历年英语六级真题听力原文

《历年英语六级真题听力原文》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

20116ᨴ⚪ᦻll.M:Ileft20pagesheretocopy,here'sthereceiptW:Tmsorry,sir,butwearealittlebehind,couldyoucomebackinafewminutes?Q:whatdoesthewomanmean?12.W:Ihopeyouarenottoputoutwithmeforthedelay,1hadtostopfortheFred'shometopickupabookonmywayhereM:well,thafsnotabigdeal,butyoumightatleastphoneifyouknowyouwillkeepsomeonewaitingQ:whatdowelearnaboutthewomen?13.W:Markisthebestcandidateforchairmanofthestudent'sunion,isn'the?M:well,thatguywon'tbeabletowintheelectionunlesshegotthemajorityvotefromwomenstudents,andIamnotsureaboutit?Q:whatdoesthemanmean?14.M:sorrytohavekeptyouwaiting,Madam,I'velocatedyourluggage,itwasleftbehindinParisandwon'tarriveuntillaterthiseveningW:oh,1can'tbelievethis,haveitbeentodeliveredtomyhotelthenJguessQ:whathappenedtothewoman'sluggage?15.W:Idon'tthinkwehaveenoughinformationforourpresentation.Butwehavetogiveittomorrow.Thatdoesn'tseemtobemuchwecandoaboutit.M:Yeah,atthispoint,we'Hhavetomakedowithwhatwe'vegot.Q:whatdoesthemansuggesttheydo?16.M:I'mtakingthisgreatcoursepsychologyoflanguage.It'sreallyinteresting.Sinceyou'repsychologymajor,youshouldsignupforit.W:Actually,Itriedtodothat.ButtheytoldmeIhavetotakelanguagestudiesfirst.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?17.W:CanyoubelievethewayLarrywastalkingtohisroommate?Nowondertheydon'tgetalong.M:Well,maybeLarrywasjustreactingtosomethinghisroommatesaid.Therearetwosidestoeverystoryyouknow.Q:WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutLarryandhisroommate?18.M:Wedon'thavetheresourcestostopthosepeoplefrombuyingusout.Unlessamiraclehappens,thismaybetheendofus.W:Istillhavehopewecangethelpfromthebank.Afterall,wedon'tneedthatmuchmoney.Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthespeakersfromtheconversation?
ᦻConversationOneQuestions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.W:YouknowI*veoftenwonderedwhypeoplelaughatthepictureofabigbellybusinessmanslippingonabananaskinandfallingonhisbottom.Wearetofeelsorryforthem.

1M:Actually,Laura,Ithinkwelaughbecausewearegladitdidn'thappentous.Butofcoursethereisalsoakindofhumoroussatisfactioninseeingsomebodyself-importantmakingafoolofthemselves.W:Yes,andtherearealotofjokesaboutpeoplewhoaretoofatorphysicallyhandicapped,youknow,deaf,orshort-sightedthingslikethat.Afterall,it'snotreallyfunnytobelikethat.M:Oh,Ithinkthat'sbecausewe'reembarrassed.Wedon*tknowhowtocopewiththesituation.Perhapsweareevenabitfrightenedwemaygetlikethat,sowelaugh.M:Whataboutthecustardpieroutine?W:Whatdoyoumean'custardpieroutine1?M:Youknow,allthoseoldfilmswheresomeonegetssooutragedwithhisboss,Hepicksupacustardpieandplastersitallovertheotherperson'sface.W:Thatnevermakesmelaughmuch,becauseyoucanguesswhat*sgoingtohappen.Butalotofpeoplestillfinditlaughable.Itmustbecauseofthesortofthethingwe'dalllovetodoonceinawhileandneverquiethavethecourageto.M:Ihadanoldauntwhousedtothrowcupsofteaatpeoplewhenshewasparticularlyirritated.Shesaiditrelievedherfeelings.W:Itmusthavecomeabitexpensive.M:Notreally.Shetookcarenevertothrowherbestchina.19.Whydoesthemansaywelaughedwhenweseesomeself-importantpeoplemakingfoolofthemselves?20.Whydosomepeoplejokeaboutthosewhoarefatorhandicappedaccordingtotheman?21.Whydomanypeoplefinditfunnytoseesomeonethrowingacustardpieontheirboss'sface?22.Whydothemansayshewoulddropcupsofteaatpeopleoccasionally?ConversationTwoW:YournameSanjayKumaristhatcorrect?M:Yes,madam.W:YouclaimyouaretravelingonascholarshipfromDelhiUniversity.MThat'sright.WNowitseemsthatahandgunwasfoundinyourluggage.Doyouadmitthat?M:Yes,but...W:Accordingtothestatementyoumade,youhadneverseenthehandgunbeforeitwasfoundinyourbag.Doyoustillmaintainthat?M:Butit'strue.Iswearit.W:Mmm,youdorealizeMr.KumarthattobringahandgunintoHongKong

2withoutproperauthorizationisaseriousoffense.M:ButIdidn'tbringit.I...ImeanIdidn'tknowanythingaboutit.Itwasn'ttherewhenIleftDelhi.Mybagsweresearched.Itwaspartoftheairportsecuritycheck.W:Maybeso,butsomeonemanagedtogetthathandgunontotheaircraftoritcouldn'thavebeenthere.M:Someonebutnotme.WTellme,wherewasyourpersonalbagduringtheflight?M:Ihaditdownbymyfeetbetweenmeandthemaninthenextseat.M:HewastheonlypersonwhocouldhaveopenedmybagwhileIwasasleep.Itmusthavebeenhim.W:Isee.Haveyouanyideawhothismanwas?M:Hetoldmehisname,AlfredFoster.Hewasveryfriendly,afterIwokeupthatis.Hehadn'tspokenbefore.W:AlfredFoster,wecancheckthatonthepassengerlist.M:Hesaidhehadacarcomingtomeethim.Heofferedmealift.W:Oh,WhyshouldhedothatM:Sohecangethishandgunback,that'swhy.Pleasefindhim,Madam.Questions23-25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard23.WhatisSanjayKumarsuspectedof?24.WhatdoweknowaboutAlfredFoster?25.WhatdoesSanjayKumaraskthewomantodofinally?ᳮᦻᦻSectionBPassageOneEveryoneislookingforagoodinvestmentthesedays.Andwithstocks,currenciesandcompaniesallcrashing,somearefindingthattakingthetripofalifetimeisactuallyasmartmoverightnow.Pricesaregood,crowdsarefewerandthedividendslikeexpandedworldview,lifelongmemories,thesatisfactionofboostingtheglobaleconomy-can*tbeeasilysnatchedaway.SylviaandPaulCusterson,aretiredcouplefromCambridge,England,recentlytooka16-dayvacationtoNamibia,wheretheywentonbird-watchingexcursions.Laterthisyear,theyareplanningatriptoPatagonia."WeYeusingourcapitalnow,"saysSylvia,"Andwhynot?We'renotgettinganyinterestinthebank.Ifit'saplacewereallywanttogo,thenwewillgo.Wemayaswelltravelwhilewe'refitandhealthy.nSometravelagentsarethrivinginspiteoftheeconomy."We'vehadmorepeoplebookinginthefirstquarterofthisyearthanlast,"saysHubertMoineau,founderof

3TselanaTravel,whichisplanningtointroduceanewprogramoflongeradventuretrips,includingpolarexpeditionsandcruisesintheGalapagos."WeYehearingthingslike,'Wedon'tknowwhatthesituationwillbeinsixmonthssolet'stravelnow'”,AshleyToft,managingdirectoroftheU.K.touroperatorExplorehasbeensurprisedtoseeanincreaseinlast-minutebookingsofhigh-pricedtripstosuchplacesasIndia,BhutanandNepal."Itseemspeoplewouldrathergiveupsomethingelsethanthebigtrip,"hesays.Travelhasbecomeanecessity.It*sjusthowwetravelthatischanging.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.Accordingtothespeaker,whyaresomepeoplewillingtospendtheirmoneyontravelthesedays?27.WhatisTselanaTravelplanningtodo,accordingtoitsfounder?28.AccordingtoAshleyToft,managingdirectorofExplore,whatischangingnowwithregardtotravels?PassageTwoSomehowtheoldmaleandfemalestereotypesnolongerfit.Menandwomeninthiscountryhaven'tbeenfulfillingtheirtraditionalrolesforsometimenow.Andthereseemtobefewerandfewerdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Forinstance,eventhoughmorewomenthanmenarestillhomemakerswithoutpayingjobs,womenhavebeentakingovermoreresponsibilityinthebusinessworld,earninghighersalariesthaneverbeforeandenteringfieldsofworkthatusedtobeexclusivelymaleareas.Atofficemeetingsandingroupdiscussions,theymightspeakupmoreoften,expressstrongopinionsandcomeupwithmorecreativeandpracticalideasthantheirmalecolleagues.Severaldaysago,my23-year-olddaughtercametomewithsomeimportantnews.Notonlyhadshefoundthehighestpayingjobofhercareer,butshe'dalsoacceptedadatewiththemostcharmingmenshe'devermet.“Really?’',Iresponded/9tellmeaboutthem.^^''Receptionistinanattorney'sofficeandawelderataconstructionsite."Sheansweredinamatter-of-factway.Theinterestingthingismydaughter'sdateisthereceptionistandmydaughteristhewelder.Theoldstereotypesofmen'sandwomen'sworkhavebeenchangingmorequicklythaneverbefore,exceptperhapsinmyownmarriage.“Who'sgoingtomowthelawn?”Iaskedmyhusbandthismorning.“Oh,Iwill,“heansweredpolitely.^That'smen'swork.""What?”Irritated,Iraisedmyvoice."That'saridiculousstereotype.1*11showyouwhocandothebestjobonthelawn.”

4Theworktook3hoursandIdiditallmyself.Questions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout?30.Whatmightwomendoatofficemeetingsnowadaysaccordingtothespeaker?31.Whydidthespeakermowthelawnherselfthatmorning?PassageThreeFlorenceHayesisajournalistfortheGreenVilleJournal,thedailynewspaperintown.SpecificallyshecoverscrimeintheGreenVillearea.Thisresponsibilitytakeshertomanydifferentplaceseveryweek-----thepolicestation,thecourtandthehospital.Mostofthecrimesthatshewritesaboutfoilintotwogroups:violentcrimesandcrimesagainstproperty.Thereisn'tmuchviolentcrimeinasmalltownlikeGreenVille,oratleastnotasmuchasinthelargeurbanareas.ButassaultsoftenoccuronFridayandSaturdaynights,nearthebarsdowntown.There'realsooneortworapesoncampuseverysemester.Florenceisveryinterestedinthistypeofcrimeandtriestowritealongarticleabouteachone.SheexpectsthatthiswillmakewomenmorecarefulwhentheywalkaroundGreenVillealoneatnightFortunately,therewereusuallynomurdersinGreenVille.CrimesagainstpropertymakeupmostofMissHeyes,reporting.Theyrangefromminorcasesofdeliberatedamagingofthingstomuchmoreseriousoffenses,suchascaraccidentsinvolvingdrunkdriversorbankrobberiesbutFlorencehastoreportalloftheseviolationsfromthethiefwhotooktypewritersfromeveryunlockroominthedormitorytothethiefwhostoleonemilliondollarsworthofartworkfromtheuniversitymuseum.MissHayesenjoysworkingforanewspaperbutshesometimesgetsunhappyaboutallthecrimeshehastoreport.Shewouldprefertostartwritingaboutsomethingmoreinterestingandlessunpleasantsuchaslocalnewsorpolitics,maybenextyearFlorenceHayesGreenVilleQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32WhatisFlorenceHayes'mainresponsibilityasajournalist?33WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutsecurityinGreenVille?34WhatdowelearnaboutcrimesagainstpropertyintheGreenVillearea?

535WhatwouldFlorenceHayesprefertodo?ᔠᑏᦻSectionCCompoundDictationInAmerica,peoplearefacedwithmoreandmoredecisionseveryday,whetherit'spickingoneofthirty-oneicecreamflavors,ordecidingwhetherandwhentogetmarried.Thatsoundslikeagreatthing,butasarecentstudyhasshown,toomanychoicescanmakeusconfused,unhappy,evenparalyzedwithindecision.'That'sparticularlytruewhenitcomestotheworkplace',saysBarrySchwartz,anauthorofsixbooksabouthumanbehavior.Studentsaregraduatingwithavarietyofskillsandinterests,butoftenfindthemselvesoverwhelmedwhenitcomestochoosinganultimatecareergoal.Inastudy,Schwartzobserveddecision-makingamongcollegestudentsduringtheirsenioryear.Basedonanswerstoquestionsregardingtheirjobhuntingstrategiesandcareerdecisions,hedividedthestudentsintotwogroupsmaximizers,whoconsidereverypossibleoption,andsatisficers,wholookuntiltheyfindanoptionthatisgoodenough.Youmightexpectthatthestudentwhohadundertakenthemostexhaustedsearchwouldbethemostsatisfiedwiththeirfinaldecision,butitturnsoutthat'snottrue.Schwartzfoundthatwhilemaximizersendedupwithbetter-payingjobsthansatisficersonaverage,theyweren'tashappywiththeirdecision.Thereasonwhythesepeoplefeellesssatisfiedisthataworldofpossibilitiesmayalsobeaworldofmissedopportunities.Whenyoulookateverypossibleoption,youtendtofocusmoreonwhatwasgivenupthanwhatwasgained.Aftersurveyingeveryoption,apersonismoreacutelyawareoftheopportunitiestheyhadtoturndowntopursuejustonecareer.201012ᨴ⚪ᦻQll.W:Thisisoneofourbestandleastexpensivetwo-bedroomlistings.It9slocatedinaquietbuildingandisclosetobuslines.M:Thatmaybetrue,butlookatit,it'sawful.Thepainthaspeeledoffandthecarpetiswornandthestoveisancient.Q:Whatcanweinferfromtheconversation?Q12.M:ThepictureswetookattheBotanicalGardenshouldbereadytomorrow.W:Ican'twaittoseethem.TmwonderingiftheshotsItookisasgoodasIthought.Q:Whatisthewomaneagertoknow?Q13.W:Thehandleofthebookcaseisbroken.CanyouhaveitfixedbynextTuesday?M:Letmesee.Ineedtofindahandlethatmatches,butthatshouldn'ttaketoolong.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?Q14.M:ThistrucklookslikewhatIneedbutTmworriedaboutmaintenance.Forus,itwillhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimeinverycoldtemperatures.W:Wehaveseveralmodelsthatespeciallyadaptedforextremeconditions.Wouldyouliketoseethem?Q:Whafstheman'sdemandfromtheconversation?QI5.M:Ithinkyourbosswillbeveryupsetwhenhegetsyourletterofresignation.

