历届六级阅读模拟考试题

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历届六级阅读模拟考试题SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Americaisacountrythatnowsitsatopthecherishedmyththatworkprovidesrewards,thatworkingpeoplecansupporttheirfamilies.It'samyththathasbecomesodivorcedfromrealitythatitmightaswellbeginwiththewords"Onceuponatime."Today1.6millionNewYorkerssufferfrom"foodinsecurity,"whichisafancywayofsayingtheydon'thaveenoughtoeat.Somearethepeoplewhocomeinatnightandcleantheskyscrapersthatglitteralongtheriver.Somepourcoffeeandtakecareoftheagedparentsofthepeoplewholiveinthosebuildings.TheAmericanDreamforthewell-to-dogrowsfromthebowedbacksoftheworkingpoor,whotoooftenhavetochoosebetweengroceriesandrent.Inanewbookcalled"TheBetrayalofWork",BethShulmansaysthateveninthebooming1990soneoutofeveryfourAmericanworkersmadelessthan$8.70anhour,anincomeequaltothegovernment'spovertylevelforafamilyoffour.Many,ifnotmost,oftheseworkershadnohealthcare,sickpayorretirementprovisions.Weeaseourconsciences,Shulmanwrites,bydescribingthesepeopleas"lowskilled,"asthoughthey'renotimportantorintelligentenoughtodeservemore.Butlow-skilledworkerstodayarebettereducatedthaneverbefore,andtheyconstitutethelinchpin(关键)ofAmericanindustry.Whenpoliticianscrow(得意洋洋地说)thathappydaysarehereagainbecausejobsareontherise,it'sthesejobsthey'rereallytalkingabout.Fiveofthe10occupationsexpectedtogrowbiginthenextdecadeareinthelowest-payingjobgroups.Andbeforewesitbackanddecidethat'sjustthewayitis,it'sinstructivetoconsidertherestoftheworld.Whilethebottom10percentofAmericanworkersearnjust37percentofouraveragewage,theircounterpartsinotherindustrializedcountriesearnupwardsof60percent.Andthosearecountriesthatprovidehealthcareandchildcare,whicheasestheeconomicpinchconsiderably.Almost40yearsago,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredwaronpoverty,afamilywithacarandahouseinthesuburbsfeltprosperous.Todaythatsamefamilymaywellfeelpoor,overwhelmedbycreditcarddebt,asecondmortgageandthecostofthestuffthathasbecomethebackboneofAmericanlife.Whenthemiddleclassfeelspoor,thepoorhavelittlechanceforchange,orevenrecognition.47.Bysaying"itmightaswellbeginwiththewords‘Onceuponatime'"(Line3,Para.1),theauthorsuggeststhattheAmericanmythis________.48.WhatistheAmericanDreamofthewell-to-dobuiltupon?49.SomeAmericanstrytomakethemselvesfeellessguiltybyattributingthepovertyoftheworkingpeopleto________.50.WelearnfromthepassagethatthedifferenceinpaybetweenthelowestpaidandtheaverageworkerinAmericais________thanthatinotherindustrializedcountries.51.Accordingtotheauthor,howwouldanAmericanfamilywithacarandahouseinthesuburbsprobablyfeelaboutthemselvestoday? SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn'tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope'sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe"irresistiblemomentumofindividualism"overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon(扰乱)Europeans'privatelives.Europe'sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope'sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateof

1American-stylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today'stech-savvy(精通技术的)workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn'tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn'tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork."Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult."OnlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled"TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,"thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon'tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe'dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead."I'vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo：liveaself-determinedlife."52.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause________.     A)theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualism     B)theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierage     C)theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstability     D)theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture53.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?     A)Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.     B)ItisgettingclosertoAmericanstylecapitalism.     C)Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.     D)Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.54.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare________.     A)warmandlighthearted                                  C)negativeandgloomy     B)oneithersideofmarriage                              D)healthyandwealthy55.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat________.     A)somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedom     B)thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEurope     C)someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonely     D)mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable56.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?     A)Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.     B)Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.     C)Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.     D)Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershetestifiedtotheNewZealandgovernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.

2TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganizations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.ButInghamstandsbyhercommentsandsaysthecomplaintsareanattempttosilenceher."They'retryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,"InghamtoldNewScientist.Thecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand'sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyplantsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatplants,alloftheplantsdiedwithinaweek."Wewouldloseterrestrial(陆生的)plants...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothecontinuedsurvivalofhumanbeings,"shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof"presentinginaccurate,carelessandexaggeratedinformation"and"generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界末日的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable".Theysaythatherstudydoesn'tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofplants.What'smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham'sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA'sbio-pesticides(生物杀虫剂)division,says"thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest"theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It'salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilenceher."Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn'tbeharassedinthisway,"saysAnnClarke,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission."It'sanattempttosilencetheopposition."57.Thepassagecentersonthecontroversy________.     A)betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticmodification     B)astowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbecontinued     C)overthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonplants     D)aboutwhetherElainelnghamshouldbefiredbyheruniversity58.Inghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbasedon________.     A)evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedStates     B)theresultsofanexperimentsheconductedherself     C)evidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermanbiologists     D)theresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,Oregon59.AccordingtoJanetAnderson,theEPA________.     A)hascanceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMorganism     B)hasn'treviewedthefindingsofIngham'sresearch     C)hasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMorganism     D)hasn'tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMorganism60.AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork________.     A)shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham'sclaims     B)shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulated     C)shouldn'tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviews

3     D)shouldn'tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway61.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?     A)Hertestimonyhasn'tbeensupportedbytheEPA.     B)Hercredibilityasascientisthasn'tbeenundermined.     C)Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.     D)ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.key:52.A53.B54.D55.A56.C57.C58.B59.D60.C61.A2003.9PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.In1985whenaJapanAirLines(JAL)jetcrashed,itspresident,YasumotoTakagi,calledeachvictim’sfamilytoapologize,andthenpromptlyresigned.Andin1987,whenasubsidiaryofToshibasolesensitivemilitarytechnologytotheformerSovietUnion,thechairmanofToshibagaveuphispost.Theseexecutiveactions,whichToshibacalls“thehighestformofapology,”mayseembizarretoUSmanagers.NooneatBoeingresignedaftertheJALcrash,whichmayhavebeencausedbyafaultyBoeingrepair.Thedifferencebetweenthetwobusinessculturescentersarounddifferentdefinitionsofdelegation.WhileUSexecutivesgivebothresponsibilityandauthoritytotheiremployees,Japaneseexecutivesdelegateonlyauthority-theresponsibilityisstilltheirs.AlthoughthesubsidiarythatsoldthesensitivetechnologytotheSovietshaditsownmanagement,theToshibatopexecutivessaidthey“musttakepersonalresponsibilityfornotcreatinganatmospherethroughouttheToshibagroupthatwouldmakesuchactivityunthinkable,eveninanindependentlyrunsubsidiary.”SuchacceptanceofcommunityresponsibilityisnotuniquetobusinessesinJapan.SchoolprincipalsinJapanhaveresignedwhentheirstudentscommittedmajorcrimesafterschoolhours.Eveniftheydonotquit,Japaneseexecutiveswilloftenacceptprimaryresponsibilityinotherways,suchastakingthefirstpaycutwhenacompanygetsintofinancialtrouble.Suchpersonalsacrifices,eveniftheyarelargelysymbolic,helptocreatethesenseofcommunityandemployeeloyaltythatiscrucialtotheJapanesewayofdoingbusiness.HarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorGeorgeLodgecallstheritualacceptanceofblame“almostafeudal(封建的)wayofpurging(清除)thecommunityofdishonor,”andtosomeintheUnitedStates,suchresignationslookcowardly.However,inanerainwhichbothbusinessandgovernmentalleadersseemparticularlygoodatevadingresponsibility,manyUSmanagerswouldprobablywelcomeaninfusion(灌输)oftheJapanesesenseofresponsibility,If,forinstance,USautomobilecompanyexecutivesofferedtoreducetheirownsalariesbeforetheyaskedtheirworkerstotakepaycuts,negotiationswouldprobablytakeonaverydifferentcharacter. 21.WhydidthechairmanofToshibaresignhispositionin1987?A)InJapan,theleakageofaslatesecrettoRussiansisagravecame.B)Hehadbeenunderattackforshiftingresponsibilitytohissubordinates.C)InJapan,thechiefexecutiveofacorporationisheldresponsibleforthemistakemadebyitssubsidiaries.D)Hehadbeenaccusedofbeingcowardlytowardscrisesthatweretakingplaceinhiscorporation. 22.AccordingtothepassageifyouwanttobeagoodmanagerinJapan,youhaveto________.A)apologizepromptlyforyoursubordinates'mistakesB)beskillfulinacceptingblamesfromcustomersC)makesymbolicsacrificeswhenevernecessaryD)createastrongsenseofcompanyloyalty 23.What’sProfessorGeorgeLodge’sattitudetowardstheresignationsofJapanesecorporateleaders?A)Sympathetic          C)CriticalB)Biased.              D)Approving.

4 24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)BoeinghadnothingtodowiththeJALaircrashin1985.B)Americanexecutivesconsiderauthorityandresponsibilityinseparable.C)Schoolprincipalsbearlegalresponsibilityforstudents'crimes.D)Persuadingemployeestotakepaycutsdoesn’thelpsolvecorporatecrises. 25.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A)resignationasaneffectivewayofdealingwithbusinesscrisesB)theimportanceofdelegatingresponsibilitytoemployeesC)waysofevadingresponsibilityintimesofcrisesD)thedifferencebetweentwobusinesscultures PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asmachinesgo,thecarisnotterriblynoisy,norterriblypolluting,norterriblydangerous;andonallthosedimensionsithasbecomebetterasthecenturyhasgrownolder.Themainproblemisitsprevalence,andthesocialcoststhatensuefromtheusebyeveryoneofsomethingthatwouldbefairlyharmlessif,say,onlytherichweretouseit.Itisapricewepayforequality.Beforebecomingtoogloomy,itisworthrecallingwhythecarhasbeenarguablythemostsuccessfulandpopularproductofthewholeofthepast100years-andremainsso.Thestorybeginswiththeenvironmentalimprovementitbroughtinthe1900s.InNewYorkcityin1900,accordingtotheCarCulture.A1975bookbyJ.Flink,ahistorian,horsesdeposited2.5millioopoundsofmanure(粪)and60,000gallonsofurine(尿)everyday.Everyyear,thecityauthoritieshadtoremoveanaverageof15,000deadhorsesfromthestreets,Itmadecarssmellofroses.Carswerealsowonderfullyflexible.Themainearliersolutiontohorsepollutionandtrafficjamswastheelectrictrolleybus(电车).Butthatrequiredfixedoverheadwires,andrailsandplatforms,whichwereexpensive,ugly,andinflexible,ThecarcouldgofromanyAtoanyB,andallowedtownstodevelopinalldirectionswithlow-densityhousing,ratherthanjustbeingconcentratedalongthetrolleyorraillines.Ruralareasbenefitedtoo,fortheybecamelessremote.However,sincepollutionbecameaconcerninthe1950s,expertshavepredicted-wrongly-thatthecarboomwasabouttoend.InhisbookMr.Flinkarguedthatby1973theAmericanmarkethadbecomesaturated,atonecarforevery2.25people,andsohadthemarketsofJapanandWesternEurope(becauseoflandshortages).Environmentalworriesanddiminishingoilreserveswouldprohibitmasscaruseanywhereelse.Hewaswrong,Between1970and1990,whereasAmerica’spopulationgrewby23%,theaumberofcarsonitsroadsgrewby60%,Thereisnowonecarforevery1.7peoplethere,oneforevery2.1inJapan,oneforevery5.3inBritain.Around550millioncarsarealreadyontheroads,nottomentionallthetrucksandmocorcyeles,andabout50millionnewonesaremadeeachyearworldwide.Willitgoon?Undoubtedly,becausepeoplewantitto. 26.Asisgiveninthefirstparagraph,thereasonwhythecarhasbecomeaproblemisthat________.A)poorpeoplecan’tafforditB)itistooexpensivetomaintainC)toomanypeopleareusingitD)itcausestoomanyroadaccidents 27.Accordingtothepassage,thecarstartedtogainpopularitybecause________.A)itdidn’tbreakdownaseasilyasahorseB)ithadacomparativelypleasantodorC)itcausedlesspollutionthanhorsesD)itbrightenedupthegloomystreets 28.Whatimpactdidtheuseofcarshaveonsociety?A)Peoplewerecompelledtoleavedowntownareas.B)Peoplewereabletoliveinlesscrowdedsuburbanareas.C)Businessalongtrolleyandraillines

5slackened.D)Citystreetswerefreeofuglyoverheadwires. 29.Mr.Flinkarguedinhisbookthatcarswouldnotbewidelyusedinothercountriesbecause________.A)theonceboomingcarmarkethasbecomesaturatedB)trafficjamsinthosecountriesaregettingmoreandmoreseriousC)expensivemotorwaysarenotavailableinlessdevelopedcountriesD)peopleworryaboutpollutionandthediminishingoilresources 30.What’swrongwithMr.Flink’sprediction?A)Theuseofautomobileshaskeptincreasingworldwide.B)Newgenerationsofcarsarevirtuallypollutionfree.C)ThepopulationofAmericahasnotincreasedasfast.D)People’senvironmentalconcernsareconstantlyincreasing. PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,onjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncomforubleandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating(毁灭性的)tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudgingformrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefinitelyknowntoshedemotiomaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponset,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormorefunctionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytoclicitassistanceformothers(asacryingbabymightfromitsmother),thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention,So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress,UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.Bothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareshedinresponsetocmotion.Tearsshedbecauseofexposureto=cutonionwouldcontainnosuchsubstance.Researchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansofdiagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity’sTeatAnalysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication(药物),todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybeuncomfortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye”syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDt.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsforcluestothediagnosisofdiseasesawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytinyamountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedanalyses. 31.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat________.A)sheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmericanB)cryingmayoftenimitatepeopleorevenresultintragedyC)cryingusuallywinssympathyfromotherpeopleD)onewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeblamed 32.Whatdoes“boththoseresponsestotears”(Line6,Para,1)referto?A)Cryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsforhappiness.B)Theembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationofthe

6observers.C)Thetearshedder’sapologyandtheobserver’sefforttostopthecrying.D)Linkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionoftears. 33.“Counterproductive”(Lines6-7,Para,1)veryprobablymeans“________”.A)havingnoeffectatallB)leadingtotensionC)producingdisastrousimpactD)harmfultohealth34.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcrying?A)Itisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheenvironment.B)Itmusthavearoletoplayinman’ssurvival.C)Itismeanttogetattentionandassistance.D)Itusuallyproducesthedesiredeffect. 35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?A)Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.B)Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.C)Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.D)Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears. PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itisnosecretamongathletesthatinordertoimproveperformanceyou’vegottoworkhard.However,hardtrainingbreaksyoudownandmakesyouweaker,Itisrestthatmakesyoustronger.Improvementonlyoccursduringtherestperiodfollowinghardtraining.Thisadaptationisaccomplishedbyimprovingefficiencyoftheheartandcertainsystemswithinthemusclecells.Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelstocompensateforthestressthatyouhaveapplied.Theresultisthatyouarenowatahigherlevelofperformance.Ifsufficientrestisnotincludedinatrainingprogram,imbalancebetweenexcesstrainingandinadequaterestwilloccur,andperformancewilldecline.The“overtrainingsyndrome(综合症)”isthenamegiventothecollectionofemotional,behavioral,andphysicalsymptomsduetoovertrainingthathaspersistedforweekstomonths.Itismarkedbycumulativeexhaustionthatpersistsevenafterrecoveryperiods.Themostcommonsymptomisfatigue.Thismaylimitworkoutsandmaybepresentatrest.Theathletemayalsobecomemoody,easilyimitated,havealteredsleeppatterns,becomedepressed,orlosethecompetitivedesireandenthusiasmforthesport,Somewillreportdecreasedappetiteandweightloss.Physicalsymptomsincludepersistentmuscularsoreness,increasedfrequencyofviral(病毒性的)illnesses,andincreasedincidenceofinjuries.Thetreatmentfortheovertrainingsyndromeisrest.Thelongertheovertraininghasoccurred,themorerestrequired,Therefore,earlydetectionisveryimportant,Iftheovertraininghasonlyoccurredforashortperiodoftime(e.g.3-4weeks)theninterruptingtrainingfor3-5daysisusuallysufficientrest.Itisimportantthatthefactorsthatleadtoovertrainingbeidentifiedandcorrected.Otherwise,theovertrainingsyndromeislikelytorecur.Theovertrainingsyndromeshouldbeconsideredinanyathletewhomanifestssymptomsofprolongedfatigueandwhoseperformancehasleveledoffordecreased.Itisimportanttoexcludeanyunderlyingillnessthatmayberesponsibleforthefatigue. 36.Thefirstparagraphofthepassagetellsusthat________.A)theharderanathletetrains,thebetterhisperformancewillbeB)restaftervigoroustrainingimprovesanathlete’sperformanceC)strictsystematictrainingisessentialtoanathlete’stopperformanceD)improvementofanathlete’sperformanceoccursinthecourseoftraining 37.By“overtraining”theauthormeans________.A)aseriesofphysicalsymptomsthatoccurafter

7trainingB)undueemphasisontheimportanceofphysicalexertionC)trainingthatisnotadequatelycompensatedforbyrestD)trainingthathasexceededanathlete’semotionallimits 38.Whatdoesthepassagetellusaboutthe“overtraining”syndrome?A)Itoccurswhenathletesloseinterestinsports.B)Itappearsrightafterahardtrainingsession.C)Thefatigueitresultsinisunavoidableintheathlete’strainingprocess.C)Itmanifestsitselfinfatiguewhichlingersevenafterarecoveryperiod. 39.Whatdoesthephrase“leveloff”(Line7,Para,4)mostprobablymean?A)Slowdown.B)Becomedull.C)Stopimproving.D)Beonthedecline. 40.Theauthoradvisesattheendofthepassagethat________.A)overtrainingsyndromeshouldbetreatedasaseriousillnessB)overtrainingsyndromeshouldbepreventedbeforeitoccursC)anathletewithovertrainingsyndromeshouldtakealengthyrestD)illnesscausingfatigueshouldnotbemistakenforovertrainingsyndromeKEY:21---25CACBD26---30BCBDA31---35ACDBA36---40BCDCD2004.1PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.  Foryears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemexpensiveurine(尿).Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollarsyouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.  Oratleastthat'stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.WalterWillettandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementswouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whileresearchersworkonfiguringoutwherethetruthlies,itjustmakessensetosaythepotentialbenefitoutweighsthecost.  Thebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.It'sbeenprovedtolimitthenumberofdefectsinembryos(胚胎),andarecenttrialfoundthatfolateincombinationwithvitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalrepair.  ThenewsonvitaminEhasbeenmoremixed.Healthyfolkswhotake400internationalunitsdailyforatleasttwoyearsappearsomewhatlesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.ButwhendoctorsgivevitaminEtopatientswhoalreadyhaveheartdisease,thevitamindoesn'tseemtohelp.ItmayturnoutthatvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionbutcannotundoseriousdamage.  DespitevitaminC'sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes(排泄)anyexcess.  Themultivitaminsquestionboilsdowntothis:Doyouneedtowaituntilalltheevidenceisinbeforeyoutakethem,orareyouwillingtoacceptthatthere'senoughevidencethattheydon'thurtandcouldhelp?         Ifthelatter,there'snoneedtogotoextremesandbuythebiggest'horsepillsorthemostexpensivebottles.Largedosescancausetrouble,includingexcessivebleedingandnervoussystemproblems.  Multivitaminsarenosubstituteforexerciseandabalanceddiet,ofcourse.Aslongasyouunderstandthatanypotentialbenefitismodestandsubjecttofurtherrefinement,takingadailymultivitaminmakesalotofsense.21.Atonetimedoctorsdiscouragedtakingmultivitaminsbecausetheybelievedthat

