoppingpreferencesorcallinghabits.Infact,it’slikelysomeofthesethingshavealreadyhappenedtoyou.Whowouldwatchyouwithoutyourpermission?Itmightbeaspouse,agirlfriend,amarketingcompany,aboss,acoporacriminal.Whoeveritis,theywillseeyouinawayyouneverintendedtobeseen—the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked.Psychologiststellusboundariesarehealthy,thatit’simportanttorevealyourselftofriends,familyandloversinstages,atappropriate

23times.Butfewboundariesremain.Thedigitalbreadcrumbs(碎屑)youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.Insomecases,asimpleGooglesearchcanrevealwhatyouthink.Likeitornot,increasinglyweliveinaworldwhereyousimplecannotkeepasecret.Thekeyquestionis:Doesthatmatter?WhenopinionpollsaskAmericansaboutprivacy,mostsaytheyareconcernedaboutlosingit.Asurveyfoundanoverwhelmingpessimismaboutprivacy,with60percentofrespondentssayingtheyfeeltheirprivacyis“slippingaway,andthatbothersme.”Butpeoplesayonethinganddoanother.OnlyatinyfractionofAmericanschangeanybehaviorsinanefforttopreservetheirprivacy.Fewpeopleturndownadiscountattollbooths(收费站)toavoidusingtheEZ-Passsystemthatcantrackautomobilemovements.Andfewturndownsupermarketloyaltycards.PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon(优惠券).Butprivacydoesmatter–atleastsometimes.It’slikehealth:Whenyouhaveit,youdon’tnoticeit.Onlywhenit’sgonedoyouwishyou’ddonemoretoprotectit.62.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked”(Lines3-4,Para.2)?A)People’spersonalinformationiseasilyaccessedwithouttheirknowledge.B)Inthe21stcenturypeopletryeverymeanstolookintoothers’secrets.C)Peopletendtobemorefrankwitheachotherintheinformationage.D)Criminalsareeasilycaughtonthespotwithadvancedtechnology.63.Whatwouldpsychologistsadviseontherelationshipsbetweenfriends?A)Friendsshouldopentheirheartstoeachother.B)Friendsshouldalwaysbefaithfultoeachother.C)Thereshouldbeadistanceevenbetweenfriends.D)Thereshouldbefewerdisputesbetweenfriends.64.Whydoestheauthorsay“weliveinaworldwhereyousimplecannotkeepasecret”(Line5,Para.3)?A)Modernsocietyhasfinallyevolvedintoanopensociety.B)Peopleleavetracesaroundwhenusingmoderntechnology.C)Therearealwayspeoplewhoarecuriousaboutothers’affairs.D)Manysearchenginesprofitbyrevealingpeople’sidentities.65.WhatdomostAmericansdowithregardtoprivacyprotection?A)Theychangebehaviorsthatmightdisclosetheiridentity.B)Theyusevariousloyaltycardsforbusinesstransactions.C)Theyrelymoreandmoreonelectronicdevices.D)Theytalkalotbuthardlydoanythingaboutit.66.Accordingtothepassage,privacyislikehealthinthat________.A)peoplewillmakeeveryefforttokeepitB)itsimportanceisrarelyunderstoodC)itissomethingthatcaneasilybelostD)peopledon’tcherishituntiltheyloseiPartVCloze(15minutes)Universitiesareinstitutionthatteachawidevarietyofsubjectsatadvancedlevels.Theyalsocarryoutresearchworkaimed_67_extendingman’sknowledgeofthesesubjects.Theemphasisgiventoeachofthesefunctions_68_fromuniversitytouniversity,accordingtotheviewsofthepeoplein_69_andaccordingtotheresourcesavailable.Thesmallerandneweruniversitiesdonot_70_thestafforequipmenttocarryoutthe_71_researchprojectspossibleinlargerinstitutions._72_mostexpertsagreethatsomeresearchactivityis_73_tokeepthestaffandtheirstudentsin_74_withthelatestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.Moststudentsattendauniversitymainlyto_75_theknowledgeneededfortheirchosen_76_.Educationistsbelievethatthisaimshouldnotbethe_77_one.Universitieshavealwaysaimedtoproducemenandwomen_78_judgmentandwisdomaswellasknowledge.Forthisreason,they_79_studentstomeetotherswithdiffering_80_andtoreadwidelyto_81_theirunderstandinginmanyfieldsofstudy._82_asecondaryschoolcourse,astudentshouldbeinterestedenoughinasubjecttoenjoygainingknowledgeforitsown_83_.Heshouldbepreparedto_84_sacrificestostudyhischosen_85_indepth.Heshouldhaveanambitiontomakesome86contributiontoman’sknowledge.67.A)atB)byC)toD)in68.A)turnsB)rangesC)movesD)varies69.A)prospectB)placeC)controlD)favor70.A)occupyB)possessC)involveD)spare71.A)maximumB)mediumC)virtualD)vast72.A)ButB)AsC)WhileD)For73.A)naturalB)essentialC)functionalD)optional74.A)coordinationB)accordanceC)touchD)grasp75.A)acquireB)acceptC)endureD)ensure76.A)processionB)professionC)possessionD)preference77.A)typicalB)trueC)mereD)only78.A)withB)underC)onD)through79.A)promptB)provokeC)encourageD)anticipate80.A)historiesB)expressionsC)interestsD)curiosities81.A)broadenB)lengthenC)enforceD)specify82.A)AmidB)AfterC)OverD)Upon83.A)objectB)courseC)effectD)sake84.A)takeB)makeC)sufferD)pay85.A)fieldB)scopeC)targetD)goal86.A)radicalB)truthfulC)meaningfulD)initialPartVITranslation(5minutes)87.Oureffortswillpayoffiftheresultsofthisresearch___________________(能应用于新技术的开发)。88.Ican’tbootmycomputernow.something

24___________(一定出了什么毛病)withitsoperationsystem.89.Leavingone’sjob,________________(不管是什么工作),isadifficultchange,evenforthosewholookforwardtoretiring.90.__________________________(与我成长的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.91._________________________________(直到他完成使命)didherealizethathewasseriouslyill.

256）2007年12月四级考试真题UniveraitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlongstory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantages.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomeMoreself-consciousyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative（合作的）researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.0percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesidgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,2000participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships（实习）abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconducingfromaword-classscientistandhisU.S.team.Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledoftheworldintheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheinternetinfrastructure(基础设施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofhismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,

26whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearchuniversitymodel.MostpoliticianrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationalEconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationssincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.Universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericansuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.Theyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentsandlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengththenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewInstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1．Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent–dayuniversitieshavebecomeA．moreandmoreresearch-orientedB．in-servicetrainingorganizationsC．morepopularizedthaneverbeforeD．apowerfulforceforglobalintegration2．Overthepastthreedecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedA．by2.5millionB．by800,000C．atanannualrateof3.9percentD．atanannualrateof8percent3．IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?A．10%B．20%C．30%D．38%4．HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?A．TheyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomyB．TheyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpoliticsC．TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogramD．Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship5．Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities’globalizationisA．Yale’scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearchB．Yale’shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojectsC．Yale’sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutionsD．Yale’sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworld6．WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassage?A．IthousesmanycompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvardB．ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftCompany

27C．ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversityD．ItiswheretheInternetinfrastructurewasbuiltup7．WhatissaidabouttheU.S.federalfundingforresearch?A．Ithasincreasedby3percentB．IthasbeenunsteadyforyearsC．IthasbeenmorethansufficientD．Itdoubledbetween1998and20038．ThedramaticdeclineintheenrollmentofforeignstudentsintheU.SafterSeptember11wascausedby9．ManyAmericansfearthatAmericancompetivenessmaybethreatenedbyforeignstudentswhowill10．ThepolicyofwelcomingforeignstudentscanbenefittheU.S.inthattheverybestofthemwillstayandPartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aswarspreadstomanycomersoftheglobe,Childrensadlyhavebeendrawnintothecenterofconflicts.InAfghanistan,Bosnia,andColombia,however,groupsofchildrenhavebeentakingpartinpeaceeducation47.Thechildren,afterlearningtoresolveconflicts,tookonthe48ofpeacemakers.TheChildren’sMovementforpeacemakerswasevennominated(提名)ortheNobelpeaceprizein1998.Groupsofchildren49ispeacemakersstudiedhumanrightsanpovertyissuesinColombia,eventuallyformingagroupwithfiveotherschoolsinBogotaknownaTheSchoolsofPeace.Theclassroom50opportunitiesforchildrentoreplaceangry,violentbehaviorswith51,peacefulones.Itisintheclassroomthatcaringandrespectforeachpersonempowerschildrentotakeastep52towardbecomingpeacemakers.Fortunately,educatorshaveaccesstomanyonlineresourcesthatare53usefulwhenhelpingchildrenalongthepathtopeace.TheYoungPeacemakersClub,startedin1992,providesaWebsitewithresourcesforteachersand54onstaringaKindnessCampaign.TheWorldCentersofCompassionforChildrenInternationalcallattentiontochildren’srightsandhowtohelpthe55ofwar.StartingaPeacemakers’Clubisapraiseworthyventureforaclassanonethatcouldspreadtootherclassroomsanideallyaffectthecultureofthe56school.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)actingI)informationB)assumingJ)offersC)comprehensiveK)projectsD)cooperativeL)respectivelyE)entireM)roleF)especiallyN)technologyG)forwardO)victimsH)imagesSectionBPassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonfollowingpassage.Byalmostanymeasure,thereisaboominInternet-basedinstruction.Injustafewyears,34percentofAmericanuniversitieshavebegunofferingsomeformofdistancelearning(DL),andamongthelargerschools,it’scloserto90percent.Ifyoudoubtthepopularityofthetrend,youprobablyhaven’t.Itenrolls90,000student,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.Whilethekindsofinstructionofferedintheseprogramswilldiffer,DLusuallysignifiesacourseinwhichtheinstructionspostsyllabi(课程大纲),readingassignments,andschedulesonWebsites,andstudentssendintheirassignmentsbye-mail.Generallyspeaking,face-to-facecommunicationwithaninstructorisminimizedor

28eliminatedaltogether.Theattractionforstudentsmightatfirstseemobvious.Primarily,there’stheconveniencepromisedbycoursesontheNet:youcandothework,astheysay,inyourpajamas(睡衣).Butfiguresindicatethatthereducedeffortresultsinareducedcommitmenttothecourse.WhiledropoutratesforallfreshmenatAmericanuniversitiesisaround20percent,therateforonlinestudentsis35percent.Studentsthemselvesseemtounderstandtheweaknessesinherentinthesetup.InasurveyconductedforeCornell,theDLdivisionofCornellUniversity,lessthanathirdoftherespondentsexpectedthequalityoftheonlinecoursetobeasgoodastheclassroomcourse.Clearyformtheschoolsperspective,there’salotofmoneytobesaved.Althoughsomeofthemoreambitiousprogramsrequirenewinvestmentsinserversandnetworkstosupportcollaborativesoftware,mostDLcoursescanrunonexistingorminimallyupgraded(升级)systems.Themorestudentswhoenrollinacoursebutdon’tcometocampus,themoretheschoolsavesonkeepingthelightsonintheclassrooms,payingdoorkeepers,andmaintainingparkinglots,Andthere’sevindencethatinstructorsmustworkhardertorunaDLcourseforavarietyofreasons,won’tbepaidanymore,andmightwellbepaidless.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.WhatisthemoststrikingfeatureoftheUniversityofPhoenix?A)Allitscoursesareofferedonline.B)Itsonlinecoursesareofthebestquality.C)ItboaststhelargestnumberofstudentsoncampusD)Anyonetakingitsonlinecoursesissuretogetadegree.58．Accordingtothepassage,distancelearningisbasicallycharacterizedby_____A)AconsiderableflexibilityinitsacademicrequirementsB)Thegreatdiversityofstudents’academicbackgroundsC)Aminimumortotalabsenceofface-to-faceinstructionD)tthecasualrelationshipbetweenstudentsandprofessors59.ManystudentstakeInternet-basedcoursesmainlybecausetheycan_____A)EarntheiracademicdegreeswithmuchlesseffortB)SaveagreatdealontravelingandboardingexpensesC)SelectcoursesfromvariouscollegesanduniversitiesD)Workontherequiredcourseswheneverandwherever60.Whataccountsforthehighdrop-outratesforonlinestudents?A)Thereisnostrictcontrolovertheacademicstandardsofthecourses.B)Theevaluationsystemusedbyonlineuniversitiesisinherentlyweak.C)Thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheymaketherequiredeffort.D)Lackofclassroominteractionreducestheeffectivenessofinstruction.61.Accordingtothepassage,universitiesshowgreatenthusiasmforDLprogramsforthepurposeof_____A)buildinguptheirreputationB)cuttingdownontheirexpensesC)upgradingtheirteachingfacilitiesD)providingconvenienceforstudentsQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InthisageofInternetchat,videogamesandrealitytelevision,thereisnoshortageofmindlessactivitiestokeepachildoccupied.Yet,despitethecompetition,my8-year-olddaughterRebeccawantstospendherleisuretimewritingshortstories.Shewantstoenteroneofherstoriesintoawritingcontest,acompetitionshewonlastyes.AsawriterIknowaboutwinningcontest,andaboutlosingthem.Iknowwhatitisliketoworkhardonastoryonlytoreceivearejectionslipfromthepublisher.Ialsoknowthepressuresoftryingtoliveuptoareputationcreatedbypreviousvictories.Whatifshedoesn’twinthecontestagain?That’sthestrangethingaboutbeingaparent.Somanyofourownpastscarsanddashedhopescansurface.Arevelation（启示）camelastweekwhenIaskedher,“Don’tyouwanttowinagain?”“No,”shereplied,“Ijustwanttotellthestoryofanangelgoingtofirstgrade.”

