《贯通英语15篇文章贯通六级词汇》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
贯通英语15篇文章贯通六级词汇Preface前言Directions使用说明Unit1InAnotherWorm另一个世界Unit2Let'sDressUp-It'sHalloween万圣节——让我们盛装打扮起来Unit3Gardening园艺Unit4ACanadianFamilyStory一个加拿大家庭的故事Unit5TheFraud这个骗子Unit6ThePasture牧场Unit7TheDecision决定Unit8Chinese-AmericanRelations：AHistory（Ⅰ）中美关系史（一）Unit9Chinese-AmericanRelations：AHistory（Ⅱ）中美关系史（二）Unit10ASolitaryQuest独自寻访Unit11ActingTodayforTomorrow为了明天，今天就行动吧Unit12TheAmericanDream美国梦Unit13SexRoleStereotypes性别成规Unit14Dr．SunYat-sen：FatheroftheChineseRevolution中国革命之父孙中山先生Unitl5TheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）andChinaWTO与中国Appendix附录Index索引
1UNIT1InAnotherWorldHereIam,inChina,halfwayaroundtheworldfromhome.AsIlookatmyclockandcalculate（计算）thetimebackhomeIrealizethathalfaworldaway,peoplearebusygettingreadyforawedding.Thebrideismyniece（侄女）,apersonIfirstmetwhenshewasthreedaysold.IthinkbacktothefirsttimeIhadtheopportunitytobecomeacquaintedwith（开始了解；知道熟悉）myniece.Asmysistercradled（n摇篮vt抚育）herinherarms,theinfant（adj婴儿的幼稚的未成年的初期的n.婴儿）girlclasped（紧抱）hermother'soutstretched（伸开的）finger.Myintuition（直觉）toldmethathertemperament（气质性格急躁）wouldbeasunnydisposition（n.处置性情部署倾向）,ajoytopeoplearoundher.Asshegrew,thecutelittlegirlhadaninfectious（adj.传染的）laughthatstartedasasmallgrin（n.adj.露齿笑）,thenbecameagiggle（n.v.咯咯笑）andgrewlouderandlouderuntilittriggered（触发引起）aresponsefromallthepeoplearoundherandtheyjoinedin.Asanadolescent（未成年青春期）,shestudiedhardandenjoyedwelldeservedsuccessinsecondary（中等的第二的次要的）schoolassheinteracted（互相影响互相作用）with（与….相互作用）herpeer（贵族，同等的人）group（同辈群体）.Afterreceivingherhighschooldiploma（高中文凭）,shechosenursingashercareer.Fromthebeginningoftheyoungcouple’sromanceitwasevident（明显的明白的）thattheywerecompatible（兼容的能共处的）andwerecompletelyintriguedwith（对….感兴趣）eachother.ThecouplehadanengagementpartywhenIwasathomeinCanadaafewmonthsago.Thepartywasintheformofapicnicinabeautifulrosegarden.Tocelebrateandtotoasttheirfuture,wedrankchampagne.Astheyposed（摆姿势）underanarch（拱门）coveredwithclimbingroses,wesnapped（啪啪作响拍快照）picturesfortheirphotoalbum(相簿).Thecoupledecidedonafallwedding.Plansfortheweddingdaywereactivatedimmediately.Thedecisionsabouttheforthcoming（即将来临的）eventweresharedbythewholefamily.Aclosefriendofthefamilywascontactedandinvitedtosingasolojustpriorto（在….之前）theceremony.Thedaybeforetheceremony,arehearsal（排演）wouldtakeplacesothattheremainder（剩余的）ofthedetailscouldbelookedafterandattendedto.Theplanningthattakesplacebeforehandforoneoftheseeventsandalltheworkthatthebigdayentails,withmanypeoplecollaboratingtomaketheeventrunsmoothly,areimmense.Theconscientiousattentiontodetailwillbeevidenttothespectatorsofthisevent.Icanimaginetheexcitementandemotionsofthefamilytoday.Thetimeisnear.Theceremonywillbeginin3shorthours.Thebridewillberadiantasshecomesdowntheaisleescortedbyherfather.Shewillwearhergrandmother'spearlsasanaccessory.Herveilwillbethesameoneashercousinworelastyear.Asiscustomary,underhergarmentsshewillwearabluegarter.AspartofthetraditionofCanadianweddings,shewillbewearingsomethingold(thepearls),somethingnew(hergown),somethingborrowed(theveil)andsomethingblue(thegarter).Asthefirstchordsoftheweddingmarchareplayed(amelodyfamiliartoall),thecongregationwillrise.Gaspswillbeheardastheycatchaglimpseofthebrideinhergorgeousweddinggown.Themotherofthebridewillcalmlyviewthiswholeevent,thoughtearswillblurhervision.Shewillbeovercomewithsentimentatherdaughter'sapparenthappiness.Thepicturewillbeonethatwillembodyhopeforthefutureofhumanity.Asthecoupleexchangeweddingvowstheywillbeaffirmingtheirloveandmakingacommitmenttoeachother.Allthespectatorsaretheretowishthemwell.Asthetimeapproaches,Ithinkbacktootherfamilyweddingsovermanyyears.MyoldersisterswereallmarriedinthesamechurchandasbridestheycarriedawhiteBibledecoratedwithtinyroses.Thereceptionsfortheirweddingswereallheldinthesamechurchbasement,astherewasnolargebanquethallinthelocalarea.Thefeastwasusuallycateredbyagroupofchurchmembers.Today'sweddingreceptionwillbeheldinanarenathatwillbedecoratedwithjusttherightamountoffallflowers
2inwonderfularraystogiveitdignityyetatouchofglamour.Thetabledecorationswillbeamasterpiece.Oneofthetabledecorationswillbesmallpumpkins,usedascontainersforflowersthatwerecollectedfromfamilygardens,surroundedbyalargewreathmadefromlongstalksofwheat.Therewillbeafewcolouredleavesplacedinsidethewreath.Maybetheywilluseoakandmapleleavestoshowthesplendouroftheautumncolours.Thecolouroftheoutfitsthatthebridesmaidsarewearingwillbefallcoloursaswell.Theingeniousdecorationswillbeappreciatedbythemanyguestsattendingthefestivities.Ateachplacesettingtherewillbeaspecialpapernapkinwiththebrideandgroom'snameprintedonitandthedateoftheirwedding.Itwillbecarefullyfoldedplacedontopandofalinennapkin.Thiswillbeoneofthesouvenirstheguestswillhavetocommemoratethespecialweddingday.Alsoateachplacewillbeafewafterdinnermintsfortheguests.Aminiaturetreewillalsobeplacedateachpersonsplace.Theintentisforthegueststotakethelittletreehomeandtransplantittoaspecialplace.Inthisway,ourenvironmentisalsoimprovedandthetreewillbecomealivingtributetotheyoungcouple.Thegroomwillcarryheracrossthethresholdasiscustomaryforayoungcoupleastheybegintheirnewlifetogether.ThehoneymoonplanswilltakethemtothewestcoastofCanada.Theywillhaveaweekofprivacyfarawayfromfriendsandfamily.TheywillinhabitacondominiuminthetownofWhistler,BritishColumbia,intheRockyMountains.Theywillfeelasiftheyareroyaltylivinginamansioninthislittlebitofparadiseonearth.Thereafter,theywillreturnhometoOntariowheretheywillreside.TheiroriginalplantospendtheirhoneymoononboardayachtintheMediterraneanSeawasabandonedwhenworldcircumstancesdictatedthatourcountryCanadawasasaferchoice.Earlierthismonth,asIthoughtabouttheforthcomingmarriage,andknewthatIwouldbeunabletoattend,Idecidedtowriteamessagetotheyoungcouple.Theintentwasthatthemessagewouldbereadaloudduringtheweddingreception.Inthemessage,Iwishedthemwellandurgedthemtocherisheachothereveryday.（1083words）premium(1.高昂的；优质的)(2.有非凡能力的；特佳的；特级的)(3.高价的；售高价的)(1.保险费)(2.奖品，奖赏；(尤指)奖金)(3.额外费用；附加费)(4.利息；股金；加班费；保险费，保健费)(8.(为推销商品等而根的)优惠；回扣(如让价、附赠礼物等))(6.(商品定价、贷款利息等以外的)加价，加阜款，溢价)
3UNIT2Let'sDressUp--It'sHalloweenFromearlychildhoodgettingdressedupisconnectedwithaspecialpastimeinNorthAmerica,calledHalloween.HalloweeniscelebratedonthelastnightofOctober,whentheairiscrisp(3.干冷的,空气或天气凉爽的；清新的；干燥寒冷让人舒畅的)andsnowisnotfaroff(1.远,在远处的).Everyyoungchildisacquaintedwith(1. HeisacquaintedwithFrench.他精通法语。)(1. HeisacquaintedwithFrench.他精通法语。)thisexcitingtradition.OnthelastdayofOctoberwhendinnerisfinished,childrenhurrytodressupinacostume.Darknesscomesearlyatthistimeofyearandcaution(2.（对危险或风险的）警告，告诫)mustbepracticed(1.熟练的;有经验的;精通的),foremostbythechildrenwhoaregoingfromhousetohouse,“trickortreat”.Parentswarntheirchildrennottodart(1.投掷;投射)outinfrontofcars.Inalltheexcitementitiseasyforchildrentobecomedistractedandignoresafetyrules.Planningwhatyourcostumewillbe,aheadoftime,ispartofthefunoftheevening.Manymotherswillspendtimefabricatingoutfitsfortheirlittlegirlswhosuddenlyturnintocircusclowns,beautifulballet(1.芭蕾舞)dancersorweirdcolorfulbug(1.虫子,小昆虫)(2.病菌;轻微的传染病;小病)(3.(机器等)故障;程序错误,缺陷)(4.窃听器)s.Fathersmayhelptheirsonsconstructacostume(1.（戏剧或电影的）戏装，服装)offoil(2.陪衬,衬托)(3.（击剑运动用的）花剑，钝头剑)(4.(船)翼，叶（片）)armor(2.盔甲).LittleboysoftenenjoypretendingtheyareinthearmysoonHalloweenitispossibletoseesquads(3.体育运动的运动（代表）队)(1.(军队中的)班,小队)(4.（暗杀）小组)(2.（对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍)oflieutenants(3.副职官员;助理官员;代理官员)(5.（美国警察的）一定级别的警官)(2.空军,海军上尉)andsergeant(2.陆军（或空军）中士)(1.警官)smarchingalonginthedark.Weaffiliate(1.使隶属于,接纳…为成员)(1.附属企业；分支机构；分公司；分会)(1.加入；与…有关；为…工作)thiscelebrationwiththesupernaturalsosomechildrenmaychoosetowearaskeletoncostumebearingaskull(1.颅骨,脑壳)andcrossbones(1.交叉腿骨的图形),orevenamonstercostume.Thechoiceofwardrobe(3.（剧院或电视公司的）服装部，戏装保管室)(1.衣柜,衣橱；（英国）放置衣物的壁橱)fortheeveningisreallylimitless.Witchescanbeseenridingonbroomstick(1.(童话故事中女巫常骑于空中的带柄的)扫帚)sacrosswell-illuminated(7. illuminatedbymeansoffloodlights.用照明灯的方法照明。)intersection(2.交叉点,十字路口)(1.横断;交叉)s.Earlierintheeveningtheymayhaveconcoct(2.编造,捏造)(1.将(尤指通常不相配合的)成分混合成某物;调制)ed(2. Heconcoctedanexcuseforbeinglate.他为迟到而编造理由。)aw(1.呻吟声)(1.呻吟;悲叹)itch(1.女巫,巫婆)'sbrew(2.（尤指某地酿造的）啤酒)(1.调制,酿造)toquench(1.(用水)扑灭(火焰等)；熄灭)(2.解(渴)）；止（渴）)(4.将(热物体)放入水中急速冷却)(3.终止(某事物))theirthirstfortheirarrivalhome.Ghostscanbeheardgroan(1.呻吟)(1.呻吟,叹息)ingandmoaningwhiletheyglide(1.滑行,滑动,滑翔)(1.滑行；滑动；掠过)(2.(鸟或飞机)滑翔)alongcitystreets.Beautifulbutterfliesflutte(3.飞来飞去；翩翩飞舞)(1.飘动，挥动，颤动)(2.(心)快速跳动，怦怦乱跳，扑腾)(2.振动；飘动；挥动；颤动)(1.（鸟或昆虫）拍（翅），振（翅），鼓（翼）)rbyontheirwaytoaparty.Pirate(1.海盗)(2.剽窃者,侵犯版权者)(3.非法播音的人（或组织）)(1.剽窃,非法翻印,侵犯专利)scarryingswordsandpistolsroam(1.随便走,漫步,漫游)about,patch(8.小块土地，（尤指）菜地，果园)(1.补，缝补，打补丁)esoveroneeye.SmallalienssearchforanewhomehereonEarth.Wearingacape(1.披肩；披风；短斗篷)(2.海角,岬)andmaskallowsachildtobecomeSupermanforafew(1.少许,少数)hoursandentertheworldoffantasy.Anethnic(1.种族的,部落的,民族的)flavorisintroducedasabandofgypsies(1.【医】吉普赛人)dancealongunderabrightfullmoon.OfcourseyoucanalwaysseeacertainnumberofNativeAmericancostumes,thebuckskin(1.鹿皮,硝好的羊皮)jacketsanddressesdecoratedwithfringe(3.边缘,外围)(1.(头发的)刘海)(2.(外衣,小地毯等的)饰边,毛边,穗子,流苏)andbead(2.水珠,（液体的）小滴)(1.(空心)小珠子)s.Someyoungsterschoosetodecorateonlytheirfaceswithgrease(1.动物油脂)paintinsteadofwearingmasks.Inmanywaysthisissaferforachild,makingvisibility(1.能见度，视程，可见度，能见距离)clearer.Atthesametimeamaskallowsthemtoremainanonymous(2.匿名的)(3.没有特色的)toallbuttheirclosestfriends.Usually,onthenightbeforeHalloween,familymembersgathertogethertocarveapumpkin.OnHalloweennightthecandlelit(1.(light的过去式和过去分词))faceofthepumpkinshinesfromeachhomewelcomingthelittleghostsandgoblin(1.小妖精,丑妖精)stocall.Parentsusuallyescort(1.护送者,护卫队;护航舰,
4护航飞机)(1.护送;护卫)smallchildrenaroundtheirownneighborhoodhelpingtokeepthemsafe.Smallchildrenonlyvisitrandom(1.随意的,任意的,无计划的,未经事先考虑的,胡乱的)(2.(统计)随机的)houses,theirparent'sfriendsmostly,whileolderchildrenknockateverydoor.Crowdingontothefrontporch(1.门廊)ofthehousethechildrenrapatthedoorandchant(1.吟颂,咏唱)therefrain(1.抑制;克制;戒除)(1.(诗歌的)叠句,副歌)(2.经常重复的评价（或抱怨）)“trick(2.计谋,诡计,花招)(1.哄骗;欺骗)ortreat”.Householde(1.住户,户主)rsdistribute(1.分配,分给)(3.分销)candies,apples,peanuts,oranyedible(1.可以吃的,可食用的,适宜食用的,（无毒而）可以吃的)treatintodecoratedwoodensixquart(1.夸脱(液体或固体的容积单位))basket(2.一篮，一筐，一篓（的量）)s,orplasticbags.Theymaybeaskedtorecite(1.背诵)(1.详述;列举)apoem(1.诗,韵文)orsingasongbeforereceivingtheirtreat(3.探讨,讨论,论述)(1.款待,招待；(东道主提供的)款待；请客；宴请)(2.乐事,乐趣；难得的乐事；快乐的事情)(4.把…看作)(1.对待,看待).Someluckychildrenmayreceivecookiesfromafreshly(5.清新地；凉爽地)bakedbatch(3.（食物、药物等的）一批生产的量)ofchocolatechip(1.碎片)cookies.Onarrivinghomethechildrenwilldumpallthejunkcandyoutontothefloortoexaminetheirloot(1.掠夺物,战利品)(3.赃物；被盗物).Usuallythereisagreatracket(3.敲诈,勒索,诈骗,非法勾当)(2.吵闹声)(1.(网球等)球拍)asbrothersandsisterscomparewhatgoodiestheyhavecollected.Adults,too,liketojoininHalloweencelebrationsbyattendingsmallhousepartiesorlargegroupgatheringsathall(2.礼堂,会堂;大厅)(4.走廊)(3.食堂;宿舍)(7.教学大楼，科研大厦；(大学的)学生宿舍)(8.[常作H-]公共大建筑物，大会堂，展览馆)(9.(团体、机关的)办公大楼，本部；会馆)sorarenas.Theymayplaytheoldtraditionalgamessuchasbob(3.轻敲,轻打)(6.（女式）齐短发型)(10.轻敲,轻打)(1.行屈膝礼)bingforapples,whichfloatintub(1.盆,桶)(3.浴盆)(5.（塑料或纸的）饭盒，食品盒)sofwater,tellingghoststoriesandvisitingahauntedhouse.Everyoneseemstogetenjoymentfrombeingslightlyafraid.Ifyouliveinthecountrythehoot(1.(使)作汽笛声响,作汽车喇叭声)(1.猫头鹰叫声;汽笛响声;汽车喇叭声)(2.表示蔑视不满的叫喊,冷笑)ingofanowl(1.猫头鹰)oreventhehowl(1.嗥叫)(1.嗥叫,咆哮)ofawolfunderline(1.在…下面画线;画底线标出)(2.加强,强调,突现)sthespooky(1.使人想到鬼的;吓人的)atmosphere(1.大气,大气层,大气圈)(2.空气)(3.气氛,环境，氛围)ofHalloweenevening.Cloudsscuttle(1.天窗)(1.使船沉没)(1.快跑,急走)acrossthefaceofthemoonandtheflap(2.轻拍)(2.振（翅）)(2.拍打,拍击)ofabird'swingscanbeheardasitsettlesonthebarebranch(1.树枝,枝条)(4.衍生，派生(from))(2.分岔)esofatree.Eyesgleam(1.(使)闪烁,(使)闪亮)(1.闪光,闪亮)inthenightasablackcatcrossesyourpath(1.小路,小径)(3.行动计划；成功的途径)(2.路线,途径,路径,轨迹).Batsswoop(1.俯冲,猛冲)(1.猛扑;突然下降)aboutinthedarkstartling(1.令人震惊的,惊人的)thosewhoarenervous.Onthiseveningitisnotnecessarytobeextravagant(1.奢侈的；挥霍的；铺张浪费的)(2.(想法或言行)无节制的;过分的;放肆的;不切实际的)tohaveagoodtime.AlittleimaginationandasenseoffunwillcreateamemoryofHalloweennightformanyyears.（751words）
5UNIT3GardeningOneofthequietjoysoflifeinthesouthernpartofOntario,Canada,isgardening(1.园艺,园艺学).Whetherpursuedasahobbyorsolelytoimprovetheesthetic(1.有关美的,美学的)valueofone'shome,thepleasurederived(1.起源,由来)(1.【医】衍生的)(2.衍生,导出)isonlyexceed(1.超过;超越)edbythetherapeutic(1.治疗(学)的;疗法的)(2.对身心健康有益的;有助于放松精神的)benefit.Theexerciseinvolvedinworkinginagardenishelpfulinkeepingpeopleingoodphysicalcondition.Ithasbecomearitual(1.(宗教等的)仪式)(2.例行公事,老规矩)forhomeownerstospendlatewinterweekendsbrowsing(1.浏览)throughseed(1.播种)(1.结籽)(4.起源；起因；萌芽；开端)catalogues(2.记载，登记（某人、某事等的详情）)(1.目录,一览表)whilesittingontheircouch(1.长沙发椅，睡椅)(2.(病人受检查时躺的)长榻).Theymakelistsofitemstheywishtopurchaseandoftenmakenotation(1.记号,标记法;（数学、科学和音乐中的）符号，谱号)srightonthecatalogueastheymakedecisionsaboutthisyear'sgarden.Iftheyorderearly,thereisusuallyadiscountcoupon(1.配给券；（购物）票证；（购物）优惠券),allowingapercentageofthecosttobededuct(1.扣除,减去)edfromtheprice.Oftenthecouponneedstobedetachedfromthecatalogueandmailedtothecompanyalongwiththeorder.Thisisanextrabonusfortheconsumer.Theinvestmentcostrequiredisnominal(2.(金额)很少的;象征性的)(1.名义上的,有名无实的)whentheamountofpleasuregeneratedisconsidered.Theseedcompanieswillusuallywarrant(1.授权证;许可证)(2.（做某事的）正当理由，依据)(1.使有必要；使正当；使恰当)(2.保证,担保)theplants,andoftenarefund(1.归还,偿还额,退款)isofferediftheplantsdonotthrive(1.兴盛;兴隆).Theshipment(1.船运,水运,运输,运送,装运)(2.(从海路、陆路或空运的)一批货物;运输的货物)fromtheseedcompany'swarehouse(1.仓库,货栈)isawaitedwitheageranticipation.Itsappearancemeansthatspringwillsoonarrive.Theglossy(1.光洁的；光滑的；光彩夺目的；有光泽的)pagesofthecataloguesprovideapreview(1.预展,试映,预演)(1.预映,预演,预习)ofthevisualdelight(1.快乐,高兴)sthatcanbegrown.Picturesshowanarrayofflowersthatdazzle(1.使目眩)(1.耀眼;令人赞叹的东西)theeye.Therearemonochromatic(1.单色的,单频的)displaysaswellasothersthatareafusion(1.熔合，熔接，融合)(2.核聚变，热核反应)(3.联合,合并)ofthecompletespectrum(1.光谱)(2.声谱；波谱；频谱)(3.范围,系列)oftherainbow'scolors.Alsoincludedinthepublicationarepicturesanddescriptionsofvegetables,shrub(1.灌木)s,andtrees.Avid(1.渴望地,热心地)(1.渴望的,急切的,贪婪的)gardenerssubscribe(1.订阅，订购（报刊等）)(3.认购（股份）)(1.申请；预订；报名)(1.定期交纳（会员费）；定期（向慈善机构）捐款；定期捐助)tomagazinesthatspecializeinarticlesandadsaboutthisenjoyablepastimeandpeopleliterallyreadeachissuefromcovertocover.Descriptionsofplantsincludeimplicit(1.不言明[含蓄]的)(2.无疑问的,绝对的)(3.成为一部份的；内含的)instructionsonwhethertoplanttheminsunorshade.Specification(3.指明，明确说明，具体陈述，详述)astotheamountofirrigation(1.灌溉,冲洗)requiredisalsostated.Elaborate(1.详细制定)(1.详尽说明)(1.复杂的;精心制作的)irrigationsystemsaresometimesinstal(2.安顿,安置)(3.使…正式就职)ledoratrench(1.深沟,地沟)forimprovingthewaterflowisused.Controlsareneededonirrigationsystemsbecauseifthegroundbecomestoosaturate(1.浸湿,浸透)(2.使…大量吸收或充满某物)dthesoilinthegardenwillbetoomuddytoallowanyonetoworkinituntilitdriesout.Ifthereistoomuchwaterconstantly,thegardenwillbecomeaswamp(1.沼泽(地))(2.使困窘;忙得不可开交)(1.淹没;沉没)andimpossibletocultivate(4.种植；栽培；培育)(1.耕；耕作)(3.建立(友谊)；结交（朋友）；获得（支持）).(Manypeopleliketopreservethenaturalhabitatofbirdsandwildlifeinamarsh(1.沼泽,湿地).Theseareasareusuallyprotectedbythegovernmentandalthoughimportanttoourenvironment,arenotconsideredgardens.)Geographic(1.地理学的;地理的)locationisimportantforplants.Certainplantsareonlysuitableforpropagation(1.繁殖;增殖)(2.宣传;波及)(3.遗传)closetotheequator(1.赤道).Othersneedtobeseveraldegreesoflatitude(1.纬度)(3.自由,自由范围)awayfromtheequator.Longitude(1.经度,经线)isalsoafactorandmostcompaniesclearlystatetheconditionsthatwillprovidetheoptimum(1.最适宜的;最有利的,最佳的)chancesfortheplantssurvival.Canadiansgrowtulip(1.郁金香)simportedfromHollandandtheydowellintheSouthern