8multivitamins____.      A)couldnoteasilybeabsorbedbythehumanbody      B)werepotentiallyharmfultopeople'shealth      C)weretooexpensivefordailyconsumption      D)couldnotprovideanycureforvitamindeficiencies22.Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements____.      A)oftenresultinmisleadingconclusions      B)taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresults      C)shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscale      D)appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources23.IthasbeenfoundthatvitaminE_____.      A)shouldbetakenbypatientsregularlyandpersistently      B)caneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofheartdisease      C)hasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartdisease      D)shouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyaspossible24.Itcanbeseenthatlargedosesofmultivitamins_____.      A)maybringaboutserioussideeffects      B)mayhelppreventexcessivebleeding      C)arelikelytoinducetheblockageofarteries      D)areadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies25.Theauthorconcludesthepassagewiththeadvicethat_____. A)thebenefitofdailymultivitaminintakeoutweighsthatofexerciseandabalanceddiet B)it'sriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificfunction C)thepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeoverestimated D)it'sreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsdaily PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.  Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurge(剧增)ofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverse(反面)ofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriages.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.  Coincidentwiththeincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife'sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily'sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily'sfinancialandemotionalstability.  Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestable

9union.  Also,amajorpartofwomen'sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinfilefamily.Aworkingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.26.Theword"portend"(Line2,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto“_____”.      A)defy                          C)sufferfrom      B)signal                        D)resultfrom27.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,_____.      A)menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartners      B)morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurity      C)evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriages      D)morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing28.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,_____.      A)theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartners      B)theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehousework      C)theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthened      D)theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage29.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat_____.      A)theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedom      B)theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbands      C)theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectations      D)theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands'loyaltytotheirmarriage30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor'sviewinthepassage?A)Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthe   country.B)Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.C)Inordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremain   independentD)Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase. PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage,  FormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists--thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.  Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled"humannature."Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology(人类学).Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate(天生的)human

10traits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto"humannature"inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.  Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.31.Thetraditionalviewof"humannature"wasstronglychallengedby_____.A)theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheoryB)thehistoricalapproachtomanC)newinsightintohumanbehaviorD)thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery32.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings_____      A)havesometraitsincommon      B)arebornwithdiversecultures      C)arebornwithoutafixednature      D)changetheircharactersastheygrowup33.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinker,inorderto_____      A)emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof"humannature"      B)showthattheconceptof"humannature"wasusedtojustifysocialevils      C)provethathehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof"humannature"      D)supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired34.Theword"untenable"(Line3)inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostprobablymeans_____      A)invaluable                     C)changeable      B)imaginable                     D)indefensible35.Mostphilosophersbelievedthathumannature_____      A)isthequalitydistinguishingmanfromotheranimals      B)consistsofcompetitivenessandselfishness      C)issomethingpartlyinnateandpartlyacquired      D)consistsofrationalityandundesirablebehavior PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.  RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea"virtual"orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners(从业者).  "Withvirtualrealitywe'llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,"saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.  ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(头盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.  AlthoughSatava'svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovides,feedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.  Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLucia

11Zamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtotherumor(肿瘤).Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient'sbraintakenbeforesurgery.  Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.  Satavasays,"Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine."36.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine_____  A)willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefield  B)canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield  C)willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefield  D)canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield37.RichardSatavahasvisionsof_____A)usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseasB)woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldC)woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonsD)settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas38.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?  A)Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.  B)Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.  C)Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothem.  D)A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.39.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause_____.  A)heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreen  B)thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentangles  C)thecutshavebeenhighlymagnified  D)heiswearing3-Dglasses40.VirtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthattheyA)causelesspaintothewoundedB)allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyC)willmakehumansurgeons'worklesstediousD)aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecisionKey:21-25ABCAD26-30BDCAD31-35BCBDA36-40CACDD2004.6PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritime(航海的)history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoes(鱼雷)firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefroze

12immediately.I’llneverforgetthescreams,"saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermany'sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:"Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast."Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:"BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.''ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry'smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize(使...不得势)theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey'yenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.21.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?A)ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B)Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C)Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D)Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.22.Hundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhen       .A)astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB)thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC)thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD)thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats23.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermans        .A)wereeager,towininternationalacceptanceB)feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC)hadbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD)wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors24.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?A)Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B)Bydescribingtheship'ssinkingingreatdetail.C)BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D)Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.25.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthat        .A)theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB)theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenation'spastmisdeedsC)GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIID)it-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountries PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay'abouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adultwhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasof

13life,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人轶事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,"Neverwassodullaboy."Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheir,giftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:"BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach."Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformityandstubbornness(andYeats'slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.26.Themainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthat        .A)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgroundsB)theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudentsC)theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents'abilityD)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossible27.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith'steachers        .A)toprovidesupportforhisargumentB)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildrenC)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessfulD)toshowhowpoorOliver'sperformancewasatschool28.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwho        .A)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclassB)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooftenC)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfullyD)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers29.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess.A)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathomeB)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents'coachingC)moretotheirparents'encouragementthantoschooltrainingD)lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalent30.Therootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthat        .A)theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftroubleB)theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachersC)schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethemD)teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparents 

14PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It'sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland'slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It'sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat'sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda"freetrialoffer"had,30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.Theydidn'tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanydefendsthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields"transactionandexperience"information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefirms.They'vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Self-regulationdoesn'twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that"allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential."ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn't"sell"yourdataatall.Itmerely"shares"itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.31.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople'sprivacy        .A)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettapingB)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSC)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBID)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscircles32.Weknowfromthepassagethat        .A)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits33.Whenthe"freetrial"deadlineisover,you'llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceifA)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodB)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberC)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactoryD)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadline34.BusinessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecauseA)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicy

15B)itisconsidered"transactionandexperience"informationunprotectedbylawC)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicD)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulation35.WecaninferfromthepassagethatA)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedC)consumers'privacywillcontinuetobeinvadedD)"freetrial"practicewilleventuallybebanned PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,it'sbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontothetheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫机者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That'sbeenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS)(移民归化局)lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentionallyoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness(马虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeiteasiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat'sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncethey'rehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenblockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they'vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.l1tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthemillionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation'sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.36.Terroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageof       .A)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeignersB)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeopleC)theirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpointsD)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService37.WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciesto        .A)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisasB)wardoffterroristsuspectsattheborder

16C)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapersD).limitthenumberofimmigrantstotheU.S.38.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisas        .A)mighthavethemextendedwithouttroubleB)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsC)mightstayonforaslongastheywishedD)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation39.ItisbelievedbymanythatalltheseyearstheINS        .A)hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctions B)hasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminatelyC)hasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation'ssecurityD)hasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbies40.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.Congresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecause        .A)theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplaborB)itwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmenC)educationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationD)resourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcement Key:21-25DCBDA26-30BACAC31-35DDABC36-40DBCCA2005.1PassageOne　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Ihadanexperiencesomeyearsagowhichtaughtmesomethingaboutthewaysinwhichpeoplemakeabadsituationworsebyblamingthemselves.OneJanuary,Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfortwoelderlywomeninmycommunity.Bothhaddied"fullofyears,"astheBiblewouldsay;bothyieldedtothenormalwearingoutofthebodyafteralongandfulllife.Theirhomeshappenedtobeneareachother,soIpaidcondolence(吊唁)callsonthetwofamiliesonthesameafternoon.　　Atthefirsthome,thesonofthedeceased(已故的)womansaidtome,"IfonlyIhadsentmymothertoFloridaandgottenheroutofthiscoldandsnow,shewouldbealivetoday.It'smyfaultthatshedied."Atthesecondhome,thesonoftheotherdeceasedwomansaid,"IfonlyIhadn'tinsistedonmymother'sgoingtoFlorida,shewouldbealivetoday.Thatlongairplaneride,theabruptchangeofclimate,wasmorethanshecouldtake.It'smyfaultthatshe'sdead."　　Whenthingsdon'tturnoutaswewouldlikethemto,itisverytemptingtoassumethathadwedonethingsdifferently,thestorywouldhavehadahappierending.Priestsknowthatanytimethereisadeath,thesurvivorswillfeelguilty.Becausethecourseofactiontheytookturnedoutbadly,theybelievethattheoppositecourse-keepingMotherathome,postponingtheoperation–wouldhaveturnedoutbetter.Afterall,howcouldithaveturnedoutanyworse?　　Thereseemtobetwoelementsinvolvedinourreadinesstofeelguilt.Thefirstisourpressingneedtobelievethattheworldmakessense,thatthereisacauseforeveryeffectandareasonforeverythingthathappens.Thatleadsustofindpatternsandconnectionsbothwheretheyreallyexistandwheretheyexistonlyinourminds.　　Thesecondelementisthenotionthatwearethecauseofwhathappens,especiallythebadthingsthathappen.Itseemstobeashortstepfrombelievingthateveryeventhasacausetobelievingthateverydisasterisourfault.Therootsofthisfeelingmaylieinourchildhood.Psychologistsspeakoftheinfantilemythofomnipotence(万能).Ababycomestothinkthattheworldexiststomeethisneeds,andthathemakeseverythinghappeninit.Hewakesupinthemorningandsummonstherestoftheworldtoitstasks.Hecries,andsomeonecomestoattendtohim.Whenheishungry,peoplefeedhim,andwhenheiswet,peoplechangehim.Veryoften,wedonotcompletelyoutgrowthat

17infantilenotionthatourwishescausethingstohappen.　　21.Whatissaidaboutthetwodeceasedelderlywomen?　　A)Theylivedoutanaturallife.　　B)Theydiedofexhaustionafterthelongplaneride.　　C)Theyweren'taccustomedtothechangeinweather.　　D)Theydiedduetolackofcarebyfamilymembers.　　22.Theauthorhadtoconductthetwowomen'sfuneralsprobablybecause________.　　A)hewantedtoconsolethetwofamilies　　B)hewasanofficialfromthecommunity　　C)hehadgreatsympathyforthedeceased　　D)hewaspriestofthelocalchurch　　23.Peoplefeelguiltyforthedeathsoftheirlovedonesbecause________　　A)theycouldn'tfindabetterwaytoexpresstheirgrief　　B)theybelievethattheywereresponsible　　C)theyhadneglectedthenaturalcourseofevents　　D)theydidn'tknowthingsoftenturnoutintheoppositedirection　　24.Inthecontextofthepassage,"...theworldmakessense"(Line2,Para,4)probablymeansthat________.　　A)everythingintheworldispredetermined　　B)theworldcanbeinterpretedindifferentways　　C)there'sanexplanationforeverythingintheworld　　D)wehavetobesensibleinordertounderstandtheworld　　25.Peoplehavebeenmadetobelievesinceinfancythat________.　　A)everybodyisattheircommand　　B)lifeanddeathisanunsolvedmystery　　C)everystoryshouldhaveahappyending　　D)theirwishesarethecauseofeverythingthathappens　　PassageTwo　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　FrustratedwithdelaysinSacramento,BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion'sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.　　ASanJosecouncilwomanandaSanFranciscosupervisorsaidtheywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly~TheyareamongagrowingnumberofCaliforniacitiesandcountiesthathaveexpressedthesameintention.　　Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.Anestimated6milliontelevisionsandcomputersarestockedinCaliforniahomes,andanadditional6,000to7,000computersbecomeoutdatedeveryday.Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills(垃圾填埋场).　　LegislationbySenatorByronSherwouldrequireconsumerstopayarecyclingfeeofupto$30oneverynewmachinecontainingacathode(阴极)raytube.Usedinalmostallvideomonitorsandtelevisions,thosedevicescontainfourtoeightpoundsofleadeach.Thefeeswouldgotowardsettinguprecyclingprograms,providinggrantstonon-profitagenciesthatreusethetubesandrewardingmanufacturersthatencouragerecycling.　　AseparatebillbyLosAngeles-areaSenatorGloriaRomerowouldrequirehigh-techmanufacturerstodevelopprogramstorecycleso-callede-waste.　　Ifpassed,themeasureswouldputCaliforniaattheforefrontofnationaleffortstomanagetherefuseoftheelectronicage.　　Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronics

18Association,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.　　"Whatreallyneedstooccurisconsumereducation.Mostconsumersareunawarethey'renotsupposedtothrowcomputersinthetrash,"saidRoxanneGould,vicepresidentofgovernmentrelationsfortheelectronicsassociation.　　Computerrecyclingshouldbealocaleffortandpartofresidentialwastecollectionprograms,sheadded.　　Recyclingelectronicwasteisadangerousandspecializedmatter,andenvironmentalistsmaintainthestatemustsupportrecyclingeffortsandensurethatthejobisn'tcontractedtounscrupulous(毫无顾忌的)junkdealerswhosendthetoxicpartsoverseas.　　"Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina,"saidTedSmith,directoroftheSiliconValleyToxicsCoalition.HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher'sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.　　26.WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal.'?　　A)Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.　　B)Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.　　C)LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.　　D)Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.　　27.ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern________.　　A)regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfills　　B)thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountries　　C)thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrash　　D)thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestate　　28.Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause__.　　A)theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstances　　B)thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernment　　C)somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhere　　D)unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofit　　29.High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill_______.　　A)abandononlineshopping　B)buythemfromotherstates　　C)stronglyprotestagainstsuchacharge　D)hesitatetoupgradetheircomputers　　30.WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia'selectronicwastehasbeen_　　A)collectedbynon-profitagencies　　B)dumpedintolocallandfills　　C)exportedtoforeigncountries　　D)recycledbycomputermanufacturers　　PassageThree　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Throughoutthenation'smorethan15,000schooldistricts,widelydifferingapproachestoteachingscienceandmathhaveemerged.Thoughtherecanbestrengthindiversity,anewinternationalanalysissuggeststhatthisvariabilityhasinsteadcontributedtolackluster(平淡的)achievementscoresbyU.S.childrenrelativetotheirpeersinotherdevelopedcountries.　　Indeed,concludesWilliamH.SchmidtofMichiganStateUniversity,wholedthenewanalysis,"nosingleintellectuallycoherentvisiondominatesU.S.educationalpracticeinmathorscience.''Thereason,hesaid,"isbecausethesystemisdeeplyandfundamentallyflawed."　　Thenewanalysis,releasedthisweekbytheNationalScienceFoundationinArlington,Va.,isbasedondatacollectedfromabout50nationsaspartoftheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.　　NotonlydoapproachestoteachingscienceandmathvaryamongindividualU.S.communities,thereportfinds,butthereappearstobelittlestrategicfocuswithinaschooldistrict’scurricula,itstextbooks,oritsteachers'activities.Thiscontrastssharplywiththecoordinatednationalprogramsofmostothercountries.　　Onaverage,U.S.studentsstudymoretopicswithinscienceandmaththantheirinternationalcounterpartsdo.This

19createsaneducationalenvironmentthat"isamilewideandaninchdeep,"Schmidtnotes.　　Forinstance,eighthgradersintheUnitedStatescoverabout33topicsinmathversusjust19inJapan.Amongsciencecourses,theinternationalgapisevenwider.U.S.curriculaforthisagelevelresemblethoseofasmallgroupofcountriesincludingAustralia,Thailand,Iceland,andBulgaria.SchmidtaskswhethertheUnitedStateswantstobeclassedwiththesenations,whoseeducationalsystems"shareourpatternofsplintered(支离破碎的)visions"butwhicharenoteconomicleaders.　　Thenewreport"couldn'tcomeatabettertime,"saysGeraldWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationinArlington."ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsprovidethatfocusedvision,"includingthecall"todoless,butingreaterdepth."　　Implementingthenewsciencestandardsandtheirmathcounterpartswillbethechallenge,heandSchmidtagree,becausethedecentralizedresponsibilityforeducationintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatanyreformsbetailoredandinstitutedonecommunityatatime.　　Infact,Schmidtargues,reformssuchastheseproposednationalstandards"faceanalmostimpossibletask,becauseeventhoughtheyareintellectuallycoherent,eachbecomesonlyonemorevoiceinthebabble(嘈杂声)."　　31.Accordingtothepassage,theteachingofscienceandmathinAmericais　　A)focusedontappingstudents'potential　　B)characterizedbyitsdiversity　　C)losingitsvitalitygradually　　D)goingdownhillinrecentyears　　32.ThefundamentalflawofAmericanschooleducationisthat________.　　A)itlacksacoordinatednationalprogramB)itsetsaverylowacademicstandardforstudents　　C)itreliesheavilyontheinitiativeofindividualteachers　　D)itattachestoomuchimportancetointensivestudyofschoolsubjects　　33.BysayingthattheU.S.educationalenvironmentis"amilewideandaninchdeep"(Line2,Para.5),theauthormeansU.S.educationalpractice________.　　A)laysstressonqualityattheexpenseofquantity　　B)offersanenvironmentforcomprehensiveeducation　C)encourageslearningbothindepthandinscope　D)scratchesthesurfaceofawiderangeoftopics　　34.ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsaregoodnewsinthattheywill　　A)providedepthtoschoolscienceeducation　　B)solvemostoftheproblemsinschoolteaching　　C)beabletomeetthedemandsofthecommunity　　D)quicklydominateU.S.educationalpractice　　35.Puttingthenewscienceandmathstandardsintopracticewillprovedifficultbecause________.　　A)thereisalwayscontroversyineducationalcircles　　B)notenougheducatorshaverealizedthenecessityfordoingso　C)schooldistrictsareresponsibleformakingtheirowndecisions　　D)manyschoolteacherschallengetheacceptabilityofthesestandards.　　PassageFour　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　"I'venevermetahumanworthcloning,"sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromhislabatTexasA&MUniversity."It'sastupidendeavor."That'saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.

20Sofar,heandhisteamhavenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocowsandexpecttocloneacatsoon.TheyjustmightsucceedincloningMissythisspring-orperhapsnotforanother5years.Itseemsthereproductivesystemofman'sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.　　Westhusin'sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimupsetbyallthistalkofhumancloning.InthreeyearsofworkontheMissyproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofdog'seggs,theA&Mteamhasproducedonlyadozenorsoembryos(胚胎)carryingMissy'sDNA.Nonehavesurvivedthetransfertoasurrogate(代孕的)mother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetuses(胎)maybeacceptablewhenyou'redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans."Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,"hesays.　　Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin'sphonehasbeenringingwithpeoplecallinginhopesofduplicatingtheircatsanddogs,cattleandhorses."Alotofpeoplewanttoclonepets,especiallyifthepriceisright,"saysWesthusin.CostisnoobstacleforMissy'smysteriousbillionaireowner;he'sputup$3.7millionsofartofundA&M'sresearch.　　Contrarytosomemediareports,Missyisnotdead.TheownerwantsatwintocarryonMissy'sfinequalitiesaftershedoesdie.Theprototypeis,byallaccounts,athletic,good-naturedandsupersmart.Missy'smasterdoesnotexpectanexactcopyofher.Heknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.Inastatementofpurpose,Missy'sownerandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare"bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonesdifferfromMissy."　　Besidescloningagreatdog,theprojectmaycontributeinsightintotheoldquestionofnaturevs.nurture.Itcouldalsoleadtothecloningofspecialrescuedogsandmanyendangeredanimals.　　However,Westhusiniscautiousabouthiswork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogpregnant,theoffspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems~"Whywouldyoueverwanttoclonehumans,"Westhusinasks,"whenwe'renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?"　　36.By"stupidendeavor"(Line2,Para.1),Westhusinmeanstosaythat________.　　A)animalcloningisnotworththeeffortatall　　B)animalcloningisabsolutelyimpractical　　C)humancloningshouldbedoneselectively　　D)humancloningisafoolishundertaking　　37.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin'sdogcloningproject?　　A)Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.　　B)Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.　　C)Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.　　D)Itisprogressingsmoothly.　　38.BycloningMissy,MarkWesthusinhopesto________.　　A)studythepossibilityofcloninghumans　　B)searchforwaystomodify.itstemperament　　C)examinethereproductivesystemofthedogspecies　　D)findoutthedifferencesbetweenMissyanditsclones　　39.Welearnfromthepassagethatanimalclonesarelikelytohave________.　A)abadtemperC)defectiveorgans　　B)immunedeficiencyD)anabnormalshape　　40.Itcanbeseenthatpresentcloningtechniques________.　　A)stillhavealongwaytogobeforereachingmaturity　　B)havebeenwidelyusedinsavingendangeredspecies　　C)provideinsightintothequestionofnaturevs.nurture　　D)haveprovedquiteadequateforthecloningofhumanskey: 21-30ADBCDBDABC30-40BADACDBDCA2005.6

21PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn’tharmrainforest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.  Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfarming.   ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom“blackcarbon”-theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred(烧成炭的)woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfarming.”Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil,”saysGlaser.Unburntvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure(粪肥).”Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrainforestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:”BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfarmers.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpottery(陶器)confirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.11.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat    .A)itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherainforestB)itdestroysrainforestsoilsC)ithelpsimproverainforestsoilsD)itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrainforestsoils12.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause   .A)thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstableB)blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrainsC)organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrainD)long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth13.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby    .A)studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazonB)examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizationsC)test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazonD)radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils14.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrainforests?A)Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.B)Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburnt

22completely.C)Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.D)Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.15.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat.A)humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorainforestsB)AmazonrainforestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworldC)farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrainforestsD)thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrainforestsPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon(扰乱)Europeans’privatelives.Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy(精通技术的)workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”OnlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”16.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause    .A)theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualismB)theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierageC)theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstabilityD)theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture17.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?A)Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.B)ItisgettingclosertoAmerican-stylecapitalism.C)Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.D)Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.

