历年英语六级听力原文

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历年英语六级听力原文0612SectionA:DirectionsInthissectionyouwillheareightshortconversationsandtwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestion,therewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c),andd),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronanswersheettwowithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Now,let’sbeginwitheightshortconversations.Questions11:W:Ineedtofindadentist;yousaidyouknowDr.Smithwell,doyourecommendher?M:Well,Ihadtoseeherafewtimes,butwhatimpressedmemostwerethemagazinesinherwaitingroom.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?Question12:W:I’mafraidIcan’tshowyoutheapartmentatthemoment,becausethetenantisstilllivinginit.It’sreallyalovelyplace,withabigkitchenandasunnywindow,foronlytwohundreddollarsamonth.M:Soundsgood,butwereallycan’trentanapartmentwithoutseeingitfirst.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?Question13:M:So,that’swhat’sbeenkeepingyousobusyrecently!W:Yes,I’vebeentiedupwithmystudies.YouknowI’mplanningtogototheUnitedStatesthiscomingsummer,butI’mabitnervousaboutmyEnglish.Q:Whatisthewomanbusydoing?Question14:W:Howdidyoufeelwhenyoufoundoutyouhadhighbloodpressure?M:Shocked!Theproblemformewasthattherewerenosymptoms;itseemedtohavesneakeduponme.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?Question15:

1W:So,you’rejustbackfromatriptoIndia.Whatwereyoudoingthere?M:Thetripwasintendedtobringtotheworld’sattentionthefactthatAIDSisnotjustanAfricandisease;it’salsoendangeringothercountries,notably,IndiaandThailand.Q:Whatwasthepurposeoftheman’striptoIndia?Question16:M:It’squiteclearformmyvisit,thisisafullsize,comprehensiveuniversity.Sowhyisitstillcalledacollege?W:TheCollegeofWilliamandMaryisthesecondoldestinstitutionofhigherlearninginthiscountry.WehavenurturedgreatmindslikeThomasJeffersonandweareproudofourname.Q:WhatdowelearnfromthisconversationabouttheCollegeofWilliamandMary?Question17:M:Havethepartsweneedforthephotocopyingmachinearrivedyet?W:Iorderedthemlastweek,butsomethingisholdingthemup.Q:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthepartsneededforthephotocopyingmachine?Question18:W:Thecafeteriaprovidedmanykindsofdishedforustoday.Didyounoticethat?M:Yes,kindofrare,isn’tit?Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?Nowyou’llhearthetwolongconversations.ConversationOne:W::Hello,Patrick,isthatyou?M:YeahJane,whatcanIdoforyou?W:Iwascallingabouttheappletreethatyouweretrimmingyesterday.M:Thatwashardwork!W:I’msureitwas.Itsurelookeddifficult.M:Yeah,I’mgladit’sfinished.Haulingthebranchestothefrontforgarbagepickupwasnofuneither.W:Well,Idon’tthinkyou’requitefinishedyet,someofthelargerbranchesfelloverintomyyard,andIthinkyoushouldcomeandgetthem.M:ListenJane,Idon’tseewhyIshoulddothat.Youeatalltheapplesthatfallinyouryardandyou’venevercomplainedaboutthatbefore.

2W:Well,it’seasiertopickupapplesthentodragtreebranchesallthewaytothecurb.Mykidspickuptheapples,andthebranchesarejusttoobigforthemtodrag.M:Well,Iguessyou’lljusthavetodoityourselfJane.W:Patrick,Iwishyouwouldreconsider.We’vealwaysgottenalongfairlywell,butIthinkyou’reoutoflinehere.Thebranchesareyourresponsibility.M:SorryJane,Idisagree!Youtakethebenefitsoftheappletree,butrefusetodealwiththebadsideofit!Besides,itwon’ttakeyouanytimetogetthebranchesoutfront!W:GetthebranchesoffmypropertyorI’llhavetosueyou.M:Yeah?Forwhat?!You’retakingthoselawclassestooseriously!I’vegottago,Ihavetopickupmyson.W:You’llbehearingfromme.M:Yeah,yeah.SeeyouincourtJane.Questions19-22arebasedonthequestionsyouhavejustheard.Question19:Whatdidthemandoyesterday?Question20:Whatdidthewomanaskthemantodo?Question21:Whatdidthewomanthreatentodo?Question22:Whatwastheman’sreactiontothewoman’sthreat?ConversationTwo:M:DidyouhearabouttheaircrashthatoccurredinSouthAmericarecently?Itwasquiteatragicaccident!W:No，Ididn’tseeanythinginthenewsaboutit.Whathappened?M:AforeignairlinerwasattemptingtolandatnightinamountainousareainArgentinaandflewintoahill!W:Thatsoundsreallyterrible!Didanyonesurvive?M:No,everyoneaboard,includingthecrew,waskilledinstantly.W:Whatwerethecircumstances?Weretheybadweather,afire,orenginefailure?M:Apparently,therewassomelowcloudsinthearea,butmostlyitwasjust

3miscommunicationbetweenthepilotsandthearetrafficcontrollers.W:Weren’ttheybothspeakinginEnglish,theofficialinternationalaviationlanguage?M:Yestheywere,butthetransmitionfrompoorqualityradioswasslightlydistortedandtheaccentsoftheSpanishspeakingcontrollerswassostrongthatthepilotsthatthepilotsmisunderstoodavitalinstruction.W:Howcouldamisunderstandinglikethatcausesuchaseriousaccident?M:Thepilotsweretoldtodescendto2-2,000feet.Theinstructionactuallymeant22,000feet,buttheythoughttheyhearddescend2,000feet.That’sahugedifference,anditshouldhavebeenconfirmed,butitwasnot.Unfortunately,theterrainofthemountainsinNorweijaascendto2,000feet.W:Sothepilotsdiddescendtothewrongaltitudethen,becausetheywerefollowingtheaircontrollersinstructions.M:Sadlyenough,yestheydid.Itwasareallybadmistake.Manypeoplediedasaresultofthesimplyunderstanding.W:Wow,that’sapowerfullessononhowimportantitcanbetoaccuratelycommunicatetoeachother.Questions:23-25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Question23:Whatwasthecauseofthetragedy?Question24:HowhigharethemountainsinNorweija?Question25:Whatlessoncouldbedrawnfromtheaccident?SectionB:directionsInthissection,youwillhearthreeshortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearthequestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkeda),b),c),andd).Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronanswersheettwowithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passageone:EdgarPoe,anAmericanwriter,wasbornin1809.Hisparentswereactors.Edgarwasababywhenhisfatherleftthefamily.Hewastwoyearsoldwhenhismotherdied.Hewastakeninto

4thehomeofawealthybusinessmannamedJohnAllen.Hethenreceivedhisrealname,EdgarAllenPoe.Asayoungman,PoeattendedtheUniversityofVirginia.Hewasagoodstudent,buthelikedtodrinkalcoholandplaycardgamesformoney.Asanunskilledgameplayer,heoftenlostmoney.Sincehecouldn’tpayoffhisgamblingmoney,heleftuniversityandbeganworkingformagazines.Heworkedhard,yethewasnotwellpaid,orwellknown.Attheageof27,hegotmarried.ForatimeitseemedthatPoewouldfindhappiness,buthiswifewassickformostoftheirmarriage,anddiedin1847.Throughallhiscrises,Poeproducedmanystoriesandpoemswhichappearedindifferentpublications,yethedidn’tbecomefamousuntil1845,whenhispoem,TheRaven,waspublished.Thereisaquestion,however,aboutPoe’simportanceinAmericanLiterature.SomecriticssaythatPoewasoneofAmerica’sbestwriters,andeveninfluencedmanyFrenchwriters,butothersdisagree.TheysaythatPoe’sworkisdifficulttounderstandandmostofhiswritingdescribesmanyunpleasantsituationsandevents.EdgarAllenPoediedin1849whenhewas40yearsold.Itissaidthathewasfounddeadafterdaysofheavydrinking.Questions26-29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard:Question26:WhathappenedtoEdgarAllenPoe’sfamily,whenhewasonlytwoyearsold?Question27:WhydidEdgarAllenPoeleavetheUniversityofVirginia?Question28:WhatdosomecriticssayaboutEdgarAllenPoe?Question29:HowdidEdgarAllenPoe’slifecometoanend?PassageTwo:Morethanfiftyyearsago,theUnitedNationsdeclaredthatliteracyisabasichumanright.It’sveryimportantforimprovingthelivesofindividuals,however,itisestimatedthat880millionadultsaroundtheworldareilliterate,thatis,theyareunabletoreadorwrite.Amajorityofthemarewomen.Over100millionschoolagechildrenaroundtheworlddonotattendschool.Manyotherscompleteschooloffailtofinishtheirstudieswithoutlearningtoreadorwrite.Manycountriesdependontheeffortsofpeoplewhooffertheirtimetohelpilliterateindividuals.Forexample,JohnMoggerbecameconcernedabouttheproblemofilliteracy

5threeyearsago,sohestartedteachingfiveprisonersinBrazil.Inhisteaching,hedevelopedasystemwiththeseprisoners.Hesayshiswayofteachingcanhelpanyonelearnhowtoreadandwritewithaboutthirtyhoursofstudy.Tolearnhissystem,peoplemustfirstknowhowtowritelettersofthealphabetandlearnwhichsoundstheyrepresent.Thesystemdivideslettersintothreegroups.Thefirstgroupoflettercanbewrittenbetweentwolines.Thesecondcanbewrittenbetweentwolinesbutpartoftheletterisabovethetopline.Thethirdgrouphaslettersthatarepartlywrittenbelowthelowerline.JohnMoggertaughthisstudentstowritesimplywordsfromtheletters,inthisway,hisstudentslearnedmorethansevenhundredwords.Manyofthemcannowwritetofamilymembers.Theyalsocanreadnewspapersandmagazines.Questions30-32arebasedonthePassageyouhavejustheard:Questions30:Accordingtothespeaker,whichgroupofpeoplemakeupthemajorityoftheilliteratepopulation?Question31:WhatisthemostimportantfeatureofJohnMoggersmethodofteachingthealphabet?Question32:WhatdoesJohnMoggersayabouthisteachingmethod?PassageThree:Farmersusuallyuseplowstopreparetheirfieldsforplantingcrops.Plowscutintotheground,andliftupweeds,andotherunwantedplants.However,plowingisblamedforcausingseveredamagetotopsoilbyremovingtheplantsthatprotectsoilfrombeingblownorwashedaway.ManyfarmersinSouthAsiaarenowtryingaprocesscalledLowTillFarming.LowTillFarminglimitstheuseofplows.Inthismethodoffarmingseedsandfertilizerareputintothesoilthroughsmallcutsmadeinthesurfaceoftheground.LowTillAgricultureleavesmuchorallthesoilandremainsofplantsontheground.Theyserveasanaturalfertilizerandhelpsupporttherootsoffuturecrops.Theytakeinrainandallowittoflowintothesoilinsteadofrunningoff.IthasbeenprovedthatLowTillFarmingincreasesharvestsandreduceswateruse,andthismethodreducedtheneedforchemicalproductsbecausetherearefewerunwantedplants.ScientistssayLowTillFarmingisbecomingpopularinSouthAsia,whichisfacingaseverwatershortage.Theysaytheareawillbecomedependedonimportedfood