6Ontarioclimate.BecauseitislatespringbeforeplantscansurviveoutdoorsinSouthernOntario,itiscommonforpeopletostarttheirplantsindoors.Seedsareplantedinsmallcontainersandcontinuetogrowindoorsuntiltheappropriatesizeisachieved.Sometimesultraviolet(1.(光)紫外的，紫外线的，利用紫外线的)lightisusedtoencourageplantgrowth.Whenthemercuryrisesandthedangeroftfrosispast,theplantsarethentransplantedtothegardenortoaflowerbed.Plantsarenourish(1.抚养；滋养；养育)edfromthesoil,buttoprovideoptimumfood,fertilizer(1.肥料,化肥)canbeappliedtoencouragevigorous(2.精力充沛的)growth.Sometimesfertilizerisdilute(1.稀释,冲淡)(1.稀释的,冲淡的)(1.削弱，使降低效果)dwithwaterwhileotherkindsaredisperse(1.（使）分散，散开；疏散；驱散)(2.散布；散发；传播)dwithaspreaderthatfling(1.（尤指生气地）扔，掷，抛，丢)sthefertilizergranule(1.小颗粒;小硬粒;颗粒状物;微粒;细粒)sinasmallradius(1.半径(距离))aroundtheplants.Thewatersoluble(1.可溶的,易溶解的)(2.可以解决的,可以解释的)fertilizerwillthenbeabsorbedintothesoilthenexttimeitrains.Justaspeopleneedmineral(1.矿物;矿石;矿物质)(1.矿物的,似矿物的)(2.汽水)s,suchascalcium(1.〈化〉钙)andzinc(1.〈化〉锌),tobehealthy,plantsalsoneedmineralsbutphosphorous(1.磷的)andnitrogen(1.〈化〉氮)arebetterfoodforthem.Somegardenersplantheirgardenwithmeticulous(1.极仔细的;一丝不苟的)(2.小心翼翼的;细心的(~insth/doingsth|~aboutsth/indoingsth))attentiontodetail.Theychoosecolorsthatwillcomplement(2.需要的或允许的数额,足数,足额)(4.补充物；补足物)eachotheranddesigntheirgardenasiftheywerepaintingonacanvas(1.帆布)(2.油画(布)).Othersaremorespontaneous(1.自发的,无意识的,非筹划安排)andsimplyvisitanurseryandpurchaseplantsthatappealtothem.Oftengardenershaveatrademarkplantthatistheirspecialty(1.专业;专长)(2.特制品,特产,名产)(1.特色的).Perhapstheyenjoythevelvet(1.丝绒,天鹅绒)texture(2.口感)(1.手感,质感,质地)oftheleaves,ormaybetheflower'scolorattractsthem.Thevarietiesofgardensareendless.Terracegardeninghasbecomepopular.Withaherbal(1.药草的)garden,cooksenjoybeingabletousefreshherbsfromtheirgardentoaddzesttotheirfavoritedishes.Theysimplyvisittheirgardenandclipafewpiecesoftheherbtheywishtouse.Everygardenisasindividual(6.个人的；个体的)asitsowner.Gardenscomeinallshapesandsizes.Someareintheshapeofarectangle(1.〈数〉长方形,矩形),whileothersarecircularorirregular(4.不规则变化的)inshape.Somegardenersliketheappearanceofanasymmeticral(1.【医】asymmetrical不对称的,unsymmetrical不对称的)shapewhileothersworktoachievesymmetry(1.对称(性);匀称,整齐)(2.相似；相仿；相等)intheirgardens.Forvegetablegardens,themostpopularshapeisrectangularandvegetablesareusuallyplantedinalinear(3.直线的；线状的)fashion.Thismethodmakesiteasiertocultivatebetweentherow(1.一排,一行)sofplants.Youcouldmistakesomegardensforameadow(1.草地,牧场;(河边的)低洼地)whenthegardenerchoosestoincludeonlywildflowersasachoiceofvegetation.Includingapondinagardenispopulartoo.Entrepreneur(1.〈法〉创业者，企业家（尤指涉及财务风险的）)(2.主办人)sarealwayslookingforinnovationsandgadget(1.小机械,小器具,小装置)sthatwillattracttheattentionofdevotedgardenersandinducethemtospendtheirmoney.Ithasbecomeahugeindustryinthelastfewyears,asthebabyboomersreachretirementageandhavemoretimetopursuehobbiessuchasgardening.Therearenewproductspatentedeveryyeartotempt(1.引诱或怂恿(某人)干不正当的事)thegardener.Itispossibletobuyakitthatcontainsacompletesetoftoolsneededbythehomegardener.Unfortunately,oftenthequalityispoorandtheproductisafraud(1.欺诈,欺骗行为)(2.骗子)(3.伪劣品；冒牌货).Insteadofhavingsomethinggoodtoworkwith,thepurchaseturnsouttobejunk.Ifyouwanttoflatter(1.向…奉承;阿谀)agardener,andboost(3.促进,激励)theirego(1.自我;自尊;自负)atthesametime,summon(1.传唤;召集)(4.鼓起（勇气），振作（精神）)(3.召唤)upthecouragetosimplyaskifyoucanswap(1.交换（东西）)plants.Ofcourse,itwillgivethemathrillifyoualsocompliment(1.表扬;恭维;称赞;钦佩)(1.赞美(话),恭维(话))(3.问候；致意；祝贺)themonthehardiness(1.耐久力,顽强)oftheirplantsascomparedtoyours.Theymighteventrytoconsole(1.安慰,
7慰问)(1.（机器、电子设备等的）控制台，操纵台，仪表板)youonyourlackofcompetence(1.能力,技能)asagardenerbecauseyourplantsarenotassturdy(1.强壮的,健壮的,坚固的,结实的)(2.坚定的;坚决的;顽强的;不退让的)astheirplants.Irrespective(1.不顾的;不问...的;与...无关的)ofthecompetence(1.能力,技能)ofthegardener,anyonewhoaugmentsthenumberofplantsgrownishelpingtoconserveourplanetbyavert(2.转移)(1.防止,避免)ingerosion(1.腐蚀,侵蚀;磨损).Thispaysgreatdividend(1.红利,股息)(2.被除数)sforeveryoneasitalsoservestoprotecttheozone(2.清新空气,海边的清新空气)layer.Somepeopleerectbarricade(1.路障,障碍物)(1.设路障于;以障碍物阻塞)stokeepsmallanimalsfromattackingtheplants.Squirrels(1. Sciuridae;squirrels松鼠科)lovetodigupflowerbulb(1.球茎)(2.电灯泡)s.Theyfindthematastytreat(1.款待,招待；(东道主提供的)款待；请客；宴请).Itiscommontoseeceramic(1.陶器的,与陶器有关的)(1.陶瓷制品；陶瓷器)fixture(1.(房屋等的)固定装置,如(浴盆、抽水马桶）)(2.固定在某位置的人或物)(3.（定期定点举行的）体育活动，体育节)sorfigurinesinagarden.Eventheuntrainedeyecantellthattheimitationsareafake(2.赝品)(1.假的,冒充的)(1.伪造,篡改,对…做手脚),yetproperlyplaced,theyaddtotheintrinsic(1.固有的,内在的,本质的,本身的)beauty.Araingauge(1.计量,度量),attachedbyabrackettoafence,isacommonsightandisusedtoenablethegardenertodiagnose(1.诊断（疾病）；判断（问题的原因）)themoisturelevelofthesoilaroundtheplantsanddetermineiftheyneedmorewater.Ifnaturedoesnotprovideenoughrain,thenthegardenerwilluseaplasticorrubber(1.(合成)橡胶)hose(1.连裤袜,长统袜,短统袜)(2.（灭火、浇花等用的）橡皮管，塑料管，水龙带)toprovidemoreirrigation.Withatwistofaknob(2.(收音机等的)旋钮)(4.疙瘩；节),orbymovingalever(1.〈物〉杠杆)(1.(用杠杆)撬动),thethirstoftheplantsformoisturecanbequenched(2.解(渴)）；止（渴）)(1.(用水)扑灭(火焰等)；熄灭)(3.终止(某事物)).Whatgreaterpleasure,thantoworkinyourgardenandasyouclip(7.剪短；剪下)theovergrownplantsbacktosizeorprune(1.修剪(树木等))branchesoffruittrees,hearthebuzz(1.嗡嗡声,乱哄哄的说话声)ofbees?Youknowthattheyareenjoyingyourgardenastheyextract(2.提取,榨出,提炼)(3.索取，设法得到（不愿提供的信息、钱财等）)thepollen(1.花粉)fromtheblooms.Yourelish(1.滋味,美味;乐趣)(1.欣赏,享受,爱好)thefeelingthatyouareonewithnature.Thehum(1.嗡嗡声)ofinsectsastheysharethegardenismorepleasurablethanmusicfromastereo(2.立体声)(1.立体声音响器材)orasymphony(1.交响乐,交响曲)toadevotedgardener.Inaddition,thescent(1.气味,香味)oftheflowersisanintegral(3.完整的；完备的)(2.作为组成部份的)partofthejoyofspendingtimeworkinginagarden.Theirony(1.反语,反话,冷嘲)ofthesituationisthatnaturesometimesconspire(1.密谋,搞阴谋)(2.(事件等)巧合,共同导致)sagainstthegardener,andahailstorm(1.雹暴)canriddle(1.谜(语))beautifulplants,shredding(1.椽底板条;击碎)theirleavesinminutes.Hurricanes(1.飓风,(尤指西印度群岛的)旋风)canuprooteventhelargesttreesalthoughthisisaneventthatseldomoccursinSouthernOntario.Tornadoesaremorelikelyinthisarea.Parasite(1.寄生生物；寄生虫；寄生植物)scanattackplantsandthreatentheirsurvival.Anynumberofthingscanbecomeaplague(1.瘟疫)(2.灾害；折磨).Itisoftendifficulttodiscern(1.看见)(3.觉察出；识别；了解)exactlywhatitisthatisdestroyingthepreciousplants.Anynumberofcomplications(1.使更复杂化（或更困难）的事物)canshatter(1.砸碎,粉碎)thegardener'sdreamofsurpassing(1.无比的,非凡的,卓越的,超群的)lastyear'saccomplishment(1.完成，实现).Anauthentic(1.真的,真正的)gardenerwillnotbroodaboutthedisappointmentforlong.Evenasthedisasterisoccurring,youmightoverhear(1.偶然听到)thegardenermurmur(1.小声说)“There'salwaysnextyear.”（1459words）
8UNIT4ACanadianFamilyStoryMystorybeginsinNewfoundlandwheremybrotherandIwerebornduringtheSecondWorldWar.TheislandofNewfoundland,whichwasoriginallyaBritishcolony,becamethenewestprovinceofCanadain1949,thesameyearthatthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasborn.OurmotherwasbornandraisedinNewfoundland.DuringtheWar(WorldWarII),sheworkedinSt.John's,thecapitalcity,whereshemetayoungCanadiansailorfromOntario.HewasamemberofthecrewofaRoyalCanadianNavyshipthatwaspartofoneoftheconvoysthatescortedsupplyshipsacrosstheAtlanticOceantoEuropeduringthewar.Theyfellinloveandsubsequently,gotmarried.Therestishistory,sotospeak.OurfamilymovedtoOntarioinlate1945,justafterthewarended.In1999,actingonimpulse,mybrotherandIdecidedtotakeourmothertoNewfoundlandforavisit.Ithadbeenalmostfiftyyearssincewehadlastvisitedourmother'soutport(remoteorveryruralislandvillage)whereshegrewup.Itwasalsothe50thanniversaryofNewfoundland'sbecomingpartofCanada.In1950,Iwassixandmybrotherwasfivewhenwelastvisitedourmother'schildhoodhome.Atthattime,Ireland'sEyewasavibrant,quaintfishingvillagehuggingtherockyshoreofasmall,enclosedharbour.Therewasnoelectricity.Therewerenoroads,noautomobiles,andfewsignsofautomationofanytype.Therewereoillampsandwoodstovesinthehomesandmerefootpathsbetweentheaggregateofsmallcommunitiesonthehillyisland,alsonamedIreland'sEye.Wecanstillseeandheartheinboardmotorboats,puttputting(soundofengines)intotheharbour,haulingtheirday'scatchoffish.Theimageofhardyfishermenwithpitchforkshoistingandtossingthecodfishuptothestiltedplatformsfromthebowelsoftheboatsisstillquitevivid.Thearomaofsalted,dryingcodfish,lingersstill.WhatIrememberbest,ofalmosthalfacenturyago,wasgoingoutwithmyUncleFredinhisboattofish.Thatparticularday,wewerehuddledtogetherandlashedtootherboats,justoutsideoftheharbour.Icanstillhearthelivelygossipbetweenmyuncleandtheotherfishermen,abovetheripplingandsplashingofthewavesagainstthehullsoftheboats.Iremembertheboatsheavingperiodically,onthehugegentlyrollingwaves.MyUncleFredhadonlyonearm,butamazingly,hecoulddoeverythingasifhehadtwohands.Hecouldevenrollacigaretteandlightit.ThesearemymemoriesofthequaintNewfoundlandglorydaysgoneby.Itwasaveryhardlifeinthoseoutports,butaliferomanticallycherishedbymostofthosewholivedit.Ourmotherwasnotfeelinguptothetripatthetimewewerereadytoleave,butinsistedthatmybrotherandIgoonthisodyssey.Wewouldlaterprovideherwithpictures,awrittenaccount,andvideotapeofthetrip.AlthoughwetouredotherpartsofNewfoundland,includinganovernightstayontheFrenchIslandsofSt.PierreandMiquilon,justoffthesouthcoastofNewfoundland,ourmainobjectivewastovisitIreland'sEye.Thisnecessitatedfindingwatertransportation.Wemanagedtoarrangeforaboattotakeusonthehalfhourtriptotheisland.Asitturnedout,themarriedcouplewhoferriedusovertotheislandwasactuallyacoupleofourdistantcousins,whomwehadnevermet.Wehadintendedtohaveourcousinsdropusoffontheislandandpickusupafewhourslater.However,eitherbecausewewerenewlyfoundcousins,ortheyweretypicallyhospitableNewfoundlanders,ortheythoughtthatmybrotherandIwouldgetlost,theywantedtostaywithus.Probablyallthreefactorsinfluencedtheirdecision.Theywereabsolutelyfabulous.TheygotcaughtupinwhatmybrotherandIweretryingtodo.Theywereveryknowledgeableabouttheislandandthepeoplewhohadoncelivedthere.Clutchinganarrativeoftheisland,writtenbyanotherofourcousins,theforgottenhistoryofthatspecialplacebecamemorecoherenttothefourofus.AsweenteredIreland'sEye'ssmallharbour,whichwasguarded,byafamilyofhawksinanesthighonarockypoint,aweirdsensationcameoverus.There,infrontofus,wastheplacewevisitedfiftyyearsbefore,andaboutwhichwehadheardandreadsomuchthroughoutouradultlives.Wethought,whatanaestheticallybreathtakingsight!Theglitteringsun,onthatday,gaveeverythingapicture-postcardimage.Thiswasindeedasliceof
9paradise.TheruinsofafewremainingbuildingsthatdottedthehillsidesandshorelineandtheoncedominantSt.GeorgesChurchonthehillattheendoftheharbour,arousedinusanexcitingsenseofhistoryandofourheritage.Lookingoutovertheharbourfromthehillbythechurchattheextinctcommunity,revivedmemoriesoffiftyyearsbefore.Withagreaterclarityoftheknowledgeofthearea,wewalkedfromthechurchalittlefartherinlandtowhatusedtobethepostofficeandtheschoolthatourmotherattended,theskeletalshellsofwhichwerestillstandingprecariously.Fromthere,stoppingperiodicallytoeatsomeedibleberries,westruggledbehindourcousinsthroughtheheavilybrushandshrubcoveredfootpathstoBlackDuckCovetovisitthecemeterywhereourgrandmother,whomweneverknew,wasburied.Thissacredgroundwasinverybadcondition,withmanybadlycorrodedgravestonesburiedunderbrushandlonggrass.Aftersearchingforafewminutesinthemidstoftangledvegetation,wefoundourgrandmother'srestingplacebesidewhichwepaidourrespects.Itwasagoodthingthatourcousinsstayedwithus,asthefootpathsthattraversedtheisland,wereovergrownwithbrush.Itwouldhavebeenvirtuallyimpossibleformybrotherandme,towalktotheothercommunitiesontheisland.Wemadeourwaybacktothechurchonthehillanddescendedtotheboatforahalfhourboatridetotheothersideoftheisland.Sailingthroughanumberofislets,wearrivedatwhatremainsofthesmallvillageofTraytown,whereourgrandparentshadlived.There,wemetsomemorelonglostrelativesatasmallcottage.One,abitofaneccentric,whonowlivesinTorontobuttakessummerrefugeinTraytown,showedustheremnantsofwhathadoncebeenourgrandparents’house.Besidetheseruins,wasthestillflourishingclusterofwildrosebushes,plantedtheremanyyearsagobyourstepgrandmother.Alotofpeople,manywhomweremorelostcousins,continuallydroppedinorgatheredontheporchoutside.Afteracupofteaandsomemorechitchat(smalltalk)andsomecomicrelief,wemadeourdepartureforthemainland.Ontheway,wepassedotherinletswithghostcommunitiesonIreland'sEye.Toaddtotheexcitementofthatspecialday,mybrotherspottedahumpbackwhalequiteclose,betweentheboatandtheisland.OurvisittoIreland'sEyewasabittersweetexperienceforus.Ontheonehand,therewasasenseofbeingattheveryplacewhereourrelativesandancestorshadlived,workedandplayed.Ontheotherhand,therewasasenseofagonizinglossofwhatwereoncethrivingcommunitiesontheisland.Itwasdifficulttoreconcilethepastwiththepresent,afteragapoffiftyyearsofchronicdegenerationofthecommunities.Today,theareaisnotoriousforsmuggling.However,ourmissionwasinvaluableinthatwewereabletofindoutmoreaboutourselves.TheentireexpeditiontoNewfoundlandwasamajorhighlightineachofourlives.Ittuggedatouremotionsateveryturn.ThepeopleofNewfoundland,especiallythoseofgeneticconnection,couldn'tdoenoughforus.Itwasreallylikecominghome,butthen,thathasalwaysbeenthenatureofNewfoundlandcourtesy,eventonon-Newfoundlanders.ItwasreassuringtoseethattheNewfoundlandcharmhastranscendedtime.IthasenduredsomanychangessinceConfederationin1949.MybrotherandI,eternally,willbeNewfoundlandersandhopetogodownhomemoreoftenintheyearstocome.（1442