29Ihadjustspentweekscorrectingherstoriesasshespontaneously（自由地）toldthem.TellingmyselfthatIwasmerelyanexperiencedwriterguidingtheyoungwriteracrossthehall,Iofferedsuggestionsforcharacters,conflictsandendingsforhertales.Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirsttradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfistmusiclesson.Ihadturnedhercontestintomycontestwithoutevenrealizingit.Stayingbackandgivingkidsspacetogrowisnotaseasyasitlooks.BecauseIkonwverylittleaboutfarmanimalswhousetoolsorangelswhogotofirstgrade,IhadtoacceptthefactthatIwasco-opting（借用）mydaughter’sexperence.Whilesteppingbackwasdifficultforme,itwascertainlyagoodfirststepthatIwillquicklyfollowwithmoresteps,puttingmyselffarenoughawaytogiveherroombutcloseenoughtohelpifasked.AllthewhileIwillberemindingmyselfthatchildrenneedroomtoexperiment,growandfindtheirownvoices.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。62.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A)Childrendofindlotsoffuninmanymindlessactivites.B)Rebeccaismuchtoooccupiedtoenjoyherleisuretime.C)Rebeccadrawsonalotofonlinematerialsforherwriting.D)Alotofdistractionscompeteforchildren’stimenowadays.63.Whatdidtheauthorsayaboutherownwritingexperience?A)Shedidnotquiteliveuptoherreputationasawriter.B)Herwaytosuccesswasfullofpainsandfrustrations.C)Shewasconstantlyunderpressureofwritingmore.D)Mostofherstorieshadbeenrejectedbypublishers.64.WhydidRebeccawanttoenterthisyear’swritingcontest?A)Shebelievedshepossessedrealtalentforwriting.B)Shewassureofwinningwithhermother’shelp.C)Shewantedtoshareherstorieswithreaders.D)Shehadwonaprizeinthepreviouscontest.65.What’stheauthor’sadviceforparents?A)Awritingcareer,thoughattractive,isnotforeverychildtopursue.B)Childrenshouldbeallowedfreedomtogrowthroughexperience.C)Parentsshouldkeepaneyeontheactivitiestheiropinions.PartVCloze（15minutes）注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Onefactorthatcaninfluenceconsumersistheirmoodstate.Moodmaybedefined67a67．A）asB）aboutC）byD）withtemporaryandmildpositiveornegativefeelingB）about68．A）overC）toB）underD）upthatisgeneralizedandnottied68anyparticularcircumstance.Moodsshouldbe69from69．A）derivedCdividedBdescendedDdistinguishedemotionswhichareusuallymoreintense,70to70．A）relatedC）attachedspecificcircumstances,andoftenconscious.B）referredD）associated

3071onesense,theeffectofaconsumer’smood71．A）OnC）InB）OfD）Bycanbethoughtofin72thesamewayascan72．A）thusC）evenB）muchD）stillourreactionstothe73ofourfriends—whenour73．A）signalC）viewfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattendstoinfluenceB）gestureD）behavioruspositively,74whentheyare“down”,thatcan74．A）forC）unlessB）butD）providedhavea75impactonus.Similarly,consumers75．A）relativeC）negativeB）decisiveD）sensitiveoperatingundera76moodstatetendtoreactto76．A）givenC）fixedB）grantedD）drivenstimulate（刺激因素）inadirection77withthat77．A）resistantC）insistentmoodstate.Thus,forexample,weshouldexpectB）persistentD）consistenttosee78inapositivemoodstateevaluate78．A）consumerC）retailersB）businessmenD）manufacturersproductsinmoreofa79mannerthanthey79．A）casualC）seriousB）criticalD）favorablewouldwhennotinsuchastate,80moodstates80．A）HoweverC）MoreoverB）OtherwiseD）Neverthelessappearcapableof81aconsumer’smeomory.81.A)liftingC)raisingB)enhancingD)cultivatingMoodsappeartobe81influencedbymar-82.A)readilyC)cautiouslyketingtechniques.Forexample,therhythm,pitch,B)rarelyD)currentlyand81ofmusichasbeenshowntoinfluence83.A)stepC)bandB)speedD)volumeBehaviorsuchasthe81oftimespentin84.A)extentC)scopeB)amountD)rangeSupermarketsor81topurchaseproducts.In85.A)facilitiesC)reflectionsAddition,advertisingcaninfluenceconsumers’B)capacitiesD)intensions

31moodswhich,in81,arecapableofinfluencing86.A)turnC)detailconsumers’reactionstoproducts.B)totalD)depthPartⅥTranslation(5minutes)Directions:CmpletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。87.（多亏了一系列的新发明），doctorscantreatthisdiseaseSuccessfully.88.Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeisthat（我比以前更容易累了）.89.Iamgoingtopurchasethiscourse,（无论我要作出什么样的牺牲）.90.Iwouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause（它更加方便和省时）.91.ManyAmericansliveoncredit,andtheirqualityoflife（是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的），nothowmuchtheycanearn.（8）2006年12月23日四级考试真题（最新整理版）PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SixSecretsofHigh-EnergyPeopleThere’sanenergycrisisinAmerica,andithasnothingtodowithfossilfuels.Millionsofusgetupeachmorningalreadywearyoverthedayholds.“Ijustcan’tgetstarted.”Peoplesay.Butit’snotphysicalenergythatmostofuslack.Sure,wecouldalluseextrasleepandabetterdiet.Butintruth,peoplearehealthiertodaythanatanytimeinhistory.Icanalmostguaranteethatifyoulongformoreenergy,theproblemisnotwithyourbody.Whatyou’reseekingisnotphysicalenergy.It’semotionalenergy.Yet,sadtosaylifesometimesseemsdesignedtoexhaustoursupply.Weworktoohard.Wehavefamilyobligations.Weencounteremergenciesandpersonalcrises.Nowondersomanyofussufferfromemotionalfatigue,akindofutterexhaustionofthespirit.Andyetweallknowpeoplewhoarefilledwithjoy,despitetheunpleasantcircumstancesoftheirlives.EvenasachildIobservedpeoplewhowerepoorordisabledorill,butwhononethelessfacedlifewithoptimismandvigor.ConsiderLauraHillenbrand,whodespiteanextremelyweakbodywrotethebest-sellerSeabiscuit.Hillenbrandbarelyhadenoughphysicalenergytodragherselfoutofbetowrite.Butshewasfueledbyhavingastoryshewantedtoshare.Itwasemotionalenergythathelpedhersucceed.Unlikephysicalenergy,whichisfiniteanddiminisheswithage,emotionalenergyisunlimitedandhasnothingtodowithgenesorupbringing.Sohowdoyougetit?Youcan’tsimplytellyourselftobepositive.You