2318.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare    .A)warmandlighthearted   B)oneithersideofmarriageC)negativeandgloomy   D)healthyandwealthy19.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat    .A)somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedomB)thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEuropeC)someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonelyD)mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable20.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A)Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.B)Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.C)Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.D)Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershetestifiedtotheNewZealandgovernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganisations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.ButInghamstandsbyhercommentsandsaysthecomplaintsareanattempttosilenceher.“They’retryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,”InghamtoldNewScientist.Thecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand’sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyplantsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatplants,alloftheplantsdiedwithinaweek.“Wewouldloseterrestrial(陆生的)plants...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothecontinuedsurvivalofhumanbeings,”shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof“presentinginaccurate,carelessandexaggeratedinformation”and“generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界末日的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable”.Theysaythatherstudydoesn’tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofplants.What’smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham’sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA’sbio-pesticides(生物杀虫剂)division,says“thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest”theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It’salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilence

24her.“Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn’tbeharassedinthisway,” saysAnnClarke,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission.“It’snattempttosilencetheopposition.”21.Thepassagecentersonthecontroversy    .A)betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticmodificationB)astowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbecontinuedC)overthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonplantsD)aboutwhetherElaineInghamshouldbefiredbyheruniversity22.Inghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbasedon    .A)evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedStatesB)theresultsofanexperimentsheconductedherselfC)evidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermanbiologistsD)theresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,Oregon23.AccordingtoJanetAnderson,theEPA    .A)hascancelleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMorganismB)hasn’treviewedthefindingsofIngham’sresearchC)hasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMorganismD)hasn’tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMorganism24.AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork    .A)shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham’sclaimsB)shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulatedC)shouldn’tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviewsD)shouldn’tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway25.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?A)Hertestimonyhasn’tbeensupportedbytheEPA.B)Hercredibilityasascientisthasn’tbeenundermined.C)Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.D)ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.PassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Everyfall,likeclockwork,LindaKrentzofBeaverton,Oregon,feltherbraingoonstrike.“Ijustcouldn’tgetgoinginthemorning,”shesays.“I’dgetdepressedandgain10poundseverywinterandlosethemagaininthespring.”Thenshereadaboutseasonalaffectivedisorder,aformofdepressionthatoccursinfallandwinter,andshesawthelight-literally.Everymorningnowsheturnsonaspeciallyconstructedlightboxforhalfanhourandsitsinfrontofittotrickherbrainintothinkingit’sstillenjoyingthoselongsummerdays.Itseemstowork.Krentzisnotalone.Scientistsestimatethat10millionAmericanssufferfromseasonaldepressionand25millionmoredevelopmilderversions.Butthere’sneverbeendefinitiveproofthattreatmentwithverybrightlightsmakesadifference.Afterall,it’shardtodoadouble-blindtestwhenthesubjectscanseeforthemselveswhetherornotthelightison.That’swhynobodyhaseverseparatedtherealeffectsoflighttherapyfromplacebo(安慰剂)effects.Untilnow.Inthreeseparatestudiespublishedlastmonth,researchersreportnotonlythatlighttherapyworksbetterthanaplacebobutthattreatmentisusuallymoreeffectiveintheearlymorningthanintheevening.Intwoofthegroups,theplaceboproblemwasresolvedbytellingpatientstheywerecomparinglightboxestoanewanti-depressantdevicethatemitsnegativelychargedions(离子).Thethirdusedthetimingoflighttherapyasthe

25control.Whydoeslighttherapywork?Noonereallyknows.“Ourresearchsuggestsithassomethingtodowithshiftingthebody’sinternalclock,”sayspsychiatristDr.Lewey.Thebodyisprogrammedtostartthedaywithsunrise,heexplains,andthisgetslaterasthedaysgetshorter.Butwhysuchsubtleshiftsmakesomepeopledepressedandnotothersisamystery.Thathasn’tstoppedthousandsofwinterdepressivesfromtryingtohealthemselves.Lightboxesforthatpurposeareavailablewithoutadoctor’sprescription.ThatbotherspsychologistMichaelTermanofColumbiaUniversity.Heisworriedthattheboxesmaybetriedbypatientswhosufferfrommentalillnessthatcan’tbetreatedwithlight.Termanhasdevelopedaquestionnairetohelpdeterminewhetherexpertcareisneeded.Inanyevent,youshouldchooseareputablemanufacturer.Whateverproductyouuseshouldemitonlyvisiblelight,becauseultravioletlightdamagestheeyes.Ifyouarephotosensitive(对光敏感的),youmaydeveloparash.Otherwise,themaindrawbackishavingtositinfrontofthelightfor30to60minutesinthemorning.That’saninconveniencemanywinterdepressivescanlivewith.26.WhatistheprobablecauseofKrentz’sproblem?A)Anunexpectedgaininbodyweight.B)Unexplainedimpairmentofhernervoussystem.C)Weakeningofhereyesightwiththesettinginofwinter.D)Pooradjustmentofherbodyclocktoseasonalchanges.27.BysayingthatLindaKrentz“sawthelight”(Line4,Para.1),theauthormeansthatshe“    ”.A)learnedhowtoloseweightB)realizedwhatherproblemwasC)cametoseetheimportanceoflightD)becamelight-heartedandcheerful28.WhatistheCURRENTviewconcerningthetreatmentofseasonaldepressionwithbrightlights?A)Itseffectremainstobeseen.B)Itservesasakindofplacebo.C)Itprovestobeaneffectivetherapy.D)Ithardlyproducesanyeffects.29.WhatispsychologistMichaelTerman’smajorconcern?A)Winterdepressiveswillbeaddictedtousinglightboxes.B)Nomentalpatientswouldbothertoconsultpsychiatrists.C)Inferiorlightboxeswillemitharmfulultravioletlights.D)Lighttherapycouldbemisusedbycertainmentalpatients.30.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Winterdepressivespreferlighttherapyinspiteofitsinconvenience.B)Lighttherapyincreasesthepatient’sphotosensitivity.C)Eyedamageisasideeffectoflighttherapy.D)Lightboxescanbeprogrammedtocorrespondtoshiftsinthebodyclock.KEY:11-15.BCADD  16-20.ABDAC21-25.CBBCA  26-30.DBCDA2005.12PassageoneToomanyvulnerablechild-freeadultsarebeingruthlessly(无情的)manipulatedintoparent-hoodbytheirparents,

26whothinkthathappinessamongolderpeopledependsonhavingagrand-childtospoil.Weneedanorganizationtohelpbeatdownthepersistentcampaignsofgrandchildlessparents.It’stimetoestablishPlannedGrandparenthood,whichwouldhavemanyglobalandlocalbenefits.Partofitsmissionwouldbetopromotetherisksandrealitiesassociatedwithbeingagrandparent.Thestaffwouldincludedepressedgrandparentswhowouldexplainhowgrandkidsbreaklamps,bite,screamandkick.Otherswoulddetailhowanhourofbaby-sittingoftenturnsintoacryingmarathon.Moregrandparentswouldtestifythattheyhadtopayfortheirgrandchild’sexpensivecollegeeducation.Plannedgrandparenthood’scarefullywrittenliteraturewoulddetailallthejoysoflifegrand-child-freeacalmlivingroom,extramoneyforluxuriesduringthegoldenyears,etc.Potentialgrandparentswouldberemindedthat,withoutgrandchildrenaround,it’spossibletohaveaconversationwithyourkids,who----incidentally-----wouldhavemoretimefortheirownparents.Meanwhile,mostchildrenarevulnerabletotheenormousinfluenceexertedbygrandchildlessparentsaimingtopersuadetheirkidstoproducechildren.Theywilltakeacallfromapersistentparent,evenifthey’reloadedwithworks.Inaddition,someparentsmakehandsomemoneyofferspayableuponthegrandchild’sbirth.Sometimesthesegiftsnotonlycoverexpensesassociatedwiththeinfant’sbirth,butextras,too,likeavacation.Inanycase,cashgiftscanweakentheresolveofeventhenoblestperson.AtPlannedGrandparenthood,childrentargetedbytheirparentstoreproducecouldobtainnon-biasedinformationabouttheinsanityofhavingtheirownkids.Thecatastrophicpsychologicalandeconomiccostsofchildbearingwouldbeemphasized.Thesymptomsofmorningsicknesswouldbelistedandhorrorsofchildbirthpictured.Amonthlynewsletterwouldcontainstoriesaboutoverwhelmedparentsandofferguidanceonhowchildlessadultscanrespondtothedifferentlobbyingtacticsthatwould-begrandparentsemploy.WhenIthinkaboutalltheproblemsofouroverpopulatedworldandlookatourboygrabbingatthelampbythesofa,IwishIcouldhaveturnedtoPlannedGrandparenthoodwhenmyparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme.IfIcouldhave,Imightnotbeinthisparenthoodpredicament(窘境).Buthere’sthecrazyirony,Idon’twantmychild-freelifeback.Dylan’stoomuchfun.21.What’sthepurposeoftheproposedorganizationPlannedGrandparenthood?A)Toencouragechildlesscouplestohavechildren.B)Toprovidefacilitiesandservicesforgrandchildlessparents.C)Tooffercounselingtopeopleonhowtoraisegrandchildren.D)Todiscouragepeoplefrominsistingonhavinggrandchildren.22.PlannedGrandparenthoodwouldincludedepressedgrandparentsonitsstaffinorderto____.A)showthemthejoysoflifegrandparentsmayhaveinraisinggrandchildrenB)drawattentiontothetroublesanddifficultiesgrandchildrenmaycauseC)sharetheirexperienceinraisinggrandchildreninamorescientificwayD)helpraisefundstocoverthehighexpenseofeducationforgrandchildren23.Accordingtothepassage,somecouplesmayeventuallychoosetohavechildrenbecause_____.A)theyfindithardtoresistthecarrot-and-stickapproachoftheirparentsB)theyhavelearnfromotherparentsaboutthejoysofhavingchildrenC)theyfeelmoreandmorelonelyadtheygrowolderD)theyhavefounditirrationaltoremainchildless24.Bysaying“…myparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme”(Line2-3,Para.6),theauthormeans

27that_________.A)herparentskeptpressuringhertohaveachildB)herparentslikedtohaveagrandchildintheirarmsC)herparentsaskedhertosavefortheexpensesofraisingachildD)herparentskeptblamingherforherchild’sbadbehavior25.Whatdoestheauthorreallyoftheideaofhavingchildren?A)Itdoesmoreharmthangood.B)Itcontributestooverpopulation.C)Itistroublesomebutrewarding.D)ItisapsychologicalcatastrophePassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericansinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote.“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfettered(无拘无束的)andunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself…Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil(干苦力活)，starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.Ournationalmythology(神化)isfullofillustrationtheAmericansuccessstory.There’sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillioneveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.26.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?A)Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.B)Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.C)Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.D)Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.27.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Line10,Para.1),theauthormeans__________.A)themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnsB)laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryC)aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystep

28D)acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardwork28.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho_______.A)succeedinrealestateinvestmentB)earnedenormousfortunesbychancesC)becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoorD)becamefamousdespitetheirmodestorigins29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat_________.A)businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriageB)AmericanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifeC)goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccessD)successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildren30.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?A)TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.B)Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.C)TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.D)WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryandmanufacture.Mostgovernment,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureonscientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehabroughtinthepastandwillbringinthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvotersofthesplendidmachines‘ourscientists’haveinvented,thenewdrugstorelieveoldailments(病痛),andthenewsurgicalequipmentandtechniquesbywhichpreviouslyintractable(难治疗的)conditionsmaynowbetreatedandlivessaved.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto‘economicsneeds’,thattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare‘nearthemarket’andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,onpoliticiansformuchoftheirfunding,scientistshavelittlechoicebuttocomply.Liketherestofus,theyaremembersofasocietythatratesthecreationofwealthasthegreatestpossiblegood.Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasaclimatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.Insuchcircumstancesnooneshouldbetoohardonpeoplewhoaresuspiciousofconflictsofinterest.Whenwelearnthatthedistinguishedprofessorassuringusofthesafetyofaparticularproductholdsaconsultancywiththecompanymakingit,wecannotbeblamedforwonderingwhetherhisfeemightconceivablycloudhisprofessionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemanystilldistrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomehisresearchfunding.Thisattitudecanhavedamagingeffects.Itquestionstheintegrityofindividualsworkinginaprofessionthatprizesintellectualhonestyasthesupremevirtue,andplaysintothehandsofthosewhowouldliketodiscreditscientistsbyrepresentingthenavenal(可以收买的).Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas‘experts’.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstandthesafetyofanuclearreactor,forexample,isanuclearengineerdeclaresthatareactorisunsafe,webelievehim,becauseclearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehemaywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.31.Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?A)Supportfromthevotes.

29B)Thereductionofpublicexpenditure.C)Quickeconomicsreturns.D)Thebudgetforaresearchproject.32.Scientisthavetoadapttheirresearchto‘economicneeds’inorderto_________.A)impressthepublicwiththeirachievementsB)pursueknowledgeforknowledge’ssakeC)obtainfundingfromthegovernmentD)translateknowledgeintowealth33.Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?A)Theythinktheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.B)Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionstothemselves.C)Theyknowittakespatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.D)Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.34.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause___________.A)theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobewrongB)sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfundingC)someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonestyD)theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned35.Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?A)Itmakesthingsdifficultforscientistsseekingresearchfunds.B)Peoplewouldnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.C)Itmaydampentheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.D)Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inmanyways,today’sbusinessenvironmenthaschangedqualitativelysincethelate1980s.TheendoftheColdWarradicallyalteredtheverynatureoftheworld’spoliticsandeconomics.Injustafewshortyears,globalizationhasstartedavarietyoftrendswithprofoundconsequences:theopeningofmarkets,trueglobalcompetition,widespreadderegulation(解除政府对……的控制)ofindustry,andanabundanceofaccessiblecapital.Wehaveexperiencedboththebenefitsandrisksofatrulyglobaleconomy,withbothWallStreetandMainStreet(平民百姓)feelingthepainsofeconomicdisorderhalfaworldaway.Atthesametime,wehavefullyenteredtheInformationAge,Startingbreakthroughsininformationtechnologyhaveirreversiblyalteredtheabilitytoconductbusinessunconstrainedbythetraditionallimitationsoftimeorspace.Today,it’salmostimpossibletoimagineaworldwithoutintranets,e-mail,andportablecomputers.Withstunningspeed,theInternetisprofoundlychangingthewaywework,shop,dobusiness,andcommunicate.Asaconsequence,wehavetrulyenteredthePost-Industrialeconomy.Wearerapidlyshiftingfromaneconomybasedonmanufacturingandcommoditiestoonethatplacesthegreatestvalueoninformation,services,support,anddistribution.Thatshift,inturn,placeanunprecedentedpremiumon“knowledgeworkers,”anewclassofwealthy,educated,andmobilepeoplewhoviewthemselvesasfreeagentsinaseller’smarket.Beyondtherealmofinformationtechnology,theacceleratedpaceoftechnologicalchangeinvirtuallyeveryindustryhascreatedentirelynewbusiness,wipedoutothers,andproducedaPervasive(广泛的)demandforcontinuousinnovation.Newproduct,process,anddistributiontechnologiesprovidepowerfulleversforcreatingcompetitivevalue.Morecompaniesarelearningtheimportanceofdestructivetechnologies-----innovationsthatholdthepotential

30tomakeaproductline,orevenanentirebusinesssegment,virtuallyoutdated.Anothermajortrendhasbeenthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets.There’sagrowingappreciationthatsuperficiallysimilargroupsofcustomersmayhaveverydifferentpreferencesintermsofwhattheywanttobuyandhowtheywanttobuyit.Now,newtechnologymakesiteasier,faster,andcheapertoidentifyandservetargetedmicro-marketsinwaysthatwerephysicallyimpossibleorprohibitivelyexpensiveinthepast.Moreover,thetrendfeedsonitself,abusiness’sabilitytoservesub-marketsfuelscustomers’appetitesformoreandmorespecializedofferings.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thechancesinthebusinessenvironmentinthepastdecadescanbeattributedto__________.A)technologicaladvancesB)worldwideeconomicdisorderC)thefiercecompetitioninindustryD)theglobalizationofeconomy37.whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthesecondparagraph?A)TherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhastakenbusinessmenbysurpriseB)InformationtechnologyhasremovedtherestrictionsoftimeandspaceinbusinesstransactionsC)TheInternet,intranets,e-mail,andportablecomputershavepenetratedeverycorneroftheworld.D)Thewaywedobusinesstodayhasbroughtaboutstartlingbreakthroughsininformationtechnology.38.IfabusinesswantstothriveinthePost-Industrialeconomy,__________A)ithastoinvestmorecapitalinthetrainingoffreeagentstooperateinaseller’smarketB)itshouldtryitsbesttosatisfytheincreasingdemandsofmobileknowledgeablepeopleC)itshouldnotoverlooktheimportanceofinformation,services,support,anddistributionD)ithastoprovideeachofitsemployeeswiththelatestinformationaboutthechangingmarket39.Intheauthor’sview,destructivetechnologiesareinnovationswhich_________A)caneliminateanentirebusinesssegmentB)demandaradicalchangeinprovidingservicesC)maydestroythepotentialofacompanytomakeanyprofitD)callforcontinuousimprovementinwaysofdoingbusiness40.Withthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets______________A)anincreasingnumberofcompanieshavedisintegratedB)manufacturersmustfocusononespecialproducttoremaincompetitiveinthemarketC)itisphysicallyimpossibleandprohibitivelyexpensivetodobusinessintheoldwayD)businesseshavetomeetindividualcustomers’specificneedsinordertosucceed.KEY:21-30DBAACDACBD31-40BCADBDBCAC2006.6PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Therearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies.Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat’swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted“biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors”asallplayingtheirparts.　　Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontribute

31toviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.　　Thetroublecomeswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality(因果关系).Skepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingthe　　AmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:“Atthistime,wellover1,000studies…pointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren.”　　Freedom-of-speechadvocatesaccusedthesocietiesofcateringtopoliticians,andevendisputedthenumberofstudies(mostwerereviewarticlesandessays,theysaid).WhenJonathanFreedman,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofToronto,reviewedtheliterature,hefoundonly200orsostudiesoftelevision-watchingandaggression.Andwhenheweededout“themostdoubtfulmeasuresofaggression”,only28%supportedaconnection.　　Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread‘aggressive’or‘non-aggressive’wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?TheintentofthenewHarvardCenteronMediaandChildHealthtocollectandstandardizestudiesofmediaviolenceinordertocomparetheirmethodologies,assumptionsandconclusionsisanimportantstepintherightdirection.　　Anotherappropriatesterwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.21.Whyistheresomuchviolenceshowninmovies,TVandvideogames?A)Thereisalotofviolenceintherealworldtoday.B)Somethinghasgonewrongwithtoday’ssociety.C)Manypeoplearefondofgunplayandbloodshed.D)Showingviolenceisthoughttobeentertaining.22.Whatistheskeptics(Line3.Para.3)viewofmediaviolence?A)Violenceontelevisionisafairlyaccuratereflectionofreal-worldlife.B)Moststudiesexaggeratetheeffectofmediaviolenceontheviewers.C)Acausalrelationshipexistsbetweenmediaandreal-worldviolence.D)Theinfluenceofmediaviolenceonchildrenhasbeenunderestimated.23.Theauthorusestheterm“alarmists”(Line1.Para.5)torefertothosewho______.A)usestandardizedmeasurementsinthestudiesofmediaviolenceB)initiatedthedebateovertheinfluenceofviolentmediaonrealityC)assertadirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandaggressivebehaviorD)useappropriatemethodologyinexaminingaggressivebehavior24.Inrefutingthealarmists,theauthoradvanceshisargumentbyfirstchallenging____.A)thesourceandamountoftheirdataB)thetargetsoftheirobservationC)theirsystemofmeasurementD)theirdefinitionofviolence