6W:Thatmaybeso.Butintheletter,IjusttoldhimfranklyIcouldnolongerlivewithhispoormanagementandstupiddecisions.Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthewoman?Q16.W:Tdliketoexchangetheshirt.TvelearnedthepersonIboughtitforisallergictowool.M:maybewecanfindsomethingincottonorsilk.Pleasecomethisway.Q:Whatdoesthewomanwanttodo?Q17.M:ExcusemeMiss,didanyonehappentoturninanewhandbag?Youknowifsabirthdaygiftformywife.W:Letmesee.Oh,we'vegotquitealotofwomen'sbagshere.Canyougivememoredetailedinformation,suchasitscolor,thesizeandthetrademark?Q:Wheredoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?Q18.W:What^eyougoingtodowiththeoldhouseyouinheritedfromyourgrandfather?M:Ionceintendedtosellit.ButnowI'mthinkingofturningitintoaguesthouse,becauseit'sstillasolidstructure.Q:Whatdoesthemanplantodowithhisoldhouse?
W:thereisanelementthereaboutthecompetitioner,isn'tthere?BecauseBritishrailwaysareanationalizedindustry,thereisn'tanyonerailwaysysteminthecountry.Ifyoudon9tlikeaparticularkindofbigbeans,youcangoonbyanother;butifyoudon'tliketheparticularrailway,youcan'tgoonusinganotherM:somepeoplewhowritetomesaythis.Theysaythatifyoudidnothaveamonopoly,youwouldnotbeabletodothethingsyoudo.Well,Idon'tthinkwedoanythingdeliberatelytoupsetourcustomers,wehaveparticularproblems.Since1946,whentheTransportActcamein,wewerenationalized.W:Doyouthinkthatisagoodthing?Hasitbeenagoodthingfbrtherailways,doyouthink,tobenationalized?M:Oh,Ithinkso,yes,becauseingeneral,mostsofthetransportsareallaround.Let'sfacethefact,thecararearrivedthecarsareheretostay.ThereisnoquestionaboutthatW:Sowhat'syoursayingthen?Isitiftherailwayshaven'tbeennationalized,theywouldsimplyhavedisappeared?M:Oh,Ithinktheywouldhave.TheyaredisappearingfastinAmerica.TheFrenchrailwayslose1billionpoundsayear,theGermanrailways,2billionayear.Butyouseethosegovernmentsai*epreparingtopourthemoneyintotheti*ansportsystemtokeepitgoingW:So,Inasense,youcallbetweentwoextremes.Ontheonehand,theyaretryingnottolosetoomuchmoney,andontheotherhand,you'vegottoprovidethebestservice.M:Yes,youareright22.WhatdoesthewomansayabouttheBritishrailways?23.Whatdosomepeoplewhowritetothemancomplainabout?24.Whatdoesthemansaythreatenstheexistenceoftherailways?25.Whatdoesthemansayabouttherailwaysinothercountries?Passage1Amongglobalwarming'smostfrighteningthreatsisthepredictionthatthepolaricecapswillmelt,raisingsealevelsomuch,thatcoastalcitiesfromNewYork,toLosAngeles,toShanghaiwillbeflooded.ScientistsagreethattheykeyplayerinthisscenarioistheWestAntarcticicesheet.ABrazilsizemassfrozenwaterthatasmuchas7,000feetthick,unlikefloatingiceshelveswhichhavelittleimpactonsealevelwhentheybreakup,theicesheetisanchoredtobedrockwillblowtheseasurfoce.Surroundedbyanopenocean,itisalsovulnerable.ButAntarcticexpertsdisagreestronglyonjusthowunstableitis.NownewevidencerevealsthatallaremostoftheWestAntarcticicesheetcollapsedatleastonceduringthepast1.3millionyears-aperiodwhenglobaltemperaturesprobablywillnotsignificantlyhigherthantheyaretoday.Andtheicesheetwasassumedtohavebeenstable.Ingeologictime,amillionyearsisrecenthistory.TheproofwhichwaspublishedlastweekinSciencecomesfromateamofscientistsfromUppsalaUniversityinSwedenandCalifornianInstituteofTechnologywhodrilldeepholesneartheedgeoftheicesheet.Withinsamplescollectedfromthesolidsubstancelyingbeneaththeice,theyfoundfossilsofmicroscopemarineplantswhichsuggeststheregionwasonceanopenocean,notsolidice.AsHeimanAnkleherd,aco-authorfromCalifornianInstituteofTechnologysays,“TheWestAntarcticicesheetdisappearedonceandcandisappearagain.”

7Question26:Whatisoneofthemostfrighteningthreatsofglobalwarmingaccordingtothepassage?Question27:Whatdidscientistsdisagreeon?Question28:WhatdoesthelatestinformationrevealaboutWestAntarcticicesheet?Question29:Whatdoesscientists,latestfindingsuggest?Passage!Ifsalwaysfuntowriteaboutreserchyoucanactuallytryoutyourself.Trythis.TakeaphotoanduploadittoFacebook,thenafteradayorso,knowwhatURLlinktothepictureisandthendeleteit.Comebackamonthlaterandseeifthelinkworks.Chancesare,itwill.Facebookisn'talonehere.ResearchesatCambridgeUniversityhavefoundoutnearlyhalfofthesocialnetwworkingsitesdon'tdeletepicturesimmediatelywhenauserrequesttheyberemoved.Ingeneral,photo-centricwebsiteslikePhlicawerefoundtobebetteratquicklyremovingdeletedphotosuponrequest.Whydiddeletedphotosdeckaroundsolong?Theproblemrelatestothewaydatarestoredonlargewebsites.Whileyourpersonalcomputeronlykeepsonecopyofafile.,large-scaleservices,likeFacebook,relyonwhatarecalledContentDeliveryNetworkstomanagedataanddistribution.It9sacomplexsystemwherewerenderdatatomutil-intermediadevicesusuallytospeedupaccesstofileswhenmillionsofpeoplearetryingtoaccesstheserviceatthesametime.Butbecausechangesaren'treflectedacrossContentDeliveryNetworksimmediately,ghostcopiesoffilestendtolingerfordaysorweeks.InthecaseofFacebook,thecompanysaysdatamayhangaiwnduntiltheURLlinkquestionedisreused,whichisusuallyafterashortperiodoftime,thoughobviouslythattimevaryconsiderably.Question30Whatdoesthespeakeraskustotryout?Question31Whataccountsforthefailureofsomewebsitestoremovephotosimmediately?Question32WhenwilltheunwanteddataeventuallydisappearfromFacebookaccordingtothecompany?Passage3Enjoyanicedcoffee,betterskipdinnerorhitthegymafterwards.WiththeCancerCharitywarningthatsomeicedcoffeescontainasmanycaloriesasahotdinner,theWorldCancerResearchFund(WCRF)conductedasurveyoficedcoffeesoldbysomepopularchainsinBritainincludingStarbucks,CafeNeroandCostaCoffeetogivethecaloriesasstudiesincreasinglylinkobesitywithcancer.Theworstoffender,acoffeefromStarbuckshad561calories,othericedcoffeescontainedmorethan450calories,andthemajorityhadanexcessof200.Healthexpertsadvisethattheaveragewomenshouldconsumeabout2000caloriesadayandamanabout2500caloriestomaintainahealthyweight.Dietersinfor1000to1500caloriesaday.Thefactthatthereisanicedcoffeeonthemarketwithoveraquarterofawoman'sdailycaloriesallowanceisalairning.DoctorRachelThompson,scienceprogrammermanageratLondon-basedWCRF,saidinawidelyreportedstatement,thisistheamountofcaloriesyoumightexpecttohaveinaneveningmeal,notinadrink.TheWCRFhasestimatedthat19thousandcancersayearinBritaincouldbepreventedifpeoplelosttheirexcessweight,withgrowingevidencethatexcessbodyfatincreasesvariouscancers.Ifyouarehavingthesetypesofcoffeeregularly.Thentheywillincreasechancesofyoubecomingoverweight,withinturnincreasesyourriskofdevelopingcanceraswellasotherdiseasessuchasheartdisease,sheadded.Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Q33:Whatwarningdoessomehealthexpertsgive?Q34:Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledoafteranicedcoffee?Q35:WhatcouldBritishpeopleexpectiftheymaintainthenormalbodyweightaccordingtotheWCRFᔠᑏPsychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivingpeopleameasurableadvantageinzonesofdiverseasacademicachievement,bearingupintoughjobsandcopingwithtragicillness.Andbycontrast,thelossofhopeisturningouttobeastrongersignthatapersonmaycommitsuicidethanotherfactorslongthoughttobemorelikelyrisks.Hope'sprovedapowerfulpredictorofoutcomeineverystudywe'vedonesofar.MsaidDoctorCharlesRSnider.Apsychologistwhohasdevisedascaletoassesshowmuchhopeapersonhas.Forexample,inresearchwith3920collegestudents,DoctorSniderandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthelevelofhopeamongfreshmenatthebeginningoftheirfirstsemesterwasamoreaccuratepredictoroftheircollegegradesthanweretheirSATscoresortheirgradepointaveragesinhighschool-thetwomeasuresmostcommonlyusedtopredictcollegeperfbnnance.Studentswithhighhopesetthemselveshighergoalsandknowhowtoworktoattainthem.,,DoctorSnidersaid.Whenyoucomparestudentsofequivalentintelligenceandpastacademic

8achievements,whatsetsthemapartishope.Indevisingawaytoassesshopescientifically,DoctorSniderwentbeyondthesimplenotionthathopeismerelythesensethateverythingwillturnoutallright.Thatnotionisnotconcreteenoughanditblurstwokeycomponentsofhope."DoctorSnidersaid.Havinghopemeansbelievingyouhaveboththewillandthewaytoaccomplishyourgoalswhatevertheymaybe.20106ᨴ⚪ᦻ11.M:Oh,TmsosorryIforgottobringalongthebookyouborrowedfromthelibrary.W:Whataterriblememoryyouhave!Anyway,Iwon'tneedituntilFridaynight.AslongasIcangetitbythen,OK?Q:Whatdowelearnfromthisconversation?12.W:Doctor,Ihaven'tbeenabletogetenoughsleeplately,andI'mtootiredtoconcentrateinclass.M:Well,youknow,spendingtoomuchtimeindoorswithallthatartificiallightingcandothattoyou.Yourbodylosestrackofwhetherit'sdayornight.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?13.M:IthinkI'llgetoneofthosenewT-shirts,youknow,withtheschoofslogoonboththefrontandback.W:You'llregretit.Theyareexpensive,andI'veheardtheprintingfadeseasilywhenyouwashthem.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?14.W:Ithinkyourarticleintheschoolnewspaperisrightontarget,andyourviewpointshavecertainlyconvincedme.M:Thanks,butinviewofthegeneralresponses,youandIaredefinitelyintheminority.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?15.M:DaisywasftiriousyesterdaybecauseIlosthernotebook.ShouldIgoseeherandapologizetoagain?W:Well,ifIwereyou,TdlethercooloffafewdaysbeforeIapproachher.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?16.M:WouldyoupleasetellmewhereIcangetbatteriesfbrthisbrandofcamera?W:Letmehavealook.Oh,yes,godownthisaisle,passthegardentools,you'llfindthemontheshelfnexttothelightbulbs.Q:Whatisthemanlookingfbr?17.M:OurbasketballteamisplayinginthefinalsbutIdon'thaveaticket.1guessI'lljustwatchitonTV.Doyouwanttocomeover?W:ActuallyIhaveaticket.ButTmnotfeelingwell.Youcanhaveitforwhatitcostme.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?18.M:Honey,Tilbegoingstraighttothetheatrefromworkthisevening.Couldyoubringmysuitandtiealong?W:Sure,ifsthefirstperformanceoftheStateSymphonyOrchestrainourcity,sosuitandtieisamust.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?LongConversationsConversation1M:Igottwolettersthismorningwithjoboffers,onefromthePolytechnic,andtheotherfromtheLanguageSchoolinPistoia,Italy.W:Soyouarenotsurewhichtogofbr?M:That'sit.Ofcourse,theconditionsofworkareverydifferent:ThePolytechnicisofferingtwo-yearcontractwhichcouldberenewed,butthelanguageschoolisonlyofferingayeafscontract,andthafsadifferentminus.Itcouldberenewed,butyouneverknow.W:Isee.Soit'smuchlesssecure.Butyoudon'tneedtothinktoomuchaboutsteadyjobswhenyouareonly23.M:That'strue.W:Whataboutthesalaries?M:Well,thePistoiajobpaysmuchbetterintheshortterm.Tilbegettingtheequivalentofabout£22,000ayearthere,butonly£20,000atthe

9Polytechnic.Butthenthehoursaredifferent.AtthePolytechnicFdhavetodo35hoursaweek,20teachingand15administration,whereasthePistoiaschoolisonlyaskingfor30hoursteaching.W:Mmm...M:Thenthetypeofteachingissodifferent.ThePolytechnicisalladultsandmostlypreparationforexamsliketheCambridgecertificates.TheLanguageSchoolwantsmetodoabitofexampreparation,butalsoquitealotofworkincompaniesandfactories,andacoupleofchildren'sclasses.Oh,andabitofliteratureteaching.W:Well,thatsoundsmuchmorevainedandinteresting.AndI'dimagineyouwouldbedoingquirealotofteachingoutsidetheschool,andmovingaroundquiteabit.M:Yes,whereaswiththePolytechnicposition,Tdbestuckintheschxlallday.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard:Q19.Whatdowelearnaboutthemanfromtheconversation?Q20.WhatdowelearnaboutthestudentsatthePolytechnic?Q21.WhatdoesthewomanthinkofthejobattheLanguageschool?Conversation2Goodeveningandwelcometotonight'seditionofLegendaryLives.OursubjectthiseveningisJamesDean,actorandherofbrtheyoungpeopleofhistime.EdwardMurrayistheauthorofanewbiographyofDean.W:Goodevening,Edward.M:HelloTina.W:Edward,telluswhatyouknowaboutDean'searlylife.M:HewasbominIndianain1931,buthisparentsmovedtoCaliforniawhenhewasfive.Hewasn*ttherelongthoughbecausehismotherpassedawayjustfouryearslater.Jimmy'sfathersenthimbacktoIndianaafterthattolivewithhisaunt.W:Sohowdidhegetintoacting?M:Well,firstheactedinplaysathighschool,thenhewenttocollegeinCaliforniawherehegotseriouslyintoacting.In1951hemovedtoNewYorktodomorestageacting.W:Thenwhendidhismoviecareerreallystart?M:1955.HisfirststarringrolewasinEastofEden.Itwasfabulous.Deanbecameahugesuccess.Butthemoviethatreallymadehimfamouswashissecondone,RebelWithoutaCause,thatwasaboutteenagerswhofeltliketheydidn'tfitintosociety.W:Sohowmanymoremoviesdidhemake?M:Justonemore,thenhediedinthatcarcrashinCaliforniain1955.W:Whatatragedy!Heonlymadethreemovies!Sowhatmadehimthelegendhestillistoday?M:WellIguesshislooks,hisactingability,hisshortlife,andmaybethetypeofcharacterheplayedinhismovies.ManyyoungpeoplesawhimasasymbolofAmericanyouths.Q22Whatisthewomandoing?Q23WhydidJamesDeanmovebacktoIndianawhenhewasyoung?Q24WhatdoesthemansayJamesDeandidatcollegeinCalifornia?Q25WhatdoweknowaboutJamesDeanfromtheconversation?SectionBPassage1Thetimeis9o'clockandthisisMarianSnowwiththenews.TheGermanauthoritiesaresendinginvestigatorstodiscoverthecauseoftheplanecrashlateyesterdayontheislandofTenerife.Theplane,aBoeing737,takingGermanholidaymakerstotheislandcrashedintoahillsideasitcircledwhilepreparingtoland.Theplanewascarrying180passengers.It9sthoughttherearenosurvivors.Rescueworkerswereatthescene.TheBritishindustrialistJamesLouis,heldbykidnapperincentralAfricaforthepast8months,wasreleasedunharmedyesterday.Thekidnappershadbeendemanding1millionpoundsforthereleaseofMr.Louis.TheLondonBankandtheiragentswhohadbeennegotiatingwiththekidnappershavenotsaidwhetheranyamountofmoneyhasbeenpaid.The500UKmotorsworkerswhohadbeenonstrikeinHighTownforthepast3threeweekswentbacktoworkthismorning.Thisfollowssuccessfilltalksbetweenmanagementandunionrepresentatives,whichresultedinanewagreementonworkinghourandconditions.Aspokesmanfbrthemanagementsaidthey'dhopetheycouldnowgetbacktoproducingcars,andthattheylostlotsofmoneyandordersoverthisdispute.Andfinallytheweather.Afteracodestart,mostofthecountryshouldbewarmandsunny.Buttowardslateafternoon,rainwillspreadfromScotlandtocovermostpartsbymidnight.26WhatdoesthenewssayabouttheBoeing737plane?27WhathappenedtoBritishindustrialistJamesLouis?