10words）UNIT5TheFraudFlushedwithexcitement,Katesteppedintothespatialvestibuleandwasimmediatelydazzledbythescenebeforeher.Theinlaidmarblefloorpavedthewaytoacircularstaircaserisingthreelevelsaboveher.Inafountaininthecenteroftheentrywaystoodabronzedolphinbalancingonitstail,itssnoutpointedtotheloftydomed,stainedglassskylightfortyfeetabove.Amassivechandelier,luminousinthebrightsunlight,castrainbowfairiesdancingthroughthepink,green,andgoldfloralpatternsofthefloorandaroundthesnowywhitewalls.Beforeshecouldfullyappreciatethebeautyoftheintricateplasterworkdecoratingtheedgesoftheshallownichesinstalledinthewallstoframethenumerouspaintings,or,indeed,toappreciatethecanvasesthemselves,herhost,VictorStone,approached.SmallbyNorthAmericanstandards,hewasperfectlyproportioned.Slightlybaldingattheforehead,hissilverhaircurvedontothecollarofhispaleblueshirtatthenapeofhisneck.Laughingblueeyesstartledherwiththeirclarity.Astraight,aristocraticnoserosetomeethisslightlyarchedbrows.Hiscarefullymanicuredhandsboreasinglegoldpinkiering.Heheldouthishandtotakehers.“Thankyousomuchforcoming,Kate.Iamgladyoucouldmakeit,”hesaidcheerfully.Shehadnevermetthischarminglittlemanbeforeandknewhimbyreputationonly.Amonghiscontemporaries,hewasknownasashrewdentrepreneur,abletodiagnoseataglance,theprospectsofthoseseekinghisbacking.Shewasanxioustolearnwhyhehadinvitedhertocometomeethimathishome.“Thanksforaskingme.Niceplaceyouhavehere.“Shefeltstupidsayingsomethingsoabsurd,butshewas,atthatmoment,stumped.Heregowouldn'tletheradmitshe'dneverinherwholelife,beensoimpressedbyafoyer.Shehopedthathewouldrealizeshe'dhadlittleexperiencewiththeelite,takepityonher,andshowheraround.“Wouldyouliketoseemoreofthehouse?”heasked,politely.“WouldI?Youbet!”Shewashappyhegavenoindicationthathethoughtshewasnotinhisbracket.Sheleftherbriefcaseonthesetteenearthedoorandfollowedhimthroughthefoyertoastairwaytoastairwayleadingtoalowerlevelofthehouse.Theybeganthetourinthewinecellar.Aheavy,doublethickdooropenedtorevealrowuponrowofgleamingglassbottlesofvintagewines,alllyingontheirsides,cradledbythesolidoakracks.Thesteadyhumofmachinerybrokethesilenceoftheinsulatedroom.Victorexplainedthatitwasnecessarytocontroltheventilation,temperatureandhumidityofthecellartoachieveoptimumconditionsforconservingtheflavorsoftheexpensivewines.Thesmallbutluxuriousaudio-visualtheaterwasadjacenttothewinecellar.Leatherupholsteredrecliningchairswerecasuallyarrayedabouttheroom,allwithanunimpairedviewoftheretractablescreen.Thestereo,silentatthatmoment,wasstate-of-the-art,withspeakerstacticallyinstalledformaximizingsoundeffects.Blackwalnutwoodpanelingandabaffledceilingavertedthepossibilityofoverlyloudentertainmentdisturbingothersinthemansion.Slidingglassdoorsledfromthelowestlevelofthelivingareatotheenclosedkidney-shapedswimmingpool.Turquoiseandwhiteceramictilesoutlinedwithgoldcoveredthedeckarea.Pillarsofquartztoppedwithmilkglassspheresprovidedilluminationshouldanyonechoosetoswimafterdark.Achangingboothwasdiscretelyhiddenbehindascreenofornamentalfloorplantsandcascadingvines.Here,too,abaffledceilingpreventedthehollowresonanceofthepoolroomfromdisturbingothers.Atthemoment,thegamesroomwasarrangedforgambling.Anauthenticroulettewheel,acrapstablefordice,andvariouscardtablesweresetupforabenefiteveningthatwasbeingheldthefollowingnight.Checkers,chessandotherboardgamesaugmentedthegamesofchance.Comfortablefurnitureandsoftlightinglentaromanticatmospheretotheterracegarden.KatehadnoticedearlierthatVictorhadaslightlimp.Astheyprogressedontheirtour,sherealizedhewasquitelameontherightsideandneededtorest.Theysattochatforafewminutes.“Howmuchdoyouknowaboutme,Kate?”heasked.“OnlywhatI'veread.AndwhatIhavediscernedinthepasthalfhour.Ithinkyouareamanwhohasmadeyour
11homeintoadiversionfromtherealworld.Yourtasteisimplicit,subtle.EverythingIhaveseenhasbeenchosenwithakeeneye,nottooverwhelm,buttoinvite.Ithinkyouchoosethingsfortheirintrinsicvalue,thingsthatareestheticallypleasingtoyou.Idon'tthinktherecouldbeanimitationorafakeiteminthiswholeplace.Youloveyourhomeandenjoysharingitwithothers.AmIright?”“Youareperceptive!Come.Let’sgotothesittingroomandhaveacocktail.“Heledthewaybackintothelibrarywithitsmahoganyshelvesfilledwithleatherboundmatchedsetsoffirsteditionsandvolumesofencyclopedia.Onasturdytableunderareadinglampanilluminatedmanuscriptwithgoldmetallicpageedgingwaslyingopentodisplayitsvibrantart.Katefeltcompelledtomentionthisbeautifulpiece.HesaidanobscuremonkduringtheRenaissancehadcopiedandillustratedtheBookofRevelations.Ithadbeenquiteshabbywhenitfirstcameintohispossessionbuthehaditrestoredandplannedtodonateittoamuseum.Thedoortoapowderroomstoodajar.InsideKatenoticed,again,thecarefulattentiontodetailmanifestintherestofthehouse.Thedoorknobwashandpaintedporcelain.Theivory-coloredfixtureswereshell-shapedandgold-trimmed.Alargebowlofsweetlyscentedflowerswascenteredonthevanity.Nexttotheflowerssatapieceofhand-carvedfossilizedebony.Katewasstunnedbythesizeofthespacioussittingroom.Severalgroupingsoffurniturelentthemselvestoseatingasfewastwoguestsorasmanyasten.Here,too,ornamentalplasterworkdecoratedthewallsandceilings.Theraspberrycoloredvelvetupholsterycoveringthecouchesandchairscomplementedthepalegreenorientalcarpetsandlightlytextureddraperies.Thegold-coloredlampswiththeircreamywhiteshades,thepaintingsintheirornatealcoves,andtheopenfireplacewithfamilypicturesonthemantel,gaveKateanoverwhelmingfeelingofcomfortandpeace.Sherelishedthenoveltyandthrillofhavingbeensummonedtothisprestigiousman'shome.Thesheerbeautyoftheplacefarsurpassedherexpectations.However,shewasbecomingsuspiciousaboutthereasonforthisvisit.Nowthatshehadreceivedanorientationtohishome,andnotwithstandingherfirstimpressionsoftheman,shewasanxioustolearnwhyshewashere.Whatcouldamerereporterdoforthisrich,influentialman?Hebegantospeaksoberly,contradictinghisearlierspontaneity.“Iwilltellyouastoryyoumayhavedifficultybelieving,”hesaid,softly.“Iwasnotbornintothislifestyle.ItisironicthatthereissuchadiscrepancybetweenwhatIwasandwhatIam.MyfatherlefttheUnitedStateswhenIwasabouttwoyearsold.HeranajunkstoreintheslumsofWinnipegwhenIwasakid.Hewasavulgarmanbutheknewhowtofoolpeopleintothinkingtheywerebuyingsomethingrareorvaluable.ItwasunderhistutelagethatIlearnedtobeafraud.“Idecidedatanearlyagethatiftherewasashortcuttosuccess,Icouldbypassthecomplicationsofgettingtherebytheconventionalmethods.Iwaslikeahurricane,rushingforwardwithoutconsiderationfortherules.Ifit'sanyconsolation,Ididn'tintentionallyharmanyoneintheprocess.Iwasabletostaywithintheparametersofthelaw,butjustbarely.Iboughtandsoldusedfurniturebeforegoingintotheantiquebusiness.WhenIbought,Ialwayspaidafractionofthepotentialworthofthegoods.WhenIsold,Ialwaysmadeaprofit.Iwasabletoupgrademystockwithalmosteverytransaction.Intime,Ihadawarehousefullofmerchandise.Ididn'tflattermyselfbythinkingIhadn'tmuddiedthewatersabit.IknewIhadprobablysteppedonafewtoes,butIwasonaroll.Ihadthemomentumandrejoicedinmysuccess.Aslongasthemoneykeptcomingin,anythingwaspermissible.Oneday,Ireceivedavisitfromaratherimportantpatronofthearts.Hehadaninterestingpropositionforme.Heheldthepatentandtrademarkfortheprototypeofaninnovativewaytodeterminetheageofapaintingusingultravioletlight.HewouldsellthemtomeforthenominalfeeofanickelifIwouldreciprocatebydoinghimafavor.IwastoincludeoneofhispersonalpaintingsinmynextshipmentofantiquesgoingtoNewYork.Atfirst,Ithoughthewasmockingme,buthegavemehisoaththathejustwantedtoensurethepaintingwouldarriveatitsdestinationsafely,and,becauseitwouldbeapartofanantiqueshipment,itwouldbeexemptfromimportduty.Itwasaprovocativeoffer,andeventhoughIremainedskeptical,Iagreed.Afewdayslater,acratedpaintingarrivedandwasaddedtomygoodsreadyfordeliverytoNewYork.Ihad
12alwayssubscribedtothetheorythatifsomethingappearedtobetoogoodtobetrue,itprobablywas.However,mygreedprevailedandthepaintingwasonitsway.Iwasunawareatthetimethatmyfortuneswereabouttogointoadownwardspiral.Mybenefactor,itturnedout,wasamanwithagrudgeagainstme.IrrespectiveofthefactthatIfeltadealwehadmadeyearsbeforehadbeenfair,hefeltIhadcheatedhim.Iwasabouttobetherecipientofhiswrath.WhenmyagentinNewYorkwenttocustomstoretrievetheshipment,hewasgreetedbyasquadofpolicewaitingtodetainhimonchargesofsmugglingcocaine.ItappearedtherewasabitofadiscrepancybetweenwhatIwastoldwasinthecrateandtheactualcontents.Thedrugswereinahiddencompartmentinthecrate.IadmititwasnaiveofmetobelieveIhadnoenemies,butIdidn'tknowanyonewouldgotothisdegreetoprovehowmuchhedespisedme.Hitherto,Ihadgonethroughlifethinkingthatwhentwopeopleagreedtoadeal,ifoneofthemgotthebetteroftheother,itwasfair,becausetheydidagree.NowIwaslearningthatifyoutakeadvantageofsomepeople,evenwiththeirpermission,youaggravatethemtoseekrevenge.Ican'trefutemyrecklessness.Almostsevenyearshaveelapsedsincethattime.Myagenttookresponsibilityforthecrimeandwenttojailforfiveyears.Ifeltguiltyashell,butIcontinuedtopayhimbysendingthemoneytohisfamily.Ievenwithheldextrainabonusaccounttogivetohimwhenhewasreleased.Ialsogaveupmybusinessandbegantohelpothersstarttheirbusinesses.Intime,theguiltIfeltsubsided.IputmyenergiesintosteppingintothebreachtohelpthoselessfortunatethanI.Tomyamazement,myluckstartedtofluctuateupwardandIflourished.Allyouseeheretoday,Ihaveaccumulatedsincethattime.Now,itseems,myenemyhasdecidedtoreclaimhispoweroverme.Hehasreportedthecrimeandtheerroneousimprisonmentofmyagentandnamedmeasthepersonresponsiblefortheoffence.Ihadneverchangedmycitizenship,sotheF.B.I.wantsmedeportedsotheycanprosecutemeinNewYork.IhopeIcaninduceyou,throughyourcolumn,totellmystory.NextweekIhavetoappearbeforeamagistrateforthepreliminaryhearing.IfI'mnotmistaken,publicpressuremightenablemetoavoiddeportationatleast.Iammorelikelytogetafairtrialherethanthere.MyrecordasagoodcitizenmayoffsettheperceptionthatImaybeacriminal.Whatdoyouthink?Willyouhelp?Katehadlistenedtothissynopsisinsilencebutheroutragewasbuilding.Whilehisstoryseemedplausible,thispleaforherassistancedidn'tquitefit.Withhisfinancialresources,hecouldhirethebestlegalteaminthecountry.Sherealizedshehadtodetachherselffromherfirstimpressionsandextractfactfromfiction.Whydidn'tshebelievehim?Suddenly,itcametoher.ExpositionofthisversionofVictor'stalewouldnotonlygainhimpublicsympathy,itwouldinvalidateanytestimonyagainsthim.Nothingcouldconstrainherwhensherealizedshehadliterallybeentakeninbyhisstory.“Ifyouwereinnocent,whyweren'tyouthedefendant?Ifyouwereinnocentallthoseyearsago,whydidyouragentgotoprisonforyou?Whydidittakesolongforyourenemytoturnyouin?Thestatuteoflimitationsforthatoffencehasexpired.Ibelievethishasbeenapatheticattempttogetmetomediateyourcaseinthepress.Ithinkyouhavealwaysbeenanintegralplayerinthecriminalworldandyourpasthascaughtupwithyou.Mycardinalsinwasallowingmyselftobereeledinbyyourtalesofwhatamodelcitizenyouare.“Katecouldfeelherselfgettingdizzyandlight-headed,surprisedbytheaudacityshehad,talkingtoanyoneinthatmanner.Beforeshelostcompletecontrol,shewouldhavetogetoutofthere.Shestood,turned,andmarchedtowardthedoor.Asshebegantoopenthefrontdoor,shelookedback.Victorstoodbesidehischair,paleandshaken.“Youadmittedyouwereafraudinyouryouth.Youarestillafraud!Iwillwriteyourstory...myversion!Myguessisthattheeventualverdictwillbe‘guilty’!”（2402words）
13UNIT6ThePastureNightsettled,thickwiththeacridodorsofgunpowderandblood.Nomoonmeantfiringatmuzzleflashes,aninexactmethodbywhichtocombatone'sfoe,buttheenemyhadnoadvantageeither.Withartilleryfireblanketingthefieldofbattle,JackhadnoopportunitytogotoMike'said.HepokedhisheadovertherimofthetrenchtoseeifhecouldspotMike'scorpse.Heknewhewasdead.Hehadheardhisscreamofpainwhenhewashit.Hisagonizedmoanshadgrownweakerandlessfrequentandfinallyceasedabouttenminutesago.Theregimenthadbeenunderheavybombardmentfortwodays,withoutrespite.HehadbeentoolatetostopMikeashepropelledhimselfoutofthefoxholeandstaggeredashehitthemuddyterrain.Inhindsight,heshouldhaveseenitcoming.Mikehadstartedtobreakyesterday.Hewasbecomingbizarre,talkingabouthispatrioticdutytoexpeltheenemyfromtheseshores.Paradoxically,justbeforehehoppedovertheedgeofthetrenchhescornedthedayhehadheededthecalltoenlist.Itpainedhimtorealizethathisonefriendinthisungodlywarhadbetrayedhimbydying.Soldiersdon'toftenmakefriendswithoneanother,knowingtheymightdie.HeandMikeweredifferent.Theyhadknowneachothersincetheywerechildren.MikewasthebestmanwhenJackandLilywalkeddowntheaislejustaweekbeforetheyleftthedockandcrossedthechanneltoengagetheenemy.Cloudstumbledandoverlappedoneanotherasthewindbegantofreshen.Itwasgettingcoldernow.Theprospectofanothernightofrain,orperhapsevensnow,madeJackquiverwithdread.Bloodtingedwaterwasbeginningtocrustoverwithice.Hecouldfeelhistoesandfingersstiffenasthetemperaturedropped.MaybeMikewasbetteroffthanhe.Atleastthecoldwouldn'tbotherhimanymore.Suddenly,cometsoflightbegantostreakacrossthenightsky.Theywereusingflares!Theincreasedtempoofcannonfirecomingfromtheleftflank,shatteringtheeartharoundthem,couldonlymeantheenemyhadsensedtheirweakness,andwascominginforthekill.Theywereheadingstraightfortheunderbelly!Jack’sriflemisfired.Thewholecorpshadbeenissuednewgunsafewdaysbeforethiscampaignhadstarted.Itwasn'tlongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthealloyusedinthebarrelscouldn'tendureprolongedfiring,causingtheshellcasingstoadhereinthebore.Howcouldherepeltheenemywithoutaweapon?Jackfeltastabofpaininhisrightthigh.Thegroundaroundhimruptured.Jerkingfromsidetoside,hetriedtododgefallingrocksandtheclodsofdirtrainingdownuponhim.Heslumpedintoapronepostureashefelthimselfshovedfrombehindbyanunknownforcethatfeltasifitmighthavebeenaracinglocomotive.Thelastthingheheard,beforehisworldwasoverturned,wasachorusofscreams.“AmIdead?WhereamI?Whereiseverybody?”Cognitively,Jackrealizedhewasstillfunctioningphysiologicallysothatmeanthewasstillalive,butforhowlong?Hecouldn'tmove.Maybetheimpacthadfracturedhisspineandhewasparalyzed.Hetried，analytically，toassessthedamageincurredbymovinghislimbs,onebyone,inaclockwisedirection,startingwithhisrightarm.Everythingappearedabletobemobilizedbutforsomereasonhecouldn'tgetupofftheground.Everythingwentblackagain.Jackledhishorsebythereinsastheysteppedontotheoverpassbridgingthegapbetweentheplateaus.Inthedistance,hecouldseeatwelvepointbuckgrazinginthepasture,silhouettedagainstthewaningsunset.Outofnowhere,abullcamechargingacrossthemeadowtowardhim.Hetriedtorunbuthisfeetwerepeggedtothebridge.Driftinginandoutofconsciousness,Jacktriedtomakesenseofwhathadhappenedtohim.Heseemedtobeinacavityundertheground.Theearthwascompactedonhislegsbuthethoughthemightbeabletorotatehisbodyenoughtomakehimselfalittlemorecomfortable.Wasthatashaftoflighthecouldseethroughthegroovebetweenthefingersofhislefthandcoveringhiseyes?Hegropedtoclearatinybitmorespaceforhimself.Theshuttersofhisconsciousnessclosedagain.ThegalaxywasbeingprobedbylunarmodulesshuttlingbetweenEarthandtheotherplanets.Asamemberofafederationofgeologists,Jackandhisteamhadtofollowtheseamoforetoitssource,apastureonadistant