3225.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedebateconcerningtherelationshipbetweenthemediaandviolence?A)Morestudiesshouldbeconductedbeforeconclusionsaredrawn.B)Itshouldcometoanendsincethematterhasnowbeensettled.C)Thepaststudiesinthisfieldhaveprovedtobemisleading.D)Hemorethanagreeswiththeviewsheldbythealarmists.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　You’reintroubleifyouhavetobuyyourownbrand-nameprescriptiondrugs.Overthepastdecade,pricesleapedbymorethandoubletheinflationrate.Treatmentsforchronicconditionscaneasilytop＄2,000amonth-nowonderthatoneinfourAmericanscan’saffordtofilltheirprescriptions.Thesolution?Aheartychorusof“OCanada.”Northoftheborder,wherepricecontrolsreign,thosesamebrand-namedrugscost50%to80%less.　　TheCanadianoptionisfastbecomingapoliticalwake-upcall,“Ifourneighborscanbuydrugsatreasonableprices,whycan’twe?”Eventowhisperthatthoughtprovokesanger.“Un-American!”And-thepropagandists’trumpcard(王牌)—“Wreckourbrillianthealth-caresystem.”Super-sizedrugprices,theyclaim,fundtheresearchthatsparksthenextgenerationofwonderdrugs.Nosky-highdrugpricetoday,nocureforcancertomorrow.Soshutupandpayup.Commonsensetellsyouthat’safalsealternative.Therewardforfinding.Say,acancercureissohugethatnoone’sgoingtohangitup.Nevertheless,ifCanada-levelpricingcametotheUnitedStates,theindustry’sprofitmarginswoulddropandthepaceofnew-drugdevelopmentwouldslow.HereliestheAmericandilemma.Whoisallthissplendidmedicinefor?Shouldourhealth-caresystemcontinueitsdrivetowardthebestofthebest,eventhoughrisingnumbersofpatientscan’taffordit?Orshouldwedirectourwealthtowardlettingeveryoneinontoday’slevelofcare?Measuredbysavedlives,thelatterisalmostcertainlythebettercourse.　　Todefendtheirprofits,thedrugcompanieshavewarnedCanadianwholesalersandpharmacies(药房)nottoselltoAmericansbymail,andarecuttingbacksuppliestothosewhodare.　　Meanwhile,theadministrationisplayingthefearcard.OfficialsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationwillarguethatCanadiandrugsmightbefake,mishandled,orevenapotentialthreattolife.　　DobaddrugsflyaroundtheInternet?Sure-andthemorewelook,themorewe’llfind,ButIhaven’theardofanyragingepidemicsamongthehundredsofthousandsofpeoplebuyingcross-border.　　Mostusersofprescriptiondrugsdon’sworryaboutcostsalot.　　They’reshelteredbyemployeeinsurance,owingjusta$20co-pay.　　Thefinancialblowsrain,instead,ontheuninsured,especiallythechronicallyillwhoneedexpensivedrugstolive,Thisgroupwillstillincludemiddle-incomeseniorsonMedicare,who’llhavetodigdeeplyintotheirpocketsbeforegettingmuchfromthenewdrugbenefitthatstartsin2006.26.WhatissaidabouttheconsequenceoftherocketingdrugpricesintheU.S.?A)AquarterofAmericanscan’taffordtheirprescriptiondrugs.B)ManyAmericanscan’taffordtoseeadoctorwhentheyfallill.C)ManyAmericanshavetogotoCanadatogetmedicaltreatment.D)Theinflationratehasbeenmorethandoubledovertheyears.27.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericacanfollowtheCanadianmodelandcurbitssoaringdrug

33pricesby_____.A)encouragingpeopletobuyprescriptiondrugsonlineB)extendingmedicalinsurancetoallitscitizensC)importinglow-priceprescriptiondrugsfromCanadaD)exercisingpricecontrolonbrand-namedrugs28.HowdopropagandistsarguefortheU.S.drugpricingpolicy?A)LowpriceswillaffectthequalityofmedicinesinAmerica.B)Highpricesareessentialtofundingresearchonnewdrugs.C)Lowpriceswillbringabouttheangerofdrugmanufacturers.D)High-pricedrugsareindispensableincuringchronicdiseases.29.WhatshouldbethepriorityofAmerica’shealth-caresystemaccordingtotheauthor?A)Toresolvethedilemmainthehealth-caresystem.B)TomaintainAmerica’sleadinthedrugindustry.C)Toallowthevastmajoritytoenjoyitsbenefits.D)Toquickenthepaceofnewdrugdevelopment.30.WhatareAmericandrugcompaniesdoingtoprotecttheirhighprofits?A)LabelingdrugsboughtfromCanadaasbeingfakes.B)Threateningtocutbackfundingfornewdrugresearch.C)ReducingsuppliestouncooperativeCanadianpharmacies.D)AttributingtheragingepidemicstotheineffectivenessofCanadiandrugs.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　AgehasitsprivilegesinAmerica.Andoneofthemoreprominentofthemistheseniorcitizendiscount.Anyonewhohasreachedacertainage-insomecasesaslowas55-isautomaticallyentitledtoadazzlingarrayofpricereductionsatnearlyeverylevelofcommerciallife.Eligibilityisdeterminednotbyone’sneedbutbythedateonone’sbirthcertificate.Practicallyunheardofagenerationago,thediscountshavebecomearoutinepartofmanybusinesses-ascommonascolortelevisionsinmotelroomsandfreecoffeeonairliners.　　Peoplewithgrayhairoftenaregiventhediscountswithoutevenaskingforthem；yet，millionsofAmericansaboveage60arehealthyandsolvent(有支付能力的).Businessesthatwouldneverdareofferdiscountstocollegestudentsoranyoneunder30freelyofferthemtoolderAmericans.Thepracticeisacceptablebecauseofthewidespreadbeliefthat“elderly”and“needy”aresynonymous(同义的).　　Perhapsthatoncewastrue,buttodayelderlyAmericansasagrouphavealowerpovertyratethantherestofthepopulation.Tobesure,thereiseconomicdiversitywithintheelderly,andmanyolderAmericansarepoor,Butmostofthemaren’t.Itisimpossibletodeterminetheimpactofthediscountsonindividualcompanies.Formanyfirms,theyareastimulustorevenue.Butinothercasesthediscountsaregivenattheexpense.　　Directlyorindirectly,ofyoungerAmericans.Moreover,theyareadirectirritantinwhatsomepoliticiansandscholarsseeasacomingconflictbetweenthegenerations.　　GenerationaltensionsarebeingfueledbycontinuingdebateoverSocialSecuritybenefits，whichmostlyinvolvesatransferofresourcesfromtheyoungtotheold.Employmentisanothersorepoint,Buoyed(支持)bylawsandcourtdecisions,moreandmoreolderAmericansaredecliningtheretirementdinnerinfavorofstayingonthejob-therebylesseningemploymentandpromotionopportunitiesforyoungerworkers.

34　　Farfromakindofcharitytheyoncewere,seniorcitizendiscountshavebecomeaformidableeconomicprivilegetoagroupwithmillionsofmemberswhodon’tneedthem.　　Itnolongermakessensetotreattheelderlyasasinglegroupwhoseeconomicneedsdeservepriorityoverthoseofothers.Seniorcitizendiscountsonlyenhancethemyththatolderpeoplecan’ttakecareofthemselvesandneedspecialtreatment；andtheythreatenthecreationofanewmyth,thattheelderlyareungratefulandtakingforthemselvesattheexpenseofchildrenandotheragegroups.SeniorcitizendiscountsaretheessenceoftheverythingolderAmericansarefightingagainst-discriminationbyage.31.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat____.A)offeringseniorcitizensdiscountshasbecomeroutinecommercialpracticeB)seniorcitizendiscountshaveenabledmanyoldpeopletoliveadecentlifeC)givingseniorcitizensdiscountshasboostedthemarketfortheelderlyD)seniorcitizenshavetoshowtheirbirthcertificatestogetadiscount32.Whatassumptionliesbehindthepracticeofseniorcitizendiscounts?A)Businesses,havingmadealotofprofits,shoulddosomethingforsocietyinreturn.B)Oldpeopleareentitledtospecialtreatmentforthecontributiontheymadetosociety.C)Theelderly,beingfinanciallyunderprivileged，needhumanehelpfromsociety.D)SeniorcitizendiscountscanmakeupfortheinadequacyoftheSocialSecuritysystem.33.Accordingtosomepoliticiansandscholars,seniorcitizendiscountswill___.A)makeoldpeopleevenmoredependentonsocietyB)intensifyconflictsbetweentheyoungandtheoldC)haveadversefinancialimpactonbusinesscompaniesD)bringamarkedincreaseinthecompaniesrevenues34.HowdoestheauthorviewtheSocialSecuritysystem?A)Itencourageselderlypeopletoretireintime.B)Itopensupbroadcareerprospectsforyoungpeople.C)ItbenefitstheoldattheexpenseoftheyoungD)Itshouldbereinforcedbylawsandcourtdecisions35.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’smainargument?A)Seniorcitizensshouldfighthardagainstagediscrimination.B)Theelderlyareselfishandtakingseniordiscountsforgranted.C)Priorityshouldbegiventotheeconomicneedsofseniorcitizens.D)Seniorcitizendiscountsmaywellbeatypeofagediscrimination.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　In1854mygreat-grandfather,MorrisMarable,wassoldonanauctionblockinGeorgiafor＄500.Forhiswhiteslavemaster,thesalewasjust“businessasusual.”ButtoMorrisMarableandhisheirs,slaverywasacrimeagainstourhumanity.ThispatternofhumanrightsviolationsagainstenslavedAfrican-Americanscontinuedunderracialsegregationfornearlyanothercentury.ThefundamentalproblemofAmericandemocracyinthe21stcenturyistheproblemof“structuralracism”thedeeppatternsofsocio-economicinequalityandaccumulateddisadvantagethatarecodedbyrace,andconstantlyjustifiedinpublicspeechesbybothraciststereotypesandwhiteindifference.DoAmericanshavethecapacityandvisiontoremovethesestructuralbarriersthatdenydemocraticrightsandopportunitiestomillionsoftheirfellowcitizens?　　Thiscountryhaspreviouslywitnessedtwogreatstrugglestoachieveatrulymulticultural

35democracy.　　TheFirstReconstruction(1865-1877)endedslaveryandbrieflygaveblackmenvotingrights,butgavenomeaningfulcompensationfortwocenturiesofunpaidlabor.Thepromiseof“40acresandamule(骡子)”wasformostblacksadreamdeferred(尚未实现的).　　TheSecondReconstruction(1954-1968),orthemoderncivilrightsmovement,endedlegalsegregationinpublicaccommodationsandgaveblacksvotingrights.ButthesesuccessesparadoxicallyobscurethetremendoushumancostsofhistoricallyaccumulateddisadvantagethatremaincentraltoblackAmericans’lives.　　Thedisproportionatewealththatmostwhitesenjoytodaywasfirstconstructedfromcenturiesofunpaidblacklabor.Manywhiteinstitutions,includingsomeleadinguniversities,insurancecompaniesandbanks,profitedfromslavery.Thispatternofwhiteprivilegeandblackinequalitycontinuestoday.　　Demandingreparations(赔偿)isnotjustaboutcompensationforslaveryandsegregation.Itis,moreimportant,aneducationalcampaigntohighlightthecontemporaryrealityof“racialdeficits”ofallkinds,theunequalconditionsthatimpactblacksregardlessofclass.Structuralracism’sbarriersinclude“equityinequity.”theabsenceofblackcapitalformationthatisadirectconsequenceofAmerica’shistory.Onethirdofallblackhouseholdsactuallyhavenegativenetwealth.In1998thetypicalblackfamily’snetwealthwas＄16,400,lessthanonefifththatofwhitefamilies.　　Blackfamiliesaredeniedhomeloansattwicetherateofwhites.　　Blacksremainthelasthiredandfirstfiredduringrecessions.　　Duringthe1990-91recession.African-Americanssuffereddisproportionately.AtCoca-Cola,42percentofemployeeswholosttheirjobswereblacks.AtSears,54percentwereblack,Blackshavesignificantlyshorterlifespans,inpartduetoracisminthehealthestablishment.Blacksarestatisticallylesslikelythanwhitestobereferredforkidneytransplantsorearly-stagecancersurgery.36.Totheauthor,theauctionofhisgreat-grandfatherisatypicalexampleof____.A)crimeagainsthumanityB)unfairbusinesstransactionC)racialconflictsinGeorgiaD)racialsegregationinAmerica37.Thebarriertodemocracyin21stcenturyAmericais____.A)widespreaduseofraciststereotypesB)prejudiceagainstminoritygroupsC)deep-rootedsocio-economicinequalityD)denialoflegalrightstoordinaryblacks38.WhatproblemremainsunsolvedinthetwoReconstructions?A)Differencesbetweenracesaredeliberatelyobscured.B)Theblacksarenotcompensatedfortheirunpaidlabor.C)Thereisnoguaranteeforblackstoexercisetheirrights.D)Theinterestsofblacksarenotprotectedbylaw.39.Itisclearthatthewealthenjoyedbymostwhites____.A)hasresultedfrombusinesssuccessesovertheyearsB)hasbeenaccompaniedbyblackcapitalformationC)hasderivedfromsizableinvestmentsineducationD)hasbeenaccumulatedfromgenerationsofslavery

3640.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthecurrentsituationregardingracialdiscrimination?A)Racismisnotamajorobstacletoblacks’employment.B)InequalityofmanykindsremainsvirtuallyuntouchedC)Amajorstephasbeentakentowardsreparations.D)Littlehasbeendonetoensureblacks’civilrights.2006.12PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Eachsummer,nomatterhowpressingmyworkschedule,Itakeoffonedayexclusivelyformyson.Wecallitdad-sonday.Thisyearourthirdstopwastheamusementpark,wherehediscoveredthathewastallenoughtorideoneofthefastestrollercoasters(过山车)intheworld.Weblastedthroughface-stretchingturnsandloopsforninetyseconds.Then,aswesteppedofftheride,heshruggedand,inadistressinglycalmvoice,remarkedthatitwasnotasexcitingasotherrideshe’dbeenon.AsIlistened,Ibegantosensesomethingseriouslyoutofbalance.Throughouttheseason,Inoticedsimilareventsallaroundme.Parentsseemedhardpressedtofindnewthrillsforindifferentkids.Surroundedbyever-greaterstimulation,theiryoungfacesworelookingdisappointedandbored.Facingtheirchildren’scomplaintsof“nothingtodo”.Parentswereshellingoutlargenumbersofdollarsforvariousformsofentertainment.Inmanycasesthemoneyseemedtodolittlemorethanbuytransientrelieffromtheterriblemoansoftheirboredchildren.Thissetmeponderingtheobviousquestion:“Howcanitbesohardforkidstofindsomethingtodowhenthere’sneverbeensucharangeofstimulatingentertainmentavailabletothem?”Whydochildrenimmersedinthismuchexcitementseemstarvedformore?Thatwas,Irealized,thepoint.Idiscoveredduringmyownrecklessadolescencethatwhatcreatesexcitementisnotgoingfast,butgoingfaster.Thrillshavelesstodowithspeedthanchangesinspeed.I’mconcernedaboutthecumulativeeffectofyearsattheselevelsoffeverishactivity.Itisnomysterytomewhymanyteenagersappearapathetic(麻木的)andburnedout,witha“beenthere,donethat”airofindifferencetowardmuchoflife.Asincreasingnumbersoffriends’childrenareprescribedmedications-stimulantstodealwithinattentivenessatschooloranti-depressantstohelpwiththelossofinterestandjoyintheirlives-lquestiontheroleofkidsboredominsomeofthediagnoses.Myownworkisfocusedonthechemicalimbalancesandbiologicalfactorsrelatedtobehavioralandemotionaldisorders.Thesearecomplexproblems.YetI’vebeenreflectingmoreandmoreonhowthepaceoflifeandtheintensityofstimulationmaybecontributingtotherisingratesofpsychiatricproblemsamongchildrenandadolescentsinoursociety.21.Theauthorfeltsurprisedintheamusementparkatthefacethat________.A)hissonwasnotasthrilledbytherollercoasterrideasexpectedB)hissonblastedthroughtheturnsandloopswithhisfacestretchedC)hissonappeareddistressedbutcalmwhileridingtherollercoasterD)hissoncouldkeephisbalancesowellonthefast-movingrollercoaster22.Accordingtotheauthor,childrenarebored_________.A)unlesstheirparentscanfindnewthrillsforthemB)whentheydon’thaveanyaccesstostimulatingfungamesC)whentheyareleftaloneatweekendsbytheirworkingparentsD)eveniftheyareexposedtomoreandmorekindsofentertainment23.Fromhisownexperience.theauthorcametotheconclusionthatchildrenseemtoexpect________.A)amuchwidervarietyofsportsfacilities

37B)activitiesthatrequiresophisticatedC)ever-changingthrillingformsofrecreationD)physicalexercisesthataremorechallenging24.InPara.6.theauthorexpresseshisdoubtabouttheeffectivenessoftryingtochangechildrenindifferencetowardmuchoflifeby________.A)divertingtheirinterestfromelectronicvisualgamesB)prescribingmedicationsfortheirtemporaryreliefC)creatingmorestimulatingactivitiesforthemD)spendingmoremoneyontheirentertainment25.Inordertoalleviatechildren’sboredom,theauthorwouldprobablysuggest____.A)adjustingthepaceoflifeandintensityofstimulationB)promotingthepracticeofdad-sondaysC)consultingaspecialistinchildpsychologyD)balancingschoolworkwithextracurricularactivitiesPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itusedtobethatpeoplewereproudtoworkforthesamecompanyforthewholeoftheirworkinglives.They’dgetagoldwatchattheendoftheirproductiveyearsandadinnerfeaturingspeechesbytheirbossespraisingtheirloyalty/Buttoday’srichcapitalistshaveregressed(倒退)tothe“survivalofthefittest”ideasandtheirloyaltyextendsnottotheirworkersoreventotheirstockholdersbutonlytothemselves.Insteadofgivingoutgoldwatchesworthahundredorsodollarsforfortyorsoyearsofwork,theygrabtensandevenhundredsofmillionsofdollarsastheysellfortheirownprofitthecompanytheymayhavebeenwithforonlyafewyears.Thenewrichselfishlyactontheirowntounfairlygrabthewealththatthecountryasawholehasproduced.Thetoplpercentofthepopulationnowhaswealthequaltothewholebottom95percentandtheywantmore.Theirselfishnessismostshamelesslyexpressedindownsizingandoutsourcing(将产品包给外公司做)becausethesebusinessmaneuversdon’tacttocreatenewjobsasthefoundersofnewindustriesusedtodo,butonlytocutoutjobswhilekeepingthemoneyvalueofwhatthosejobsproducedforthemselves.Tokeepthemoneymachineworkingsmoothlytherichhaveboughtallthepoliticiansfromthetopdown.Thepresidenthimselfisconstantlyleaving.Washingtonandthebusinessofthenationbecauseheissummonedto“fundraisingdinners”wherefatcatspayathousandorsodollarsaplatetowormtheirwayintogovernmentnotthroughservicebutthroughdonationsofvastamountsofmoney.Onceontheinsidetheyhavebothpoliticalpartiesbusilytearingupalltheregulationsthatprotecttherestofusfromthegreedoftherich.Themiddleclassusedtobeloyaltothefreeenterprisesystem.Inthepast,thepeopleofthemiddleclassmostlythoughtthey’dberichthemselvessomedayorhaveagoodshotatbecomingrich.Butnowadaysincomeisbeingdistributedmoreandmoreunevenlyandcorporateloyaltyisathingofthepast.Themiddleclassmayalsowakeuptoforgetitsloyaltytotheso-calledfreeenterprisesystemaltogetherandthegovernmentwhichgovernsonlytherestofuswhilelettingthecorporationsdowhattheypleasewithourjobs.Asthingsstand.ifsomebodydoesn’twakeup,themiddleclassisonapathtobeingdownsizedallthewaytothebottomofsociety.26.Itcanbeinferredformthefirstparagraphthatpeopleusedtoplaceahighvalueon_________.A)jobsecurityB)bosses’praiseC)corporateloyaltyD)retirementbenefits