1028Howdidthe3-weekstrikeinHighTownend?29Whatkindofweatherwillbeexpectedbymidnightinmostpartsofthecountry?Passage2JuanLouis,ajuniorgeologymajor,decidedtogiveaninfbiTnativespeechabouthowearthquakesoccur.Fromhisaudienceandanalysishelearnedthatonly2or3ofhisclassmatesknewmuchofanythingaboutgeology.Juanrealizedthenthathemustpresenthisspeechatanelementarylevelandwithaminimumofscientificlanguage.Ashepreparedthespeech,Juankeptaskinghimself“HowcanImakethisclearandmeaningfultosomeonewhoknowsnothingaboutearthquakesorgeologicalprinciples?^^SincehewasspeakingintheMidwest,hedecidedtobeginbynotingthatthemostsevereearthquakeinAmericanhistorytookplacenotinCaliforniaorAlaskabutatNewMadrid,Missouriin1811.Ifsuchanearthquakehappenedtoday,itwouldbefeltfi,omtheRockyMountainstotheAtlanticOceanandwouldflattenmostofthecitiesintheMississippivalley.That,hefigured,shouldgethisclassmates9attention.Throughoutthebodyofthespeech,Juandealtonlywiththebasicmechanicsoftheearthquakes,carefiillyavoidtechnicalterms.Healsopreparedvisualaids,diagrammingphotoline,sohisclassmateswouldn'tgetconfused.Tobeabsolutelysafe,Juanaskedhisroommate,whowasnotageologymajor,tolistentothespeech.44Stopme,“hesaid,“anytimeIsaysomethingyoudon'tunderstand."Juan'sroommatestoppedhimfourtimes.Andateachspot,Juanworkedoutawaytomakehispointmoreclearly.Finally,hehadaspeechthatwasinterestingandperfectlyunderstandabletohisaudience.Q30WhatdidJuanLouislearnfromtheanalysisofhisaudience?Q31HowdidJuanLouisstarthisspeech?Q32WhatdidJuanaskhisroommatetodowhenhewasmakinghistrialspeech?Passage3Esperantoisanartificiallanguage,designedtoserveinternationallyasanauxiliarymeansofcommunicationamongspeakersofdifferentlanguages.ItwascreatedbyLudwigLazarZamenhofiapolishJewishdoctorspecializedineyediseases.Esperantowasfirstpresentedin1887.Aninternationalmovementwaslaunchedtopromoteitsuse.Despiteargumentsanddisagreements,themovementhascontinuedtoflourishandhasmembersinmorethan80countries.Esperantoisusedinternationallyacrosslanguageboundariesbyatleast1millionpeople,particularlyinspecializedfields.Itisusedinpersonalcontexts,onradiobroadcastsandinanumberofItspopularityhasspreadformEurope,botheastandwest,tosuchcountriesasBrazilandJapan.Itis,however,inChinathatEsperantohashaditsgreatestimpact.Itistaughtinuniversitiesandusedinmanytranslations,ofteninscientificortechnologicalworks.ELPOPOLACHINIO,whichmeansfrompeople'sChina,ifsamonthlymagazineinEsperantoandifsreadworldwide.RadioBeijing'sEsperantoprogramisthemostpopulai*programinEsperantointheworld.EsperantovocabularyisdrawnprimarilyfromLatin,theRoman'slanguages,EnglishandGerman.Spellingiscompletelyregular.Asimpleandconsistentsetofendingsindicatesgrammaticalfunctionsofwords.Thusforexample,everynounendsin“o”,everyadjectivein"a”,andbasicformofeveryverbin"i”.Esperantoalsohasahighlyproductivesystemofconstructingnewwordsfromoldones.Questions33—35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Q33WhatdoesthespeakertellusaboutEsperanto?Q34WhatissaidabouttheinternationalmovementtopromotetheuseofEsperanto?Q35WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutEsperantoinChina?SectionCGeorgeHerbertMeadsaidthathumansare"talkedinto"humanity.Hemeantthatwegainpersonalidentityaswecommunicatewithothers.Intheearliestyearsofourlives,ourparentstelluswhoweare:nYou'reintelligent.""Youyesostrong."Wefirstseeourselvesthroughtheeyesofothers.Sotheirmessagesformimportantfoundationsofourself-concepts.Later,weinteractwithteachers,friends,romanticpartnersandcoworkerswhocommunicatetheirviewsofus.Thus,howweseeourselvesreflectstheviewsofusthatotherscommunicate.Theprofoundconnectionbetweenidentityandcommunicationisdramaticallyevidentinchildrenwhoaredeprivedofhumancontact.Casestudiesofchildrenwhoareisolatedfromothersrevealthattheylackafirmself-concept,andtheirmentalandpsychologicaldevelopmentisseverelyhinderedbylackoflanguage.Communicationswithothersnotonlyaffectsoursenseofidentity,butalsodirectlyinfluencesourphysicalandemotionalwell-being.Consistently,researchshowsthatcommunicatingwithotherspromoteshealth,whereassocialisolationislinkedtostress,disease,andearlydeath.Peoplewholackclosefriendshavegreaterlevelsofanxietyanddepressionthanpeoplewhoareclosetoothers.Agroupofresearchersrevealscoresofstudiesthattracetherelationship

11betweenhealthandinteractionwithothers.Theconclusionwasthatsocialisolationisstatisticallyasdangerousashighbloodpressure,smokingandobesity.Manydoctorsandresearchersbelievethatlonelinessharmstheimmunesystem,makingusmorevulnerabletoarangeofminerandmajorillnesses.200912ᨴ⚪ᦻ11W:DidyouusecreditcardsonyourvacationlastmonthinEurope?M:SureIdid.Theycertainlybeatgoingaroundwithawalletfullofbigbills.Butcarryinglotsofcashisstillverycommonamongsomeolderpeopletravelingabroad.Q:Whatdoesthemansayaboutsomeelderlypeople?12.W:Rodmustbeinabadmoodtoday.What'swrongwithhim?M:Hewaspassedoverintheselectionprocessforthedeanoftheadmissionsoffice.He'dbeenhopingforthepositionforalongtime.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?13.M:WhatagreatsingerJustinis!Hisconcertisjustawesome.Andyou'llneverregretthemoneyyoupaidfortheticket.W:Yeah.Judgingbytheamountoftheapplause,everyonewasenjoyingit.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?14.W:IreceivedanemailyesterdayfromHenry.Doyouremember?Hewasoneofthechairpersonsofourstudentsunion.M:Yes,butIhaven'theardfromhimforages.ActuallyFvebeenoutoftouchwithhimsinceourfirstreunionaftergraduation.Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthespeakers?15.M:Drivingatnightalwaysmakesmetired.Let'sstopfordinner.W:Fine.Andlet'sfindamotel,sothatwecangetanearlystarttomorrow.Q:Whatwillthespeakersprobablydo?16.W:Lefslookatthesurveyonconsumerconfidenceweconductedlastweek.Howreliablearethesefigures?M:Theyhavea5%marginoferrorQ:Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?17.W:Lookatthiscatalogue,John.IthinkIwanttogetthisredblouse.M:Err,Ithinkyou'vealreadyonelikethisinblue.Doyouneedeverycolorintherainbow?Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?18.W:Thisnoticesaysthatalltheintroductorymarketingclassesareclosed.M:Thatcan'tbetrue.There9ssupposedtobe13ofthemthissemester.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?ConversationOneM:Iseeonyourresumethatyouworkedasamanagerofastorecalled"ComputerCountry”.Couldyoutellmealittlemoreaboutyourresponsibilitiesthere?W:Sure.Iwasresponsibleforoverseeingabout30employees.Ididalloftheorderingforthestore,andIkepttrackoftheinventory.M:Whatwasthemostdifficultpartofyourjob?W:Probablyhandlingangrycustomers.Wedidn'thavethemveryoften,butwhenwedid,Ineededtomakesuretheywerewelltakencareof.Afterall,thecustomerisalwaysright.M:That'showwefeelheretoo.Howlongdidyouworkthere?W:Iwasthereforthreeandahalfyears.Ileftthecompanylastmonth.M:Andwhydidyouleave?W:MyhusbandhasbeentransferredtoBoston.AndIunderstandyourcompanyhasanopeningtheretoo.M:Yes,that'sright.Wedo.Butthepositionwon'tstartuntilearlynextmonth.Wouldthatbeaproblemforyou?W:No,notatall.Myhusband'snewjobdoesn'tbeginforafewweeks.SowethoughtwewouldspendsometimedrivingtoBostonandstoptoseemyparents.M:Thatsoundsnice.Sotellme,whyareyouinterestedinthisparticularposition?W:Iknowthatyourcompanyhasagreatreputation,andawonderfulproduct.TvethoughtmanytimesthatIwouldliketobeapartofit.WhenIheardabouttheopeninginBoston,Ijumpedtotheopportunity.M:WellTmgladyoudid.

1219.Whatwasthewoman'spreviousjob?20.Whatdoesthewomansaywasthemostdifficultpartofherjob?21.WhyisthewomanlookingforajobinBoston?22.Whencanthewomanstarttoworkifshegetsthejob?ConversationTwoW:TodayinthestudiowehaveAlbertoCortez,thewell-knownBrazilianadvocateoftheanti-globalmovement.He'sheretotalkabouttherecentreport,statingthatby2050Brazilwillbetheoneottheword'swealthiestandmostsuccessfulcountries.Alberto,whatdoyousaytothereport?M:Youknowthisisn'tthefirsttimethatpeoplearesayingBrazilwillbeagreateconomicpower.Thesamethingwassaidoverahundredyearago.Butitdidn'thappen.W:Yes,butyoumustadmittheworld'saverydifferentplacenow.M:Ofcourse.InfactIbelievethere'smaybesometruthinthepredictionthistimearound.Firstofall,though,wemustremembertheproblemsfacingBrazilatthemoment.W:Suchas...?M:There5sanenormousgapbetweentherichandthepoorinthiscountry.InSalPaulo,youcanseeshoppingmallsfullofdesignergoodsrightnextdoortotheslamareaswithoutproperwaterandelectricitysupplies.Alotofworkneedstobedonetohelppeopleinthoseareasimprovetheirlives.W:Whatneedstobedone?M:Education,forexample.ForBraziltobesuccessful,weneedtooffereducationtoallBrazilians.SuccessfulcountrieslikeSouthKoreaandSingaporehaveexcellenteducationsystems.Brazilneedstolearnfromthesecountries.W:Soyouarehopefulforthefuture.M:AsIsaidearlier,Tmhopeful.Thisisn'taneasyjob.WeneedtomakesurethattheseimportantopportunitiesfbrBrazilaren'twasted,astheywereinthepast.ஹ23.WhatdoestherecentreportsayaboutBrazil?24.WhatproblemdoesAlbertosayBrazilfacesnow?25.WhatdoesAlbertosayabouteconomicallysuccessfulcountries?SectionBPassageOneWilmaSubrahadnointentionofbecomingapublicspeaker.Aftergraduatingfromcollegewithdegreesinchemistiyandmicrobiology,shewenttoworkatGulfSouthResearchInstituteinLouisiana.Aspartofherjob,sheconductedfieldresearchontoxicsubstancesintheenvironment,ofteninminoritycommunitieslocatednearlargeindustrialpolluters.Shefoundmanyfamilieswerebeingexposedhigh,sometimesdeadly,levelsofchemicalsandothertoxicsubstances,butshewasnotallowedtomakeherinformationpublic.Frustratedbytheserestrictions,Subraleftherjobin1981,createdherowncompany,andhasdevotedthepasttwodecadestohelpingpeoplefightbackagainstgiantindustrialpolluters.Sheworkswithfamiliesandcommunitygroupstoconductenvironmentaltests,interprettestresults,andorganizeforchange.Becauseofherefforts,dozensoftoxicsitesacrossthecountryhavebeencleanedup,andonechemicalindustryspokespersoncallsher“atopgunfortheenvironmentalmovement.”HowhasWilmaSubraachievedallthis?Partlythroughherscientifictraining,partlythroughhercommitmenttoenvironmentaljustice.Butjustasimportantisherabilitytocommunicatewithpeoplethroughpublicspeaking."Publicspeaking/9shesays,“istheprimaryvehicleIusefbrreachingpeople/IfyouhadaskedSubrabefore1981,“Doyouseeyourselfasamajorpublicspeaker?'Shewouldhavelaughedattheidea.Yettodayshegivesmorethan100presentationsayear.AlongthewayshehaslecturedatHarvard,testifiedbeforeCongress,andaddressedaudiencesin40states,aswellasinMexico,Canada,andJapan.26.WhatdidWilmaSubradoaspartofherjobwhileworkingatGulfSouthResearchInstitute?27.WhatdidWilmaSubraleaveherjobin1981?28.WhatresultshaveWilmaSubra'seffortshadintheparttwodecades?29.WhatdoesthespeakersayhascontributedtoWilmaSubra'ssuccess?

13Passage2Oneofthebiggestchallengesfacingemployersandeducatorstodayistherapidadvanceofglobalization.Themarketplaceisnolongernationalorregional,butextendstoallcomersoftheworld.Andthisrequiresaglobalreadyworkforce.Universitieshavealargeparttoplayinpreparingstudentsforthe21stcenturylabormarketbypromotinginternationaleducationalexperiences.Themostobviouswayuniversitiescanhelpdevelopglobalworkforceisbyencouragingstudentstostudyabroadaspartoftheircourse.Studentswhohaveexperiencedanotherculturefirsthandaremorelikelytobeglobalreadywhentheygraduate.Globalworkforcedevelopmentdoesn'talwayshavetoinvolvetravelabroadhowever.Ifstudentslearnanotherlanguageandstudyothercultures,theywillbemoreglobalreadywhentheygraduate.Itisimportanttopointoutthatstudentsalsoneedtohaveadeepunderstandingoftheirownculturebeforetheycanbegintoobserve,analyzeandevaluateothercultures.Inmulti-culturalsocieties,peoplecanstudyeachothefscultures,todevelopinterculturalcompetencies,suchascriticalandreflectivethinking,andintellectualflexibility.Thiscanbedoneboththroughthecurriculumandthroughactivitiesoncampus,outsideoftheclassroom,suchasartexhibitions,andlecturesfrominternationalexperts.Manyuniversitiesarealreadyembracingthischallenge,andprovidingopportunitiesforstudentstobecomeglobalcitizens.Studentsthemselves,however,maynotrealizethatwhentheygi*aduate,theywillbecompetinginagloballabormarket,anduniversitiesneedtoraiseawarenessoftheseissuesamongstundergraduates.Q30:Whatisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacingemployersandeducatorstoday?Q31:Whatshouldstudentsdofirstbeforetheycanreallyunderstandothercultures?Q32:Whatshouldcollegestudentsrealizeaccordingtothespeaker?Passage3Toseeifhaircoloraffectsaperson'schancesofgettingajob,researchersatCaliforniaStateUniversityasked136collegestudentstoreviewtheresumeandphotographofafemaleapplicantforajobasanaccountant.Eachstudentwasgiventhesameresume.Buttheapplicant'spicturewasaltered,sothatinsomephotosherhairwasgolden,insomeredandinsomebrown.Theresult?Withbrownhair,thewomanwasratedmorecapable,andshewasofferedahighersalarythanwhenshehadgoldenorredhair.Otherstudieshavefoundsimilarresults.Manyrespondentsratewomenwithgoldenhairwithlessintelligentthanotherpeople,andredheadsasmoretemperamental.Womenwithredorgoldenhairarevictimsofthecommonpracticeofstereotyping.Astereotypeisasimplisticorexaggeratedimagethathumanscarryingintheirmindsaboutgroupsofpeople.Forexample,lawyersareshrewdanddishonestisapopularstereotype.Stereotypingcanoccurinpublicspeakingclasses.Whentryingtochooseaspeechtopic,somemalesthinkthatwomenareuninterestedinhowtorepaircars,whilesomefemalesthinkthatmenareuninterestedincreativehobbies,suchasknittingandneedlepoint.Weshouldrejectstereotypes,becausetheyforceallpeopleinagiwpintothesamesimplepattern.Theyfoiltoaccountforindividualdifferences,andthewiderangeofcharacteristicsamongmembersofanygroup.Somelawyersaredishonest,yes!Butmanyarenot.Somewomenareuninterestedinrepairingcars,yes!Butsomeareenthusiasticmechanics.Q33:WhatdidresearchersatCaliforniaStateUniversityfind?Q34:Whatisthepopularstereotypeoflawyers?Q35:Whydoesthespeakersayweshouldrqectstereotypes?SectionCTheancientGreeksdevelopedbasicmemorysystemscalledmnemonics.ThenameisderivedfromtheirGoddessofmemory"Mnemosyne”.Intheancientworld,atrainedmemorywasanimmenseasset,particularlyinpubliclife.Therewerenoconvenientdevicesfortakingnotes,andearlyGreekoratorsdeliveredlongspeecheswithgreataccuracybecausetheylearnedthespeechesusingmnemonicsystems.TheGreeksdiscoveredthathumanmemoryislargelyanassociativeprocessthatitworksbylinkingthingstogether.Forexample,thinkofanapple.Theinstantyourbrainregisterstheword"apple”,itrecallstheshape,color,taste,smellandtextureofthatfruit.Allthesethingsareassociatedinyourmemorywiththeword"apple”.Thismeansthatanythoughtaboutacertainsubjectwilloftenbringupmorememoriesthatarerelatedtoit.Anexamplecouldbewhenyouthinkaboutalectureyouhave