6unlesswaterissavedthroughmethodslikeLowTillFarming.Currently,morethan150millionpeopleinSouthAsiadependonlocalriceandwheatcrops.Farmersgrowriceduringwetweather.Duringthedryseasontheygrowwheatinthesamefields.FarmersareusingtheLowTillmethodtoplantwheatafterharvestingrice.ScientistssayLowTillAgricultureisoneofthebestexamplesintheworldsoftechnologiesworkingforbothpeople,andtheenvironment.Questions33-35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Question33:Whatisthemainproblemcausebytheusualwayofplowing?Question34:WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutLowTillFarming?Question35:WhereisLowTillFarmingbecomingpopular?SectionC:DirectionsInthissectionyouwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadthesecondtimeyouarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36-43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Fortheblanksnumbered44-46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanksyoucaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Now,listentothepassage.Adultsaregettingsmarterabouthowsmartbabiesare.Notlongago,researcheslearnedthatfourdayoldscouldunderstandadditionandsubtraction.Now,BritishresearchpsychologistGramShafferhasdiscoveredthatinfantscanlearnwordsoruncommonthingslongbeforetheycanspeak.Hefoundthatninemontholdinfantscouldbetaughtthroughrepeatedshowandtelltorecognizethenamesofobjectsthatwereforeigntothem,aresultthatchallengesinsomeways,thereceivedwisdomthatapartfromlearningtoidentifythingscommontotheirdailylives,childrendon’tbeingtobuildvocabularyuntilwellintotheirsecondyear.“It’snosecretthatchildrenlearnwords,butthewordstheytendtoknowarelinkedtospecificsituationsinthehome,”explainsShaffer.Thisisthefirstdemonstrationthatwecanchoosewhatwordsthechildrenwilllearnandthattheycanrespondtothemwithanunfamiliarvoice

7givinginstructionsinanunfamiliarsetting.“Figuringouthowhumanacquirelanguagemayshedlightonwhysomechildrenlearntoreadandwritelaterthanothers,”Shaffersays,“andcouldleadtobettertreatmentsfordevelopedmentalproblems.”What’smore,thestudyoflanguageacquisitionoffersdirectinsightintohowhumanslearn.“Languageisatestcaseforhumancognitivedevelopment,”saysShaffer,“butparentseagertoteachtheirinfantsshouldtakenote.Evenwithoutbeingtaughtnewwordsacontrolgroupcaughtupwiththeotherinfantswithinafewmonths.”Thisisnotaboutadvancingdevelopment,hesays,it’sjustaboutwhatchildrencandoatanearlieragethanwhateducatorshaveoftenthought.070611、W:Jim,youareonthenetagain!Wearegoingtogetoff.Itstimeforthetalkshow!M:Justaminutedear!Imlookingatanewjewelrysite.IwanttomakesureIgettherightgiftformomsbirthday.Q:Whatisthemandoingrightnow?12．W:Iveneverseenyouhavesuchconfidencebeforeintheexam!M:Itsmorethanconfidence!RightnowIfeltthatifIgotlessthananA,itwillbethefaultoftheexamitself.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?13．W:Justlookatthisnewspaper!Nothingbutmurder,deathandwar!Doyoustillbelievepeoplearebasicallygood?M:OfcourseIdo!Butnewspapershardlyeverreportstoriesaboutpeaceandgenerosity.Theyarenotnews!Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?14．M:Tommustbejokingwhenhesaidheplanstosellhisshopandgotomedicalschool.W:Youarequiteright!Hesjustkidding!Hesalsotoldmetimeandtimeagainhewishedtostudyforsomeprofessioninsteadofgoingintobusiness.Q:WhatwillTomprobablydoaccordingtotheconversation?15．W:Ihearyourbosshasarealgoodimpressionofyou,andheisthinkingaboutgivingyoutwomoredaysoffeachmonth.M:Ihopenot.IdrathergetmoreworkhoursIcangetenoughbuckstohelpoutmytwokidsatcollege.Q:Whatdoesthemantrulywant?

816．M:IheardyoutookatriptoMexicolastmonth.Howdidyoulikeit?W:Oh,Igotsickandtiredofthehotelandhotelfood!SonowIunderstandthething:East,west,homesbest!Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?17．W:ImworriedaboutAnna.Shesreallybeendepressedlately.Allshedoesisstayinginherroomallday.M:Thatsoundsserious!Shedbetterseeapsychiatristatthecounselingcentre.Q:WhatdoesthemansuggestAnnado?18．M:IcouldhardlyrecognizeSamafterwegotthatnewjob!Hesalwaysinasuitandtienow.W:Yeah.Hewasneverlikedthatincollege.Backthen,hewentaroundinoldT-shirtsandjeans.Q:WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutSam?Conversation1M:Hi,Anna!Welcomeback!How’syourtriptotheStates?W:Verybusy.Ihadalotofmeetings,so,ofcourse,Ididn’thavemuchtimetoseeNewYork.M:Whatapity!Actually,Ihaveatriptheremyselfnextweek.W:Doyou?Thentakemyadvice,dothewell-beingintheairprogram.Itreallyworks.M:Oh,Ireadaboutthatinamagazine.Yousayitworks?W:Yes,IdidtheprogramontheflighttotheStates,andwhenIarrivedatNewYork,Ididn’thaveanyproblem,nojetlagatall.Onthewayback,Ididn’tdoit,andIfeltterrible.M:You’rejoking!W:Notatall,itreallymeantalotofdifference.M:En.Sowhatdidyoudo?W:Well,Ididn’tdrinkanalcoholorcoffee,andIdidn’teatanymeatorrichfood.Idrinkalotofwater,andfreshjuice,andIatethenoodlesonthewell-beingmenu.They’relighter.Theyhavefish,vegetables,andnoodles,forexample,andIdidsomeoftheexercisesoftheprogram.M:Exercises?Onaplane?W:Yes.Ididn’tdomany,ofcourse,thereisn’tmuchspaceonaplane.M:Howmanypassengersdotheexercises?

9W:Notmany.M:Thenhowmuchchampagnedidtheydrink?W:Alot!Itwasmorepopularthanmineralwater.M:So,basically,it’sachoice.Mineralwaterandexercises,orchampagneandjetlag.W:That’sright!It’sadifficultchoice.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyou’vejustheard.19.WhydidthewomangotoNewYork?20.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthewell-beingintheairprogram?21.Whatdidthewomandotofollowthewell-beingmenu?22.Whatdidthewomansayaboutotherpassengers?ConversationTwo:W:Morning.CanIhelpyou?M:Well,I’mnotrallysure.I’mjustlooking.W:Isee.Well,there’splentytolookatitagainthisyear.I’msureyouhavetowalkmilestoseeeachstand.M:That’strue.W:Er…,wouldyoulikeacoffee?Comeandsitdownforaminute,noobligation.M:Well,that’sverykindofyou,but…W:Now,please.Isthisthefirstyearyou’vebeentothefair,Mr….M:Yes,Johnson,JamesJohnson.W:Myname’sSusanCarter.Areyoulookingforanythinginparticular,orareyouinterestedincomputersingeneral?M:Well,actually,Ihavesomespecificjobsinmind.Ioweasmallcompany,we’vegrownquitedramaticallyoverthepast12months,andwereallyneedsometechnologicalhelptoenableustokeepontopofeverything.W:What’syourlineofbusiness,Mr.Johnson?M:We’reatrainingconsultancy.W:Isee.Andwhatdoyoumean“tokeepontop”?M:Thefirstthingiscorrespondence.Wehavealotofstandardlettersandforms.SoIsupposeweneedsomekindofwordprocessor.W:Right.Well,that’snoproblem.Butitmaybepossibleforyoutogetasystemthatdoesa

10lotofotherthingsinadditiontowordprocessing.WhatmightsuityouistheMR5000.That’sitoverthere!It’sIBMcompatible.M:Whatabouttheprice?W:Well,theMR5000costs1,050pounds.Softwarecomesfreewiththehardware.M:Well,I’llthinkaboutit.Thankyou.W:Here’smycard.Pleasefeelfreetocontactme.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyou’vejustheard:23.Wheredidtheconversationtakeplace?24.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?25.Whatistheman’slineofbusiness?PassageP1Thenewyearalwaysbringswiththeculturaltraditionofnewpossibilities.Weseeitasachanceforrenewal.Webegintodreamofnewpossibleselves.Wedesignouridealselforanimagethatisquitedifferentfromwhatwearenow.Forsomeofus,werollatdreamyfilminourheadsjustbecauseit’sthebeginningofanewyear.Butwearen’tseriousaboutmakingchanges.Wejustmakesomehalf-heartedresolutionanditevaporatesafteraweekortwo.Theexperiencemakesusfeellesssuccessfulandleadsustodiscountourabilitytochangeinthefuture.It’notthechangeisimpossiblebutthatitwouldlose(?)unlessourresolutionsaresupportedwithplansforimplementation.Wehavetomakeourintentionsmanageablebydetailingthespecificstepsthatwillcarryustoourgoal.Sayyourgoalistoloseweightbydietingandcuttingoffsweets.Butonenightyoujusthavetohaveacookie.Andyouknowthere’sabagofyourfavoritesinthecupboard.Youwantone,youeattwo,youcheckthebagandfindoutyou’vejustshot132calories.Yousaytoyourself,“Whatthehell!”andpolishoffthewholebag.Thenyoubegintodrawallkindsofunpleasantconclusionsaboutyourself.Toprotectyoursenseofself,youbegintodiscountthegoal.Youmaythink–“Well,dietingwasn’tthatimportanttomeandIwon’tmakeitanyhow.”Soyouabandonthegoalandreturntoyourbadhabits.26Whatdopeopleusuallywishtodoatthebeginningofanewyear?27Howcanpeopleturntheirnewyear’sresolutionsintoreality?28Whydoesthespeakermentiontheexampleofsweetsandcookies?

11P225yearsago,RayAnderson,asingleparentwithaone-year-oldsonwitnessedaterribleaccidentwhichtookplacewhenthedriverofatruckranaredlightandcollidedwiththecarofSandraD.TheimpactofthecollisionkilledSandrainstantly.Butherthree-month-olddaughterwaslefttrappedintheburningcar.Whileotherslookedoninhorror,Andersenjumpedoutofhisvehicleandcrawledintothecarthroughtheshadowedrearwindowtotrytofreetheinfant.Secondslater,thecarwasenclosedinflames.Buttoeveryone’samazement,Andersenwasabletopullthebabytosafety.Whilethebabywasallright,Andersenwasseriouslyinjured.Twodayslaterhedied.Buthisheroicactwaspublishedwidelyinthemedia.Hissonwassoonadoptedbyrelatives.Themostremarkablepartofthestoryunfoldedonlylastweek.KarenandherboyfriendMichaelwerelookingthroughsomeoldboxeswhentheycameacrosssomeoldnewspaperclippings.“ThisismewhenIwasanewbornbaby.Iwasrescuedfromaburningcar.Butmymotherdiedintheaccident,”explainedKaren.AlthoughMichaelknewKaren’smotherhaddiedyearsearlier,heneverfullyunderstoodthecircumstancesuntilheskimmedoverthenewspaperarticle.ToKaren’ssurprise,Michaelwasabsorbedinthedetailsoftheaccident.Andhebegantocryuncontrollably.ThenherevealedthatthemanthatpulledKarenfromtheflameswasthefatherheneverknew.Thetwoembracedandshedmanytears,recountingstoriestoldtothemabouttheirparents.29Whathappenedtwenty-fiveyearsago?30WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutMichael’sfather?31WhydidMichaelcryuncontrollablywhenheskimmedoverthenewspaperarticle?P3Americanssufferfromanoverdoseofwork.Regardlessofwhotheyareorwhattheydo.AmericansspendmoretimeatworkthanthatanytimesinceWorldWarII.In1950,theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyotherindustrializedcountry.Today,itexceedseverycountrybutJapanwhereindustrializedemployeesload2155hoursayearcomparedwith1951intheUSand1603intheformerWestGermany.Between1969and1989,employedAmericansaddanaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Theworkweekhasremainedabove40hours.Butpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.Specificallypaytimeoffholidays,vacations,sickleaveshrinkby50%inthe1980s.Ascorporationshaveexperiencedstiffcompetitionsandslowingrowthofproductivity,theyhavepressed

12employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglay-offsinthe1980sreducetheprofessionalandmanagerialruns,leavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlowerpaidoccupationswherewageshavebeenreduced,workershaveaddedhoursinovertimeorextrajobstopreservetheirlivingstandards.Thegovernmentestimatesthatmorethan7millionpeopleholdasecondjob.Forthefirsttime,largenumbersofpeoplesaytheywanttocutbackonworkinghoursevenitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersareunwillingtoletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditionalroleasaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible.Question32-35arebasedonthepassageyou’vejustheard32.Inwhichcountrydoindustrialemployeesworkthelongesthours?33.HowdoemployedAmericansmanagetoworkmorehours?34.Whydocorporationspresstheiremployeestoworklongerhoursaccordingtothespeaker?35.WhatdoesthespeakersaymanyAmericansprefertodo?CompounddictationNursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpressionthatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,wearelicensedtoprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonothaveanylegalormoralobligationtoanyphysician.Weprovidehealthteaching,assessphysicalaswellasemotionalproblems,coordinatepatientrelatedservices,andmakeallournursingdecisionbaseduponwhatisbestorsuitableforthepatient.Ifinanycircumstancewefeelthataphysician’sorderisinappropriateorunsafe,wehavealegalresponsibilitytoquestionthatorder,orrefusetocarryitout.Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbeforetheyentertheprofession.Theemotionalandphysicalstress,however,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisaprimereasonforalargeofthecareerdissatisfaction.Itissometimesrequiredthatweworkovertime,andthatwechangeshiftsfourorfivetimesamonth.Thatdisturbsourpersonallives,destructoursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjobrelatedfriendsandactivities.Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythesesituations.Mosthospitalsarenowstaffedbynewgraduates,asexperiencednursesfinallygiveuptryingtochangethesystem.Consumersofmedicallyrelatedserviceshaveevidentlynotbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchangesinourmedicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,theywillfindthatmostcriticalhospitalcarewillbeprovidedbynew,inexperienced,and

13sometimesinadequatelytrainednurses.0712SectionA11.M:Thebiologicalprojectisnowintrouble,youknow,mycolleagueandIhavecompletelydifferentideasabouthowtoproceed.  W:Whydon’tyoucompromise(让步，妥协)？Trytomakeitawin-winsituation(双赢)foryouboth.  Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?12.M:HowdoesNancylikethenewdresssheboughtinRome?  W:ShesaidshewouldneverhaveboughtanItalianstyledressifshehadknownMaryHadalreadygotsuchadress.   Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?13.M:Youarenotgoingtodoallthosedishesbeforeweleave,areyou?Ifwedon’tpickup(开车接)GeorgeandMarthain25minutes,we’llnevergettothetheaterontime.  W:Oh,didn’tItellyouMarthacalledtosayherdaughterwasillandtheycouldnotgottonight?  Q:Whatisthewomanprobablygoingtodofirst?14.M:You’vebeenhangingontothephone(打电话不挂断)forquiteawhile.Whowereyoutalkingwith?  W:Oh,itwasSally.Youknow,shealwayshasthelatestnewsintownandcan’twaittotalkitoverwithme.  Q:WhattowelearnaboutSallyfromtheconversation?15.W:It’salwaysbeenhardtogetthiscarintofirstgear(挂一挡)，andnowtheclutchseemstobeslipping.  M:Ifyouleavethecarwithme,Iwillfixitforyouthisafternoon.  Q:Whoisthewomanprobablyspeakingto?16.M:Kate,whydoesthedowntownarealookdesertednow?  W:Well,thereusedtobesomereallygoodstores,butlotsofthemmovedouttothemall.’  Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?17.W:Ifindtheloungesuchacozyplacetostudyin.Ireallylikethefeelingofsittingonthesofaanddoingthereading.

14  M:Well,formethehardestpartaboutstudyinghereisstayingawake.  Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?18.W:Theremosquitobitesarekillingme.Ican’thelpscratching.  M:Nexttimeyougocamping,takesomeprecaution,say,wearinglongsleeves.  Q:Whydoesthemansuggestthewomanwearlongsleeves?ConversationOneM:Hello,andwelcometoourprogram,“WorkingAbroad”.OurguestthiseveningisaLondoner,wholivesandworksinItaly,Hername’sSusanHill.Susan,welcometotheprogram(19).YouliveinFlorence,howlonghaveyoubeenlivingthere?W:Since1982.ButwhenIwenttherein1982,Iplannedtostayforonly6months(20).M:Whydidyouchangeyourmind?W:Well,I’madesigner,Idesignleathergoods,mainlyshoesandhandbags,SoonafterIarrivedinFlorence,IgotajobwithoneofItaly’stopfashionhouses,Ferregamo.So,Idecidedtostay.M:Howlucky!DoyoustillworkforFerregamo?W:No,I’vebeenafreelancedesignerforquitealongtimenow,since1988,infact.(21)M:Sodoesthatmeanyoudesignforseveraldifferentcompaniesnow?W:Yes,that’sright.I’vedesignedmanyfashionitemsforanumberofItaliancompanies,andinthelastfouryears,I’vealsobeendesigningfortheBritishcompany,Burberrys.(21)M:Whathaveyoubeendesigningforthem?W:Mostlyhandbagsandsmallleathergoods.M:How’sthefashionindustryinItalychangedsince1982?W:oh,yes.It’sbecomealotmorecompetitive(22).Becausethequalityofproductsfromothercountrieshasimprovedalot.ButItalianqualityanddesignisstillworld-famous.M:AnddoyoueverthinkofreturningtoliveinEngland?W:No,notreally.WorkinginItalyismoreinteresting.IalsolovetheMediterraneansunandtheItalianlifestyle.M:Well,thankyoufortalkingtous,Susan.W:Itwasapleasure.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Wheredoesthistalkmostprobablytakeplace?

1520.Whatwasthewoman’soriginalplanwhenshewenttoFlorence?21.Whathasthewomanbeendoingforalivingsince1988?22.WhatdowelearnaboutthechangeinItaly’sfashionindustry?ConversationTwoM:So,Claire,you’reintodrama?W:Yes,Ihaveamaster’sdegreeinDramaandTheatre.Atthemoment,I’mhopingtogetontoaPh.D.Program.M:Whatexcitesyouaboutdrama?W:Well,Ifindit’sacommunicativewaytostudypeopleandyoulearnhowtoreadpeopleindrama.SousuallyIcanunderstandwhatpeoplearesaying,eventhoughtheymightbelying.(23)M:Thatwouldbeuseful.W:Yeah,it’sveryusefulformeaswell.I’manEnglishlecturer,sousealotfordramainmyclasses,suchasroleplays.AndIaskmystudentstocreatemini-dramas.Theyreallyrespondwell.(24)Atthemoment,I’mhopingtogetontoaPh.D.course.IwouldliketoconcentrateonAsiandramaandtrytobringAsiantheatretotheworld’sattention.Idon’tknowhowsuccessfulIwouldbe,but,here’shoping.M:Oh,I’msureyou’llbesuccessful.Now,Claire,whatdoyoudoforstagefright?W:Ah,stagefright!Well,manyactorshavethatproblem.GetstagefrighteverytimeI’mgoingtoteachanewclass.Thenightbefore,Iusuallycan’tsleep.M:What?Forteaching?W:Yes.Igetreallybadstagefright.ButtheminuteIstepintotheclassroomorgetontothestage,itjustallfallsintoplace.ThenIjustfeellike:Yeah,thisiswhatImeantodo.AndI’mfine(25).M:Wow,that’scool!Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.Whydoesthewomanfindstudyindramaandtheatreuseful?24.Howdidthewoman’sstudentsrespondtoherwayofteachingEnglsih?25.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutherstagefright?SectionBPassageOne

16  InJanuary1989,theCommunityofEuropeanRailwayspresentedtheirproposalforahighspeedpan-Europeantrainnetwork,extendingfromSwedentoSicily,andfromPortugaltoPolandbytheyear2020.(26)Iftheirproposalbecomesareality,itwillrevolutionizetraintravelinEurope.Journeysbetweenmajorcitieswilltakehalfthetimetheytaketoday.(27)BrusselswillbeonlyoneandahalfhoursfromParis.ThequickestwaytogetfromParistoFrankfurt,fromBarcelonatoMadridwillbebytrain,notplane.Whenthenetworkiscompete,itwillintegratethreetypesofrailwayline:totallynewhigh-speedlineswithtrainsoperatingatspeedsof300kilometersperhour,upgradedlineswhichallowforspeedsupto200to225kilometersperhour,andexistinglinesforlocalconnectionsanddistributionoffreight.Ifbusinesspeoplecanchoosebetweena3-hourtrainjourneyfromcity-centertocity-centerand1-hourflight,they’llchoosethetrain(28),saysanexecutivetravelconsultant.Theywon’tgobyplaneanymore.Ifyoucalculateflighttime,check-inandtravelto-and-fromtheairport,you’llfindalmostnodifference.Andifyourplanearriveslateduetobadweatherorairtrafficjamsorstrikes,thenthetrainpassengerswillarriveattheirdestinationfirst.(28)SinceFranceintroducedthefirst260-kilometerperhourhighspeedtrainservicebetweenParisandLyonin1981(29),thetrainshaveachievedhigherandhigherspeeds.Onmanyroutes,airlineshavelostupto90%oftheirpassengerstohighspeedtrains.IfpeopleaccepttheCommunityofEuropeanRailways’Railways’Plan,the21stcenturywillbenewageofthetrains.Question26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.WhatistheproposalpresentedbytheCommunityofEuropeanRailways?27.Whatwillhappenwhentheproposalbecomesareality?28.Whywillbusinesspeopleprefera3-hourtrainjourneytoa1-hourflight?  29.WhendidFranceintroducethefirsthighspeedtrainservice?PassageTwo  Westerndoctorsarebeginningtounderstandwhattraditionalhealershavealwaysknownthatthebodyandthemindareinseparable.(30)Untilrecently,modernurbanphysicianshealthebody,psychiatristthemind,andprieststhesoul.However,themedicalworldisnowpayingmoreattentiontoholisticmedicine,whichisanapproachbasedonthebeliefthatpeople’sstateofmindcanmakethemsickorspeedtheirrecoveryfromsickness.Severalstudiesshowthattheeffectivenessofacertaindrugoftendependsonthepatients’

17expectationsofit.Forexample,inonerecentstudy,psychiatristsatamajorhospitaltriedtoseehowpatientscouldbemadecalm.(31)Theydividedthemintotwogroups.Onegroupwasgivenadrugwhiletheothergroupreceivedaharmlesssubstanceinsteadofmedicinewithouttheirknowledge.Surprisingly,morepatientsinthesecondgroupshowedthedesiredeffectthanthoseinthefirstgroup.Instudyafterstudy,there’sapositivereactioninalmostone-thirdofthepatientstakingharmlesssubstances.Howwasthispossible?Howcansuchasubstancehaveaneffectonthebody?Evidencefroma1997studyattheUniversityofCaliforniashowsthatseveralpatientswhoreceivedsuchsubstanceswereabletoproducetheirownnaturaldrug,thatis,astheytookthesubstancetheirbrainsreleasednaturalchemicalsthatactlikeadrug.(32)Scientiststheorizedthattheamountofthesechemicalsreleasedbyaperson’sbrainquitepossiblyindicateshowmuchfaiththepersonhasinhisorherdoctor.Question30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.Accordingtothespeaker,whatarewesterndoctorsbeginningtounderstand?31.Whatdoestherecentstudyatamajorhospitalseemtoprove?32.Whatevidencedoesthe1997studyattheUniversityofCaliforniaproduce?PassageThreeSowe’vealreadytalkedabitaboutthegrowthofextremesportslikerock-climbing.Aspsychologists,weneedtoaskourselves(35):Whyisthispersondoingthis?Whydopeopletaketheserisksandputthemselvesindangerwhentheydon’thaveto?Onecommontraitamongrisk-takersisthattheyenjoystrongfeelingsorsensations.(33)Wecallthistraitsensation-seeking.Asensation-seekerissomeonewho’salwayslookingfornewsensations.Whatelsedoweknowaboutsensation-seekers?Well,asIsaid,sensation-seekerslikestrongemotions.Youcanseethistraitinmanypartsofaperson’slife,notjustinextremesports.Forexample,manysensation-seekersenjoyhardrockmusic.Theyliketheloudsoundandstrongemotionofthesongs.Similarly,sensation-seekersenjoyfrighteninghorrormovies.Theylikethefeelingofbeingscaredandhorrifiedwhilewatchingthemovie.Thisfeelingisevenstrongerforextremesportswherethepersonfacesrealdanger.Sensation-seekersfeelthedangerisveryexciting.Inaddition,sensation-seekerslikenewexperiencesthatforcethemtopushtheirpersonallimits.Forthem,repeatingthesamethingseverydayisboring.(34)Manysensation-seekerschoosejobsthatinvolverisk,suchasstartinganewbusinessorbeing