3827.Theauthorisstronglycriticaloftoday’srichcapitalistsfor_________.A)notgivingnecessaryassistancetolaid-offworkersB)maximizingtheirprofitsattheexpenseofworkersC)notsettinguplong-termgoalsfortheircompaniesD)rewardingonlythosewhoareconsideredthefittest28.Theimmediateconsequenceofthenewcapitalists’practiceis________.A)lossofcorporatereputationB)lowerpayfortheemployeesC)ahigherrateofunemploymentD)adeclineinbusinesstransactions29.Therichtrytoswaythepolicyofthegovernmentby________.A)occupyingimportantpositionsinbothpoliticalpartiesB)makingmonetarycontributionstodecision-makersC)pleasingthepublicwithgenerousdonationsD)constantlyhostingfundraisingdinners30.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)Tocallonthemiddleclasstoremainloyaltothefreeenterprisesystem.B)TowarnthegovernmentoftheshrinkingoftheAmericanmiddleclass.C)Topersuadethegovernmenttochangeitscurrenteconomicpolicies.D)Tourgethemiddleclasstowakeupandprotecttheirowninterests.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassageIntelchairmanAndyGrovehasdecidedtocuttheGordianknotofcontroversysurroundingstemcellresearchbysimplywritingacheck.Thecheck,whichhepledgedlastweek,couldbeforasmuchas$5million,dependingonhowmanydonorsmakegiftsofbetween$50,000and$500,000.whichhehaspromisedtomatch.ItwillbemadeouttotheUniversityofCalifornia-SanFrancisco(UCSF).Thanksinparttosuchprivatedonations,universityresearchintousesforhumanstemcellsthecellsearlieststagesofdevelopmentthatcanformanybodypart-willcontinueinCalifornia.Withprivatefinancialsupport,thestatewillbelesslikelytolosetalentedscientistswhowouldbetemptedtoleavethefieldorevenleavethefieldorevenleavethecountryasresearchdependentonfederalmoneyslowstoaglacial(极其缓慢的)pace.HinderedbylimitsPresidentBushplacedonstemcellresearchayearago,scientistsareturningtolaboratoriesthatcancarryoutworkwithoutusingfederalmoney.Thisisawkwardforuniversities.Whichmustspendextramoneybuildingseparatelabsandkeepingrigorousrecordsprovingnofederalfundswereinvolved.Grove’sdonation,afirststeptowarda$20milliontargetatUCSF.Willeasetheburden.Thepresident’sdecisionayearagotoallowresearchonalreadyexistingstemcelllineswasportrayedasareasonablecompromisebetweenscientists’needsforcellstoworkwith,andconcernsthatthiskindofresearchcoldleadtowholesalecreationanddestructionofhumanembryos(胚胎)。Clonedinfantsandageneralcontemptforhumanlife.ButBush’sefforttopleasebothsidesendeduppleasingneither.Anditcertainlydidn’tprovidethebasisforcuttingedgeresearch.Ofthe78existingsxistingsterncelllineswhichBushsaidareallthatsciencewouldeverneed,

39onlyoneisinthiscountry(attheUniversityofWisconsin),andonlyfivearereadyfordistributiontoresearchers.Allweregrowninconjunctionwithmousecells,makingfuturetherapeutic(治疗的)usesunlikely.TheBushadministrationseemsbentonsatisfyingthesmallbutvocalgroupofAmericanswhoopposestemcellresearchunderanyconditions.Fortunately,GroveandothersaremoreinterestedinadvancingscientificresearchthatcouldbenefitthelargenumberofAmericanswhosufferfromParkinson’sdisease,nerveinjuries,heartdiseasesandmanyotherproblems.31.WhenAndyGrovedecidedtocuttheGordianknot,hemeantto_______.A)putanendtostemcellresearchB)endIntel’srelationswithGordianC)settlethedisputeonstemcellresearchquicklyD)expelGordianfromstemcellresearchforgood32.ForUCSFtocarryonstemcellresearch,newfundshavetocomefrom_______.A)interestedbusinessesandindividualsB)theUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentC)afoundationsetupbytheIntelCompanyD)executivesofleadingAmericancompanies33.AsaresultothelimitsBushplacedonstemcellresearch,Americanuniversitieswill__________.A)conducttheresearchinlaboratoriesoverseasB)abandontheresearchaltogetherinthenearfutureC)havetocarryouttheresearchsecretlyD)havetoraisemoneytobuildseparatelabs34.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatfuturetherapeuticusesofstemcellswillbeunlikelyunless________.A)humanstemcellsareusedintheresearchB)alotmoreprivatedonationscanbesecuredC)morefcderalmoneyisusedfortheresearchD)talentedscientistsareinvolvedintheresearch35.ThereasonlyingbehindPresidentBush’splacinglimitsonstemcellresearchisthat__________.A)hisadministrationisfinanciallypinchedB)hedidnotwanttooffenditsopponentsC)itamountstoacontemptforhumanlifeD)itdidnotpromiseanytherapeuticvaluePassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thislooksliketheyearthathard-pressedtenantsinCaliforniawillgetrelief-notjustinthemarketplace,whererentshaveeased,butfromthestatecapitalSacramento.Twosignificanttenantreformsstandagoodchanceofpassage.Onebill,whichwillgivemoretimetotenantsbeingevicted(逐出)，willsoonbeheadingtothegovernor’sdesk.Theother,protectingsecuritydeposits,facesavoteintheSenateonMonday.Formorethanacentury,landlordsinCaliforniahavebeenabletoforcetenantsoutwithonly30days’notice.ThatwillnowdoubleunderSB1403,whichgotthroughtheAssemblyrecentlyThenewprotectionwillapplytorenterswhohavebeeninanapartmentforatleastayear.

40Even60daysinatighthousingmarketwon’tbelongenoughforsomefamiliestofindatapartmentnearwheretheirkidsgotoschool,ButitwillbeanimprovementincitieslikeSanJosewhererentersrightsgroupschargethatunscrupulous(不择手段的)landlordshavekickedoutenantsonshortnoticetoputuprents.TheCaliforniaLandlordsAssociationarguedthatlandlordsshouldn’thavetowait60daystogetridofproblemtenants.ButthebillgainedsupportwhenaJapaneserealestateinvestorsentou30-dayevictionnoticesto550familiesrentinghomesinSacramentoandSantaRosa.ThelandlordslobbyeventuallydroppeditsoppositionandinsteaditsforcesagainstAB2330,regardingsecuritydeposits.SponsoredbyAssemblywomanCaroleMigdenofSanFrancisco,thebillwouldestablish;procedureandatimetablefortenantstogetbacksecuritydeposits.Somelandlordsviewsecuritydepositsasafreemonth’srent,theirsforthetaking.Inmoscases,though,therearehonestdisputesoverdamages-whatconstitutesordinarywearandtear.AB2330wouldgiveatenanttherighttorequestawalk-throughwiththelandlordandtomaketherepairsbeforemovingout;reputablelandlordsalreadydothis.Itwouldincreasethepenaltyforfailingtoreturnadeposit.Theoriginalbillwouldhaverequiredthelandlordtopayinterestinthedeposit.Thelandlordslobbyprotestedthatitwouldinvolvetoomuchpaperworkovertoolittlemoney-lessthan$10ayearona$1,000deposit,atcurrentrates.OnWednesday,thesponsordroppedtheinterestsectiontoincreasethechanceofpassage.Eveninitsamendedform,AB2330is,likeSB1403,vitallyimportantfortenantsandshouldbemadestatelaw.36.WelearnformthepassagethatSB1403willbenefit_______.A)long-termrealestateinvestorsB)short-termtenantsinSacramentoC)landlordsintheStateofCaliforniaD)tenantsrentingahouseoverayear37.A60-daynoticebeforeevictionmaynotbeearlyenoughforrentersbecause_______.A)movinghouseissomethingdifficulttoarrangeB)appropriatehousingmaynotbereadilyavailableC)moretimeisneededfortheirkids’schoolregistrationD)thefurnishingofthenewhouseoftentakesalongtime38.Veryoftenlandlordsdon’treturntenants’depositsonthepretextthat_______.A)theirrenthasnotbeenpaidintimeB)therehasbeenordinarywearandtearC)tenantshavedonedamagetothehouseD)the30-daynoticeformovingoutisover39.WhydidthesponsoroftheAB2330billfinallygiveinontheinterestsection?A)Toputanendtoalengthyargument.B)Tourgelandlordstolobbyforitspassage.C)Tocutdowntheheavypaperworkforitseasypassage.D)TomakeiteasierfortheStateAssemblytopassthebill.40.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat________.A)bothbillsarelikelytobemadestatelawsB)neitherbillwillpassthroughtheAssemblyC)AB2330standsabetterchanceofpassageD)SacramentoandSanJosesupportSB1403KEY:21-30ADCBACBCBD31-40CADABDBCDA2007.6SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

41Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?48.Google’ssearchengineoriginatedfrom________startedbyL.Page.49.HowdidGoogle’ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould________.51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom________.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”

42It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.（D）56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.

43B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.

4459.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapaneseedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantodayKey:47.ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page48.theacademicproject49.Bywordofmouth50.meettheirprice51.advertising52-61BDADCBBDAC2007.12SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Men,thesedays,areembracingfatherhoodwiththeround-the-clockinvolvementtheirpartnershavealwaysdreamedof—handlingnightfeedings,packinglunchesandbandagingknees.Butunlikewomen,manyfindthey’renegotiatingtheirnewroleswithlittlesupportorinformation.“Meninmygeneration(aged25-40)haveafearofbecomingdadsbecausewehavenorolemodels,”saysJonSmith,awriter.Theyoftenfindthemselvesexcludedfrommothers’supportnetworks,andareeyedwarily(警觉地)ontheplayground.Thechallengeisparticularlyevidentinthework-place.There,menarestillexpectedtobebreadwinnersclimbingthecorporateladder:traditionally-mindedbossesareoftenunsympathetictofamilyneeds.InDenmarkmostnewfathersonlytaketwoweeksofpaternityleave(父亲的陪产假)—eventhoughtheyareallowed34days.Asmuchasifnotmoresothanwomen,fathersstruggletobetakenseriouslywhentheyrequestflexiblearrangements.ThoughWilfried-FritzMaring,54,adata-bankandInternetspecialistwithGermanfirmFIZKarlsruhe,feelsthatthetimehespendswithhisdaughteroutweighsanydisadvantages,headmits,“WithmydecisiontoworkfromhomeIdismissedanyopportunityforpromotion.”Mind-sets(思维定势)arechanginggradually.WhenMaringhadadaughter,thecompanyequippedhimwithahomeofficeandallowedhimtochooseajobthatcouldbeperformedfromthere.DanishtelecomcompanyTDCinitiatedaninternalcampaignlastyeartoencouragedadstotakepaternityleave:97percentnowdo.“Whenanemployeegoesonpaternityleaveandiswithhiskids,hegetsanewkindoftraining:inhowtokeepcoolunderstress.”saysspokespersonChristineElbergHolm.Foranewgenerationofdads,kidsmaycomebeforethecompany－butit’sashiftthatbenefitsboth.47.Unlikewomen,menoftengetlittlesupportorinformationfrom.48.Besidessupportingthefamily,menwerealsoexpectedto.49.Likewomen,menhopethattheirdesireforaflexibleschedulewillbe.50.WhenMaringwasonpaternityleave,hewasallowedbyhiscompanytowork.51.ChristineHolmbelievespaternityleaveprovidesanewkindoftrainingformeninthatitcanhelpthemcope

45with.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingerminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤杂工)plentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked—cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently.Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduatedschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinordertogetwhattheywant,IthinkI’lltakethemtodinnerfirst,andseehowtheytreatsomeonewhoseonlyjobistoservethem.52.Theauthorwasdisappointedtofindthat_______.[A]one’spositionisusedasagaugetomeasureone’sintelligence[B]talentedpeoplelikehershouldfailtogetarespectablejob[C]one’soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasaperson[D]professionalstendtolookdownuponmanualworkers53.Whatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytheexampleinthesecondparagraph?[A]Somecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservethem.[B]Peopleabsorbedinaphoneconversationtendtobeabsent-minded.[C]Waitressesareoftentreatedbycustomersascasualacquaintances.[D]Somecustomersliketomakeloudcomplaintsfornoreasonatall.54.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenwaitingtablesattheageof19?[A]Shefeltitunfairtobetreatedasamereservantbyprofessional.[B]Shefeltbadlyhurtwhenhercustomersregardedherasapeon.[C]Shewasembarrassedeachtimehercustomersjokedwithher.[D]Shefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasinferior.55.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“…manyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant”(Lines3-4,Para.7)?[A]Thosewhocatertoothers’needsaredestinedtobelookeddownupon.[B]Thoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn’tbetreatedasservants.

46[C]Thoseservingothershavetoputupwithroughtreatmenttoearnaliving.[D]Themajorityofcustomerstendtolookonaservantasservernowadays.56.Theauthorsaysshe’llonedaytakeherclientstodinnerinorderto________.[A]seewhatkindofpersontheyare[B]experiencethefeelingofbeingserved[C]showhergenerositytowardspeopleinferiortoher[D]arousetheirsympathyforpeoplelivingahumblelifePassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.What’shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?A$7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh,andincomeinequality.Sure,someleftishbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstincomeinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestaringtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.InDecember,MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.S.News&WorldReport,whichheowns.“ournation’scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating,”lamented(哀叹)the117th-richestmaninAmerica.“Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouseholdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinaraw.”Henotedthat“TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.”WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman’sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-classAmericans.“It’sanoutragethatanyAmerican’slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage,”saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelGroup.What’shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,thepopularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornia’sgovernortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon’tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocrats(有钱有势的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory(没收性的)taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefinanciallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders.AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.Forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundtheworld,that’stherealnightmare.57.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinAmerica?[A]Thefateoftheultrawealthypeople.[B]Thedisintegrationofthemiddleclass.[C]Theinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.[D]Theconflictbetweentheleftandtherightwing.58.WhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman’slamentation?[A]Manymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterwelfare.[B]TheAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedcompaniestogobankrupt.[C]TheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth.[D]ThemajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation’sgrowingwealth.

4759.Fromthefifthparagraphwecanlearnthat________.[A]theveryricharefashion-conscious[B]theveryricharepoliticallysensitive[C]universalhealthcareistobeimplementedthroughoutAmerica[D]Congresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumwage60.Whatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleclass?[A]Theywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxation.[B]Theyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttosociety.[C]Theywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicintegration.[D]Theyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicinsecurity.61.WhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods?[A]Thepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondcontrol.[B]Theinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocatecapital.[C]Thewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossborders.[D].Foreigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.KEY:　　47frommother’ssupportnetwork.　　48climbthecorporateladder.　　49takenseriously.　　50athome./inahomeoffice　　51stress.52-61CADBACCBCD　　2008.6Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifmovietrailers(预告片)aresupposedtocauseareaction,thepreviewfor"United93"morethansucceeds.Featuringnofamousactors,itbeginswithimagesofabeautifulmorningandpassengersboardinganairplane.Ittakesyouaminutetorealizewhatthemovie'sevenabout.That’swhenaplanehitstheWorldTradeCenter.theeffectisvisceral(震撼心灵的).Whenthetrailerplayedbefore"InsideMan"lastweekataHollywoodtheater,audiencemembersbegancallingout,"Toosoon!"InNewYorkCity,theresponsewasevenmoredramatic.TheLoewstheaterinManhattantooktherarestepofpullingthetrailerfromitsscreensafterseveralcomplaints."United93"isthefirstfeaturefilmtodealexplicitlywiththeeventsofSeptember11,2001,andiscertaintoigniteanemotionaldebate.Isittoosoon?Shouldthefilmhavebeenmadeatall?Moretothepoint,willanyonewanttoseeit?Other9/11projectsareonthewayasthefifthanniversaryoftheattacksapproaches,mostnotablyOliverStone's"WorldTradeCenter."butastheforerunner,"United93"willtakemostoftheheat,whetheritdeservesitornot.TherealUnited93crashedinaPennsylvaniafieldafter40passengersandcrewfoughtbackagainsttheterrorists.Writer-directorPaulGreengrasshasgonetogreatlengthstoberespectfulinhisdepictionofwhatoccurred,proceedingwiththefilmonlyaftersecuringtheapprovalofeveryvictim'sfamily."WasIsurprisedattheagreement?Yes.Very.Usuallythere’reoneortwofamilieswho'remorereluctant,"Greengrasswritesinane-mail."IwassurprisedattheextraordinarywaytheUnited93familieshavewelcomedusintotheirlivesandsharedtheirexperienceswithus."CaroleO'Hare,afamilymember,says,"Theywereveryopenandhonestwithus,andtheymadeusapartofthiswholeproject."Universal,whichisreleasingthefilm,planstodonate10%ofitsopeningweekendgrosstotheFlight93NationalMemorialFund.Thathasn'tstoppedcriticismthatthestudioisexploitinganationaltragedy.O'Harethinksthat'sunfair."Thisstoryhastobetoldtohonorthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,"shesays."Butmorethanthat,itraisesawareness.Ourportsaren'tsecure.Ourbordersaren'tsecure.Ourairlinesstillaren'tsecure,andthisiswhathappenswhenyou'renotsecure.That’sthemessageIwantpeopleto

48hear."注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答47.Thetrailerfor"United93"succeededin_______whenitplayedinthetheatersinHollywoodandNewYorkCity.48.Themovie"United93"issuretogiveriseto_______.49.Whatdidwriter-directorPaulGreengrassobtainbeforeheproceededwiththemovie?50.Universal,whichisreleasing"United93",hasbeencriticizedfor_______.51.CaroleO’Harethinksthatbesideshonoringthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,thepurposeoftellingthestoryis_______aboutsecurity.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Imaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you’renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn’tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,foranation’sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It’salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan’taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you’reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola’sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke’sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald’sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn’texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon’tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?A)TheireconomyisplungingB)Theycan’taffordtripstoEuropeC)TheircurrencyhasslumpedD)Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.53.HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?A)TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.B)Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-pop

49restaurants.C)Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.D)Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.54HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?A)TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB)Theyaresympatheticwithit.C)Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D)Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.55whatistheauthor’sadvicetoAmericans?A)TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB)Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargambleC)TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD)Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.56Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon’tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?A)Thedollar’svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.B)ThevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadimeC)Thedollar’svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.D)FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefights.Wearepushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.I’vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids’collegebackgroundaseprizedemonstratinghowwellwe’veraisedthem.Butwecan’tacknowledgethatourobsession(痴迷)ismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn’tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon’tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteria(歇斯底里)isthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible——andmostlywrong.Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools.Ontwomeasures——professors’feedbackandthenumberofessayexams——selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates’lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-poinntincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke(偶然).Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.Gettingintoyalemaysignifyintellgence,talentandAmbition.Butit’snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisnotlifeonlycompetiton.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.princetoneconomistAlanKruegerstudiedadmissionstoonetopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGREhelpdexplainwhogot

50in;degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdidn’t.So,parents,lightenup.thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.uptoapoint,wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.buttoomuchpushinesscanbedestructive.theveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.onestudyfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtodeingontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.注意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Whydosetheauthorsaythatparengsarethetruefightersinthecollege-admissionswars?A.Theyhavethefinalsayinwhichuniversitytheirchildrenaretoattend.B.Theyknowbestwhichuniversitiesaremostsuitablefortheirchildren.C.theyhavetocarryoutintensivesurveysofcollegesbeforechildrenmakeanapplication.D.theycaremoreaboutwhichcollegetheirchildrengotothanthechildrenthemselves.58.Whydoparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolthanever?A.theywanttoincreasetheirchildrenchancesofenteringaprestigiouscollege.B.theyhopetheirchildrencanenterauniversitythatoffersattractivescholarships.C.Theirchildreneillhavehaveawiderchoiceofwhichcollegetogoto.D.Eliteuniversitiesnowenrollfewersyudentthantheyusedto.59.Whatdoestheauthormeanbykidscountmorethantheircollege(Line1,para.4?A.Continuingeducationismoreimportanttoapersonsuccess.B.Apersonhappinessshouldbevaluedmorethantheireducation.C.Kidsactualabilitiesaremoreimportangthantheircollegebackground.D.Whatkidslearnatcollegecannotkeepupwithjobmarketrequirements.60.WhatdoesKruegerstudytellus?A.GETtingintoPh.d.programsmaybemorecompetitivethangettingintocollege.B.Degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdonotguaranteeentrytograduateprograms.C.GraduatesfromprestigiousuniversitiesdonotcaremuchabouttheirGREscores.D.Connectionsbuiltinprestigiousuniversitiesmaybesustainedlongaftergraduation.61.Onepossibleresultofpushingchildrenintoeliteuniversitiesisthat______A.theyearblessthantheirpeersfromotherinstitutionsB.theyturnouttobelesscompetitiveinthejobmarketC.theyexperiencemorejobdissatisfactionaftergraduationD.theyoveremphasizetheirqualificationsinjobapplicationKEY:47.causingareaction　　48.anemotionaldebate　　49.Theapprovalofeveryvictim'sfamily.　　50.exploitinganationaltragedy　　51.raiseawareness　　52.-61BCDCADACBC　　2008.12SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Oneofthemajorproducersofathleticfootwear,with2002salesofover$10billion,isacompanycalledNike,withcorporateheadquartersinBeaverton,Oregon.ForbesmagazineidentifiedNike’spresident,PhilipKnight,asthe53rd-richestmanintheworldin2004.ButNikehasnotalwaysbeenalargemultimillion-dollarorganization.Infact,Knightstartedthecompanybysellingshoesfromthebackofhiscarattrackmeets.Inthelate1950sPhilipKnightwasamiddle-distancerunnerontheUniversityofOregontrackteam,coachedby

51BillBowerman.OneofthetoptrackcoachesintheU.S.,Bowermanwasalsoknownforexperimentingwiththedesignofrunningshoesinanattempttomakethemlighterandmoreshock-absorbent.AfterattendingOregon,KnightmovedontodograduateworkatStanfordUniversity;hisMBAthesiswasonmarketingathleticshoes.Oncehereceivedhisdegree,KnighttraveledtoJapantocontacttheOnitsukaTigerCompany,amanufacturerofathleticshoes.Knightconvincedthecompany’sofficialsofthepotentialforitsproductintheU.S.In1963hereceivedhisfirstshipmentofTigershoes,200pairsintotal.In1964,KnightandBowermancontributed$500eachtofromBlueRibbonSports,thepredecessorofNike.Inthefirstfewyears,Knightdistributedshoesoutofhiscaratlocaltrackmeets.ThefirstemployeeshiredbyKnightwereformercollegeathletes.Thecompanydidnothavethemoneytohire“experts”,andtherewasnoestablishedathleticfootwearindustryinNorthAmericafromwhichtorecruitthoseknowledgeableinthefield.Initsearlyyearstheorganizationoperatedinanunconventionalmannerthatcharacterizeditsinnovativeandentrepreneurialapproachtotheindustry.Communicationwasinformal;peoplediscussedideasandissuesinthehallways,onarun,oroverabeer.Therewaslittletaskdifferentiation.Therewerenojobdescriptions,rigidreportingsystems,ordetailedrulesandregulations.TheteamspiritandsharedvaluesoftheathletesonBowerman’steamscarriedoverandprovidedthebasisforthecollegialstyleofmanagementthatcharacterizedtheearlyyearsofNikes.47.Whileservingasatrackcoach,Bowermantriedtodesignrunningshoesthatwerelighterandmoreshock-absorbent.48.DuringhisvisittoJapan,KnightconvincedtheofficialsoftheOnitsukaTigerCompanythatitsproductwouldhave______.49.BlueRibbonSportsasunabletohireexpertsduetotheabsenceof______.50.IntheearlyyearsofNike,communicationwithinthecompanywasusuallycarriedout______.51.WhatqualitiesofBowerman’steamsformedthebasisofNike’searlymanagementstyle?____________________________________Passageonequestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassagesustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteberythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistrorcalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandsheleredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.competionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.however,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountricsisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswaylandisused.therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,

52environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromspaintotheUKIslessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.52.Howdopeopleofenmeasureprogressinagriculture?A)ByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheenvironmetB)ByitssustainabilityD)Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth53.Specialisationandtheefforttoinceaseyieldshaveesultedin________.A)LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromoverseasB)theshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofbiodiversity54.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?A)TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB)TheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowthC)TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD)Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly55.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcenturyA)ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB)ItwillsupplymoreanimalproductsC)ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD)Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment56Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)ToremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopmentB)TosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproductionC)ToadancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogressD)TourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureisPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassageThepercentageofimmigrants(includingthoseunlawfullypresent)intheUnitedstateshasbeencreepingupwardforyears.At12.6percent,itisnowhigherthanatanypointincethemid1920sWearenotabouttogobacktothedayswhenCongressopenlyworriedaboutinferiorracespolluingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortfonecomers.Theirloudestcitecsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thanthirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinme.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoudasimilarendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemiredinaseeminglystateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandyrdschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforany儿童会nicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.Iamnot

53talkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tfoveverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelasestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.57.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?A)Theywereofinferiorraces.B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorruption.C)Theywereathreattothenation’ssecurity.D)Theywerepartofthenation’sbloodstream.58.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewimmigrants?A)TheywillbeadynamicworkforceintheU.S.B)Theycandojustaswellastheirpredecessors.C)Theywillbeverydisappointedonthenewland.D)Theymayfindithardtofitintothemainstream.59.WhatdoesEdwardTelles’researchsayaboutMexican-Americans?A)Theymayslowluimprovefromgenerationtogeneration.B)Theywilldobetterintermsofdeucationlattainment.C)TheywillmeltintotheAfrican-Americancommunity.D)Theymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.60.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?A)Ridthemoftheirinferioritycomplex.B)UrgethemtoadoptAmericancustoms.C)preventthemfrombeingmarginalized.D)TeachthemstandardAmericanEnglish.61.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationgis_______.A)howtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withoutdocumentsB)howtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericansocietyC)howtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingthecorderD)howtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoentertheU.S.KEY:47.lighterandmoreabsorbent48.thepotentialintheU.S.49.establishedathleticfootwearindustry50.informally51.Theteamspiritandsharedvaluesoftheathletes52-61BDCADABDCB2009.6　SectionA　　　　Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　ThereisnothingnewaboutTVandfashionmagazinesgivinggirlsunhealthyideasabouthowthintheyneedtobeinordertobeconsideredbeautiful.WhatissurprisingisthemethodpsychologistsattheUniversityofTexashave

54comeupwithtokeepgirlsfromdevelopingeatingdisorders.Theirmainweaponagainstsuperskinny(role)models:abrandofcivildisobediencedubbed“bodyactivism.”　　Since2001,morethan1,000highschoolandcollegestudentsintheU.S.haveparticipatedintheBodyProject,whichworksbygettinggirlstounderstandhowtheyhavebeenbuyingintothenotionthatyouhavetobethintobehappyorsuccessful.Aftercritiquing(评论)theso-calledthinidealbywritingessaysandrole-playingwiththeirpeers,participantsaredirectedtocomeupwithandexecutesmall,nonviolentacts.Theyincludeslippingnotessaying“Loveyourbodythewayitis”intodietingbooksatstoreslikeBordersandwritingletterstoMattel,makersoftheimpossiblyproportionedBarbiedoll.　　AccordingtoastudyinthelatestissueoftheJournalofConsultingandClinicalPsychology,theriskofdevelopingeatingdisorderswasreduced61%amongBodyProjectparticipants.Andtheycontinuedtoexhibitpositivebody-imageattitudesaslongasthreeyearsaftercompletingtheprogram,whichconsists,offourone-hoursessions.Suchlastingeffectsmaybeduetogirls’realizingnotonlyhowtheywerebeinginfluencedbutalsowhowasbenefitingfromthesocietalpressuretobethin.“Thesepeoplewhopromotetheperfectbodyreallydon’tcareaboutyouatall,”saysKelseyHertel,ahighschooljuniorandBodyProjectveteraninEugene,Oregon.“Theypurposefullymakeyoufeellikelessofapersonsoyou’llbuytheirstuffandthey’llmakemoney.”　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　47.Weredogirlsgetthenotionthattheyneedtobethininordertobeconsideredbeautiful?　　48.Bypromoting“bodyactivism,”UniversityofTexaspsychologistsaimtoprevent________.　　49.Accordingtotheauthor,Mattel’sBarbiedollsare________.　　50.ThepositiveeffectsoftheBodyProjectmaylastupto________.　　51.OneBodyProjectparticipantsaysthattherealmotiveofthosewhopromotetheperfectbodyisto________.　　SectionB　　PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtles(海龟)havestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlings(幼龟)downtothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.　　ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.　　Whichraisestheobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.　　Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurs(恐龙)willmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuch

55affection.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　52.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.　　A．humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive　　B．effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout　　C．governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles’extinction　　D．marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction　　53.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness”(Line1,Para.2)?　　A．Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.　　B．Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.　　C．Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.　　D．Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.　　54.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?　　A．Theirinadequatefoodsupply.　　B．Unregulatedcommercialfishing.　　C．Theirlowerreproductivelyability.　　D．Contaminationofseawater　　55.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?　　A．Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.　　B．Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.　　C．Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.　　D．Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.　　56.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto________.　　A．persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles　　B．stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected　　C．callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival　　D．warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies来PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Therearefewmoresoberingonlineactivitiesthanenteringdataintocollege-tuitioncalculatorsandgaspingastheWebspitsbackasix-figuresum.Buteconomistssayfamiliesabouttogointodebttofundfouryearsofpartying,aswellasstudying,canconsolethemselveswiththeknowledgethatcollegeisaninvestmentthat,unlikemanybankstocks,shouldyieldhugedividends.　　A2008studybytwoHarvardeconomistsnotesthatthe“labor-marketpremiumtoskill”—ortheamountcollegegraduatesearnedthat’sgreaterthanwhathigh-schoolgraduateearned—decreasedformuchofthe20thcentury,buthascomebackwithavengeance(报复性地)sincethe1980s.In2005,Thetypicalfull-timeyear-roundU.S.workerwithafour-yearcollegedegreeearned$50,900,62%morethanthe$31,500earnedbyaworkerwithonlyahigh-schooldiploma.　　There’snoquestionthatgoingtocollegeisasmarteconomicchoice.Butalookatthestrangevariationsintuitionrevealsthatthechoiceaboutwhichcollegetoattenddoesn’tcomedownmerelytodollarsandcents.DoesgoingtoColumbiaUniversity(tuition,roomandboard$49,260in2007-08)yielda40%greaterreturnthanattendingtheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderasanout-of-statestudent($35,542)?Probablynot.Doesbeinganout-of-statestudentattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderyieldtwicetheamountofincomeasbeinganin-statestudent($17,380)there?Notlikely.　　No,inthisconsumeristage,mostbuyersaren’tevaluatingcollegeasaninvestment,butratherasaconsumerproduct—likeacarorclothesorahouse.Andwithsuchpurchases,priceisonlyoneofmanycrucialfactorsto

56consider.　　Aswithautomobiles,consumersintoday’scollegemarketplacehavevastchoices,andpeoplesearchfortheonethatgivesthemthemostcomfortandsatisfactioninlinewiththeirbudgets.Thisaccountsforthewillingnessofpeopletopaymorefordifferenttypesofexperiences(suchasattendingaprivateliberal-artscollegeorgoingtoanout-of-statepublicschoolthathasagreatmarine-biologyprogram).Andjustastwoautopurchasersmightspendanequalamountofmoneyonverydifferentcars,collegestudents(or,moreaccurately,theirparents)oftenshowawillingnesstopayessentiallythesamepriceforvastlydifferentproducts.Sowhichisit?Iscollegeaninvestmentproductlikeastockoraconsumerproductlikeacar?Inkeepingwiththeautomotiveworld’shottestconsumertrend,maybeit’sbesttocharacterizeitasahybrid(混合动力汽车);anexpensiveconsumerproductthat,overtime,willpayrichdividends.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　57.What’stheopinionofeconomistsaboutgoingtocollege?　　A．Hugeamountsofmoneyisbeingwastedoncampussocializing.　　B．Itdoesn’tpaytorunintodebttoreceiveacollegeeducation.　　C．Collegeeducationisrewardinginspiteofthestartlingcosts.　　D．Goingtocollegedoesn’tnecessarilybringtheexpectedreturns.　　58.ThetwoHarvardeconomistsnoteintheirstudythat,formuchofthe20thcentury,________.　　A．enrollmentkeptdecreasinginvirtuallyallAmericancollegesanduniversities　　B．thelabormarketpreferredhigh-schooltocollegegraduates　　C．competitionforuniversityadmissionswasfarmorefiercethantoday　　D．thegapbetweentheearningsofcollegeandhigh-schoolgraduatesnarrowed　　59.Studentswhoattendanin-statecollegeoruniversitycan________.　　A．savemoreontuition　　B．receiveabettereducation　　C．takemoreliberal-artscourses　　D．avoidtravelinglongdistances　　60.Inthisconsumeristage,mostparents________.　　A．regardcollegeeducationasawiseinvestment　　B．placeapremiumontheprestigeoftheCollege　　C．thinkitcrucialtosendtheirchildrentocollege　　D．considercollegeeducationaconsumerproduct　　61.Whatisthechiefconsiderationwhenstudentschooseacollegetoday?　　A．Theiremploymentprospectsaftergraduation.　　B．Asatisfyingexperiencewithintheirbudgets.　　C．Itsfacilitiesandlearningenvironment.　　D．Itsrankingamongsimilarinstitutions.来源:考试KEY:47．FromTVandfashionmagazines.　　48.eatingdisorders　　49.impossiblyproportioned　　50.threeyears　　51.makemoney　　52-61BDBACDCADB　　真题快速阅读2007.6SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJobManypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey.Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn’tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They’restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,

57exceptmovetoanotherjob.MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat“inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday.”Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat’swhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist“justlikedad.”Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it’sprobablytimetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn’tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhattheyarecurrentlydoing.Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor“chainedtoyourdesk”mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersandworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster’sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.Step3:Self-definitionMillersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves.“Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer.”Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare–allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing–you’llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve–thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.Step5:Vision.Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoIreallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.

58Step6:Appropriaterisk.Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You’llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.Step7:Action.Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofamountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.”Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.2.MaryLynMiller’sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvestothepursuitof________.6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike________.7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow_______.8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion“________”9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto________.10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis________.2007.12SevenWaystoSavetheWorldForgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial—ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:gettingthesame—orbetter—resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.WhenaslumpinbusinesstravelforcedUlrichRǒmertocutcostcostsathisfamily-ownedhotelinGermany,hereplacedhundredsofthehotel’swastefullightbulbs,gettingthesamelightfor80percentlesspower.Heboughtanewwaterboilerwithadigitallycontrolledpump,andwrappedinsulationaroundthepipes.Spendingabout€100,000ontheseandotherimprovements,heslashedhis€90,000fuelandpowerbillby€60,000.Asabonus,thehotel’slowerenergyneedshavereduceditsannualcarbonemissionsbymorethan200metrictons.“Forus,savingenergyhasbeenvery,veryprofitable,”hesays.“Andmostimportantly,we’renotgivingupasinglecomfortforourguests.”Efficiencyisalsoagreatwaytolowercarbonemissionsandhelpslowglobalwarming.Butthebestargumentforefficiencyisitscost—or,moreprecisely,itsprofitability.That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequires

59immenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.Nowonderefficiencyhasmovedtothetopofthepoliticalagenda.OnJan.10,theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.LastMarch,Chinaimposeda20percentincreaseinenergyefficiencyby2020.EvenGeorgeW.Bush,theTexasoilman,isexpectedtotalkaboutenergyconversationinhisStateoftheUnionspeechthisweek.Thegoodnewsisthattheworldisfullofproven,cheapwaystosaveenergy.Herearetheseventhatcouldhavethebiggestimpact:InsulateSpaceheatingandcoolingeatsup36percentofalltheworld’senergy.There’svirtuallynolimittohowmuchofthatcanbesaved,asprototype“zero-energyhomes”inSwitzerlandandGermanyhaveshown.There’sbeenasurgeinnewwaysofkeepingheatinandcoldout(orviceversa).Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:ifyouaddenough,youcanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.ChangeBulbsLightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity,ortheequivalentofroughly600,000tonsofcoaladay.Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs—a19th-centurytechnologythatwastesmostofthepoweritconsumesonunwantedheat.Compactfluorescentlamps,orCFLs,notonlyuse75to80percentlesselectricitythanincandescentbulbstogeneratethesameamountoflight,buttheyalsolast10timeslonger.Phasingoldbulbsoutby2030wouldsavetheoutputof650powerplantsandavoidthereleaseof700milliontonsofcarbonintotheatmosphereeachyear.ComfortZoneWaterboilers,spaceheatersandairconditionershavebeennotoriouslyinefficient.Theheatpumphasalteredthatequation.Itremovesheatfromtheairoutsideorthegroundbelowandusesittosupplyheattoabuildingoritswatersupply.Inthesummer,thesystemcanbereversedtocoolbuildingaswell.MostnewresidentialbuildingsinSwedenarealreadyheatedwithground-sourceheatpumps.Suchsystemsconsumealmostnoconventionalfuelatall.Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket,includingJapan,wherealmost1millionheatpumpshavebeeninstalledinthepasttwoyearstoheatwaterforshowersandhottubs.RemakeFactoriesFromsteelmillstopaperfactories,industryeatsupaboutathirdoftheworld’senergy.Theopportunitiestosavearevast.InLudwigshafen,GermanchemicalsgiantBASFrunsaninterconnectedcomplexofmorethan200chemicalfactories,whereheatproducedbyonechemicalprocessisusedtopowerthenext.AttheLudwigshafensitealone,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysavesthecompany€200millionayearandalmosthalfitsCO2emissions.NowBASFisdoingthesamefornewplantsinChina.“Optimizing(优化)energyefficiencyisadecisivecompetitiveadvantage,”saysBASFCEOJǔrgenHambrecht.GreenDrivingAquarteroftheworld’senergy—includingtwothirdsoftheannualproductionofoil—isusedfortransportation.Somesavingscomefreeofcharge:youcanboostfuelefficiencyby6percentsimplybykeepingyourcar’stiresproperlyinflated(充气).Gasoline-electrichybrid(混合型)modelsliketheToyotaPriusimprovemileagebyafurther20percentoverconventionalmodels.ABetterFridgeMorethanhalfofallresidentialpowergoesintorunninghouseholdappliances，producingafifthoftheworld’scarbonemissions.Andthat’strueeventhoughmanufacturershavealreadyhikedtheefficiencyofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoodsbyasmuchas70percentsincethe1980s.AccordingtoanInternationalEnergyAgencystudy,ifconsumerschosethosemodelsthatwouldsavethemthemostmoneyoverthelifeoftheappliance,they’dcutglobal