14had.Thiscouldtriggeramemoryaboutwhatyou'retalkingaboutthroughthatlecture,whichcanthentriggeranothermemory.Associationsdonothavetobelogical.Theyjusthavetomakeagoodlink.AnexamplegivenonawebsiteIwaslookingatfollows,nDoyouremembertheshapeofAustria?Canada?Belgium?OrGermany?Probablynot.WhataboutItalythough?IfyouremembertheshapeofItaly,itisbecauseyouhavebeentoldatsometimethatItalyisshapedlikeaboot.Youmadeanassociationwithsomethingalreadyknown,theshapeofaboot.AndItalyshapecouldnotbeforgottenonceyouhadmadetheassociation."20096ᨴ⚪ᦻ11.W:IforgottotellyouthatFredcalledlastnighttoborrowyoursleepingbag.M:Oh,Isawhimatthegymthismorning,buthedidn'tsayanything.Sohemusthaveaskedsomebodyelse.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?12.W:ThesesummerdaysaregettingtobemorethanIcantake.Itwaseventoohottogotothepoolyesterday.M:Hanginthere.Accordingtotheweatherreportweshouldhavesomereliefbytheendoftheweek.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?13.W:Well,tonightwehaveProfessorBrowninourstudiototalkaboutthefamousoilpaintingofQueenVictoria.Goodevening,professor.M:Goodevening,madam,mypleasuretobeheretonight.Q:Whatisthewomandoing?14.M:Theplantsnexttothewindowalwayslookbrown.Youwouldn'tknowbylookingatthemthatIwaterthemeveryweek.W:Maybetheydon9tlikedirectsunlight.1hadthesameproblemwithsomeofmyplants.Andalittleshadehelpsthemimmensely.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?
W:You'retheeditorofPublicEye.Whatkindoftopicsdoesyourprogramcover?M:Well,thereareessentiallydomesticstories.Wedon'tcoverinternationalstories.Wedon'tcoverpartypoliticsoreconomics.WedoissuesofgeneralsocialconcerntoourBritishaudience.Theycanbeanythingfromthefutureofthehealthservicetothewaytheenvironmentisgoingdownhill.W:Howdoyouchoosethetopic?Doyouchooseonebecauseit'swhatthepublicwantstoknowaboutorbecauseit'swhatyoufeelthepublicoughttoknowabout?M:Ithinkit'samixtureofboth.Sometimesyouhaveastrongfeelingthatsomethingisimportantandyouwanttoseeitexaminedandyouwanttocontributetoapublicdebate.Sometimespeoplecometoyouwiththingstheyareworriedaboutandtheycanbequitesmallthings.Theycanbeastoryaboutcorruptioninlocalgovernment,somethingtheycannotquiteunderstand,whyitdoesn'tseemtobeworkingoutproperly,liketheyarenothavingtheirlittercollectedproperlyorthedustbinsemptied.W:Howdoyouknowthatyou'vegotareallysuccessfulprogram?Onethatisjustrightforthetime?M:Ithinkyougetasenseaboutitafterworkinginitinanumberofyears.Youknowwhichstoriesaregoingtogettheattention.Theyaregoingtobepublishedjustthepointwhenthepublicareconcernedaboutthat.19.WhatkindoftopicsdoesPublicEyecover?20.HowdoesPublicEyechooseitstopics?21.Whatfactorplaysanimportantroleinrunningasuccessfulprogram?W:Hi,ProfessorSmith.Ihearyou'vewrittenabooktitledVisions.M:Yes.Itexplainshowsciencewillrevolutionizethe21stcentury.W:CouldIaskyousomequestionsconcerningthebook?M:Sure.W:Areyouoptimisticaboutthefuture?M:Generally,yeah.Ifwegobacktotheyearof1900,mostAmericansdidn'tlivebeyondtheageof50.Sincethen,we'vehadimprovementsinhealthcareandtechnology.Thereisnoreasonwhythesewon'tcontinueforintothe21stcentury.W:Arewereadyforthechangesthatwillcome?M:Changesarealreadyhappening.Thefutureisherenow.WehaveDNA,microchips,

15theinternet.Somepeople'sreactionistosay,wearetooold;wedon'tunderstandnewtechnology.Myreactionistosay,wemusteducatepeopletousenewtechnologynow.W:Isworldpopulationgoingtobeabigproblem?M:Yes,andno.Ithinkthatworldpopulationwillstopincreasingasweallgetricher.Ifyouareapartofthemiddleclass,youdon'twantorneed12children.W:Willtherebeaworldgovernment?M:Veryprobably.Wewillhavetomanagetheworldanditsresourcesonagloballevelbecausecountriesalonearetoosmall.W:Willwehavecontrolofeverything?M:Ithinkwe911learntocontroltheweather,volcanoesandearthquakes.Illnesswon'texist.We'llgrownewlivers,kidneys,hearts,andlungslikesparepartsforacar.Peoplewilllivetoabout130or150.For2000years,wehavetriedtounderstandourenvironment.Nowwe'llbegintocontrolit.22.WhatdoesProfessorSmithsayaboutmostAmericansaroundtheyearof1900?23.WhatdoesProfessorSmithadvicewedo?24.WhenwilltheworldpopulationstopgrowingaccordingtoProfessorSmith?25.WhatdoesProfessorSmiththinkhumanbeingswillbeabletodo?200812ᨴ⚪ᦻ11.M:PmaskedtopickuptheguestspeakerBobRusselattheairportthisafternoon,doyouknowwhathelookslike?W:Well,he'sinhissixties,hestandsout,he'sbald,tallandthinandhasabeard.Q:Whatdoweconcludefromthewoman'sremarksaboutBobRussel?12.M:Iamconsideringdroppingmydancingclass.Iamnotmakinganyprogress.W:IfIwereyou,Istickwithit.It'sdefinitelyworthtimeandeffort.Q:Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?13.W:YouseeIstillhavethispaininmyback,thismedicinethedoctorgavemewassupposedtomakemefeelbetterbynow.M:Maybeyoushould9vetakenitthreetimesadayasyouweretold.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?14.M:Frankly,whenIsatthebackoftheclassroom,Ican'tseethewordsontheboardclearly.W:Well,you'vebeenwearingthosesameglassesaslongasI'veknownyou.Whynotgetanewpair?Itwouldn'tcostyoutoomuch.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimplyabouttheman'sglasses?15.W:Howcomethefloorissowet?Ialmostslipped,whathappened?M:Oh,sorry!ThephonerangthemomentIgotintotheshower,anyway,Tilwipeituprightnow.Q:Whywasthefloorwetaccordingtotheman?16.M:Theinstructionsonthepackagesaythatyouneedtosomeassemblyyourself.Fvespentallafternoontryinginvaintoputthisbookcasetogether.W:Iknowwhatyoumean,lasttimeItriedtoassembleatoytrainformysonandIalmostgaveup.Q:Whatdoesthemanfinddifficult?17.M:TmgettingwoiriedaboutJenny'sschoolwork.Allshetalksaboutthesedaysisvolleyballgamesandallshedoesispractice,trainingandthingslikethat.W:Hergradesonthecomingexamswillfallforsure.Ifshightimewetalk(ed)somesensetoher.Q:Whatarethespeakersprobablygoingtodo?18.W:Doyouunderstandwhythelocalpeopleareopposedtothenewdamuptheriver?M:Theyareworriedaboutthepotentialdangerifthedamshouldbreak.Theriverisverywideabovetheproposedsite.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?ConversationOneW:Mr.White,whatchangeshaveyouseeninthechampagnemarketinthelasttentofifteenyears?M:Wellthebiggestchangehasbeenthedecreaseinsalessincethegreatboomyearsofthe1980swhenchampagneproductionandsalesreachedrecordlevels.W:Whichwasthebestyear?M:Welltherecordwasin1989when249millionbottlesofchampagnewassold.Thehighestproductionlevelwasreachedin1990withatotalof293millionbottles.Ofcoursesincethoseboomyearssaleshavefallen.W:Hasthemarketbeenbadlyhitbytherecession?M:Ohcertainly,theeconomicproblemsinchampagnes5exportmarketsthafsEurope,theUnitedStates,Japan,andofcoursethedomesticmarketinFrance,theeconomicproblemshavecertainlybeenonereasonforthedecreaseinchampagnesales.W:Andtheotherreasons?M:Anotherimportantfactorhasbeenprice.Intheearly90s,champagnewasveryoverpriced,somanypeoplestopbuyingit.Insteadtheyboughtsparklingwinesfromothercountries,inparticularfrom

16AustraliaandSpain.Andthentherewasanotherproblemforchampagneintheearly90s.W:Whatwasthat?M:Therewasalotofratherbadchampagneonthemarket.Thismeantthepopularityofgoodsparklingwinesincreasedevenmore.Peoplewassurprisedbytheirqualityandofcoursetheywerealotcheaperthanchampagne.W:Doyouthinkthechampagnemarketwillrecoverinthefuture?M:Oh,Tmsureitwill.Whentheeconomicsituationimproves,Ibelievethemarketwillrecover.19.Whatdoesthemansayaboutchampagneinthe1980s?20.Whydidsparklingwinesbecomemorepopularthanchampagneintheearly90s?21.WhatdoesthemanthinkofthechampagnemarketinthefuUire?ConversationTwoW:Right,well,inthestudiothismorning,forourinterviewspotisPeterWilson.PeterworksforGreenPeace.So,Peter,welcome.M:Thanksalot.Ifsgoodtobehere.W:Great!Now,Peter,perhapsyoucantellussomethingaboutGreenPeaceandyourjobthere.M:Sure.Well,TilstartbytellingyouroughlywhatGreenPeaceisallabout.IactuallyworkinLondonfortheGreenPeaceorganization.We'vebeengoingforafewdecadesandwe'reanon-violent,non-politicalorganization.We'reinvolvedinanti-nuclearactivity,conservationandprotectionofanimalsandprotectionandsupportofoureco-system.Tmtheactionorganizerandarrangeanyprotests.W:Right!Aprettyimportantrole,Peter.Whatsortofprotestwouldyouorganize?M:Well,recentlywe'vebeeninvolvedinanti-nuclearcampaigns.I,personallyarrangedforthedemonstrationagainstradioactivewastedumpingintheAtlanticOcean.We'vegotafewsmallGreenPeaceboatsthatweharassthedumpingshipwith.W:Say?Holdon,Peter.Ithoughtyousaidyourorganizationwasnon-violentWhatdoyoumeanby"harass"?M:Well,wecircleroundandroundtheshipsandgetinthewaywhentheytrytodumpthedrumsofnuclearwasteinthesea.Wetalktothemenandtrytochange,youknow,yellatthemtostop.Wegenerallymakeourselvesasmuchofanuisanceaspossible.M:Well,peoplemaythinkdifferentlyofyourmethods,butthere'snodoubtyou'redoingagreatjob.Keepitupandgoodluck.Andthanksfortalkingwithus.22.Whatistheman'schiefresponsibilityintheGreenPeaceorganization?23.WhathasGreenPeacebeeninvolvedinrecently?24.HowdoesGreenPeacetrytostoppeoplefromdumpingnuclearwaste?25.Whatisthewoman'sattitudetowardstheGreenPeace'scampaigns?SectionBPassageOneTofindoutwhattheweatherisgoingtobe,mostpeoplegostraighttotheradio,television,ornewspapertogetanexpertweatherforecast.Butifyouknowwhattolookfor,youcanuseyourownsensestomakeweatherpredictions.Therearemanysignsthatcanhelpyou.Forexample,infairweathertheairpressureisgenerallyhigh,theairisstillandoftenfullofdust,andforawayobjectsmaylookvague.Butwhenthestormisbrewing,thepressuredrops,andyouareoftenabletoseethingsmoreclearly.Sailorstooknoteofthislongago,andcameupwiththesaying,"Thefartherthesight,thenearertherain.”Yoursenseofsmellcanalsohelpyoudetecttheweatherchanges.Justbeforeitrains,odorsbecomestronger,thisisbecauseodorsarerepressedinafairhighpressurecenter.Whenabadweatherlowmovesin,airpressurelessensandodorsarereleased.Youcanalsohearanapproachingstorm.Soundsbounceoffheavystormcloudsandreturntoearthwithincreasedforce.Anoldsayingdescribesitthisway,"Soundstravelingforandwideastormydaywillbetied”.Anddon'tlaughatyourgrandmotherifshesaysshecanfeelastormcoming.Itiscommonlyknownthatmanypeoplefeelpainsintheirbonesorjointswhilethehumidityrises,thepressuredrops,andbadweatherisontheway.26.Whydoesthespeakersaywecanseefarawayobjectsmoreclearlyasastormisapproaching?27.Whatdoesthespeakerwanttoshowbyquotingacoupleofoldsayings?28.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?PassageTwoManydaysseemtobringnumeroustasksandresponsibilities.Allofwhichapparentlymustbetackledrightaway.Youspendadayputtingoutfiles,butbytheendoftheday,youhaven'taccomplishedanyofthereallyimportantthingsyousetouttodo.Indesperation,youdrafta஺஺ᑑ஺“list,butmostdays,youcanmakelittleprogresswithit.Whenyoulookatthelisteachmorning,abigfotcloudofdoomisrightatthetop.Thosedifficult,complex,importanttasks,thataresocrucialtogetdone,andsoeasytoavoid.Plentyofuscreatea"toWlisttoaddressfeelingsofbeingoverwhelmed,butwerarelyusethesetoolstotheirbesteffect.Theywindoutbeingguilt-provokingremindersofthefactthatwillover-committedandlosingcontrolofourpriorities.AccordingtoTimothyPikle,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarltonUniversityinOttawa,peopleoftendrawupa

17“to-do"list,andthenthat'sit.Thelistitselfbecomestheday'sachievement,allowingustofeelwe'vedonesomethingusefulwithouttakingonanyrealwork.Infact,drawingupthelistbecomesawayofavoidingtheworkitselfToooften,thelistisseenastheaccomplishmentfortheday,reducingtheimmediateguiltofnotworkingonthetasksathandbyinvestingenergyinthelist,saysPikle.Whenalistisusedlikethis,it'ssimplyanotherwayinwhichwelietoourselves.29.Whatistheproblemthattroublesmanypeoplenowadaysaccordingtothespeaker?30.Accordingtothespeaker,whattoomanypeopledotocopewiththeirdailytasks?31.AccordingtopsychologistTimothyPikle,whatdopeoplefindbytheendoftheday?PassageThreeInmanystressfulsituations,thebody'sresponsescanimproveourperformance.Webecomemoreenergetic,morealert,betterabletotakeeffectiveaction.Butwhenstressisencounteredcontinually,thebody9sreactionsaremorelikelytobeharmlulthanhelpfultous.Thecontinualspeedingupofbodilyreactionsandproductionofstressrelatedhormonesseemtomakepeoplemoresusceptibletoheartdisease.Andstressreactionscanreducethediseasefightingeffectivenessofthebody'simmunesystem,therebyincreasingsusceptibilitytoillnessesrangingfromcoldstocancer.Stressmayalsocontributetodiseaseinlessdirectwaysbyinfluencingmoodsandbehavior.Peopleunderstressmaybecomeanxiousordepressed,andasaresultmayeattoomuchortoolittle,havesleepdifficultiesorfailtoexercise.Thesebehavioralchangesmayinturnbeharmfultothehealth.Inaddition,peoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontocertainbodilysensationssuchasachesandpainswhentheyareunderstressandtothinkthatthey9resick.Ifthepersonwerenotunderstress,thesamebodilysensationsmightnotbeperceivedassymptomsandthepersonmightcontinuetofeelwell.Someresearchershavesuggestedthatassumingtheroleofasickpersonisonewayinwhichcertainpeopletrytocopewithstress.Insteadofdealingwiththestressfulsituationdirectly,thesepeoplefoilsick.Afterall,itisoftenmoreacceptablyinoursocietytobesickandtoseekmedicalhelpthanitistoadmitthatonecannotcopewiththestressesoflife.32.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutpeoplewhoencounterstressonceinawhile?33.Whatdoesthespeakersayfrequentstressreactionsmayleadto?34.Whatarepeoplemorelikelytodowhentheyareunderstress?35.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?SectionCNowlistentothepassage:Oneofthemostcommonimagesofanadvanced,Westem-stylecultureisthatofabusy,traffic-filledcity.Sincetheirfirst(36)appearanceonAmericanroadways,automobileshavebecomea(37)symbolofprogress,asourceofthousandsofjobsandanalmostinalienablerightforcitizens9personalfreedomofmovement.Inrecent(38)decades,our“loveaffhir“withthecarisbeing(39)exporteddirectlytothedevelopingworld,anditisincreasingly(40)apparentthatthistransferisleadingtodisaster.American'salmostcompletedependenceonautomobileshasbeenaterriblemistake.Aslateasthe1950s,alarge(41)percentageoftheAmericanpublicusedmasstransit.A(42Combinationofpublicpolicydecisionsandcorporateschemingsawtoitthatcountless(43)convenientandefficienturbanstreetcarandintra-cityrailsystemsweredismantled(◀).(44)Ourairqualitynowsuffersfromtheeffectsofpollutantsemitteddirectlyfinmourcars.Ourliveshavebeenplannedalongaroadgrid-homesfarfromwork,shoppingfarfromeverything,withuglystrctchesofconcreteandblacktopinbetween.DevelopingcountriesarecopyingWestem-styletransportationsystemsdowntothelastdetail.(45)TheproblemscausedbymotorizedvehiclesintheWestareoftenmagnifiedindevelopingnations.Pollutioncontrolmeasuresareeithernotstrictornonexistent,leadingtochokingcloudsofsmog.Gasolinestillcontainslead,whichisextremelypoisonoustohumans.(46)Movementinsomecitiescomestoavirtualstandstillasmotorizedtrafficcompeteswithbicyclesandpedestrians.