14asteroid.Onceagain,Jackregainedlucidity.“Wow,”hethought,“thatwaslikeabadpaperbacknovelaboutastronomy!”Hesniffedtheair.Itwasfoulwiththesmellofdeathbutqualitativelyabletosustainlife.Whywasitsoquiet?Washedeaf?Wasthebattleover?Waseveryonedead?Theweightonhislegswasbecomingoppressive.Lilylaybackinthesoft,greengrassofthepasture.Whitedaisies,goldenbrown-eyedSusans,pricklyblueviper'sbugloss,andfrillyQueenAnne'slacesurroundedher.Shebeckonedtohimfromwhatseemedlikemilesaway.Hehikedthroughthegrasscallinghername.Shebegantostrollawayfromhimintothedistance.Hehadtoreachher!Helovedherso!Iftheycouldn'tmarry,hewouldmakeherhismistress!Nothingcouldextinguishtheflameofhislove!Hewouldclingtothatuntilhisdyingday.LyingstationarywastakingitstollonJack'scirculation.Hisfeetandhandswerenumb.Somethingwasticklinghisnose.Hemanagedtotiltawayfromtheirritant,whateveritwas.Hewassothirsty!Hetriedtolubricatehislipswithsalivabuthadnone.Hisbladderfeltlikeaseparateentitythatwouldoverflow.Hecouldstalltheurgetovoidnolongerandallowedtheurinetoflowoutofhim.Whatdiditmatternow?Hewasasgoodasdeadanyway.Thefortstoodinthecenterofthepasture.Amoatfilledwithsharksprotecteditswallsfromanypossibleintruders.Jackpedaledhisbicycleasfastashecould.Thesharkswhippedbackandforthsoquicklytheycreatedfoamonthesurfaceofthewater.Hehadtocrossthedrawbridgebeforeitwasraised,segregatinghimfromhisregimentandhispregnantwife,Lily.Shesawhimapproachingandskippedontothebridgetogreethim.Thebridgewasrising.Thesharkswereinfrenzy!Herodeasifthehoundsofhellwereafterhim.Hehadtoreachher!Hisrightarmwaswedgedagainstarock.Nomatterhowhardhetried,hecouldn'twrenchitfree.Thiswasgettingtiresome.Hefeltastitchinhisrightside.That'sallheneedednowtodiefromarupturedappendix!Hehadwriggledenoughtoincreasethesizeoftheslotinwhichhewastrapped.Werethosevoiceshewashearing?Hewasn'tdeaf!Whenhefoughthiswaytothesurfaceofconsciousnessonceagain,hewasbeingcarriedonalitterovertheinvertedbattlefield.Bodieswerestrewneverywhere.Thestretcher-bearersstumbledovertheroughgroundbutmaintainedcontroloftheirhumancargoastheymadetheirwaytothefieldhospital.ThefuseleadingtothedynamiteinthesternoftheoiltankerburnedsorapidlythatJackknewtheshipwouldexplodebeforehecouldreachthehatchtoextinguishtheflame.Theolivegreenshipwasalmostwithinhisreachwhenitblewup.Hefeltasifhewereonagrill.Hisfacewasaflame.Hisbodyfeltasiftheskinhadbeenrippedfromit.Hewantedtodiebeforethepaingrewworse.Hisforeheadfeltcool.Heopenedhiseyesslowly,painfully.Awhite-cladnursespongedhisfacegently.Asshebecameawareofhisgaze,shestoppedherministrationsandofferedhimasipofwater.“Takeiteasy,”shewhispered.“Youmustn'tdrinktooquickly.Toomuch,toofastwillgiveyounastycramps.“Jackwasawareofbandagesonhismusculararmsandcastsonbothlegs.Intravenoustubingcarriedaclearfluidintohisveins.Consciousnesswasstilltransient.Dreamsofastrangepasturemingledwithrealityandcontinuedtohaunthissleep.Heunderstoodhewasonahospitalward,butwhere?Andhowdidhegethere?Theprettyyoungnursewasback.“Wecabledyourwife.Sheknowsyouwereinjuredbutareonthemend.“Howdidtheyfindme?”Jackasked.“Apatrollookingforsurvivorsfoundyouburiedinthefoxhole.Youwerecalling‘Lily!’Theystarteddiggingandthereyouwere.Youwerestabilizedatthefieldhospitalbeforetheycouldbringyouhere.WescrubbedyouupandstartedtoyouwithI.V.therapy.Youwereverydehydratedandsufferingfromurinaryretentionandrenalfailure.Yourkidneysmayneverfunctionnormallyagain.Thegoodnewsisthatyousurvived,”sheexplained.AstraystrandofhairfellacrossJack'scheekhidingthetearsthatcreptfromhiseyes.Hewasgratefultohavehislifeback.Hesilentlysalutedhisfriend.Mikehadn'tbeensolucky.ThecablefromLilyarrivedthenextday.“WehaveasonstopBorn05Dec.stopHealthystopNamedhimMichaelstopIloveyou.LilystopP.S.DadboughtthepastureanddeededittoMichael.”（1630words）
15UNIT7TheDecisionDr.Samsaidtome:“Idon'tknowhowtosaythis,excepttocomerightoutwithit,Miriam.Thetestswedidlastweekshowthatthereareabnormalitieswiththefetus.Irecommendyouconsideranabortion.”Isat,handsfoldedtogetherinmylap,numbedbyhiswords.”TheworldaroundmedisappearedasIstrovetoabsorbthedreadfulnewsDr.Samwasgivingme.Hisvoicecametomeasifspokeninatunnel,hollowandechoing.Couldthisbetrue?Thebabyinsideme,themiraclecreatedbylove,wasn'tperfect!“YourbabyhasaconditionknownasDown'sSyndrome.Theproblemsyouwillfaceifyoudon'tterminatethispregnancycouldbeoverwhelming,especiallynowthatPaulisnolongerwithyou.“HereIwas,thirtynineyearsold,pregnantforthefirsttime,andmydoctor,mytrustedfriend,wastellingmeIshouldkillthisinnocentlifeinmywomb.IknewIhadtorespondbutwordsescapedme.Finally,Iwasabletospeak.“Ineedsometimetoconsidermyoptions.”Withallthathashappenedinthepastmonthandahalf,Idon'twanttodoanythingwithoutknowingallIcanaboutthis.“Youdon'thavelong,Miriam.”Youareelevenweeksalongandit'sdangeroustoperformanabortionaftertwelveweeks,trynottoprolongyourdecision.“It'stoomuchformetogetmyheadaroundrightnow.”Ineedtothink.IpromiseI’llgetbacktoyouinadayorso.“Ilefttheofficeinadaze.”WhatwasIgoingtodo?WherewouldIbegin?Who,besidesDr.Sam,wouldbeabletoadviseme?Myparentswereontheothersideoftheworld,teachinginChina.IfeltthatifIcouldtalktoMom,heldinhercomfortingarms,shewouldgivemesomeofherwisdom.IfIcouldbeface-to-facewithDad,hewouldgivemestrength.TheywereallIhadleftinmyworld.Myhusband,Paul,hadbeenkilledinatrafficaccidentsixweeksago.MomandDadhadgonebacktoChinaaweekafterthefuneral,whentheythoughtIwasabletocopewithmyloss.Therewasnowheretoturn.Ihadtofacereality.ThiswasadecisionIwouldmakeonmyown.IneededtogatheralltheinformationIcouldaboutDown'ssyndrome.Iwastednotime.Iwenttothelibrarytobeginmyresearch.Thestepstothefuturewereinmyhands.ThefirstmedicaljournalIchoseexplainedthecausesofDown'ssyndrome.Normally,eacheggandspermcellcontains23chromosomes,and,whentheyunite,23pairsor46intotal.Occasionally,anaccidentoccurswhentheeggorspermcellisforming,creatinganextrachromosomenumber21.ThisextrachromosomeresultsinthefeaturesofDown'ssyndrome.Inthepast,thisdisorderwascalled“Mongolism”becauseofthefacialcharacteristicsincludingslantedeyesandasmall,flattenednasalbridge.Itisacommongeneticbirthdefectaffectingaboutonein800to1000birthswhenthemotheris30yearsofage.TheoddsofmyhavingaDownsyndromeincreasedtoonein100becauseIwasinmyfortiethyear.Thereisnocureforthisdisorder.Neitheristhereanyprevention.Mychildwouldbedevelopmentallyandphysicallyretardedtoagreaterorlesserdegree.Shecouldhavenumeroushealthproblems.Itwasunlikelyshewouldevermarryandherhavingchildrenwasoutofthequestion.Herlifeexpectancycouldbeaslittleas55years.PaulandIhadbeenmarriedfortenyearsandhadalwaysregrettedthefactthatIhadbeenunabletoconceive.Afterhedied,Iattributedmynausea,vomitingandlethargytomygrief,neversuspectingthatImightbepregnant.PoorPaulwouldneverknowthatwewouldhaveachildtogether.ThisthoughtalonewaswhatmademerealizethatIwouldn'tbeabletohaveanabortion,nomatterwhatobstaclesmightbeaheadofus.IwaitedadaybeforecallingDr.Samtoinformhimofmydecision.Ihadtobesure!“Miriam,IthinkIknowwhyyouwanttogothroughwiththispregnancy,butareyouawareoftherisks?”“Iknowmybabywillbedifferent.Iknowshemaybementallyandphysicallyretarded.Shemayhavedevelopmentaldifficultiesandproblemswithsocialacceptance.IdorecognizethatIamgoingtohavetoamendalmosteveryfacetofmylife.Iampreparedtodothat.ThisismyfinalgiftfromPaulandIamdeterminedtogothroughwiththis!”“Ithoughtyouwouldfeelthatway.Youhavemyutmostadmirationandsupport.Iwillfollowyourpregnancy
16carefullybutIwantyoutoseeaspecialistinbirthdefects.IwillreferyoutoDr.Brownandwouldlikeyoutomakeanappointmentwithherassoonaspossible,”hesaid.IknewthenthatIhadmadetherightchoice.Mypregnancywasnotwithoutitshardships,frommorningsicknesstoswollenankles,butIhadnodoubtsaboutthedecisionIhadmade.Myparents,whenItoldthemwhatwasgoingonwithme,expressedtheirconcernsbutalsotheirconfidenceinmydecisionandassuredmetheywouldbetherewhenIdeliveredmybaby.Paulawasbornonabright,cloudless,warmTuesdaymorninginMay.Iwaspreparedtoseeared,wrinkled,squallinginfant.Instead,Isawverylittle.Becauseoftherisksinvolved,PaulawasdeliveredbyCaesariansection.ThedoctorsandnursesrushedherintoanincubatortoassessherbeforeIcaughtaglimpseofher.Icouldseemyparentsontheothersideoftheoperatingroomwindow,questionsintheireyes.Whatwasgoingon?Thenurseskeptmecomfortableandtriedtoalleviatemyfearsbuthalfanhourpassedbeforeourquestionswereanswered.Mydaughterhadasevereheartdefect.Itcouldbecorrectedthroughsurgerybutnotuntilshegainedalittleweightandstrength.Iunderstoodinthatmomentthatmylifehadchangedforever.Idemandedtoseeherimmediately,andassoonasIdid,Ifellinlove.Thismostpreciousofallgiftswasgoingtosurvivetheobstaclesaheadofherwithmyhelp.Iknewinaninstantthatallmystrength,love,andmonetaryresourceswereathercommand.Nothingshewanted,needed,orevendreamedof,wouldeverbedenied.Theheartsurgerytocorrectaflawedvalvewasaresoundingsuccess.Fortunately,thecommondefectsoccurringinamajorityofDown'ssyndromechildrenwereabsentinPaula.Shehasnointestinalmalformations,hearingimpairment,orseverevisualproblems.Wearetrulyblessed.Myparentsadorethisexceptionalgrandchild.Theirexpertiseinteaching,nurturing,andparentinghasbeensowelcome.Ialwaysknewtheywerethereforme;nowtheyarethereforus.Iamawareofthesympatheticlooksfromstrangerswhodon'tknoworunderstandthedisorderafflictingmychild.Theirpity,forwhattheyascertainasmyplight,ismisplacedbutunderstandable.IamsurethatI,too,feltsorryforparentsofwhatIthoughtofasimperfectchildren.Paulaisadelightfulchild.Herphysicaldefectsareapparent;thereisnodoubtsheisdifferentfromotherchildren.However,shegoestoschoolwithotherchildrenherage;shetakeslongertolearnthingsandhastoworkharder,butsheisachievingallthemilestonesofgrowingchildren.Raisingherisachallenge,asistheraisingofanychild.Itisn'teasyanditwon'tgeteasier.Asshegrowsanddevelops,therewillbequestionstoanswer,hurdlestocross,andgoalstoreach.Paulaisdifferent.Sheisawarethatsheis.Itdoesn'tdismayher.Shegreetseachdaywithasmileonherlipsandasparkleinhereye.DoIeverhavedoubtsaboutmydecision?No!MyonlyregretisthatPaulisn'theretosharemyjoyinourwonderfuldaughter.（1391words）
17UNIT8Chinese-AmericanRelations:AHistory(I)TheNineteenthCenturytoWorldWarIITheNineteenthCenturyInthe19thcentury,theUnitedStateswasarelativenewcomertotheareaofinternationalaffairs.RelationswithChinareallybegan,notsosubtly,inthe19thcenturywithitsdiscriminatoryimmigrationpolicyagainstChina.TheGoldRushof1849inCalifornia,thebuildingofrailroads,andtheAmericanindustrialrevolutionofthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,attractedmanyChineseimmigrantswithdreamsofthegoodlifeinAmerica.Atthattime,itwasperceivedbymostoftheworld,thatAmericawasthelandofopportunity,success,andwealth.AstheChinesepopulationintheUnitedStatesgrewinsize,pressurestolimitthenumberofthesecomingintotheUnitedStatesbecamestrong.Laws,suchasplacingapolicetaxonChinesepeopleinCaliforniain1862andTheChineseExclusionActpassedin1882,officiallytestifiedtoblatantdiscriminationagainstChinesepeople.Thelatterfeltforcedtocongregateinareasofbigcities,suchasSanFrancisco,NewYork,andBoston.ChinatownsoonbecamepartofAmericanurbanvocabulary.ItseemedthatthetimidChineseweresusceptibletobeingpushedaround.ItappearedthatChineseandotherOrientalimmigrantswerenotwelcomewithopenarms,butwerewelcomeonlywhenhardlabourwasneededtodothetoughestjobs,especiallyinrailroadconstructionandinthenewindustriesthatwerefastdevelopingatthetime.Itwouldbewellintothe20thcenturybeforesuchdiscriminatorylawswouldbesuspended.TheEarlyTwentiethCenturyDuringthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,theUnitedStateswaspreoccupiedwithacivilwarandapostcivilwarindustrialrevolution.AmericanforeignpolicywithChinadidnotreallytakeformuntil1899and1900.Bytheturnofthecentury,theUnitedStateswasascendingasamajorplayerininternationalaffairs,especiallyinthewesternhemisphere.Americanforeignpolicy,atthetime,focusedmostlyonLatinAmerica.However,in1899,theAmericanssaweconomicopportunitiesinanalreadypoliticallysuppressedChina.Fordecades,Europeancountrieshadbeenreapingtheeconomicbenefitsbyexploitingofthecountry'sresourcesandmarketswhileclaimingchunksofterritoryastheirown.Ithadbecomeaclosedclubofthecountriesalreadyestablishedthere.TheUnitedStates,fearingthatChinawasabouttoofficiallypartitioned,wantedaccesstothoselucrativeassetsaswell.AmericanSecretaryofState,JohnHay,perhapsusingsomeBigStickandgunboattactics,popularAmericanstrategiesatthetime,waswellpositionedtogettheestablishedforeignnationsinChinatoconformtoanagreementcalledtheOpenDoorpolicyforChina.ThisbenchmarkinterventionbytheUnitedStates,conferredonallcountries,equalandimpartialtradewithallpartsofChina,whilepreservingtheterritorialandadministrativeintegrityofthecountry.TheAmericanapproachdidlittletorespectChina'scustomaryoppositiontoforeignintrusion.ToChina,theUnitedStateswasonlyonemorecountrytobullyit,toexploititsresourcesandsovereigntyand,further,todenyitofitsautonomy,integrity,anddignity.Thiscollectiveforeignpresence,boostedbyAmericaninterests,diffusedanyhopeforChinatobreakthechainsofhumiliatingforeignoccupation.TheChinesewerevirtuallycaptivesorprisonersintheirowncountry.TheUnitedStatesdidnotdeviatefarfromthiseconomicpolicytowardChina,untilthecommunisttakeoverin1949.OnecouldonlyimaginehowtheChinesemusthavefeltattheturnofthecentury.CouldanyAmericanimagineascenariooftheshoebeingontheotherfoot(puttingthemselvesintheplaceoftheChinese)?HowwouldAmericanshavefeltifChinesegunboatspatrolledtheMississippiRiveruptoSt.Louis,amajorcityintheheartofAmerica?WhatiftheChinesecouldcomeandgoanywhereintheUnitedStates,beingcompletelyimmunetoallAmericanlaws.CouldAmericansacceptChinatowninBostonofSanFranciscobeingunderChineselaw,anddisplayingsignswithsuchcaptionsas“NoAmericansordogsallowed”?WhatifManhattanIslandandCaliforniawereannexedbyChina?WouldAmericanstoleratetheirownofficialsbeingincollusionwith,andbeingbribedbyChineseauthorities,toletallofabovetotakeplace?Onewouldthinknot.IsitanywonderthatimperialismhadbecomesuchanabominabletermtotheChinesepeople?TheChinesehavemadesomeconscientiousattemptstofightback,ineffortstodefyforeignpresenceinChina,