60residentialpowerconsumptionandtheirutilitybillsby43percent.FlexiblePaymentWhosaysyouhavetopayforallyourconservationinvestment？“Energyservicecontractors”willpayforretrofitting(翻折改造)inreturnforashareoftheclient’sannualutility-billsavings.InBeijing,ShenwuThermalEnergyTechnologyCo.specializesinretrofittingChina’ssteelfurnaces.Shenwuputsuptheinitialinvestmenttoinstallaheatexchangerthatpreheatstheairgoingintothefurnace，slashingtheclient’sfuelcosts.Shenwupocketsacutofthosesavings,sobothShenwuandtheclientprofit.　　Ifsavingenergyissoeasyandprofitable,whyisn’teveryonedoingit?Ithastodowithpsychologyandalackofinformation.Mostofustendtolookattoday’spricetagmorethantomorrow’spotentialsavings.Thatholdsdoubleforthelandlordordeveloper,whowon’tactuallyseeapennyofthesavingshisinvestmentinbetterinsulationorabetterheatingsystemmightgenerate.Inmanypeople’sminds,conservationisstillassociatedwithself-denial.Manyenvironmentalistsstillpushthatview.Smartgovernmentscanhelppushthemarketintherightdirection.TheEU’s1994lawonlabelingwassuchasuccessthatitextendedthesameideatoentirebuildingslastyear.Toboostthemarketvalueofefficiency,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtohavean“energypass”detailingpowerandheatingconsumption.CountrieslikeJapanandGermanyhavesuccessivelytightenedbuildingcodes,requiringanincreaseininsulationlevelsbutleavingituptobuilderstodecidehowtomeetthem.Themostpowerfulincentives,ofcourse,willcomefromthemarketitself.Overthepastyear,sky-highfuelpriceshavefocusedmindsonefficiencylikeneverbefore.Ever-increasingpressuretocutcostshasfinallyforcedmorecompaniestodosomemathontheirenergyuse.Willitbeenough?Withglobaldemandandemissionsrisingsofast,wemaynothaveanychoicebuttotry.Efficienttechnologyisherenow,provenandcheap.Comparedwithallotheroptions,it’sthebiggest,easiestandmostprofitablebangforthebuck.1.Whatissaidtobethebestwaytoconserveenergynowadays?[A]Raisingefficiently.[B]Cuttingunnecessarycosts.[C]Findingalternativeresources[D]Sacrificingsomepersonalcomforts.2.WhatdoestheEuropeanUnionplantodo?[A]Diversifyenergysupply.[B]Cutenergyconsumption.[C]Reducecarbonemissions.[D]Raiseproductionefficiency.3.Ifyouaddenoughinsulationtoyourhouse,youmaybeableto_______.[A]improveyourworkenvironment[B]cutyourutilitybillsbyhalf.[C]getridofair-conditioners[D]enjoymuchbetterhealth4.Howmuchofthepowerconsumedbyincandescentbulbsisconvertedintolight?[A]Asmallportion.[B]Some40percent[C]Almosthalf.[D]75to80percent.5.Somecountrieshavetiredtojump-startthemarketofheatpumpsby_________.[A]upgradingtheequipment[B]encouraginginvestments[C]implementinghigh-tech[D]providingsubsidies6.GermanchemicalsgiantBASFsaves€200millionayearby_________.[A]recyclingheatandenergy[B]settingupfactoriesinChina[C]usingthenewesttechnology[D]reducingtheCO2emissionsofitsplants7.Globalresidentialpowerconsumptioncanbecutby43percentif________.[A]weincreasetheinsulationofwallsandwaterpipes[B]wechoosesimplermodelsofelectricalappliances[C]wecutdownontheuseofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods[D]wechoosethemostefficientmodelsofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods

618.Energyservicecontractorsprofitbytakingapartofclients’__________.9.Manyenvironmentalistsmaintaintheviewthatconservationhasmuchtodowith___________.10.Thestrongestincentiveenergyconservationwilldrivefrom_____________.2008.6Whatwilltheworldbelikeinfiftyyears?Thisweeksometopscientists,includingNobelPrizewinners,gavetheirvisionofhowtheworldwilllookin2056,frongas-poweredcarstoextraordinaryhealthadvances,JohnInghamreportsonwhattheworld’sfinestmindsbelieveourfutureswillbe.Forthoseofusluckyenoughtolivethatlong,2056willbeaworldofalmostperpetualyouth,whereobesityisaremotememoryandrobotsbecomeourcompanions.Wewillberubbingshoulderswithaliensandcolonizingouterspace.Betterstill,ourdescendantsmightatlastliveinaworldatpeacewithitself.Thepredictionisthatwewillhavefoundasourceofinexbaustible,safe,greenenergy,andthatsciencewillhavekilledoffreligion.Iftheyarerightwewillhaveremovedtwoofthemaincausesofwar-ourdependenceonoilandreligiousprejudice.Willwereally,astoday’sscientistsclaim,beabletoliveforeveroratleastcheattheageingprocesssothattheaveragepersonlivesto150?Ofcourse,allthesepredictionscomewithascientifichealthwarning.HarvardprofessorStevenPinkersays:“Thisisaninvitationtolookfoolish,aswiththepredictionsofdomedcitiesandnuclear-poweredvacuumcleanersthatweremade50yearago.”LivinglongerAnthonyAtala,directoroftheWakeForestInstituteinNorthCarolina,belivesfailingorganswillberepairedbyinjectingcellsintothebody.Theywillnaturallytostraighttotheinjuryandhelphealit.Asystemofinjectionswithoutneedlescouldalsoslowtheageingprocessbyusingthesameprocessto“tune”cells.BruceLahn,professorofhumangeneticsattheUniversityofChicago,anticipatestheabilitytoproduce“unlimitedsupplies”oftransplantablehumanorganswithouttheneededaneworgan,suchaskidney,thesurgeonwouldcontactacommercialorganproducer,givehimthepatient’simmuno-logicalprofileandwouldthenbesentakidneywiththecorrecttissuetype.Theseorganswouldbeentirelycomposedofhumancells,grownbyintroducingthemintoanimalhosts,andalloweingthemtodeveoopintoandorganinplaceoftheanimal’sown.ButProf.Lahnbelievesthatfarmedbrainswouldbe“offlimits”.Hesays:“Veryfewpeoplewouldwanttohavetheirbrainsreplacedbysomeoneelse’sandweprobablydon’twanttoputahumanbrainingananimalbody.”RichardMiller,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan,thinksscientistcoulddevelop“anthenticanti-ageingdrugs”byworkingouthowcellsinlargeranimalssuchaswhalesandhumanresistmanyformsofinjuries.Hesays:“It’sisnowroutine,inlaboratorymammals,toextendlifespanbyabout40%.Turningonthesameprotectivesystemsinpeopleshould,by2056,createthefirstclassof100-year-oldswhoareasvigorousandproductiveastoday’speopleintheir60s”AliensConlinPillinger,professorofplanerarysciencesattheOpenUniversity,says:”IfancythatatleastwewillbeabletoshowthatlifedidistarttoevolveonMarswellasEarth.”Within50yearshehopesscientistswillprovethatalienlifecamehereinMartianmeteorites(陨石).ChrisMcKay,aplanetaryscientistatNASA’sAmesResearchCenter.believesthatin50yearswemayfindevidenceofalienlifeinancientpermanentforstofMarsoronotherplaners.Headds:”ThereisevenachancewewillfindalienlifeformshereonEarth.ItmightbeasdifferentasEnglishistoChinese.

62PricetonprofessorFreemanDysonthinksit“likely”thatlifeformouterspacewillbediscovereddefore2056becausethetoolsforfindingit,suchasopticalandradiodetectionanddataprocessing,areimproving.HeSays:”Assoonasthefirstevidenceisfound,wewillknowwhattolookforandadditionaldiscoveriesarelikelytofollowquickly.Suchdiscoveriesarelikelytohaverevolutionaryconsequencesforbiology,astronomyandphilosophy.Theymaychangethewaywelookatourselvesandourplaceintheuniverse.ColoniesinspaceRichardGottprofessorofastrophysicsatPrinceton,hopesmanwillsetupaself-sufficientcolonyonMars,whichwouldbea“lifeinsurancepolicyagainstwhatevercatastrophes,naturalorotherwise,mightoccuronEarth.“TherealspaceraceiswhetherwewillcoloniseoffEarthontootherworldsbeforemoneyforthespaceprogrammerunsout.”SpinalinjuriesEllenHeber-Katz,aprofessorattheWistarInstitudeinPhiladelphia,foreseescuresforinijuriescausingparalysissuchastheonethatafflicatedSupermanstarChristopherReeve.Shesays:”Ibelievethatthedayisnotfaroffwhenwewillbeabletoprofescribedrugsthatcauseseveres(断裂的)spinalcordstoheal,heartstoregenerateandlostlimbstoregrow.“Peoplewillcometoexpectthatinjuredordiseasedorgansaremeanttoberepairedfromwithin,inmuchthesamewaythatwefixanapplianceorautomobile:byreplancingthedamagedpartwithamanufacturer-certifiednewpart.”Shepredictthatwithin5to10yearsfingersandtoeswillberegrownandlimbswillstarttoberegrownafewyearslater.Repariestothenervoussystemwillstartwithopticnervesand,intime,thespinalcord.”Within50yearswholebodyreplacementwillberoutine,”Prof.Heber-Katzadds.ObesitySydneyBrenner,seniordistinguishedfellowoftheCrick-JacobsCenterinCalifornia,wonthe2002NoblelPrizeforMedicineandsaysthatifthereisaglobaldisastersomehumanswillsurvive-andevolitionwillfavoursmallpeoplewithbodieslargeenoughtosupporttherequiredamountofbrainpower.”Obesity,”hesays.”willhavebeensolved.”RobotsRodneyBrooks,professorofroboticeatMIT,saystheproblemsofdevelopingartificialintelligenceforrobotswillbeatleastpartlyovercome.Asaresult,”thepossibilitiesforrobotsworkingwithpeoplewillopenupimmensely”EnergyBillJoy,greentechnologyexpertinCalifomia,says:”Themostsignificantbreakthroughtwouldbetohaveaninexhaustiblesourceofsafe,greenenergythatissubstantiallycheaperthananyexistingenergysource.”Ideally,suchasourcewouldbesafeinthatitcouldnotbemadeintoweaponsandwouldnotmakehazardousortoxicwasteorcarbondioxide,themaingreenhousegasblamedforglobalwarming.SocietyGeoffreyMiller,evolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofNewMexico,says:”TheUSwillfollowtheUKinrealizingthatreligionisnoraprerequisite(前提)forordinaryhumandecency.“This,sciencewillkillreligion-notbyreasonchallengingfaithbutbyofferingamorepractical,uniwersalandrewardingmoralframeworkforhumaninteraction.”Healsopredictsthat“ahsurdlywasteful”displaysofwealthwillbecomeumfashionablewhiletheimportanceofclose-knitcommunitiesandfamilieswillbecomeclearer.Thesetherechanger,hesays,willhelpmakeusall”brighe\ter,wiser,happierandkinder”.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.Whatisjohnlngham’sreportabout?A)AsolutiontotheglobalenergycrisisB)Extraordinaryadvancesin

63technology.C)ThelatestdevelopmentsofmedicalscienceD)Scientists’visionoftheworldinhalfacentury2.AccordingtoHarvardprofessorStevenPinker,predictionsaboutthefuture_____.A)mayinvitetroubleB)maynotcometrueC)willfoolthepublicD)domoreharmthangood3.ProfessorBruceLahnoftheUniversityofChicagopredictsthat____.A)humanswon’thavetodonateorgansfortransplantationB)morepeoplewilldonatetheirorgansfortransplantationC)animalorganscouldbetransplantedintohumanbodiesD)organtransplantationwon’tbeasscaryasitistoday4.AccordingtoprofessorRichardMilleroftheUniversityofMichigarr,proplewill____.A)lifeforaslongastheywishB)berelievedfromallsufferingsC)lifeto100andmorewithvitalityD)beabletolivelongerthanwhales5.PricetonprofessorFreemanSysonthinksthat____.A)scientistswillfindalienlifesimilartooursB)humanswillbeabletosettleonMarsC)alienlifewilllikelybediscoveredD)lifewillstarttoevolveonMars6.AccordingtoPrincetonprofessorRichardGott,bysettingupaself-sufficientcolonyonMars,Humans_____.A.MightsurvieallcatastrophesonearthB.MightacquireamplenaturalresourcesC.WillbeabletotraveltoMarsfreelyD.Willmo\vetheretoliveabetterlife7.EllenHeber-Katz,professorattheWistarInstitueinPhiladelpia,predictsthat_____.A)humanorganscanbumanufacturedlikeappliancesB)peoplewillbeasstronganddymamicassupermenC)humannervescanbereplancedbyopticfibersD)lostfingersandlimbswillbeabletoregrow8.rodneyBrookssaysthatitwillbepossibleforrobotstoworkwithhumansasaresultorthedevelopmentof_____________________9.ThemostsignificantbreakthroughpredictedbyBilljoywillbeaninexhaustiblegreenenergysourcethatcan’tbeusedtomake_____________________10AccordingtoGeoffreyMiller,sciencewillofferamorepractical,universalandrewardingmoralframeworkinplaceof_____________________2008.12SupersizesurpriseAskanyonewhythereisanobesityepidemicandtheywilltellyouthatit’saldowntoeatingtoomuchandburningtoofewcalories.Thatexplanationappealstocommonsenseandhasdominatedeffortstogettotherootoftheobesityepidemicandreverseit/yetobesityresearchersareincreasinglydissatisfiedwithit.Manynowbelievethatsomethingelsemusthavechangedinourenvironmenttoprecipitate(促成)suchdramaticrisesinobesityoverthepast

6440yearsorso.Nobodyissayingthatthe“bigtwo”–reducedphysicalactivityandincreasedavailabilityoffood–arenotimportantcontributorstotheepidemic,buttheycannotexplainitall.Earlierthisyearareviewpaperby20obesityexpertssetoutthe7mostplausiblealternativeexplanationsfortheepidemic.Heretheyare.1.NotenoughsleepItiswidelybelievedthatsleepisforthebrain,notthebody.Couldashortageofshut-eyealsobehelpingtomakeusfat?Severallarge-scalestudiessuggesttheremaybealink.Peoplewhosleeplessthan7hoursanighttendtohaveahigherbodymassindexthanpeoplewhosleepmore,accordingtodatagatheredbytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Similarly,theUSNurses’HealthStudy,whichtracked68,000womenfor16years,foundthatthosewhosleptanaverageof5hoursanightgainedmoreweightduringthestudyperiodthanwomenwhoslept6hours,whointurngainedmorethanwhosewhoslept7.It’swellknownthatobesityimpairssleep,soperhapspeoplegetfatfirstandsleeplessafterwards.Butthenurses’studysuggeststhatitcanworkintheotherdirectiontoo:sleeplossmayprecipitateweightgain.Althoughgettingfiguresisdifficult,itappearsthatwereallyaresleepingless.In1960peopleintheUSsleptanaverageof8.5hourspernight.A2002pollbytheNationalSleepFoundationsuggeststhattheaveragehasfallentounder7hours,andthedeclineismirroredbytheincreaseinobesity.2.ClimatecontrolWehumans,likeallwarm-bloodedanimals,cankeepourcorebodytemperaturesprettymuchconstantregardlessofwhat’sgoingonintheworldaroundus.Wedothisbyalteringourmetabolic(新陈代新的)rate,shiveringorsweating.Keepingwarmandstayingcooltakeenergyunlessweareinthe“thermo-neutralzone”,whichisincreasinglywherewechoosetoliveandwork.Thereisnodenyingthatambienttemperatures(环境温度)havechangedinthepastfewdecades.Between1970and2000,theaverageBritishhomewarmedfromachilly13Cto18C.IntheUS,thechangeshavebeenattheotherendofthethermometerastheproportionofhomeswithairconditioningsrosefrom23%to47%between1978and1997.Inthesouthernstates–whereobesityratestendtobehighest–thenumberofhouseswithairconditioninghasshotupto71%from37%in1978.Couldairconditioninginsummerandheatinginwinterreallymakeadifferencetoourweight?Sadly，thereissomeevidencethatitdoes-atleastwithregardtoheating.Studiesshowthatincomfortabletemperaturesweuselessenergy.3.LesssmokingBadnews:smokersreallydotendtobethinnerthantherestofus,andquittingreallydoespackonthepounds,thoughnooneisnsurewhy.Itprobablyhassomethingtodowiththefactthatnicotineisanappetitesuppressantandappearstoupyourmetabolicrate.KatherineFlegalandcolleagresattheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsinHyattsville,Maryland,havecalculatedthatpeoplekickingthehabithavebeenrespousibleforasmallbutsignificantportionoftheUSepidemicoffatness.Fromdatacollectedaroud1991bytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,theyworkedoutthatpeoplewhohadquitinthepreviousdecadeweremuchmorelikelytobeoverweightthansmokersandpeoplewhohadneversmoked.Amongmen,forexample,nearlyhalfofquitterswereoverweightcomparedwith37%ofnon-smokersandonly28%ofsmokers.4.GeneticeffectsYourschancesofbecomingfatmaybeset,atleastinpart,beforeyouwereevenborn.childrenofboesemothersaremuchmorelikelytobecomeobestthemselveslaterinlife.Offspringofmicefedahigh-fatdietduringpregnancyaremuchmorelikelytobecomefatthantheoffspringofidenticalmicefedanormaldiet.Intriguingly,theeffectpersistsfortwoorthreegenerations.Grand-childrenofmicefedahigh-fatdietgrowupfateveniftheirownmotherisfednormally-soyoufatemayhavebeensealedevenbeforeyouwereconceived.

655.Alittleolder…Somegroupsofpeoplejusthappentobefatterthanothers.surveyscarriedoutbytheUSnationalcenterforhealthstatistiesfoundthatadultsaged40to79werearoundthreetimesaslikelytobeobeseasyoungerpeople.non-whitefemalesalsotendtofallatthefatterendofthespectreum:Mexican-americanwomenare30%morelikelythanwhitewomentobeobsess,andblackwomenhavetwicetherisk.IntheUS,thesegroupsaccountforanincreasingpercentageofthepopulation.between1970and2000theUSpopulationaged35to44grewby43%.theproportionofHispanic-americansalsogrew,fromunder5%to12.5%ofthepopulation,whiletheproportionofblackAmericansincreasedfrom11%to12.3%.thesechangesmayaccountinpartfortheincreasedprevalenceofobesity.6.maturemumsMothersaroundtheworldaregettingolder.intheUK,themeanageforavingafristchildis27.3,comparedwith23.7in1970.meanageatfristbirthintheUShasalsoincreased,risingfrom21.4in1970to24.9in2000.Thiswouldbeneitherherenorthereifitwere’tfortheobservationthathavinganoldermotherseemstobeanindependentriskfactorforobesity.ResultsfromtheUSnationalheart,lungandbloodinstitute’sstudyfoundthattheoddsofachildbeingobeseincrease14%foreveryfiveextrayearsoftheirmother’sage,thoughwhythisshouldbesoisnotentirelyclear.MichaelSymondsattheuniversityofNottingham,UK,foundthatfirst-bronchildrenhavemorefatthanyoungerones.Asfamilysizedecreases,firstbronsaccountforagreathershareofthepopulation.In1964,britishwomengavebirthtoanaverageof2.95children;by2005thatfigurehadfallento1.79.intheUSin1976,9.6%ofwomanintheir40shadonlyonechile;in2004itwas17.4%.thiscombinationofoldermothersandmoresinglechildrencouldbecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.7.LikemarryinglikeJustaspeoplepairoffaccordingtolooks,sotheydoforsize.Leanpeoplearemorelikelytomarryleanandfatmorelikelytomarryfat.Onitsown,likemarryinglikecannotaccountforanyincreaseinobesity.Butcombinedwithothers-particularlythefactthatobesityispartlygenetic,andthatheavierpeoplehavemorechildren-itamplifiestheincreaseformothercauses.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Effectsofobesityonpeople’shealthB)ThelinkbetweenlifestyleandobesityC)NewexplanationsfortheobesityepidemicD)Possiblewaystocombattheobesityepidemic2.IntheUSNurse’HealthStudy,womenwhosleptanaverageof7hoursanight_______.A)gainedtheleastweightB)wereinclinedtoeatlessC)foundtheirvigorenhancedD)werelesssusceptibletoillness3.Thepopularbeliefaboutobesityisthat___________.A)itmakesussleepyB)itcausessleeplossC)itincreasesourappetiteD)itresultsfromlackofsleep4.Howdoesindoorheatingaffectourlife?A)itmakesusstayindoorsmoreB)itacceleratesourmetabolicrateC)itmakesusfeelmoreenergeticD)itcontributestoourweightgain