18anemergencyroomdoctor.Thesejobsaredifferenteveryday,sotheyneverknowwhatwillhappen.That’swhymanysensation-seekersalsolikeextremesports.Whenyoudorock-climbing,youneverknowwhatwillhappen.Theactivityisalwaysnewanddifferent.Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.Accordingtothespeaker,whatisacommontraitamongrisk-takers?34.Whatdosensation-seekersfindboring?35.Whatisthespeaker’sprofession?SectionC        Ifyouarelikemostpeople,you’veindulgedinfakelisteningmanytimes.Yougotohistoryclass,sitinthethirdrow,andlooksquarely(36)attheinstructorasshespeaks.Butyourmindisfaraway,floating(37)inthecloudsofpleasantdaydreams.Occasionally(38)youcomebacktoearth:theinstructorwritesanimportanttermonthechalkboard,andyoudutifully(39)copyitinyournotebook.Everyonceinawhiletheinstructormakesawitty(40)remark,causingothersintheclasstolaugh.Yousmilepolitely,pretendingthatyou’veheardtheremarkandfounditmildlyhumorous(41).Youhaveavaguesenseofguilt(42)thatyouaren’tpayingcloseattention,butyoutellyourselfthatanymaterial(43)youmisscanbepickedupfromafriend’snotes.Besides,theinstructoristalkingaboutroadconstructioninancientRomeandnothingcouldbemoreboring(44).Sobackyougointoyourprivatelittleworld.Onlylaterdoyourealizeyou’vemissedimportantinformationforatest.         Fakelisteningmaybeeasilyexposed,sincemanyspeakersaresensitivetofacialcuesandcantellifyou’remerelypretendingtolisten.Yourblankexpressionandthefarawaylookinyoureyesarethecuesthatbetrayyouinattentiveness(45).         Evenifyou’renotexposed,there’sanotherreasontoavoidfakery:it’seasyforthisbehaviortobecomeahabit.Forsomepeople,thehabitissodeeplyrootedthattheyautomaticallystartdaydreamingwhenaspeakerbeginstalkingonsomethingcomplexoruninteresting(46).Asaresult,theymisslotsofvaluableinformation0806ectionA11.M:Goodnews,I’mnotgoingtohavesurgeryafterall.ThedoctorsaysIcanstartworkingoutagainsoonandmaybeplayfootballlikebeforeinafewweeks.  W:That’sterrific.ItwouldbegreatifyoucouldgetbackinshapeintimefortheWorld

19Cup.  Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?12.M:Ireallyneedtomakesomeextramoney.YouknowI’vepracticallyspentmyentirebudgetforthissemester.  W:WhynotcheckoutthenewcafeteriaatMarketStreet?Ithinktherearestillafewopeningssuitableforseniorslikeyou.  Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?13.M:IhearJohnlefthiscatinyourcarewhilehe’sonvacationabroad.Howareyougettingalongwithit?  W:Well,itnevercomeswhenIcallit.Itspillsitsfoodandshedsallovertheplace.Ican’twaittillJohngetsback.  Q:Howdoesthewomanfindthecat?14.W:Hello,ProfessorWhite,Igotmygradeinthemailthismorning,butIthinktheremightbeamistakeinmymark.  M:Yeah,I’vegotseveralcallsjustlikeyours.Theremustbeaproblemwiththecomputingsystem.Itshouldbestraightenedoutinacoupleofhours.  Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?15.M:ProfessorJohnson,lastnightwhenIwasputtingthefinishingtouchesonmypaper,acomputerfailurecompletelywipedoutmyfiles,doyouthinkIcanhaveanotherdaytoretypeit?  W:I’msorry,Rod.I’mleavingforaconferencetomorrowandI’llbeawaytwoweeks.IsupposeyoucouldsendmeanE-copy.  Q:Whydoesthemansayhecan’tsubmithisassignmentontime?16.W:Ijustcalledthetravelagency,it’sallset.OnJunelst,weareheadingforthemountainsandwillbecampingthereforawholeweek.  M:Haveyoucheckedtheacademiccalendar?Myclassesaren’toveruntilthe8th.  Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?17.W:Ithoughttherewasstilltimeformetoapplyforastudentloan.ButsomeonejusttoldmethattheclosingdatewaslastTuesday.  M:Areyousure?Ithoughtwestillhadanothermonth.Wait,I’vegotabrochurerighthere.LastTuesdaywastheopeningdate.

20  Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?18.W:Lookatallthepollutantsgoingintotheairfromthosefactories.Doyouthinkthey’llevergetthatundercontrol?  M:Nowwiththenewlawsineffectandsocialawarenessincreasing,wearesuretoturnthingsaround.  Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?ConversationOneW:Tellme,Peter,whatmakesHarrodssofamous?M:Well,it’sthebiggestdepartmentstoreintheUK.AnditsfoodhallandtheEgyptianhallareveryfamous.PeoplecometoHarrodsjusttoseethem.W:Whatisspecialaboutthefoodhall?M:Itsellsmanydifferentkindsoffood.Forexample,ithas250kindsofcheesefromallovertheworldandmorethan180kindsofbread.Customersalsoloveallthedifferentkindsofchocolate.Theybuyahundredtonseveryyear.W:That’samazing!AndwhyistheEgyptianhallsofamous?M:Well,whenpeopleseeit,theyfeeltheyareinanotherworld.ItlookslikeinEgyptianbuildingfrom4,000yearsago.Anditsellsbeautifulobjects.Theyarenot4,000yearsold,ofcourse.W:IsittruethatHarrodsproducesitsownelectricity?M:Yes,itdoes.70%,enoughforasmalltown.Tolighttheoutsideofthebuilding,weuse11,500lightbulbs.W:Really?Tellme,howmanycustomersdoyouhaveonanaverageday?Andhowmuchdotheyspend?M:About30,000peoplecomeonanaverageday.Butduringthesales,thenumberincreasesto300,000customersaday.Howmuchdotheyspent?Well,onaverage,customersspendabout1.5millionpoundsaday.Therecordforonedayisninemillionpounds.W:Ninemillionpoundsinoneday?M:Yes,onthefirstdayoftheJanuarysales.W:Harrodssaysitsellseverythingtoeverybody,everywhere.Isthatreallytrue?M:Oh,yes.ofcourse!Absolutelyeverything!19.WhatisthefoodhallofHarrodsnotedfor?

2120.WhatdoestheEgyptianhallseemliketothecustomers?21.WhatmaycustomersfindsurprisingaboutHarrods?22.AbouthowmanycustomerscometoHarrodsonanaverageday?ConversationTwoW:HiKevin!M:HiLaura,longtimenosee!Whathaveyoubeenuptolately?W:Notmuch.Icanassureyou.Andyou?M:MuchthesameexceptIdohavesomebignews.W:Comeon.Thissuspenseiskillingme.M:No,really,whathaveyoubeendoingthesepastfewweeks?ThelasttimeIsawyou,youwerelookingforanewjob.W:Well,that’snotexactlytrue.Iwasthinkingaboutchangingjobs.Luckily,theyofferedmeanewpositionintheaccountingdepartment.M:Astepupinthebigbusinessworld.W:Iwouldn’texaggerate,butIampleased.Ihadbeenhopingtogetapromotionforawhile.Sowhenitfinallycamethrough,Iwasrelieved.Actually,that’swhyIwaslookingforanewjob.Ijustdidn’twanttoworkthereanymoreiftheyweren’tgoingtorecognizemyefforts.M:Right,sometimesyoucandoyourbestanditseemsliketheothersdon’tknowyouexist.Ihopethemoney’sbetter.W:Igotareasonableraise,nowenoughaboutme.I’mdyingtohearyournews.M:Iamgettingmarried.W:No,yousaidyou’dnevergetmarried.M:Thatwasthenandthisisnow.You’vegottomeetAndrea,she’sgreat!W:Thisisallnewstome.Ididn’tevenknowyouweredating.M:Weweren’t.We’vejustbeendatingfortwoweeksnow.W:Andyougettingmarried?M:Iknow.Ican’thelpit.Ijustknowshe’stheone.W:Well,congratulations!That’sfantastic!M:Thanks,I’mgladtohearyoufeelway.23.Whatwasthewomandoingwhenthemanlastsawher?24.Whydoesthewomansayshewasrelieved?

2225.Whyisthewomansurprisedattheman’snews?SectionBPassageOneWaterscootersarewatervehiclesthatlookverymuchlikemotorcycles.Nowadays,speedy,colorfulwaterscootersaregaininginpopularity.Theycantravelanywhereasmallboatcanandparticularlypopularwithyoungpeople.Therisingpopularityofthecrafthasraisedthequestionofwaterscooterregulation.Inthiscase,theargumentforstrictregulationiscompelling.Waterscootersareaparticularlydeadlyformofwaterrecreation.Forexample,twowomenwerevacationinginLongboatKeywhiletheywerefloatingontherubberboatalongtheshore,awaterscootercrashedintothemandkillthem.Alsowaterscooteroperatorshavebeenkilledorseriouslyinjuredincollisionswithotherwatercraft.Othershavebeenstrandedattheseawhentheirscooterseitherfailedorsankfarfromshore.Manywaterscooteroperatorsareinexperiencedandignorantofnavigationalrules,whichincreasethepotentialforaccidents.Theincreasingpopularityofthescooterhasaggravatedtheproblem,providingmorewatervehiclestocompeteforthesamespace.Crowdedwaterwavesaresimplyanopeninvitationtodisaster.Inadditiontotheinherentoperationalhazardsofwaterscooters,theyareprovingtobeanenvironmentalnuisance.Beachresidentscomplainofthenoiseofthescooters.ThePacificWhaleFoundationonthewestcoastexpressedconcernthatthescootersarefrighteningawayanendangeredspeciesofwhalethatmigratestoHawaiiforbreeding.Regulationssuchasminimumoperatingage,restrictedoperatingareasandcompulsoryclassesinwatersafetyareessential.Withoutsuchregulations,tragediesinvolvingwaterscootersaresuretomultiply,whichmakesmanybeachesunsafeforrecreation.26.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutwaterscooters?27.Whatismentionedasoneofthecausesofwateraccidents?28.Inwhatwayarewaterscooterssaidtobeanenvironmentalnuisance?29.Whatdoesthespeakerproposetoensurethesafetyofbeachesforrecreation?PassageTwoItseemstomethatneighborsaregoingoutofstyleinAmerica.Thefriendnestdoorfromwhomyouborrowedforeggsoraladderhasmovedandthepeopleintherenowarestrangers.Someofthetraditionalstoriesofneighborlinessareimpracticalorsillyandmaybejustas