18Inadditiontopollutionandtrafficjams,autosafetyisacriticalissueindevelopingnations.20086ᨴ⚪ᦻ11.M:Goodnews,Tmnotgoingtohavesurgeryafterall.ThedoctorsaysIcanstartworkingoutagainsoonandmaybeplayfootballlikebeforeinafewweeks.W:That'sterrific.ItwouldbegreatifyoucouldgetbackinshapeintimefortheWorldCup.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?12.M:Ireallyneedtomakesomeextramoney.YouknowI'vepracticallyspentmyentirebudgetforthissemester.W:WhynotcheckoutthenewcafeteriaatMaiketStreet?Ithinktherearestillafewopeningssuitableforseniorslikeyou.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?13.M:IhearJohnlefthiscatinyourcarewhilehe'sonvacationabroad.Howareyougettingalongwithit?W:Well,itnevercomeswhenIcallit.Itspillsitsfoodandshedsallovertheplace.Ican'twaittillJohngetsback.Q:Howdoesthewomanfindthecat?14.W:Hello,ProfessorWhite,Igotmygradeinthemailthismorning,butIthinktheremightbeamistakeinmymark.M:Yeah,I'vegotseveralcallsjustlikeyours.Theremustbeaproblemwiththecomputingsystem.Itshouldbestraightenedoutinacoupleofhours.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?15.M:ProfessorJohnson,lastnightwhenIwasputtingthefinishingtouchesonmypaper,acomputerfailurecompletelywipedoutmyfiles,doyouthinkIcanhaveanotherdaytoretypeit?W:Tmsorry,Rod.I'mleavingforaconferencetomorrowandrilbeawaytwoweeks.IsupposeyoucouldsendmeanE-copy.Q:Whydoesthemansayhecan'tsubmithisassignmentontime?16.W:Ijustcalledthetravelagency,it'sallset.OnJune1st,weareheadingforthemountainsandwillbecampingthereforawholeweek.M:Haveyoucheckedtheacademiccalendar?Myclassesaren'toveruntilthe8th.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?17.W:Ithoughttherewasstilltimeformetoapplyforastudentloan.ButsomeonejusttoldmethattheclosingdatewaslastTuesday.M:Areyousure?Ithoughtwestillhadanothermonth.Wait,Tvegotabrochurerighthere.LastTuesdaywastheopeningdate.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?18.W:Lookatallthepollutantsgoingintotheairfromthosefactories.Doyouthinkthey'llevergetthatundercontrol?M:Nowwiththenewlawsineffectandsocialawarenessincreasing,wearesuretoturnthingsaround.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?ConversationOneW:Tellme,Peter,whatmakesHarrodssofamous?M:Well,it'sthebiggestdepartmentstoreintheUK.AnditsfoodhallandtheEgyptianhallareveryfomous.PeoplecometoHarrodsjusttoseethem.W:Whatisspecialaboutthefoodhall?M:Itsellsmanydifferentkindsoffood.Forexample,ithas250kindsofcheesefromallovertheworldandmorethan180kindsofbread.Customersalsoloveallthedifferentkindsofchocolate.Theybuyahundredtonseveryyear.W:That'samazing!AndwhyistheEgyptianhallsofamous?M:Well,whenpeopleseeit,theyfeeltheyareinanotherworld.ItlookslikeinEgyptianbuildingfrom4,000yearsago.Anditsellsbeautifulobjects.Theyarenot4,000yearsold,ofcourse.W:IsittruethatHarrodsproducesitsownelectricity?M:Yes,itdoes.70%,enoughforasmalltown.Tolighttheoutsideofthebuilding,weuse11,500lightbulbs.W:Really?Tellme,howmanycustomersdoyouhaveonanaverageday?Andhowmuchdotheyspend?M:About30,000peoplecomeonanaverageday.Butduringthesales,thenumberincreasesto300,000customersaday.Howmuchdotheyspent?Well,onaverage,

19customersspendabout1.5millionpoundsaday.Therecordforonedayisninemillionpounds.W:Ninemillionpoundsinoneday?M:Yes,onthefirstdayoftheJanuarysales.W:Harrodssaysitsellseverythingtoeverybody,everywhere.Isthatreallytrue?M:Oh,yes.ofcourse!Absolutelyeverything!19.WhatisthefoodhallofHarrodsnotedfor?20.WhatdoestheEgyptianhallseemliketothecustomers?21.WhatmaycustomersfindsurprisingaboutHarrods?22.AbouthowmanycustomerscometoHarrodsonanaverageday?ConversationTwoW:HiKevin!M:HiLaura,longtimenosee!Whathaveyoubeenuptolately?W:Notmuch.Icanassureyou.Andyou?M:MuchthesameexceptIdohavesomebignews.W:Comeon.Thissuspenseiskillingme.M:No,really,whathaveyoubeendoingthesepastfewweeks?ThelasttimeIsawyou,youwerelookingforanewjob.W:Well,that'snotexactlytrue.Iwasthinkingaboutchangingjobs.Luckily,theyofferedmeanewpositionintheaccountingdepartment.M:Astepupinthebigbusinessworld.W:Iwouldn'texaggerate,butIampleased.Ihadbeenhopingtogetapromotionforawhile.Sowhenitfinallycamethrough,Iwasrelieved.Actually,that?swhyIwaslookingforanewjob.Ijustdidn'twanttoworkthereanymoreiftheyweren'tgoingtorecognizemyefforts.M:Right,sometimesyoucandoyourbestanditseemsliketheothersdon'tknowyouexist.Ihopethemoney'sbetter.W:Igotareasonableraise,nowenoughaboutme.Fmdyingtohearyournews.M:Iamgettingmarried.W:No,yousaidyou'dnevergetmarried.M:Thatwasthenandthisisnow.You'vegottomeetAndrea,she9sgreat!W:Thisisallnewstome.Ididn'tevenknowyouweredating.M:Weweren't.We'vejustbeendatingfortwoweeksnow.W:Andyougettingmarried?M:Iknow.Ican'thelpit.Ijustknowshe'stheone.W:Well,congratulations!Thafsfantastic!M:Thanks,Tmgladtohearyoufeelway.23.Whatwasthewomandoingwhenthemanlastsawher?24.Whydoesthewomansayshewasrelieved?25.Whyisthewomansurprisedattheman'snews?SectionBPassageOneWaterscootersarewatervehiclesthatlookverymuchlikemotorcycles.Nowadays,speedy,colorfulwaterscootersaregaininginpopularity.Theycantravelanywhereasmallboatcanandparticularlypopularwithyoungpeople.Therisingpopulaiityofthecrafthasraisedthequestionofwaterscooterregulation.Inthiscase,theargumentforstrictregulationiscompelling.WaterscootersareaparticularlydeadlyfoiTnofwaterrecreation.Forexample,twowomenwerevacationinginLongboatKeywhiletheywerefloatingontherubberboatalongtheshore,awaterscootercrashedintothemandkillthem.Alsowaterscooteroperatorshavebeenkilledorseriouslyinjuredincollisionswithotherwatercraft.Othershavebeenstrandedattheseawhentheirscooterseitherfailedorsankforfromshore.Manywaterscooteroperatorsareinexperiencedandignorantofnavigationalrules,whichincreasethepotentialforaccidents.Theincreasingpopularityofthescooterhasaggravatedtheproblem,providingmorewatervehiclestocompeteforthesamespace.Crowdedwaterwavesaresimplyanopeninvitationtodisaster.Inadditiontotheinherentoperationalhazardsofwaterscooters,theyareprovingtobeanenvironmentalnuisance.Beachresidentscomplainofthenoiseofthescooters.ThePacificWhaleFoundationonthewestcoastexpressedconcernthatthescootersarefrighteningawayanendangeredspeciesofwhalethatmigratestoHawaiiforbreeding.Regulationssuchasminimumoperatingage,restrictedoperatingareasandcompulsoryclassesinwatersafetyareessential.Withoutsuchregulations,tragediesinvolvingwaterscootersaresuretomultiply,whichmakesmanybeachesunsafefbrrecreation.26.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutwaterscooters?27.Whatismentionedasoneofthecausesofwateraccidents?28.Inwhatwayarewaterscooterssaidtobeanenvironmentalnuisance?29.Whatdoesthespeakerproposetoensurethesafetyofbeachesforrecreation?PassageTwoItseemstomethatneighborsaregoingoutofstyleinAmerica.Thefriendnestdoorfromwhomyouborrowedfbreggsoraladderhasmovedandthepeopleintherenowarestrangers.Someofthetraditionalstoriesof

20neighborlinessareimpracticalorsillyandmaybejustaswellthatourrelationswithourneighborsarechanging.ThesayingintheBible“Lovethyneighbor“wasprobablyapoortranslationofwhatmusthaveoriginallybeen,''respectthyneighbor,,.Lovecanbecalleduponorder.FewerthanhalfthepeopleintheUnitedStatesliveinthesamehousetheylivedinfiveyearsago.Sothereisnoreasontolovethepeoplewholivenextdoortoyou,justbecausetheyhappentowanderintoarealestateofficethatlistedtheplacenextdoortoyours.Theonlythingneighborshaveincommon,tobeginwith,isproximityandunlesssomethingmoredevelopsthatisn'treasonenoughtobebestfriends.Itsometimeshappensnaturally,butthechancesareverysmallthatyourneighborswillbeyourchoicesfriendsorthatyouwillbetheirs,either.Thebestrelationshipwithneighborsisoneoffriendlydistance.Yousay“hello”,usesmalltalkifyouseethemintheyard,youdiscussproblemsastheyariseandyouhelpeachotherinanemergency.Thedrivewayorthefencebetweenyouisnotreallyacoldshoulderbutaclearboundary.Wealllikeclearly-definedboundariesforourselves.30.Whatdoesthespeakersayabouttherelationsamongneighborsnowadays?31.Whydoesspeakersayitmaybedifficultforpeopletolovetheirneighbors?32.Whatshouldneighborsdointhespeaker'sopinion?PassageThreeArticlesinmagazinesandnewspapersandspecialreportsonradioandtelevisionreflecttheconcernofmanyAmericansabouttheincreasingdrop-outrateinourjuniorandseniorhighschools.Coupledwiththisfactisthewarningthatsoonwewillnolongerhaveaworkforcetofillthemanyjobsthatrequireproperlyeducatedpersonnel.Thehighstudentdrop-outrateisnotarecentdevelopment.Tenyearsago,manyurbanschoolswerereportingdrop-outratesbetween35and50percent.Someadministratorsmaintainthatdrop-outsremainthesinglegreatestproblemintheirschools.Consequently,muchefforthasbeenspentonidentifyingstudentswithproblemsinordertogivethemmoreattentionbeforetheybecomefailures.Sincethedrop-outproblemdoesn'tstartinseniorhighschool,specialprogramsinjuniorhighschoolfocusonstudentswhoshowpromisebuthavearecordoftruancy-thatisstayingawayfromschoolwithoutpermission.Undertheguidanceofcounselors,thesestudentsareplacedinclasseswithteacherswhohavehadsuccessinworkingwithsimilaryoungpeople.Strategiestomotivatestudentsinahighschoolincluderewardingacademicexcellencebydesignatingscholarsofthemonth,orbyissuingarticlesofclothing,suchasschoolletterjacketsformerlygivenonlytoathletes.Nooneworkingwiththesestudentsclaimstoknowhowtokeepallsmdentsinschool.Counselors,teachersandadministratorsareinthefrontlinesofwhatseemsattimestobealosingbattle.Actually,thisproblemshouldbeeveryone,sconcernsinceuneducated,unemployedcitizensaffectusall.33.WhyaremanyAmericansconcernedwiththeincreasingdrop-outrateinschool?34.Whatdowelearnaboutthestudentdrop-outprobleminAmerica?35.Whatismentionedasoneofthestrategiesusedtomotivatestudents?SectionCI'minterestedinthecriminaljusticesystemofourcountry.Itseemstomethatsomethinghastobedone,ifwe'retosurviveasacountiy.Icertainlydon'tknowwhattheanswerstoourproblemsare.ThingscertainlygetcomplicatedinahuiTywhenyougetintothem,butIwonderifsomethingcouldn'tbedonetodealwithsomeoftheseproblems.OnethingI'mconcernedaboutisourpracticeofputtingoffendersinjailwhohaven'tharmedanyone.Whynotworkoutsomesystemwherebytheycanpaybackthedebtstheyowesocietyinsteadofincurringanotherdebtbygoingtoprisonand,ofcourse,comingundertheinfluenceofcourse,comingundertheinfluenceofhardenedcriminals.Tmalsoconcernedaboutheshortprisonsentencespeopleareservingforseriouscrimes.Ofcourseonealternativetothisistorestorecapitalpu8nishment,butTmnotsureIwouldbeforthat.Fmnotsureit'srighttotakeaneye.Thealternativetocapitalpunishmentislongersentencesbuttheywouldcertainlycostthetax-payersmuchmoney.Ialsothinkwemustdosomethingabouttheinsanityplea.Inmyopinion,anyonewhotakesanotherperson'slifeintentionallyisinsane;however,thatdoesnotmeanthatthepersonisn'tguiltyofthecrimeorthatheshouldn'tpaysocietythedebtheowes.It?ssad,ofcourse,thatapersonmayhavetospendtherestofhislife,oralargepartofitinprisonforactsthathecommittedwhilenotinfoilcontrolofhismind.200712ᨴ⚪ᦻ

21SectionA11.M:Thebiologicalprojectisnowintrouble,youknow,mycolleagueandIhavecompletelydifferentideasabouthowtoproceed.W:Whydon'tyoucompromise()?Trytomakeitawin-winsituation()fbryouboth.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?12.M:HowdoesNancylikethenewdresssheboughtinRome?W:ShesaidshewouldneverhaveboughtanItalianstyledressifshehadknownMaryHadalreadygotsuchadress.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?13.M:Youarenotgoingtodoallthosedishesbeforeweleave,areyou?Ifwedon'tpickup(!)GeorgeandMarthain25minutes,we'llnevergettothetheaterontime.W:Oh,didn'tItellyouMarthacalledtosayherdaughterwasillandtheycouldnotgottonight?Q:Whatisthewomanprobablygoingtodofirst?14.M:You'vebeenhangingontothephone(ᡭᵯ$ᢞ&)forquiteawhile.Whowereyoutalkingwith?W:Oh,itwasSally.Youknow,shealwayshasthelatestnewsintownandcan'twaittotalkitoverwithme.Q:WhattowelearnaboutSallyfromtheconversation?15.W:Ifsalwaysbeenhardtogetthiscarintofirstgear(ᢞ'ᢱ),andnowtheclutchseemstobeslipping.M:Ifyouleavethecarwithme,Iwillfixitforyouthisafternoon.Q:Whoisthewomanprobablyspeakingto?16.M:Kate,whydoesthedowntownarealookdesertednow?W:Well,thereusedtobesomereallygoodstores,butlotsofthemmovedouttothemall/Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?17.W:Ifindtheloungesuchacozyplacetostudyin.Ireallylikethefeelingofsittingonthesofaanddoingthereading.M:Well,formethehardestpartaboutstudyinghereisstayingawake.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?18.W:Theremosquitobitesarekillingme.Ican'thelpscratching.M:Nexttimeyougocamping,takesomeprecaution,say,wearinglongsleeves.Q:Whydoesthemansuggestthewomanwearlongsleeves?ConversationOneM:Hello,andwelcometoourprogram,"WorkingAbroad”.OurguestthiseveningisaLondoner,wholivesandworksinItaly,Hername'sSusanHill.Susan,welcometotheprogram(19).YouliveinFlorence,howlonghaveyoubeenlivingthere?W:Since1982.ButwhenIwenttherein1982,1plannedtostayforonly6months(20).M:Whydidyouchangeyourmind?W:Well,Tmadesigner,Idesignleathergoods,mainlyshoesandhandbags,SoonafterIarrivedinFlorence,IgotajobwithoneofItaly9stopfashionhouses,Ferregamo.So,Idecidedtostay.M:Howlucky!DoyoustillworkfbrFerregamo?W:No,Tvebeenafreelancedesignerfbrquitealongtimenow,since1988,infoci(21)M:Sodoesthatmeanyoudesignfbrseveraldifferentcompaniesnow?W:Yes,that'sright.TvedesignedmanyfashionitemsfbranumberofItaliancompanies,andinthelastfouryears,TvealsobeendesigningfortheBritishcompany,Burberrys.(21)M:Whathaveyoubeendesigningforthem?W:Mostlyhandbagsandsmallleathergoods.M:How'sthefashionindustryinItalychangedsince1982?W:oh,yes.It'sbecomealotmorecompetitive(22).Becausethequalityofproductsfromothercountrieshasimprovedalot.ButItalianqualityanddesignisstillworld-fomous.M:AnddoyoueverthinkofreturningtoliveinEngland?W:No,notreally.WorkinginItalyismoreinteresting.IalsolovetheMediterraneansunandtheItalianlifestyle.M:Well,thankyoufortalkingtous,Susan.W:Itwasapleasure.19.Wheredoesthistalkmostprobablytakeplace?20.Whatwasthewoman9soriginalplanwhenshewenttoFlorence?

