四级考试模拟考试题

《四级考试模拟考试题》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

四级考试模拟考试题PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions: Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofOnlineShopping.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3．我的建议OnlineShopping注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.BritishCuisine:theBestofOldandNewBritishcuisine(烹饪)hascomeofageinrecentyearsaschefs(厨师)combinethebestofoldandnew.WhydoesBritishfoodhaveareputationforbeingsobad?Becauseitisbad!ThosearenotthemostencouragingwordstohearjustbeforeeatinglunchatoneofHongKong'ssmartestBritishrestaurants,Alfie'sbyKEE,butheadchefNeilTomeshasmoretosay."Thepast15yearsorsohavebeenanoticeableperiodofimprovementforfoodinEngland,"theEnglishchefsays,citingthetrendinBritishcuisineforbetteringredients,preparationandcookingmethods,andmoreappealingpresentation.ChefssuchasDeliaSmith,NigelSlater,JamieOliverandGordonRamsaymadethepublicrealisethatcooking-andeating-didn'thavetobeaboringthing.Andnow,mostoftheBritishpublicisfamiliarevenwiththeextremesofHestonBlumenthaPsmoleculargastronomy,aformofcookingthatemploysscientificmethodstocreatetheperfectdish."It'snolongerthecasethatthecommonmaninEnglandisembarrassedtoshowheknowsaboutfood,"Tomessays.Therewasplentyofroomforimprovement.Theproblemswiththenation'scuisinecanbetracedbacktotheSecondWorldWar.BeforetheWar,muchofBritain'sfoodwasimportedandwhenGermanU-boatsbeganattackingshipsbringingfoodtothecountry,Britainwentonrations(配给)."Asrationingcametoanendinthe1950s,technologypickedupandwasusedtomass-producefood,"Tomessays."Andbythenpeoplewerejusthappytohaveadecentquantityoffoodintheirkitchens."Theyweren'tlookingforcuredmeats,organicproduceorbeautifulpresentation;theywerelookingforwhatevertheycouldgettheirhandson,andthisprioritisationofquantityoverqualityprevailedfordecades,meaningagenerationwasbroughtupwithfoodthatcouldn'tcompetewithneighbouringFrance,Italy,BelgiumorSpain.BeforestarchefssuchasOliverbeganmakingcookingfashionable,itwashardtofindarestaurantinLondonthatwasopenafter9pm.Butinrecentyearsthecapital'sculinary(烹饪的)scenehasdevelopedtothepointthatitisnowconfidentofitsabilitytopleasethetastesofanyinternationalvisitor.WiththeopeningofAlfie'sinApril,andotherssuchasThePawn,twoyearsago,modernBritishfoodhasmadeitswaytoHongKong."WithBritishfood,IthinkthatHongKongrestaurantsarekeepingup,"saysDavidTamlyn,theWelshexecutivechefatThePawninWanChai."HongKongdinersareextremelyresponsivetonewideasorpresentations,whichisgoodnewsfornewdishes."ChefsagreethatdinersinHongKongareembracingthemodernBritishtrend.Somerestaurantsaremodifyingtherecipes(菜谱)ofBritish

1dishestobreathenewlifeintotheclassics,whileothersareusingbetterqualityingredientsbutremainingtruetoBritishtraditionsandtastes.Tamlynisinthesecondcamp."Weselectourfoodveryparticularly.WeuseUSbeef,NewZealandlambandforourcustards(牛奶蛋糊)weuseBird'sCustardPowder,"Tamlynsays."Somerestaurantsgoforcustardmadefreshwitheggs,sugarandcream,butBritishcustardisdifferent,andwestaytruetothat."MatthewHill,seniormanageratthetwo-year-oldSoHorestaurantYorkshirePudding,alsousesbetteringredientsasameansofimprovingdishes."TherearealotofexistingperceptionsaboutBritishfoodandsowecan'talterthesetoomuch.We'reatraditionalBritishrestaurantsotherearesomestaples(主菜)thatwillremainessentiallyunchanged."Thesetraditionaldishesincludefishandchips,steakandkidneypieandlargepiecesofroastedmeats.AtAlfie's,thenewestoftheBritishrestaurantsintownandperhapsthemostgentlemen'sclub-likeindesign,NeilTomesexplainshispassionforprovenance(原产地)."Britainhasstartedtobecomereallyproudofthefoodit'sproducing.Ithasexcellentorganicfarms,beautifullycraftedcheeses,high-qualitymeats."However,theBritishdon'thaveahistoryofexportingtheirfoodstuffs,whichmakesitdifficultforrestaurantsinHongKongtosourceauthenticingredients."WecangetalotofouringredientsonceaweekfromtheUK,"Tamlynexplains."Butthereisalsopressuretobuylocalandsaveonfoodmiles,whichmeanswetakeourvegetablesfromthelocalmarkets,andtherearealotthatworkwellwithBritishstaples."ThePhoenix,inMid-Levels,offersthewidestinterpretationof"Britishcuisine",whilestilltryingtomaintainitssoul.Thegastro-pubhasexistedinvariouslocationsinHongKongsince2002.SingaporeanheadchefTommyTehKumChaioffersdailyspecialsonablackboard,ratherthanstickingtoamenu.ThisenableshimtoreinterpretBritishcuisinedependingonwhatisavailableinthelocalmarkets."Weusealotofingredientsthatpeoplewouldn'tperhapsassociateasBritish,butarepresentedinaBritishway.Bellpeppersstuffedwithcouscous,alongsideratatouille,isaverypopulardish."Althoughtheingredientsmaynotstrikedinersasbeingtraditional,theycanbefoundindishesacrossBritain.Eventhetraditionalchefsareawareoftheneedtoadapttolocaltastesandcustoms,whilemaintainingtheBritishnessoftheircuisine.AtYorkshirePudding,Hillsaysthathisstaffasksdinerswhethertheywouldliketosharetheirmeals.Smalldishes,sharedmealsand"mixingitup"isnotsomethingcommonlydoneinBritain,butYorkshirePuddingwillbringfulldishestothetableandofferindividualplatesforeachdiner."Thatway,peoplestillgetthepresentationofthedishesastheyweredesigned,butcancarvethemuphowevertheylike,"Hillsays.ThispracticeisalsopopularatThePawn,althoughlargelyforrotisseries(烤肉馆),Tamlynsays."SometableswillarriveonaSunday,orderawholechickenandashoulderoflamborababypig,andjuststayforhoursenjoyingeverythingwebringoutforthem."SomeBritishtraditionsaretoosacred(神圣的)tomesswith,however,Tomessays."I'dneverchangeafullEnglishbreakfast."注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.WhatisBritishfoodgenerallyknownfor?A)Itsuniqueflavour.C)Itsspecialcookingmethods.B)Itsbadtaste.D)Itsorganicingredients.2.TheSecondWorldWarledtoinBritain.A)aninadequatesupplyoffoodC)anincreaseinfoodimportB)adecreaseofgrainproductionD)achangeinpeople'seatinghabits3.Whycouldn'tBritaincompetewithsomeofitsneighbouringcountriesintermsoffoodinthepost-wardecades?A)Itsfoodlackedvariety.C)Itwasshortofwell-trainedchefs.B)Itspeoplecaredmoreforquantity.D)Itdidn'thaveflavourfulfoodingredients.4.Withculinaryimprovementinrecentyears,London'srestaurantsarenowabletoappealtothetasteso.A)mostyoungpeopleC)allkindsofoverseasvisitorsB)elderlyBritishdinersD)upper-classcustomers5.WhatdoHongKongdinerswelcome,accordingtoWelshexecutivechefDavidTamlyn?A)Authenticclassiccuisine.C)Newideasandpresentations.B)Locallyproducedingredients.D)Thereturnofhome-styledishes.

26.Whileusingqualityingredients,DavidTamlyninsiststhatthedishesshould.A)benefitpeople'shealthC)beofferedatreasonablepricesB)lookbeautifulandinvitingD)maintainBritishtraditionaltastes7.WhydoesNeilTomessayhelovesfoodingredientsfromBritain?A)Theyappealtopeoplefromallovertheworld.B)Theyareproducedonexcellentorganicfarms.C)Theyareprocessedinascientificway.D)Theycomeinagreatvariety.8.TamlynsaysthatbesidesimportingingredientsfromBritainonceaweek,hisrestaurantalsobuysvegetablesfrom_______.9.ThePhoenixinMid-LevelsmaynotuseBritishingredients,butpresentsitsdishes______10.YorkshirePuddingisarestaurantwhichwillbringfulldishestothetablebutofferplatestothosedinerswhowouldliketo_______.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。11.A)Heiscarelessabouthisappearance.B)Heisashamedofhispresentcondition.C)Hechangesjobsfrequently.D)Heshaveseveryotherday.12.A)Janemaybecaughtinatrafficjam.B)Janeshouldhavestartedalittleearlier.C)HeknowswhatsortofpersonJaneis.D)HeisirritatedathavingtowaitforJane.13.A)TrainingfortheMid-AtlanticChampionships.B)Makingpreparationsforatrans-Atlantictrip.C)Collectinginformationaboutbaseballgames.D)Analyzingtheirrivals'on-fieldperformance.14.A)Hehadanarrowescapeinacaraccident.B)Heishospitalizedforaseriousinjury.C)Helosthismothertwoweeksago.D)Hehasbeenhavingahardtime.15.A)Thewomanhasknownthespeakerforalongtime.B)Themanhaddifficultyunderstandingthelecture.C)Themanismakingafussaboutnothing.D)Thewomanthinkshighlyofthespeaker.16.A)Hehasdifficultymakingsenseoflogic.B)Statisticsandlogicarebothchallengingsubjects.C)Thewomanshouldseekhelpfromthetutoringservice.D)Tutoringservicesareverypopularwithstudents.17.A)HerovercoatisasstylishasJill's.C)Jillworetheovercoatlastweek.B)Jillmissedherclasslastweek.D)Sheisinthesameclassastheman.

318.A)Acomputergame.C)Anexcitingexperience.B)Animaginarysituation.D)Avacationbythesea.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.A)Beautifulsceneryinthecountryside.C)Painandpleasureinsports.B)Dangersofcross-countryskiing.D)Asportheparticipatesin.20.A)Hecan'tfindgoodexamplestoillustratehispoint.B)Hecan'tfindapeacefulplacetodotheassignment.C)Hedoesn'tknowhowtodescribethebeautifulcountryscenery.D)Hecan'tdecidewhethertoincludetheeffortpartofskiing.21.A)Newideascomeupasyouwrite.B)Muchtimeisspentoncollectingdata.C)Alotofeffortismadeinvain.D)Thewriter'spointofviewoftenchanges.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22.A)Journalistofalocalnewspaper.B)Directorofeveningradioprograms.C)Produceroftelevisioncommercials.D)Hostessoftheweekly"BusinessWorld".23.A)Heranthreerestaurantswithhiswife'shelp.B)Heandhiswifedideverythingbythemselves.C)Heworkedbothasacookandawaiter.D)Hehiredacookandtwolocalwaitresses.24.A)Hehardlyneedstodoanyadvertisingnowadays.B)Headvertisesalotonradioandinnewspapers.C)HespendshugesumsonTVcommercialseveryyear.D)Hehireschildrentodistributeadsinshoppingcenters.25.A)Therestaurantlocation.C)Thefoodvariety.B)Therestaurantatmosphere.D)Thefoodprice.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。PassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A)Itsprotectionisoftenneglectedbychildren.B)Itcannotbefullyrestoredoncedamaged.C)Therearemanyfalsenotionsaboutit.D)Therearevariouswaystoprotectit.27.A)Itmaymakethewearerfeeltired.B)Itwillgraduallyweakentheeyesofadults.C)Itcanleadtothelossofvisioninchildren.D)Itcanpermanentlychangetheeyestructure.28.A)Itcanneverbedoneevenwithhightechnology.B)Itisthebestwaytorestoredamagedeyesight.C)Itisamajorachievementineyesurgery.

4D)Itcanonlybepartlyaccomplishednow.PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.A)Theythinktheyshouldfollowthecurrenttrend.B)Nursinghomesarewell-equippedandconvenient.C)Adultday-carecentersareeasilyaccessible.D)Theyhavejobsandothercommitments.30.A)Theydon'twanttouseupalltheirlifesavings.B)Theyfeartheywillregretitafterwards.C)Theywouldliketospendmoretimewiththem.D)Theydon'twanttoseetheirhusbandspoorlytreated.31.A)Provideprofessionalstandardcare.C)Befrankandseekhelpfromothers.B)Beaffectionateandcooperative.D)Makefulluseofcommunityfacilities.PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.A)Healthandsafetyconditionsintheworkplace.B)Rightsandresponsibilitiesofcompanyemployees.C)Commoncomplaintsmadebyofficeworkers.D)Conflictsbetweenlaborandmanagement.33.A)Replaceitsout-datedequipment.B)Improvethewelfareofaffectedworkers.C)Followgovernmentregulationsstrictly.D)Provideextrahealthcompensation.34.A)Theyrequestedtotransfertoasaferdepartment.B)Theyquitworktoprotecttheirunbornbabies.C)Theysoughthelpfromunionrepresentatives.D)Theywantedtoworkshorterhours.35.A)Toshowhowtheylovewintersports.B)Toattracttheattentionfromthemedia.C)Toprotestagainstthepoorworkingconditions.D)Toprotectthemselvesagainstthecoldweather.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Contrarytotheoldwarningthattimewaitsfornoone,timeslowsdownwhenyouareonthemove.Italsoslowsdownmoreasyoumovefaster,whichmeansastronauts(宇航员)somedaymay(36)_____solonginspacethattheywouldreturntoanEarthofthe(37)_____future.Ifyoucouldmoveatthespeedoflight,yourtimewouldstandstill.Ifyoucouldmovefasterthanlight,yourtimewouldmove(38)_____.Althoughnoformofmatteryet(39)_____movesasfastasorfasterthanlight,(40)_____experimentshavealreadyconfirmedthataccelerated(41)_____causesatraveler'stimetobestretched.AlbertEinstein(42)_____thisin1905,whenhe(43)_____theconceptof

5relativetimeaspartofhisSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Asearchisnowunderwaytoconfirmthesuspectedexistenceofparticlesofmatter(44)____________________________________.Anobsession(沉迷)withtime–saving,gaining,wasting,losing,andmasteringit–(45)____________________________________.Humanityalsohasbeenobsessedwithtryingtocapturethemeaningoftime.Einstein(46)____________________________________.Thus,timeandtime'srelativityaremeasurablebyanyhourglass,alarmclock,oranatomicclockthatcanmeasureabillionthofasecond.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thepopularnotionthatolderpeopleneedlesssleepthanyoungeradultsisamyth,scientistssaidyesterday.Whileelderlypeople__47__tosleepforfewerhoursthantheydidwhentheywereyounger,thishasa(n)__48__effectontheirbrain'sperformanceandtheywouldbenefitfromgettingmore,accordingtoresearch.SeanDrummond,a.psychiatrist(心理医生)attheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,saidolderpeoplearemorelikelytosufferfrombrokensleep,whileyoungerpeoplearebetteratsleeping__49__straightthroughthenight.Moresleepinoldage,however,is__50__withbetterhealth,andmostolderpeoplewouldfeelbetterandmore__51__iftheysleptforlongerperiods,hesaid.“Theabilitytosleepinonechunk(整块时间)overnightgoesdownasweagebuttheamountofsleepweneedto__52__welldoesnotchange,”DrDrummondtoldtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceconferenceinSanDiego.“It's__53__amyththatolderpeopleneedlesssleep.Themorehealthyanolderadultis,themoretheysleepliketheydidwhentheywere__54__.Ourdatasuggeststhatolderadultswouldbenefitfrom__55__togetasmuchsleepastheydidintheir30s.That's__56__frompersontoperson,buttheamountofsleepwehadat35isprobablythesameamountasweneedat75.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)alertI)formallyB)associatedJ)functionC)attractingK)mixedD)clingL)negativeE)continuingM)sufficientF)definitelyN)tendG)differentO)youngerSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(随机地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)ofconflict.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmor

6eethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye–theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor-saidthat"ifyou'resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove."Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialstudentsinresidences.Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,"shesaid.AtPenn,studentsarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingforhousing."Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,"saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley."Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.""I'veexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,"saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconflicts"providedmoremulticulturalacceptanceandmelding(融合),"therewerealso"jarringculturalconfrontations."TheRAsaidthattheseconflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedandexplained.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Whatcanwelearnfromsomerecentstudies?A)Conflictsbetweenstudentsofdifferentracesareunavoidable.B)Studentsofdifferentracesareprejudicedagainsteachother.C)Interraciallodgingdoesmoreharmthangood.D)Interraciallodgingmayhavediverseoutcomes.58.WhatdoesSamBoakye'sremarkmean?A)Whitestudentstendtolookdownupontheirblackpeers.B)Blackstudentscancompetewiththeirwhitepeersacademically.C)Blackstudentsfeelsomewhatembarrassedamongwhitepeersduringthefreshmanyear.D)Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudenttoworkhardertosucceed.59.WhatdoestheIndianaUniversitystudyshow?A)Interracialroommatesaremorelikelytofallout.B)Fewwhitestudentslikesharingaroomwithablackpeer.C)Roommatesofdifferentracesjustdon'tgetalong.D)Assigningstudents'lodgingrandomlyisnotagoodpolicy.60.WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe"definitionofintegration"?A)Studentsofdifferentracesarerequiredtosharearoom.B)Interraciallodgingisarrangedbytheschoolforfreshmen.C)Lodgingisassignedtostudentsofdifferentraceswithoutexception.D)Theschoolrandomlyassignsroommateswithoutregardtorace.61.WhatdoesGraceKaosayaboutinterraciallodging?A)Itisunscientifictomakegeneralizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherstudy.

7A)Schoolsshouldbecautiouswhenmakingdecisionsaboutstudentlodging.B)Students'racialbackgroundshouldbeconsideredbeforelodgingisassigned.C)Experiencedresidentadvisorsshouldbeassignedtohandletheproblems.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.Thereport,tobereleasedFriday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangewasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition(营养不良)andheat-relatedhealthproblems.Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum'sreportwas"amethodologicalembarrassment"becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohuman-drivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable(易受伤害的)regions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat“climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention.”Butthereport,hesaid,"willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed(有瑕疵的)."However,SorenAndreasen,asocialscientistatDalbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazardswhilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheat-trappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport.62.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForum?A)Globaltemperaturesaffecttherateofeconomicdevelopment.B)Ratesofdeathfromillnesseshaverisenduetoglobalwarming.C)Malnutritionhascausedserioushealthproblemsinpoorcountries.D)Economictrendshavetodowithpopulationandnaturaldisasters.63.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum'sreportfromthepassage?A)Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts.B)Itarousedalotofinterestinthescientificcircles.C)Itwaswarmlyreceivedbyenvironmentalists.D)Itcausedabigstirindevelopingcountries.64.WhatdoesDr.PielkesayabouttheForum'sreport?A)Itsstatisticslookembarrassing.C)Itdeservesourclosestattention.B)Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology.D)Itsconclusionispurposelyexaggerated.65.WhatisSorenAndreasen'sviewofthereport?A)Itsconclusionsarebasedoncarefullycollecteddata.B)Itisvulnerabletocriticismifthestatisticsarecloselyexamined.C)ItwillgiverisetoheateddiscussionsattheCopenhagenconference.D)Itsroughestimatesaremeanttodrawtheattentionofworldleaders.

866.WhatdoesKofiAnnansayshouldbethefocusoftheCopenhagenconference?A)Howrichandpoorregionscanshareresponsibilityincurbingglobalwarming.B)Howhumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangecanbereduced.C)Howemissionsofheat-trappinggasescanbereducedonaglobalscale.D)Howrichcountriescanbetterhelppoorregionsreduceclimatehazards.PartVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Whenitcomestoeatingsmartforyourheart,thinkingaboutshort-termfixesandsimplifylifewithastraightforwardapproachthatwillserveyouwellforyearstocome.Smarteatinggoesbeyondanalyzingeverybiteadyoulift__67__yourmouth."Inthepastweusedtobelievethat__68__amountsofindividualnutrients(营养物)werethe__69__togoodhealth,"LindaVanHorn,chairoftheAmericanHeartAssociation'sNutritionCommittee."Butnowwehavea__70__understandingofhealthyeatingandthekindsoffoodnecessaryto__71__notonlyheartdiseasebutdisease__72__general,"sheadds.Scientistsnow__73__onthebroaderpictureofthebalanceoffoodeaten__74__severaldaysoraweek__75__thanonthenumberofmilligrams(毫克)ofthisorthat__76__ateachmeal.Fruits,vegetablesandwholegrains,forexample,providenutrientsandplant-basedcompounds__77__forgoodhealth.“Themorewelearn,themore__78__wearebythewealthofessentialsubstancesthey__79__,"VanHorncontinues,"andhowthey__80__witheachothertokeepushealthy."You'llautomaticallybe__81__therightheart-healthytrackifvegetables,fruitsandwholegrainsmake__82__threequartersofthefoodonyourdinnerplate.__83__intheremainingonequarterwithleanmeatorchicken,fishoreggs.Thefoodsyouchoosetoeataswellasthoseyouchooseto__84__clearlycontributetoyourwell-being.Withouta__85__,eachofthesmalldecisionsyoumakeinthisrealmcanmakeabig__86__onyourhealthintheyearstocome.67.A)betweenB)throughC)insideD)to68.A)seriousB)splendidC)specificD)separate69.A)keyB)pointC)leadD)center70.A)strictB)differentC)typicalD)natural71.A)rescueB)preventC)forbidD)offend72.A)inB)uponC)forD)by73.A)turnB)putC)focusD)carry74.A)overB)alongC)withD)beyond75.A)otherB)betterC)ratherD)sooner76.A)conveyedB)consumedC)enteredD)exhausted77A)vitalB)initialC)validD)radical78.A)disturbedB)depressedC)amazedD)amused79.A)retainB)containC)attainD)maintain80.A)interfereB)interactC)reckonD)rest81.A)atB)ofC)onD)within82.A)outB)intoC)offD)up83.A)EngageB)FillC)InsertD)Pack

984.A)deleteB)hinderC)avoidD)spoil85.A)notionB)hesitationC)reasonD)doubt86.A)outcomeB)functionC)impactD)commitmentPartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。87.Theuniversityauthoritiesdidnotapprovetheregulation,_____________________(也没有解释为什么).88.Janeistiredofdealingwithcustomercomplaintsandwishesthatshe_____________________(能被分配做另一项工作).89.Johnrescuedthedrowningchild_____________________(冒着自己生命危险).90.Georgecalledhisbossfromtheairportbutit_____________________(接电话的却是他的助手).91.Althoughhewasinterestedinphilosophy,_____________________(他的父亲说服他)majoringinlaw.2010年12月大学英语四级考试真题　　PartIWriting(30minutes)　　Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledHowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.　　1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切　　2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该……HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.　　PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)　　Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.AGrassrootsRemedy　　Mostofusspendourlivesseekingthenaturalworld.Tothisend,wewalkthedog,playgolf,gofishing,sitinthegarden,drinkoutsideratherthaninsidethepub,haveapicnic,liveinthesuburbs,gototheseaside,buyaweekendplaceinthecountry.ThemostpopularleisureactivityinBritainisgoingforawalk.Andwhenjoggers(慢跑者)jog,theydon’trunthestreets.Everyoneoftheminstinctivelyheadstotheparkortheriver.Itismyprofoundbeliefthatnotonlydoweallneednature,butweallseeknature,whetherweknowwearedoingsoornot.　　Butdespitethis,ourchildrenaregrowingupnature-deprived(丧失).IspentmyboyhoodclimbingtreesonStreathamCommon,SouthLondon.Thesedays,childrenarerobbedoftheseancientfreedoms,duetoproblemslikecrime,traffic,thelossoftheopenspacesandoddnewperceptionsaboutwhatisbestforchildren,thatistosay,thingsthatcanbebought,ratherthanthingsthatcanbefound.　　Thetruthistobefoundelsewhere.AstudyintheUS:familieshadmovedtobetterhousingandthechildrenwereassessedforADHD—attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(多动症).Thosewhoseaccommodationhadmorenaturalviewsshowedanimprovementof19%;thosewhohadthesameimprovementinmaterialsurroundingsbutnoniceviewimprovedjust4%.　　AstudyinSwedenindicatedthatkindergartenchildrenwhocouldplayinanaturalenvironmenthadlessillnessandgreaterphysicalabilitythanchildrenusedonlytoanormalplayground.AUSstudysuggestedthatwhenaschoolgavechildrenaccesstoanaturalenvironment,academiclevelswereraisedacrosstheentireschool.　　Anotherstudyfoundthatchildrenplaydifferentlyinanaturalenvironment.Inplaygrounds,childrencreateahierarchy