18butwithoutmuchsupportduringtheslackreignoftheQingEmperorandtheDowagerEmpress.TheImperialfamily,forsolong,hadbeenextremelyself-indulgent.ItpaidlittleattentiontotherealitiesofwhatwashappeninginsideChina.Forsolong,thenation'spoliciesrevolvedaroundthewhimsoftheImperialFamily.Withrelianceonitsownresources,asecretsociety,calledtheOrderofLiteraryPatrioticHarmoniousFists,madeonelastdesperateattemptatrevenge,toridthecountryofforeigners.In1900,theseBoxersastheywerecalled,stubbornlyengagedtheforeignpowersinconflict.Theformertoreuprailwaytracks,attackedChineseChristians,besiegedforeigndelegations,andeventuallyslaughteredoverthreehundredforeigners.TheAmericanscollaboratedwiththeJapanese,consolidatedforcesandeasilyoverwhelmedtheBoxers.Thelattercrumbledunderthepressureofforeignsuperiorityanditsowndeficienciesinequipmentandorganization.ThevictorsplacedseverecontrolsonthecrippledChineseGovernmentandimposedheavyindemnitiesofbillionsofdollars.Thefactthattheforeignerswereinterested,onlyinprotectingtheirowninterests,wasabundantlyclear.AsidefromdiscriminatoryimmigrationpolicyagainstChinese,theU.S.hadnoofficialdirectpoliticalordiplomaticrelationswithChinauntiltheSecondWorldWar.TheUnitedStatestookonamuchcherishedisolationistapproachtoworldaffairsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,afterhavingestablisheditselfasamajorworldpower.TheUnitedStatesdidnotevenbecomearepresentativeoftheLeagueofNations,essentiallythecreationofitsownthenPresident,WoodrowWilson.Thisorganizationwassetupin1919tocurbinternationalconflict,whichcould,potentially,throwtheworldintoawaragain.Theabsenceofthispowerfulnationwasoneofthemajorweaknessesofthisorganizationand,consequently,apossiblefactorthatactuallyfacilitatedtheresumptionofworldconflictin1939.TheSecondWorldWarDuringtheSecondWorldWar,theUnitedStatesandChinawerealliesagainstthecommonenemy,Japan.AcoalitionoftheUnitedStates,BritishCommonwealthcountries,andotheralliesdispatchedsuppliesandothersupporttoChinabywayoftheBurmaRoadandbyairoverthehump(mountains),tocloseinonJapanfromtherear.Whenwarbrokeoutin1939,Chinawasexperiencingacivilwar,theNationalistsversustheCommunists.ThiscivilwarwasputonholdwhileboththeNationalistsandCommunistsjoinedforcestoconvergeonJapan,whichhad,intermittently,hoveredoverChinaasamenace,orasanimperialistthorninitsside,foragoodcenturybeforethewar.ThewarbroughttheUnitedStatesoutofitssplendidofficialisolation.Oncethewarwasover,turbulenttimescontinuedtostalkChina.Thecivilwarpickedupwhereitleftoff.TheAmericanslentitsmoralsupporttotheNationalistsintheirstruggleagainsttheCommunists,wherebytheUnitedStatesbegantoformulateitsColdWarpolicyof“Containment”(ContainingthespreadofCommunism).（1224words）
19UNIT9Chinese-AmericanRelations:AHistory(II)TheColdWartothePresentTheColdWarAfterthewar,anewwarofinternationaltension,intrigueandpoliticalposturing,calledtheColdWar,forcedtheU.S.toscrapanythoughtsofthefalsecomfortsofofficialisolation.ItjoinedtheUnitedNations(UN)andotherinternationalorganizations,suchastheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO),theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),andtheGeneralAgreementonTariffandTrade(GATT).Itwasdeterminedtoplayamajor,ifnotdominantrole,inpostwarinternationalaffairs.TheworldwasthestageforintenserivalrybetweentheCommunists,ononeside,anddemocraticCapitalistsontheother.Itfosteredclosescrutinyofeachother,aswellasabriskinterchangeofoftenfabricatedanddistortedpropagandabetweenthepolarizedsides.Itinjectedthefearthatifonesideblinked,anuclearwarwouldbetriggered.Theworld,seemingly,wasalwaysonthevergeofwarfare.ThisenvironmentplacedtheUnitedStatesandChinaonoppositesidesoncetheCommuniststookpowerinChinain1949.Thisconstantfrictionjeopardizedchancesformeaningfulpoliticalinteractionandintercourse.Thisatmosphereofdistrustandfearleftlittleincentiveforthedifferentsidestotalkseriously.BytheendoftheSecondWorldWar,orduringthelastyearortwoofthewar,theworldstagewasbeingsetfortheColdWar.PresidentTruman'sattitudetowardChinahardened.AmericanpolicywasexplicitthatonlyoneChina,NationalistChinaledbyChiangKai-shek,ontheislandofTaiwan,wastheofficialChina.TheAmericansmadeitabundantlyclear,thatMaoTsetung'sCommunistRegime,onmainlandChina,wouldnotoccupyChina'spermanentseatintheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.TheoutbreakofwarontheKoreanPeninsulabroughtaboutanabruptchangeoffocusinAmericanforeignpolicy.ThenewAmericanstrategywastomilitarilyisolateoralienateChinainAsia.Toaccomplishthis,theUnitedStatesestablishedbasesinEastAsiaandmutualdefensetreatiesinEastAsia.TreatieswerenegotiatedwithJapan,thePhilippines,Australia,andNewZealand.AmericanPresidentEisenhowerlaterexpandedthesetoincludeSouthKorea,Pakistan,andThailand.Tocapoffthisanti-Chinastrategy,theUSstrengthenedtieswithTaiwanorNationalistChina,withwhichtheformerhadofficialdiplomaticties.Inthe1950s,AmericanpowerandcredibilitydeterioratedsomewhatintheColdWar.Itsownpeople,whobegantoopposeMcCarthyismandthebluntanti-communistpoliciesofJohnFosterDulles,theAmericanSecretaryofStateintheEisenhowerAdministration,helpedtounderminednationalprestige.In1953,JosefStalin,theSovietleader,died.TheseeventshelpedtobringaboutashiftindirectioninAmericanforeignpolicy.TheUnitedStatesbegantolookmoretoAsianeventsasmajorthreatstoAmerica'snationalsecurity.TheIronCurtainwasfirmlyestablishedinEurope,andNATOforcesprovidedsecureprotectiononthewesternsideofthecurtain.Forthetimebeing,thingslookedfairlystableinEurope.IntheEast,becauseoftheendoftheKoreanWarandtheexodusoftheFrenchfromIndo-China,thingswerenotasstable.TheAmericanpoliticalelitecontendedthattheforemostproblemwasthevacuumleftbytheFrenchwithdrawalfromIndo-China.ToofficialsintheUnitedStates,thisvoidmustnotbefilledbyanothercommunistregime.Therealizationofobjectivesofthedominotheory(theessenceofwhichwas,thatifnotchecked,countriesinagivenareawillallgraduallyfalltocommunistrule)couldnotbeallowedtoperpetuate.TheChineseRevolutionhadestablishedacommunistregimeinthemostpopulouscountryintheworld,andthetensionsbetweenNorthandSouthKoreawerenotgoingtogoawayovernight.SuccessofthedominotheorylookedmorelikelyinAsiathaninEurope.TheUnitedStatesfeltthatitneededtoconcentrateitsenergiesandresourcesinAsia.Americanpolicies,duringthe1960sandearly1970s,essentiallyweretopreventcommunisttakeoversinAsia,inparticular,particularlyinSouthVietnamandTaiwan.Americanpolicywastocontaincommunismwhereitalreadyexisted,whilesimultaneouslycoexistingpeacefullywithitscoldwarcommunistrivals.Militaryexpendituresincreasedasdefensebudgetswentskyhighwithdemocraticandcommunistbureaucraciesbuildinghugearsenalsorinventoriesofhighvelocity,evensupersonicdestructivenuclearweapons,inaveryfragilepolarizedworld.Even
20Chinatestedathermalnuclearweaponintheearly60s.ThawingoftheColdWar--the1970'sto2001AmericanColdWarpolicyensueduntiltheearly1970's,whensomemajorchangesinthinkingwereinaugurated.CommunistChina'sentrytotheUnitedNationswasasetbackfortheUnitedStates.TheVietnamWarwasnotgoingwell.Intheearly70s,AmericanPresidentNixon,thearch-conservativeandanti-communistpresident,uptothatpoint,waspreparingtovisitChinaandtheSovietUnion.WhywouldanAmericanpresidentvisittheseenemies?TheAmericanscametotherealizationthatthedevelopmentofgoodrelationswithitscounterpartsinthecommunistworldwasnecessary.Aforthcoming,morepragmaticapproachtoforeignpolicywithChinawastobeadeparturefromtheadverseideologicalapproach.TheUnitedStateshadlostsolidbackingfromtraditionalsupporters,asillustratedbyCommunistChina'sentryintotheUnitedNations.ThequestionastowhetherNationalistChinaorthePeople'sRepublicofChinashouldholdChina'spermanentSecurityCouncilseat,wasatopicofmuchdiscussionanddebateforyears.Formanycountries,theideaofignoringonethirdoftheworld'spopulationattheUNwasdifficulttorationalize.Thisdebateensueduntil1971,whenthePeople’sRepublicofChinafinallydisplacedNationalistChinaattheUnitedNations,includingthepermanentseat,originallyheldbyNationalistChinaintheSecurityCouncil.AbaffledUnitedStatescouldnolongerpersuadenorintimidatethemajorityofthecountriesintheUNGeneralAssemblytokeepCommunistChinaoutoftheUN.TheUnitedStateshadlittlechoicebuttoeventuallyextendofficialrecognitiontothePeople’sRepublicofChina.Thewar-wearyAmericanpeoplewerenolongersupportingthewarinVietnamandnolongereagerlysupportingtraditionalforeignpolicy.Amajorscandal(Watergate),thatwouldrocktheNixonAdministrationtotheresultantresignationofthepresident,wasabouttobedisclosed.Practicalsolutionswereneededforpracticalproblems.Peacefulcoexistencemeantfindingsomecommongroundonwhichtoactivateinternationaltrustandcooperation.Nixon'sconsecutivepredecessors,Truman,Eisenhower,Kennedy,andJohnsonwouldhaverolledoverintheirgravesiftheycouldhaveseenthesechanges.Thesechangeswouldhaveappearedalien,contradictoryorevencontrived,tothemandtheircontemporaries.PresidentsFord,Reagan,Bush,andClintonsawtheneedtokeepcommunicationchannelsopenwithChina.Americansfinallyrealizedthattheycouldnolongerkeepdownasleepinggiant.NolongeraPaperTiger,Chinawasareality,andwasentitledtoanimportantplaceinworlddecision-makingvenues.Inthe1980'sfollowingtheCulturalRevolutionandthedeathofMaoTsetung,China'soutlookontheworldchangeddramatically.DengXiaopeng'sreformsweretobringChinaclosertobeingamajorworldpartnerininternationaltradeandthedevelopmentofworldmarkets.ThiswascappedwithitsadmissiontotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)inDecember2001.ChinahasbeenmostwillingtocomplywithalloftheregulationsoftheWTO.Americanshaveonlyhalf-heartedlyopposedChina'sentry,byunfairlyusing“humanrights”asadistractiontoperhapsdisguiseotherinternationalpressures.However,theUnitedStates,foracoupleofdecades,alreadyhadmajor,politicallydiscreet,vestedeconomicinterestsinChinathatitcouldnotaffordtodenyorjeopardize.In1998,ChinasignedaPermanentNormalTradingRelationsagreementwiththeUnitedStates,thepreludetotheformer'sentryintotheWTO.PresidentClinton,whovisitedChinain1998,hadessentiallypaidlipservicetoCongressionalpressuretopushthehumanrightsissueswithChina.Exceptfortheoccasionalirritatingcrisisinrecentyears,suchasthespyplaneincidentofftheislandofHainaninApril2001,Sino-Americanrelationshavebeencordialbutcautious.Theconsensusseemstobe,thatChina'sdestinyasamajorinternationalforceinthe21stcentury,seemsreasonablyassured.（1367words）
21UNIT10ASolitaryQuestFrommysuiteofroomsatoptheHolidayInnIsurveyedthenarrowalleysbelowme.OnlyyesterdayhadIleftmyfranticNorthAmericanlifebehind,toavailmyselfofanopportunitytotraveltoChina.IwishedtospendtimeresearchingmaterialformythesispertainingtoEasternreligions.Thehotelwasincloseproximitytotheheartoftheolddowntown.Innumerableactivitieswerehappeningbelowme.Peoplesurgedalongthestreetsometimesstoppingtobargainwithstreetvendors.Cucumbers,tomatoes,apples,orangesandgrapeswereheapedonhandcarts.Thevarietyoffruitavailableprovidedavirtualfeastfortheeyes.Deliverymenjoggedalongpullingenormousloadsofcardboard.ToaWesterner'seyescarsmergedunbelievablywithoutincident.Itappearedtobeadubiousprocesstonegotiatethetrafficandevencrossthestreet.However,ratherthanloungingindoors,Idecidedtoventureoutsidetoexplorethecolorfulworldbelow.Iwasinterestedinlocatingachurchtoattend,astodaywasSunday.OnthestreetImadetentativeenquiriesaboutlocatingaChristianchapel.Attimesthecongestionofpeoplehamperedmyprogress.Staresfrompassers-bymademefeelconspicuous.Theweatherwashotandhumidandtherewassomepossibilityofatyphoonreachingthecitylaterintheday.AfterseveralfalseleadsIfoundmyselfstandinginfrontofaveryoldChristianChurch,establishedbymissionariesduringthelastdynastyandatthebeginningofthelastcentury.Withtheonsetofalightsprinkle,Imadeahastyretreattoshelterinthedoorwayofthechurch.Thefamiliarrefrainofwell-knownhymnsrangoutwithinthechurch.Ifeltdrawninsidetojointhefellowshipinaforeignland.Eventhoughourlanguagesdiffered,mygracioushostsnonetheless,maderoomforme,andmademefeelwelcome.SittinginthisoldchurchinChinaledmetocontemplateaboutthelivesofmenandtheirspouseswholiveddecadesago,whentheytraveledtothisdistantlandintheEasternHemisphere.ManyoftheseChristianministersandlaymenlefttheircomfortablechurches,evencathedralstopreachtheirideologytoforeigners.TheyestablishedsmallchapelswherepeoplecouldjoininChristianfellowshipandwheresomeChinesepeopleacceptedconversiontoanewfaith.TheycametoalandwherethepredominatefaithwasBuddhism.Eventhoughtheirwordswereeloquentthemessageattimesmusthaveseemedformidableandgloomy.Eventheforeigners'clothingstyleswouldhaveappearedqueer.DuringthiscolonialtimeperiodmissionariesimmigratedtoallareasofChina,visitingsmallvillages,distributingBibles,offeringdivinesalvationandpreachingthewordofGod.AunanimousdecisionwasmadebymanyfaithstoattempttoenrichthelivesofothersandtopresenttheeloquentmessageofChristianity.Somemissionariesworkedinthemedicalfieldasdoctors,surgeons,nursesanddentists.Agriculturespecialistshelpedthefarmerselevatetheircropperformancetoprovidebetternutritionforthepeople.Finallytherewereteacherswhoranthemissionschools.Allhadtobeveryversatileattheirwork.Thesepeopleprovedtobeaninspirationforotherstofollowintheirfootsteps.Earningsfromalltheseareaswouldgobackintofurthermissionworktofulfilltheirmandate.Inretrospect,myfascinationwiththishistoricaleramayhavebeenkindledinchildhood.Whilevisitingmygrandparent'shomeeveryThanksgiving,IwasallowedtoexaminethefascinatingornamentsfromtheOrient.Thereweredelicateelephantsculpturescarvedfromivory,lacysandalwoodfansandanimposingbrassBuddha.Bestofall,Iwasallowedtodonanexquisitesilkembroideredjacketandplaywithablueandtanparasolwhichwasadornedwithspraysofplumblossomsandtinybuds.ItwasthenIwasintroducedtoanexoticnewworld.Maybethistoo,ispartlywhatluredmetothiscountry.UnderanewregimeinChina,governmentstatesmenquestionedwhatjustificationtheseforeignministershadintheircountry.Subsequently,themoralityoftheinstructionwasquestioned.Thependulumswungtheotherwayandchurchpeoplewouldnolongerbewelcometoimparttheirmessage.Apleatoreconsiderthedecisionwasunsuccessful.Diplomatsalsowouldberequiredtoleavethecountry.Itwouldbealongtimebeforevisaswouldbeissuedtoforeignpeople,toagainliveinChina.