2221.Whathasthewomanbeendoingforalivingsince1988?22.WhatdowelearnaboutthechangeinItaly'sfashionindustry?ConversationTwoM:So,Claire,you'reintodrama?W:Yes,Ihaveamaster'sdegreeinDramaandTheatre.Atthemoment,FmhopingtogetontoaPh.D.Program.M:Whatexcitesyouaboutdrama?W:Well,Ifindifsacommunicativewaytostudypeopleandyoulearnhowtoreadpeopleindrama.SousuallyIcanunderstandwhatpeopleai'esaying,eventhoughtheymightbelying.(23)M:Thatwouldbeuseful.W:Yeah,it'sveryusefulformeaswell.TmanEnglishlecturer,sousealotfordramainmyclasses,suchasroleplays.AndIaskmystudentstocreatemini-dramas.Theyreallyrespondwell.(24)Atthemoment,FmhopingtogetontoaPh.D.course.IwouldliketoconcentrateonAsiandramaandtrytobringAsiantheatretotheworld'sattention.Idon'tknowhowsuccessfulIwouldbe,but,here'shoping.M:Oh,I'msureyou'llbesuccessful.Now,Claire,whatdoyoudoforstagefright?W:Ah,stagefright!Well,manyactorshavethatproblem.GetstagefrighteverytimeI'mgoingtoteachanewclass.Thenightbefore,Iusuallycan'tsleep.M:What?Forteaching?W:Yes.Igetreallybadstagefright.ButtheminuteIstepintotheclassroomorgetontothestage,itjustallfallsintoplace.ThenIjustfeellike:Yeah,thisiswhatImeantodo.AndI'mfine(25).M:Wow,that'scool!23.Whydoesthewomanfindstudyindramaandtheatreuseful?24.Howdidthewoman'sstudentsrespondtoherwayofteachingEnglsih?25.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutherstagefright?SectionBPassageOneInJanuary1989,theCommunityofEuropeanRailwayspresentedtheirproposalforahighspeedpan-Europeantrainnetwork,extendingfromSwedentoSicily,andfromPortugaltoPolandbytheyear2020.(26)Iftheirproposalbecomesareality,itwillrevolutionizetraintravelinEurope.Journeysbetweenmajorcitieswilltakehalfthetimetheytaketoday.(27)BrusselswillbeonlyoneandahalfhoursfromParis.ThequickestwaytogetfromParistoFrankfurt,fromBarcelonatoMadridwillbebyti*ain,notplane.Whenthenetworkiscompete,itwillintegratethreetypesofrailwayline:totallynewhigh-speedlineswithtrainsoperatingatspeedsof300kilometersperhour,upgradedlineswhichallowforspeedsupto200to225kilometersperhour,andexistinglinesforlocalconnectionsanddistributionoffreight.Ifbusinesspeoplecanchoosebetweena3-hourtrainjourneyfromcity-centertocity-centerand1-hourflight,they'llchoosethetrain(28),saysanexecutivetravelconsultant.Theywon'tgobyplaneanymore.Ifyoucalculateflighttime,check-inandtravelto-and-fromtheairport,you911findalmostnodifference.Andifyourplanearriveslateduetobadweatherorairtrafficjamsorstrikes,thenthetrainpassengerswillarriveattheirdestinationfirst.(28)SinceFranceintroducedthefirst260-kilometerperhourhighspeedtrainservicebetweenParisandLyonin1981(29),thetrainshaveachievedhigherandhigherspeeds.Onmanyroutes,airlineshavelostupto90%oftheirpassengerstohighspeedtrains.IfpeopleaccepttheCommunityofEuropeanRailways9Railways9Plan,the21stcenturywillbenewageofthetrains.26.WhatistheproposalpresentedbytheCommunityofEuropeanRailways?27.Whatwillhappenwhentheproposalbecomesareality?28.Whywillbusinesspeopleprefera3-hourtrainjourneytoa1-hourflight?29.WhendidFranceintroducethefirsthighspeedtrainservice?

23PassageTwoWesterndoctorsarebeginningtounderstandwhattraditionalhealershavealwaysknownthatthebodyandthemindareinseparable.(30)Untilrecently,modemurbanphysicianshealthebody,psychiatristthemind,andprieststhesoul.However,themedicalworldisnowpayingmoreattentiontoholisticmedicine,whichisanapproachbasedonthebeliefthatpeople'sstateofmindcanmakethemsickorspeedtheirrecoveryfromsickness.Severalstudiesshowthattheeffectivenessofacertaindrugoftendependsonthepatients7expectationsofit.Forexample,inonerecentstudy,psychiatristsatamajorhospitaltriedtoseehowpatientscouldbemadecalm.(31)Theydividedthemintotwogroups.Onegroupwasgivenadrugwhiletheothergroupreceivedaharmlesssubstanceinsteadofmedicinewithouttheirknowledge.Surprisingly,morepatientsinthesecondgroupshowedthedesiredeffectthanthoseinthefirstgroup.Instudyafterstudy,there'sapositivereactioninalmostone-thirdofthepatientstakingharmlesssubstances.Howwasthispossible?Howcansuchasubstancehaveaneffectonthebody?Evidencefroma1997studyattheUniversityofCaliforniashowsthatseveralpatientswhoreceivedsuchsubstanceswereabletoproducetheirownnaturaldrug,thatis,astheytookthesubstancetheirbrainsreleasednaturalchemicalsthatactlikeadrug.(32)Scientiststheorizedthattheamountofthesechemicalsreleasedbyaperson'sbrainquitepossiblyindicateshowmuchfaiththepersonhasinhisorherdoctor.30.Accordingtothespeaker,whatarewesterndoctorsbeginningtounderstand?31.Whatdoestherecentstudyatamajorhospitalseemtoprove?32.Whatevidencedoesthe1997studyattheUniversityofCaliforniaproduce?PassageThreeSowe'vealreadytalkedabitaboutthegrowthofextremesportslikerock-climbing.Aspsychologists,weneedtoaskourselves(35):Whyisthispersondoingthis?Whydopeopletaketheserisksandputthemselvesindangerwhentheydon'thaveto?Onecommontraitamongrisk-takersisthattheyenjoystrongfeelingsorsensations.(33)Wecallthistiaitsensation-seeking.Asensation-seekerissomeonewho'salwayslcx)kingfornewsensations.Whatelsedoweknowaboutsensation-seekers?Well,asIsaid,sensation-seekerslikestrongemotions.Youcanseethistraitinmanypartsofaperson'slife,notjustinextremesports.Forexample,manysensation-seekersenjoyhardrockmusic.Theyliketheloudsoundandstrongemotionofthesongs.Similarly,sensation-seekersenjoyfrighteninghorrormovies.Theylikethefeelingofbeingscaredandhorrifiedwhilewatchingthemovie.Thisfeelingisevenstrongerforextremesportswherethepersonfacesrealdanger.Sensation-seekersfeelthedangerisveryexciting.Inaddition,sensation-seekerslikenewexperiencesthatforcethemtopushtheirpersonallimits.Forthem,repeatingthesamethingseverydayisboring.(34)Manysensation-seekerschoosejobsthatinvolverisk,suchasstartinganewbusinessorbeinganemergencyroomdoctor.Thesejobsaredifferenteveryday,sotheyneverknowwhatwillhappen.That'swhymanysensation-seekersalsolikeextremesports.Whenyoudorock-climbing,youneverknowwhatwillhappen.Theactivityisalwaysnewanddifferent.33.Accordingtothespeaker,whatisacommontraitamongrisk-takers?34.Whatdosensation-seekersfindboring?35.Whatisthespeaker'sprofession?SectionCIfyouarelikemostpeople,you'veindulgedinfokelisteningmanytimes.Yougotohistoryclass,sitinthethirdrow,andlooksquarely(36)attheinstructorasshespeaks.Butyourmindisforaway,floating(37)inthecloudsofpleasantdaydreams.Occasionally(38)youcomebacktoearth:theinstructorwritesanimportanttermonthechalkboard,andyoudutifully(39)copyitinyournotebook.Everyonceinawhiletheinstructormakesawitty(40)remark,causingothersintheclasstolaugh.Yousmilepolitely,pretendingthatyou'veheardtheremarkandfounditmildlyhumorous(41).Youhaveavaguesenseofguilt(42)thatyouaren'tpayingcloseattention,butyoutellyourselfthatanymaterial(43)youmisscanbepickedupfromafriend9snotes.Besides,theinstructoristalkingaboutroadconstructioninancientRomeandnothingcouldbemoreboring(44).Sobackyougointoyourprivatelittleworld.Onlylaterdoyourealizeyou'vemissedimportantinformationforatest.Fakelisteningmaybeeasilyexposed,sincemanyspeakersaresensitivetofocialcuesandcantellifyou'remerelypretendingtolisten.Yourblankexpressionandtheforawaylookinyoureyesarethecuesthatbetrayyouinattentiveness(45).

24Evenifyou'renotexposed,there'sanotherreasontoavoidfakery:it'seasyforthisbehaviortobecomeahabit.Forsomepeople,thehabitissodeeplyrootedthattheyautomaticallystartdaydreamingwhenaspeakerbeginstalkingonsomethingcomplexoruninteresting(46).Asaresult,theymisslotsofvaluableinformation.20076ᨴ⚪ᦻ11ஹW:Jim,youareonthenetagain!Wearegoingtogetoff.Itstimefbrthetalkshow!M:Justaminutedear!Imlookingatanewjewelrysite.IwanttomakesureIgettherightgiftformomsbirthday.Q:Whatisthemandoingrightnow?12.W:Iveneverseenyouhavesuchconfidencebeforeintheexam!M:Itsmorethanconfidence!Rightnow1feltthatifIgotlessthananA,itwillbethefaultoftheexamitselfQ:Whatdoesthemanmean?13.W:Justlookatthisnewspaper!Nothingbutmurder,deathandwar!Doyoustillbelievepeoplearebasicallygood?M:OfcourseIdo!Butnewspapershardlyeverreportstoriesaboutpeaceandgenerosity.Theyarenotnews!Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?14M:Tommustbejokingwhenhesaidheplanstosellhisshopandgotomedicalschool.W:Youarequiteright!Hesjustkidding!Hesalsotoldmetimeandtimeagainhewishedtostudyforsomeprofessioninsteadofgoingintobusiness.Q:WhatwillTomprobablydoaccordingtotheconversation?15.W:Ihearyourbosshasarealgoodimpressionofyou,andheisthinkingaboutgivingyoutwomoredaysoffeachmonth.M:Ihopenot.IdrathergetmoreworkhoursIcangetenoughbuckstohelpoutmytwokidsatcollege.Q:Whatdoesthemantrulywant?16.M:IheardyoutookatriptoMexicolastmonth.Howdidyoulikeit?W:Oh,Igotsickandtiredofthehotelandhotelfood!SonowIunderstandthething:East,west,homesbest!Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?17.W:ImworriedaboutAnna.Shesreallybeendepressedlately.Allshedoesisstayinginherroomallday.M:Thatsoundsserious!Shedbetterseeapsychiatristatthecounselingcentre.Q:WhatdoesthemansuggestAnnado?18.M:IcouldhardlyrecognizeSamafterwegotthatnewjob!Hesalwaysinasuitandtienow.W:Yeah.Hewasneverlikedthatincollege.Backthen,hewentaroundinoldT-shirtsandjeans.Q:WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutSam?

25Conversation1M:Hi,Anna!Welcomeback!How'syourtriptotheStates?W:Verybusy.Ihadalotofmeetings,so,ofcourse,Ididn'thavemuchtimetoseeNewYork.M:Whatapity!Actually,Ihaveatriptheremyselfnextweek.W:Doyou?Thentakemyadvice,dothewell-beingintheairprogram.Itreallyworks.M:Oh,Ireadaboutthatinamagazine.Yousayitworks?W:Yes,IdidtheprogramontheflighttotheStates,andwhenIarrivedatNewYork,Ididn'thaveanyproblem,nojetlagatall.Onthewayback,Ididn'tdoit,andIfeltterrible.M:You'rejddng!W:Notatall,itreallymeantalotofdifference.M:En.Sowhatdidyoudo?W:Well,Ididn'tdrinkanalcoholorcoffee,andIdidn'teatanymeatorrichfood.Idrinkalotofwater,andfreshjuice,andIatethenoodlesonthewell-beingmenu.They9relighter.Theyhavefish,vegetables,andnoodles,forexample,andIdidsomeoftheexercisesoftheprogram.M:Exercises?Onaplane?W:Yes.Ididn'tdomany,ofcourse,thereisn'tmuchspaceonaplane.M:Howmanypassengersdotheexercises?W:Notmany.M:Thenhowmuchchampagnedidtheydrink?W:Alot!Itwasmorepopularthanmineralwater.M:So,basically,it'sachoice.Mineralwaterandexercises,orchampagneandjetlag.W:Thafsright!It9sadifficultchoice.19.WhydidthewomangotoNewYork?20.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthewell-beingintheairprogram?21.Whatdidthewomandotofollowthewell-beingmenu?22.Whatdidthewomansayaboutotherpassengers?ConversationTwo:W:Morning.CanIhelpyou?M:Well,Tmnotrallysure.Fmjustlooking.W:Isee.Well,there'splentytolookatitagainthisyear.Tmsureyouhavetowalkmilestoseeeachstand.M:Thafstrue.W:Er...,wouldyoulikeacoffee?Comeandsitdownforaminute,noobligation.M:Well,that'sverykindofyou,but...W:Now,please.Isthisthefirstyearyou'vebeentothefeir,Mr....M:Yes,Johnson,JamesJohnson.W:Myname'sSusanCarter.Areyoulookingforanythinginparticulai;orai,eyouinterestedincomputersingeneral?M:Well,actually,Ihavesomespecificjobsinmind.Ioweasmallcompany,we'vegrownquitedramaticallyoverthepast12months,andwereallyneedsometechnologicalhelptoenableustokeepontopofeverything.W:What'syourlineofbusiness,Mr.Johnson?M:We'reatrainingconsultancy.W:Isee.Andwhatdoyoumean“tokeepontop”?M:Thefirstthingiscorrespondence.Wehavealotofstandardlettersandforms.SoIsupposeweneedsomekindofwordprocessor.W:Right.Well,that'snoproblem.Butitmaybepossibleforyoutogetasystemthatdoesalotofotherthingsinadditiontowordprocessing.WhatmightsuityouistheMR5000.Thafsitoverthere!IfsIBMcompatible.M:Whatabouttheprice?W:Well,theMR5000costs1,050pounds.Softwarecomesfreewiththehardware.M:Well,TilthinkaboutitThankyou.W:Here'smycard.Pleasefeelfreetocontactme.23.Wheredidtheconversationtakeplace?24.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?25.Whatistheman'slineofbusiness?PassageThenewyearalwaysbringswiththeculturaltraditionofnewpossibilities.Weseeitasachanceforrenewal.Webegintodreamofnewpossibleselves.Wedesignouridealselforanimagethatisquitedifferentfromwhatwearenow.Forsomeofus,werollatdreamyfilminourheadsjustbecauseit'sthebeginningofanewyear.Butwearen'tseriousaboutmakingchanges.Wejustmakesomehalf-heartedresolutionanditevaporatesafteraweekortwo.Theexperiencemakesusfeellesssuccessfillandleadsustodiscountourabilitytochangeinthefuture.It7notthechangeisimpossiblebutthatitwouldlose(?)unlessourresolutionsaresupportedwithplansforimplementation.Wehavetomakeourintentionsmanageablebydetailingthespecificstepsthatwillcarryustoourgoal.Sayyourgoalistoloseweightbydietingandcuttingoffsweets.Butonenightyoujusthavetohaveacookie.Andyouknowthere9sabagofyourfavoritesinthecupboard.Youwantone,youeattwo,youcheckthebagandfindoutyou'vejustshot132calories.Yousaytoyourself"Whatthehell!^^andpolishoffthewholebag.ThenyoubegintodrawallkindsofunpleasantconclusionsaboutyourselfToprotectyoursenseofself,youbegintodiscountthegoal.Youmaythink-"Well,dietingwasn'tthatimportanttomeandIwon'tmakeitanyhow.^^Soyouabandonthegoalandreturntoyourbadhabits.