10(等级)basedonphysicalabilities,withthetoughonestakingthelead.Butwhenagrassyareawasplantedwithbushes,thechildrengotmuchmoreintofantasyplay,andthesocialhierarchywasnowbasedonimaginationandcreativity.　　Mostbullying(恃强凌弱)isfoundinschoolswherethereisatarmac(柏油碎石)playground;theleastbullyingisinanaturalareathatthechildrenareencouragedtoexplore.ThisremindsmeunpleasantlyofSunnyhillSchoolinStreatham,withitsharshtarmac,whereIusedtohangaboutincornersfantasisingaboutwildlife.　　Butchildrenarefrequentlydiscouragedfrominvolvementwithnaturalspaces,forhealthandsafetyreasons,forfearthattheymightgetdirtyorthattheymightcausedamage.So,instead,thedamageisdonetothechildrenthemselves:nottotheirbodiesbuttotheirsouls.　　OneofthegreatproblemsofmodernchildhoodisADHD,nowincreasinglyandexpensivelytreatedwithdrugs.YetonestudyafteranotherindicatesthatcontactwithnaturegiveshugebenefitstoADHDchildren.However,wespendmoneyondrugsratherthanongreenplaces.　　Thelifeofoldpeopleismeasurablybetterwhentheyhaveaccesstonature.Theincreasingemphasisforthegrowingpopulationofoldpeopleisinqualityratherthanquantityofyears.Andstudyafterstudyfindsthatagardenisthesinglemostimportantthinginfindingthatquality.　　Inwiderandmoredifficultareasoflife,thereisevidencetoindicatethatnaturalsurroundingsimproveallkindsofthings.Evenproblemswithcrimeandaggressivebehaviourarereducedwhenthereiscontactwiththenaturalworld.　　DrWilliamBird,researcherfromtheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,statesinhisstudy,“Anaturalenvironmentcanreduceviolentbehaviourbecauseitsrestorativeprocesshelpsreduceangerandimpulsivebehaviour.”Wildplacesneedencouragingforthisreason,nomatterhowsmalltheircontribution.　　Wetendtolookonnatureconservationassomekindoffavourthathumanbeingsaregrantingtothenaturalworld.Theerrorhereisfartoodeep:notonlydohumansneednatureforthemselves,buttheveryideathathumanityandthenaturalworldareseparablethingsisprofoundlydamaging.　　Humanbeingsareaspeciesofmammals(哺乳动物).Forsevenmillionyearstheylivedontheplanetaspartofnature.Ourancestralselvesmissthenaturalworldandlongforcontactwithnon-humanlife.Anyonewhohaspattedadog,strokedacat,satunderatreewithapintofbeer,givenorreceivedabunchofflowersorchosentowalkthroughtheparkonaniceday,understandsthat.　　Weneedthewildworld.Itisessentialtoourwell-being,ourhealth,ourhappiness.Withoutthewildworldwearenotmorebutlesscivilised.Withoutotherlivingthingsarounduswearelessthanhuman.　　Fivewaystofindharmonywiththenaturalworld　　Walk:Breaktherhythmofpermanentlybeingunderaroof.Getoffastopearlier,makeacircuitoftheparkatlunchtime,walkthechildtoandfromschool,getadog,feelyourselfmovinginmovingair,look,listen,absorb.　　Sit:Takeamoment,everynowandthen,tobestillinanopenspace.Inthegarden,anywherethat’snotintheoffice,anywhereoutofthehouse,awayfromtheroutine.Situnderatree,lookatwater,feelrefreshed,eversoslightlyrenewed.　　Drink:Thebestwaytoenjoythenaturalworldisbyyourself;thesecondbestwayisincompany.Takeadrinkoutsidewithagoodperson,agoodgathering:talkwiththesunandthewindwithbirdsongforbackground.　　Learn:Expandyourboundaries.Learnfivespeciesofbird,fivebutterflies,fivetrees,fivebirdsongs.Thatway,youseeandhearmore:andyourmindrespondsgratefullytothegreateramountofwildnessinyourlife.　　Travel:Theplacesyoualwayswantedtovisit:bytheseaside,inthecountry,inthehills.Takeaweekendbreak,aday-trip,getoutthereanddoit:forthescenery,forthewaythroughthewoods,forthebirds,forthebees.Gosomewherespecialandbringspecialnesshome.Itlastsforever,afterall.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。　　1.Whatistheauthor’sprofoundbelief?　　[A]Peopleinstinctivelyseeknatureindifferentways.[B]Peopleshouldspendmostoftheirlivesinthewild.　　[C]Peoplehavequitedifferentperceptionsofnature.　[D]Peoplemustmakemoreeffortstostudynature.

11　　2.Whatdoestheauthorsaypeoplepreferfortheirchildrennowadays?　　[A]Personalfreedom.　[B]Thingsthatarenatural.　[C]Urbansurroundings.　[D]Thingsthatarepurchased.　　3.WhatdoesastudyinSwedenshow?　　[A]Thenaturalenvironmentcanhelpchildrenlearnbetter.　　[B]Moreaccesstonaturemakeschildrenlesslikelytofallill.　　[C]Agoodplaygroundhelpskidsdeveloptheirphysicalabilities.　　[D]NaturalviewscanpreventchildrenfromdevelopingADHD.　　4.Childrenwhohavechancestoexplorenaturalareas________.　　[A]tendtodevelopastrongloveforscience　[B]aremorelikelytofantasiseaboutwildlife　　[C]tendtobephysicallytougherinadulthood[D]arelesslikelytobeinvolvedinbullying　　5.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestwedotohelpchildrenwithADHD?　　[A]Findmoreeffectivedrugsforthem.[B]Providemoregreenspacesforthem.　　[C]Placethemundermorepersonalcare.[D]Engagetheminmoremeaningfulactivities.　　6.Inwhatwaydoelderlypeoplebenefitfromtheircontactwithnature?　　[A]Theylookonlifeoptimistically.[C]Theyareabletolivelonger.　　[B]Theyenjoyalifeofbetterquality.[D]Theybecomegood-humoured.　　7.DrWilliamBirdsuggestsinhisstudythat________.　　[A]humanityandnaturearecomplementarytoeachother[B]wildplacesmayinduceimpulsivebehaviourinpeople　　[C]accesstonaturecontributestothereductionofviolence　[D]ittakesalongtimetorestorenatureoncedamaged　　8.Itisextremelyharmfultothinkthathumanityandthenaturalworldcanbe________________________.　　9.Theauthorbelievesthatwewouldnotbesocivilisedwithout________________________.　　10.Thefivesuggestionstheauthorgivesattheendofthepassagearemeanttoencouragepeopletoseek_________________withthenaturalworld.　　PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　11.[A]Themanshouldvisitthemuseums.[C]Thebeachresortisagoodchoice.　　　[B]Shecan’tstandthehotweather.[D]SheenjoysstayinginWashington.　　12.[A]Hernewresponsibilitiesinthecompany.　　[B]Whatherjobprospectsare.[C]Whatthecustomers’feedbackis.　　[D]Thedirector’sopinionofherwork.　　13.[A]Combinehertrainingwithdieting.[B]Repeatthetrainingeverythreedays.　　[C]Avoidexcessivephysicaltraining.[D]Includeweightliftingintheprogram.　　14.[A]Whenshewillreturnhome.　[B]Whethershecangobyherself.　　[C]Whethershecantravelbyair.　[D]Whenshewillcompletelyrecover.　　15.[A]Thewomanknowshowtodealwiththepolice.　[B]Thewomanhadbeenfinedmanytimesbefore.　　[C]Thewomanhadviolatedtrafficregulations.　[D]Thewomanisgoodatfindingexcuses.　　16.[A]Switchofftherefrigeratorforawhile.　[B]Havesomeonerepairtherefrigerator.　　[C]Askthemantofixtherefrigerator.[D]Buyarefrigeratorofbetterquality.　　17.[A]Heownsapieceoflandinthedowntownarea.　[B]Hehasgotenoughmoneytobuyahouse.

12　[C]Hecanfinallydowhathehasdreamedof.[D]Heismovingintoabiggerapartment.　　18.[A]Sheisblackandblueallover.　[B]Shehastogotoseeadoctor.　　[C]Shestayedawayfromworkforafewdays.[D]Shegothurtinanaccidentyesterday.　　Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　19.[A]Shewasabankmanager.　[B]Shewasavictimoftherobbery.　　[C]Shewasadefencelawyer.　[D]Shewasawitnesstothecrime.　　20.[A]Atallmanwithdarkhairandamoustache.[B]Ayouthwithadistinguishingmarkonhisface.　　[C]Athirty-year-oldguywearingalightsweater.[D]Amedium-sizedyoungmancarryingagun.　　21.[A]Identifythesuspectfrompictures.[C]Haveherphototakenfortheirfiles.　　[B]Goupstairstosignsomedocument.[D]Verifytherecordofwhatshehadsaid.　　Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　22.[A]Byreadinganewspaperad.[C]Bylisteningtothemorningnews.　　[B]ByseeingacommercialonTV.[D]Bycallinganemploymentservice.　　23.[A]Shecouldimproveherforeignlanguages.[B]Shecouldworkclosetoherfamily.　　[C]Shecouldtraveloverseasfrequently.　[D]Shecoulduseherpreviousexperiences.　　24.[A]Takingmanagementcourses.[C]Workingasasecretary.　　[B]TeachingEnglishatauniversity.[D]StudyingforadegreeinFrench.　　25.[A]Prepareforaninterviewinacoupleofdays.[B]Readtheadvertisementagainformoredetails.　　[C]Sendinawrittenapplicationassoonaspossible.[D]Gettoknowthecandidatesontheshortlist.　　SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　　　PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　26.[A]Theycannotseethefirefightersbecauseofthesmoke.[B]Theydonotrealizethedangertheyarein.　　[C]Theycannothearthefirefightersforthenoise.　[D]Theymistakethefirefightersformonsters.　　27.[A]HetravelsalloverAmericatohelpputoutfires.　　[B]Heoftenteacheschildrenwhattododuringafire.　　[C]HeteachesSpanishinaSanFranciscocommunity　　[D]Heprovidesoxygenmaskstochildrenfreeofcharge.　　28.[A]Hesavedthelifeofhisbrotherchokingonfood.[B]Herescuedastudentfromabigfire.　　[C]Heisverygoodatpublicspeaking.[D]Hegivesinformativetalkstoyoungchildren.　　29.[A]FirefightersplayanimportantroleinAmerica.[B]Kidsshouldlearnnottobeafraidofmonsters.　　[C]Carelessnesscanresultintragedies.[D]Informativespeechescansavelives.　　PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　30.[A]Tosatisfytheneedsoftheirfamily.　[B]Tofullyrealizetheirpotential.　　[C]Tomakemoneyforearlyretirement.[D]Togainasenseoftheirpersonalworth.　　31.[A]Theymayhavetocontinuetoworkinoldage.[B]Theymayregretthetimetheywasted.　　[C]Theymayhavenobodytodependoninthefuture.[D]Theymayhavefewerjobopportunities.　　32.[A]Makingwiseuseofyourtime.[B]Enjoyingyourselfwhileyoucan.　　[C]Savingasmuchasyoucan.　[D]Workinghardandplayinghard.　　PassageThree　Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　33.[A]Hardworkingstudentsbeingaccusedofcheating.　[B]Boystudentsbeingoftentreatedaslaw-breakers.　　[C]Innocentpeoplebeingsuspectedgroundlessly.[D]Junioremployeesbeingmadetoworkovertime.　　34.[A]Forbiddingstudentstotakefoodoutoftherestaurant.

13　　[B]Requestingcustomerstopaybeforetakingthefood.　　[C]Askingcustomerstoleavetheirbagsonthecounters.[D]Allowingonlytwostudentstoenteratatime.　　35.[A]Hewastakentothemanager.[C]Hewasaskedtoleave.　　[B]Hewascloselywatched.[D]Hewasovercharged.　　SectionC　　　　Writingkeepsusintouchwithotherpeople.Wewritetocommunicatewithrelativesandfriends.Wewriteto(36)_____________ourfamilyhistoriessoourchildrenandgrandchildrencanlearnand(37)_____________theirheritage(传统).WithcomputersandInternetconnectionsinsomany(38)_____________,colleges,business,peoplee-mailingfriendsandrelativesallthetime—ortalkingtotheminwritinginonline(39)_____________rooms.Itischeaperthancallinglongdistance,andalotmore(40)_____________thanwaitinguntilSundayforthetelephone(41)_____________todrop.Studentsaree-mailingtheirprofessorsto(42)_____________anddiscusstheirclassroomassignmentsandto(43)_____________them.Theyaree-mailingclassmatestodiscussandcollaborate(合作)onhomework.(44)__________________________________________________________.　　Despitethegrowingimportanceofcomputers,however,therewillalwaysbeaplaceandneedforthepersonalletter.(45)____________________________________________________.Nomatterwhatthecontentofthemessage,itsrealpointis,“IwantyoutoknowthatIcareaboutyou.”(46)____________________________________________________________________,butonlyinthesuccessofhumanrelationships.　　PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whatdeterminesthekindofpersonyouare?Whatfactorsmakeyoumoreorlessbold,intelligent,orabletoreadamap?Alloftheseareinfluencedbytheinteractionofyourgenesandtheenvironmentinwhichyouwere47.Thestudyofhowgenesandenvironmentinteracttoinfluence48activityisknownasbehavioralgenetics.Behavioralgeneticshasmadeimportant49tothebiologicalrevolution,providinginformationabouttheextenttowhichbiologyinfluencesmind,brainandbehavior.　　Anyresearchthatsuggeststhat50toperformcertainbehaviorsarebasedinbiologyiscontroversial.Whowantstobetoldthattherearelimitationstowhatyoucan51basedonsomethingthatisbeyondyourcontrol,suchasyourgenes?Itiseasytoacceptthatgenescontrolphysicalcharacteristicssuchassex,raceandeyecolor.Butcangenesalsodeterminewhetherpeoplewillgetdivorced,how52theyare,orwhatcareertheyarelikelytochoose?Aconcernofpsychologicalscientistsisthe53towhichallofthesecharacteristicsareinfluencedbynatureandnurture(养育),bygeneticmakeupandtheenvironment.Increasingly,science54thatgeneslaythegroundworkformanyhumantraits.Fromthisperspective,peopleareborn55likeundevelopedphotographs:Theimageisalreadycaptured,butthewayit56appearscanvarybasedonthedevelopmentprocess.However,thebasicpictureistherefromthebeginning.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　[A]abilities[I]extent　　[B]achieve[J]indicates　　[C]appeal[K]proceeds　　[D]complaints[L]psychological　　[E]contributions[M]raised　　[F]displayed[N]smart　　[G]essentially[O]standard　　[H]eventually

14　　SectionB　　Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Itisprettymuchaone-waystreet.Whileitmaybecommonforuniversityresearcherstotrytheirluckinthecommercialworld,thereisverylittletrafficintheoppositedirection.Payhasalwaysbeenthebiggestdeterrent,aspeoplewithfamiliesoftenfeeltheycannotaffordthedropinsalarywhenmovingtoauniversityjob.Forsomeindustrialscientists,however,theattractionsofacademia(学术界)outweighanyfinancialconsiderations.　　HelenLeetooka70%cutinsalarywhenshemovedfromaseniorpostinAbbottLaboratoriestoamedicaldepartmentattheUniversityofCambridge.Hermainreasonforreturningtoacademiamid-careerwastotakeadvantageofthegreaterfreedomtochooseresearchquestions.Someareasofinquiryhavefewprospectsofacommercialreturn,andLee’sisoneofthem.　　Theimpactofasalarycutisprobablylesssevereforascientistintheearlystagesofacareer.GuyGrant,nowaresearchassociateattheUnileverCentreforMolecularInformaticsattheUniversityofCambridge,spenttwoyearsworkingforapharmaceutical(制药的)companybeforereturningtouniversityasapost-doctoralresearcher.Hetooka30%salarycutbutfeltitworthwhileforthegreaterintellectualopportunities.　　Higheruptheladder,whereapaycutisusuallymoresignificant,thedemandforscientistswithawealthofexperienceinindustryisforcinguniversitiestomakethetransition(转换)toacademiamoreattractive,accordingtoLee.Industrialscientiststendtoreceivetrainingthatacademicsdonot,suchashowtobuildamultidisciplinaryteam,managebudgetsandnegotiatecontracts.Theyarealsowellplacedtobringsomethingextratotheteachingsideofanacademicrolethatwillhelpstudentsgetajobwhentheygraduate,saysLee,perhapsexperienceinmanufacturingpracticeorproductdevelopment.“Onlyasmallnumberofundergraduateswillcontinueinanacademiccareer.Sosomeoneleavinguniversitywhoalreadyhastheskillsneededtoworkinanindustriallabhasfarmorepotentialinthejobmarketthansomeonewhohasspentalltheirtimeonanarrowresearchproject.”　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　57.By“aone-waystreet”(Line1,Para.1),theauthormeans________.　　[A]universityresearchersknowlittleaboutthecommercialworld　　[B]thereislittleexchangebetweenindustryandacademia　　[C]fewindustrialscientistswouldquittoworkinauniversity　　[D]fewuniversityprofessorsarewillingtodoindustrialresearch　　58.Theword“deterrent”(Line2,Para.1)mostprobablyreferstosomethingthat________.　　[A]keepssomeonefromtakingaction[C]attractspeople’sattention　　[B]helpstomovethetraffic[D]bringssomeoneafinancialburden　　59.WhatwasHelenLee’smajorconsiderationwhenshechangedherjobinthemiddleofhercareer?　　[A]Flexibleworkhours.[C]Herpreferenceforthelifestyleoncampus.　　[B]Herresearchinterests.[D]Prospectsofacademicaccomplishments.　　60.GuyGrantchosetoworkasaresearcheratCambridgeinorderto________.　　[A]dofinanciallymorerewardingwork　　[B]raisehisstatusintheacademicworld　　[C]enrichhisexperienceinmedicalresearch　　[D]exploitbetterintellectualopportunities　　61.Whatcontributioncanindustrialscientistsmakewhentheycometoteachinauniversity?　　[A]Increaseitsgraduates’competitivenessinthejobmarket.　　[B]Developitsstudents’potentialinresearch.

15　　[C]Helpittoobtainfinancialsupportfromindustry.　　[D]Gearitsresearchtowardspracticalapplications.　　PassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Beingsociablelookslikeagoodwaytoaddyearstoyourlife.Relationshipswithfamily,friends,neighbours,evenpets,willalldothetrick,butthebiggestlongevity(长寿)boostseemstocomefrommarriageoranequivalentrelationship.Theeffectwasfirstnotedin1858byWilliamFarr,whowrotethatwidowsandwidowers(鳏夫)wereatamuchhigherriskofdyingthantheirmarriedpeers.Studiessincethensuggestthatmarriagecouldaddasmuchassevenyearstoaman’slifeandtwotoawoman’s.Theeffectholdsforallcausesofdeath,whetherillness,accidentorself-harm.　　Eveniftheoddsarestackedagainstyou,marriagecanmorethancompensate.LindaWaiteoftheUniversityofChicagohasfoundthatamarriedoldermanwithheartdiseasecanexpecttolivenearlyfouryearslongerthananunmarriedmanwithahealthyheart.Likewise,amarriedmanwhosmokesmorethanapackadayislikelytoliveaslongasadivorcedmanwhodoesn’tsmoke.There’saflipside,however,aspartnersaremorelikelytobecomeillordieinthecoupleofyearsfollowingtheirspouse’sdeath,andcaringforaspousewithmentaldisordercanleaveyouwithsomeofthesamesevereproblems.Evenso,theoddsfavourmarriage.Ina30-yearstudyofmorethan10,000people,NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchooldescribeshowallkindsofsocialnetworkshavesimilareffects.　　Sohowdoesitwork?Theeffectsarecomplex,affectedbysocio-economicfactors,health-serviceprovision,emotionalsupportandothermorephysiological(生理的)mechanisms.Forexample,socialcontactcanboostdevelopmentofthebrainandimmunesystem,leadingtobetterhealthandlesschanceofdepressionlaterinlife.Peopleinsupportiverelationshipsmayhandlestressbetter.Thentherearethepsychologicalbenefitsofasupportivepartner.　　Alifepartner,childrenandgoodfriendsareallrecommendedifyouaimtoliveto100.Theultimatesocialnetworkisstillbeingmappedout,butChristakissays:“Peopleareinterconnected,sotheirhealthisinterconnected.”　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　62.WilliamFarr’sstudyandotherstudiesshowthat_________.　　[A]sociallifeprovidesaneffectivecureforillness　　[B]beingsociablehelpsimproveone’squalityoflife　　[C]womenbenefitmorethanmenfrommarriage　　[D]marriagecontributesagreatdealtolongevity　　63.LindaWaite’sstudiessupporttheideathat_________.　　[A]oldermenshouldquitsmokingtostayhealthy　　[B]marriagecanhelpmakeupforillhealth　　[C]themarriedarehappierthantheunmarried　　[D]unmarriedpeoplearelikelytosufferinlaterlife　　64.Itcanbeinferredfromthecontextthatthe“flipside”(Line4,Para.2)refersto_________.　　[A]thedisadvantagesofbeingmarried　　[B]theemotionalproblemsarisingfrommarriage　　[C]theresponsibilityoftakingcareofone’sfamily　　[D]theconsequenceofabrokenmarriage　　65.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsocialnetworks?　　[A]Theyhaveeffectssimilartothoseofamarriage.　　[B]Theyhelpdeveloppeople’scommunityspirit.　　[C]Theyprovidetimelysupportforthoseinneed.　　[D]Theyhelprelievepeopleoftheirlife’sburdens.　　66.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

16　　[A]It’simportantthatwedevelopasocialnetworkwhenyoung.　　[B]Tostayhealthy,oneshouldhaveapropersocialnetwork.　　[C]Gettingadivorcemeansriskingareducedlifespan.　　[D]Weshouldshareoursocialnetworkswitheachother.　　PartⅤCloze(15minutes)　　Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　Overhalftheworld’speoplenowliveincities.Thelatest“GlobalReportonHumanSettlements”saysasignificantchangetookplacelastyear.Thereport67thisweekfromU.N.Habitat,aUnitedNationsagency.　　Acenturyago,68thanfivepercentofallpeoplelivedincities.69themiddleofthiscenturyitcouldbeseventypercent,or70sixandahalfbillionpeople.　　Alreadythree-fourthsofpeoplein71countriesliveincities.Nowmosturbanpopulation72isinthedevelopingworld.　　Urbanizationcan73tosocialandeconomicprogress,butalsoput74oncitiestoprovidehousingand75.Thenewreportsaysalmosttwohundredthousandpeoplemove76citiesandtownseachday.Itsaysworseninginequalities,77bysocialdivisionsanddifferencesin78,couldresultinviolenceandcrime79citiesplanbetter.　　Anotherissueisurbansprawl(无序扩展的城区).Thisiswherecities80quicklyintoruralareas,sometimes81amuchfasterratethanurbanpopulationgrowth.　　Sprawlis82intheUnitedStates.Americansmovealot.Inarecentstudy,ArtHallattheUniversityofKansasfoundthatpeoplearemovingawayfromthe83citiestosmallerones.Heseesa84toward“de-urbanization”acrossthenation.　　85urbaneconomiesstillprovidemany86thatruralareasdonot.　　67.[A]cameon[C]cameover　　[B]cameoff[D]cameout　　68.[A]more[C]less[B]other[D]rather　　69.[A]By[C]Along[B]Through[D]To　　70.[A]really[C]ever[B]barely[D]almost　　71.[A]flourishing[C]thriving[B]developed[D]fertile　　72.[A]extension[C]raise[B]addition[D]growth　　73.[A]keep[C]lead[B]turn[D]refer　　74.[A]pressure[C]restraint[B]load[D]weight　　75.[A]surroundings[C]concerns[B]communities[D]services　　76.[A]onto[C]around[B]into[D]upon　　77.[A]pulled[C]drawn[B]driven[D]pressed　　78.[A]situation[C]treasure[B]wealth[D]category　　79.[A]when[C]unless[B]if[D]whereas　　80.[A]expand[C]invade　[B]split[D]enlarge　　81.[A]in[C]with　[B]beyond[D]at　　82.[A]common[C]ordinary　[B]conventional[D]frequent　　83.[A]essential[C]primitive[B]prior[D]major　　84.[A]trend[C]direction[B]style[D]path　　85.[A]Then[C]For[B]But[D]While　　86.[A]abilities[C]possibilities[B]qualities[D]realities　　PartVITranslation(5minutes)