32musttakeaction.Herearesixpracticalstrategiesthatwork.1.Dosomethingnew.Verylittlethat’snewoccursinourlives.Theimpactofthissamenessonouremotionalenergyisgradual,buthuge:It’slikeatirewithaslowleak.Youdon’titatfirst,buteventuallyyou’llgetaflat.It’suptoyoutoplugtheleak--eventhoughtherearealwaysadozenreasonstostaystuckinyourdullroutinesoflife.That’swhereMaura,36,awaitress,foundherselfayearago.Fortunately,Maurahadalifeline--agroupofwomenfriendswhomeetregularlytodiscusstheirlives.TheirlivelydiscussionsspurredMauratomakesmallbutneverthelesslifealteringchanges.Shejoinedagyminthenexttown.ShechangedherlookwithashorthaircutandnewblackT-shirts.Eventually,Mauragatheredthecouragetoquitherjobandstartherownbusiness.Here’sachallenge:Ifit’ssomethingyouwouldn’tordinarilydo,doit.Tryadishyou’venevereaten.Listentomusicyou’dordinarilytuneout.You’lldiscoverthesesmallthingsaddtoyouremotionalenergy.2.Reclaimlife’smeaning.Somanyofmypatientstellmethattheirlivesusedtohavemeaning,butthatsomewherealongthelinethingswentstate.Thefirststepinsolvingthismeaningshortageistofigureoutwhatyoureallycareabout,andthendosomethingaboutit.AcaseinpointisIvy,57,apioneerininvestmentbanking."ImistakenlybelievedthatallthemoneyImadewouldmeansomething."shesays."ButIfeellost,likea22-year-oldwonderingwhattodowithherlife."Ivy’ssolution?ShestartedaprogramthatshowsWallStreetershowtodonatetimeandmoneytopoorchildren.Intheprocess,Ivyfilledherlifewithmeaning.3.Putyourselfinthefunzone.Mostofusgrown-upsareseriouslyfun-deprived.High-energypeoplehavethesameday-to-dayworkastherestofus,buttheymanagetofindsomethingenjoyableineverysituation.ArealestatebrokerIknowkeepsherselfamusedonthejobbymentallyredecoratingthehousessheshowstoclients."Iloveimaginingwhateventhemostrun-downhousecouldlooklikewithyalittletenderlovingcare,"shesays."It’sachallenge--andtheleastdesirablepropertiesareusuallythemostfun."Wealldefinefundifferently,ofcourse,butIcanguaranteethis:Ifyouputjustabitofitintoyourday,youenergywillincreasequickly.4.Bidfarewelltoguiltandregret.Everyone’spastisfilledwithregretsthatstillcausepain.Butfromanemotionalenergypointofview,theyaredeadweightsthatkeepusfromusfrommovingforward.Whiletheycan’tmerelybewilledaway,Idorecommendyouremindyourselfthatwhateverhappenedisinthepast,andnothingcanchangethat.Holdingontothememoryonlyallowsthedamagetocontinueintothepresent.5.Makeupyourmind.Sayyou’vebeenthinkingaboutcuttingyourhairshort.Willitlookstylish–ortooextreme?Youendlesslythinkitover.Havingthedecisionhangingoveryourheadisahugeenergydrain.Everytimeyoucan’tdecide,youburdenyourselfwithalternatives.Quitthinkingthatyouhavetomaketherightdecision;instead,makeachoiceanddon’tlookback.6.Givetoget.Emotionalenergyhasakindofmagicalquality;themoreyougive,themoreyougetback..Thisisthedifferencebetweenemotionalandphysicalenergy.Withthelatter.Youhavetogetittobeabletogiveit.Withtheformer,however,yougetitbygivingit.Startbyaskingeveryoneyoumeet,“Howareyou?”asifyoureallywanttoknow,thenlistentothereply.Betheonewhohears.Mostofusalsoneedtosmilemoreoften.Ifyoudon’tsmileatthepersonyoulovefirst

33thinginthemorning,you’resuckingenergyoutofyourrelationship.Finally,helpanotherperson—andmakethehelpreal,concrete.Giveamassage(按摩)tosomeoneyoulove,orcookherdinner,Then,expandthecircletowork.Tryaskingyourselfwhatyou’ddoifyourgoalweretobehelpfulratherthanefficient.Afterall,ifit’struethatwhatgoesaroundcomesaround,whynotmakesurethatwhat’scirculatingaroundyouisthegoodstuff?注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.TheenergycrisisinAmericadiscussedheremainlyreferstoashortageoffossilfuels.2.Peoplethesedaystendtolackphysicalenergy.3.LauraHillenbrandisanexamplecitedtoshowhowemotionalenergycancontributetoone’ssuccessinlife.4.Theauthorbelievesemotionalenergyisinheritedandgeneticallydetermined.5.Evensmallchangespeoplemakeintheirlivescanhelpincreasetheiremotionalenergy.6.Theyfilledherlifewithmeaningbylaunchingaprogramtohelppoorchildren.7.Thereal-estatebrokertheauthorknowsistalentedinhomeredecoration.8.Peopleholdingontosadmemoriesofthepastwillfinditdifficultto__________.9.Whenitcomestodecision-making.Oneshouldmakeaquickchoicewithout_________.10.Emotionalenergyisinawaydifferentfromphysicalenergyinthatthemoreyougive,_________.PartIVReadingComprehension(readingindepth)(25minutes)SectionAThefloodofwomenintothejobmarketboostedeconomicgrowthandchangedU.S.societyinmanyways.Manyin-homejobsthatusedtobedone47bywomen----rangingfromfamilyshoppingtopreparingmealstodoing48work——stillneedtobedonebysomeone.Husbandsandchildrennowdosomeofthesejobs,a49thathaschangedthetargetmarketformanyproducts.Oraworkingwomanmayfaceacrushing“povertyoftime“andlookforhelpelsewhere,creatingopportunitiesforproducersoffrozenmeals,childcarecenters,drycleaners,financialservices,andthelike.Althoughthereisstillabigwage50betweenmenandwomen,theincomeworkingwomen51givesthemnewindependenceandbuyingpower.Forexample,womennow52abouthalfofallcars.Notlongago,manycarsdealers53womenshoppersbyignoringthemorsuggestingthattheycomebackwiththeirhusbands.Nowcarcompanieshaverealizedthatwomenare54customers.It’sinterestingthatsomeleadingJapanesecardealerswerethefirstto55payattentiontowomencustomers.InJapan,fewerwomenhavejobsorbuycars—theJapanesesocietyisstillverymuchmale—oriented.Perhapsitwasthe56contrastwithJapanesesocietythatpromptedAmericanfirmstopaymoreattentiontowomenbuyers.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答A）scaleB）retailedC）generateD）extremeE）technicallyF）affordableG）situationH）reallyI）potentialJ）gapK）voluntaryL）excessiveM）insultedN）purchaseO）primarilySectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemarefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestion57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ReadingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWaterwhichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.