22AndsohereIam!Theclearanceformyvisitor'svisahadbeenadministeredswiftly.Mysurroundingsarousedinmeasenseofheritage.Today,sittingherepondering,allowedmetobeaparticipantratherthanjustaspectatorinanewchapterofChina'shistory.（774words）
23UNIT11ActingTodayforTomorrowProtectingthenaturalenvironment,theecologyofacountry,isamajorconcernforeverycountrythesedays.Itismandatorynottominimizetheimportanceofcleanair,cleanwater,andcleanland.Itisasadcommentaryontoday'ssocietythatindustrieshavebeenpermittedtocontaminateournaturalsurroundings.Adreadfuldiscrepancyexistsbetweentheimportanceplacedoneconomicdevelopmentandtheprotectionoftheenvironment'sheritage.Ifallowedtoproceedunchecked,thepublicwilleventuallyinheritamajorcatastrophe.Evencountrieswhopracticestrictpollutioncontrolmeasuresmaystillbeaffectedbycountriesadjacenttooradjoiningthem,whenairpollutionpermeatestheair.Itisimportantformediacoveragetocompileaccuratedatatoenablethepublictoboycottincreasedirresponsibleindustrialization.Todisguisethepeople'ssafetycallingitprogresswilleventuallyleadtomanycasualties.Canadahasalandandwatermassof9970610km2,withapopulationof30millionpeople.Thisisacountrywheretheratioofpeoplecomparedtothemassofthelandisverylow.Canyouconceivethatinsuchagiganticlandthatagarbageproblemexists?IwishthatIcouldreassureyouthattheanswerisinthenegative.Thecommoditymostneededtoaddressthisproblemisspace.However,asurbanareasgrow,theabundanceofwastealsoincreases.Whereonceampledisposalsiteswereavailable,noweverymunicipalgovernmentisscramblingtocomplywithandupholdlocalandnationalhealthregulations.Largemetropolitancitiesarehavinganespeciallydifficulttime.Localrecyclingprogramshavebeenauthorizedinmanylocalitiestosafeguardthecountry'secology.Evenaftertheestablishmentofsuchtokenmeasures,reportsfromfiveconsecutiveyearshaveindicatedonlynegligibleprogressinsolvingthisveryperplexingproblem.Ifwearetoseriouslyaddresstheproblemwewillneedtominimizetheamountofrefusewedisposeof.Newareaswillneedtobeallocatedforthispurpose.Thedatabaseofinformationcollectedshouldbedetailedenoughtoresponsiblydirectourfutureactions.Everycommunity,whetherlargeorsmall,issearchingforasolutiontothisproblem.Municipalities,inattemptingtoappraisethesituation,havespentcountlessyearsinresearch,expendingbothtimeandmoney,lookingforahomogeneousanswer.Thepublic,hopingtoavoidthetragicconsequencesofamanipulateddecision,refusestogiveenthusiasticsupporttomostproposals.Solicitorsarehiredtoprepareconfidentialreportstoconvincethepublictoacceptthemunicipalitiessuggestions.Thechoiceofaspecificpieceoffarmlandasalandfillsiteoftencausesaninstantaneoushystericalreaction.Atlocalmeetingscitizensreproachgovernmentofficialsyellingtheirdisapprovalatthechoiceofaspecificsite.Theyventtheirangerbutarenotalwaysabletomobilizesufficientpublicsupporttoeffectawiseandacceptabledecision.Eventhoughresearchersclaimthatlinedpitswillnotcauseadrainageproblem,theroomforerrorismarginal.Oneflawintheplancouldberesponsibleforanepidemicorworse,causingmultipledeaths.Anyleachingfromalandfillpitwillcreaterecurringdifficultiesinpollutingafarmer'swellandthegroundwater.Pollutedwaterflowingintolakeswillaffectfishandwildlifeandwillhinderthesportsman'spleasures.Toarticulatetheirconcernsbeforehand,willhopefullyavoidgriefinthefuture.Aveiledthreattopublichealthimmediatelycreatesabiastowardsprotectingthepeople'ssafetyandinterestsandestablishinganeducatedsuspicion.Thechoiceofusingremotebarrenlandremovedfromhighlypopulatedareas,virgingroundsotospeak,presentsitsownproblems.Thetransportationofdangerouschemicalsinsealedcapsulesovermajorarteriesincreasesthepossibilityofspillsandcontamination.Recurringexcerptsinnationalandlocalnewspaperswarnofthedangersconfrontingtheordinarycitizen.Thepretextofprotectingthepublicinterestmustbequestioned.Accidentsandpoorplanningleadtotheerosionofpublicfaith.Withcertainty,wecanreportthattheairwebreatheisbecomingmorepolluteddaily.Forthoseresidentsoflargecitieswhoareafflictedwitharespiratoryconditionitbecomesimperativeforofficialstoclampdownonsmogconditions.Toprotecttheirhealth,citizensmaydeemitnecessarytochecksmoglevelsbeforehandwhentheyareplanningstrenuousoutdooractivity.Todisregardthisproblemwillsurelyincreasethenumberofpremature
24deathsandserioushealthproblems.Directactionbygovernmentsshouldhelpalleviatesomeoftherisksfortheelderlyandthosepeoplewithheartandlungdisease.Onebreakthroughoccurredwhenthegovernmentsignedapacttocheckpollutantemissionsonallmotorvehicles.Somecontinuityofpolicyisdesirablenotonlybetweenprovincesbutamongnationstomonitorairquality.OnaglobalscalethedeforestationoftherainforestsofBraziliscausinggraveworldwideconcern.Thepresentdayregimethatisencouragingthebuildingofroads,allowingforeasiertravelhaslaidsiegetooneoftheworld'smostvaluablenaturalresources.Thishasbecomeanobscenerapeoftheland,aslashandburnapproach.Anaerialviewofthisareashowsterriblefires,enormousblazeseveryday,resultinginconsequentairpollution.TheBraziliangovernmenthowever,isreluctanttoabolishthispracticethatwouldmeanlessincomeforthepoorofBrazil.Sadly,ontheotherhand,nativesmustevacuatetheirhomes,becomingexiles.Aworldforumonthismatterhasleftpeopleallovertheworldwithsomeindefiniteanswers.Bothgovernmentsandindividualscanvoluntarilyhelpachievegoalsforacleanersaferenvironmentbyincorporatingsomeofthefollowingideasintotheirdailylives.Theycanascribetotheideaofparticipatinginlocalrecyclingprograms.Aswell,theycancutbackontheuseofmotorvehicles.Walkingmorewillimproveeveryone'shealth,aswellasimprovingtheenvironment.Usingalternativestoherbicidesonlawnsandgardenswillimprovewaterquality.Somegeneraladvicemightbetodifferentiatebetweenwhatweneedandwhatwewant.Ifwearegoingtopassonahealthyworldtoourchildrenandgrandchildrenwemustremaindiligentandmaintainabalancebetweenourenvironmentalandsocialresponsibilitiesandoureconomicgoals.It'sourworldandhowweleaveitforthenextgenerationdependsonwhatwedotoday.(1047words)
25UNIT12TheAmericanDreamThedreamtoconstructabuildingtohouseeveryoneandeverythingconnectedwithworldtradebeganintheearly1960's.Aftermuchdeliberation,MinoruYamasakiwascommissionedovermorethanadozenotherarchitectstoworkwiththefirmofEmeryRothandSonstodesignthismassiveedifice.Histaskwasevident:thebuildingmusthavetwelvemillionsquarefeetoffloorspaceonasixteenacreparcelofland,accommodatethenewfacilitiesfortheHudsontubesandsubwayconnections,andbedonewithinthe500milliondollarbudget.Therelativelysmallsitecombinedwiththevastspaceneedsmeantthattheonlywaytogowasup.ThedevelopmentwoulddwarfitsneighborsandchangetheNewYorklandscapeandskylineatthebottomofManhattan.Inordertoaccommodatetheninemillionsquarefeetofofficespace,Yamasakimadethedecisionthatatwo-towerdevelopmentwouldbebest.Thiswouldservethedualpurposeofgivingsufficientofficeareaoneachfloorandallowingamanageablestructuralsystemwhiletakingadvantageofthesuperbviews.Thetwintowerswouldbe110floorseach,risingtoaheightof1,353feet(412meters).Fromtheobservationdecksatthetopsofthetowersitwouldbepossibletosee45milesineverydirection.Whenaskedwhyhedesignedtwo110-storeybuildingsinsteadofone220-storeybuilding,hereplied,flippantly,“Ididn’twanttolosethehumantouch.”Thefirstactintheconstructionprocesswastheexcavation.The1.2millioncubicyardsofearthandrockthatwereremovedwereusedtocreate23acresoffillintheHudsonRiveradjacenttotheW.T.C.site.ThislandfillprojectwassubsequentlydevelopedasBatteryPark.Theexcavation,besidesprovidingthefoundationforthisenormousconstruction,wouldhouseparkinggarages,subwayterminalsandtubes,andshoppingconcourses.Yamasakibelievedthatallbuildingsmustbestronginthecontextofbeingdominant.Hefeltthateachbuildingshould“beamonumenttothevirilityofoursociety”.Thestructuralsystem,whilepossessingthisstrength,isalsoimpressivelysimple.The208-footfrontwallisessentiallyapre-assembledsteelweb,withcolumnson39-inchcenters,providingthewindbracingnecessaryforabuildingofthisheight,allowingthecentralcoretotakeonlythegravityloads.Thisverylight,economicalconfigurationwouldresultinkeepingthewindbracinginthemostefficientplace,theoutsideshellofthebuilding.Inthisway,thewindforcewouldnotbetransferredthroughthefloormembranetothecore.Thirty-threeinchdeepfloorsmadeofprefabricatedsteeltrusseswouldactassupportstostiffentheoutsidewallsagainstthebucklingforcesofthewind-loadpressures.Therewouldbenointeriorcolumnsintheofficespaces,anamazingfeatastherewouldbe40000squarefeetofofficespaceoneachoftheupperfloors.Intotal,therewouldbesevenbuildingsinthecomplex;thetwintowersstanding110storieshigh,foursmallertowers,andacentralplaza.Also,therewouldbesevenundergroundlevelscontainingservices,shopping,parkinggaragesandasubwaystation.Whencompleted,therewouldbetenmillionsquarefeetofleasablespace,oranacreofrentablespaceoneachfloorofeachtower.Theelevatorsystemwasintendedtobefast,efficient,andspacesaving.Expresselevatorsopeningontotheforty-firstandseventy-fourthfloorswouldservetheskylobbies.Fromthesefloorsandfromtheplaza,fourbanksofelevatorswouldcarrypassengerstoeachofthethreezones.Tendersposted,contractorshired,andthepreliminarymaterialspurchased,thegroundbreakingceremonywasheldonAugust5,1966.Someofficeswerereadyforoccupancyin1970buttheribboncuttingceremonywasn'thelduntilApril4,1973.Finalcost750milliondollars.TheinstitutionoftheW.T.C.wouldbecomeasymbolofcommerceandeconomicsuperioritytotheworld.Internationalbusinessesrecognizedthatitwouldbeadvantageoustohaveofficesthere.Thus,theworkingpopulationoftheW.T.C.wouldincorporateacross-sectionofnationalities,notjustAmericans.Thebuildingswouldbeoccupiedbyasmanyasfiftythousandpeopledailyduringtheweek.Additionally,thousandsoftouristscouldbeinthecenteratanygiventime,visitingtherestaurant,WindowsontheWorld,atopOneW.T.C.,the
26indoorandoutdoorobservationdecksonTwoW.T.C.,aswellastheshops,exhibitionpavilions,andthe250roomhotel.Acomplexofthissizeisnotwithoutsomeproblems,includingfire.NumeroussmallfiresandonemajoroneonFebruary13,1975occurredovertheyears.However,onFebruary26,1993,aterroristattackontheW.T.C.causedthelargestincidenteverhandledbytheCityofNewYork'sFireDepartment.Theblaze,resultingfromtheignitionofanitroureabomb,withhydrogencylinderstoaddimpact,andlocatedintheparkinggarage,requiredtheresponseof84enginecompanies,60truckcompanies,andhundredsofpersonnel.Firefightersmaintainedapresenceatthesitefor28days,guardingagainstthepossibilityoffurtherfirescausedbytheblast.Sixpeoplediedand1042wereinjured.Thetowerssurvived.AfterthisviolentincidentfailedinitsintendedpurposeofdestroyingtheW.T.C.,whocouldhaveenvisagedanassaultasdisastrousastheoneinflictedonitandtheUnitedStatesonSeptember11,2001?Whocouldhaveconceivedanattacksoviciousitwouldeclipsealmosteveryman-madecatastrophe?WhocouldhaveforeseenthattheAmericandreamwouldblurintoaterriblenightmare?At8;45a.m.NewYorklocaltime,ahijacked767commercialairlinerwithafullloadofjetfuelforatranscontinentalflightcollidedwithOneW.T.C..Thenorthtower,withenoughimpetustocarryitthroughtotheoppositeside.Initially,terrorismwasnotaconsiderationinthemindofthepublic.Thiswasmerelyadreadfulaccident.Asabewilderedpublicendeavoredtoassimilatethisoverwhelmingevent,at9:03a.m.,asecondhijackedjetcrashedintoTwoW.T.C.Millionsofpeoplearoundtheworld,havingbeenalertedtotheincidentandnowwatchingtheterrorunfoldontheirtelevisions,watchedinshockasthesecondplane,intheblinkofaneye,enteredthesouthtoweratapproximatelytheseventy-secondfloorandpartiallyexitedtheoppositewall.Fireandpolicedepartmentsweremobilizedimmediately.Rapidevacuationofthebuildingswascrucial.Manyworkersonupperfloors,knowingtherewasnoescape,committedsuicidebyhurlingthemselvesoutofwindowstotheirdeaths.Then,62minutesafterithadbeencrashedinto,thesouthtowercrumbledintothestreetsinagiganticcloudofdustanddebris.HundredsofpoliceandfirefightersintentontheirrescuemissionlosttheirlivesasTwoW.T.C.collapsed.Driversandattendantsofemergencyvehicles,unabletoabandontheirposts,diedwheretheyhadstoppedtogiveaidandassistance.Employeesfromthetwotowers,rushingtoescapetheragingfires,werecaughtinthewreckage.Pedestrians,uncertainofwhichwaytoturn,andnotconvincedoftheneedforurgency,foundthemselvestrappedinanavalancheofconcrete.Membersofthemedia,ontheirwaytocoverthebreakingnewsofthedisaster,becamevictimsofit.Hundredsofcommuters,ontheirwaytoworkviasubway,weretrappedbelowgroundwithnoescapepossible.Hospitalemergencydepartments,havingbeennotifiedoftheexplosions,quicklypreparedforthearrivalofcasualties.Whentheexpectedinfluxfailedtomaterialize,itcouldonlymeanthattherewerefewsurvivors.OneW.T.C.collapsedat10:30a.m.,105minutesafterbeinghit,addingtothemassconfusioninthestreets.SevenW.T.C.,alateradditiontothecomplex,wasdamaged,caughtfire,andcollapsedlaterthatafternoon.Notoneoftheadjoiningstructureswasleftintact.Intheaftermathofthisincrediblemisfortune,thepiecesofthepuzzlebegantobeputinplace.Shortlybefore8:00a.m.onSeptember11,2001,threecommercialairlinerswerehijackedfromLoganAirportinBoston,Massachusetts.AllweretranscontinentalflightswithpassengersdestinedforCaliforniaandtheirfullfueltanksprovidedtheammunitioncriticaltothemissionofthehijackers.Authoritiesspeculatethatthepilotswereassassinatedandtheirplacestakenbytheterroristswhohadhadflighttraining.Inall,therewere157passengersandcrewonthetwoplanes.ThethirdplanecrashedinPennsylvaniakilling45passengersandcrew.Anumberofthehostagesmanagedtousetheircellulartelephonestocalltheirfamiliestosaygoodbye.Everythingoccurredinsuchashortperiodoftimethat,otherthanalertingahandfulofpeoplethattherewere