2626Whatdopeopleusuallywishtodoatthebeginningofanewyear?27Howcanpeopleturntheirnewyear'sresolutionsintoreality?28Whydoesthespeakermentiontheexampleofsweetsandcookies?P225yearsago,RayAnderson,asingleparentwithaone-year-oldsonwitnessedaterribleaccidentwhichtookplacewhenthedriverofatruckranaredlightandcollidedwiththecarofSandraD.TheimpactofthecollisionkilledSandi*ainstantly.Butherthree-month-olddaughterwaslefttrappedintheburningcar.Whileotherslookedoninhorror,Andersenjumpedoutofhisvehicleandcrawledintothecarthroughtheshadowedrearwindowtotrytofreetheinfant.Secondslater,thecarwasenclosedinflames.Buttoeveryone'samazement,Andersenwasabletopullthebabytosafety.Whilethebabywasallright,Andersenwasseriouslyinjured.Twodayslaterhedied.Buthisheroicactwaspublishedwidelyinthemedia.Hissonwassoonadoptedbyrelatives.Themostremarkablepartofthestoryunfoldedonlylastweek.KarenandherboyfriendMichaelwerelookingthroughsomeoldboxeswhentheycameacrosssomeoldnewspaperclippings.'ThisismewhenIwasanewbombaby.Iwasrescuedfromaburningcar.Butmymotherdiedintheaccident,“explainedKaren.AlthoughMichaelknewKaren'smotherhaddiedyearsearlier,heneverfullyunderstoodthecircumstancesuntilheskimmedoverthenewspaperarticle.ToKaren'ssurprise,Michaelwasabsorbedinthedetailsoftheaccident.Andhebegantocryuncontrollably.ThenherevealedthatthemanthatpulledKarenfromtheflameswasthefatherheneverknew.Thetwoembracedandshedmanytears,recountingstoriestoldtothemabouttheirparents.29Whathappenedtwenty-fiveyearsago?30WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutMichaeFsfather?31WhydidMichaelcryuncontrollablywhenheskimmedoverthenewspaperarticle?P3Americanssufferfromanoverdoseofwork.Regardlessofwhotheyareorwhattheydo.AmericansspendmoretimeatworkthanthatanytimesinceWorldWarILIn1950,theUShadfewerworkinghoursthananyotherindustrializedcountry.Tcxlay,itexceedseverycountrybutJapanwhereindustrializedemployeesload2155hoursayearcomparedwith1951intheUSand1603intheformerWestGermany.Between1969and1989,employedAmericansaddanaverageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Theworkweekhasremainedabove40hours.Butpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.Specificallypaytimeoffholidays,vacations,sickleaveshrinkby50%inthe1980s.Ascorporationshaveexperiencedstiffcompetitionsandslowingi-owthofproductivity,theyhavepressedemployeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglay-offcinthe1980sreducetheprofessionalandmanagerialruns,leavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlowerpaidoccupationswherewageshavebeenreduced,workershaveaddedhoursinovertimeorextrajobstopreservetheirlivingstandards.Thegovernmentestimatesthatmorethan7millionpeopleholdasecondjob.Forthefirsttime,largenumbersofpeoplesaytheywanttocutbackonworkinghoursevenitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersareunwillingtoletthemdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditionalroleasaregulatorofworktimeshouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible.32.Inwhichcountrydoindustrialemployeesworkthelongesthours?33.HowdoemployedAmericansmanagetoworkmorehours?34.Whydocorporationspresstheiremployeestoworklongerhoursaccordingtothespeaker?35.WhatdoesthespeakersaymanyAmericansprefertodo?CompounddictationNursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpressionthatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,wearelicensedtoprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonothaveanylegalormoralobligationtoanyphysician.Weprovidehealthteaching,assessphysicalaswellasemotionalproblems,coordinatepatientrelatedservices,andmakeallournursingdecisionbaseduponwhatisbestorsuitableforthepatient.Ifinanycircumstancewefeelthataphysician'sorderisinappropriateorunsafe,wehavealegalresponsibilitytoquestionthatorder,orrefusetocarryitout.Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbeforetheyentertheprofession.Theemotionalandphysicalstress,however,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisaprimereasonforalargeofthecareerdissatisfaction.Itissometimesrequiredthatweworkovertime,andthatwechangeshiftsfourorfivetimesamonth.Thatdisturbsourpersonallives,destructoursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjobrelatedfriendsandactivities.Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythesesituations.Mosthospitalsarenowstaffedbynewgraduates,asexperiencednursesfinallygiveuptryingtochangethesystem.Consumersofmedicallyrelatedserviceshave

27evidentlynotbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchangesinourmedicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,theywillfindthatmostcriticalhospitalcarewillbeprovidedbynew,inexperienced,andsometimesinadequatelytrainednurses200612ᨴ23⚪ᦻl.W:DoyouknowwhyMaryhassuchalongfacetoday?M:Idon'thavethefoggiestidea!Sheshouldbehappyespeciallysinceshegotapromotionyesterday.Q:Whatdidthespeakersmean?2.M:Hi,Johanna!AieyouinterestedingoingtoanArtExhibitiononSunday?Afriendofmineisshowingsomeofherpaintingsthere.It9stheopeningnight.Freedrinksandfood!W:Well,actually,Idon'thaveanythingplanned.Itsoundskindoffun!Q:WhatdidthemaninvitethewomantodoonSunday?3.M:Youdidanexcellentjobinschool!Youwereindeedagreatstudent!Wheredidyourdrivecomefrom?W:Academicachievementswereimportanttomyparentsasimmigrants.Educationiswhereitallbegins.Mymotherinparticulartriestogetmeinterestedinschool.Q:whatdowelearnaboutthewomanfromtheconversation?4.M:Iheai,theSunflowerHealthClubonThirdStreetisgood!W:Notrightnow!Iusedtogothere.Ithoughtitwasgreatbecauseitwasrealcheap.Buttheproblemwasitwasalwayscrowded.Sometimes,Ihadtowaittousethemachines.Q:WhatdoesthewomansayabouttheSunflowerhealthclub?5.W:Tomisveryexcited!Justyesterdayhereceivedhisdoctoraldegreeandinafewminuteshe'llbeputtingtheringonSarah'sfinger.M:He'sreallysuchaluckdog!SarahisalovelybrideandtonighttheyaregoingtoHawaiiontheirhoneymoon!Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?6.W:Yourchemistryexaminationisover,isn'tit?Whydoyoustilllooksoworried?M:Idon'tknow.Itwasn'tthatthequestionsweretoohard,ortheyweretoomanyofthem.ButFmstillfeelinguneasybecausetheexamdidn'tseemtohavemuchtodowiththecoursematerial.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?7.W:Yourwifetoldmethatyoueatoutfourorfivetimesaweek,Ireallyenvyyou!M:Don'tenvyme!It?sforbusiness.Infact,Tmsickandtiredofrestaurantftxxl!Sometimes,Ijustpreferahome-cookedmeal.Q:Whydoesthemansayheofteneatsout?8.W:IwasamazedwhenIheardTonyplayedpianosoexpertly!Fromthewayhetalked,Ithoughthewasjuststartinghislessons.M:Oh,no!Thafsthewayhealwaystalks!Q:WhatcanweinferaboutTonyfromtheconversation?9.M:WhatdoyouthinkofpeoplesuingMcDonaldsformakingthemfat?W:Well.Itsfooddoesn'tmakeyoufat.Buteatingtoomuchofitdoes!Howaboutchocolateandicecream?Aretheyallresponsible?It'ssilly!Q:WhatdoesthewomanthinkofthelawsuitagainstMcDonalds?10.M:Tmterriblysorryma'am,butyourflighthasbeencancelled.Iwon'tbeabletoputyouonanotheroneuntiltomorrowmorning.W:Well,Icertainlyhopetheairline'sgoingtoputmeupsomewheretonight.Q:Whatdidthewomanrequesttheairlinedo?PassageoneYouhaveprobablyheardoftheDuPontcompany,whichwasfoundedbyafamilyofthesamename.Butdoyouknowaboutthemuseumthatoneofthefamilymembersbegan?HenryFrancisDuPontwasanheirtoDelaware'sDuPontCompanyfortune.HewasoneofthefirstseriouscollectorsofAmericandecorativeartobjects:furniture,textiles,

28paintingsandotherobjectsmadeinUnitedStatesbetween1640and1840.AmericanfurnitureandhouseholdobjectshadbeenconsideredinferiortothosefromEurope.ButDuPonthelpeddevelopeanewappreciationforAmericandecorativearts.HecreatedalegendaryshowplaysfortheseobjectsonhisfamilyestatejustoutsideWilmington,Delaware.In1951,itwasopentothepublicastheHenryFrancisDuPontWinterthurMuseum.ThemuseumassembledobjectsfromDuPont'scollectioninto175periodrooms,eachwithexamplesofAmericanantiquesanddecorativeartsthatfollowedacertainthemeofperiodinearlyAmericanhistory.Forexample,theDuPontdiningroomhasfurnituredatingfromthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.AndbecausethiswasthetimewhentheUnitedStatesbecameanewnation,there'sapatrioticthemeintheroom.AnotherexampleistheChineseparlor,whichhasftimishingsthatwouldreflectAmerican'sfascinationwithAsiancultureduringthe18thcentury.Intheseperiodrooms,DuPontbelievedhecouldtellthestoryoftheearlyUnitedStatesthroughfurnitureandotherdecorativearts.11.WhatisHenryFrancisDuPontnotedfor?12.WhatwasthepurposeofDuPont'sefforts?13.Howweretheobjectsondisplayarranged?PassagetwoAccordingtoDavidGrattle,aBritishlanguageexpert,theideathatEnglishwillbecometheworldlanguageisoutdated.Andpeoplearemorelikelytoswitchbetweentwoormorelanguagesforroutinecommunicationintheftiture.Theshareoftheworld'spopulationthatspeaksEnglishasanativelanguageisfalling.Instead,Englishwillplayagrowingroleasasecondlanguage.ApopulationspeakingmorethanonelanguageisalreadythecaseinmuchoftheworldandisbecomingmorecommonintheUnitedStates.Indeed,thecensusbureaureportedlastyearthatnearlyoneAmericaninfivespeaksalanguageotherthanEnglishathome,withSpanishtakingthelead,followedbyChinese.GrattleworksforBritishconsultingandpublishingbusiness.Heanticipatesaworldwiththeshai'eofpeoplewhoarenativeEnglishspeakersslipsfrom9%inthemid1990sto5%in2050.Grattlesays,“Upuntil1995,Englishwasthesecondmostcommonnativetongueintheworld,trailingonlyChinese.By2050,ChinesewillcontinueitspredominancewithHindiWoodooofIndiaandArabicclimbingpastEnglishandSpanishnearlyequaltoit."Incontrast,anAmericanlanguageexpert,DavidHarrisonnotedthattheglobalshareofEnglishismuchlargerifyoucountsecondlanguagespeakers,andwillcontinuetoriseevenastheproportionofnativespeakersdeclines.HarrisondisputedlistingArabicintopthreelanguagesbecausevarietiesofArabicspokeninsuchcountriesasEgyptandMoroccoaremutuallyincomprehensible.14.WhatdoesDavidGrattlesayabouttheuseoflanguagesfordailycommunicationinthefuture?15.Whydoesn'tDavidHarrisonincludeArabicasoneofthetopthreelanguages?16.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?PassagethreeThereareabout1millionblindpeopleintheUnitedStates.ThelargestandmostinfluentialorganizationofblindpeopleinthiscountryistheNationalFederationoftheBlind.Itsofficialssaythenationdoesn'thaveanycollegesoruniversitiesthatserveonlyblindstudents.Theysaythereasonfbrthisisthatblindpeoplemustlearntoliveamongpeoplewhocansee.Americancollegesanduniversitiesdoacceptblindandvisuallyimpairedstudents,andtheyprovideservicestohelpthesestudentssucceed.Forexample,collegesfindpeoplewhowritedownwhattheprofessorsayinclassandtheyprovidetechnologythatcanhelpblindstudentswiththeirwork.However,expertssaycollegescanbesthelpblindstudentsbymakingitclearthatthestudentsshouldlearntohelpthemselves.OneblindAmericanstudentnamedTrecentlymadenewsbecausehegraduatedfrommedicalschoolfromtheUniversityofWisconsin.Hesaidtechnologywasoneofthereasonshesucceeded.Heusedacomputerthatreadintohisearphonewhathewastyping.Healsousedasmallprinterthatpermittedhimtowritenotesabouthispatientsinthehospital.HedidhisundergraduateworkattheUniversityofNotreDameinSouthBend,Indiana.NationalFederationoftheBlindofficialssayblindstudentsfromothernationsdocometotheUnitedStatestoattendcollege.Somecanevengetfinancialaid.TheFederationawardsabout30scholarshipseachyearthathavenocitizenshiprequirement.17.AccordingtoofficialsoftheNationalFederationoftheBlind,whyaretherenospecialcollegesfbrblindstudentsonly?18.Accordingtoexpertshowcancollegesbesthelpblindstudents?19.WhatisoneofthereasonsgivenbyTasablind

29studentforhissuccess?20.WhatcanblindstudentsfromoverseasdotostudyinAmericaaccordingtotheNationalFederationoftheBlind?20066ᨴ⚪ᦻ1.M:Mary,couldyoupleasetellThomastocontactme?Iwashopinghewouldbeabletohelpmeoutwiththefreshmenorientationprogramnextweek.W:Iwouldcertainlytellhimiflsawhim,butIhaven'tseenhimaroundforquiteafewdays.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?2.M:Susan,Iamgoingtochangethelightbulbabovethediningroomtable.Willyouholdtheladderforme?W:Noproblem.Butbecarefolwhileyou*reupthere.Q:Whatdoesthemanwantthewomantodo?3.W:IVsfreezingcold.Letmemakesomecoffeetowarmusup.Doyouwantapieceofpieaswell?M:Coflfeesoundsgreat.ButPmgoingtohavedinnerwithsomefriendsinawhile,soI'dbetterskipthepie.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?4.W:HowcomeJimlosthisjob?M:Ididn'tsayhehadlostit.AllIsaidwasifhedidn'tgetoutandstartsellingafewcarsinsteadofidlingaroundallday,hemightfindhimselflookingforanewjob.Q:WhatdoesthemansayaboutJim?5.M:Hello,Mary.ThisisPaulatthebank.IsTonyhome?W:Notyet.Paul.Idon'tthinkyoucanreachhimattheofficenow,either.Hephonedmefiveminutesagotosayhewasstoppingforahair-cutonhiswayhome.Q:Whodoyouthinkthewomanprobablyis?6.W:Oh!Boy!Idon*tunderstandhowyougotatickettoday.Ialwaysthoughtyouwereslowevendrivingonthelessci-owdedfastlane.M:Fmusuallycareful.ButthistimeIthoughtIcouldgetthiwghtheintersectionbeforethelightturned.Q:Whatdowelearnabouttheman?7.W:Yourdogcertainlyseemstoknowyouarehismaster.Didyouhavetopunishhimveryoftenwhenyoutrainedhim?M:Ifoundifsmuchbettertopraisehimwhenheobeysandnottobesofussywhenhemakesmistakes.Q:Whatdoesthemansayabouttrainingdogs?8.M:Iamafraidtherewon'tbetimetodoanothertoothtoday.Makesureyoudon'teatanythinglikestakesforthenextfewhours,andwellfilltheothercavitytomorrow.W:Allright.Actually,Imusthurrytothelibrarytoreturnsomebooks.Q:Wheredoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?9.W:lamworriedaboutJennygoingtocollege.Collegestudentsaresowildnowadays.M:Actually,onlyafewarelikethat.Moststudentsaretoobusystudyingtohavetimetocausetrouble.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?10.W:Youdidn*tseemtobeterriblyenthusiasticabouttheperformance.M:Youmustbekidding.Icouldn*thaveclappedanyharder.Myhandsarestillhurting.Q:Whatdoesthemanthinkoftheperformance?SectionBPassage1BomandraisedincentralOhio,Pmacountrygirlthroughandthrough.Pmcurrentlystudyingtobecomeaphysicaltherapist,acareerpaththatmarksagreatachievementforme.AtOhioStateUniversity,admissionintothephysicaltherapyprogramisintenselycompetitive.ImadeitpassthefirstcutthefirstyearIapplied,butwasturneddownforadmission.I