17　　Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。　　87.________________________________________________________(为了确保他参加会议),Icalledhimupinadvance.　　88.Themagnificentmuseum________________________________________(据说建成于)aboutahundredyearsago.　　89.Therewouldbenolifeonearth___________________________________________(没有地球独特的环境).　　90.___________________________________(给游客印象最深的)wasthefriendlinessandwarmthofthelocalpeople.　　91.Theyrequestedthat__________________________________________(我借的书还回图书馆)bynextFriday.2010年6月英语四级考试真题PartIWriting(30minutes)　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。　　Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofDueAttentionShouldBeGivenToSpelling.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:　　1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写　　2.出现这种情况的原因　　3.为了改变这种状况，我认为…　　DueAttentionShouldBeGivenToSpellingCorrectspellingisabasicskillinEnglishstudy.However,nowadaysmanystudentsdonotpaymuchattentiontoit.　　Theyhavetheirownreasonsformisspelling.Firstofall,theylikeaneasywayofstudying,whichcausessomeomissionsandchangesinspelling.Second,theteachersmightnotbeverystrictinstudents’spelling.InChina,teachersseemtobemoreconcernedwithgrammarandvocabularybutnotspelling.　　Tochangethissituation,inmyopinion,theteachersandthestudentsshouldworktogether.Ononeand,theteachersshouldgivemoreattentiontostudents’spelling,askingthestudentstobeconsciousoftheimportanceofcorrectspellingfromtheverybeginningoftheirEnglishstudy.Ontheotherhand,thestudentsthemselvesaresupposedtobeawarethatcorrectspellingisamustinEnglishstudy.　　Tosumup,correctspellingissoimportantthatbothstudentsandtheteachersshouldsparenoeffortstoachievecorrectspelling.PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)　　Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.　　CaughtintheWeb　　Afewmonthsago,itwasn'tunusualfor47-year-oldCarlaToebetospend15hoursperdayonline.She'dwakeupearly,turnonherlaptopandchatonInternetdatingsitesandinstant-messagingprograms–leavingherbedforonlybriefintervals.Herhouseholdbillspiledup,alongwiththedishesanddirtylaundry,butittooknear-constantcomplaintsfromherfourdaughtersbeforesherealizedshehadaproblem.　　"Iwasstartingtofeellikemywholeworldwasfallingapart–kindofslippingintoadepression,"saidCarla."IknewthatifIdidn'tgetoffthedatingsites,I'djustkeepgoing,"detaching(使脱离)herselffurtherfromtheoutsideworld.　　Toebe'sconclusion:Shefeltlikeshewas"addicted"totheInternet.She'snotalone.　　ConcernaboutexcessiveInternetuseisn'tnew.Asfarbackas1995,articlesinmedicaljournalsandtheestablishmentofaPennsylvaniatreatmentcenterforoverusersgeneratedinterestinthesubject.There'sstillnoconsensusonhowmuchtimeonlineconstitutestoomuchorwhetheraddictionispossible.　　ButasrelianceontheWebgrows,therearesignsthatthequestionisgettingmoreseriousattention:Lastmonth,astudypublishedinCNSSpectrumsclaimedtobethefirstlarge-scalelookatexcessiveInternetuse.TheAmericanPsychiatricAssociationmayconsiderlistingInternetaddictioninthenexteditionofitsdiagnosticmanual.Andscoresofonlinediscussionboardshavepoppeduponwhich

18peoplediscussnegativeexperiencestiedtotoomuchtimeontheWeb.　　"There'snoquestionthatthere'repeoplewho'reseriouslyintroublebecausethey'reoverdoingtheirInternetinvolvement,"saidpsychiatrist(精神科医生)IvanGoldberg.Goldbergcallstheproblemadisorderratherthanatrueaddiction.　　JonathanBishop,aresearcherinWalesspecializinginonlinecommunities,ismoreskeptical."TheInternetisanenvironment,"hesaid."Youcan'tbeaddictedtotheenvironment."Bishopdescribestheproblemassimplyamatterofpriorities,whichcanbesolvedbyencouragingpeopletoprioritizeotherlifegoalsandplansinplaceoftimespentonline.　　ThenewCNSSpectrumsstudywasbasedonresultsofanationwidetelephonesurveyofmorethan2,500adults.Likethe2005survey,thisonewasconductedbyStanfordUniversityresearchers.About6%ofrespondentsreportedthat"theirrelationshipssufferedbecauseofexcessiveInternetuse."About9%attemptedtoconceal"nonessentialInternetuse,"andnearly4%reportedfeeling"preoccupiedbytheInternetwhenoffline."　　About8%saidtheyusedtheInternetasawaytoescapeproblems,andalmost14%reportedthey"foundithardtostayawayfromtheInternetforseveraldaysatatime."　　"TheInternetproblemisstillinitsinfancy,"saidEliasAboujaoude,aStanfordprofessor.Nosingleonlineactivityistoblameforexcessiveuse,hesaid."They'reonlineinchatrooms,checkinge-mail,orwritingblogs.[Theproblemis]notlimitedtoporn(色情)orgambling"websites.　　ExcessiveInternetuseshouldbedefinednotbythenumberofhoursspentonlinebut"intermsoflosses,"saidMaressaOrzack,aHarvardUniversityprofessor."Ifit'saloss[where]you'renotgettingtowork,andfamilyrelationshipsarebreakingdownasaresult,thenit'stoomuch."　　Sincetheearly1990s,severalclinicshavebeenestablishedintheU.S.totreatheavyInternetusers.TheyincludetheCenterforInternetAddictionRecoveryandtheCenterforInternetBehavior.　　ThewebsiteforOrzack'scenterliststhefollowingamongthepsychologicalsymptomsofcomputeraddiction:　　●Havingasenseofwell-being(幸福)orexcitementwhileatthecomputer.　　●Longingformoreandmoretimeatthecomputer.　　●Neglectoffamilyandfriends.　　●Feelingempty,depressedorirritablewhennotatthecomputer.　　●Lyingtoemployersandfamilyaboutactivities.　　●Inabilitytostoptheactivity.　　●Problemswithschoolorjob.　　Physicalsymptomslistedincludedryeyes,backaches,skippingmeals,poorpersonalhygiene(卫生)andsleepdisturbances.　　PeoplewhostrugglewithexcessiveInternetusemaybedepressedorhaveothermooddisorders,Orzacksaid.WhenshediscussesInternethabitswithherpatients,theyoftenreportthatbeingonlineoffersa"senseofbelonging,andescape,excitement[and]fun,"shesaid."Somepeoplesayrelief…becausetheyfindthemselvessorelaxed."　　SomepartsoftheInternetseemtodrawpeopleinmorethanothers.Internetgamersspendcountlesshourscompetingingamesagainstpeoplefromallovertheworld.Onesuchgame,calledWorldofWarcraft,iscitedonmanysitesbyposterscomplainingofa"gamingaddiction."　　AndrewHeidrich,aneducationnetworkadministratorfromSacramento,playsWorldofWarcraftforabouttwotofourhourseveryothernight,butthat'snothingcomparedwiththe40to60hoursaweekhespentplayingonlinegameswhenhewasincollege.Hecutbackonlyafterafull-scalefamilyintervention(干预),inwhichrelativestoldhimhe'dgainedweight.　　"There'sthiswholecultureofcompetitionthatsuckspeoplein"withonlinegaming,saidHeidrich,nowafatheroftwo."Peopledoitattheexpenseofeverythingthatwasaconstantintheirlives."Heidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussgamingaddictionregularly"toremindmyselftokeepmyloveforonlinegamesincheck."　　ToebealsoregularlyvisitsasitewherepostersdiscussInternetoveruse.InAugust,whenshefirstrealizedshehadaproblem,shepostedamessageonaYahooInternetaddictiongroupwiththesubjectline:"IhaveanInternetAddiction."　　"I'mself-employedandneedtheInternetformywork,butI'mfailingtoaccomplishmywork,totakecareofmyhome,togive

19attentiontomychildren,"shewroteinamessagesenttothegroup."Ihavenomoneyorinsurancetogetprofessionalhelp;Ican'tevenpaymymortgage(抵押贷款)andfacelosingeverything."　　Sincethen,Toebesaid,shehaskeptherpromisetoherselftocutbackonherInternetuse."Ihaveaboyfriendnow,andI'mnotinterestedinonlinedating,"shesaidbyphonelastweek."It'salotbetternow."　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。　　1.WhateventuallymadeCarlaToeberealizeshewasspendingtoomuchtimeontheInternet?　　A)Herdaughter'srepeatedcomplaints.　　B)Fatigueresultingfromlackofsleep.　　C)Thepoorlymanagedstateofherhouse.　　D)Thehighfinancialcostsaddingup.　　2.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutexcessiveInternetuse?　　A)Peopleshouldbewarnedofitsharmfulconsequences.　　B)Ithasbecomevirtuallyinevitable.　　C)Ithasbeensomewhatexaggerated.　　D)Peoplehaven'tyetreachedagreementonitsdefinition.　　3.JonathanBishopbelievesthattheInternetoveruseproblemcanbesolvedifpeople______.　　A)trytoimprovetheInternetenvironment　　B)becomeawareofitsseriousconsequences　　C)canrealizewhatisimportantinlife　　D)canreachaconsensusonitsdefinition　　4.AccordingtoProfessorMaressaOrzack,Internetusewouldbeconsideredexcessiveif______.　　A)itseriouslyaffectedfamilyrelationships　　B)onevisitedpornwebsitesfrequently　　C)toomuchtimewasspentinchatrooms　　D)peoplegotinvolvedinonlinegambling　　5.AccordingtoOrzack,peoplewhostrugglewithheavyrelianceontheInternetmayfeel______.　　A)discouraged　　B)pressured　　C)depressed　　D)puzzled　　6.WhydidAndreHeidrichcutbackonlinegaming?　　A)Hehadlostalotofmoney.　　B)Hisfamilyhadintervened.　　C)Hehadoffendedhisrelatives.　　D)Hiscareerhadbeenruined.　　7.AndrewHeidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussonlinegamingaddictionto______.　　A)improvehisonlinegamingskills　　B)curbhisdesireforonlinegaming　　C)showhowgoodheisatonlinegaming　　D)exchangeonlinegamingexperience　　8.Inoneofthemessagesshepostedonawebsite,Toebeadmittedthatshe______.　　9.ExcessiveInternetusehadrenderedToebesopoorthatshecouldn'taffordtoseek______.　　10.Nowthatshe'sgotaboyfriend,Toebeisnolongercrazyabout______.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25

20minutes)　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whenwethinkofgreenbuildings,wetendtothinkofnewones–thekindofhigh-tech,solar-paneledmasterpiecesthatmakethecoversofarchitecturemagazines.ButtheU.S.hasmorethan100millionexistinghomes,anditwouldbe__47__wastefultotearthemalldownand__48__themwithgreenerversions.Anenormousamountofenergyandresourceswentintotheconstructionofthosehouses.Anditwouldtakeanaverageof65yearsforthe__49__carbonemissionsfromanewenergy-efficienthometomakeupfortheresourceslostbydestroyinganoldone.Sointhebroadest__50__,thegreenesthomeistheonethathasalreadybeenbuilt.Butatthesametime,nearlyhalfofU.S.carbonemissionscomefromheating,coolingand__51__ourhomes,officesandotherbuildings."Youcan'tdealwithclimatechangewithoutdealingwithexistingbuildings,"saysRichardMoe,thepresidentoftheNationalTrust.　　Withsome__52__,theoldesthomestendtobetheleastenergy-efficient.Housesbuiltbefore1939useabout50%moreenergypersquarefootthanthosebuiltafter2000,mainlyduetothetinycracksandgapsthat__53__overtimeandletinmoreoutsideair.　　Fortunately,therearea__54__numberofrelativelysimplechangesthatcangreenolderhomes,from__55__oneslikeLincoln'sCottagetoyourownpostwarhome.Andefficiencyupgrades(升级)cansavemorethanjusttheearth;theycanhelp__56__propertyownersfromrisingpowercosts.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)accommodationsB)clumsyC)doubtfulD)exceptionsE)expandF)historicG)incrediblyH)poweringI)protectJ)reducedK)replaceL)senseM)shiftedN)supplyingO)vastSectionB　　Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Youneverseehim,butthey'rewithyoueverytimeyoufly.Theyrecordwhereyouaregoing,howfastyou'retravelingandwhethereverythingonyourairplaneisfunctioningnormally.Theirabilitytowithstandalmostanydisastermakesthemseemlikesomethingoutofacomicbook.They'reknownastheblackbox.　　Whenplanesfallfromthesky,asaYemeniairlinerdidonitswaytoComorosIslandsintheIndiaoceanJune30,2009,theblackboxisthebestbetforidentifyingwhatwentwrong.SowhenaFrenchsubmarine(潜水艇)detectedthedevice'shomingsignalfivedayslater,thediscoverymarkedahugesteptowarddeterminingthecauseofatragedyinwhich152passengerswerekilled.　　In1958,AustralianscientistDavidWarrendevelopedaflight-memoryrecorderthatwouldtrackbasicinformationlikealtitudeanddirection.Thatwasthefirstmodeforablackbox,whichbecamearequirementonallU.S.commercialflightsby1960.Earlymodelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965thedevicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearoftheplane–thearealeastsubjecttoimpact–fromitsoriginalpositioninthelandingwells(起落架舱).Thesameyear,theFederalAviationAuthorityrequiredthattheboxes,whichwereneveractuallyblack,bepaintedorangeoryellowtoaidvisibility.　　Modernairplaneshavetwoblackboxes:avoicerecorder,whichtrackspilots'conversations,andaflight-datarecorder,whichmonitorsfuellevels,enginenoisesandotheroperatingfunctionsthathelpinvestigatorsreconstructtheaircraft'sfinalmoments.Placedinaninsulated(隔绝的)caseandsurroundedbyaquarter-inch-thickpanelsofstainlesssteel,theboxescanwithstandmassiveforceandtemperaturesupto2,000℉.Whensubmerged,they'realsoabletoemitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.ExpertsbelievetheboxesfromAir

21FranceFlight447,whichcrashednearBrazilonJune1,2009,areinwaternearlythatdeep,butstatisticssaythey'restilllikelytoturnup.Intheapproximately20deep-seacrashesoverthepast30years,onlyoneplane'sblackboxeswereneverrecovered.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　57.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheblackbox?　　A)Itensuresthenormalfunctioningofanairplane.　　B)Theideaforitsdesigncomesfromacomicbook.　　C)Itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.　　D)Itisanindispensabledeviceonanairplane.　　58.WhatinformationcouldbefoundfromtheblackboxontheYemeniairliner?　　A)Dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.　　B)Thetotalnumberofpassengersonboard.　　C)Thesceneofthecrashandextentofthedamage.　　D)Homingsignalssentbythepilotbeforethecrash.　　59.Whywastheblackboxredesignedin1965?　　A)Newmaterialsbecameavailablebythattime.　　B)Toomuchspacewasneededforitsinstallation.　　C)Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.　　D)Theearlymodelsdidn'tprovidetheneededdata.　　60.WhydidtheFederalAviationAuthorityrequiretheblackboxesbepaintedorangeoryellow?　　A)Todistinguishthemfromthecolouroftheplane.　　B)Tocautionpeopletohandlethemwithcare.　　C)Tomakethemeasilyidentifiable.　　D)Toconformtointernationalstandards.　　61.WhatdoweknowabouttheblackboxesfromAirFranceFlight447?　　A)Thereisstillagoodchanceoftheirbeingrecovered.　　B)Thereisanurgentneedforthemtobereconstructed.　　C)Theyhavestoppedsendinghomingsignals.　　D)TheyweredestroyedsomewherenearBrazil.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?　　ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.　　Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.　　Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,"Iamlovable."　　Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.　　Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsand

22feelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思)techniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　62.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-helpindustry?　　A)Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.　　B)Itisbasedontheconceptofpositivethinking.　　C)ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.　　D)Ithasyieldedpositiveresults.　　63.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?　　A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmanydomoreharmthangood.　　B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.　　C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.　　D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.　　64.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"…you'rejustunderlininghisfaults"(Line4,Para.3)?　　A)Youarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyenough.　　B)Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted.　　C)Youareemphasizingthefactthatheisnotintelligent.　　D)Youaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisfaults.　　65.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?　　A)Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.　　B)Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone'smood.　　C)Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.　　D)Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings.　　66.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?　　A)Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.　　B)Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.　　C)Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.　　D)Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.PartVCloze(15minutes)　　Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　Theterme-commercereferstoallcommercialtransactionsconductedovertheInternet,includingtransactionsbyconsumersandbusiness-to-businesstransactions.Conceptually,e-commercedoesnot__67__fromwell-knowncommercialofferingssuchasbankingbyphone,"mailorder"catalogs,orsendingapurchaseordertosupplier__68__fax.E-commercefollowsthesamemodel__69__inotherbusinesstransactions;thedifference__70__inthedetails.　　Toaconsumer,themostvisibleformofe-commerceconsists__71__onlineordering.Acustomerbeginswithacatalogofpossibleitems,__72__anitem,arrangesaformofpayment,and__73__anorder.Insteadofaphysicalcatalog,e-commercearrangesforcatalogstobe__74__ontheInternet.Insteadofsendinganorderonpaperorbytelephone,e-commercearrangesfororderstobesent__75__acomputernetwork.Finally,insteadofsendingapaperrepresentationofpaymentsuchasacheck,e-commerce__76__onetosendpaymentinformationelectronically.　　Inthedecade__77__1993,e-commercegrewfroman__78__novelty(新奇事物)toamainstreambusinessinfluence.In1993,few__79__hadawebpage,and__80__ahandfulallowedonetoorderproductsorservicesonline.Tenyears__81__,bothlargeandsmall

23businesseshadwebpages,andmost__82__userswiththeopportunitytoplaceanorder.__83__,manybanksaddedonlineaccess,__84__onlinebankingandbillpayingbecame__85__.Moreimportantly,thevalueofgoodsandservices__86__overtheInternetgrewdramaticallyafter1997.　　67.A)distractB)descendC)differD)derive　　68.A)withB)viaC)fromD)off　　69.A)appearedB)usedC)resortedD)served　　70.A)situatesB)liesC)rootsD)locates　　71.A)onB)ofC)forD)to　　72.A)reflectsB)detectsC)protectsD)selects　　73.A)sendsinB)putsoutC)standsforD)carriesaway　　74.A)visibleB)responsibleC)feasibleD)sensible　　75.A)besideB)overC)beyondD)up　　76.A)appealsB)admitsC)advocatesD)allows　　77.A)afterB)behindC)untilD)toward　　78.A)optionalB)invalidC)occasionalD)insignificant　　79.A)communitiesB)corpsC)corporationsD)compounds　　80.A)largelyB)slightlyC)solelyD)only　　81.A)latelyB)laterC)lateD)latter　　82.A)offeredB)convincedC)equippedD)provided　　83.A)InsteadB)NeverthelessC)HoweverD)Besides　　84.A)andB)orC)butD)though　　85.A)differentB)flexibleC)widespreadD)productive　　86.A)acquiredB)adaptedC)practicedD)proceededPartVITranslation(5minutes)　　Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyoutranslationonAnswerSheet2.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。　　87.Becauseofthenoiseoutside,Nancyhadgreatdifficulty__________________(集中注意力在实验上).　　88.Themanagerneverlaughed;neither__________________(她也从来没有发过脾气).　　89.Welookforwardto__________________(被邀请出席开幕式).　　90.Itissuggestedthattheairconditioner__________________(要安装在窗户旁).　　91.The16-year-oldgirldecidedtotravelabroadonherowndespite__________________(她父母的强烈反对).2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题　PartⅠWriting(30minutes)　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。　　Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofCreatingaGreenCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:　　1.建设绿色校园很重要　　2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……　　3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……CreatingaGreenCampus

24Recently,withtheideaofmakingandmaintaining“agreenearth”beingthefocusofthesociety,“greencampus”hasbecomeamoreandmorepopularconceptinuniversitiesorcolleges,which,undoubtedly,willbringusanever-lastingbenefittobothourcampusandoursociety.　　Theconceptof“greencampus”doesnotonlymeanagreenenvironmentbutalsoreferstoanenvironmentalsenseinpeople’smind.Campusplaysacrucialroleineducatingtheyounggenerationandtheconsciousnessof“greencampus”willdefinitelyproduceaprofoundeffectonstudents’variousenvironmentalprotectionactivitiesaftertheirgraduation.What’smore,theyounggenerationisundertheburdenofsevereenvironmentalpollutionandtherearemanyproblemswaitingforthemtosolve.　　Tomake“greencampus”cometrue,firstly,itisnecessarytoworkouteffectiveprinciplesforthedevelopmentofsustainableandrecyclablecampus.Secondly,itcallsforpeople’sawarenessoftheseriouspollutionaroundusandactualactiontoreducethewaste.Lastbutnotleast,itisnecessarytostrengthenthetiesbetweencampusandsociety,soastoensurethat“greencampus”canworksmoothlywiththeco-effortofthewholesociety.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)　　Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestion8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.Collegestakinganotherlookatvalueofmerit-basedaid　　Goodgradesandhightestsscoresstillmatter—alot—tomanycollegesastheyawardfinancialaid.　　Butwithlow-incomestudentsprojectedtomakeupanever-largershareofthecollege-boundpopulationincomingyears,someschoolsarere-examiningwhetherthataid,typicallyknownas“meritaid”,isthemosteffectiveuseofpreciousinstitutionaldollars.　　GeorgeWashingtonUniversityinWashington,D.C.,forexample,saidlastweekthatitwouldcutthevalueofitsaveragemeritscholarshipsbyaboutone-thirdandreducethenumberofrecipients(接受者),pouringthesavings,about$2.5million,intoneed-basedaid.AlleghenyCollegeinMeadville,Pa.,madeasimilardecisionthreeyearsago.　　Now,HamiltonCollegeinClinton,N.Y.,saysitwillphaseoutmeritscholarshipsaltogether.Nocurrentmerit-aidrecipientswilllosetheirscholarships,butneed-basedaidalonewillbeawardedbeginningwithstudentsenteringinfall2008.　　Notallcollegesoffermeritaid;generally,themoreselectiveaschool,thelesslikelyitistodoso.HarvardandPrinceton,forexample,offergenerousneed-basedpackages,butmanyfamilieswhodon’tmeetneedeligibility(资格)havebeenwillingtopaywhatevertheymustforabig-nameschool.　　Forsmallregionalcollegesthatstrugglejusttofillseats,meritaidcanbeanimportantrevenue-builderbecausemanyrecipientsstillpayenoughtuitiondollarsoverandabovethescholarshipamounttokeeptheinstitutionrunning.　　Butforrankings-consciousschoolsinbetween,meritaidhasservedprimarilyasatooltorecruittopstudentsandtoimprovetheiracademicprofits.“They’retryingtobuystudents,”saysSkidmoreCollegeeconomistSandyBaum.　　Studiesshowmeritaidalsotendstobenefitdisproportionatelystudentswhocouldaffordtoenrollwithoutit.　　“Aswelooktothefuture,weseeamorepressingneedtoinvestinneed-basedaid,”saysMonicaInzer,deanofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,whichhasofferedmeritscholarshipsfor10years.Duringthattime,itroseinUSNews&WorldReport’srankingofthebestliberalartscolleges,from25to17.　　Meritaid,whichbenefitedabout75studentsayear,orabout4%ofitsstudentbody,atacostofabout$1millionayear,“serveduswell,”Inzersays,but“tobediscountingthepriceforfamiliesthatdon’tneedfinancialaiddoesn’tfeelrightanymore.”　　Need-basedaidremainsbyfarthelargestshareofallstudentaid,whichincludesstate,federalandinstitutionalgrants.Butmeritaid,offeredprimarilybyschoolsandstates,isgrowingfaster,bothoverallandattheinstitutionallevel.　　Between1995-96and2003-04,institutionalmeritaidaloneincreased212%,comparedwith47%forneed-basedgrants.Atleast15statesalsooffermeritaid,typicallyinabidtoenrolltopstudentsinthestate’spublicinstitutions.　　Butinrecentyears,agrowingchorus(异口同声)ofcriticshasbegunpressuringschoolstodropthepractice.RecentdecisionsbyHamiltonandothersmaybe“asignthatpeoplearestartingtorealizethatthere’sthisdestructivecompetitiongoingon,”saysBaum,co-authorofarecentCollegeReportthatraisesconcernsabouttheroleofinstitutionalaidnotbasedonneed.