665.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheeffectofnicotineonsmokers?A)itthreatenstheirhealthB)itheightenstheirspiritsC)itsuppressestheirappetiteD)itslowsdowntheirmetabolism6.WhoaremostlikelytobeoverweightaccordingtoKatherineFergal’sstudy?A)heavysmokersB)passivesmokersC)thosewhoneversmokeD)thosewhoquitsmoking7.AccordingtotheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,theincreasedobesityintheUSisaresultof_______.A)thegrowingnumberofsmokersamongyoungpeopleB)therisingproportionofminoritiesinitspopulationC)theincreasingconsumptionofhigh-caloriefoodsD)theimprovinglivingstandardsofthepoorpeople8.AccordingtotheUSNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstitute,thereasonwhyoldermothers’childrentendtobeobeseremainsnotentirelyclear9.AccordingtoMichaelSymonds,onefactorcontributingtotheobesityepidemicisdecreaseoffamilysize10whentwoheavypeoplegetmarried,chancesoftheirchildrengettingfatincrease,becauseobesityispartygenetic2009.6　HelicopterMomsvs.Free-RangeKidsWouldyouletyourfourth-graderridepublictransportationwithoutanadult?Probablynot.Still,whenLenoreSkenazy,acolumnistfortheNewYorkSun,wroteaboutlettinghersontakethesubwayalonetogetbackto"Longstoryshort:mysongothomefromadepartmentstoreontheUpperEastSide,shedidn’texpecttogethitwithawaveofcriticismfromreaders.　　“Longstoryshort:Mysongothome,overjoyedwithindependence,”SkenazywroteonApril4intheNewYorkSun.“Longstorylonger:HalfthepeopleI’vetoldthisepisodetonowwanttoturnoninforchildabuse.Asifkeepingkidsunderlockandkeyandcellphoneandcarefulwatchistherightwaytorearkids.It’snot.It’sdebilitating(使虚弱)—forusandforthem.”　　OnlinemessageboardsweresoonfullofpeoplebothapplaudingandcondemningSkenazy’sdecisiontolethersongoitalone.ShewoundupdefendingherselfonCNN(accompaniedbyherson)andonpopularblogslikethebuffingtonpost,whereherfollow-uppiecewasironicallyheadlined“MoreFromAmerica’sWorstMom.”　　Theepisodehasignitedanotheroneofthosedebatesthatdividesparentsintovocalopposingcamps.AreModernparentsneedlesslyoverprotective,oristheworldamorecomplicatedanddangerousplacethanitwaswhenpreviousgenerationswereallowedtowanderaboutunsupervised?　　Fromthe“she’sanirresponsiblemother”campcame:“Shameonyouforbeingsocarelessabouthissafety,”inCommentsonthebuffongtonpost.Andtherewasthisfromamotheroffour:“Howwouldyouhavefeltifhedidn’tcomehome?”ButSkenazygotalotofsupport,too,withwomenandmenwritinginwithstoriesabouthowtheywereallowedtotaketripsallbythemselvesatsevenoreight.Shealsogotheapsofpraiseforbuckingthe“helicopterparent”trend:“GoodforthisMom,”onecommenterwroteonthebuffongtonpost.“Thisisamuch-neededrealitycheck.”　　Lastweek,encouragedbyalltheattention,Skenazystartedherownblog—FreeRange,kids—promotingtheideathatmodernchildrenneedsomeofthesameindependencethathergenerationhad.Inthegoodolddaysnine-year-oldbabyboomersrodetheirbikestoschool,walkedtothestore,tookbuses—andevensubways—allbythemselves.Herblog,shesays,isdedicatedtosensibleparenting.“AtFreeRangeKids,webelieveinsafekids.Webelieveincarseatsandsafetybelts.WedoNOTbelievethateverytimeschool-agechildrengooutside,theyneedasecurity

67guard.”　　Sowhyaresomeparentssonervousaboutlettingtheirchildrenoutoftheirsight?Arecitiesandtownslesssafeandkidsmorevulnerabletocrimeslikechildkidnapandsexualabusethantheywereinpreviousgenerations?　　Notexactly.NewYorkCity,forinstance,issaferthanit’severbeen;it’sranked36thincrimeamongallAmericancities.Nationwide,stringerkidnapsareextremelyrare;there’saone-in-a-millionchanceachildwillbetakenbyastranger,accordingtotheJusticeDepartment.And90percentofsexualabusecasesarecommittedbysomeonethechildknows.Mortalityratesfromallcauses,includingdiseaseandaccidents,forAmericanchildrenarelowernowthantheywere25years’ago.AccordingtoChildTrends,anonprofitresearchgroup,between1980and2003deathratesdroppedby44percentforchildrenaged5to14and32percentforteensaged15to19.　　Thenthere’sthewholequestionofwhethermodernparentsaremorewatchfulandnervousaboutsafetythanpreviousgenerations.Yes,someare.PartoftheproblemisthatwithwalltowallInternetandcablenews,everymissingchildcasegetssomuchairtimethatit’snotsurprisingevennormalparentalanxietycanbeamplified.Andmanymiddle-classparentshavegottenusedtomanagingtheirchildren’stimeandshuttlingthemtovariousenrichingactivities,sotheideaoflettingthemoutontheirowncanseemlikearisk.Backin1972,whenmanyoftoday’sparentswerekids,87percentofchildrenwholivedwithinamileofschoolwalkedorbikedeveryday.Buttoday,theCentersforDiseaseControlreportthatonly13percentofchildrenbike,walkorotherwisetthemselvestoschool.　　Theextrasupervisionisbothacityandasuburbphenomenon.Parentsareworriedaboutcrime,andtheyareworriedaboutkidsgettingcaughtintrafficinacitythat’snotusedtopedestrians.Ontheotherhand,therearestillplentyofkidswhoseparentsgivethemalotofindependence,bychoiceorbynecessity.TheAfterSchoolAlliancefindsthatmorethan14millionkidsaged5to17areresponsiblefortakingcareofthemselvesafterschool.Only6.5millionkidsparticipateinorganizedprograms.“Manychildrenwhohaveworkingparentshavetotakethesubwayorbustogettoschool.Manydothisbythemselvesbecausetheyhavenootherwaytogettotheschools,”saysDr.RichardGallagher,directoroftheParentingInstituteattheNewYorkUniversityChildStudyCenter.　　Forthoseparentswhowonderhowandwhentheyshouldstartallowingtheirkidsmorefreedom,there’snoclear-cutanswer.Childexpertsdiscourageaone-size-fits-allapproachtoparenting.What’srightforSkenazy’snine-year-oldcouldbeinappropriateforanotherone.Italldependsondevelopmentalissue,maturity,andthepsychologicalandemotionalmakeupofthatchild.Severalfactorsmustbetakenintoaccount,saysGallagher.“Theabilitytofollowparentguidelines,thechild’slevelofcomfortinhandlingsuchsituations,andachild’sgeneraljudgmentshouldbeweighed.”　　GallagheragreeswithSkenazythatmanynine-year-oldsarereadyforindependenceliketakingpublictransportationalone.“Atcertaintimesoftheday,oncertainroutes,thesubwaysaregenerallysafeforthesechildren,especiallyiftheyhavegrownupinthecityandhavebeentaughthowtobesafe,howtoobtainhelpiftheyareconcernedfortheirsafety,andhowtoavoidunsafesituationsbybeingwatchfulandontheirtoes.”　　Butevenwithmoretrafficandfewersidewalks,modernparentsdohaveoneadvantagetheirparentsdidn’t:thecellphone.Beingabletocheckinwithachildanytimegoesalongwaytowardrelievingparentalanxietyandmayhelpparentsloosentheircontrolalittlesooner.Skenazygotalotofcriticismbecauseshedidn’tgiveherkidhercellphonebecauseshethoughthe’dloseitandwantedhimtolearntogoitalonewithoutdependingonmom—amajorprincipleoffree-rangeparenting.Butmostparentsaremorethanhappytousecellphonestokeeptrackoftheirkids.　　Andforthosewholiketheideaoffree-rangekidsbutstillstrugglewiththeirinnerhelicopterparent,theremaybeamiddleway.AnewgenerationofGPScellphoneswithtrackingsoftwaremakeiteasierthanevertofollowachild’severymovementviatheInternet—withoutseemingtointerfereorhover.Ofcourse,whentheygotocollege,theymightstartobjectingtobeingmonitoredasthey’reonparole(假释).　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。　　1.WhenLenoreSkenazy’ssonwasallowedtotakethesubwayalone,he________.　　A．wasafraidthathemightgetlost　　B．enjoyedhavingtheindependence　　C．wasonlytoopleasedtotakethe

68risk　　D．thoughthewasanexceptionalchild　　2.LenoreSkenazybelievesthatkeepingkidsundercarefulwatch　　A．hinderstheirhealthygrowth　　B．addstoomuchtoparents’expenses　　C．showstraditionalparentalcaution　　D．bucksthelatestparentingtrend　　3.Skenazy’sdecisiontolethersontaketheSubwayalonehasnetwith________.　　A．oppositionfromherownfamily　　B．shareparentingexperience　　C．fightagainstchildabuse　　D．protectchildren’srights　　4.Skenazystartedherownblogto________.　　A．promotesensibleparenting　　B．shareparentingexperience　　C．fightagainstchildabuse　　D．protectchildren’srights　　5.Accordingtotheauthor,NewYorkCity________.　　A．rankshighinroadaccidents　　B．ismuchsafethanbefore　　C．rankslowinchildmortalityrates　　D．islessdangerousthansmallcities　　6.Parentstodayaremorenervousabouttheirkids’safetythanpreviousgenerationsbecause________.　　A．therearenowfewerchildreninthefamily　　B．thenumberoftrafficaccidentshasbeenincreasing　　C．theirfearisamplifiedbymediaexposureofcrime　　D．crimerateshavebeenontheriseovertheyears　　7.Accordingtochildexperts,howandwhenkidsmaybeallowedmorefreedomdependson________.　　A．thetraditionsandcustomsofthecommunity　　B．thesafetyconditionsoftheirneighborhood　　C．theirparents’psychologicalmakeup　　D．theirmaturityandpersonalqualities　　8.AccordingtoGallagherandSkenazy,childrenwhoarewatchfulwillbebetterabletostayawayfrom_____.9.Beingabletofindoutwhereachildisanytimehelpslessenparents’_____.　　10.NowadayswiththehelpofGPScellphones,parentscan,fromadistance,tracktheirchildren’s_____..六级样卷RainforestsTropicalrainforestsarethemostdiverseecosystem(生态系统)onEarth,andalsotheoldest.Today,tropicalrainforestscoveronly6percentoftheEarth'sgroundsurface,buttheyarehometooverhalfoftheplanet'splantandanimalspecies.WhatIsaRainforest?Generallyspeaking,arainforestisanenvironmentthatreceiveshighrainfallandisdominatedbytalltrees.Awiderangeofecosystemsfallintothiscategory,ofcourse.Butmostofthetimewhenpeopletalkaboutrainforests,theymeanthetropicalrainforestslocatedneartheequator.

69Theseforestsreceivebetween160and400inchesofrainperyear.Thetotalannualrainfallisspreadprettyevenlythroughouttheyear,andthetemperaturerarelydipsbelow60degreesFahrenheit.Thissteadyclimateisduetothepositionofrainforestsontheglobe.BecauseoftheorientationoftheEarth'saxis,theNorthernandSouthernhemisphereseachspendpartoftheyeartiltedawayfromthesun.Sincerainforestsareatthemiddleoftheglobe,locatedneartheequator,theyarenotespeciallyaffectedbythischange.Theyreceivenearlythesameamountofsunlight,andthereforeheat,allyear.Consequently,theweatherintheseregionsremainsfairlyconstant.Theconsistentlywet,warmweatherandamplesunlightgiveplantlifeeverythingitneedstothrive.Treeshavetheresourcestogrowtotremendousheights.andtheyliveforhundreds,eventhousands,ofyears.Thesegiants,whichreach60to150ftintheair,formthebasicstructureoftherainforest.Theirtopbranchesspreadwideinordertocapturemaximumsunlight.Thiscreatesathickcanopy(树冠)levelatthetopoftheforest,withthinnergreenerylevelsunderneath.Somelargetreesgrowsotallthattheyeventoweroverthecanopylayer.Asyougolower,downintotherainforest,youfindlessandlessgreenery.Theforestfloorismadeupofmoss,fungi,anddecayingplantmatterthathasfallenfromtheupperlayers.Thereasonforthisdecreaseingreeneryisverysimple：Theoverabundanceofplantsgatheringsunlightatthetopoftheforestblocksmostsunlightfromreachingthebottomoftheforest,makingitdifficultforrobustplantstothrive.TheForestfortheTreesTheamplesunlightandextremelywetclimateofmanytropicalareasencouragethegrowthoftoweringtreeswithwidecanopies.Thisthicktoplayeroftherainforestdictatesthelivesofallotherplantsintheforest.Newtreeseedlingsrarelysurvivetomakeittothetopunlesssomeoldertreesdie,creatinga"hole"inthecanopy.Whenthishappens,alloftheseedlingsonthegroundlevelcompeteintenselytoreachthesunlight.Manyplantspeciesreachthetopoftheforestbyclimbingthetalltrees.Itismucheasiertoascendthisway,becausetheplantdoesn'thavetoformitsownsupportingstructure.Someplantspecies,calledepiphytes,growdirectlyonthesurfaceofthegianttrees.Theseplants,whichincludeavarietyoforchidsandferns,makeupmuchoftheunderstory,thelayeroftherainforestrightbelowthecanopy.Epiphytesarecloseenoughtothetoptoreceiveadequatelight,andtherunofffromthecanopylayerprovidesallthewaterandnutrients(养分)theyneed,whichisimportantsincetheydon'thaveaccesstothenutrientsintheground.StranglersandButtressesSomeepiphyteseventuallydevelopintostranglers.Theygrowlong,thickrootsthatextenddownthetreetrunkintotheground.Astheycontinuetogrow,therootsformasortofwebstructureallaroundthetree.Atthesametime,thestranglerplant'sbranchesextendupward,spreadingoutintothecanopy.Eventually,thestranglermayblocksomuchlightfromabove,andabsorbsuchahighpercentageofnutrientsfromthegroundbelow,thatthehosttreedies.Competitionovernutrientsisalmostasintenseascompetitionforlight.Theexcessiverainfallrapidlydissolvesnutrientsinthesoil,makingitrelativelyinfertileexceptatthetoplayers.Forthisreason,rainforesttreerootsgrowoutwardtocoverawiderarea,ratherthandownwardtolowerlevels.Thismakesrainforesttreessomewhatunstable,sincetheydon'thaveverystronganchorsintheground.Sometreescompensateforthisbygrowingnaturalbuttresses.Thesebuttressesarebasicallytreetrunksthatextendoutfromthesideofthetreeanddowntotheground,givingthetreeadditionalsupport.Rainforesttreesaredependentonbacteriathatarecontinuallyproducingnutrientsintheground.Rainforestbacteriaandtreeshaveaveryclose,symbiotic(共生的)relationship.Thetreesprovidethebacteriawithfood,intheformoffallenleavesandothermaterial,andthebacteriabreakthismaterialdownintothenutrientsthatthetreesneedtosurvive.Oneofthemostremarkablethingsaboutrainforestplantlifeisitsdiversity.ThetemperaterainforestsofthePacificNorthwestaremainlycomposedofadozenorsotreespecies.Atropicalrainforest,ontheotherhand,mighthave300distincttreespecies.

70AllCreatures,GreatandSmallRainforestsarehometothemajorityofanimalspeciesintheworld.Andagreatnumberofspecieswhonowliveinotherenvironments,includinghumans,originallyinhabitedtherainforests.Researchersestimatethatinalargerainforestarea,theremaybemorethan10milliondifferentanimalspecies.Mostofthesespecieshaveadaptedforlifeintheupperlevelsoftherainforest,wherefoodismostplentiful.Insects,whichcaneasilyclimborflyfromtreetotree,makeupthelargestgroup(antsarethemostabundantanimalintherainforest).Insectspecieshaveahighlysymbioticrelationshipwiththeplantlifeinarainforest.Theinsectsmovefromplanttoplant,enjoyingthewealthoffoodprovidedthere.Astheytravel,theinsectsmaypickuptheplants'seeds,droppingthemsomedistanceaway.Thishelpstodispersethepopulationoftheplantspeciesoveralargerarea.Thenumerousbirdsoftherainforestalsoplayamajorpartinseeddispersal.Whentheyeatfruitfromaplant,theseedspassthroughtheirdigestivesystem.Bythetimetheyexcrete(排泄)theseeds,thebirdsmayhaveflownmanymilesawayfromthefruit-bearingtree.Therearealsoalargenumberofreptilesandmammalsintherainforest.Sincetheweatherissohotandhumidduringtheday,mostrainforestmammalsareactiveonlyatnight,duskordawn.Themanyrainforestbatspeciesareespeciallywelladaptedforthislifestyle.Usingtheirsonar,batsnavigateeasilythroughthemassoftreesintherainforest,feedingoninsectsandfruit.Whilemostrainforestspeciesspendtheirlivesinthetrees,thereisalsoalotoflifeontheforestfloor.Greatapes,wildpigs,bigcatsandevenelephantscanallbefoundinrainforests.Thereareanumberofpeoplewholiveintherainforests,aswell.Thesetribes-which,upuntilrecently,numberedinthethousands-arebeingforcedoutoftherainforestsatanalarmingratebecauseofdeforestation.DeforestationInthepasthundredyears,humanshavebegundestroyingrainforestsatanalarmingrate.Today,roughly1.5acresofrainforestaredestroyedeverysecond.Peoplearecuttingdowntherainforestsinpursuitofthreemajorresources：olLandforcropsolLumberforpaperandotherwoodproductsolLandforlivestockpasturesInthecurrenteconomy,peopleobviouslyhaveaneedforalloftheseresources.Butalmostallexpertsagreethat,overtime,wewillsuffermuchmorefromthedestructionoftherainforeststhanwewillbenefit.Theworld'srainforestsareanextremelyvaluablenaturalresource,tobesure,butnotfortheirlumberortheirland.TheyarethemaincradleoflifeonEarth,andtheyholdmillionsofuniquelifeformsthatwehaveyettodiscover.Destroyingtherainforestsiscomparabletodestroyinganunknownplanet-wehavenoideawhatwe'relosing.Ifdeforestationcontinuesatitscurrentrate,theworld'stropicalrainforestswillbewipedoutwithin40years.1.VirtuallyallplantandanimalspeciesonEarthcanbefoundintropicalrainforests.2.Thereisnotmuchchangeintheweatherinthetropicalrainforestsalltheyearround.3.ThelargestnumberofrainforestsintheworldarelocatedontheAfricancontinent.4.Belowthecanopylevelofatropicalrainforestgrowsanoverabundanceofplants.5.Newtreeseedlingswillnotsurvivetoreachthecanopylevelunless________.6.Epiphytes,whichformmuchoftheunderstoryoftherainforest,getalltheirwaterandnutrientsfrom________.7.Stranglersaresocalledbecausethey________byblockingthesunlightandcompetingforthenutrients.8.Sincerainforestbacteriaandtreesdependoneachotherforlife,therelationshiptheyformistermed________.9.Plantspeciesaredispersedoveralargeareawiththehelpof________.10.Aswearestillignorantofmillionsofuniquelifeformsintherainforest,deforestationcanbecomparedtothedestructionof________.答案2007.6Key:1.-4NYNGY

715.thosethingsthattheylovemost6.products7.moreconfidence8.WhatdoIreallywanttodo?9.giveup,orrisk10.thelackofaction2007.12Key:1-7ABCACAD　　　8annualutility-billsavings.　　9self-denial.　　10themarketitself.2008.6KEY:1-7DBACCAD　　8.artificialintelligence　　9.weaponsandgreenhousegas　　10.religion2008.12KEY:1-7CABDCDB　8.notentirelyclear　9.familysize　　10.partygenetic2009.6KEY:　1-7BADABCD　　8.unsafesituations　　9.anxiety　　10.everymovement六级样卷答案1.N2.Y3.NG4.N5.someoldertreesdie6.thecanopylayer7.killthehosttree8.symbiotic9.insectsandbirds／insects／birds／animals10.anunknownplanet