23wellthatourrelationswithourneighborsarechanging.ThesayingintheBible“Lovethyneighbor”wasprobablyapoortranslationofwhatmusthaveoriginallybeen,“respectthyneighbor”.Lovecanbecalleduponorder.FewerthanhalfthepeopleintheUnitedStatesliveinthesamehousetheylivedinfiveyearsago.Sothereisnoreasontolovethepeoplewholivenextdoortoyou,justbecausetheyhappentowanderintoarealestateofficethatlistedtheplacenextdoortoyours.Theonlythingneighborshaveincommon,tobeginwith,isproximityandunlesssomethingmoredevelopsthatisn’treasonenoughtobebestfriends.Itsometimeshappensnaturally,butthechancesareverysmallthatyourneighborswillbeyourchoicesfriendsorthatyouwillbetheirs,either.Thebestrelationshipwithneighborsisoneoffriendlydistance.Yousay“hello”,usesmalltalkifyouseethemintheyard,youdiscussproblemsastheyariseandyouhelpeachotherinanemergency.Thedrivewayorthefencebetweenyouisnotreallyacoldshoulderbutaclearboundary.Wealllikeclearly-definedboundariesforourselves.30.Whatdoesthespeakersayabouttherelationsamongneighborsnowadays?31.Whydoesspeakersayitmaybedifficultforpeopletolovetheirneighbors?32.Whatshouldneighborsdointhespeaker’sopinion?PassageThreeArticlesinmagazinesandnewspapersandspecialreportsonradioandtelevisionreflecttheconcernofmanyAmericansabouttheincreasingdrop-outrateinourjuniorandseniorhighschools.Coupledwiththisfactisthewarningthatsoonwewillnolongerhaveaworkforcetofillthemanyjobsthatrequireproperlyeducatedpersonnel.Thehighstudentdrop-outrateisnotarecentdevelopment.Tenyearsago,manyurbanschoolswerereportingdrop-outratesbetween35and50percent.Someadministratorsmaintainthatdrop-outsremainthesinglegreatestproblemintheirschools.Consequently,muchefforthasbeenspentonidentifyingstudentswithproblemsinordertogivethemmoreattentionbeforetheybecomefailures.Sincethedrop-outproblemdoesn’tstartinseniorhighschool,specialprogramsinjuniorhighschoolfocusonstudentswhoshowpromisebuthavearecordoftruancy—thatisstayingawayfromschoolwithoutpermission.Undertheguidanceofcounselors,thesestudentsareplacedinclasseswithteacherswhohavehadsuccessinworkingwithsimilaryoungpeople.Strategiestomotivatestudentsinahighschoolincluderewardingacademicexcellencebydesignatingscholarsofthemonth,orbyissuingarticlesofclothing,suchasschoolletter

24jacketsformerlygivenonlytoathletes.Nooneworkingwiththesestudentsclaimstoknowhowtokeepallstudentsinschool.Counselors,teachersandadministratorsareinthefrontlinesofwhatseemsattimestobealosingbattle.Actually,thisproblemshouldbeeveryone’sconcernsinceuneducated,unemployedcitizensaffectusall.33.WhyaremanyAmericansconcernedwiththeincreasingdrop-outrateinschool?34.Whatdowelearnaboutthestudentdrop-outprobleminAmerica?35.Whatismentionedasoneofthestrategiesusedtomotivatestudents?SectionCI’minterestedinthecriminaljusticesystemofourcountry.Itseemstomethatsomethinghastobedone,ifwe’retosurviveasacountry.Icertainlydon’tknowwhattheanswerstoourproblemsare.Thingscertainlygetcomplicatedinahurrywhenyougetintothem,butIwonderifsomethingcouldn’tbedonetodealwithsomeoftheseproblems.OnethingI’mconcernedaboutisourpracticeofputtingoffendersinjailwhohaven’tharmedanyone.Whynotworkoutsomesystemwherebytheycanpaybackthedebtstheyowesocietyinsteadofincurringanotherdebtbygoingtoprisonand,ofcourse,comingundertheinfluenceofcourse,comingundertheinfluenceofhardenedcriminals.I’malsoconcernedaboutheshortprisonsentencespeopleareservingforseriouscrimes.Ofcourseonealternativetothisistorestorecapitalpu8nishment,butI’mnotsureIwouldbeforthat.I’mnotsureit’srighttotakeaneye.Thealternativetocapitalpunishmentislongersentencesbuttheywouldcertainlycostthetax-payersmuchmoney.Ialsothinkwemustdosomethingabouttheinsanityplea.Inmyopinion,anyonewhotakesanotherperson’slifeintentionallyisinsane;however,thatdoesnotmeanthatthepersonisn’tguiltyofthecrimeorthatheshouldn’tpaysocietythedebtheowes.It’ssad,ofcourse,thatapersonmayhavetospendtherestofhislife,oralargepartofitinprisonforactsthathecommittedwhilenotinfullcontrolofhismind.0812PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),and

25decidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Nowlet’sbeginwiththeeightshortconversations:11.M:I’maskedtopickuptheguestspeakerBobRusselattheairportthisafternoon,doyouknowwhathelookslike?W:Well,he’sinhissixties,hestandsout,he’sbald,tallandthinandhasabeard.Q:Whatdoweconcludefromthewoman’sremarksaboutBobRussel?12.M:Iamconsideringdroppingmydancingclass.Iamnotmakinganyprogress.W:IfIwereyou,Istickwithit.It’sdefinitelyworthtimeandeffort.Q:Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?13.W:YouseeIstillhavethispaininmyback,thismedicinethedoctorgavemewassupposedtomakemefeelbetterbynow.M:Maybeyoushould’vetakenitthreetimesadayasyouweretold.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?14.M:Frankly,whenIsatthebackoftheclassroom,Ican’tseethewordsontheboardclearly.W:Well,you’vebeenwearingthosesameglassesaslongasI’veknownyou.Whynotgetanewpair?Itwouldn’tcostyoutoomuch.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimplyabouttheman’sglasses?15.W:Howcomethefloorissowet?Ialmostslipped,whathappened?M:Oh,sorry!ThephonerangthemomentIgotintotheshower,anyway,I’llwipeituprightnow.Q:Whywasthefloorwetaccordingtotheman?16.M:Theinstructionsonthepackagesaythatyouneedtosomeassemblyyourself.I’vespentallafternoontryinginvaintoputthisbookcasetogether.W:Iknowwhatyoumean,lasttimeItriedtoassembleatoytrainformysonandIalmostgaveup.Q:Whatdoesthemanfinddifficult?17.M:I’mgettingworriedaboutJenny’sschoolwork.Allshetalksaboutthesedaysisvolleyballgamesandallshedoesispractice,trainingandthingslikethat.W:Hergradesonthecomingexamswillfallforsure.It’shightimewetalk(ed)somesense

26toher.Q:Whatarethespeakersprobablygoingtodo?18.W:Doyouunderstandwhythelocalpeopleareopposedtothenewdamuptheriver?M:Theyareworriedaboutthepotentialdangerifthedamshouldbreak.Theriverisverywideabovetheproposedsite.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?Nowyou’llhearthetwolongconversations:ConversationOneW:Mr.White,whatchangeshaveyouseeninthechampagnemarketinthelasttentofifteenyears?M:Wellthebiggestchangehasbeenthedecreaseinsalessincethegreatboomyearsofthe1980swhenchampagneproductionandsalesreachedrecordlevels.W:Whichwasthebestyear?M:Welltherecordwasin1989when249millionbottlesofchampagnewassold.Thehighestproductionlevelwasreachedin1990withatotalof293millionbottles.Ofcoursesincethoseboomyearssaleshavefallen.W:Hasthemarketbeenbadlyhitbytherecession?M:Ohcertainly,theeconomicproblemsinchampagnes’exportmarketsthat’sEurope,theUnitedStates,Japan,andofcoursethedomesticmarketinFrance,theeconomicproblemshavecertainlybeenonereasonforthedecreaseinchampagnesales.W:Andtheotherreasons?M:Anotherimportantfactorhasbeenprice.Intheearly90s,champagnewasveryoverpriced,somanypeoplestopbuyingit.Insteadtheyboughtsparklingwinesfromothercountries,inparticularfromAustraliaandSpain.Andthentherewasanotherproblemforchampagneintheearly90s.W:Whatwasthat?M:Therewasalotofratherbadchampagneonthemarket.Thismeantthepopularityofgoodsparklingwinesincreasedevenmore.Peoplewassurprisedbytheirqualityandofcoursetheywerealotcheaperthanchampagne.W:Doyouthinkthechampagnemarketwillrecoverinthefuture?M:Oh,I’msureitwill.Whentheeconomicsituationimproves,Ibelievethemarketwill

27recover.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Whatdoesthemansayaboutchampagneinthe1980s?20.Whydidsparklingwinesbecomemorepopularthanchampagneintheearly90s?21.Whatdoesthemanthinkofthechampagnemarketinthefuture?ConversationTwoW:Right,well,inthestudiothismorning,forourinterviewspotisPeterWilson.PeterworksforGreenPeace.So,Peter,welcome.M:Thanksalot.It’sgoodtobehere.W:Great!Now,Peter,perhapsyoucantellussomethingaboutGreenPeaceandyourjobthere.M:Sure.Well,I’llstartbytellingyouroughlywhatGreenPeaceisallabout.IactuallyworkinLondonfortheGreenPeaceorganization.We’vebeengoingforafewdecadesandwe’reanon-violent,non-politicalorganization.We’reinvolvedinanti-nuclearactivity,conservationandprotectionofanimalsandprotectionandsupportofoureco-system.I’mtheactionorganizerandarrangeanyprotests.W:Right!Aprettyimportantrole,Peter.Whatsortofprotestwouldyouorganize?M:Well,recentlywe’vebeeninvolvedinanti-nuclearcampaigns.I,personallyarrangedforthedemonstrationagainstradioactivewastedumpingintheAtlanticOcean.We’vegotafewsmallGreenPeaceboatsthatweharassthedumpingshipwith.W:Say?Holdon,Peter.Ithoughtyousaidyourorganizationwasnon-violent.Whatdoyoumeanby"harass"?M:Well,wecircleroundandroundtheshipsandgetinthewaywhentheytrytodumpthedrumsofnuclearwasteinthesea.Wetalktothemenandtrytochange,youknow,yellatthemtostop.Wegenerallymakeourselvesasmuchofanuisanceaspossible.M:Well,peoplemaythinkdifferentlyofyourmethods,butthere’snodoubtyou’redoingagreatjob.Keepitupandgoodluck.Andthanksfortalkingwithus.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationsyouhavejustheard.22.Whatistheman’schiefresponsibilityintheGreenPeaceorganization?23.WhathasGreenPeacebeeninvolvedinrecently?24.HowdoesGreenPeacetrytostoppeoplefromdumpingnuclearwaste?