25　　DavidLaird,presidentoftheMinnesotaPrivateCollegeCouncil,saysmanyofhisschoolswouldliketoreducetheirmeritaidbutfearthatindoingso,theywouldlosetopstudentstotheircompetitors.　　“Noonecantakeone-sidedaction,”saysLaird,whoisexploringwhethertoseekanexemption(豁免)fromfederalanti-trustlawssomembercollegescandiscusshowtheycouldjointlyreducemeritaid,“Thisisamerry-go-roundthat’sgoingveryfast,andnoneoftheinstitutionsbelievetheycansustaintherisksoftryingtobreakawaybythemselves.”　　Acomplicatingfactoristhatmeritaidhasbecomesopopularwithmiddle-incomefamilies,whodon’tqualifyforneed-basedaid,thatmanyhavecometodependonit.And,astuitionscontinuetoincrease,thelinebetweenmeritandneedblurs.　　That’sonereasonAlleghenyCollegedoesn’tplantodropmeritaidentirely.　　“Westillbelieveinrewardingsuperiorachievementsandknowthatthesetopstudentstrulyvaluethescholarship,”saysScottFriedhoff,Allegheny’svicepresidentforenrollment.　　EmoryUniversityinAtlanta,whichboastsa$4.7billionendowment(捐赠),meanwhile,istakinganotherapproach.Thisyear,itannounceditwouldeliminateloansforneedystudentsandcapthemformiddle-incomefamilies.Atthesametime,itwouldexpandits28-year-oldmeritprogram.　　“Yeah,we’replayingthemeritgame,”acknowledgesTomLancaster,associatedeanforundergraduateeducation.Butithasitsstrongpoint,too,hesays.“Thefactofthematteris,it’snotjustaboutthelowest-incomepeople.It’stheaverageAmericanmiddle-classfamilywho’sbeingpricedoutofthemarket.”　　*Afewwordsaboutmerit-basedaid:　　Merit-basedaidisaidofferedtostudentswhoachieveexcellenceinagivenarea,andisgenerallyknownasacademic,athleticandartisticmeritscholarships.　　Academicmeritscholarshipsarebasedonstudents’grades,GPAandoverallacademicperformanceduringhighschool.Theyaretypicallymeantforstudentsgoingstraighttocollegerightafterhighschool.However,therearescholarshipsforcurrentcollegestudentswithexceptionalgradesaswell.Thesemeritscholarshipsusuallyhelpstudentspaytuitionbills,andtheycanberenewedeachyearaslongastherecipientscontinuetoqualify.Insomecases,studentsmayneedtoberecommendedbytheirschoolorateacheraspartofthequalificationprocess.　　Athleticmeritscholarshipsaremeantforstudentsthatexcel(突出)insportsofanykind,fromfootballtotrackandfieldevents.Recommendationforthesescholarshipsisrequired,sinceexceptionalathleticperformancehastoberecognizedbyacoachorareferee(裁判).Applicantsneedtosendinatapecontainingtheirbestperformance.　　Artisticmeritscholarshipsrequirethatapplicantsexcelinagivenartisticarea.Thisgenerallyincludesanycreativefieldsuchasart,design,fashion,music,danceorwriting.Applyingforartisticmeritscholarshipsusuallyrequiresthatstudentssubmitaportfolio(选辑)ofsomesort,whetherthatincludesacollectionofartwork,arecordingofamusicalperformanceoravideoofthemdancing.　　1.Withmoreandmorelow-incomestudentspursuinghighereducation,anumberofcollegesare________.　　A)offeringstudentsmoremerit-basedaidB)revisingtheirfinancialaidpolicies　　C)increasingtheamountoffinancialaidD)changingtheiradmissionprocesses　　2.WhatdidAlleghenyCollegeinMeadvilledothreeyearsago?　　A)Ittriedtoimplementanovelfinancialaidprogram.　　B)Itadded$2.5milliontoitsneed-basedaidprogram.　　C)Itphasedoutitsmerit-basedscholarshipsaltogether.　　D)Itcutsitsmerit-basedaidtohelptheneedystudents.　　3.Thechiefpurposeofrankings-consciouscollegesinofferingmeritaidisto______.　　A)improveteachingqualityB)boosttheirenrollments　　C)attractgoodstudentsD)increasetheirrevenues　　4.MonicaInzer,deanofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,believes______.　　A)itdoesn’tpaytospend$1millionayeartoraiseitsranking　　B)itgivesstudentsmotivationtoawardacademicachievements

26　　C)it’sillogicaltousesomuchmoneyononly4%ofitsstudents　　D)it’snotrighttogiveaidtothosewhocanaffordthetuition　　5.Inrecentyears,merit-basedaidhasincreasedmuchfasterthanneed-basedaiddueto______.　　A)moregovernmentfundingtocollegesB)fiercecompetitionamonginstitutions　　C)theincreasingnumberoftopstudentsD)schools’improvedfinancialsituations　　6.Whatistheattitudeofmanyprivatecollegestowardmeritaid,accordingtoDavidLaird?　　A)Theywouldliketoseeitreduced.　　B)Theyregarditasanecessaryevil.　　C)Theythinkitdoesmoreharmthangood.　　D)Theyconsideritunfairtomiddle-classfamilies.　　7.Whydoesn’tAlleghenyCollegeplantodropmeritaidentirely?　　A)Raisingtuitionshavemadecollegeunaffordableformiddle-classfamilies.　　B)Withrisingincomes,fewerstudentsareapplyingforneed-basedaid.　　C)Manystudentsfrommiddle-incomefamilieshavecometorelyonit.　　D)Risingincomeshavedisqualifiedmanystudentsforneed-basedaid.　　8.Annualrenewalofacademicmeritscholarshipsdependsonwhethertherecipientsremain______.　　9.Applicantsforathleticmeritscholarshipsneedarecommendationfromacoachorarefereewho______theirexceptionalathleticperformance.　　10.Applicantsforartisticmeritscholarshipsmustproduceevidencetoshowtheir______inaparticularartisticfieldPartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.　　Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Infamilieswithtwoworkingparents,fathersmayhavemoreimpactonachild’slanguagedevelopmentthanmothers,anewstudysuggests.　　Researchers4792familiesform11childcarecentersbeforetheirchildrenwereayearold,interviewingeachtoestablishincome,levelofeducationandchildcarearrangements.Overall,itwasagroupofwell-classfamilies,withmarriedparentsbothlivinginthehome.　　Whenthechildrenwere2,researchersvideotapedthemathomeinfree-playsessionswithbothparents,48alloftheirspeech.ThestudywillappearintheNovemberissueofTheJournalofAppliedDevelopmentalPsychology.　　Thescientistsmeasuredthe49numberofutterance(话语)oftheparents,thenumberofdifferentwordstheyused,thecomplexityoftheirsentencesandother50oftheirspeech.Onaverage,fathersspokelessthanmothersdid,buttheydidnotdifferinthelengthofutterancesorproportionofquestionsasked.　　Finally,theresearchers51thechildren’sspeechatage3,usingastandardizedlanguagetest.Theonlypredictorsofhighscoresonthetestwerethemother’slevelofeducation,the52ofchildcareandthenumberofdifferentwordsthefatherused.　　Theresearchersare53whythefather’sspeech,andnotthemother’s,hadaneffect.　　“It’swell54thatthemother’slanguagedoeshaveanimpact,”saidNadyaPancsofar,theleadauthorofthestudy.Itcouldbethatthehigh-functioningmothersinthestudyhad55hadastronginfluenceontheirchildren’sspeechdevelopment,Ms.Pancsofarsaid,“oritmaybethatmothersare56inawaywedidn’tmeasureinthestudy.”　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。A)alreadyB)analyzedC)aspectsD)charactersE)contributingF)describingG)establishedH)quality

27I)quotedJ)recordingK)recruitedL)totalM)unconsciousN)unsureO)yetSectionB　　Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso,butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld’sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.　　Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.　　Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimpletobeherself.　　Itwon’tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.　　Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉着),confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.　　57.WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?　　A)SheservesasarolemodelforAfricanwomen.　　B)ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingaFirstLady.　　C)ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-Americanwomen.　　D)ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-Americanwomen.　　58.WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomenaccordingtotheauthor?　　A)Theyarevictimsofviolence.B)Theyareofaninferiorviolence.　　C)Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.D)Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.　　59.WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?　　A)WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofherfans.　　B)HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.　　C)HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.　　D)WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.　　60.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?　　A)Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest,　　B)Sheshouldn’tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.　　C)Howeverhardshetries,shecan’texpecttopleaseeverybody.　　D)ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen’sconcerns.　　61.WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObamawilldo?　　A)Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.　　B)HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.

28　　C)OutshinepreviousFirstLady.　　D)Fullydisplayherfinequalities.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whennextyear’scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they’llbejoinedbyanewface;AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who’llbecomeOxford’svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.　　Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,andlikesomanybusinesses,it’sgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.　　ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon’ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.“Wedidn’tdoanyglobalconsideration,”saysPatriciaHayes,theboard’schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raisingabilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.　　ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmadefunding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryforAmericans.　　Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”　　Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn’ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindofpromoteinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.　　62.Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthepassage?　　A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheU.S.　　B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.　　C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.　　D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofunding-raising.　　63.WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhenhiringtop-leveladministrators?　　A)Thepoliticalcorrectness.B)Theirabilitytoraisefunds.　　C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.D)Theiradministrativeexperience.　　64.WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?　　A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.　　B)Theiroperationisunderstrictgovernmentsupervision.　　C)Theyarestrengtheningtheirpositionbyglobalization.　　D)Mostoftheirrevenuescomefromthegovernment.　　65.CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichardasitsvice-chancellorchieflybecause_____.　　A)shewasknowntobegoodatraisingmoney　　B)shecouldhelpstrengthenitstieswithYale　　C)sheknewhowtoattractstudentsoverseas　　D)shehadboostedYale’sacademicstatus　　66.Inwhatwaydotop-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontributetouniversitydevelopment?　　A)Theycanenhancetheuniversity’simage.

29　　B)Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.　　C)Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.　　D)Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.PartⅤCloze(15minutes)　　Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　Olderpeoplemustbegivenmorechancestolearniftheyaretocontributetosocietyratherthanbeafinancialburden,accordingtoanewstudyonpopulationpublishedrecently.　　Thecurrentpeopleapproachwhich67onyoungerpeopleandonskillsforemploymentisnot68tomeetthechallengesofdemographic(人口结构的)change,itsays.Only1%oftheeducationbudgetis69spentontheoldestthirdofthepopulation.　　The70includethefactthatmostpeoplecanexpecttospendathirdoftheirlivesin71,thattherearenowmorepeopleover59thanunder16andthat11.3millionpeopleare72statepensionage.　　“73needstocontinuethroughoutlife.Ourhistoricconcentrationofpolicyattentionandresources74youngpeoplecannotmeetthenew75,”saysthereport’sauthor,ProfessorStephenMcNair.　　Themajor76ofoureducationbudgetisspentonpeoplebelowtheageof25.77peoplearechangingtheirjobs,78,partnersandlifestylesmoreoftenthan79,theyneedopportunitiestolearnateveryage80,somepeoplearestartingnewcareersintheir50sandlater.　　Peopleneedopportunitiestomakea“midlifereview”to81tothelaterstageofemployedlife,andtoplanforthetransition(过渡)82retirement,whichmaynowhappen83atanypointfrom50toover90,saysMcNair.　　Andthereshouldbemoremoney84tosupportpeopleinestablishinga85ofidentityandfindingconstructive86forthe“thirdage”,the20ormoreyearstheywillspendinhealthyretiredlife.67.A)operatesB)focusesC)countsD)depends68.A)superiorB)regularC)essentialD)adequate69.A)currentlyB)barelyC)anxiouslyD)heavily70.A)regulationsB)obstaclesC)challengesD)guidelines71.A)enjoymentB)retirementC)stabilityD)inability72.A)overB)afterC)acrossD)beside73.A)IndentifyingB)LearningC)InstructingD)Practicing74.A)atB)byC)inD)on75.A)desiresB)realmsC)needsD)intentions76.A)measureB)ratioC)areaD)portion77.A)WhenB)UntilC)WhetherD)Before78.A)neighborsB)moodsC)homesD)minds79.A)ageB)everC)previouslyD)formerly80.A)ForexampleB)BycontrastC)InparticularD)Onaverage81.A)transformB)yieldC)adjustD)suit82.A)withinB)fromC)beyondD)to83.A)unfairlyB)unpredictablyC)instantlyD)indirectly84.A)reliableB)considerableC)availableD)feasible85.A)senseB)conscienceC)projectD)definition86.A)ranksB)assetsC)idealsD)rolesPartVITranslation(5minutes)　　Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.

30　　87.Youwouldnothavefailedifyou__________________________(按照我的指令去做).　　88.Despitethehardshipheencountered,Marknever______________(放弃对知识的追求).　　89.Scientistsagreethatitwillbealongtime______________(我们找到治愈癌症的方法).　　90.Productionhastobeincreasedconsiderablyto__________________(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步).91.Themoreexerciseyoutake,________________________(你越不大可能得感冒).2009年6月英语四级考试真题PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutetowriteashortessayonthetopicofstudentsselectingtheirlectures.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbellow:1.越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？2.也会带来一些问题3.你的看法？FreeadmissiontomuseumsNowadays,anincreasingnumberofmuseumsareadmission-freetovisitorshomeandabroad.Thehiddenreasonbehindthisisnothardtoanalyzeasthere’sagrowingawarenessfortheauthoritiesregardingtheurgencyofpopularizationofculture,knowledgeandhistorywitheveryaveragepersoninoursociety.Onlywithfreeaccesstothislive‘database’,canmostpeoplefullyenjoywhatmuseumscouldoffertothem.However,freeadmissiontomuseumsmightleadtosomesocialproblemsaswell.Themostobviousproblemisthatitmightgivemuseumsaveryheavyeconomicburdenwhichdirectlyimpedesthesustainabledevelopmentoftheseorganizations.Asaresult,ourgovernmenthastoworkoutotherwaystocollectfundsfromdifferentchannels,whichmightbedifficulttooperateorcontrol.Ontheotherhand,freeadmissionattractstoomanyvisitors,someofwhichmightnotbewell-purposedanddosomeconsciousorunconsciousdamagetothevaluabletreasureswhichusedtobewell-preservedinthemuseums.Asauniversitystudent,Iaminfavorofthefree-admissionconduct.Yetitisproposedthatsomemeasuresshouldbetakentosolvethepotentialproblemscausedbyit.Forexample,museumscanmakesomeregulationstoguidethebehaviorofvisitorsorsetsome‘closed’daysformuseumsforregularmaintenance.Onlyinthiswaycanfree-admissiontomuseumsbecomealong-lastingphenomenonandhavesustainabledevelopment.PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.HowDoYouSeeDiversity?Asamanager,Tiffanyisresponsibleforinterviewingapplicantsforsomeofthepositionswithhercompany.Duringoneinterview,shenoticedthatthecandidatenevermadedirecteyecontact.Shewaspuzzledandsomewhatdisappointedbecauseshelikedtheindividual

31otherwise.Hehadaperfectresumeandgavegoodresponsestoherquestions,butthefactthatheneverlookedherintheeyesaid“untrustworthy,”soshedecidedtoofferthejobtohersecondchoice.“Itwasn’tuntilIattendedadiversityworkshopthatIrealizedthepersonwepassedoverwastheperfectperson,”Tiffanyconfesses.Whatshehadn’tknownatthetimeoftheinterviewwasthatthecandidate’s“different”behaviorwassimplyaculturalmisunderstanding.HewasanAsian-Americanraisedinahouseholdwhererespectforthoseinauthoritywasshownbyaverting(避开)youreyes.“Iwasjustthrownoffbythelackofyecontact;notrealizingitwascultural,”Tiffanysays.“Imissedout,butwillnotmissthatopportunityagain.”Manyofushavehadsimilarencounterswithbehaviorsweperceiveasdifferent.Astheworldbecomessmallerandourworkplacesmorediverse,itisbecomingessentialtoexpandourunder-standingofothersandtoreexaminesomeofourfalseassumptions.HireAdvantageAtatimewhenhiringqualifiedpeopleisbecomingmoredifficult,employerswhocaneliminateinvalidbiases(偏爱)fromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.Mycompany,MindsetsLLC,helpsorganizationsandindividualsseetheirownblindspots.Arealestaterecruiterweworkedwithillustratesthepositivedifferencesuchtrainingcanmake.“DuringmyMindsetscoachingsession,Iwastaughthowtorecruitadiversifiedworkforce.Irecruitedpeoplefromdifferentculturesandskillsets.Theagentswereabletoutilizetheirfullpotentialandexperiencestobuildupthecompany.Whentherealestatemarketbegantochange,itwasbecausewehadadiverseagentpoolthatwewereabletostayintherealestatemarketmuchlongerthanothersinthesameprofession.”BlindedbyGenderDaleisanaccountexecutivewhoattendedoneofmyworkshopsonsupervisingadiverseworkforce.“Throughoneofthesessions,Idiscoveredmypersonalbias,”herecalls.“IlearnedIhadnotbeenlookingatapersonasawholeperson,andbeingopentodifferences.”Inhiscase,theblindnesswasnotaboutculturebutrathergender.“Ihadamanagementpositionopeninmydepartment;andthetwofinalistswereamanandawoman.HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel.Myreasoningwouldhavebeenthateventhoughbothcandidatesweregreatandcouldhavebeensuccessfulintheposition,Iassumedthewomanwouldhavewantedtobehomewithherchildrenandnottravel.”Dale’sassumptionsareanotherexampleofthewell-intentionedbutincorrectthinkingthatlimitsanorganization’sabilitytotapintothefullpotentialofadiverseworkforce.“Ilearnedfromtheclassthatinsteadofimposingmygenderbiasesintothesituation,Ineededtopresentthefullrangeofduties,responsibilitiesandexpectationstoallcandidatesandallowthemtomakeaninformeddecision.”Dalecreditstheworkshop,“becauseithelpedmemakedecisionsbasedonfairness.”YearoftheKnow-It-AllDougisanothersupervisorwhoattendedoneofmyworkshops.Herecallsamajorlessonlearnedfromhisownemployee.“OneofmymostembarrassingmomentswaswhenIhadaChinese-AmericanemployeeputinarequesttotaketimeofftocelebrateChineseNewYear.Inmyignorance,Iassumedhehadhisdateswrong,asthefirstofJanuaryhadjustpassed.WhenIadvisedhimofthis,Igavehimalongtalking-toaboutturninginrequestsearlywiththeproperdates.“Hepatientlywaited,thenwhenIwasdone,hesaidhewouldlikeChineseNewYeardidnotbeginJanuaryfirst,andthatChineseNewYear,whichistiedtothelunarcycle,isoneofthemostcelebratedholidaysontheChinesecalendar.Needlesstosay,Ifeltveryembarrassedinassuminghehadhisdatesmixedup.ButIlearnedagreatdealaboutassumptions,andthatthetimingofholidaysvariesconsiderablyfromculturetoculture.“AttendingthediversityworkshophelpedmerealizehowmuchIcouldlearnbysimplyaskingquestionsandcreatingdialogueswithmyemployees,ratherthanmakingassumptionsandtryingtobeaknow-it-all,”Dougadmits.“ThebiggestthingItookawayfromtheworkshopislearninghowtobemore‘inclusive’todifferences.”AbetterBottomLineAnopenmindaboutdiversitynotonlyimprovesorganizationsinternally,itisprofitableaswell.Thesecommentsfromacustomer

32servicerepresentativeshowhowaninclusiveattitudecanimprovesales.”MostofmycustomersspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage.Oneofthebestthingsmycompanyhasdoneistocontractwithalanguageservicethatofferstranslationsoverthephone.Itwasn’tuntilmybossreceivedMindsets’trainingthatshewasabletounderstandhowimportantinclusivenesswastocustomerservice.Asresult,ourcustomerbasehasincreased.”Oncewestarttoseepeopleasindividuals.anddiscardthestereotypes,wecanmovepositivelytowardinclusivenessforeveryone.Diversityisaboutcomingtogetherandtakingadvantageofourdifferencesandsimilarities.Itisaboutbuildingbettercommunitiesandorganizationsthatenhanceusasindividualsandreinforceoursharedhumanity.Whenwebegintoquestionourassumptionsandchallengewhatwethinkwehavelearnedfromourpast,fromthemedia,peers,family,friends,etc,webegintorealizethatsomeofourconclusionsareflawed(有缺陷的)orcontrarytoourfundamentalvalues.Weneedtotrainour-selvestothinkdifferently,shiftourmindsetsandrealizethatdiversityopensdoorsforallofus,creatingopportunitiesinorganizationsandcommunitiesthatbenefiteveryone.1.WhatbotheredTiffanyduringaninterviewwithhercandidate?A)Hejustwouldn’tlookherintheeye.B)Hewasslowinansweringherquestions.C)Hisanswerstosomeofherquestionswereirrelevant.D)Hisanswerstosomeofherquestionswereirrelevant.2.Tiffany’smisjudgmentaboutthecandidatestemmedfrom.A)Racialstereotypes.C)Racialstereotypes.B)Invalidpersonalbias.D)Emphasisonphysicalappearance3.Whatisbecomingessentialinthecourseofeconomicglobalizationaccordingtotheauthor?A)Hiringqualifiedtechnicalandmanagementpersonnel.B)Increasingunderstandingofpeopleofothercultures.C)Constantlyupdatingknowledgeandequipment.D)Expandingdomesticandinternationalmarkets.4.WhatkindoforganizationisMindsetsLLC?A)Arealestateagency.C)Aculturalexchangeorganization.B)Apersonneltrainingcompany.D)Ahi-techcompany5.Afteroneoftheworkshops,accountexecutiveDalerealizedthat.A)Hehadhiredthewrongperson.B)Hecouldhavedonemoreforhiscompany.C)Hehadnotmanagedhisworkforcewell.D)Hemustgetridofhisgenderbias.6.WhatdidDalethinkofMindsetsLLC’sworkshop?A)Itwaswell-intentionedbutpoorlyconducted.B)Ittappedintotheexecutives’fullpotential.C)Ithelpedhimmakefairdecisions.D)Itmetparticipants’diverseneeds.7.HowdidDoug,asupervisor,respondtoaChinese-Americanemployee’srequestforleave?A)Hetoldhimtogetthedatesright.C)HeflatlyturneditdownB)Hedemandedanexplanation.D)Hereadilyapprovedit.8.Dougfeltwhenherealizedthathisassumptionwaswrong.9.AfterattendingMindsets’workshops,theparticipantscametoknowtheimportanceoftotheirbusiness.10.Whenweviewpeopleasindividualsandgetridofstereotypes,wecanachievediversityandbenefitfromthebetweenus.

