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新教材新高考语法大课堂“形”“态”多变的动词第二讲非谓语动词
非谓语动词作状语一、动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等1.作目的状语,有时用inorderto或soasto,但soasto不用于句首。(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)Wewillcontinueourcampaigntopreventandcontroloceanpollutiontomakeouroceansclean.我们将继续我们的运动,以预防和控制海洋污染,使我们的海洋变得干净。2.作结果状语,常用结构enoughto,too...to...,onlyto等。I’mtootiredtostayupanylonger.我太累了,实在不能再熬夜了。
3.作原因状语,此时常与表示情感的形容词连用,如glad,happy,frightened,surprised等。Iwasfrightenedtofindthatinfrontofmydoorsatadog.我惊恐地发现我家门前坐着一只狗。二、动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式作状语,常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.他的父母去世了,让他成了孤儿。【点津】动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
三、过去分词作状语1.过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。Seriouslyinjured,shehastobesenttothehospitalatonce.她受了重伤,必须马上送往医院。2.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,如lost(迷路的),seated(坐着的),hidden(隐瞒的),lost/absorbedin(沉溺于),dressedin(穿着……的),tiredof(对……感到厌倦的)等。Absorbedinthebook,hedidn’tnoticemeentertheroom.他完全被这本书所吸引,没有注意到我进入房间。
【点津】独立成分作状语,其形式不受上下文的影响。常用的有consideringthat...(鉴于……;考虑到……);generallyspeaking(总的来说);judgingby/from...(从……来看;依据……来判断);supposingthat...(假定……);providingthat...(假定……);owingto...(由于……);talking/speakingof...(谈及……);giventhat...(考虑到……);providedthat...(如果……);totellthetruth(实话实说);tobehonest(老实说)等。
单句语法填空1.Hehurriedtothestation,onlytobeinformed(inform)thatthetrainhadleft.2.Toremember(remember)allthequestionsyouhavewhenyouarenotinthedoctor’soffice,writethemdownandbringthelistwithyoutoyourappointment.3.Hewasatallmaninhisfifties,dressed(dress)inabusinesssuit.4.Shehasneverseensuchacollectivededicationfromanation,turning(turn)thingsforthebetterbysacrificingpersonalconvenience.5.Heusedtobeaddictedtoelectronicdevicesandstayuplateeverynight,trapped(trap)inanunhealthydailyroutine.tobeinformedTorememberdressedturningtrapped
一、动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。Sheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.(主谓关系)她总是第一个来,最后一个离开。Ican’tthinkofanygoodadvicetogiveher.(动宾关系)我想不出任何好的建议给她。Hislastappealtocomeandseeherwentunanswered.(同位关系)没有人答应他最后要来看她的请求。非谓语动词作定语
二、分词作定语1.动词-ing形式作定语(1)该动词与被修饰的名词之间为主谓关系或用来表示正在进行的动作时,用动词-ing形式。Thelecture,startingat7o’clocklastnight,wasfollowedbyanobservationofthemoonwithtelescopes.这次演讲开始于昨天晚上7点,紧接着是用望远镜观看月球的活动。【点津】被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,用动词-ing形式的被动式作定语。
(2)表示被修饰词的某种用途,在意义上相当于“名词＋for＋doing”,此时动词-ing形式常置于被修饰词的前面。aswimmingpool＝apoolforswimming游泳池awaitingroom＝aroomforwaiting候车室
2.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。TsinghuaUniversity,foundedin1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.建于1911年的清华大学培养出了众多杰出人物。【点津】作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing表示正在进行;done表示已经完成。
单句语法填空1.TheyheldhandsasMarkwaswheeledintotheoperating(operate)room.2.IadmitIwastooscaredatthatmomentandtheunclestanding(stand)besidemewasgivingmeanawkwardlook.3.Thereport,whichwaspublishedinTheLancetin2019,wasbasedonresearchdonewithstudentsaged(age)11to17in146differentcountries.4.Inmyeverydaylife,Iamonanongoingjourneytofigureoutdifferentwaystoreduce(reduce)mycarbonfootprintontheplanet.5.Theyfindcomfortamongtheshelvespacked(pack)highwithbooksandappreciatethesmilingfacesoflibrarianseagertohelp.operatingstandingagedtoreducepacked
1.感官动词和短语(see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,feel)后面的宾语补足语常见的非谓语动词形式有三种(do,doing,done)。do表示主动和完成(被动句中动词不定式符号to要还原),doing表示主动或正在进行,done表示被动或完成。Themissingboywaslastseenplayingneartheriver.失踪的男孩最后一次被看到时正在河边玩耍。非谓语动词作补足语
2.动词let,make,have,get,leave,keep,find后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。Onthecontrary,thosewholetteenagersexperiencetheconsequencesoftheiractionscandobetter.相反,那些让青少年体验他们行为后果的人能够做得更优秀。3.固定短语(如advise/allow/encourage/request/warnsbtodosth等)中动词不定式作宾语补足语。4.with/without的复合结构:with/without＋名词＋doing(表示主动、进行)/done(表示被动、完成)/todo(表示目的、将来)。Withoutanyonenoticingme,Istoleintotheroom.没有人注意到我,我偷偷溜进了房间。
单句语法填空1.Shereturnedhome,onlytofindthedooropenandanumberofthingsgone(go).2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle(settle),hecan’tgethomeearly.3.Withtheboyleading(lead)theway,thesoldiersmanagedtowalkthroughtheforest.4.Notseeingorhearinganyfireenginesapproaching(approach),Grantrushedtoasideentranceandranupthestairs.5.Fubelievesitwashisscientificapproachtotrainingthatenabledhimtoovercome(overcome)thosedifficultiesandreachhisdestination.gonetosettleleadingapproachingtoovercome
非谓语动词作宾语1.下列动词只能用动词不定式作宾语decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,afford,manage,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help记忆口诀决心学会想希望拒绝给予设法装主动答应选计划同意请求帮一帮ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.当我经过时,她假装没看见我。