2825.Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardstheGreenPeace’scampaigns?SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneTofindoutwhattheweatherisgoingtobe,mostpeoplegostraighttotheradio,television,ornewspapertogetanexpertweatherforecast.Butifyouknowwhattolookfor,youcanuseyourownsensestomakeweatherpredictions.Therearemanysignsthatcanhelpyou.Forexample,infairweathertheairpressureisgenerallyhigh,theairisstillandoftenfullofdust,andfarawayobjectsmaylookvague.Butwhenthestormisbrewing,thepressuredrops,andyouareoftenabletoseethingsmoreclearly.Sailorstooknoteofthislongago,andcameupwiththesaying,“Thefartherthesight,thenearertherain.”Yoursenseofsmellcanalsohelpyoudetecttheweatherchanges.Justbeforeitrains,odorsbecomestronger,thisisbecauseodorsarerepressedinafairhighpressurecenter.Whenabadweatherlowmovesin,airpressurelessensandodorsarereleased.Youcanalsohearanapproachingstorm.Soundsbounceoffheavystormcloudsandreturntoearthwithincreasedforce.Anoldsayingdescribesitthisway,“Soundstravelingfarandwideastormydaywillbetied”.Anddon’tlaughatyourgrandmotherifshesaysshecanfeelastormcoming.Itiscommonlyknownthatmanypeoplefeelpainsintheirbonesorjointswhilethehumidityrises,thepressuredrops,andbadweatherisontheway.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard:26.Whydoesthespeakersaywecanseefarawayobjectsmoreclearlyasastormisapproaching?27.Whatdoesthespeakerwanttoshowbyquotingacoupleofoldsayings?28.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?PassageTwoManydaysseemtobringnumeroustasksandresponsibilities.Allofwhichapparentlymustbetackledrightaway.Youspendadayputtingoutfiles,butbytheendoftheday,you

29haven’taccomplishedanyofthereallyimportantthingsyousetouttodo.Indesperation,youdrafta“to-do”list,butmostdays,youcanmakelittleprogresswithit.Whenyoulookatthelisteachmorning,abigfatcloudofdoomisrightatthetop.Thosedifficult,complex,importanttasks,thataresocrucialtogetdone,andsoeasytoavoid.Plentyofuscreatea“to-do”listtoaddressfeelingsofbeingoverwhelmed,butwerarelyusethesetoolstotheirbesteffect.Theywindoutbeingguilt-provokingremindersofthefactthatwillover-committedandlosingcontrolofourpriorities.AccordingtoTimothyPikle,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarltonUniversityinOttawa,peopleoftendrawupa“to-do”list,andthenthat’sit.Thelistitselfbecomestheday’sachievement,allowingustofeelwe’vedonesomethingusefulwithouttakingonanyrealwork.Infact,drawingupthelistbecomesawayofavoidingtheworkitself.Toooften,thelistisseenastheaccomplishmentfortheday,reducingtheimmediateguiltofnotworkingonthetasksathandbyinvestingenergyinthelist,saysPikle.Whenalistisusedlikethis,it’ssimplyanotherwayinwhichwelietoourselves.Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhaveheard.29.Whatistheproblemthattroublesmanypeoplenowadaysaccordingtothespeaker?30.Accordingtothespeaker,whattoomanypeopledotocopewiththeirdailytasks?31.AccordingtopsychologistTimothyPikle,whatdopeoplefindbytheendoftheday?PassageThreeInmanystressfulsituations,thebody’sresponsescanimproveourperformance.Webecomemoreenergetic,morealert,betterabletotakeeffectiveaction.Butwhenstressisencounteredcontinually,thebody’sreactionsaremorelikelytobeharmfulthanhelpfultous.Thecontinualspeedingupofbodilyreactionsandproductionofstressrelatedhormonesseemtomakepeoplemoresusceptibletoheartdisease.Andstressreactionscanreducethediseasefightingeffectivenessofthebody’simmunesystem,therebyincreasingsusceptibilitytoillnessesrangingfromcoldstocancer.Stressmayalsocontributetodiseaseinlessdirectwaysbyinfluencingmoodsandbehavior.Peopleunderstressmaybecomeanxiousordepressed,andasaresultmayeattoomuchortoolittle,havesleepdifficultiesorfailtoexercise.Thesebehavioralchangesmayinturnbeharmfultothehealth.Inaddition,peoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontocertainbodilysensationssuchasachesandpainswhentheyareunderstressandtothinkthatthey’resick.Ifthepersonwerenotunderstress,thesame

30bodilysensationsmightnotbeperceivedassymptomsandthepersonmightcontinuetofeelwell.Someresearchershavesuggestedthatassumingtheroleofasickpersonisonewayinwhichcertainpeopletrytocopewithstress.Insteadofdealingwiththestressfulsituationdirectly,thesepeoplefallsick.Afterall,itisoftenmoreacceptablyinoursocietytobesickandtoseekmedicalhelpthanitistoadmitthatonecannotcopewiththestressesoflife.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutpeoplewhoencounterstressonceinawhile?33.Whatdoesthespeakersayfrequentstressreactionsmayleadto?34.Whatarepeoplemorelikelytodowhentheyareunderstress?35.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Nowlistentothepassage:Oneofthemostcommonimagesofanadvanced,Western-stylecultureisthatofabusy,traffic-filledcity.Sincetheirfirst（36）appearanceonAmericanroadways,automobileshavebecomea（37）symbolofprogress,asourceofthousandsofjobsandanalmostinalienablerightforcitizens’personalfreedomofmovement.Inrecent（38）decades,our“loveaffair”withthecarisbeing（39）exporteddirectlytothedevelopingworld,anditisincreasingly（40）apparentthatthistransferisleadingtodisaster.American’salmostcompletedependenceonautomobileshasbeenaterriblemistake.Aslateasthe1950s,alarge（41）percentageoftheAmericanpublicusedmasstransit.A（42）combinationofpublicpolicydecisionsandcorporateschemingsawtoitthatcountless（43）convenientandefficienturbanstreetcarandintra-cityrailsystemsweredismantled（拆除）.（44）Ourairqualitynowsuffersfromtheeffectsofpollutantsemitteddirectlyfromourcars.Ourliveshavebeenplannedalongaroadgrid—homesfarfromwork,shoppingfarfrom

31everything,withuglystretchesofconcreteandblacktopinbetween.DevelopingcountriesarecopyingWestern-styletransportationsystemsdowntothelastdetail.（45）TheproblemscausedbymotorizedvehiclesintheWestareoftenmagnifiedindevelopingnations.Pollutioncontrolmeasuresareeithernotstrictornonexistent,leadingtochokingcloudsofsmog.Gasolinestillcontainslead,whichisextremelypoisonoustohumans.（46）Movementinsomecitiescomestoavirtualstandstillasmotorizedtrafficcompeteswithbicyclesandpedestrians.Inadditiontopollutionandtrafficjams,autosafetyisacriticalissueindevelopingnations.090611.W:IforgottotellyouthatFredcalledlastnighttoborrowyoursleepingbag.M:Oh,Isawhimatthegymthismorning,buthedidn’tsayanything.Sohemusthaveaskedsomebodyelse.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?12.W:ThesesummerdaysaregettingtobemorethanIcantake.Itwaseventoohottogotothepoolyesterday.M:Hanginthere.Accordingtotheweatherreportweshouldhavesomereliefbytheendoftheweek.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?13.W:Well,tonightwehaveProfessorBrowninourstudiototalkaboutthefamousoilpaintingofQueenVictoria.Goodevening,professor.M:Goodevening,madam,mypleasuretobeheretonight.Q:Whatisthewomandoing?14.M:Theplantsnexttothewindowalwayslookbrown.Youwouldn’tknowbylookingatthemthatIwaterthemeveryweek.W:Maybetheydon’tlikedirectsunlight.Ihadthesameproblemwithsomeofmyplants.Andalittleshadehelpsthemimmensely.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?短对话：11.W:IforgottotellyouthatFredcalledlastnighttoborrowyoursleepingbag.M:Oh,Isawhimatthegymthismorning,buthedidn’tsayanything.Sohemusthaveaskedsomebodyelse.

32Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?12.W:ThesesummerdaysaregettingtobemorethanIcantake.Itwaseventoohottogotothepoolyesterday.M:Hanginthere.Accordingtotheweatherreportweshouldhavesomereliefbytheendoftheweek.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?13.W:Well,tonightwehaveProfessorBrowninourstudiototalkaboutthefamousoilpaintingofQueenVictoria.Goodevening,professor.M:Goodevening,madam,mypleasuretobeheretonight.Q:Whatisthewomandoing?14.M:Theplantsnexttothewindowalwayslookbrown.Youwouldn’tknowbylookingatthemthatIwaterthemeveryweek.W:Maybetheydon’tlikedirectsunlight.Ihadthesameproblemwithsomeofmyplants.Andalittleshadehelpsthemimmensely.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?长对话：LongconversationoneW:You’retheeditorofPublicEye.Whatkindoftopicsdoesyourprogramcover?M:Well,thereareessentiallydomesticstories.Wedon’tcoverinternationalstories.Wedon’tcoverpartypoliticsoreconomics.WedoissuesofgeneralsocialconcerntoourBritishaudience.Theycanbeanythingfromthefutureofthehealthservicetothewaytheenvironmentisgoingdownhill.W:Howdoyouchoosethetopic?Doyouchooseonebecauseit’swhatthepublicwantstoknowaboutorbecauseit’swhatyoufeelthepublicoughttoknowabout?M:Ithinkit’samixtureofboth.Sometimesyouhaveastrongfeelingthatsomethingisimportantandyouwanttoseeitexaminedandyouwanttocontributetoapublicdebate.Sometimespeoplecometoyouwiththingstheyareworriedaboutandtheycanbequitesmallthings.Theycanbeastoryaboutcorruptioninlocalgovernment,somethingtheycannotquiteunderstand,whyitdoesn’tseemtobeworkingoutproperly,liketheyarenothavingtheirlittercollectedproperlyorthedustbinsemptied.W:Howdoyouknowthatyou’vegotareallysuccessfulprogram?Onethatisjustrightfor

33thetime?M:Ithinkyougetasenseaboutitafterworkinginitinanumberofyears.Youknowwhichstoriesaregoingtogettheattention.Theyaregoingtobepublishedjustthepointwhenthepublicareconcernedaboutthat.Q19-2119.WhatkindoftopicsdoesPublicEyecover?20.HowdoesPublicEyechooseitstopics?21.Whatfactorplaysanimportantroleinrunningasuccessfulprogram?W:Hi,ProfessorSmith.Ihearyou’vewrittenabooktitledVisions.M:Yes.Itexplainshowsciencewillrevolutionizethe21stcentury.W:CouldIaskyousomequestionsconcerningthebook?M:Sure.W:Areyouoptimisticaboutthefuture?M:Generally,yeah.Ifwegobacktotheyearof1900,mostAmericansdidn’tlivebeyondtheageof50.Sincethen,we’vehadimprovementsinhealthcareandtechnology.Thereisnoreasonwhythesewon’tcontinuefarintothe21stcentury.W:Arewereadyforthechangesthatwillcome?M:Changesarealreadyhappening.Thefutureisherenow.WehaveDNA,microchips,theinternet.Somepeople’sreactionistosay,wearetooold;wedon’tunderstandnewtechnology.Myreactionistosay,wemusteducatepeopletousenewtechnologynow.W:Isworldpopulationgoingtobeabigproblem?M:Yes,andno.Ithinkthatworldpopulationwillstopincreasingasweallgetricher.Ifyouareapartofthemiddleclass,youdon’twantorneed12children.W:Willtherebeaworldgovernment?M:Veryprobably.Wewillhavetomanagetheworldanditsresourcesonagloballevelbecausecountriesalonearetoosmall.W:Willwehavecontrolofeverything?M:Ithinkwe’lllearntocontroltheweather,volcanoesandearthquakes.Illnesswon’texist.We’llgrownewlivers,kidneys,hearts,andlungslikesparepartsforacar.Peoplewilllivetoabout130or150.For2000years,wehavetriedtounderstandourenvironment.Nowwe’llbegintocontrolit.