33PartIVReadingComprehension(readingindepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinbankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.EveryyearinthefirstweekofmyEnglishclass,somestudentsinformmethatwrithingistoohard.Theyneverwrite,unlessassignments47it.Theyfinethewritingprocess48anddifficult.Howawfultobeabletospeakinalanguagebutnottowriteinit-49English,withitsrichvocabulary.Beingabletospeakbutnotwriteislikelivinginan50mansion(豪宅)andneverleavingonesmallroom.WhenImeetstudentswhothinktheycan’twrite,Iknowasateachermy51istoshowthemtherestoftherooms.Mytaskistobuildfluencywhileprovidingtheopportunityinherentinanywritingactivityto52themoralandemotionaldevelopmentofmystudents.Onegreatwaytodothisisbyhavingstudentswriteinajournalinclasseveryday.Writingabilityislikestrengthtraining.Writingneedstobedone53,justlikeexercise;justasmusclesgrowstrongerwithexercise,writingskillsimprovequicklywithwritingpractice.Ioftenseeariseinstudentconfidenceand54afteronlyafewweeksofjournalwriting.ExpressingoneselfinwritingisoneofthemostimportantskillsIteachtostrengthenthewholestudent.Whenmystudentspracticejournalwriting,theyarepracticingfortheirfutureacademic,political,and55lives.Theybuildskillssothatsomedaytheymightwriteagreatnovel,apieceofsorelyneededlegislation,ortheperfectloveletter.Everydaythattheywriteintheirjournalsputsthemastep56tofluency,eloquence(雄辩),andcommandoflanguage.A)closerI)painfulB)dailyJ)performanceC)emotionalK)professionD)enhanceL)remarkablyE)enormousM)requireF)especiallyN)sensitiveG)hinderO)urgeH)missionSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheJanuaryfashionshow,calledFutureFashion,exemplifiedhowfargreendesignhascome.OrganizedbytheNewYork-basednonprofitEarthPledge,theshowinspiredmanytopdesignerstoworkwithsustainablefabricsforthefirsttime.Severalhavesincemadepledgestoincludeorganicfabricsintheirlines.Thedesignerswhoundertakegreenfashionstillfacemanychallenges.ScottHahn,cofounderwithGregoryofRoganandLoomstate,whichusesall-organiccotton,sayshigh-qualitysustainablematerialscanstillbetoughtofine.“Mostdesignerswithexistinglabelsarefindingtherearen’tcomparablefabricsthatcanjustreplacewhatyou’redoingandshatyourcustomersareusedto,”hesays.Forexample,organiccottonandnon-organiccottonarevirtuallyindistinguishableoncewovenintoadress.Butsomepopularsynthetics,likestretchnylon,stillhavefeweco-friendlyequivalents.

34Thosewhodomaketheswitcharefindingtheyhavemoresupport.LastyeartheinfluentialtradeshowDesigners&Agentsstoppedchargingitsparticipationfeeforyounggreenentrepreneurs(企业家)whoattenditstwospringtimeshowsinLosAngelesandNewYorkandgavespecialrecognitiontodesignerswhosecollectionsareatleast25%sustainable.Itnowcountsmorethan50greendesigners,upfromfewerthanadozentwoyearsago.ThisweekWal-Martissettoannounceamajorinitiativeaimedathelpingcottonfarmersgoorganic:itwillbuytransitional(过渡型的)cottonathigherprices,thushelpingtoexpandthesupplyofakeysustainablematerial.“Mainstreamisabouttooccur,”saysHahn.Someanalysts(分析师)arelesssure.Amongconsumers,only18%areevenawarethatecofashionexists,upfrom6%fouryearsago.NatalieHormilla,afashionwriter,isanexampleoftheunconvertedconsumer,whenaskedifsheownedanysustainableclothes,shereplied:“NotthatI’mawareof.”Likemostconsumers,shefindslittletimetoshop,andwhenshedoes,she’sonthehuntfor“cutestuffthatisn’ttooexpensive.”Byherownadmission,greenjustisn’tyetonhermind.But–thankstothecombinedeffortsofdesigners,retailersandsuppliers–onedayitwillbe.57.WhatissaidaboutFutureFashion?A)Itinspiredmanyleadingdesignerstostartgoinggreen.B)Itshowedthatdesignersusingorganicfabricswouldgofar.C)Itservedasanexampleofhowfashionshowsshouldbeorganized.D)Itconvincedthepublicthatfashionableclothesshouldbemadedurable.58.AccordingtoScottHahn,onebigchallengetodesignerswhowillgoorganicisthat.A)muchmoretimeisneededtofinishadressusingsustainablematerials.B)theyhavetocreatenewbrandsforclothesmadeoforganicmaterials.C)customershavedifficultytellingorganicfromnon-organicmaterials.D)qualityorganicreplacementsforsyntheticsarenotreadilyavailable.59.WelearnfromParagraph3thatdesignerswhoundertakegreenfashion.A)canattendvarioustradeshowsfree.B)arereadilyrecognizedbythefashionworldC)canbuyorganiccottonatfavorableprices.D)aregainingmoreandmoresupport.60.WhatisNatalieHormilla’sattitudetowardecofashion?A)Shedoesn’tseemtocareaboutit.C)Sheisdoubtfulofitspracticalvalue.B)Shedoesn’tthinkitissustainableD)Sheisverymuchopposedtotheidea61.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofgreenfashion?A)Greenproductswillsoongomainstream.B)Ithasaverypromisingfuture.C)Consumershavethefinalsay.D)Itwillappealmoretoyoungpeople.PassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Scientistshavedevisedawaytodetermineroughlywhereapersonhaslivedusingastrand(缕)ofhair,atechniquethatcouldhelptrackthemovementsofcriminalsuspectsorunidentifiedmurdervictims.Themethodreliesonmeasuringhowchemicalvariationsindrinkingwatershowupinpeople’shair.“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink,andthat’srecordedinyouhair,”saidThureCerling,ageologistattheUniversityofUtah.WhileU.Sdietisrelativelyidentical,watersuppliesvary.Thedifferencesresultfromweatherpatterns.Thechemicalcompositionofrainfallchangesslightlyasraidcloudsmove.Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes(同位素).Theheaviestraidfallsfirst.Asaresult,stormsthatformoverthePacificdeliverheavierwatertoCaliforniathantoUtah.

35SimilarpatternsexistthroughouttheU.S.Bymeasuringtheproportionofheavierhydrogenandoxygenisotopesalongastrandofhair,scientistscanconstructageographictimeline.Eachinchofhaircorrespondstoabouttwomonths.Cerling’steamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionaldifferences.Theycheckedtheaccuracyofthemapbytesting200hairsamplescollectedfrom65barbershops.Theywereabletoaccuratelyplacethehairsamplesinbroadregionsroughlycorrespondingtothemovementofraidsystems.“It’snotgoodforpinpointing(精确定位),”Cerlingsaid.“It’sgoodforeliminatingmanypossibilities.”ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.Thewomanwas5feettall.Policerecovered26bones,aT-shirtandseveralstrandsofhair.WhenParkheardabouttheresearch,hegavethehairsamplestotheresearchers.Chemicaltestingshowedthatoverthetwoyearsbeforeherdeath,shemovedabouteverytwomonths.ShestayedintheNorthwest,althoughthetestcouldnotbemorespecificthansomewherebetweeneasternOregonandwesternWyoming.“It’sstillasubstantialarea,”Parksaid“Butitnarrowsitwaydownforme.”62.Whatisthescientists’newdiscovery?A)One’shairgrowthhastodowiththeamountofwatertheydrink.B)Aperson’shairmayrevealwheretheyhavelived.C)Hairanalysisaccuratelyidentifiescriminalsuspects.D)Thechemicalcompositionofhairvariesfrompersontoperson.63.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“You’rewhatyoueatanddrink”(Line1,Para.3)?A)Foodanddrinkaffectone’spersonalitydevelopment.B)Foodanddrinkpreferencesvarywithindividuals.C)Foodanddrinkleavetracesinone’sbodytissues.D)Foodanddrinkareindispensabletoone’sexistence.64.WhatissaidabouttherainfallinAmerica’sWest?A)ThereismuchmorerainfallinCaliforniathaninUtah.B)Thewateritdeliversbecomeslighterwhenitmovesinland.C)Itschemicalcompositionislessstablethaninotherareas.D)Itgathersmorelightisotopesasitmoveseastward.65.WhatdidCerling’steamproduceintheirresearch?A)Amapshowingtheregionaldifferencesoftapwater.B)Acollectionofhairsamplesfromvariousbarbershops.C)Amethodtomeasuretheamountofwaterinhumanhair.D)Achartillustratingthemovementoftherainsystem.66.WhatisthepracticalvalueofCerling’sresearch?A)Ithelpsanalyzethequalityofwaterindifferentregions.B)Ithelpsthepolicedeterminewhereacrimeiscommitted.C)Ithelpsthepolicenarrowdownpossibilitiesindetectivework.D)Ithelpsidentifythedrinkinghabitsofthepersonunderinvestigation.PartVCloze(15minutes)KimiyukiSudashouldbeaperfectcustomerforJapan’scar-makers.He’sayoung,successfulexecutiveatanInternet-servicescompanyinTokyoandhasplentyofdisposable67.HeusedtoownToyota’sHiluxSurf,asportutilityvehicle.Butnowheuses68subwaysandgrains.“It’snotinconvenientatall,”hesays69,“havingacarisso20thcentury.”Sudareflectsaworrisome70inJapan;theautomobileislosingitsemotionalappeal,71amongtheyoung,whoprefertospendtheirmoneyonthelatestelectronicdevices.72mini-carsandluxuryforeignbrandsarestillpopular,everythinginbetweenis73.Lastyearssalesfell6.7percent,7.6percent67.A)profitC)incomeB)paymentD)budget68.A)mostlyC)occasionallyB)partiallyD)rarely69.A)ThereforeC)OtherwiseB)BesidesD)Consequently70.A)driftC)currentB)tideD)trend71.A)remarkablyC)speciallyB)essentiallyD)particularly72.A)WhileC)WhenB)BecauseD)Since73.A)surgingC)slippingB)stretchingD)shaking

36theyoung,whoprefertuspendtheirmoneyonthelatestB)essentiallyD)particularlyelectronicdevices.72＿mini-carsandluxuryforeign72.A)WhileC)Whenbrandsarestillpopular,everythinginbetweenisB)BecauseD)Since73—.Lastyearssalesfell6.7percent,7.6percent73.A)surgingC)slipping74.A)unlessC)asB)ifD)after75.A)lowerC)broaderB)slighterD)larger76.A)liabletoC)thankstoB)intermsofD)inviewof77.A)uniqueC)mysteriousB)similarD)strange78.A)overC)onB)againstD)behind79.A)messC)growthB)boomD)decay80.A)proceededC)launchedB)relievedD)revised81.A)quickeningC)strengtheningB)wideningD)lengthening82.A)averageC)abundantB)massiveD)general83.A)labelsC)vehiclesB)cyclesD)devices84.A)orC)butB)untilD)then85.A)concludesC)reckonsB)predictsD)prescribes86.A)distantC)temporaryB)likelyD)immediateB)stretchingD)shaking74youdon’tcountthemini-carmarket.Therehavebeen75one-yeardropsinothernations:salesinGermanyfell9percentin200776ataxincrease.ButexpertssayJapanis77inthatsaleshavebeendecreasingsteadily78time.Since1990,yearlynew-carsaleshavefallenfrom7.8millionto5.4millionunitsin2007.Alarmedbythisstateof79,theJapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(JAMA)80acomprehensivestudyofthemarketin2006.Itfoundthata81wealthgap,demographic(人口结构的)changesand82lackofinterestincarsledJapanesetoholdtheir83longer,replacetheircarswithsmallerones84giveupcarownershipaltogether.JAMA85afurthersalesdeclineof1.2percentthisyear.Someexpertsbelievethatifthetrendcontinuesformuchlonger,furtherconsolidation(合并)intheautomotivesectoris86.PartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.87.Soonafterhetransferredtothenewschool,Alifoundthathehad(很难跟上班里的同学)inmathandEnglish.88.Ifshehadreturnedanhourearlier,Mary(就不会被大雨淋湿了).89.Itissaidthatthosewhoarestressedorworkingovertimeare(更有可能增加体重).90.(很多人所没有意识到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports.andfootballinparticular.91.Thestudyshowsthatthepoorfunctioningofthehumanbodyis(与缺乏锻炼密切相关)2008年12月大学英语四级考试真题PartIWriting（30minutes）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledLimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBag.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

371.一次性塑料袋的使用2.使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题3.限制一次性塑料袋的意义LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBag________________________________________________________________________________________________PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.That’senough,kidsItwasalovelydayattheparkandStellaBianchiwasenjoyingthesunshinewithhertwochildrenwhenayoungboy,agedaboutfour,approachedhertwo-year-oldsonandpushedhimtotheground.“I’dwatchedhimforalittlewhileandmysonwasthefourthorfifthchildhe’dshoved,”shesays.”Iwentovertothem,pickedupmyson,turnedtotheboyandsaid,firmly,’No,wedon’tpush,”Whathappenednextwasunexpected.“Theboy’smotherrantowardmefromacrossthepark,”Stellasays,”Ithoughtshewascomingovertoapologize,butinsteadshestartedshoutingatmefordiscipliningherchild,AllIdidwaslethimknowhisbehaviorwasunacceptable.WasIsupposedtositbackwhileherkiddidwhateverhewanted,hurtingotherchildrenintheprocess?”Gettingyourownchildrentoplayniceisdifficultenough.Dealingwithotherpeople’schildrenhasbecomeaminefield.Inmyhouse,jumpingonthesofaisnotallowed.Inmysister’shouseit’sencouraged.Forher,it’saboutkidsbeingkids:“Ifyoucan’tdoitatthree,whencanyoudoit?”Eachofthesephilosophiesisvalidand,ithastobesaid,mysonlovesvisitinghisaunt’shouse.ButIfindmyselfsaying“no”alotwhenherkidsareoveratmine.That’sOKbetweensistersbutbecomesdangerousterritorywhenyou’retalkingtothechildrenoffriendsoracquaintances.“Kidsaren’tallraisedthesame,”agreesProfessorNaomiWhiteofMonashUniversity.”Butthereisstillanideathatthey’rethepropertyoftheparent.Weseeourchildrenasanextensionofourselves,soifyou’resayingthatmychildisbehavinginappropriately,thenthat’ssomehowacriticismofme.”Inthosecircumstances,it’sdifficulttoknowwhethertoapproachthechilddirectlyortheparentfirst.Therearetwoschoolsofthought.“I’dgotothechildfirst,”saysAndrewFuller,authorofTrickyKids.Usuallyaquietreminderthat’wedon’tdothathere’isenough.Kidsnavefinelytunedantennae(直觉)forhowtobehaveindifferentsettings.”Hepointsoutbringingitupwiththeparentfirstmaymakethemfeelneglectful,whichcouldcauseproblems.Ofcourse,approachingthechildfirstcanbringitsownheadaches,too.ThisiswhyWhiterecommendsthatyouapproachtheparentsfirst.Raiseyourconcernswiththeparentsifthey’rethereandaskthemtodealwithit,”shesays.Askedhowtoapproachaparentinthissituation,psychologistMeredithFulleranswers:“Explainyourneedsaswellasstressingtheimportanceofthefriendship.Prefaceyourremarkswithsomethinglike:’Iknowyou’llthinkI’msillybutinmyhouseIdon’twant…’”Whenitcomestosituationswhereyou’recaringforanotherchild,whiteisstraightforward:“commonsensemustprevail.Ifthingsdon’tgowell,thenhaveachat.”There’reacoupleofnewgreyareas.Physicalpunishment,onceacceptedfromanyadult,isnolongerappropriate.“Anewsetofconsiderationshascometotheforeaspartofthedebateabouthowwehandlechildren.”ForAndrewFuller,thechild-centricnatureofoursocietyhasaffectedeveryone:”Therulesaredifferentnowfromwhentoday’sparentsweregrowingup,”hesays,“Adultsarescaredofsaying:’don’tswear’,oraskingachildtostanduponabus.They’reworriedthattherewillbeconflictiftheypointthesethingsout–eitherfromolderchildren,ortheirparents.”Heseesitasalossofthesenseofcommonpublicgoodandpubliccourtesy(礼貌),andsaysthatadultssufferformitasmuchaschild.MeredithFulleragrees:“Acodeofconductishardtocreatewhenyou’relivinginaworldinwhicheveryoneisexhaustedfromoverwork

38andlackofsleep,andaworldinwhichnicepeopleareperceivedtofinishlast.”“It’saboutwhatI’mdoingandwhatIneed,”AndrewFullersays.”thedayswhenakidcamehomefromschoolandsaid,“Igotintotrouble”.Anddadsaid,‘youprobablydeservedit’.Areover.Nowtheparentsarecharginguptotheschooltohaveagoatteachers.”Thisjumpingtoourchildren’sdefenseispartofwhatfuelsthe“walkingoneggshells”feelingthatsurroundsourdealingswithotherpeople’schildren.Youknowthatifyouremonstrate(劝诫)withthechild,you’regoingtohavetodealwiththeparent.It’sadmirabletobeprotectiveofourkids,butisitgood?“Childrenhavetolearntonegotiatetheworldontheirown,withinreasonableboundaries,”Whitesays.“Isuspectthatit’sonlycertainsectorsofthepopulationdoingtherunningtotheschool–better–educatedparentsareprobablymorelikelytobetooinvolved.”Whitebelievesournotionsofamorechild-centered,it’awayoftalkingabouttreatingourchildrenlikecommodities(商品).We’recenteredonthembutinwaysthatreflectpositivelyonus.Wetreatthemasobjectswhoseappearanceandachievementsaresomethingwecanbeproudof,ratherthanservethebestinterestsofthechildren.”Onewayover-worked,under-resourcedparentsshowcommitmenttotheirchildrenistoleaptotheirdefence.Backatthepark,Bianchi’intervention(干预)onherson’behalfendedinanundignifiedexchangeofinsultingwordswiththeotherboy’mother.AsBianchiapproachedtheparkbenchwhereshe’dbeensitting,othermumscameuptoherandcongratulatedherontakingastand.“Apparentlytheboyhadalongstandingreputationforbadbehaviourandhismumforevenworsebehaviourifhewaschallenged.”AndrewFullerdoesn’tbelievethatweshouldbeafraidofdealingwithotherpeople’skids.“lookatkidsthataren’tyourownasapotentialminefield,”hesays.Herecommendsthatwedon’tstaysilentoverinappropriatebehaviour,particularlywithregularvisitors.1.WhatdidStellaBianchiexpecttheyoungboy’smothertodowhenshetalkedtohim?A)makeanapologyB)comeovertointerveneC)disciplineherownboyD)takeherownboyaway2.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdealingwithotherpeople’schildren?A)it’simportantnottohurttheminanywayB)it’snousetryingtostoptheirwrongdoingC)it’sadvisabletotreatthemasone’sownkidsD)it’spossibleforonetogetintolotsoftrouble3.AccordingtoprofessorNaomiwhiteofMonashuniversity,whenone’skidsarecriticized,theirparentswillprobablyfeel___________________________A)discouragedB)hurtC)puzzledD)overwhelmed4.Whatshouldonedowhenseeingotherpeople’skidsmisbehaveaccordingtoAndrewfuller?A)talktothemdirectlyinamildwayB)complaintotheirparentspolitelyC)simplyleavethemaloneD)punishthemlightly5.Duetothechild-centricnatureofoursociety,______________________A)parentsareworriedwhentheirkidsswearatthemB)peoplethinkitimpropertocriticizekidsinpublicC)peoplearereluctanttopointourkids’wrongdoingsD)manyconflictsarisebetweenparentsandtheirkids6.Inaworldwhereeveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,____________________________

39A)it’seasyforpeopletobecomeimpatientB)it’sdifficulttocreateacodeofconductC)it’simportanttobefriendlytoeverybodyD)it’shardforpeopletoadmireeachother7.Howdidpeopleusetorespondwhentheirkidsgotintotroubleatschool?A)they’dquestiontheteachersB)they’dchargeuptotheschoolC)they’dtellthekidstoclamdownD)They’dputtheblameontheirkids8.Professorwhitebelievesthatthenotionsofamorechild-centredsocietyshouldbe____________________9.Accordingtoprofessorwhite,today’sparentstreattheirchildrenassomethingthey___________________10.Andrewfullersuggeststhat,whenkidsbehaveinappropriately,peopleshouldnot______________________PartIVReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（25minutes）SectionAQuestion47-56Abooklesslifeisanincompletelife.Booksinfluencethedepthandbreadthoflife.Theymeetthenatural______47_____forfreedom,forexpression,forcreativityandbeautyoflife.Learners,therefore,musthavebooks,andtherighttypeofbook,forthesatisfactionoftheirneed.Readersturn______48_____tobooksbecausetheircuriosityconcerningallmannersofthings,theireagernesstoshareintheexperiencesofothersandtheirneedto____49_____fromtheirownlimitedenvironmentleadthemtofindinbooksfoodforthemindandthespirit.Throughtheirreadingtheyfindadeepersignificancetolifeasbooksacquaintthemwithlifeintheworldasitwasanditisnow.Theyarepresentedwitha__50_____ofhumanexperiencesandcometo___51____otherwaysofthoughtandliving.Andwhile____52____theirownrelationshipsandresponsestolife,thereadersoftenfindthatthe___53__intheirstoriesaregoingthroughsimilaradjustments,whichhelptoclarifyandgivesignificancetotheirown.Booksprovide___54____materialforreaders’imaginationtogrow.Imaginationisavaluablequalityandamotivatingpower,andstimulatesachievement.Whileenrichingtheirimagination,books__55____theiroutlook,developafact-findingattitudeandtrainthemtouseleisure___56___.Thesocialandeducationalsignificanceofthereaders’bookscannotbeoverestimatedinanacademiclibrary.A.AbundantB.CharactersC.CommunicatingD.CompletelyE.DeriveF.DesireG.DiversityH.EscapeI.EstablishingJ.NarrowK.NaturallyL.PersonnelM.ProperlyN.RespectO.WidenSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouareamaleandyouarereadingthis,congratulations:youareasurvivor.Accordingtostatistics.youaremorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancerthanawoman,andninetimesmorelikelytodieofAIDS.Assumingyoumakeittotheendofyournaturalterm,about78yearsformeninAustralia,youwilldieonaveragefiveyearsbeforeawoman.Therearemanyreasonsforthis-typically,mentakemorerisksthanwomanandaremorelikelytodrinkandsmokebutperhapsmoreimportantly,mendon’tgotothedoctor.“Menaren’tseeingdoctorsasoftenastheyshould,”saysDr.Gullotta,“Thisisparticularlysofortheover-40s,whendiseasestendtostrike.”Gullottasaysahealthymanshouldvisitthedoctoreveryyearortwo.Forthoseover45,itshouldbeatleastonceayear.