30wascrushed,becauseforyearsIhavebeendeterminedtobecomeaphysicaltherapist.Ireceivedadvicefromfriendsandrelativesaboutchangingmymajorandfindinganothercourseformylife.Ijustcouldn'tdoit.IknewIcouldnotbeashappyinanotherprofession.SoIstilledmyself,begantoworkseriouslyforanotheryearandreapplied.HappilyIreceivednoticeofmyadmission.Later,Ifoundoutthatlessthan15%oftheapplicanthadbeenofferedpositionsthatyear.Nowinthefirsttwoyearsofprofessionaltraining,Icouldn'tbehappierwithmydecisionnottogiveuponmydream.MyfothertoldmethatifIwanteditbadlyenough,Iwouldgetin.Well,Daddy,Iwantedit.Sothere.Aftergraduation,Iwouldliketotraveltoanothercountry,possiblyaLatinAmericancountryandworkinachildren'shospitalforayearortwo.Somanyofthechildrentherearephysicallyhandicappedbutmosthospitalsdon'thavethefundingtohiretrainedstafftocareforthemproperly.Iwouldliketochangethatsomehow11.Whatisthespeaker'sfieldofstudy?12.Accordingtothespeaker,whatcontributedtoheradmissiontoOhioStateUniversity?13.WhydoesthespeakerwanttogotoaLatinAmericancountry?Passage2GabrielaMistralwasonceanordinaryteacherinasmallvillageschoolinNorthernChile.Toweringmountainsseparatehervillagefromtheworldoutside.GabrielaMistralwasonlyfifteenwhenshebeganteaching,butshewasagoodteacher.Shehelpedthemindsofherstudents'scalethemountainwallsandreachedouttotheworldbeyond.Foreighteenyears,GabrieladevotedherlifetothepoorfarmchildrenofChile'sNorthernvalleys.Duringpartofthistime,shewasdirectorofschoolsinallofChile.Beforelong,manycountriesrecognizedherasagreatfriendofchildrenandtheleaderineducation.In1922,shewasinvitedtoMexicotohelporganizetheruralschoolsystem.Twoyearslater,GabrielaMistralcametotheUnitedStateswheresheservedasavisitingprofessorinseveralcolleges.InNewYorkCity,agiwpofteachershelpedtofinancethepublicationofherfirstbookofpoetry.Someofherbookshavebeentranslatedintosixdifferentlanguages.Shegavetheincomefromsomeofherbookstohelppoorandneglectedchildren.Beginninginthe1920's,herinterestsreachedouttobroaderfields.Statesmenaskedheradviceoninternationalproblems.ShetriedtobreakthroughthenationalbarriersthathinderedtheexchangeofideasamongtheSpanishspeakingpeoplesofSouthAmerica.ShetriedtodevelopabetterunderstandingbetweentheUnitedStatesandcountriesofLatinAmerica.In1945,shegainedworldwiderecognitionbywinningtheNobelPrizeinliterature,thefirstSouthernAmericantowintheprize.14.WheredidGabrielaMistralstartherteachingcareer?15.HowdidGabrielaMistralhelpthepoorchildrenofherhometown?16.WhydidmanycountriesthinkhighlyofGabrielaMistral?17.HowdidGabrielaMistralbecomefamousallovertheworld?Passage3Overtimeanimalshavedevelopedmanywaystostayawayfrompredators.Apredatorisananimalthathuntsandeatsotheranimals.Hidingisoneofthebestwaystostayalive.Someanimalshidebylookingliketheplaceswheretheylive.Toseehowthisworks,let*slookattheseadragon.Itisamasterofdisguise.Theseadragoniscoveredwithskinthatlookslikeleaves.Theskinhelpsthedragonlooklikeapieceofseaweed.Ahungrymeateaterwouldstayawayfromanythingthatlookslikeseaweed.Otheranimalsstaysafebyshowingtheircolors.Theywantotheranimalstoseethem.Scientistscallthesebrightcolors-warningcolors.Youhaveprobablyseenanimalsthathavewarningcolors.Somegrasshoppersshowofftheirownbrightcolors.Thosecolorsdon'tjustlookattractive;theytelltheirenemiestostayaway.Ofcourse,hungrypredatorssometimesignorethewarning.Theystillgoafterthegrasshopper.Ifthathappens,thegrasshopperhasabackupdefense.Itmakeslotsoffoam.Thefoamtastessobadthatthepredatorwon'tdoitagain.Colordoesn'tofferenoughprotectionfbrsomeotheranimals.Theyhavedifferentdefensesthathelpthemsurviveinthewild.Manyfishliveingroupsorschools.That'sbecausethereissafetyinnumbers.Atthefirstsignoftrouble,schoolingfishswimasclosetogetherastheycanget.Thentheschooloffishmakeslotsoftwistsandturns.Allthatmovementmakesithardfbrpredatorstoseeindividualsinalargegroup.18.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout?19.Whatprotectstheseadragonfromthemeateater'sattack?20.Accordingtothepassage,whydomanyfishstayingroups?

31200512ᨴ⚪ᦻ1.M:TheDeanjustannouncedthatDr.Holden'sgoingPllmissyouguyswhileI'mworkinghereinthelibrary.W:Iknewitallalong!He'stheobviouschoice.Alltheothercandidatesarenomatchforhim!Q:whatdowelearnaboutthetwospeakers?2.W:Hey,letmeknowhowyoursummer9sgoing!TilmissyouguyswhilePmworkinghereinthelibrary.M:rilbeworking,too!ButTilsendyouanemailorcallyouonceinawhile.Whenweallgetbacktoschool,wecanhaveapartyorsomething.Q:whatdowelearnaboutthetwospeakers?3.W:Iknowifstheendoftheseason,butthosepeachesaresuchabargainthatIcouldn'thelpbuyingthem!Haveoneplease!M:Thankyou!Actually,theyseempasstheirprime.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?4.M:Theassignmentonphysicsisarealchallenge.Idon'tthinkIcanfinishitontimeorbymyselfW:Whydon'twejoinourfeettogether?Itmaybeeasierthen.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggest?5.M:JeanreallylosthertemperinDr.Brown'sclassthismorning.W:Oh?Didshe?ButIthinkherfranknessisreallysomethingtobeappreciated.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?6.W:Weheardthatwhenyouareakid,yousubmittedastorytoReader'sDigest.M:Well,Idon'trememberthisstoryexactly,butmyideaofagreattimethenwasapadoflinedpaperandanewbluepen.IthoughtmyselfasaReader'sDigestmemberattheageofsix.Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthemanfromtheconversation?7.M:Yoursoncertainlyshowsalotofenthusiasmonthetenniscoumt.W:Ionlywishhe'dshowasmuchforhisstudies.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutherson?8.W:WesupposetomeetJohnhereattherailwaystation.M:That'slikelookingforaneedleinahaystack.Q:Whatdoesthemanimply?9.M:ProfessorStevenson,asaneconomist,howdoyoulookuponthesurgingChineseeconomy?Doesitconstituteathreattotherestoftheworld?W:IbelieveChina9seconomicsuccessshouldbeseenmoreasanopportunitythanathreat.Thosewholookeduponitasathreatoverlookedthebenefitofchina'sgrowthtotheworld'seconomy.Theyalsolacktheunderstandingofelementaryeconomics.Q:WhatdoesProfessorStevensonthinkofChina'seconomy?10.W:Ourschoolhasjustbuiltsomenewapartmentnearcampus,butonebedroomrunsfor500dollarsamonth.M:That5sabitbeyondthereachofmoststudents!Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?SectionBPassageOneIhadflownfromSanFranciscotoVirginiatoattendaconferenceonmulticulturalism.Hundredsofeducatorsfromacrossthecountryweremeetingtodiscusstheneedforgreaterculturaldiversityintheschoolcurriculum.Itookataxitomyhotel.Ontheway,mydriverandIchattedaboutthewhetherandthetourists.ThedriverwasaWhitemaninforties.'Howlonghaveyoubeeninthiscountry?9heasked."Allmylife!91replied,4IwasbomintheUnitedStates.5Withstrongsouthernaccent,heremarked,'IwaswonderingbecauseyourEnglishisexcellent/ThenIexplainedasIhaddonemanytimesbefore,"MygrandfathercameherefromChinainthe1880s.MyfamilyhasbeenhereinAmericaforeverahundredyears/Heglancedatmeinthemirror.Somehow,Ididn'tlookAmericantohim.Myappearancelookedforeign.Questionslikedtheonemytaxidriveraskedmakemefeeluncomfortable.ButIcanunderstandwhyhecouldnotseemeasanAmerican.Hehadanarrowbutwidelysharedsenseofthepast:ahistorythathasviewedAmericansasdescendantsofEuropeans.Racehas

32functionedassomethingnecessarytotheconstructionofAmericancharacterandqualityinthecreationofournationalidentity-Americanhasbeendefinedas'white'.ButAmericanhasbeenraciallydiversesinceourverybeginningontheVirginiashore,wherethefirstgroupofEnglishmenandAfricansarrivedinthe17thcentury.Andthisrealityisincreasinglybecomevisibleeverywhere.11.Whatwasthethemeoftheconferencethespeakerwastoattend?12.WhydidthetaxidriveraskthespeakerhowlonghehasbeenintheUS?13.Whatmessagedidthespeakerwishtoconvey?PassageTwoLawshavebeenwiittentogoverntheuseofAmericanNationalFlag,andtoensureproperrespectfortheflag.Customhasalsogovernedthecommonpracticeinregardtoitsuse.Allthearmedserviceshavepreciseregulationsonhowtodisplaythenationalflag.Thismayvarysomewhatfromthegeneralrules.Thenationalflagshouldberaisedandloweredbyhand.Donotraisetheflagwhileitisfolded.Unfoldtheflagfirst,andthenhoistitquicklytothetopoftheflagpole.Loweritslowlyandwithdignity.Placenoobjectsonorovertheflag.Donotusetheflagaspartofacostumeorathleticuniform.Donotprintituponcushions,handkerchiefs,papernapkinsorboxes.Afederallawprovidesthatthetrademaikcannotberegisteredifitcomprisestheflag,orbadgersoftheUS,Whentheflagisusedtounveilastatueormonument,itshouldn'tserveasacoveringoftheobjecttobeunveiled.Ifitisdisplayedonsuchoccasions,donotallowtheflagtofalltotheground,butletitbecarriedhighupintheairtoformafeatureoftheceremony.Takeeveryprecautiontopreventtheflagfromsoiled.Itshouldnotbeallowedtotouchthegroundorfloor,nortobrushagainstobjects.14.HowdoAmericansensureproperrespectforthenationalflag?15.WhatistheregulationregardingtheraisingoftheAmericanNationalFlag?16.HowshouldtheAmericanNationalFlagbedisplayedatanunveilingceremony?17.WhatdowelearnabouttheuseoftheAmericanNationalFlag?PassageThreeInsomelargeAmericancityschools,asmanyas20-40%ofthestudentsareabsenteachday.Therearetwomajorreasonsforsuchabsences:oneissickness,andtheotheristruancy.Thatisstayingawayfromschoolwithoutpermission.Sinceschoolofficialscan'tdomuchabouttheillness,theyareconcentratingonreducingthenumberoftruancy.OneofthemostpromisingschemeshasbeentriedinFlorida.Thepupilstherewithgoodattendancehavebeengivenfreehamburgers,toysandT-shirts.Classesaretoldiftheyshowimprovedratesofattendance,theycanwinadditionalgifts.Atthesametime,teachersareencouragedtoinspiretheirstudentstocometoschoolregularly.Whenthoseteachersaresuccessful,theyarealsorewarded,“we'vebeenpunishingtruancyforyears,butthathasn'tbroughtthembacktoschool,"Oneschoolprincipalsaid.Nowwearetryingthepositiveapproach.Notonlydoyoulearnbyshowingupeveryday,butyouearn.InSanFrancisco,theboardofeducationhashadasomewhatsimilaridea.Schoolsthatshowadecreaseindeliberatedestructionofpropertycanreceivetheamountofmoneythatwouldbespentonrepairsandreplacements.Forexample,12,000dollarshadbeensetasideforaschooFspropertydamageseveryyear.Sincerepairexpensesofdamagedpropertyrequiredonly4,000dollars,theremaining8,000dollarswasturnedovertothestudentactivityftind."Ourdemocracyoperatesonhopeandencouragement,saidtheschoolboardmember."Whynotprovidesomepositivegoalsforstudentsandteacherstoaimat?"18whichreasonforstudents,absencesisdiscussedingreatdetail?19whowillbenefitfromtheschemebeingtriedinFlorida?20whatmeasurehasbeentakeninSanFranciscotoreducethedestructionofschoolproperty?20056ᨴ⚪ᦻPartIListeningComprehension(20minutes)SectionA:Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear10shortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Then

33markthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Example:Youwillhear:Youwillread:A)2hours.B)3hours.C)4hours.D)5hours.Fromtheconversationweknowthatthetwoaretalkingaboutsomeworktheywillstartat9ocbckin1hemomingandhavetofhyiby2in1heafternoon.Therefore,D)5hours”isthecorrectanswer.Youshouldchoose[D]ontheAnswerSheetandmarkitwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.SampleAnswer[A][B][C][D]l.M:Whatdoyouthinkofthegovernment'snewtaxcutproposal?W:Thoughitmaygivesomebenefittothep(x)r,tiskeycomponentistheeliminationoftaxondividends.Thatmeanstherichwillgetricher.Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkaboutthegovemment^taxcutpropsal?2.M:Jenny,rememberthis:ajobworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell.W:Oh,yes,Icertainlywon'tforgetit.Butdon'texpectmetosticktothejobjustbecausetipaysafewmorebucks.Alifeofcontinuousexplorationisalifeworthliving.Q:Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewomanfromtheconversation?3.M:Ifoundthatoneofmyschoolmatesusesdrugs.HowcanIhelphim,Mom?W:Stayawayfromhim,son.Neverthinkthatyoucantalkhimoutofthehabitifheisaddicted.Bperhapsyoucantalktoyourteacheraboutthematter.Q:What'sthewoman'sadvicetoherson?4.W:Idon'tknowhowyoucaneatsomuchyetneverputonanyweight,son.Yourfather'sgotthesameluck.Ican'ttakeabitewithoutcalculatinghowmanycaloriesIamtaking.M:butrememberAuntlouise,Mom?Sheatealotandnevergainedapound.Q:Whoisworriedabortqainingweight?5.W:Didyouturnoffthelightsandcheckthelocksonallthedoors?M:Yes,ItoldtheJohnsonsthatwedbegonefortwoweeks.Theypromisetokeepaneyeonthehouseforus.Q:Whatarethetwospeakersgoingtodo?6.M:Hurryup,Linda!Ihearthattherearenotmanyticketsleftforthefootballmatch.W:Ianreadynowjet'sgo.ltistheearlybirdthatcatchestheworm.Q:Whydidthemanaskthewomantohuriyup?7.W:Didyouhearthattheconveniencestorenexttothegasstationwashelduplastnight?M:Yes,Ihearditontheradiothismorning.Q:Whathappenedtotheconveniencestore?8.M:Congratulations!Ijustheardabortyouracceptanceinthelawschool.Doyouthinkyouwouldjoinyourbrother'sfirmaftergraduation?W:Notlikely.Heisataxlawyer,andIamgoingtomajorincriminallaw.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?9.M:Excuseme,butcouldyoutellmehowtogettotheFriendshipHotel?Ithoughtitwasonthiscomet,butIseentohavemade

34amistake.M:Iamsorry,butiamastrangerheremyself.Maybeyoucantrycallingthem.Thereisaphoneoverthereoutsidethedepartmentstore.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?10.M:Howisitgoing,Mary?Youlookalittleoverwhelmed.W:Exactly.Youknow,I'vegotamillionthingstodeandallofthemhavetobefinishedinthenext30minutes.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?*+,ᑖSectionTwoCompoundDictationCertainphrasesonecommonlyhearsamongAmericanscapturetheirdevotiontoindividualism,"Doyouownthing?""Ididitmyway.M,,youllhavetodecidethatforyourself?"HYoumadeyoubed,nowlieinit.”"ifyoudon'tlookoutforyourselfnooneelsewill."HLookoutformunberone.”Closelyassociatedwiththevaluetheyplaceonindividualism,istheimportanceAmerican'sassigntoprivacy.Americansassumethatpeopleneedsometimetothemselvesorsometimealonetothinkaboutthingsortorecovertheirspentpsychologicalenergy.Americanshavegreatdifficultyunderstandingforeignerswhoalwayswanttobewithanotherpersonwhodislikebeingalone.Iftheparentscanaffordit,eachchildwillhavehisorherownbedroom.Havingone'sownbedi*oomevenasaninfont,fixesinapersonthenotionthatsheisentitledtoaplaceofherownwhereshecanbebyherself,andkeepherpossessions.Shewillhaveherclothes,hertoys,herbooks,andsoon.Thesethingswillbehers,nooneelse's.Americansassumethatpeoplewillhavetheirprivatethoughtsthatmightneverbesharedwithanyone.DoctorsJawyers,psychologistsandothershaverulesgoverningconfidentialitythatareintendedtopreventinformationabouttheirclients*personalsituationsfrombeingknowntoothers.American'sattitudesaboutprivacycanbehardforforeignerstounderstand.American'shouses,yardsandeventheirofficescanseemopenandinviting.Yet,inthemindsofAmericans,thereareboundariesthatotherpeoplearesimplynotsupposedtocross.Whenthoseboundariesarecrossed,anAmerican'sbodywillvisiblystiffenandhismannerwillbecoolandaloof.