34ArthurvonWiesenberger,whocarriesthetitleWaterMaster,isoneofthefewwatercriticsinNorthAmerica.Asaboy,hespenttimeinthelargercitiesofItaly,FranceandSwitzerland,Wherebottledwaterisconsumeddaily.Eventhen,hekeptawaterjournal,notingthebrandshelikedbest.“Mydogcouldtellthedifferencebetweenbottledandtapwater.”Hesays.Butisplaintapwaterallthatbad?Notatall.Infact,NewYork’smunicipalwaterformorethanacenturywascalledthechampagneoftapwateranduntilrecentlyconsideredamongthebestintheworldintermsofbothtasteandpurity.Similarly,amagazineinEnglandfoundthattapwaterfromtheThamesRivertastedbetterthanseveralleadingbrandsofbottledwaterthatwere400timesmoreexpensive.Nevertheless,soft-drinkcompaniesviewbottledwaterasthenextbattle-groundformarketshare-thisdespitethefactthatover25percentofbottledwatercomesfromtapwater:PepsiCo’sAquafinaandCoca-Cola’sDasaniarebothpurifiedtapwaterratherthanspringwater.Asdinersthirstforleadingbrands,bottlersandrestaurateurssalivate(垂涎)overtheprofits.Arestaurant’stypicalmark-uponwineis100to150percent,whereasonbottledwaterit’soften300to500percent.Butsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren’tavailableinstores,mostdinesdon’tnoticeorcare.Asaresult,somerestaurantsareturningupthepressuretosellbottledwater.AccordingtoanarticleinTheStreetJournal,someofthemoreshamelesstacticsincludeplacingattractivebottlesonthetableforavisualsell,listingbrandsonthemenuwithoutprices,andpouringbottledwaterwithoutevenaskingthedinnersiftheywantit.Regardlessofhowit’ssold,thepopularityofbottledwatertapsintoourdesireforbetterhealth,ourwishtoappearcultivated,andevenalongingforlostpurity.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.WhatdoweknowaboutIcebergWaterfromthepassage?A.Itisakindoficedwater.B.Itisjustplaintapwater.C.Itisakindofbottledwater.D.Itisakindofmineralwater.58.Bysaying“Mydogcouldtellthedifferencebetweenbottledandtapwater”(Line4,Para2),vonWiesenbergwantstoconveythemessagethat________.A.plaintapwateriscertainlyunfitfordrinkingB.bottledwaterisclearlysuperiortotapwaterC.bottledwateroftenappealsmoretodogstasteD.dogscanusuallydetectafinedifferenceintaste59.The“fancierbrands”(Line3Para5)refersto________.A.tapwaterfromtheThamesRiverB.famouswinesnotsoldinordinarystoresC.PepsiCo’sAquafinaandCoca-Cola’sDasaniD.expensivebottledwaterwithimpressivenames60.Whyaresomerestaurantsturningupthepressuretosellbottledwater?A.Bottledwaterbringsinhugeprofits.B.Competitionfromthewineindustryisintense.C.Mostdinersfindbottledwateraffordable.D.Bottledwatersatisfieddiners’desiretofashionable.61.Accordingtopassage,whyisbottledwatersopopular?A.Itismuchcheaperthanwine.B.Itisconsideredhealthier.C.Itappealstomorecultivatedpeople.D.Itismorewidelypromotedinthemarket.PassageTwoAswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease–especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.Thelineofthoughtinvolvedinthisshiftcanbepursuedfurther.Imagineapersonwhoisabouttherightweight,butdoesnoteatverynutritious(有营养的)foods,whofeelsOKbutexercisesonlyoccasionally,whogoestoworkeveryday,butisnotanoutstandingworker,whodrinksafewbeersathomemostnightsbutdoesnotdrivewhiledrunk,andwhohasnochestpainsorabnormalbloodcounts,butsleepsalotandoftenfeelstired.Thispersonisnotill.Hemaynotevenbeatriskforanyparticulardisease.Butwecanimaginethatthis

35personcouldbealothealthier.Thefieldofmedicinehasnottraditionallydistinguishedbetweensomeonewhoismerely“notill”andsomeonewhoisinexcellenthealthandpaysattentiontothebody’sspecialneeds.Bothtypeshavesimplybeencalled“well”.Inrecentyears,however,somehealthspecialistshavebeguntoapplytheterms“well”and“wellness”onlytothosewhoareactivelystrivingtomaintainandimprovetheirhealth.Peoplewhoarewellareconcernedwithnutritionandexerciseandtheymakeapointofmonitoringtheirbody’scondition.Mostimportant,perhaps,peoplewhoarewelltakeactiveresponsibilityforallmattersrelatedtotheirhealth.Evenpeoplewhohaveaphysicaldiseaseorhandicap(缺陷)maybe"well,"inthisnewsense,iftheymakeanefforttomaintainthebestpossiblehealththeycaninthefaceoftheirphysicallimitations."Wellness"mayperhapsbestbeviewednotasastatethatpeoplecanachieve,butasanidealthatpeoplecanstrivefor.Peoplewhoarewellarelikelytobebetterabletoresistdiseaseandtofightdiseasewhenitstrikes.Andbyfocusingattentiononhealthywaysofliving,theconceptofwellnesscanhaveabeneficialimpactonthewaysinwhichpeoplefacethechallengesofdailylife.62.Todaymedicalcareisplacingmorestresson________.A.keepingpeopleinahealthyphysicalconditionB.monitoringpatients’bodyfunctionsC.removingpeople’sbadlivinghabitsD.ensuringpeople’spsychologicalwell-being63.Inthefirstparagraph,peopleareremindedthat________.A.goodhealthismorethannotbeingillB.drinking,evenifnottoexcess,couldbeharmfulC.regularhealthchecksareessentialtokeepingfitD.preventionismoredifficultthancure64.Traditionally,apersonisconsidered"well"ifhe________.A.doesnothaveanyunhealthylivinghabitsB.doesnothaveanyphysicalhandicapsC.isabletohandlehisdailyroutinesD.isfreefromanykindofdisease65.Accordingtotheauthor,thetruemeaningof"wellness"isforpeople________.A.tobestsatisfytheirbody’sspecialneedsB.tostrivetomaintainthebestpossiblehealthC.tomeetthestricteststandardsofbodilyhealthD.tokeepaproperbalancebetweenworkandleisure66.Accordingtowhattheauthoradvocates,whichofthefollowinggroupsofpeoplewouldbeconsideredhealthy?A.Peoplewhohavestrongmusclesaswellasslimfigures.B.Peoplewhoarenotpresentlyexperiencinganysymptomsofdisease.C.Peoplewhotrytobeaspossible,regardlessoftheirlimitations.D.Peoplewhocanrecoverfromillnessevenwithoutseekingmedicalcare.完形填空Languageisthemostastonishingbehaviorintheanimalkingdom.Itisthespecies-typicalbehaviorthatsetshumanscompletely67fromallotheranimals.Languageisameansofcommunication,68itismuchmorethanthat.Manyanimalscan69.Thedanceofthehoneybeecommunicatesthelocationofflowers70othermembersofthehive(蜂群).Buthumanlanguagepermitscommunicationaboutanything.71thingslikeunicorns(独角兽)thathaveneverexisted.Thekey72inthefactthattheunitsofmeaning,words,canbe73togetherindifferentways,accordingto74,tocommunicatedifferentmeanings.Languageisthemostimportantlearningwedo.Nothing75humanssomuchasourabilitytocommunicateabstractthoughts,76abouttheuniversitythemind,love,dreams,ororderingadrink,Itisanimmenselycomplex77thatwetakeforgranted.Indeed,wearenotawareofmost78ofourspeechandunderstanding.Considerwhathappenswhenonepersonisspeakingto79.TheSpeakerhastotranslatethoughtsinto80language.Brainimagingstudiessuggestthatthetimefromthoughtstothe81ofspeechisextremelyfast.Only0.04seconds!Thelistenermusthearthesoundsto82outwhatthespeakermeans.Hemustusethesoundsofspeechto83thewordsspoken,understandthepatternof84ofthe