40TwomonthsagoGullottasawa50-year-oldmawhohaddelayeddoinganythingabouthissmoker’scoughforayear.“WhenIfinallysawhimithadalreadyspreadandhehassincediedfromlungcancer”hesays,“Earlierdetectionandtreatmentmaynothavecuredhim,butitwouldhaveprolongedthislife”Accordingtoarecentsurvey,95%ofwomenagedbetween15andearly40sseeadoctoronceayear,comparedto70%ofmeninthesameagegroup.“Alotofmenthinktheyareinvincible（不可战胜的）”Gullottasays“Theyonlycomeinwhenafrienddropsdeadonthegolfcourseandtheythink”Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim.Thenthereistheostrichapproach,”somemenarescaredofwhatmightbethereandwouldrathernotknow,”saysDr.RossCartmill.“Mostmengettheircarsservicedmoreregularlythantheyservicetheirbodies,”Cartmillsays.Hebelievesmostdiseasesthatcommonlyaffectmencouldbeaddressedbypreventivecheck-ups.Regularcheck-upsformenwouldinevitablyplacestrainonthepublicpurse,Cartmillsays.”Butpreventionischeaperinthelongrunthanhavingtotreatthediseases.Besides,theultimatecostisfargreater:itiscalledprematuredeath.”57.Whydoestheauthorcongratulatehismalereadersatthebeginningofthepassage?A.Theyaremorelikelytosurviveseriousdiseasestoday.B.Theiraveragelifespanhasbeenconsiderablyextended.C.Theyhavelivedlongenoughtoreadthisarticle.D.Theyaresuretoenjoyalongerandhappierlive.58.Whatdoestheauthorstateisthemostimportantreasonmendiefiveyearsearlieronaveragethanwomen?A.mendrinkandsmokemuchmorethanwomenB.mendon’tseekmedicalcareasoftenaswomenC.menaren’tascautionsaswomeninfaceofdangerD.menaremorelikelytosufferfromfataldiseases59.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthesentence“Geez,ifitcouldhappentohim…’(line2,para,8)?A.itcouldhappentome,tooB.IshouldavoidplayinggolfC.IshouldconsidermyselfluckyD.itwouldbeabigmisfortune60whatdoesDr.RossCartmillmeanby“theostrichapproach”(lineqpara.9)A.acasualattitudetowardsone’shealthconditionsB.anewtherapyforcertainpsychologicalproblemsC.refusaltogetmedicaltreatmentforfearofthepaininvolvedD.unwillingnesstofindoutaboutone’sdiseasebecauseoffear61.WhatdoesCartmillsayaboutregularcheck-upsformen?A.TheymayincreasepublicexpensesB.TheywillsavemoneyinthelongrunC.TheymaycausepsychologicalstrainsonmenD.TheywillenablementoliveaslongaswomenPassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.High-qualitycustomerserviceispreached(宣扬)bymany,butactuallykeepingcustomershappyiseasiersaidthandoneShoppersseldomcomplaintothemanagerorownerofaretailstore,butinsteadwillalerttheirfriends,relatives,co-workers,strangers-andanyonewhowilllisten.Storemanagersareoftenthelasttohearcomplaints,andoftenfindoutonlywhentheirregularcustomersdecidetfrequenttheircompetitors,accordingtoastudyjointlyconductedbyVerdegroupandWhartonschool

41“Storytellinghurtsretailersandentertainsconsumers,”saidPaulaCourtney,PresidentoftheVerdegroup.”thestorelosesthecustomer,buttheshoppermustalsofindareplacement.”Onaverage,everyunhappycustomerwillcomplaintoatleastfourother,andwillnolongervisitthespecificstoreforeverydissatisfiedcustomer,astorewillloseuptothreemoreduetonegativereviews.Theresulting“snowballeffect”canbedisastroustoretailers.Accordingtotheresearch,shopperswhopurchasedclothingencounteredthemostproblems.rankedsecondandthirdweregroceryandelectronicscustomers.Themostcommoncomplaintsincludefilledparkinglots,cluttered(塞满了的)shelves,overloadedracks,out-of-stockitems,longcheck-outlines,andrudesalespeople.Duringpeakshoppinghours,someretailerssolvedtheparkingproblemsbygettingmoonlighting（业余兼职的）localpolicetoworkasparkingattendants.Somehiredflagwaverstodirectcustomerstoemptyparkingspaces.Thisguidanceeliminatedtheneedforcustomerstocircletheparkinglotendlessly,andavoidedconfrontationbetweenthoseeyeingthesameparkingspace.Retailerscanrelievetheheadachesbyredesigningstorelayouts,pre-stockingsalesitems,hiringspeedyandexperiencedcashiers,andhavingsalesrepresentativesonhandtoanswerquestions.Mostimportantly,salespeopleshouldbediplomaticandpolitewithangrycustomers.“Retailerswho’reresponsiveandfriendlyaremorelikelytosmoothoverissuesthanthosewhoaren’tsofriendly.”saidProfessorStephenHoch.“Maybesomethingassimpleasagreeteratthestoreentrancewouldhelp.”Customerscanalsoimprovefutureshoppingexperiencesbyfilingcomplaintstotheretailer,insteadofcomplainingtotherestoftheworld.Retailersarehard-pressedtoimprovewhentheyhavenoideawhatiswrong.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答62.Whyarestoremanagersoftenthelasttohearcomplaints?AMostcustomerswon’tbothertocomplaineveniftheyhavehadunhappyexperiences.BCustomerswouldratherrelatetheirunhappyexperiencestopeoplearoundthem.CFewcustomersbelievetheservicewillbeimproved.DCustomershavenoeasyaccesstostoremanagers.63.WhatdoesPaulaCourtneyimplybysaying“…theshoppermustalsofindareplacement”(Line2,Para.4)?ANewcustomersareboundtoreplaceoldones.BItisnotlikelytheshoppercanfindthesameproductsinotherstores.CMoststoresprovidethesameDNotcomplainingtothemanagercausestheshoppersometroubletoo.64.Shopownersoftenhiremoonlightingpoliceasparkingattendantssothatshoppers_____AcanstaylongerbrowsinginthestoreBwon’thavetroubleparkingtheircarsCwon’thaveanyworriesaboutsecurityDcanfindtheircarseasilyaftershopping65.Whatcontributesmosttosmoothingoverissueswithcustomers?AMannersofthesalespeopleBHiringofefficientemployeesCHugesupplyofgoodsforsaleDDesignofthestorelayout.66.Toachievebettershoppingexperiences,customersareadvisedto_________.AexertpressureonstorestoimprovetheirserviceBsettletheirdisputeswithstoresinadiplomaticwayCvoicetheirdissatisfactiontostoremanagersdirectlyDshoparoundandmakecomparisonsbetweenstores

42PartVCloze（15minutes）Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PlayingorganizedsportsissuchacommonexperienceintheUnitedStatesthatmanychildrenandteenagersthatthemforgranted.Thisisespeciallytrue__67__childrenfromfamiliesandcommunitiesthathavetheresourcesneededtoorganizeand__68__sportsprogramsandmakesurethatthereiseasy__69__toparticipationopportunities.Childreninlow-incomefamiliesandpoorcommunitiesare__70__likelytotakeorganizedyouthsportsforgrantedbecausetheyoften__71__theresourcesneededtopayforparticipation__72__,equipment,andtransportationtopracticesandgames__73__theircommunitiesdonothaveresourcestobuildand__74__sportsfieldsandfacilities.Organizedyouthsports__75__appearedduringtheearly20thcenturyintheUnitedStatesandotherwealthynations.Theywereoriginallydeveloped__76__someeducatorsanddevelopmentalexperts__77__thatthebehaviorandcharacterofchildrenwere__78__influencedbytheirsocialsurroundingandeverydayexperiences.This__79__manypeopletobelievethatifyoucouldorganizetheexperiencesofchildrenin__80__ways,youcouldinfluencethekindsofadultsthatthosechildrenwouldbecome.Thisbeliefthatthesocial__81__influencedaperson’soveralldevelopmentwasvery__82__topeopleinterestedinprogressandreformintheUnitedStates__83__thebeginningofthe20thcentury.Itcausedthemtothinkabout__84__theymightcontroltheexperiencesofchildrento__85__responsibleandproductiveadults.Theybelievedstronglythatdemocracydependedonresponsibilityandthata__86__capitalisteconomydependedontheproductivityofworker.67.A.amongB.withinC.onD.towards68.A.spreadB.speedC.spurD.sponsor69.A.accessB.entranceC.chanceD.route70.A.littleB.lessC.moreD.much71.A.shrinkB.tightenC.limitD.lack72.A.billBaccountsC.feesD.fare73.A.soB.asC.andD.but74.A.maintainB.sustainC.containD.entertain75.A.lastB.firstC.laterD.finally76.A.beforeB.whileC.untilD.when77.A.realizedB.recalledC.expectedD.exhibited78.A.specificallyB.excessivelyC.stronglyD.exactly79.A.movedB.conductedC.putD.led80.A.preciseB.preciousC.particularD.peculiar81.A.engagementB.environmentC.stateD.status82.A.encouragingB.disappointingC.upsettingD.surprising83.A.forB.withC.overD.at84.A.whatB.howC.whateverD.however85.A.multiplyB.manufactureC.produceD.provide86.A.growingB.breedingC.raisingD.flyingPartⅥTranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.87.Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems______________(他们至今还没有答案)88.______________________(大多数父母所关心的)isprovidingthebesteducationpossiblefortheirchildren.89.You’dbettertakeasweaterwithyou_____________________________________________(以防天气变冷)90.Throughttheproject,manypeoplehavereceivedtrainingand__________________________(决定自己创业)91.Theanti-virusagentwasnotknown___________________________________(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)

432008年6月大学英语四级考试真题PartIWriting(30minutes)RecreationalActivitiesDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteALetterofApologyaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)MediaSelectionforAdvertisementsAfterdeterminingthetargetaudienceforaproductorservice,advertisingagenciesmustselecttheappropriatemediafortheadvertisement.Wediscussherethemajortypesofmediausedinadvertising.Wefocusonattentiononseventypesofadvertising:television,newspapers,radio,magazines,out-of-home,Internet,anddirectmail.TelevisionTelevisioninanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencestoadvertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshowWhoWantstoBeaMillionaire?youcanunderstandthepoweroftelevisiontocommunicatewithalargeaudience.Whenadvertiserscreateabrand,forexample,theywanttoimpressconsumerswiththebrandanditsimage.Televisionprovidesanidealvehicleforthistypeofcommunication.Buttelevisionisanexpensivemedium,andnotalladvertiserscanaffordtouseit.Television’sinfluenceonadvertisingisfourfold.First,narrowcastingmeansthattelevisionchannelsareseenbyanincreasinglynarrowsegmentoftheaudience.theGolfChannel,forinstance,iswatchedbypeoplewhoplaygolf.HomeandGardenTelevisionisseenbythoseinterestedinhouseholdimprovementprojects.Thus,audiencesaresmallerandmorehomogeneous(具有共同特点的)thantheyhavebeeninthepast.Second,thereisanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionchannelsavailabletoviewers,andthus,advertisers.Thishadalsoresultedinanincreaseinthesheernumberofadvertisementstowhichaudiencesareexposed.Third,digitalrecordingdevicesallowaudiencemembersmorecontroloverwhichcommercialstheywatch.Fourth,controloverprogrammingisbeingpassedfromthenetworkstolocalcableoperatorsandsatelliteprogrammers.NewspapersAftertelevision,themediumattractingthenextlargestannualasrevenueisnewspapers.TheNewYorkTimes,whichreachesanationalaudience,accountsfor$1billioninadrevenueannually.Ithasincreaseditsnationalcirculation(发行量)by40%andisnowavailableforhomedeliveryin168cities.Locally,newspapersarethelargestadvertisingmedium.Newspapersarealessexpensiveadvertisingmediumthantelevisionandprovideawayforadvertiserstocommunicatealonger,moredetailedmessagetotheiraudiencethantheycanthroughtelevision.Givennewproductiontechniques,advertisementscanbeprintedinabout48hours,meaningnewspapersarealsoaquickwayofgettingthemessageout.Newspapersareoftenthemostimportantformofnewsforalocalcommunity,andtheydevelopahighdegreeofloyaltyfromlocalreaders.RadioAdvertisingonradiocontinuestogrow.Radioisoftenusedinconjunctionwithoutdoorbill-boards(广告牌)andtheInternettoreachevenmorecustomersthantelevision.Advertisersarelikelytouseradiobecauseitisalessexpensivemediumthantelevision,whichmeansadvertiserscanaffordtorepeattheiradsoften.Internetcompaniesarealsoturningtoradioadvertising.Radioprovidesawayforadvertiserstocommunicatewithaudiencemembersatalltimesoftheday.Consumerslistentoradioontheirwaytoschoolorwork,atwork,onthewayhome,andintheeveninghours.Twomajorchanges—satelliteandInternetradio—willforceradioadvertiserstoadapttheirmethods.Bothoftheseradioformsallowlistenerstotuneinstationsthataremoredistantthanthelocalstationstheycouldreceiveinthepast.Asaresult,radiowillincreasinglyattracttargetaudienceswholivemanymilesapart.MagazinesNewsweeklies,women’stitles,andbusinessmagazineshaveallseenincreasesinadvertisingbecausetheyattractthehigh-endmarket.Magazinesarepopularwithadvertisersbecauseofthenarrowmarketthattheydeliver.Abroadcastmediumsuchasnetworktelevisionattractsalltypesofaudiencemembers,butmagazineaudiencesaremorehomogeneous.IfyoureadSportsIllustrated,forexample,youhavesuchincommonwiththemagazine’sotherreaders.Advertisersseemagazinesasanefficientwayofreachingtargetaudiencemembers.Advertisersusingtheprintmedia—magazinesandnewspapers—willneedtoadapttotwomainchanges.First,theInternetwillbringlargeraudiencestolocalnewspapers.Theseaudienceswillbemorediverseandgeographicallydispersed(分散)thaninthepast.Second,advertiserswillhavetounderstandhowtouseanincreasingnumberofmagazinesfortheirtargetaudiences.Althoughsomemagazineswillmaintainnationalaudiences,alargenumberofmagazineswillentertainnarroweraudiences.Out-of-homeadvertisingOut-of-homeadvertising,alsocalledplace-basedadvertising,hasbecomeanincreasinglyeffectivewayofreachingconsumers,whoaremoreactivethaneverbefore.Manyconsumerstodaydonotsitathomeandwatchtelevision.Usingbillboards,newsstands,andbussheltersforadvertisingisaneffectivewayofreachingtheseon-the-goconsumers.Moreconsumerstravellongerdistancestoandfromwork,whichalsomakesout-of-homeadvertisingeffective.Technologyhaschangedthenatureofthebillboardbusiness,makingitamoreeffectivemediumthaninthepast.Usingthedigitalprinting,billboardcompaniescanprintabillboardin2hours,comparedwith6dayspreviously.Thisallowsadvertisersmorevarietyinthetypesofmessagestheycreatebecausetheycanchangetheirmessagesmorequickly.InternetAsconsumersbecomemorecomfortablewithonlineshopping,advertiserswillseektoreachthismarket.AsconsumersgetmoreoftheirnewsandinformationfromtheInternet,theabilityoftelevisionandradiotogetthewordouttoconsumerswilldecrease.Thechallengeto

44Internetadvertisersistocreateadsthataudiencemembersremember.Internetadvertisingwillplayamoreprominentroleinorganizations’advertisinginthenearfuture.Internetaudiencestendtobequitehomogeneous,butsmall.Advertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachtheseaudiencesandwillhavetoadapttheirpersuasivestrategiestotheinlinemediumaswell.DirectmailAfinaladvertisingmediumisdirectmail,whichusesmailingstoconsumerstocommunicateaclient’smessage.Directmailincludesnewsletters,postcards,andspecialpromotion.Directmailisaneffectivewaytobuildrelationshipswithconsumers.Formanybusinesses,directmailisthemosteffectiveformofadvertising.1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat________.A)ithaslargeaudiencesB)itappealstohousewivesC)ithelpsbuildupacompany’sreputationD)itisaffordabletomostadvertisers2.WiththeincreaseinthenumberofTVchannels,________.A)thecostofTVadvertisinghasdecreasedB)thenumberofTVviewershasincreasedC)advertisers’interestinothermediahasdecreasedD)thenumberofTVadspeoplecanseehasincreased3.Comparewithtelevision,newspapersasanadvertisingmedium_______.A)earnalargerannualadrevenueB)conveymoredetailedmessagesC)usemoreproductiontechniquesD)getmessagesoutmoreeffectively4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_______.A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetupB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumersD)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradio5.Magazinesareseenbyadvertisersasanefficientwayto_______.A)reachtargetaudiencesB)appealtoeducatedpeopleC)attractdiverseaudiencesD)conveyallkindsofmessages6.Out-of-homeadvertisinghasbecomemoreeffectivebecause_______.A)billboardscanbereplacedwithintwohoursB)consumerstravelmorenowthaneverbeforeC)suchadshavebeenmademuchmoreattractiveD)thepaceofurbanlifeismuchfasternowadays7.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthatare________.A)quicktoupdateB)pleasanttolookatC)easytorememberD)convenienttoaccess8.Internetadvertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachaudiencesthattendtobe_______.9.Directmailisaneffectiveformofadvertisingforbusinesstodevelop________.10.Thispassagediscusseshowadvertisersselect________foradvertisements.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionASomeyearsagoIwasofferedawritingassignmentthatwouldrequirethreemonthsoftravelthroughEurope.Ihadbeenabroadacoupleoftimes,butIcouldhardly_47_toknowmywayaroundthecontinent.Moreover,myknowledgeofforeignlanguageswas_48_toalittlecollegeFrench.Ihesitated.HowwouldI,unabletospeakthelanguage,_49_unfamiliarwithlocalgeographyortransportationsystems,setup_50_anddoresearch?Itseemedimpossible,andwithconsiderable_51_Isatdowntowritealetterbeggingoff.Halfwaythrough,athoughtcanthroughmymind:youcanlearnifyoudon’ttry.SoIacceptedtheassignment.Thereweresomebad_52_.ButbythetimeIhadfinishedthetripIwasanexperiencedtraveler.Andeversince,Ihaveneverhesitatedtoheadforeventhemostremoteofplaces,withoutguidersoreven_53_bookings,confidentthatsomehowIwillmanage.Thepointisthatthenew,thedifferent,isalmostbydefinition_54_.Buteachtimeyoutrysomething,youlearn,andasthelearningpilesup,theworldopenstoyou.I’velearnedtoskiat40,andflownuptheRhineRiverina_55_.AndIknowI’llgoondoingsuchthings.It’snotbecauseI’mbraverormoredaringthanothers.I’mnot.ButI’llacceptanxietyasanothernameforchallengeandIbelieveIcan_56_wonders.A)accomplishB)advancedC)balloonD)claimE)constantlyF)declareG)interviewsH)limitedI)manufactureJ)momentsK)newsL)reducedM)regretN)scaryO)totallySectionBPassageOneGlobalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,butregardlessofwhetheritisorisn’t–wewon’tdomuchaboutit.Wewillargueoveritandmayeven,asanation,makesomefairlysolemn-soundingcommitmentstoavoidit.Butthemoredramaticandmeaningfulthesecommitmentsseem,thelesslikelytheyaretobeobserved.AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan“inconvenienttruth,”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.Buttherealtruthisthatwedon’tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwarming,and–withoutmajortechnologicalbreakthroughs—wecan’tdomuchaboutit.From2003to2050,theworld’spopulationisprojectedtogrowfrom6.4billionto9.1billion,a42%increase.Ifenergyuseperpersonandtechnologyremainthesame,totalenergyuseandgreenhousegasemissions(mainly,CO2)willbe42%higherin2050.butthat’stoolow,becausesocietiesthatgrowricherusemoreenergy.Weneedeconomicgrowthunlesswecondemntheworld’spoortotheirpresentpovertyandfreezeeveryoneelse’slivingstandards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuseandgreenhouseemissionsmorethandoubleby2050.Nogovernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictionsoneconomicgrowthandpersonalfreedom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.Still,politicianswanttoshowthey’re“doingsomething.”ConsidertheKyotoProtocol(京都议定书).Itallowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunishthosethatdidn’t.Butithasn’treducedCO2emissions(upabout25%since1990),andmanysignatories(签字国)didn’tadopttoughenoughpoliciestohittheir2008-2012targets.Thepracticalconclusionisthatifglobalwarmingisapotentialdisaster,theonlysolutionisnewtechnology.Onlyanaggressiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammightfindwaysofbreakingdependenceonfossilfuelsordealingwithit.

45Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithasbecomeamoralproblemwhenit’sreallyanengineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon’tsolvetheengineeringproblem,we’rehelpless.57.Whatissaidaboutglobalwarminginthefirstparagraph?A)Itmaynotproveanenvironmentalcrisisatall.B)Itisanissuerequiringworldwidecommitments.C)Seriousstepshavebeentakentoavoidorstopit.D)Verylittlewillbedonetobringitundercontrol.58.Accordingtotheauthor’sunderstanding,whatisAlGore’sviewonglobalwarming?A)Itisarealitybothpeopleandpoliticiansareunawareof.B)Itisaphenomenonthatcausesusmanyinconveniences.C)Itisaproblemthatcanbesolvedonceitisrecognized.D)Itisanareaweactuallyhavelittleknowledgeabout.59.Greenhouseemissionswillmorethandoubleby2050becauseof_______.A)economicgrowthB)thewideninggapbetweentherichandpoorC)wastefuluseofenergyD)therapidadvancesofscienceandtechnology60.Theauthorbelievesthat,sincethesigningoftheKyotoProtocol,________.A)politicianshavestartedtodosomethingtobetterthesituationB)fewnationshaveadoptedrealtoughmeasurestolimitenergyuseC)reductionsinenergyconsumptionhavegreatlycutbackglobalwarmingD)internationalcooperationhascontributedtosolvingenvironmentalproblems61.Whatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoconvey?A)Globalwarmingismoreofamoralissuethanapracticalone.B)TheultimatesolutiontoglobalwarmingliesinnewtechnologyC)Thedebateoverglobalwarmingwillleadtotechnologicalbreakthroughs.D)Peoplehavetogiveupcertainmaterialcomfortstostopglobalwarming.PassageTwoSomedayastrangerwillreadyoure-mailwithoutyourpermissionorscantheWebsitesyou’vevisited.Orperhapssomeonewillcasuallyglancethroughyourcreditcardpurchaseorcellphonebillstofindoutyourshoppingpreferencesorcallinghabits.Infact,it’slikelysomeofthesethingshavealreadyhappenedtoyou.Whowouldwatchyouwithoutyourpermission?Itmightbeaspouse,agirlfriend,amarketingcompany,aboss,acoporacriminal.Whoeveritis,theywillseeyouinawayyouneverintendedtobeseen—the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked.Psychologiststellusboundariesarehealthy,thatit’simportanttorevealyourselftofriends,familyandloversinstages,atappropriatetimes.Butfewboundariesremain.Thedigitalbreadcrumbs(碎屑)youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,whereyouareandwhatyoulike.Insomecases,asimpleGooglesearchcanrevealwhatyouthink.Likeitornot,increasinglyweliveinaworldwhereyousimplecannotkeepasecret.Thekeyquestionis:Doesthatmatter?WhenopinionpollsaskAmericansaboutprivacy,mostsaytheyareconcernedaboutlosingit.Asurveyfoundanoverwhelmingpessimismaboutprivacy,with60percentofrespondentssayingtheyfeeltheirprivacyis“slippingaway,andthatbothersme.”Butpeoplesayonethinganddoanother.OnlyatinyfractionofAmericanschangeanybehaviorsinanefforttopreservetheirprivacy.Fewpeopleturndownadiscountattollbooths(收费站)toavoidusingtheEZ-Passsystemthatcantrackautomobilemovements.Andfewturndownsupermarketloyaltycards.PrivacyeconomistAlessandroAcquistihasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformationlikeSocialSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon(优惠券).Butprivacydoesmatter–atleastsometimes.It’slikehealth:Whenyouhaveit,youdon’tnoticeit.Onlywhenit’sgonedoyouwishyou’ddonemoretoprotectit.62.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked”(Lines3-4,Para.2)?A)People’spersonalinformationiseasilyaccessedwithouttheirknowledge.B)Inthe21stcenturypeopletryeverymeanstolookintoothers’secrets.C)Peopletendtobemorefrankwitheachotherintheinformationage.D)Criminalsareeasilycaughtonthespotwithadvancedtechnology.63.Whatwouldpsychologistsadviseontherelationshipsbetweenfriends?A)Friendsshouldopentheirheartstoeachother.B)Friendsshouldalwaysbefaithfultoeachother.C)Thereshouldbeadistanceevenbetweenfriends.D)Thereshouldbefewerdisputesbetweenfriends.64.Whydoestheauthorsay“weliveinaworldwhereyousimplecannotkeepasecret”(Line5,Para.3)?A)Modernsocietyhasfinallyevolvedintoanopensociety.B)Peopleleavetracesaroundwhenusingmoderntechnology.C)Therearealwayspeoplewhoarecuriousaboutothers’affairs.D)Manysearchenginesprofitbyrevealingpeople’sidentities.65.WhatdomostAmericansdowithregardtoprivacyprotection?A)Theychangebehaviorsthatmightdisclosetheiridentity.B)Theyusevariousloyaltycardsforbusinesstransactions.C)Theyrelymoreandmoreonelectronicdevices.D)Theytalkalotbuthardlydoanythingaboutit.66.Accordingtothepassage,privacyislikehealthinthat________.A)peoplewillmakeeveryefforttokeepitB)itsimportanceisrarelyunderstoodC)itissomethingthatcaneasilybelostD)peopledon’tcherishituntiltheyloseitPartVCloze(15minutes)Universitiesareinstitutionthatteachawidevarietyofsubjectsatadvancedlevels.Theyalsocarryoutresearchworkaimed_67_extendingman’sknowledgeofthesesubjects.Theemphasisgiventoeachofthesefunctions_68_fromuniversitytouniversity,accordingtotheviewsofthepeoplein_69_andaccordingtotheresourcesavailable.Thesmallerandneweruniversitiesdonot_70_thestafforequipmenttocarryoutthe_71_researchprojectspossibleinlargerinstitutions._72_mostexpertsagreethatsomeresearchactivityis_73_