27somehijackings,noonehadanyideawhy.Thedilemmawasthattherewerenowarnings,nodemandsforransom,andnohintsthatthisbright,sunnySeptembermorningwasabouttobecomeadaythatwillliveforeverinthemindsofthosewhowitnessedthetragedy.Itwillbeyearsbeforethefinaltollofdamagewillbeknown.Toconsolidateinformation,computethefinanciallosses,designateamonetaryvalueforlossoflife,fillthevoidleftontheterrain,tomakesenseofthismisfortuneintendedtounderminethefoundationofAmericaisaformidableassignment.WedoknowthatdestructionoftheWorldTradeCentercostthelivesofmorethanthreethousandinnocentpeopleinthebuildings,inthehijackedairplanes,andinthesurroundingstreets.Whocanerasethementalimagesofthoseplanessmashingintothetwintowers?Whoisunabletovisualizethespectacleofterrifiedmenandwomenjumpingtotheirdoom?Howcanthoseofuswhoobservedthecollapseofthebuildingsfailtodwellonthelossoflifecausedbymen,cowards,wholackedthefortitudetoproclaimwarontheirallegedenemy?Today,October22,2001,ninemorecorpseswerediscoveredintherubble,thefirstsuchdiscoveryinseveralweeks.Thismayseemtrivialwhenoneconsidersthemultitudeofpeoplewhodied.However,thefatalitiesaren'ttheonlyvictimsofthistragicevent.Theirfamilies,friends,andcolleaguesneedclosure.Theyneedtoknowwithcertaintythattheirlovedonesaredeadandtheyneedtoburytheremains.Unfortunately,mostofthecasualtieswillprobablyneverbefoundbecausetheheatproducedbytheignitionofjetfuelandthedamageincurredbytheimpactwouldhaveinstantaneouslyvaporizedeverythingandeveryoneintheimmediatevicinity.Others,inthebuildingsoronthestreetsasthetowerscollapsedareundersomuchdebristhattheirbodiesmaynotbefoundformonths.ThelistofbuildingscollapsedanddamagedincludesallsevenbuildingsoftheW.T.C.complexcomprisingW.T.C.6,theU.S.CustomsHousetothenorth;W.T.C.3,the22storyMarriottWorldTradeCenterHoteljustwestofTowerTwo;W.T.C.4and5,thePlazaBuildings,andOneLibertyPlaza,a54story,743foothighbuildingtotheeast.Firefightersandrecoveryworkersremainonthescene.Thefiresstillsmolderbeneaththeruins.TheAmericanspirithasbeenbruisedandthelandhasbeenscarred.Thecitizensofthispowerfulnationnowrealizejusthowfragileandvulnerabletheircountryis.Nevertheless,theyaredefiant.Theydonotconsiderthemselveseasypreyforterrorists.Theyarestilloptimisticabouttheirplaceintoday'sworld.Theyassertthatthenightmarevisiteduponthemwillbevisitedupontheperpetratorsofthiscowardlyact.TheWorldTradeCenterisnomore.Thedreamofaninternationalaxisofbusiness,onceareality,willberevised.Maybehavingoneplacethatissoprominentwillalsoberethought.Whatevertheoutcome,thismassacrehasservedtostrengthentheresolveofamightynation.Thedreamanddreamerswillsurvive.(2007words)
28UNIT13SexRoleStereotypesDuringmycareerasaCanadianfemaleteacher,Iobservedmanyinstancesofsexrolestereotypingthroughoutthewesternculture.Iwasalwaysamazedhowquicklyyoungchildrenadoptedtheculturalvalues.Thetopicisoneofmajorconcernsinthewesternworld,yettherearethosepeoplewhowouldaskyoutobelievethatitisnotamajorissue.Peoplewhowishtoignorethesituationdonotwelcomediscussionsonthetopicofgenderbias.Thistypeofpersonevokesananalogyofanostrichthatburiesitsheadinthesandtoignoreaproblembyavoidingit.Althoughmanyofmycommentsmayseemcynical,Igiveyouassurancethattheyarebasedonmyobservationofwesternsocietyforanumberofyears.Itmightbeinterestingandinformativetocomparethewesternworldinthisrespectwitheasterncultures.Manystudieshavebeendoneandthebreakdownofreasonsexaminedtodeterminewhygenderrolesplayanimportantpartintheselectionofsuccessfulcandidatesforpositionsinmanyvocations.Thesestudieshavemadelittleimpactondiminishingtheprevalenceofcandidatesbeingselectedmorefortheirgenderthantheirqualifications.Sincethepeopleresponsibleforhiringpeopletoworkwiththem,oftenhirepeoplesimilartothemselves,itseemsliketheyarelookingforacloneoraduplicateofthemselves.Femalesoftenbecomequiteindignantwhenpositionsthattheyarewellsuitedforareawardedtomalesandambiguousreasonsgiventoexplainwhy.Isitanywonderthatattemptstosuecorporationsforusingunfairhiringandpromotionpracticesareapplauded?Ontheotherhand,companieswhoexhibitfairhiringpracticesneedtobecommendedfordoingso.Ithasbeencommoninthewesternworldforpeopletopresumethatcertainprofessionsbelongalmostexclusivelytoonegenderortheother.Theworkofanelectrician,orworkwithelectronics,orrepairingofair-conditioningequipment,mightbeconsideredtobemasculinefieldsofemployment.Nursingandchildcarevocationsareconsideredfeminineoccupations.Aviationisanotherfieldwherepeoplewouldusuallyassumethatthepilotwouldbemaleandtheflightattendantwouldbefemale,apremisethatmanytimeswillbeinvalid.Itwillbeamajorbreakthroughwhenbothgendersareequallyrepresentedintheworkforceespeciallyinhigherlevelpositions.Someindividualswouldleadyoutobelievethatitwouldresultinthebreakdownofsociety,asweknowittoday.Attimesanattempttopreventsubjectiveviewsbeingusedtoprecludeonlymalesbeinghiredbymaleshasbeenattempted.Lawsorpolicythatattempttorectifythesituationhavenotbeensuccessfulindiminishingtheproblem.Anattempttonumericallycontrolthenumberofpositionsinacorporationbyusingaquotasystemtorequireequalnumbersofmalesandfemalestobehiredusuallymeetswithlittlesuccessiftheattitudesofthepeopledoingthehiringaresubjectiveandprecludethepossibilityoffairpractisesbeingused.Theempiricalevidenceshownbythenumbersmakesiteasytoshowwhichcompaniesexemplifyfairnessandwouldhinderthosewhoonlymakeafeebleattempttodoso.Ifacompanydoesendeavourtoincorporatefairnessintheirhiringpractises,theyshouldbeeligibleforcommendation.Adiligentattempttochoosethebestpersonforthepositionregardlessoftheirgenderisonlyinherentinthosecompaniesthatcanenvisageafuturewiththebestpossibleworkforce.Advertisementsdepictgenderbiaswhilepromotingproducts.Lookingatmerchandisedisplaysinanymallwillrevealthatapictureofajuvenileladwouldbenearconstructionequipmentwhileanadforperfumewouldlikelyshowafemale.Thedrawbackofthisseeminglyinnocentwayofdisplayingmerchandiseisthattheytendtoaffirmthebiasoftheindividualswhodesignthem.Thisisaseriousflaw.Maybetheintentwasnottobeexclusivebutthatistheendresultofthemessagethatisevoked,whethersubliminalorovert.Analternatewayofviewingtheworld,witheitherbothgendersportrayedorneitherwiththeitems,mayseembizarrebutmarketingspecialistshavebeenapplaudedformakingtheefforttodoso.Thehypothesishasbeensuggestedthatifthispractisewerewidespreaditwouldfacilitateachangeforthebetterinthevaluesthatareembeddedinoursociety.Whenyoureadabiographyinanewspaperinametropolitanarea,youwillfindthatdifferentwordsareusedtodescribemalesandfemales.Inalmostanyliterarywork,personalappearanceisseldommentionedwhen
29describingmales,butcommonlyusedwhenafemaleisthesubjectofthearticle.Formsofaddressthatareconsideredpropertousearealsodiscriminatory.MalesarealwaysreferredtoasMr.(exceptaveryyoungladmightbeaddressedasMaster).Thereareseveralformsofabbreviationstousebeforethenameofafemale.ItispermissibletouseMrs.,Miss,orMs.Thechoiceofabbreviationisbypersonalpreferenceofthepersonbeingaddressedbuttheyhavedifferentmeanings.Mrs.isusedtosignifyamarriedwoman.Missmeansanunmarriedorsinglewoman.Ms.couldmeaneitherandisthechoiceofmanywomenbecauseitdoesnotrevealtheirmaritalstatus.Howstrangethatsocietyfeelsitisnecessarytobeabletodeduceawoman'smaritalstatusfromhernamebyprovidingthisformofdefinitiveidentification.Amancouldbemarriedorcouldbeabachelorandoneisnotabletoascertainhismaritalstatusfromhisname.Why,then,isitnecessarytodifferentiatebetweenawomanwhoismarriedandonewhoisnot?Manyofthecasesofsexualharassmentthataredealtwithincorporationsarearesultofstereotyping.Usuallythepersonwhoistheallegedharasserisamalewhosupervisesfemales.Maleshavebeentaughtbysocietythattheyaretheprivilegedgenderandhavepoweroveranyfemale.Thisisthebasisbehindmostincidentsofharassment.Howstrangethatintelligentmenfeelentitledtotakeadvantageoffemalesinasubordinateposition.Toheightenawareness,forumsorsymposiumsareheldtoenlightenpeopleabouttheimportanceofusinginclusivelanguagebutmaypeoplestillresistchanging.Somepeoplearedeterminedthatthewordmanalsoincludeswoman.Sometimesthemeaningdoesincorporatewomenandsometimesitdoesn’t.However,manywomeninsistthattheyareneverquitesureofthemeaningandsuggestthatthewordhumanityshouldbeusedinsteadwhentheintendedmeaningisbothmenandwomenandthentherewouldbenoconfusion.Itisincomprehensibletootherswhytheyrefusetochange.Abookletorpamphletisavailableforreferenceinmostworkplacestohelppeopleuseinclusivelanguageinanywritingintheworkplace.Somegovernmentofficeshaveproducedaleafletthatcanbeusedbycompaniesthatdonothavetheimpetusortheresourcestodesigntheirown.Studiesaboutgenderdifferenceshavesuggestedahypothesisthatfemaleshavebetterverbalskills,whilemalesexcelattasksrequiringtheabilitytovisualize.Conclusionsofmanyofthestudieshaveproveditinvalidandfoundinsteadthedifferencesbetweenthegenderstobealmostnil.Thereare,however,notabledifferencesbetweenindividualsregardlessoftheirgender.Theabsurdcriterionforjudgingaperson'sabilitybasedontheirgenderneedstobeabolished.Untilthisisseenasbeingabnormal,theattempttoupdatedattitudeswithoutremovingtheunderlyingcauseofthesocietalvalueswillbeuseless.(1273words)
30UNIT14Dr.SunYat-sen:FatheroftheChineseRevolutionDr.SunYat-senheldofficialpoliticalofficeforatotalofonlyafewmonthsinChina,yethehadanimpactsoprofoundthatitearnedhimthedesignationofFatheroftheChineseRevolution.HewasamanwhoisstillmuchreveredinChina.HisportraitcanbeseeninTiananmenSquareinBeijing.Sunwasbornin1866inGuangdongProvince.Hisancestorswereclansoffarmersandshepherds.Duringhisadolescentyears,heattendedschoolinHonoluluandHongKong.Inthelattercity,hestudiedmedicine,receivingan“A”ineverysubjectintheprogram,anunprecedentedfeatatHongKongMedicalCollege(later,theUniversityofHongKong).WhileinHongKong,SunundertookconversiontoRomanCatholicism.Earlyinlife,SundevelopedcontemptforthecorruptionoftheQing(Manchu)Dynasty.HewasalsovocalindenouncingforeignintrusionsandaggressionagainstChinaduringthe19thcentury.Theopiumwarof1839to1842wasamajortestimonytoChina'sinabilitytodefenditselfagainstoutsideaggression.Bythisperiod,Britainhaddevelopedastrongmonopolyinthetradeofmanygoods,includingtea,salt,opium,andothercommodities.ThismonopolywasexercisedmostlythroughtheBritishEastIndiaCompany.BritainhadbeenimportingmuchfromChina,butwasexportinglittle.ThisresultedinayearlybalanceofpaymentsdeficitwithChina.Tocorrectthisimbalanceintrade,andthefactthatopiumwasahighlyaddictivedrug,thearrogantBritishforcedtheexportofopiumonChina,eventhoughopiumwasdeclaredillegalbythelatter.China'sattempttoresisttheseaggressivetradepracticesprecipitatedthebloodyOpiumWarof1839to1842.ThousandsweremassacredasChinalostmiserablyagainstsuperiorforces.TheTreatyofNankingin1842dictatedthatChinapayhugecompensationtoBritainanditforcedChinatoopenfiveofitsportstoBritishtrade.BritainalsodemandedandreceivedimmunityfromChineselaws,thereforegainingBritishsovereigntyoversmallpartsofaforeignland.HongKongwascededtoBritainaswell.TheChineseenduredrepressionandhumiliationformanydecades.In1896,theUnitedStates,relativenewcomerstotheclubofworldimperialists,declaredanOpenDoorpolicyfortradingwithChina.NoforeigncountrywastohaveamonopolyoftradewithChina.Duringthe19thcentury,manyforeigncountriessuccessfullycarvedoutpiecesofChinaforthemselves.Geographically,by1911,Chinawasasignificantlysmallercountrythanitwasin1800.Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Chinawasalsogoingthroughsomeverygrimtimes,economically.Therewerefamines,floods,anddroughts.Therewasmuchsufferinganddeprivation,especiallyinthesouthernareasofChina.TheQingdynastydidverylittletorelievethepeopleoftheirplight.Theseconditions,alongwiththehumiliatingconcessionsbeingforcedonthembyforeignpowers,culminatedinamassofviolenteruptionsanddisturbancesagainsttheQingDynasty,whichbecameknownastheTaipingRebellionfrom1851to1864.TheOpiumWars,theTaipingRebellion,andlater,in1900,theBoxerRebellion,wereconstantremindersofgovernmentcorruptionandChina'sweaknessagainstforeignintrusionandmanipulation.WiththesetragicmisfortunesinrecentmodernChinesehistoryonhismind,SuncametotheconclusionthattheonlywaythatChinacouldtrulybecomeastrongunifiedcountryonceagain,wasbyfull-scalerevolution.ThisshouldbeginwithcapturingtheQingthrone,terminatingmillenniaofimperialruleinChina.Healsorealizedthatamoremilitantapproachwasneededifhewasgoingtoachievehisgoals.BlunderinginthefirstattempttooverthrowtheManchusin1895,SunfledfromChinaandembarkeduponanunexpected16yearsofworldtravelandrefection.ThisperiodprovedinstrumentalinSun'sdevelopmentofrevolutionarystrategyandtheory.HeenrolledsupportfromChinesepeoplelivinginothercountries.HevisitedHawaii,theUnitedStates,Britain,andJapan.Heelicitedhelpwhereverhecould.HereadsomeofworksofKarlMarxandthoseofHenryGeorge.GeorgewasanAmericaneconomistandsocialphilosopherwhosawtheinjusticeoflandpolicyduringthebuildingofrailroadsintotheAmericanwestinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Georgeobservedthatmostpeoplewhomovedwestremainedpoororgotpoorer,whiletherelativelyfewlanddevelopersgotricherand