36words(sentences),andfinally85themeaning.Thistakessomewhatlonger,aminimumofabout0.5seconds.But86started,itisofcourseacontinuousprocess.67.A.apartB.offC.upD.down68.A.soB.butC.orD.for69.A.transferB.transmitC.conveyD.communicate70.A.toB.fromC.overD.on71.A.onlyB.almostC.evenD.just72.A.staysB.situatesC.hidesD.lies73.A.stuckB.strungC.rungD.consisted74.A.rulesB.scalesC.lawsD.standards75.A.combinesB.containsC.definesD.declares76.A.whatB.whetherC.whileD.if77.A.prospectB.progressC.processD.produce78.A.aspectsB.abstractsC.anglesD.assumptions79.A.anybodyB.anotherC.otherD.everybody80.A.bodyB.gestureC.writtenD.spoken81.A.growingB.fixingC.beginningD.building82.A.putB.takeC.drawD.figure83.A.identifyB.locateC.revealD.discover84.A.performanceB.organizationC.designD.layout85.A.prescribeB.justifyC.utterD.interpret86.A.sinceB.afterC.onceD.untilPartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesonAnswerSheet2bytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.87.Specialistsininterculturalstudiessaysthatitisnoteasyto_______________(适应不同文化中的生活)88.SincemychildhoodIhavefondthat_____________________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)89.Thevictim_______________________(本来会有机会活下来)ifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime90.Somepsychologistsclaimthatpeople___________________(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)91.Thenation’spopulationcontinuestorise__________________(以每年1200万人的速度)（9）2006年6月四级试题PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsemphasisonincentives(激励),providesguidepoststhatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworkers.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealth

37practices,includingfamilyplanning.21.Theauthorarguesthateducatinggirlsindevelopingcountriesis_________.A)rewardingB)troublesomeC)expensiveD)labor-saving22.Bysaying“…theprophecybecomesself-fulfilling…”(Lines4-5,Para.2),theauthormeansthat__________.A)girlswilleventuallyfindtheirgoalsinlifebeyondreachB)girlswillbeincreasinglydiscontentedwiththeirlifeathomeC)girlswillbecapableofrealizingtheirowndreamsD)girlswillturnouttobelessvaluablethanboys23.Theauthorbelievesthataviciouscirclecanturnintoavirtuouscirclewhen________A)womencaremoreabouteducationB)parentscanaffordtheirdaughters’educationC)girlscangainequalaccesstoeducationD)afamilyhasfewerbuthealthierchildren24.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutwomen’seducation?A)Ithasarousedtheinterestofagrowingnumberofeconomists.B)Itwillyieldgreaterreturnsthanotherknowninvestments.C)Itisnowgiventoppriorityinmanydevelopingcountries.D)Itdeservesgreaterattentionthanothersocialissues.25.Thepassagemainlydiscusses__________.A)unequaltreatmentofboysandgirlsindevelopingcountriesB)themajorcontributionsofeducatedwomentosocietyC)theeconomicandsocialbenefitsofeducatingwomenD)thepotentialearningpowerofwell-educatedwomenPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Psychiatrists(精神病专家)whoworkwitholderparentssaythatmaturitycanbeanassetinchildrearing----olderparentsaremorethoughtful,uselessphysicaldisciplineandspendmoretimewiththeirchildren.Butraisingkidstakesmoneyandenergy.Manyolderparentsfindthemselvesbalancingtheirlimitedfinancialresources,decliningenergyandfailinghealthagainstthegrowingdemandsofanactivechild.Dyingandleavingyoungchildrenisprobablytheolderparents’biggest,andoftenunspoken,fear.Havinglate-lifechildren,saysaneconomicsprofessor,oftenmeansparents,particularlyfathers,“endupretiringmuchlater.”Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream.HenryMetcalf,a54-year-oldjournalist,knowsittakesmoneytoraisekids.Buthe’salsoworriedthathisenergywillgiveoutfirst.Sure,hecanstillridebikeswithhisathleticfifthgrader,buthe’slearnedthatyoungatheartdoesn’tmeanyoung.Latelyhe’sbeentakingafternoonnaps(午睡)tokeepuphisenergy.“Mybodyisaging,”saysMetcalf,“Youcan’tgetawayfromthat.”Often,olderparentshearthetickingofanotherkindofbiologicalclock.Therapistswhoworkwithmiddle-agedandolderparentssayfearsaboutagingarenothingtolaughat.“Theyworrythey’llbemistakenforgrandparents,orthatthey’llneedhelpgettingupoutofthoselittlechairsinnurseryschool,”saysJoannGalst,aNewYorkpsychologist.Butatthecoreofthoselittlefearsthereisoftenamuchbiggerone:“thattheywon’tbealivelongenoughtosupportandprotecttheirchild,”shesays.Manylate-lifeparents,though,saytheirchildrencameatjusttherighttime.Aftermarryinglateandundergoingyearsoffertility(受孕)treatment,MarilynNolenandherhusband,Randy,hadtwins.“Webothwantedchildren,”saysMarilyn,whowas55whenshegavebirth.Thetwinshavegiventhecouplewhattheydesiredforyears,“asenseoffamily.”Kidsofolderdadsareoftensmarter,happierandmoresociablebecausetheirfathersaremoreinvolvedin

38theirlives.“Thedadsareolder,moremature,”saysDr.Silber,“andmorereadytofocusonparenting.”26.Whydopsychiatristsregardmaturityasanassetinchildrearing?A)Olderparentscanbetterbalancetheirresourcesagainstchildren’sdemands.B)Olderparentsareusuallymoreexperiencedinbringinguptheirchildren.C)Olderparentsareoftenbetterpreparedfinancially.D)Olderparentscantakebettercareoftheirchildren.27.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream”(Lines7-8,Para.1)?A)Theyhavetogoonworkingbeyondtheirretirementage.B)Theycan’tgetfullpensionunlesstheyworksomeextrayears.C)Theycan’tobtaintheretirementbenefitstheyhavedreamedof.D)Theyarereluctanttoretirewhentheyreachtheirretirementage.28.TheauthorgivestheexampleofHenryMetcalftoshowthat_________.A)manypeopleareyounginspiritdespitetheiradvancedageB)takingafternoonnapsisagoodwaytomaintainenergyC)olderparentstendtobeconcernedabouttheiragingbodiesD)olderparentsshouldexercisemoretokeepupwiththeirathleticchildren.29.What’sthebiggestfearofolderparentsaccordingtoNewYorkpsychologistJoannGalst?A)Beinglaughedatbyotherpeople.B)Slowingdownoftheirpaceoflife.C)Beingmistakenforgrandparents.D)Approachingofdeath.30.WhatdowelearnaboutMarilynandRandyNolen?A)Theythoughttheywereanexampleofsuccessfulfertilitytreatment.B)Notuntiltheyhadthetwinsdidtheyfeeltheyhadformedafamily.C)Theybelievedthatchildrenbornofolderparentswouldbesmarter.D)Notuntiltheyreachedmiddleagedidtheythinkofhavingchildren.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Interestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronic(长久的)personnelshortagesthatarecausingcompaniestosearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.Professionalsseekcareerexperienceoutsideoftheirhomecountriesforavarietyofreasons.Theymayfeeltheneedtorechargetheirbatterieswithanewchallenge.Theymaywantapositionwithmoreresponsibilitythatencouragescreativityandinitiative.Ortheymaywishtoexposetheirchildrentoanotherculture,andtheopportunitytolearnasecondlanguage.Whenapplyingforajob,oneusuallyhastosubmitaresumeorcurriculumvitae(CV).Thetwotermsgenerallymeanthesamething:aone-ortwo-pagedocumentdescribingone’seducationalqualificationsandprofessionalexperience.However,guidelinesforpreparingaresumeareconstantlychanging.Thebestadviceistofindoutwhatisappropriateregardingthecorporate(公司的)culture,thecountryculture,andthecultureofthepersonmakingthehiringdecision.Thechallengewillbetoembracetwoormoreculturesinonedocument.Thefollowinglistisagoodplacetostart.lEducationalrequirementsdifferfromcountrytocountry.Inalmosteverycaseof“cross-border”jobhunting,juststatingthetitleofyourdegreewillnotbeanadequatedescription.Providethereaderwithdetailsaboutyourstudiesandanyrelatedexperience.lPayattentiontotheresumeformatyouuse---chronologicalorreverse-chronologicalorder.Chronologicalordermeanslistingyour“oldest”workexperiencefirst.Reverse-chronologicalorder