34Q22-25arebasedontheconversationyoujustheard.22.WhatdoesProfessorSmithsayaboutmostAmericansaroundtheyearof1900?23.WhatdoesProfessorSmithadvicewedo?24.WhenwilltheworldpopulationstopgrowingaccordingtoProfessorSmith?25.WhatdoesProfessorSmiththinkhumanbeingswillbeabletodo?短篇Passage1Gettingbehindthewheelofacarcanbeanexcitingnewstepinateen’slife.Butalongwiththatexcitementcomesanewresponsibility---understandingtheneedforcommonsenseandmaturitytoavoidaccidents.Inanefforttospreadawarenesstoteensacrossthenation,theAllstateFoundationsponsoredaKeep-The-DriveSummitatSunsetStationonJanuary23rd.StudentsfromKennedyandAlamoHeightsHighschoolsparticipatedinthesummitwhichwasheldhereforthefirsttime.Thegoaloftheyear-longeffortistoeducateteensontherulesofsafedrivingandthesevereconsequencesthatcanresultifthoserulesarenotfollowed,andthenhavethemcommunicatethatinformationtotheirpeers.Thestudentswatchedvideosthattoldthemaboutthenumbersofteenagedrivinginjuriesanddeaths.Theylistentothevideosasstudentsfromothercitiessharetheirstoriesofhowtheirrecklessdrivingaffectednotonlytheirlivesbutalsothoseoftheirpassengers.“Wearetryingtocreateawarenessinhighschoolsacrossthecountries,”saidWesterman,anAllstaterepresentative,“wefocusonchanginghowteensthinkbehindthewheel.”Accordingtothepresentation,moreteensdieinautomobilecrashesintheUnitedStateseachyearthanfromdrugs,violence,smokingandsuicide.Anaverageof16teensdieeverydayinmotorvehiclecrashesandnearlyfortypercentofthosearecausedbyspeeding.Texasisthestatewiththemostteendrivingdeathsaccordingtothepresentation.Studentsagreedthatthestatisticswereamazingandmadethemthinktwiceabouthowtheydrive.Questions26to28arebasedonthequestionyouhavejustheard.Q26.ForwhatpurposedidtheAllstateFoundationsponsortheKeep-The-DriveSummit?Q27.WhatcausesthegreatestnumberofdeathsamongAmericanteensaccordingtothepresentation?Q28.WhatcanweconcludeabouttheKeep-The-DriveSummit?Passage2

35Dr.AllenHershdesignssmellsforbusinesses.Hesaysthatitdoesn’ttakeawholelotofsmelltoaffectyou.Storeownerscanlureyoutothecandyaisle,evenifyoudon’trealizeyouraresmellingcandy.Thisideascaresalotofpeople.Groupsthatprotecttherightsofshoppersareupset.Theysaythestoresareusingakindofbrainwashingwhichtheycall“smell-washing”.“It’sprettydishonest,”saysMarkSilbergeld.Herunsanorganizationthatchecksoutproductsforconsumers.Thescientistshiredtodesignthescentsdisagree.“There’ssoftbackgroundmusic.There’sspeciallighting.There’reallsortsofbellsbeingused,”saysDr.Hersh,“whynotsmells?”“Onereasonwhynot,”saysSilbergeld,“isthatsomepeopleareallergictocertainscentspumpedintoproductsorstores.”Butthereisawholeothersidetothisdebate,“dothesmellsreallywork?”Sofar,thereislittleproofonewayortheother.ButDr.Hershhasrunsomeinterestingexperiments.InoneofHersh’sexperiments,31volunteerswereledintoashoestorethatsmellsslightlylikeflowers.Later,anothergroupshoppedinthesamestore,butwithnoflowerodor.Dr.Hershfoundthat84%oftheshoppersweremorelikelytobuytheshoesintheflower-scentedroom,butHershfoundoutsomethingevenstranger.“Whetherthevolunteersliketheflowerscentornotdidn’tmatter,”Hershsays,“Somereportedthattheyhatedthesmell,buttheystillweremorelikelytobuytheshoesinthescentedroom.”Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyou’vejustheard.Q29.Whyaresomepeopleagainsttheuseofsmellstoattractcustomers?Q30.WhatisDr.Hersh’sattitudetotheuseofsmellsforbusiness?Q31.WhatdidHersh’sexperimentshow?Passage3ThisisRayMcCarthywiththenews.ReportsarecominginofamajortraincrashinJapan.ApassengertraincarryinghundredsofworkershomefromthecenterofTokyoisreportedtohavehitanoncominggoodstrain.Bothweretravelingathighspeed.Figuresarenotyetavailablebutitisbelievedthatthedeathtollcouldbeashighas300,withhundredsmoreinjured.Emergencyandrescueservicesrushedtothescene.Butourreportersaysitwilltakedaystoclearthetrackandtoestablishthenumbersofthedeadandinjured.Therewasasimilaraccidentonthesamestretchoftrackfouryearsago.TherewasanotherbombscareinalargeLondonstorelastnightduringlatenightshopping.Followingatelephonecalltothepolicefromananonymouscaller,hundredsofshoppers

36wereshepherdedoutofthestorewhileroadsintheareaweresealedoff.Policedogsspenthourssearchingthestoreforabagwhichthecallerclaimedcontained50poundsofexplosives.Nothingwasfoundandthestorewasgiventheall-clearbyopeningtimethismorning.Apolicespokesmansaidthatthiswasthethirdbombscarewithinaweekandthatweshouldallbeonourguard.Andfinally,themotoringorganizationshaveissuedawarningtodriversfollowingtherecentfallsofsnowinmanypartsofthecountry.Althoughthefallsmaybeslight,theysayextracareisneeded.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Q32:WhataccidenthappenedrecentlyinJapan?Q33:WhatdothereportssayabouttherecentaccidentinJapan?Q34:WhydidpeoplehavetoleavetheLondonstorelastnight?Q35:Whatdidmotoringorganizationsadvisedriverstodo?SectionCEnglishistheleadinginternationallanguage.IndifferentcountriesaroundtheglobeEnglishisacquiredasthemothertongue;inothersitisusedasasecondlanguage.SomenationsuseEnglishastheirofficiallanguage,performingthefunctionofadministration;inothersitisusedasaninternationallanguageforbusiness,commerceandindustry.　　WhatfactorsandforceshaveledtothespreadofEnglish?WhyisEnglishnowconsideredtobesoprestigiousthat,acrosstheglobe,individualsandsocietiesfeeldisadvantagediftheydonothavecompetenceinthislanguage?HowhasEnglishchangedthrough1,500years?ThesearesomeofthequestionsthatyouinvestigatewhenyoustudyEnglish.　　YoualsoexaminetheimmensevariabilityofEnglishandcometounderstandhowitisusedasasymbolofbothindividualidentityandsocialconnection.Youdevelopin-depthknowledgeoftheintricatestructureofthelanguage.Whydosomenon-nativespeakersofEnglishclaimthatitisadifficultlanguagetolearn,whileinfantsbornintoEnglish-speakingcommunitiesacquiretheirlanguagebeforetheylearntouseforksandknives?AttheuniversityofSussex,youareintroducedtothenatureandgrammarofEnglishinallitsaspects.Thisinvolvesthestudyofsoundstructures,theformationofwords,thesequencingofwordsandtheconstructionofmeaning,aswellasexaminationofthetheoriesexplaining

37theseaspectsofEnglishusage.Youareencouragedtodevelopyourownindividualresponsestovariouspracticalandtheoreticalissues,whichareraisedbystudyinghowspeakersandwritersemployEnglishforawidevarietyofpurposes.0912SectionA11.W:DidyouusecreditcardsonyourvacationlastmonthinEurope?M:SureIdid.Theycertainlybeatgoingaroundwithawalletfullofbigbills.Butcarryinglotsofcashisstillverycommonamongsomeolderpeopletravelingabroad.Q:Whatdoesthemansayaboutsomeelderlypeople?12.W:Rodmustbeinabadmoodtoday.What’swrongwithhim?M:Hewaspassedoverintheselectionprocessforthedeanoftheadmissionsoffice.He’dbeenhopingforthepositionforalongtime.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?13.M:WhatagreatsingerJustinis!Hisconcertisjustawesome.Andyou’llneverregretthemoneyyoupaidfortheticket.W:Yeah.Judgingbytheamountoftheapplause,everyonewasenjoyingit.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?14.W:IreceivedanemailyesterdayfromHenry.Doyouremember?Hewasoneofthechairpersonsofourstudentsunion.M:Yes,butIhaven’theardfromhimforages.ActuallyI’vebeenoutoftouchwithhimsinceourfirstreunionaftergraduation.Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthespeakers?15.M:Drivingatnightalwaysmakesmetired.Let’sstopfordinner.W:Fine.Andlet’sfindamotel,sothatwecangetanearlystarttomorrow.Q:Whatwillthespeakersprobablydo?

3816.W:Let’slookatthesurveyonconsumerconfidenceweconductedlastweek.Howreliablearethesefigures?M:Theyhavea5%marginoferrorQ:Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?17.W:Lookatthiscatalogue,John.IthinkIwanttogetthisredblouse.M:Err,Ithinkyou’vealreadyonelikethisinblue.Doyouneedeverycolorintherainbow?Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?18.W:Thisnoticesaysthatalltheintroductorymarketingclassesareclosed.M:Thatcan’tbetrue.There’ssupposedtobe13ofthemthissemester.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?ConversationOneM:Iseeonyourresumethatyouworkedasamanagerofastorecalled“ComputerCountry”.Couldyoutellmealittlemoreaboutyourresponsibilitiesthere?W:Sure.Iwasresponsibleforoverseeingabout30employees.Ididalloftheorderingforthestore,andIkepttrackoftheinventory.M:Whatwasthemostdifficultpartofyourjob?W:Probablyhandlingangrycustomers.Wedidn’thavethemveryoften,butwhenwedid,Ineededtomakesuretheywerewelltakencareof.Afterall,thecustomerisalwaysright.M:That’showwefeelheretoo.Howlongdidyouworkthere?W:Iwasthereforthreeandahalfyears.Ileftthecompanylastmonth.M:Andwhydidyouleave?W:MyhusbandhasbeentransferredtoBoston.AndIunderstandyourcompanyhasanopeningtheretoo.M:Yes,that’sright.Wedo.Butthepositionwon’tstartuntilearlynextmonth.Wouldthatbeaproblemforyou?W:No,notatall.Myhusband’snewjobdoesn’tbeginforafewweeks.SowethoughtwewouldspendsometimedrivingtoBostonandstoptoseemyparents.M:Thatsoundsnice.Sotellme,whyareyouinterestedinthisparticularposition?W:Iknowthatyourcompanyhasagreatreputation,andawonderfulproduct.I’vethought

39manytimesthatIwouldliketobeapartofit.WhenIheardabouttheopeninginBoston,Ijumpedtotheopportunity.M:WellI’mgladyoudid.19.Whatwasthewoman’spreviousjob?20.Whatdoesthewomansaywasthemostdifficultpartofherjob?21.WhyisthewomanlookingforajobinBoston?22.Whencanthewomanstarttoworkifshegetsthejob?ConversationTwoW:TodayinthestudiowehaveAlbertoCortez,thewell-knownBrazilianadvocateoftheanti-globalmovement.He’sheretotalkabouttherecentreport,statingthatby2050Brazilwillbetheoneottheword’swealthiestandmostsuccessfulcountries.Alberto,whatdoyousaytothereport?M:Youknowthisisn’tthefirsttimethatpeoplearesayingBrazilwillbeagreateconomicpower.Thesamethingwassaidoverahundredyearago.Butitdidn’thappen.W:Yes,butyoumustadmittheworld’saverydifferentplacenow.M:Ofcourse.InfactIbelievethere’smaybesometruthinthepredictionthistimearound.Firstofall,though,wemustremembertheproblemsfacingBrazilatthemoment.W:Suchas…?M:There’sanenormousgapbetweentherichandthepoorinthiscountry.InSalPaulo,youcanseeshoppingmallsfullofdesignergoodsrightnextdoortotheslamareaswithoutproperwaterandelectricitysupplies.Alotofworkneedstobedonetohelppeopleinthoseareasimprovetheirlives.W:Whatneedstobedone?M:Education,forexample.ForBraziltobesuccessful,weneedtooffereducationtoallBrazilians.SuccessfulcountrieslikeSouthKoreaandSingaporehaveexcellenteducationsystems.Brazilneedstolearnfromthesecountries.W:Soyouarehopefulforthefuture.M:AsIsaidearlier,I’mhopeful.Thisisn’taneasyjob.WeneedtomakesurethattheseimportantopportunitiesforBrazilaren’twasted,astheywereinthepast.23.WhatdoestherecentreportsayaboutBrazil?24.WhatproblemdoesAlbertosayBrazilfaces