46tokeepthestaffandtheirstudentsin_74_withthelatestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.Moststudentsattendauniversitymainlyto_75_theknowledgeneededfortheirchosen_76_.Educationistsbelievethatthisaimshouldnotbethe_77_one.Universitieshavealwaysaimedtoproducemenandwomen_78_judgmentandwisdomaswellasknowledge.Forthisreason,they_79_studentstomeetotherswithdiffering_80_andtoreadwidelyto_81_theirunderstandinginmanyfieldsofstudy._82_asecondaryschoolcourse,astudentshouldbeinterestedenoughinasubjecttoenjoygainingknowledgeforitsown_83_.Heshouldbepreparedto_84_sacrificestostudyhischosen_85_indepth.Heshouldhaveanambitiontomakesome86contributiontoman’sknowledge.67.A)atB)byC)toD)in68.A)turnsB)rangesC)movesD)varies69.A)prospectB)placeC)controlD)favor70.A)occupyB)possessC)involveD)spare71.A)maximumB)mediumC)virtualD)vast72.A)ButB)AsC)WhileD)For73.A)naturalB)essentialC)functionalD)optional74.A)coordinationB)accordanceC)touchD)grasp75.A)acquireB)acceptC)endureD)ensure76.A)processionB)professionC)possessionD)preference77.A)typicalB)trueC)mereD)only78.A)withB)underC)onD)through79.A)promptB)provokeC)encourageD)anticipate80.A)historiesB)expressionsC)interestsD)curiosities81.A)broadenB)lengthenC)enforceD)specify82.A)AmidB)AfterC)OverD)Upon83.A)objectB)courseC)effectD)sake84.A)takeB)makeC)sufferD)pay85.A)fieldB)scopeC)targetD)goal86.A)radicalB)truthfulC)meaningfulD)initialPartVITranslation(5minutes)87.Oureffortswillpayoffiftheresultsofthisresearch___________________(能应用于新技术的开发)。88.Ican’tbootmycomputernow.something___________(一定出了什么毛病)withitsoperationsystem.89.Leavingone’sjob,_________(不管是什么工作),isadifficultchange,evenforthosewholookforwardtoretiring.90.__________________________(与我成长的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.91._________________________________(直到他完成使命)didherealizethathewasseriously2007年12月大学英语四级A卷真题（文字版）PartIWriting（30minutes）PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）　　Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.UniversitiesBranchOut　　Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.

47　　Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcourseofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative（合作的）researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.　　Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica'sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.　　Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinthesummerinternships（实习）abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.　　Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai'sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu'sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.　　Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure（基础设施）andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.　　Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.　　Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago,inthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberof

48foreignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandthebusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandreversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.　　MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation'swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand—likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory—strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished（珍视）valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.　　1．Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent–dayuniversitieshavebecome　　A．moreandmoreresearch-oriented　　B．in-servicetrainingorganizations　　C．morepopularizedthaneverbefore　　D．apowerfulforceforglobalintegration　　2．Overthepastthreedecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased　　A．by2.5millionB．by800,000　　C．atanannualrateof3.9percent　　D．atanannualrateof8percent　　3．IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?　　A．10%B．20%C．30%D．38%　　4．HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?　　A．Theyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomy　　B．Theyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpolitics　　C．TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogram　　D．Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship　　5．Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities'globalizationis　　A．Yale'scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch　　B．Yale'shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojects　　C．Yale'sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutions　　D．Yale'sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworld　　6．WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassage?　　A．IthousesmanycompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard　　B．ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftCompany　　C．ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity　　D．ItiswheretheInternetinfrastructurewasbuiltup　　7．WhatissaidabouttheU.S.federalfundingforresearch?　　A．Ithasincreasedby3

49percent　　B．Ithasbeenunsteadyforyears　　C．Ithasbeenmorethansufficient　　D．Itdoubledbetween1998and2003　　8．ThedramaticdeclineintheenrollmentofforeignstudentsintheU.SafterSeptember11wascausedby________.　　9．ManyAmericansfearthatAmericancompetivenessmaybethreatenedbyforeignstudentswhowill________.　　10．ThepolicyofwelcomingforeignstudentscanbenefittheU.S.inthattheverybestofthemwillstayand________.　　PartIIIListeningComprehension（35minutes）　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　11.A）Sheusedtobeinpoorhealth.　　　B）Shewaspopularamongboys.　　　C）Shewassomewhatoverweight　　　D）Shedidn'tdowellathighschool.　　12.A）Atheairport.　　　B）Inarestaurant.　　　C）Inabookingoffice.　　　D）Atthehotelreception.　　13.A）Teachinghersonbyherself.　　　B）Havingconfidenceinherson.　　　C）Askingtheteacherforextrahelp.　　　D）Tellinghersonnottoworry.　　14.A）Haveashortbreak.　　　B）Taketwoweeksoff.　　　C）Continueherworkoutdoors.　　　D）Goonvacationwiththeman.　　15.A）Heistakingcareofthistwinbrother.　　　B）Hehabeenfeelingillallweek.　　　C）HeisworriedaboutRod'shealth.　　　D）Hehasbeeninperfectcondition.　　16.A）Shesoldallherfurniturebeforeshemovedhouse.　　　B）Shestillkeepssomeoldfurnitureinhernewhouse.　　　C）Sheplanstoputallheroldfurnitureinthebasement.　　　D）ShebroughtanewsetoffurniturefromItalylastmonth.　　17.A）Thewomanwonderedwhythemandidn'treturnthebook.　　　B）Thewomandoesn'tseemtoknowwhatthebookisabout.　　　C）Thewomandoesn'tfindthebookusefulanymore.　　　D）Thewomanforgotlendingthebooktotheman.　　18.A）Mostoftheman'sfriendsareathletes.　　　B）Fewpeoplesharethewoman'sopinion.　　　C）Themandoesn'tlooklikeasportsman.　　　D）Thewomandoubtstheman'sathleticability.　　Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhaveheard.　　

5019.A）Shehaspackeditinoneofherbags.　　　B）Shehasprobablyleftitinataxi.　　　C）Sheidgoingtogetittheairport.　　　D）Sheisafraidthatshehaslostit.　　20.A）Itendsinwinter.　　　B）Itwillcostheralot.　　　C）Itwilllastoneweek.　　　D）Itdependsontheweather.　　21.A）Theplaneistakingoffsoon.　　　B）Theremightbeatrafficjam.　　　C）Thetaxiiswaitingforthem.　　　D）Thereisalotofstufftopack.　　22.A）Athome.　　　B）Intheman'scar.　　　C）Attheairport.　　　D）Bythesideofataxi.　　Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　23.A）Sheisthirstyforpromotion.　　　B）Shewantsamuchhighersalary.　　　C）Sheistiredofherpresentwork.　　　D）Shewantstosavetravelexpenses.　　24.A）Translator.　　　B）Travelagent.　　　C）Languageinstructor.　　　D）Environmentengineer.　　25.A）Livelypersonalityandinquiringmind.　　　B）Communicationskillsandteamspirit.　　　C）Devotionandworkefficiency.　　　D）Educationandexperience.　　SectionB　　Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.　　PassageOne　　Questions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　26.A.Theycarealotaboutchildren.　　　B.Theyneedlookingafterintheiroldage.　　　C.Theywanttoenrichtheirlifeexperience.　　　D.Theywantchildrentokeepthemcompany.　　27.A.Theyareusuallyadoptedfromdistantplaces.　　　B.Theirbirthinfromationisusuallykeptsecret.　　　C.Theirbirthparentsoftentrytoconcealtheirbirthinformation.　　　D.Theiradoptiveparentsdon'twantthemtoknowtheirbirthparents.　　28.A.Theygenerallyholdbadfeelingstowardstheirbirthparents.　　　B.Theydonotwanttohurtthefeelingsoftheiradoptive

51parents.　　　C.Theyhavemixedfeelingsaboutfindingtheirnaturalparents.　　　D.Theyarefullyawareoftheexpensesinvolvedinthesearch.　　29.A.Earlyadoptionmakesforcloserparent-childrelationship.　　　B.Mostpeopleprefertoadoptchildrenfromoverseas.　　　C.Understandingisthekeytosuccessfuladoption.　　　D.Adoptionhasmuchtodowithlove.　　PassageTwo　　Questions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　30.A.Hesufferedfrommentalillness.　　　B.HeboughtThewashingonpost.　　　C.Heturnedafailingnewspaperintoasuccess.　　　D.Hewasonceareporterforamajornewspaper.　　31.A.ShewasthefirstwomantoleadabigU.S.publishingcompany.　　　B.ShegotherfirstjobasateacherattheUniversityofChicago.　　　C.Shecommittedsuicidebecauseofhermentaldisorder.　　　D.Shetookoverherfather'spositionwhenhedied.　　32.A.Peoplecametoseetheroleofwomeninthebusinessworld.　　　B.KatharineplayedamajorpartinreshapingAmericans'mind.　　　C.AmericanmediawouldbequitedifferentwithoutKatharine.　　　D.Katharinehadexertedanimportantinfluenceontheworld.　　PassageThree　　Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　33.A.It'llenablethemtoenjoythebestmedicalcare.　　　B.It'llallowthemtoreceivefreemedicaltheatment.　　　C.It'llprotectthemfrompossiblefinancialcrises.　　　D.It'llpreentthedoctorsfromoverchargingthem.　　34.A.Theycan'timmediatelygetbackthemoneypaidfortheirmedicalcost.　　　B.Theyhavetogothroughverycomplicatedapplicationprocedures.　　　C.Theycanonlyvisitdoctorswhospeaktheirnativelanguages.　　　D.Theymaynotbeabletoreceivetimelymedicaltreatment.　　35.A.Theydon'thavetopayforthemedicalservices.　　　B.Theyneedn'tpaytheentiremedicalbillatonce.　　　C.Theymustsendthereceiptstotheinsurancecompanypromptly.　　　D.Theyhavetopayamuchhigherpricetogetaninsurancepolicy.

52　　SectionC　　Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.　　Moreandmoreoftheworld'spopulationarelivingintownsorcities.Thespeedatwhichcitiesaregrowinginthelessdevelopedcountriesis（36）__________.Between1920and1960bigcitiesindevelopedcountries（37）________twoandahalftimesinsize,butinotherpartsoftheworldthegrowthwaseighttimestheirsize.　　The（38）__________sizeofgrowthisbadenough,buttherearenowalsovery（39）__________signsoftroubleinthe（40）__________ofpercentagesofpeoplelivingintownsandpercentagesofpeopleworkinginindustry.Duringthenineteenthcenturycitiesgrewasaresultofthegrowthofindustry.InEuropethe（41）__________ofpeoplelivingincitieswasalwayssmallerthanthatofthe（42）__________workinginfactories.Now,however,the（43）__________isalmostalwaystrueinthenewlyindustrialisedworld:（44）________________________________________________________________________________.　　Withoutabaseofpeopleworkinginindustry,thesecitiescannotpayfortheirgrowth;（45）____________________________________________________________.Therehasbeenlittleopportunitytobuildwatersuppliesorotherfacilities.（46）________________________________________________________________________________,agrowthinthenumberofhopelessanddespairingparentsandstarvingchildren.PartIVReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（25minutes）SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Aswarspreadstomanycornersoftheglobe,childrensadlyhavebeendrawnintothecenterofconflicts.InAfghanistan,Bosnia,andColombia,however,groupsofchildrenhavebeentakingpartinpeaceeducation__47__.Thechildren,afterlearningtoresolveconflicts,tookonthe__48__ofpeacemakers.TheChildren'sMovementforPeaceinColombiawasevennominated（提名）fortheNobelPeacePrizein1998.groupsofchildren__49__aspeacemakersstudiedhumanrightsandpovertyissuesinColombia,eventuallyformingagroupwithfiveotherschoolsinBogotaknownasTheSchoolsofPeace.　　Theclassroom__50__opportunitiesforchildrentoreplaceangry,violentbehaviorswith__51__,peacefulones.Itisintheclassroomthatcaringandrespectforeachpersonempowerschildrentotakeastep__52__towardbecomingpeacemakers.Fortunately,educatorshaveaccesstomanyonlineresourcesthatare__53__usefulwhenhelpingchildrenalongthepathtopeace.TheYoungPeacemakersClub,startedin1992,providesaWebsitewithresourcesforteachersand__54__onstartingaKindnessCampaign.TheWorldCentersof

53CompassionforChildrenInternationalcallattentiontochildren'srightsandhowtohelpthe__55__ofwar.StartingaPeacemakers'Clubisapraiseworthyventureforaclassandonethatcouldspreadtootherclassroomsandideallyaffectthecultureofthe__56__school.A）acting　　　　　　I）information　　B）assuming　　　　　J）offers　　C）comprehensive　　K）projects　　D）cooperative　　　　L）respectively　　E）entire　　　　　　M）role　　F）especiallyM　　　N）technology　　G）forward　　　　　O）victims　　H）imagesSectionB　　Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　InthisageofInternetchat,videogamesandrealitytelevision,thereisnoshortageofmindlessactivitiestokeepachildoccupied.Yet,despitethecompetition,my8-year-olddaughterRebeccawantstospendherleisuretimewritingshortstories.Shewantstoenteroneofherstoriesintoawritingcontest,acompetitionshewonlastyear.　　AsawriterIknowaboutwinningcontests,andaboutlosingthem.Iknowwhatitisliketoworkhardonastoryonlytoreceivearejectionslipfromthepublisher.Ialsoknowthepressureoftryingtoliveuptoareputationcreatedbypreviousvictories.Whatifshedoesn'twinthecontestagain?That'sthestrangethingaboutbeingaparent.Somanyofourownpastscarsanddashedhopescansurface.　　Arevelation（启示）camelastweekwhenIaskedher,“Don'tyouwanttowinagain?”“No,”shereplied,“Ijustwanttotellthestoryofanangelgoingtofirstgrade.”　　Ihadjustspentweekscorrectingherstoriesasshespontaneously（自发地）toldthem.TellingmyselfthatIwasmerelyanexperiencedwriterguidingtheyoungwriteracrossthehall,Iofferedsuggestionsforcharacters,conflictsandendingsforhertales.Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirstgradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfirstmusiclesson.Ihadturnedhercontestintomycontestwithoutevenrealizingit.　　Stayingbackandgivingkidsspacetogrowisnotaseasyasitlooks.BecauseIknowverylittleaboutfarmanimalswhousetoolsorangelswhogotofirstgrade,IhadtoacceptthefactthatIwasco-opting（借用）mydaughter'sexperience.　　Whilesteppingbackwasdifficultforme,itwascertainlyagoodfirststepthatIwillquicklyfollowwithmoresteps,puttingmyselffarenoughawaytogiveherroombutcloseenoughtohelpifasked.AllthewhileIwillberemindingmyselfthatchildrenneedroomtoexperiment,growandfindtheirownvoices.

54　　57.WhatisthemoststrikingfeatureoftheUniversityofPhoenix?　　A）Allitscoursesareofferedonline.　　B）Itsonlinecoursesareofthebestquality.　　C）Itboaststhelargestnumberofstudentsoncampus　　D）Anyonetakingitsonlinecoursesissuretogetadegree.　　58．Accordingtothepassage,distancelearningisbasicallycharacterizedby_____　　A）Aconsiderableflexibilityinitsacademicrequirements　　B）Thegreatdiversityofstudents'academicbackgrounds　　C）Aminimumortotalabsenceofface-to-faceinstruction　　D）tthecasualrelationshipbetweenstudentsandprofessors　　59.ManystudentstakeInternet-basedcoursesmainlybecausetheycan_____　　A）Earntheiracademicdegreeswithmuchlesseffort　　B）Saveagreatdealontravelingandboardingexpenses　　C）Selectcoursesfromvariouscollegesanduniversities　　D）Workontherequiredcourseswheneverandwherever　　60.Whataccountsforthehighdrop-outratesforonlinestudents?　　A）Thereisnostrictcontrolovertheacademicstandardsofthecourses.　　B）Theevaluationsystemusedbyonlineuniversitiesisinherentlyweak.　　C）Thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheymaketherequiredeffort.　　D）Lackofclassroominteractionreducestheeffectivenessofinstruction.　　61.Accordingtothepassage,universitiesshowgreatenthusiasmforDLprogramsforthepurposeof_____　　A）buildinguptheirreputation　　B）cuttingdownontheirexpenses　　C）upgradingtheirteachingfacilities　　D）providingconvenienceforstudentsPassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Byalmostanymeasure,thereisaboominInternet-basedinstruction.Injustafewyears,34percentofAmericanuniversitieshavebegunofferingsomeformofdistancelearning（DL）,andamongthelargerschools,it'scloseto90percent.Ifyoudoubtthepopularityofthetrend,youprobablyhaven'theardoftheUniversityofPhoenix.Itgrantsdegreesentirelyonthebasisofonlineinstruction.Itenrolls90,000students,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.　　Whilethekindsofinstructionofferedintheseprogramswilldiffer,DLusuallysignifiesacourseinwhichtheinstructorspostsyllabi（课程大纲）,readingassignment,andschedulesonWebsites,andstudentssendintheirassignmentsbye-mail.Generallyspeaking,face-to-facecommunicationwithaninstructorisminimizedoreliminatedaltogether.　　Theattractionforstudentsmightatfirstseemobvious.Primarily,there'stheconveniencepromisedbycoursesontheNet:youcandothework,astheysay,inyourpajamas（睡衣）.Butfiguresindicatethatthereducedeffortresultsinareducedcommitmenttothecourse.

55WhiledropoutrateforallfreshmenatAmericanuniversitiesisaround20percent,therateforonlinestudentsis35percent.Studentsthemselvesseemtounderstandtheweaknessesinherentinthesetup.InasurveyconductedforeCornell,theDLdivisionofCornellUniversity,lessthanathirdoftherespondentsexpectedthequalityoftheonlinecoursetobeasgoodastheclassroomcourse.　　Clearly,fromtheschools'perspective,there'salotofmoneytobesaved.Althoughsomeofthemoreambitiousprogramsrequirenewinvestmentsinserversandnetworkstosupportcollaborativesoftware,mostDLcoursescanrunonexistingorminimallyupgraded（升级）systems.Themorestudentswhoenrollinacoursebutdon'tcometocampus,themoreschoolsavesonkeepingthelightsonintheclassrooms,payingdoorkeepers,andmaintainingparkinglots.And,whilethere'sevidencethatinstructorsmustworkhardertorunaDLcourseforavarietyofreasons,theywon'tbepaidanymore,andmightwellbepaidless.　　62.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?　　A）Childrendofindlotsoffuninmanymindlessactivites.　　B）Rebeccaismuchtoooccupiedtoenjoyherleisuretime.　　C）Rebeccadrawsonalotofonlinematerialsforherwriting.　　D）Alotofdistractionscompeteforchildren'stimenowadays.　　63.Whatdidtheauthorsayaboutherownwritingexperience?　　A）Shedidnotquiteliveuptoherreputationasawriter.　　B）Herwaytosuccesswasfullofpainsandfrustrations.　　C）Shewasconstantlyunderpressureofwritingmore.　　D）Mostofherstorieshadbeenrejectedbypublishers.　　64.WhydidRebeccawanttoenterthisyear'swritingcontest?　　A）Shebelievedshepossessedrealtalentforwriting.　　B）Shewassureofwinningwithhermother'shelp.　　C）Shewantedtoshareherstorieswithreaders.　　D）Shehadwonaprizeinthepreviouscontest.　　65.What'stheauthor'sadviceforparents?　　A）Awritingcareer,thoughattractive,isnotforeverychildtopursue.　　B）Childrenshouldbeallowedfreedomtogrowthroughexperience.　　C）Parentsshouldkeepaneyeontheactivitiestheiropinions.　　66.Accordingtothepassage,universitiesshowgreatenthusiasmforDLprogramsforthepurposeof________.　　A）buildinguptheirreputation　　B）upgradingtheirteachingfacilities　　C）providingconvenienceforstudents　　D）cuttingdownontheirexpensesPartVCloze（15minutes）　　Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

56　　Onefactorthatcaninfluenceconsumersistheirmoodstate.Moodmaybedefined__67__atemporaryandmildpositiveornegativefeelingthatisgeneralizedandnottied__68__anyparticularcircumstance.Moodsshouldbe__69__fromemotionswhichareusuallymoreintense,__70__tospecificcircumstances,andoftenconscious.__71__onesense,theeffectofaconsumer'smoodcanbethoughtofin__72__thesamewayascanourreactionstothe__73__ofourfriends—whenourfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattrendstoinfluenceuspositively,__74__whentheyare“down”,thatcanhavea__75__impactonus.Similarly,consumersoperatingundera__76__moodstatetendtoreacttostimuli（刺激因素）inadirection__77__withthatmoodstate.Thus,forexample,weshouldexpecttosee__78__inapositivemoodstateevaluateproductsinmoreofa__79__mannerthantheywouldwhennotinsuchastate.__80__,moodstatesappearcapableof__81__aconsumer'smemory.　　Moodsappeartobe__82__influencedbymarketingtechniques.Forexample,therhythm,pitch,and__83__ofmusichasbeenshowntoinfluencebehaviorsuchasthe__84__oftimespentinsupermarketsor__85__topurchaseproducts.Inaddition,advertisingcaninfluenceconsumers'moodswhich,in__86__,arecapableofinfluencingconsumer'reactionstoproducts.　　67．A）asC）by　　　　B）aboutD）with　　68．A）overC）to　　　　B）underD）up　　69．A）derivedC）divided　　　　B）descendedD）distinguished　　70．A）relatedC）attached　　　　B）referredD）associated　　71．A）OnC）In　　　　B）OfD）By　　72．A）thusC）even　　　　B）muchD）still　　73．A）signalC）view　　　　B）gestureD）behavior　　74．A）forC）unless　　　　B）butD）provided　　75．A）relativeC）negative　　　　B）decisiveD）sensitive　　76．A）givenC）fixed　　　　B）grantedD）driven　　77．A）resistantC）insistent　　　　B）persistentD）consistent　　78．A）consumerC）retailers　　　　B）businessmenD）manufacturers　　79．A）casualC）serious　　　　B）critical　D）favorable　　80．A）HoweverC）Moreover　　　　B）OtherwiseD）Nevertheless　　81.A）lifting　C）raising　　　　B）enhancingD）cultivating　　82.A）readilyC）cautiously　　　　B）rarelyD）currently　　83.A）stepC）band　　　　B）speedD）volume　　84.A）extentC）scope　　　　B）amountD）range　　85.A）facilitiesC）reflections　　　　B）capacitiesD）intensions　　86.A）turn　C）detail　　　　B）total　D）depth　　PartVITranslation（5minutes）　　Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.　　87.________________________（多亏了一系列的新发明），doctorscantreatthisdiseaseSuccessfully.　　88.Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeisthat________________________（我比以前更容易累了）.