39meanslistingyourcurrentormostrecentexperiencefirst.Mostcountrieshavepreferencesaboutwhichformatismostacceptable.Ifyoufindnospecificguidelines,thegeneralpreferenceisforthereverse-chronologicalformat.lIfyouaresubmittingyourresumeinEnglish,findoutiftherecipient(收件人)usesBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglishbecausetherearevariationsbetweenthetwoversions.Forexample,universityeducationisoftenreferredtoas“tertiaryeducation”intheUnitedKingdom,butthistermisalmostneverusedintheUnitedStates.Areaderwhoisunfamiliarwiththesevariationsmayassumethatyourresumecontainserrors.31.Companiesarehiringmoreforeignemployeesbecause___________.A)theyhavedifficultyfindingqualifiedpersonnelathome.B)theyfindforeignemployeesareusuallymoretalentedC)theneedoriginalideasfromemployeeshiredoverseasD)theywanttoexpandtheirbusinessbeyondhomeborders32.Theauthorbelievesthatanindividualwhoappliestoworkoverseas___________.A)isusuallycreativeandfullofinitiativeB)aimstoimprovehisforeignlanguageskillsC)seekseitherhisownorhischildren’sdevelopmentD)isdissatisfiedwithhisownlifeathome33.Whenitcomestoresumewriting,itisbestto__________A)knowtheemployer’spersonallikesanddislikesB)followappropriateguidelinesforjobhuntingC)learnaboutthecompany’shiringprocessD)takeculturalfactorsintoconsideration34.Whenwritingaboutqualifications,applicantsareadvisedto________.A)provideadetaileddescriptionoftheirstudyandworkexperiencesB)givethetitleoftheuniversitydegreetheyhaveearnedathomeC)highlighttheirkeeninterestinpursuinga“cross-border”careerD)stresstheiracademicpotentialtoimpressthedecisionmaker35.Accordingtotheauthor’slastpieceofadvice,theapplicantsshouldbeawareof________A)therecipient’spreferencewithregardtotheformatB)thedifferenteducationalsystemsintheUSandtheUKC)thedifferencesbetweenthevarietiesofEnglishD)thedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanandBritishculturesPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Speedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasgotagreatcatch.Butheisinforanunwelcomesurprise.Thecarisfittedwitharemoteimmobiliser(锁止器),andaradiosignalfromacontrolcentremilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengineoff,hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.Theideagoeslikethis.Acontrolboxfittedtothecarcontainsamini-cellphone,amicroprocessorandmemory,andaGPS(全球定位系统)satellitepositioningreceiver.Ifthecarisstolen,acodedcellphonesignalwilltellthecontrolcentretoblockthevehicle’senginemanagementsystemandpreventtheenginebeingrestarted.IntheUKasetoftechnicalfixesisalreadymakinglifeharderforcarthieves.“Thepatternofvehiclecrimehaschanged,”saysMartynRandall,asecurityexpert.Hesaysitwouldonlytakehimafewminutestoteacha

40personhowtostealacar,usingabareminimumoftools.Butonlyifthecarismorethan10yearsold.Moderncarsarefartoughertosteal,astheirenginemanagementcomputerwon’tallowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcodebeamedoutbytheignition(点火)key.IntheUK,technologieslikethishavehelpedachievea31%dropinvehicle-relatedcrimesince1997.Butdeterminedcriminalsarestillmanagingtofindotherwaystostealcars,oftenbygettingholdoftheowner’skeys.Andkeytheftisresponsiblefor40%ofthetheftsofvehiclesfittedwithatrackingsystem.Ifthecartravels100metreswithoutthedriverconfirmingtheirID,thesystemwillsendasignaltoanoperationscentrethatithasbeenstolen.ThehundredmetresminimumavoidsfalsealarmsduetoinaccuraciesintheGPSsignal.Staffatthecentrewillthencontacttheownertoconfirmthatthecarreallyismissing,andkeeppoliceinformedofthevehicle’smovementsviathecar’sGPSunit.36.What’sthefunctionoftheremoteimmobiliserfittedtoacar?A)Toallowthecartolockautomaticallywhenstolen.B)Topreventthecarthieffromrestartingitonceitstops.C)Tohelpthepolicemakeasurpriseattackonthecarthief.D)Topreventcartheftbysendingaradiosignaltothecarowner.37.Bysaying“Thepatternofvehiclecrimehaschanged”(Lines1-2,Para.3),MartynRandallsuggeststhat_________.A)self-preparedtoolsarenolongerenoughforcartheftB)thethiefhastomakeuseofcomputertechnologyC)ittakesalongertimeforthecarthieftodothestealingD)thethiefhaslostinterestinstealingcarsover10yearsold38.Whatisessentialinmakingamoderncartoughertosteal?A)AGPSsatellitepositioningreceiverB)AuniqueIDcardC)AspecialcellphonesignaD)Acodedignitionkey39.Whydoesthetrackingsystemseta100-metreminimumbeforesendinganalarmtotheoperationscentre?A)TogivethedrivertimetocontacttheoperationscentreB)ToallowforpossibleerrorsintheGPSsystemC)Tokeeppoliceinformedofthecar’smovementsD)Toleavetimefortheoperationscentretogiveanalarm40.Whatwilltheoperationscentredofirstafterreceivinganalarm?A)Startthetrackingsystem.B)Locatethemissingcar.C)Contactthecarowner.D)Blockthecarengine.PartIIIVocabulary(20minutes)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.41.AspecialfeatureofeducationatMITistheopportunityforstudentsandfacultyto_________togetherinresearchactivities.A)involveB)participateC)specializeD)consist42.Americancollegestudentsareincreasingly__________withcreditcarddebtandtheconsequencescanberatherserious.A)dischargedB)dominatedC)boostedD)burdened43.Somepeoplearguethatthedeath___________doesnotnecessarilyreducethenumberofmurders.A)penaltyB)plotC)patternD)practice