31richer.Theadvertisement“Gowestyoungmanandprosper”meant,inreality,thatonlyaveryfewwouldprosper.Georgesuggested,withoutsuccess,thataheavylandtaxbeleviedtotapsomeofthiswealthinordertodevelopasolidinfrastructurefromwhichallpeopleinthewest,notjusttherich,couldbenefit.SunalsohadtheopportunitytostudyrepublicanformsofgovernmentsuchasthatoftheUnitedStates.HebecameevenmoreconvincedthatChinahadtobreakawayfromthemillennia-oldimperialgovernmentsystem,concludingthatarepublicansystemwastheanswerforChina.HewasimpressedwithMontesquieu'sprincipleoftheseparationofgovernmentpowers.Thistheorystatedthatthethreebranchesofgovernment,theexecutive,legislative,andjudicial,functionseparately.Hesawthisinpractice,particularlyintheUnitedStates.HelaterconcludedthatforChina,twoadditionalseparatedpowers,examinationandcensorialwouldbenecessary.WhileinLondon,Sunreceivedanunexpectedboosttohiseffortsofelicitinghelpforhiscause.Whileonhiswaythere,in1896,hewaskidnappedandheldintheChinese(Qing)Embassy.Hemanagedtosneakamessagetoafriendwhotalkedtothepress.ThiscreatedanembarrassingsituationfortheChinesegovernment,whichconsequently,releasedSun.TheChineseportrayedSunasinsaneorasanidiot.Thisincident,alongwithapopularbookthathewroteabouttheexperience,magnifiedhisreputationinternationally.InJapan,shortlyafter,hewaswelcomedasaninternationalcelebrity.Inordertocarryoutasuccessfulrevolution,herealizedthathisagendarequiredthesupportofintellectuals.Toenrollthesupportofthelatter,heneededawellthought-outplanortheory.Fromthisrealization,thedoctrineofTheThreePrinciplesofthePeoplewasdisclosed.Thethreewerenationalism,democracy,andthepeople'slivelihood.Nationalismwasinterpretedinitiallytomeananti-Manchu,whiledemocracymeantarepublicanformofgovernment.Thepeople'slivelihoodwasperceivedasstateownershipofproperty.Thiswouldbethesolutiontoavoidtheproblemsofeconomicinequalitiesexperiencedinthewest.Givenhisknowledgeofthewest'sexperience,SunsawthisapproachforChinaasmorepracticalandreliable.Hisplanforrevolutionsuggestedthreestages:militaryrule,politicaltutelage,andconstitutionalgovernment.HesawthatmilitaryrulewasneededforaperiodoftimetoridChinaoflingeringcorruptionfromtheQingperiod,andtocreateanenvironmentofstabilitytocreatethenewChinesesociety.Politicaltutelageguardianship,forperhapsthreeyears,wasneededtograduallydevelopastronger,morepermanentpoliticalsystem,andtoacclimatizetheChinesepeopletothesepoliticalchanges.Aftersixyears,Chinamightbereadyforapermanentconstitutionalrepublicangovernment.HesincerelyhopedthathisplanwouldpermeateChinawithwidespreadacceptance.In1905,whileinJapan,SunwasinstrumentalinsettinguptheUnitedLeagueofChina.TheWuchang(Wuhan)Revolt,inOctoberof1911,broughtSunYat-sentoShanghai.ShortlyafterthesuccessfuloverthrowoftheQingDynasty,SunwaselectedInterimPresidentofthenewRepublicofChinainNanking,thecapital.Thisgovernmentimmediatelysetouttodevelopaprovisional(temporary)constitution.However,byFebruaryof1912,SunresignedaspresidenttogivewaytoYuanShikai,whobroughtwithhimalotofsupportfromthenorth,whichprovidedtheopportunitytounifygreaterpartsofChina.Alsoin1912,theUnitedLeagueofChinasetuptheKuomingtang(KMT),theNationalPartyofChina.YuanShikai,inthemeantimebetrayedtherepublicandSun'strust,byattemptingtosethimselfupasadictator.SunimmediatelyproceededinpursuitofYuanbutwasunsuccessfulandhadtogointoexileinJapan.In1924,theKuomingtangconvenedatGuangzhoutoestablishthreeprinciplestosolidifyandstrengthentherepublicandtounifytherestofChina.TheseprinciplesincludeddevelopinganalliancewithRussia,helpingfarmers,workers,andbourgeoisie,andrecommendinganationalconferencetoendthebrutal,unequaltreatiesimposedbyforeignnations.Theresultwas“theDeclarationofBeijing”,thelastofficialactofDr.SunYat-senbeforelivercancertookhislifeinMarchof1925.SunYat-senwaswidelymournedastributescameinfromallover.ManyintellectualssawSunasamanofaction,apragmatist,andnotasagreatintellectual.Throughouthislife,hewasnotabovecontradictinghisownprinciples,ortoleratingopposingviewsorpartiestofurtherhiscause.ForSun,duringtheseturbulenttimes,theend
32sometimesdidseemtojustifythemeans.Hisphilosophychanged,overtime,tomeetchangingneeds.Formanyacademics,Sun'scareerwasnotseenasthemakingofamyth,butasarealmandealingwithrealcomplexrealitiesofhistime.Hispresence,insideandoutsideofChina,dominatedChinesehistoryduringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.HeadoptedandtailoredwesternideastotheChineseexperience,inordertocreatehisvisionofanewChina.ManyacademicsalsofeltthatSun'swesternexperiencesgreatlyinfluencedhisworkandcontributedtohispredominantplaceinChineseandworldhistory.Beforehedied,hestatedthatthewholenationhadtobeawakenedandunitedwiththosewhotreatedthemequally,andfightsidebysidewiththem.SunYat-senhadreceivedtherespectofpeoplethroughouttheworld,evenfromnon-communistsources.InChina,hebecamealegend.WhentheKuomingtangandtheCommunistssplitin1927,bothclaimedtobeheirsofhiswork.NoonecandenySunYat-senhisrightfulplace,notonlyinChinesehistorybutalsoinworldhistory.HetrulydeservesthetitleandhonourofFatheroftheChineseRevolution.(1704words)
33UNIT15TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andChinaAsChinahasbeenadmittedtotheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),itisveryaptatthistimetocompilesomeimportantdataaboutthisinternationalorganization.TheconceptionoftheWTOtookplaceduringthe1995UruguayroundoftalksoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).TheWTOactuallyreplacedGATT.Thislatterorganization,acompositeofmanycountries,wasformedaftertheSecondWorldWartopresideoverthestabilizationoftradeamongnations.Theneworganization,theWTO,isdedicatedtoallocatingtheresourcesoftheworldbyusingfairertradepracticesandprovidingeconomicsecurityforthemorevulnerable,lessdevelopednations.TheWTOprovidestheapparatusformakingthishappenthroughincreasedcooperationamongmembercountries.TheexecutionofsuchagreementswillbeinstrumentalinenhancingtheesteemoflessdevelopedmembersandwillprovideamorestableinfrastructureforprofitabletradeformembersoftheWTO.Isthereawaytodescribeinsimpletermswhatthisisallabout?Whatunderliesthisinternationalpursuitoffreetradeamongnations?StudentsofintroductoryEconomicswouldrecognizethetheoryof“comparativeadvantage”.Briefly,thiseconomictheorystatesthatacountrycanproduceallormostgoodsandservicesmoreefficientlythanmostorallothercountries,butstillgainfromspecializinginproductionandtradingwithothernations.Theynotonlyreceiveeconomicbenefitsforthemselves,butalsohelpothercountriesachievesimilarbenefitsintheprocess.Let'slookatasimpleexample.Assumethattherearetwocountries,AlphaandBeta,thatproducethesametwoproducts,bananasandofficedesks,andnothingelse.Wewillassumethateachcountryhas200unitsofproductiveresources(resourcessuchasland,labourandcapital,usedintheproductionofbananasanddesks).Inthiscasewewilluselabour.Beforetradingeachcountry,usingtheproductiveresourceseachhasavailable,mightproducethefollowingcombinations:Bananas（tons）DesksAlpha300(100unitsoflabour)100(100units)Beta100(100units)25(100units)Totals400125Assumingthateachcountryusedthesameamountofproductiveresourcesintheproductionofbothbananasanddesks,youwillnoticethatAlphaproducedmorebananasandmoredesksthanBetabutproduceddesksmoreefficiently(higherratio4:1)thanbananas(3:1).AlphaproducedfourtimesasmanydesksasBetagivenequalunitsofresources(100units)andthreetimesasmanybananasasBeta.Alphahasacomparativeadvantageinproducingdesksandthereforecouldmakeeconomicgainsbytransferringsomeofitslabourresourcesintotheproductionofdesks.Ifthetwocountrieswereagreeabletospecializeandtradewitheachother,thefollowingmightbepossible:Bananas（tons）DesksAlpha210(70units)130(130units)Beta200(200units)0(0units)Totals410130Thisexampleshowsthat,byspecializationbyeachpartner,totalproductionofbananaswouldincreasefrom400tonsto410tonsandtheproductionofdeskswouldincreasefrom125to130desks.Thismeansthatmoreofeachproductwouldbeavailabletobothcountriestosharethroughspecializationandtrade.Thismaybeanoversimplificationoftheconceptofcomparativeadvantage,butitistheeconomicprinciplewhichexplainswhycountrieswantmorefreetrade,andwhyChinawantstojointheWTO.ItalsoexplainstheUnitedState'sambitiouspursuitoffreertradearrangementsthroughouttheworld.Immersedformorethanadecadeinnegotiations,theclimaxhasbeenreachedforChina.ItsofficialmembershipintheWTOcommencedinDecember2001.Ithasnotbeenaneasyroadtoreachthisgoalandthecountrywillnowembarkuponaneven
34tougherroadofmoreformidablechallenges.ManyissuessurroundingChina'sbidarenotonlyeconomic,butalsosocialinnature.Forexample,theUnitedStateshasamplifiedtheissueofhumanrightsindiscussionsbetweenitselfandChina.Thereasonsforthisobsessionoverhumanrightsarenotreadilyevident,butinsomequarterssuggestionsforithavebeenoffered.SincetheendoftheColdWar,andthedemise(orfall)oftheSovietUnion,theUnitedStateshashadnoclearopponenttojustifytheworkofitsmanyagenciesthatwereoriginallyassimilatedtodealwithformerColdWaropponents.Thepromotionofinternationalhumanrightsallegedlyhasfilledpartofthisvoid,tobecomethemajortargetofthenewdirectioninAmericanforeignpolicy,andithasbecomecommonplaceforChinainparticular.ItshouldbenotedthattherearesomecurrentmembersoftheWTOthathaveworsehumanrightsrecordsthanthatofChinabutwerenottreatedinthesamemanner.Also,itiserroneoustosuggestthattheUnitedStatesitselfiscompletelyinnocentofhumanrightsviolations.ThisisamajorcontradictionincurrentAmericanforeignpolicy.ItisalsosuggestedthattherealthreattotheUnitedStatesisthatChinaisahugecountrywitharobusteconomythathasbeengrowingbyleapsandboundsoverthelasttwentyyears.Henceforth,afearisgrowingthatthepotentialeconomicstrengthofChinawillthreatentheprevalentpositionoftheUnitedStatesinworldaffairs.Morerecently,duringthespyplaneincidentoverHainan,AmericanPresidentBushchangedtheAmericanpositiontowardChinafromthatofbeingaworldpartner(theapproachoftheClintonAdministration),tothatofbeingacompetitororanopponentininternationalaffairs.This“bashing”propagandaaboutChinaisconsideredbymanypeopleacover-up(orasmokescreen)forgrowingAmericaninsecurityininternationalaffairsandthisdistortionisaccumulativeinthebrain-washedmindsoftheAmericanpeople.Itisalsodegradingtosaytheleast.Itislikeachampionfootballteamthatdoesnotwanttoplayfairlyanymorebecauseitisafraidoflosing.Itisthefearofbeingbeatenfairlyanddecisivelyonthefield,accordingtoanagreeduponsetofrules.ThisobsessionwithhumanrightshasflaredupinmanyareasofAmericanforeignpolicyinrecentmonths.Thisrash,sometimesgraphicChina-Bashingattitudeisprobablydriven,inpart,bypowerfuleconomicinterestsintheUnitedStates.ThepositionsofthesepowerfulinterestswillbeseriouslythreatenedbyChina'sentryintotheWTO.Theseindustries,iftheyareforcedtofacestrongercompetition,fearlosingtheirsharesoftheirrespectivemarkets.Thesesameinterestsalsoheavilysupportpoliticalpartiesfinanciallyandthereforehavesomeindirectinfluenceovergovernmentpolicies.ChinahasenoughballotstogetintotheWTO.TheUnitedStatesalonecannotvetoChina'sentry,butcanmakethingsdifficult.BothChinaandtheUnitedStateswillhavetoadjustthemselvestoraiseeconomicefficiencies,afactthatnormallyresultsfromgreatercompetition.However,whatmustclearlybeseenarethecomparativeadvantages,whichwillbenefitalltradingpartners.Withthereductionoftradebarriers,moreefficientuseoftheworld'sproductiveresourceswillemergethroughgreaterspecializationbythevariouscountriesinvolved.Intheshort-run,(inthefirstfewyears)therewillbedislocationsofproductiveresources,particularlyoflabour.Forsomeindustries,thefuturewillbebleak.Therewillbeshortrununemploymentinsomesectorsofeachcountry.Itisimportantthatthesecountriesdevelopplans,suchasretrainingandincreasedtechnology,tomakeadjustmentseasierasproductiveresourcesshiftfromonesectortoanother.Withgreatersharingofinternationalexpertise,thesetransitionsshouldbecomeeasier.Thelong-rangeresultwillmeanmorebenefitsforallcountries;meaninghigherstandardsoflivingallround.Chinahasalreadymadepersistentstridesinthisdirectionthroughitspartnershiparrangementswithforeigncorporationsoverthelasttwentyyears,sincethereformsattheendoftheCulturalRevolution.Chinahasnoalternativebuttomoveforwardintotheinternationalmarketsandinotherareasofglobalizationofthetwenty-firstcentury.Nottodosowouldmeaninevitabledeteriorationor,perhaps,evencompleteevaporationofChina'sstrongeconomy.Somesacrificesinsocialisteconomicandpoliticalphilosophiesandpoliciesareimperativeifthesegoalsaretobeachieved.ThebigadvantagethatChinahashadovertheformerSovietUnionisthatofcautiousgradualismineconomicpolicy.China'spoliticalhierarchyisslowlyembracingthetheoriesandpracticesofanewsocialistmarketsystem.TheknowledgeandskillsgainedfromthisapproachplacesChinain
35anexcellentpositiontosucceed.Thecountryseesquiteclearlythatapurecommandeconomicsystemwillnotenduretotheendundertheinertiaofthisepochofbriskglobalization.Intheend,Chinaisdestinedtosucceed.MuchofwhatChinawillfaceintheWTOwillbethecoincidenceofinternalpoliciesthathavebeenformulatedinrecentyears,althoughsomereconfigurationwillbenecessary.TosuggestimmediatesuccessforChinamaybeprematureatthispoint,butthereareprecedentsthatarefavourabletoChina'saspirations.Suchsuccessisdifficulttoquantifyorgeneralize,astherearesomanyfactorsthatareconstantlychanging.Itisagamble.Worldrecessions,strongeconomicgrowthperiods,anddisasterssuchastheSeptember11th,2001terroristattacks,candrasticallycreateeconomiccasualtiesovernightfollowedbythe“trickledown”negativeimpacts.Allthesebeingsaid,itwouldbeamistaketounderestimateChina'slegitimatepresenceinthisperiodofglobalization.Itisindicative,aswellasfitting,thatalmostallcountriesoftheworldwillbenefitfromthepotentialcontributionsthatChinacanmakeintheyearstocome.TheWTO'ssuccesshingesoninternationalcooperationandceaselesspursuitofpositivecommongoalsratherthanfocusingonnegativeissuesthatcouldonlyhandicapgoodeconomicandsocialrelationsalongwithprogressininternationaltrade.ItishopedthatsuchbarriersbetweenChinaandothercountrieswilldissipatenowthatitsmembershiphasfinallybeencertified.(1661words)
此文档下载收益归作者所有