40now?25.WhatdoesAlbertosayabouteconomicallysuccessfulcountries?SectionBPassageOneWilmaSubrahadnointentionofbecomingapublicspeaker.Aftergraduatingfromcollegewithdegreesinchemistryandmicrobiology,shewenttoworkatGulfSouthResearchInstituteinLouisiana.Aspartofherjob,sheconductedfieldresearchontoxicsubstancesintheenvironment,ofteninminoritycommunitieslocatednearlargeindustrialpolluters.Shefoundmanyfamilieswerebeingexposedhigh,sometimesdeadly,levelsofchemicalsandothertoxicsubstances,butshewasnotallowedtomakeherinformationpublic.Frustratedbytheserestrictions,Subraleftherjobin1981,createdherowncompany,andhasdevotedthepasttwodecadestohelpingpeoplefightbackagainstgiantindustrialpolluters.Sheworkswithfamiliesandcommunitygroupstoconductenvironmentaltests,interprettestresults,andorganizeforchange.Becauseofherefforts,dozensoftoxicsitesacrossthecountryhavebeencleanedup,andonechemicalindustryspokespersoncallsher“atopgunfortheenvironmentalmovement.”HowhasWilmaSubraachievedallthis?Partlythroughherscientifictraining,partlythroughhercommitmenttoenvironmentaljustice.Butjustasimportantisherabilitytocommunicatewithpeoplethroughpublicspeaking.“Publicspeaking,”shesays,“istheprimaryvehicleIuseforreachingpeople.”IfyouhadaskedSubrabefore1981,“Doyouseeyourselfasamajorpublicspeaker?”Shewouldhavelaughedattheidea.Yettodayshegivesmorethan100presentationsayear.AlongthewayshehaslecturedatHarvard,testifiedbeforeCongress,andaddressedaudiencesin40states,aswellasinMexico,Canada,andJapan.26.WhatdidWilmaSubradoaspartofherjobwhileworkingatGulfSouthResearchInstitute?27.WhatdidWilmaSubraleaveherjobin1981?28.WhatresultshaveWilmaSubra’seffortshadintheparttwodecades?29.WhatdoesthespeakersayhascontributedtoWilmaSubra’ssuccess?Passage2Oneofthebiggestchallengesfacingemployersandeducatorstodayistherapidadvanceofglobalization.Themarketplaceisnolongernationalorregional,butextendstoallcornersof

41theworld.Andthisrequiresaglobalreadyworkforce.Universitieshavealargeparttoplayinpreparingstudentsforthe21stcenturylabormarketbypromotinginternationaleducationalexperiences.Themostobviouswayuniversitiescanhelpdevelopglobalworkforceisbyencouragingstudentstostudyabroadaspartoftheircourse.Studentswhohaveexperiencedanotherculturefirsthandaremorelikelytobeglobalreadywhentheygraduate.Globalworkforcedevelopmentdoesn’talwayshavetoinvolvetravelabroadhowever.Ifstudentslearnanotherlanguageandstudyothercultures,theywillbemoreglobalreadywhentheygraduate.Itisimportanttopointoutthatstudentsalsoneedtohaveadeepunderstandingoftheirownculturebeforetheycanbegintoobserve,analyzeandevaluateothercultures.Inmulti-culturalsocieties,peoplecanstudyeachother’scultures,todevelopinterculturalcompetencies,suchascriticalandreflectivethinking,andintellectualflexibility.Thiscanbedoneboththroughthecurriculumandthroughactivitiesoncampus,outsideoftheclassroom,suchasartexhibitions,andlecturesfrominternationalexperts.Manyuniversitiesarealreadyembracingthischallenge,andprovidingopportunitiesforstudentstobecomeglobalcitizens.Studentsthemselves,however,maynotrealizethatwhentheygraduate,theywillbecompetinginagloballabormarket,anduniversitiesneedtoraiseawarenessoftheseissuesamongstundergraduates.Questions30-32Q30:Whatisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacingemployersandeducatorstoday?Q31:Whatshouldstudentsdofirstbeforetheycanreallyunderstandothercultures?Q32:Whatshouldcollegestudentsrealizeaccordingtothespeaker?Passage3Toseeifhaircoloraffectsaperson’schancesofgettingajob,researchersatCaliforniaStateUniversityasked136collegestudentstoreviewtheresumeandphotographofafemaleapplicantforajobasanaccountant.Eachstudentwasgiventhesameresume.Buttheapplicant’spicturewasaltered,sothatinsomephotosherhairwasgolden,insomeredandinsomebrown.Theresult?Withbrownhair,thewomanwasratedmorecapable,andshewasofferedahighersalarythanwhenshehadgoldenorredhair.Otherstudieshavefoundsimilarresults.Manyrespondentsratewomenwithgoldenhairwithlessintelligentthanotherpeople,andredheadsasmoretemperamental.Womenwithredorgoldenhairarevictimsofthecommonpracticeofstereotyping. 

42Astereotypeisasimplisticorexaggeratedimagethathumanscarryingintheirmindsaboutgroupsofpeople.Forexample,lawyersareshrewdanddishonestisapopularstereotype.Stereotypingcanoccurinpublicspeakingclasses.Whentryingtochooseaspeechtopic,somemalesthinkthatwomenareuninterestedinhowtorepaircars,whilesomefemalesthinkthatmenareuninterestedincreativehobbies,suchasknittingandneedlepoint.Weshouldrejectstereotypes,becausetheyforceallpeopleinagroupintothesamesimplepattern.Theyfailtoaccountforindividualdifferences,andthewiderangeofcharacteristicsamongmembersofanygroup.Somelawyersaredishonest,yes!Butmanyarenot.Somewomenareuninterestedinrepairingcars,yes!Butsomeareenthusiasticmechanics.  Questions33-35Q33:WhatdidresearchersatCaliforniaStateUniversityfind?Q34:Whatisthepopularstereotypeoflawyers?Q35:Whydoesthespeakersayweshouldrejectstereotypes?SectionCTheancientGreeksdevelopedbasicmemorysystemscalledmnemonics.ThenameisderivedfromtheirGoddessofmemory"Mnemosyne".Intheancientworld,atrainedmemorywasanimmenseasset,particularlyinpubliclife.Therewerenoconvenientdevicesfortakingnotes,andearlyGreekoratorsdeliveredlongspeecheswithgreataccuracybecausetheylearnedthespeechesusingmnemonicsystems.TheGreeksdiscoveredthathumanmemoryislargelyanassociativeprocessthatitworksbylinkingthingstogether.Forexample,thinkofanapple.Theinstantyourbrainregisterstheword"apple",itrecallstheshape,color,taste,smellandtextureofthatfruit.Allthesethingsareassociatedinyourmemorywiththeword"apple".Thismeansthatanythoughtaboutacertainsubjectwilloftenbringupmorememoriesthatarerelatedtoit.Anexamplecouldbewhenyouthinkaboutalectureyouhavehad.Thiscouldtriggeramemoryaboutwhatyou'retalkingaboutthroughthatlecture,whichcanthentriggeranothermemory.Associationsdonothavetobelogical.Theyjusthavetomakeagoodlink.AnexamplegivenonawebsiteIwaslookingatfollows,"DoyouremembertheshapeofAustria?Canada?Belgium?OrGermany?Probablynot.WhataboutItalythough?IfyouremembertheshapeofItaly,itisbecauseyouhavebeentoldatsometimethatItalyisshapedlikeaboot.Youmadeanassociationwithsomethingalreadyknown,theshapeofaboot.AndItalyshapecouldnotbe

43forgottenonceyouhadmadetheassociation."没事就用这些词练练你的嘴皮子~~●说吧，你是想死呢还是不想活了？●好久没有人把牛皮吹的这么清新脱俗了！●你给我滚，马不停蹄的滚……●人人都说我丑，其实我只是美得不明显。●无理取闹,必有所图！_________________________________________________●天被熬亮了。●不是路不平，而是你不行。●恶心妈妈抱着恶心哭得很伤心，为什么呢？因为恶心死了……●要不是打不过你，我早就和你翻脸了。●我这心碎得，捧出来跟饺子馅似的。_________________________________________________●没人牵手，我就揣兜。●我的兴趣爱好可分为静态和动态两种，静态就是睡觉，动态就是翻身…●唉～这人要一没正形，连头痛都是偏的。●我这人不太懂音乐，所以时而不靠谱，时而不着调。●怎么会突然想哭？难道我也有些逆流成河的小忧伤？_________________________________________________●好漂亮的美女叔叔啊！●我不跟猪摔跤有两个原因：首先这让我自己变得很脏，其次这让猪很高兴。●没事偷着乐是不太可能了,偷着胖还是有点儿希望.●放下屠刀立地成佛的意思是，你放下屠刀的那一刻对方把你砍成两瓣儿了。●没事可做时，觉得最累。_________________________________________________●李碧华说过：什么叫多余？夏天的棉袄，冬天的蒲扇，还有等我已经心冷后你的殷勤。●永远年轻，永远装嫩，永远不知好歹，永远热泪盈眶。●我爸面对我发胖一事发表了看法：没有韩红的命，还得了韩红的病。●你来我信你不会走，你走我当你没来过。——我们该这样对待缘分与爱。●曾以为我是那崖畔的一枝花，后来才知道，不过是人海一粒渣。_________________________________________________●荡气回肠，消化不良。  ●女人喜欢长的坏坏的男人,并不是喜欢长坏了的男人..●麻子不叫麻子，坑人。●江湖险恶，不行就撤！

44●不敲几下，你不可能知道一个人或一个西瓜的好坏。_________________________________________________●孤独的人常表现得很坚强；寂寞的人则多半温和。  ●大笑是绽放的微笑。●我的意中人是个绝色大美女，终于有一天她会骑着喷火的恐龙来嫁给我  的，可是我看见了她的坐骑，却没有看见她的主人。●孤单是一个人的狂欢，狂欢是一群人的孤单。●虽不安分，也该守己。_________________________________________________●人不犯我，我不犯人。人若犯我，我就生气！●别逼我，否则我伟大起来，一发不可收拾。●我们是平凡的人，我们也是特别的人，所以我们是特别平凡的人。●那个人敢说自己纯净？瞧你那眼神就透着浑浊。●没有什么比弱者对强者的鄙视更无力了。_________________________________________________●如有雷同，纯属你抄我●笨鸟先飞，笨猪先肥。●当你的眼泪忍不住要流出来的时候，睁大眼睛，千万别眨眼，你会看到世界由清晰到模糊的全过程。●告诉你别逼我，你要是再逼我，我就装死给你看。●年轻算什么，谁没年轻过？你老过吗？真是的_________________________________________________●别用世故的样子来武装自己，它会水土不服。●解释就是掩饰，掩饰就是编故事。●所谓门槛，过去了便是门，过不去就成了槛。●陌生阻止你认识陌生的事物，熟悉妨碍你理解熟悉的事物。●人生的悲哀就在于，当你想两肋插刀的时候，却只有一把刀。_________________________________________________●如果全是老姜，将是一个何等辛辣的社会。●狮子不会因为听到狗吠而回头。●水越深，水流越平稳。●在你不当回事的时候，一切就好了起来。●无论是国王还是农夫，只要能在自己家里找到安宁，他就是最幸福的人。_________________________________________________●一分钱一分货,稀饭吃了不经饿.●水壶啊，你为什么哭泣，是因为屁股太烫了吗?●如果命运抓住了伱的喉咙，伱就挠命运嘚胳肢窝。●拦着成长的不是幼稚，而是自以为成熟。●如果命运折断了你的腿，他会教你如何跛行__________________________________________________●打死你我也不说●左脑全是水，右脑全是面粉，不动便罢了，一动全是浆糊●挣钱就像用针掘地，花钱就像水渗进土里。

45●我也有要去的地方，只是我要去的地方，没道路通向那里。●你浪费的粮食都会堵在你去往天堂的路上。__________________________________________________●生活是丰富多彩的，但我也有自己的颜色。●如果有一天我失踪了，只有两种可能：身体在旅行，或者灵魂在旅行。●讓人格与腦門一同閃亮。●你的丑和你的脸没有关系。●我从来没有欺骗过你，因为我从来没有欺骗你的必要。__________________________________________________●我可以选择放弃，但我不能放弃选择。●天没降大任于我，照样苦我心志，劳我筋骨。●也许似乎大概是，然而未必不见得。●再过一百年，就长成了参天大葱。●幸福就是当你照镜子的时候，喜欢你看到的那个人。