4144.Astudyshowsthatstudentslivinginnon-smokingdormsarelesslikelyto__________thehabitofsmoking.A)turnupB)pickupC)makeupD)drawup45.Themostsuccessfulpost-careerathletesarethosewhocantaketheidentityandlifeskillstheylearnedinsportsand___________themtoanotherareaoflife.A)applyB)utilizeC)employD)exert46.Manypersonnelmanagerssayitisgettingharderandharderto________honestapplicantsfromthegrowingnumberofdishonestones.A)dissolveB)disguiseC)discountD)distinguish47.Almostalljobapplicantsaredeterminedtoleaveagood_______onapotentialemployer.A)illusionB)impressionC)reflectionD)reputation48.Beingoutofwork,Janecannolonger______friendstodinnersandmoviesassheusedto.A)treatB)appealC)urgeD)compel49.Althoughtheylosttheirjobs,savingsandunemploymentbenefitsallowthecoupleto_______theircomfortablehome.A)lookforwardtoB)catchupwithC)holdontoD)comeinfor50.Thefindingspaintauniquepictureoftheshoppinghabitsofcustomers,plustheirmotivationand__________.A)possessionsB)possibilitiesC)privilegesD)preferences51.Withtheincreasingunemploymentrate,workerswhoare50to60yearsoldareusuallythefirsttobe__________.A)laidasideB)laidupC)laidoutD)laidoff52.People’sexpectationsaboutthefuturemayhavemoreinfluenceontheirsenseofwell-beingthantheir__________statedoes.A)primitiveB)modernC)currentD)initial53.__________bythesuperstarsontelevision,theyoungathletestrainedhardandplayedintensely.A)ImitatedB)InsuredC)ImposedD)Inspired54.Thephysicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomencanbe________directlytoourbasicrolesashuntersandchild-bearers.A)switchedB)tracedC)pursuedD)followed55.Manywomenstillfeelthattheyarebeing________byamaleculture,particularlyintheprofessionalservicessector.A)heldoutB)heldonC)heldforthD)heldback56.Thetechnologicaladvancesmadeitpossibleforthemiddleclassestoenjoywhathadoncebeen_________onlytotheveryrich.A)manageableB)acceptableC)affordableD)measurable57.Afterworkingallday,hewassotiredthathewasinno________togotothepartywithus.A)moodB)emotionC)senseD)taste58.Itisclearthatthedoghasamuchgreater_________ofitsbraindevotedtosmellthanisthecasewithhumans.A)compositionB)proportionC)compoundD)percent59.Thereisalreadyclear_________toshowthatplantsandanimalsarebeingaffectedbyclimatechange.A)witnessB)evidenceC)identityD)certification60.Numerousstudiesalreadylinkthefirstmealofthedaytobetterclassroom_________.A)functionB)behaviorC)performanceD)display61.IntheUS.88percentofsmokershadstartedbeforetheywere18,despitethefactthatitis__________tosellcigarettestoanyoneunderthatage.

42A)illegalB)irrationalC)liberalD)liable62.Althoughmanyexpertsagreethatmorechildrenareoverweight,thereisdebateoverthebestwaysto__________theproblem.A)relateB)fileC)attachD)tackle63.Sadly,asspendingonprivategardenshas_________,spendingonpublicparkshasgenerallydeclined.A)liftedB)flownC)heightenedD)soared64.It’sgoodtoknowthatquiteafewpopularEnglishexpressionsactually_________fromtheBible.A)acquireB)deriveC)resultD)obtain65.Accordingtothekeywitnesses,apeculiarlybignoseisthecriminal’smostmemorablefacial__________.A)featureB)signatureC)hintD)spot66.Animportantfactorindetermininghowwellyouperforminanexaminationisthe_______ofyourmind.A)caseB)circumstanceC)stateD)situation67.Brazil’sconstitution________themilitaryuseofnuclearenergy.A)withdrawsB)interruptsC)objectsD)forbids68.Tom,diditever________toyouthatyouwouldbepunishedforcheatingonexam?.A)strikeB)happenC)occurD)reflect69.Lungcancer,likesomeothercancers,oftendoesn’tproduce_________untilitistoolateandhasspreadbeyondthechesttothebrain,liverorbones.A)symbolsB)symptomsC)trailsD)therapies70.Researchshowsthatthereisno__________relationshipbetweenhowmuchapersonearnsandwhetherhefeelsgoodaboutlife.A)successiveB)sincereC)significantD)subsequentPartIVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Thepartoftheenvironmentalmovementthatdrawsmyfirm’sattentionisthedesignofcities,buildingsandproducts.WhenwedesignedAmerica’sfirstso-called“green”officebuildinginNewYorktwodecades71,wefeltveryalone.Buttoday,thousandsofpeoplecometogreenbuildingconferences,andthe72thatbuildingscanbegoodforpeopleandtheenvironmentwillbeincreasinglyinfluentialinyearsto73.Backin1984wediscoveredthatmostmanufacturedproductsfordecorationweren’tdesignedfor74use.The“energy-efficient”sealedcommercialbuildingsconstructedafterthe1970senergycrisis75indoorairqualityproblemscausedbymaterialssuchaspaint,wallcoveringandcarpet.Sofor20years,we’vebeenfocusingonthesematerials76tothemolecules,lookingforwaystomakethem77forpeopleandtheplanet.Homebuilderscannowusematerials----suchaspaintsthatreleasesignificantly78amountsoforganiccompounds----thatdon’t79thequalityoftheair,water,orsoil.Ultimately,80,ourbasicdesignstrategyisfocusednotsimplyonbeing“lessbad”butoncreating81healthfulmaterialsthatcanbeeithersafelyreturnedtothesoil82reusedbyindustryagainandagain.Asamatterof83,theworld’slargestcarpetmanufacturerhasalready84acarpetthatisfullyandsafelyrecyclable(可循环利用的).Lookatitthisway:Noone85outtocreateabuildingthatdestroystheplanet.Butourcurrentindustrialsystemsare86causingtheseconditions,whetherwelikeitornot.So87ofsimplytryingtoreducethedamage,weare88apositiveapproach.We’regivingpeoplehigh-quality,healthfulproductsandanopportunitytomakechoicesthathavea89effectontheworld.

43It’snotjustthebuildingindustry,either,90citiesaretakingtheseenvironmentallypositiveapproachestodesign,planningandbuilding.Portland,SeattleandBostonhavesaidtheywanttobegreencities.Chicagowantstobethegreenestcityintheworld.71.A)offB)awayC)beforeD)ago72.A)practiceB)ideaC)outlookD)scheme73.A)goB)continueC)comeD)arrive74.A)relevantB)indoorC)flexibleD)inward75.A)revealedB)displayedC)exhibitedD)discovered76.A)backB)nearC)downD)next77.A)cautiousB)comfortableC)stableD)safe78.A)reducedB)revisedC)delayedD)descended79.A)destroyB)denyC)dissolveD)depress80.A)anywayB)besidesC)anyhowD)however81.A)exactlyB)completelyC)partiallyD)superficially82.A)andB)norC)orD)but83.A)principleB)courseC)interestD)fact84.A)developedB)sketchedC)researchedD)constructed85.A)looksB)pullsC)startsD)makes86.A)originallyB)traditionallyC)basicallyD)inevitably87.A)insteadB)becauseC)outD)regardless88.A)adjustingB)adoptingC)adaptingD)admitting89.A)functionalB)sensibleC)beneficialD)precious90.A)FullB)EntireC)TotalD)Complete

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