57　　89.Iamgoingtopurchasethiscourse,________________________（无论我要作出什么样的牺牲）.　　90.Iwouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause________________________（它更加方便和省时）.91.ManyAmericansliveoncredit,andtheirqualityoflife________________________（是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的）PartIWriting(30minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofWelcometoourclub.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbellow:欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部。标题：Welcometoourclub书写提纲：1.表达你的欢迎；2.对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍。PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestion8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.ProtectYourPrivacyWhenJob-huntingOnlineIdentitytheftandidentityfraudaretermsusedtorefertoalltypesofcrimeinwhichsomeonewrongfullyobtainsandusesanotherperson’spersonaldatainsomewaythatinvolvesfraudordeception,typicallyforeconomicgain.Thenumbersassociatedwithidentitytheftarebeginningtoaddupfastthesedays.ArecentGeneralAccountingOfficereportestimatesthatasmanyas750,000Americansarevictimsofidentitythefteveryyear.Andthatnumbermaybelow,asmanypeoplechoosenottoreportthecrimeeveniftheyknowtheyhavebeenvictimized.Identitytheftis“anabsoluteepidemic,”statesRobertEllisSmith,arespectedauthorandadvocateofprivacy.“It’scertainlypickedupinthelastfourorfiveyears.It’sworldwide.Itaffectseverybody,andthere’sverylittleyoucandotopreventitand,worstofall,youcan’tdetectituntilit’sprobablytoolate.”Unlikeyourfingerprints,whichareuniquetoyouandcannotbegiventosomeoneelsefortheiruse,youpersonaldata,especiallyyoursocialsecuritynumber,yourbankaccountorcreditcardnumber,yourtelephonecallingcardnumber,andothervaluableidentifyingdata,canbeused,iftheyfallintothewronghands,topersonallyprofitatyourexpense.IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,forexample,manypeoplehavereportedthatunauthorizedpersonshavetakenfundsoutoftheirbankorfinancialaccounts,or,intheworstcases,takenovertheiridentitiesaltogether,runningupvastdebtsandcommittingcrimeswhileusingthevictims’names.Inmanycases,avictim’slossesmayincludednotonlyout-of-pocketfinanciallosses,butsubstantialadditionalfinancialcostsassociatedwithtryingtorestorehisreputationinthecommunityandcorrectingerroneousinformationforwhichthecriminalisresponsible.AccordingtotheFBI,identitytheftisthenumberonefraudcommittedontheInternet.Sohowdojobseekersprotectthemselveswhilecontinuingtocirculatetheirresumesonline?Thekeytoasuccessfulonlinejobsearchislearningtomanagertherisks.HerearesometipsforstayingsafewhileconductingajobsearchontheInternet.1.Checkforaprivacypolicy.Ifyouareconsideringpostingyourresumeonline,makesurethejobsearchsiteyourareconsideringhasaprivacypolicy,likeCareerBuilder.com.Thepolicyshouldspellouthowyourinformationwillbeused,storedandwhetherornotitwillbeshared.Youmaywanttothinktwiceaboutpostingyourresumeonasitethatautomaticallysharesyourinformationwithothers.Youcouldbeopeningyourselfuptounwantedcallsfromsolicitors(推销员).

58Whenreviewingthesite’sprivacypolicy,you’llbeabletodeleteyourresumejustaseasilyasyoupostedit.Youwon’tnecessarilywantyourresumetoremainoutthereontheInternetonceyoulandajob.Remember,thelongeryourresumeremainspostedonajobboard,themoreexposure,bothpositiveandnot-so-positive,itwillreceive.2.Takeadvantageofsitefeatures.Lawfuljobsearchsitesofferlevelsofprivacyprotection.Beforepostingyourresume,carefullyconsideryourjobsearchobjectiveandthelevelofriskyouarewillingtoassume.CareerBuilder.com,forexample,offersthreelevelsofprivacyfromwhichjobseekerscanchoose.Thefirstisstandardposting.Thisoptiongivesjobseekerswhoposttheirresumesthemostvisibilitytothebroadestemployeraudiencepossible.Thesecondisanonymous(匿名的)posting.Thisallowsjobseekersthesamevisibilityasthoseinthestandardpostingcategorywithoutanyoftheircontactinformationbeingdisplayed.Jobseekerswhowishtoremainanonymousbutwanttosharesomeotherinformationmaychoosewhichpiecesofcontactinformationtodisplay.Thethirdisprivateposting.Thisoptionallowsajobseekertopostaresumewithouthavingitsearchedbyemployers.PrivatepostingallowsjobseekerstoquicklyandeasilyapplyforjobsthatappearonCareerBuilder.comwithoutretypingtheirinformation.3.Safeguardyouridentity.CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.Replaceyournameonyourresumewithageneric(泛指的)identifier,suchas“IntranetDeveloperCandidate,”or“ExperiencedMarketingRepresentative.”Youshouldalsoconsidereliminatingthenameandlocationofyourcurrentemployer.Dependingonyourtitle,itmaynotbeallthatdifficulttodeterminewhoyouareoncethenameofyourcompanyisprovided.Useageneraldescriptionofthecompanysuchas“Majorautomanufacturer,”or“Internationalpackagedgoodssupplier.”Ifyourjobtitleisunique,considerusingthegenericequivalentinsteadoftheexacttitleassignedbyyouremployer.4.Establishandemailaddressforyoursearch.Anotherwaytoprotectyourprivacywhileseekingemploymentonlineistoopenupanemailaccountspecificallyforyouronlinejobsearch.Thiswillsafeguardyourexistingemailboxintheeventsomeoneyoudon’tknowgetsholdofyouremailaddressandsharesitwithothers.Usinganemailaddressspecificallyforyoujobsearchalsoeliminatesthepossibilitythatyouwillreceiveunwelcomeemailsinyourprimarymailbox.Whennamingyournewemailaddress,besurethatitdoesn’tcontainreferencestoyournameorotherinformationthatwillgiveawayyouridentity.Thebestsolutionisanemailaddressthatisrelevanttothejobyouareseekingsuchassalesmgr2004@provider.com.5.Protectyourreference.Ifyourresumecontainsasectionwiththenamesandcontactinformationofyourreferences,takeitout.There’snosenseinsafeguardingyourinformationwhilesharingprivatecontactinformationofyourreferences.6.Keepconfidential(机密的)informationconfidential.Donot,underanycircumstances,shareyoursocialsecurity,driver’slicense,andbankaccountnumbersorotherpersonalinformation,suchasraceoreyecolor.Honestemployersdonotneedthisinformationwithaninitialapplication.Don’tprovidethiseveniftheysaytheyneeditinordertoconductabackgroundcheck.Thisisoneoftheoldesttricksinthebook–don’tfallforit.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.RobertEllisSmithbelievesidentitytheftisdifficulttodetectandonecanhardlydoanythingtopreventit.2.Inmanycases,identitytheftnotonlycausesthevictims’immediatefinanciallossesbutcoststhemalottorestoretheirreputation.3.Identitytheftisaminoroffenceanditsharmhasbeensomewhatoverestimated.4.Itisimportantthatyourresumenotstayonlinelongerthanisnecessary.5.OfthethreeoptionsofferedbyCareerBuilder.cominSuggestion2,thethirdoneisapparentlymoststronglyrecommended.6.Employersrequireapplicantstosubmitverypersonalinformationonbackgroundchecks.

597.Applicantsareadvisedtousegenericnamesforthemselvesandtheircurrentemployerswhenseekingemploymentonline.8.Usingaspecialemailaddressinthejobsearchcanhelppreventyourfromreceiving________.9.Toprotectyourreferences,youshouldnotpostonlinetheir________.10.Accordingtothepassage,identitytheftiscommittedtypicallyfor________.PartIIIListingComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer,thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethoughthecentre.注意：此部分答题在答题卡2上作答。11.A)Itcouldhelppeopleofallagestoavoidcancer.B)Itwasmainlymeantforcancerpatients.C)Itmightappealmoretoviewersover40.D)Itwasfrequentlyinterruptedbycommercials.（C）12.A)Themanisfondoftraveling.B)Thewomanisaphotographer.C)Thewomantookalotofpicturesatthecontest.D)Themanadmiresthewoman’stalentinwriting.（D）13.A)Themanregretsbeingabsent-minded.B)Thewomansavedthemansometrouble.C)Themanplacedthereadinglistonadesk.D)Thewomanemptiedthewastepaperbasket.（B）14.A)HequitteachinginJune.B)Hehasleftthearmyrecently.C)Heopenedarestaurantneartheschool.D)Hehastakenoverhisbrother’sbusiness.（A）15.A)Sheseldomreadsbooksfromcovertocover.B)Sheisinterestedinreadingnovels.C)Shereadonlypartofthebook.D)Shewaseagertoknowwhatthebookwasabout.（C）16.A)Shewasabsentallweekowingtosickness.B)Shewasseriouslyinjuredinacaraccident.C)Shecalledtosaythatherhusbandhadbeenhospitalized.D)Shehadtobeawayfromschooltoattendtoherhusband.（D）17.A)ThespeakerswanttorenttheSmiths’oldhouse.B)ThemanlivestwoblocksawayfromtheSmiths.C)Thewomanisnotsureifsheisontherightstreet.D)TheSmiths’newhouseisnotfarfromtheiroldone.（D）18.A)Themanhadahardtimefindingaparkingspace.B)Thewomanfoundtheyhadgottothewrongspot.C)Thewomanwasoffendedbytheman’slatearrival.D)Themancouldn’tfindhiscarintheparkinglot.（A）Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.A)Thehotelclerkhadputhisreservationunderanothername.B)Thehotelclerkinsistedthathedidn’tmakeanyreservation.C)Thehotelclerktriedtotakeadvantageofhisinexperience.D)Thehotelclerkcouldn’tfindhisreservationforthatnight.（C）20.A)Agrandweddingwasbeingheldinthehotel.B)Therewasaconferencegoingoninthecity.C)Thehotelwasundergoingmajorrepairs.D)Itwasabusyseasonforholiday-makers.（B）21.A)Itwasfreeofchargeonweekends.B)Ithada15%discountonweekdays.C)Itwasofferedtofrequentguestsonly.D)Itwas10%cheaperthaninotherhotels.（A）

6022.A)Demandcompensationfromthehotel.B)Askforanadditionaldiscount.C)Complaintothehotelmanager.D)Findacheaperroominanotherhotel.（C）Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.A)AnemployeeinthecitycouncilatBirmingham.B)AssistantDirectoroftheAdmissionsOffice.C)HeadoftheOverseasStudentsOffice.D)SecretaryofBirminghamMedicalSchool.（B）24.A)Nearlyfiftypercentareforeigners.B)AboutfifteenpercentarefromAfrica.C)AlargemajorityarefromLatinAmerica.D)AsmallnumberarefromtheFarEast.（A）25.A)Shewillhavemorecontactwithstudents.B)Itwillbringhercapabilityintofullerplay.C)ShewillbemoreinvolvedIpolicy-making.D)Itwillbelessdemandingthanherpresentjob.（C）SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A)Herparentsthrivedintheurbanenvironment.B)HerparentsleftChicagotoworkonafarm.C)HerparentsimmigratedtoAmerica.D)Herparentssetupanice-creamstore.（C）27.A)HetaughtEnglishinChicago.B)Hewascrippledinacaraccident.C)Heworkedtobecomeanexecutive.D)Hewasbornwithalimp.（B）28.A)Shewasfondoflivinganisolatedlife.B)ShewasfascinatedbyAmericanculture.C)Shewasverygenerousinofferinghelp.D)Shewashighlydevotedtoherfamily.（D）PassageTwoQuestions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.A)Hesufferedanervousbreakdown.B)Hewaswronglydiagnosed.C)Hewasseriouslyinjured.D)Hedevelopedastrangedisease.（C）30.A)Hewasabletotalkagain.B)Heracedtothenursinghome.C)Hecouldtellredandblueapart.D)Hecouldnotrecognizehiswife.（A）31.A)Twenty-ninedays.B)Twoandahalfmonths.C)Severalminutes.D)Fourteenhours.（B）

6132.A)Theywelcomedthepublicityinthemedia.B)Theavoidedappearingontelevision.C)Theyreleasedavideoofhisprogress.D)Theydeclinedtogivedetailsofhiscondition.（D）PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.A)Forpeopletoshareideasandshowfarmproducts.B)Forofficialstoeducatethefarmingcommunity.C)Forfarmerstoexchangetheirdailynecessities.D)Forfarmerstocelebratetheirharvests.（A）34.A)Bybringingananimalrarelyseenonnearbyfarms.B)Bybringingabagofgraininexchangeforaticket.C)Byofferingtodovolunteerworkatthefair.D)Byperformingaspecialskillattheentrance.（B）35.A)TheycontributetothemodernizationofAmericanfarms.B)Theyhelptoincreasethestategovernments’revenue.C)Theyprovideastageforpeopletogiveperformances.D)TheyremindAmericansoftheimportanceofagriculture.（D）SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上；请在答题卡2上作答。Students’pressuresometimescomesfromtheirparents.Mostparentsarewell(36)________,butsomeofthemaren’tveryhelpfulwiththeproblemstheirsonsanddaughtershavein(37)________tocollege,andafewofthemseemtogooutoftheirwaytoaddtotheirchildren’sdifficulties.Foronething,parentsareoftennot(38)________ofthekindsofproblemstheirchildrenface.Theydon’trealizethatthe(39)________iskeener,thattherequired(40)________ofworkarehigher,andthattheirchildrenmaynotbepreparedforthechange.(41)________toseeingA’sandB’sonhighschoolreportcards,theymaybeupsetwhentheirchildren’sfirst(42)________collegegradesarebelowthatlevel.Attheirkindest,theymaygently(43)________whyJohnorMaryisn’tdoingbetter,whetherheorsheistryingashardasheorsheshould,andsoon.(44)________________________________.Sometimesparentsregardtheirchildrenasextensionsofthemselvesand(45)________________________________.Intheirinvolvementandidentificationwiththeirchildren,theyforgetthateveryoneisdifferentandthateachpersonmustdevelopinhisorherownway.Theyforgetthattheirchildren,(46)________________________________. PartIVReadingComprehension(readingindepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinbankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Yearsago,doctorsoftensaidthatpainwasanormalpartoflife.Inparticular,whenolderpatients__47__ofpain,theyweretolditwasanaturalpartofagingandtheywouldhavetolearntolivewithit.

62Timeshavechanged.Today,wetakepain__48__.Indeed,painisnowconsideredthefifthvitalsign,asimportantasbloodpressure,temperature,breathingrateandpulsein__49__aperson’swell-being.Weknowthatchronic(慢性的)paincandisrupt(扰乱)aperson’slife,causingproblemsthat__50__frommissedworktodepression.That’swhyagrowingnumberofhospitalsnowdependuponphysicianswho__51__inpainmedicine.Notonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordepressionandotherpsychologicalandsocial__52__relatedtochronicpain.Suchcomprehensivetherapyoften__53__theworkofsocialworkers,psychiatrists(心理医生)andpsychologists,aswellasspecialistsinpainmedicine.Thismodern__54__forpainmanagementhasledtoawealthofinnovativetreatmentswhicharemoreeffectiveandwithfewersideeffectsthaneverbefore.Decadesago,therewereonlya__55__numberofdrugsavailable,andmanyofthemcaused__56__sideeffectsinolderpeople,includingdizzinessandfatigue.Thiscreatedadouble-edgedsword:themedicationshelpedrelievethepainbutcausedotherproblemsthatcouldbeworsethanthepainitself.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答A)resultI)determiningB)involvesJ)limitedC)significantK)gravelyD)rangeL)complainedE)relievedM)respectF)issuesN)promptingG)seriouslyO)specializeH)magnificentSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting(稍纵即逝的)thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.

63Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouavailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Whentheauthorsaysthecreativemindandthecriticalmind“cannotworkinparallel”(Line4,Para.1)inthewritingprocess,hemeans________.A)noonecanbebothcreativeandcriticalB)theycannotberegardedasequallyimportantC)theyareinconstantconflictwitheachotherD)onecannotusethematthesametime（D）58.Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis________.A)puttingtheirideasinrawformB)attemptingtoeditastheywriteC)ignoringgrammaticalsoundnessD)tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts（B）59.Whatisthechiefobjectiveofthefirststageofwriting?A)Toorganizeone’sthoughtslogically.B)Tochooseanappropriatetopic.C)Togetone’sideasdown.D)Tocollectrawmaterials.（C）60.Onecommonconcernofwritersabout“freewriting”isthat________.A)itoverstressestheroleofthecreativemindB)ittakestoomuchtimetoeditafterwardsC)itmaybringabouttoomuchcriticismD)itdoesnothelpthemtothinkclearly（B）61.Inwhatwaydoesthecriticalmindhelpthewriterinthewritingprocess?A)Itrefineshiswritingintobettershape.B)Ithelpshimtocomeupwithnewideas.C)Itsavesthewritingtimeavailabletohim.D)Itallowshimtositonthesideandobserve.（A）PassageTwoIdon’teverwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit’sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.IwasneververygoodattellingthosestoriesbecausetruthfullyIneverfoundtheminteresting.WhatIdofindinterestingistheoriginoftheuniverse,theshapeofspace-timeandthenatureofblackholes.At19,whenIbeganstudyingastrophysics,itdidnotbothermeintheleasttobetheonlywomanintheclassroom.ButwhileearningmyPh.D.atMITandthenasapost-doctordoingspaceresearch,theissuestartedtobotherme.Myeveryachievement—jobs,researchpapers,awards—wasviewedthroughthelensofgender(性别)politics.Soweremyfailures.Sometimes,whenIwaspushedintoanargumentonleftbrainversus(相对于)rightbrain,ornatureversusnurture(培育),Iwouldinstantlyfightfiercelyonmybehalfandallwomankind.Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemyreplytoanyandallprovocations:Idon’ttalkaboutthatanymore.Ittookme10yearstogetbacktheconfidenceIhadat19andtorealizethatIdidn’twanttodealwithgenderissues.Whyshouldcuringsexismbeyetanotherterribleburdenoneveryfemalescientist?Afterall,Idon’tstudysociologyorpoliticaltheory.TodayIresearchandteachatBarnard,awomen’scollegeinNewYorkCity.Recently,someoneaskedmehowmayofthe45studentsinmyclasswerewomen.Youcannotimaginemysatisfactionatbeingabletoanswer,45.Iknowsomeofmystudentsworryhowtheywill

64managetheirscientificresearchandadesireforchildren.AndIdon’tdismissthoseconcerns.Still,Idon’ttellthem“war”stories.Instead,Ihavegiventhemthis:thevisualoftheirphysicsprofessorheavilypregnantdoingphysicsexperiments.Andinturntheyhavegivenmetheimageof45womendrivenbyaloveofscience.Andthat’sasightworthtalkingabout.62.Whydoesn’ttheauthorwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain?A)Shefeelsunhappyworkinginmale-dominatedfields.B)Sheisfedupwiththeissueofgenderdiscrimination.C)Sheisnotgoodattellingstoriesofthekind.D)Shefindsspaceresearchmoreimportant.（B）63.FromParagraph2,wecaninferthatpeoplewouldattributetheauthor’sfailuresto________.A)theveryfactthatsheisawomanB)herinvolvementingenderpoliticsC)herover-confidenceasafemaleastrophysicistD)theburdenshebearsinamale-dominatedsociety（A）64.WhatdidtheauthorconstantlyfightagainstwhiledoingherPh.D.andpost-doctoralresearch?A)Lackofconfidenceinsucceedinginspacescience.B)Unfairaccusationsfrombothinsideandoutsidehercircle.C)People’sstereotypedattitudetowardfemalescientists.D)Widespreadmisconceptionsaboutnatureandnurtured.（C）65.Whydoestheauthorfeelgreatsatisfactionwhentalkingaboutherclass?A)Femalestudentsnolongerhavetobotheraboutgenderissues.B)Herstudents’performancehasbroughtbackherconfidence.C)Herfemalestudentscandojustaswellasmalestudents.D)Morefemalestudentsarepursuingsciencethanbefore.（D）66.Whatdoestheimagetheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?A)Womenstudentsneedn’thavetheconcernsofhergeneration.B)Womenhavemorebarriersontheirwaytoacademicsuccess.C)Womencanbalanceacareerinscienceandhavingafamily.D)Womennowhavefewerproblemspursuingasciencecareer.（C）PartVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。AnearthquakehitKashmironOct.8,2005.ittooksome75,000lives,__67__130,000andleftnearly3.5millionwithoutfood,jobsorhomes.__68__overnight,scoresoftentvillagesbloomed__69__theregion,tendedbyinternationalaidorganizations,military__70__andaidgroupsworkingdayandnighttoshelterthesurvivorsbeforewinterset__71__.Mercifully,theseasonwasmild.Butwiththe__72__ofspringtherefugeeswillbemovedagain.Campsthat__73__healthcare,foodandshelterfor150,000survivorshavebeguntocloseastheywere__74__intendedtobepermanent.Formostoftherefugees,thethoughtofgoingbackbrings__75__emotions.Thepastsixmonthshavebeendifficult.Familiesof__76__manyas10peoplehavehadtoshelter__77__asingletentandsharecookstovesandbathing__78__withneighbors.“Theyarelookingforwardtothecleanwateroftheirrivers,”officialssay.“Theyare__79__offreefreshfruit.Theywanttogetbacktotheirherdsandstart__80__again.”Butmostwillbereturningto__81__butheapsofruins.Inmanyvillages,electrical__82__havenotbeenrepaired,norhaveroads.Aidworkers__83__thatitwilltakeyearstorebuildwhattheearthquaketook__84__.Andforthethousandsofsurvivors,the__85__willneverbecomplete.

65Yetthesurvivorshavetostartsomewhere.Newhomescanbebuilt__86__thestones,bricksandbeamsofoldones.Springiscominganditisagoodtimetostartagain.67.A)injuredB)ruinedC)destroyedD)damaged（A）68.A)AltogetherB)AlmostC)ScarcelyD)Surely（B）69.A)amongB)aboveC)amidD)across（D）70.A)ranksB)equipmentC)personnelD)installations（C）71.A)outB)inC)onD)forth（B）72.A)fallingB)emergenceC)arrivalD)appearing（C）73.A)strengthenedB)aidedC)transferredD)provided（D）74.A)neverB)onceC)everD)yet（A）75.A)puzzledB)contrastedC)doubledD)mixed（D）76.A)likeB)asC)soD)too（B）77.A)byB)belowC)underD)with（C）78.A)facilitiesB)instrumentsC)implementsD)appliances（A）79.A)seekingB)dreamingC)longingD)searching（B）80.A)producingB)cultivatingC)farmingD)nourishing（C）81.A)anythingB)somethingC)everythingD)nothing（C）82.A)linesB)channelsC)pathsD)currents（A）83.A)asideB)awayC)upD)evaluate（D）84.A)asideB)awayC)upD)out（B）85.A)reservationB)retreatC)replacementD)recovery（C）86.A)fromB)throughC)uponD)onto（A）PartVITranslation(5minutes)

66Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyoutranslationonAnswerSheet2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。87.Thefindingofthisstudyfailedto________________________(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内).88.ThepreventandtreatmentofAIDSis________________________(我们可以合作的领域).89.Becauseoftheleginjury,theathlete________________________(决定退出比赛).90.Tomakedonationsorformoreinformation,please________________________(按以下地址和我们联系).91.Pleasecomehereattentomorrowmorning________________________(如果你方便的话).

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