2.下列动词只能用动词-ing形式作宾语avoid,miss,delay,suggest,finish,practice,enjoy,imagine,resist,admit,deny,envy,escape,risk,pardon,stand,keep,mind记忆口诀避免错过少延期建议完成多练习喜欢想象禁不住承认否定与妒忌逃脱冒险莫原谅忍受保持不在意WeenjoyreadingEnglishstories.我们喜欢读英语故事。
【点津】如果作宾语的动词不定式有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语后置。Ifinditimpossibletochangeheridea.我发现改变她的想法是不可能的。
3.既可跟动词-ing形式又可跟动词不定式的动词和短语:remember,forget,regret,stop,goon,mean,start,begin,try等。
①Imeanttogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去,但是我的父亲不让我去。②Raisingwagesmeansincreasingpurchasingpower.提高工资意味着增加购买力。
4.“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构动词不定式可以与疑问代词和疑问副词(why除外)等连用,构成动词不定式短语,在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语等。Ididn’tknowhowtogetbacktothevillage.我不知道怎样回到村子。Experiencetellsyouwhattodo;confidenceallowsyoutorealiseit.经验告诉你应该做什么,而信心让你去实践这件事。5.固定结构“do/have/其他动词＋sth＋but/except(to)dosth”中的动词不定式用法:要遵循前有实义动词do,but后则无to,反之则有to的原则。Shehadnochoicebuttocryinthefaceofthedifficulty.面对困难,除了哭泣,她别无选择。
单句语法填空1.EventuallyDeereexpectstoadd(add)othertaskstotheautonomoustractor.2.ThereisnodenyingthatChinaisoneofthemostsuccessfulcountriesingreening(green)thedesert.3.I’mconsideringbuying(buy)aniPad,whichisconsideredtobeausefultool.4.Asaresultoftheseriousflood,two-thirdsofthebuildingsintheareaneedrepairing/toberepaired(repair).5.Eventhoughpeopleinitiallylaughedathim,hefinallymanagedtogive(give)hishometownapathavailabletothenearbytown.toaddgreeningbuyingrepairing/toberepairedtogive
一、非谓语动词中可以作主语的有动词-ing形式和动词不定式1.动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作;动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未发生的动作。Facinguptoyourproblemsratherthanrunningawayfromthemisthebestapproachtoworkingthemout.直面问题而不是逃避问题才是解决问题的最佳途径。非谓语动词作主语、表语
2.it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动词-ing形式,常见句型如下:Itis/wasnouse/gooddoingsth;Itis/wasnotanyuse/gooddoingsth;Itis/wasoflittleuse/gooddoingsth;Itis/wasuselessdoingsth;It’sawasteoftimedoingsth;Itiseasy/important/vital/necessary/difficulttodosth等。It’simportantforthefigurestobeupdatedregularly.经常性地更新数据是非常重要的。
二、非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式动词-ing形式作表语意为“令人感到……的”,而过去分词作表语意为“感到……的”。Pleasedescribeadogthatisfrightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。Pleasedescribeadogthatisfrightened.请描述一只惊恐的狗。【点津】get,become,look,seem,appear等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语,表示被动或主语的状态。ThisquotationfromWinstonChurchilltellsusthatweshouldn’tgetdiscouragedrightafterfailure.温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句话告诉我们,失败后不应该气馁。
单句语法填空1.It’snogoodregretting(regret)yourpastmistakes.2.Fortunately,nowadaysitismucheasiertomake(make)eco-friendlylifestylechoices.3.IgotcaughtinthetrafficjamandI’mnotsurehowlongitwilltaketoarrive(arrive)attheairport.4.Whatworriedthechildmostwashisnotbeingallowed(not,allow)tovisithismotherinthehospital.5.Itis,therefore,urgenttoupdate(update)ourcurriculabyintroducingtherecentdevelopmentsintherelevantfields.regrettingtomaketoarrivenotbeingallowedtoupdate
类别时态形式语态形式主动被动动词不定式一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动词-ing形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词一般式done非谓语动词的时态和语态
一、主动形式和被动形式非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓或动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时,用被动形式。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.明天举行的会议非常重要。
二、时间先后关系根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。1.非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。2.非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.他完成作业后就去睡觉了。
单句语法填空1.Thenovelisbelievedtohavebeentranslated(translate)intotenforeignlanguagessofar.2.Themanager,havingmade(make)itclearthathedidn’tagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.3.Havingbeentalked(talk)tochangemyattitude,Ifinallygottherightwaytoridmyselfofcarelessnessandgainedconfidenceaswell.4.Thepolicearesaidtobeundertaking(undertake)detailedinvestigationsintothecaseatpresent.5.Infact,muchremainstobelearned/tobelearnt(learn)abouttraditionalChinesepaintinganditselements.havebeentranslatedhavingmadeHavingbeentalkedtobeundertakingtobelearned/tobelearnt
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2022·全国甲卷)Avisually-challengedmanfromBeijingrecentlyhiked(徒步)40daystoXi’an,asafirststep(journey)theBeltandRoadroute(路线)byfoot.解析:tojourney考查非谓语动词。afirststeptodosth为固定搭配,意为“做某事的第一步”。本句中的谓语动词是hiked,所给词journey在句中作后置定语,意为“旅行”,故填tojourney。
2.(2022·全国甲卷)Heflew4,700kilometersfromXi’antoKashgaronSept.20,(plan)tohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.解析:planning考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,该句已有谓语动词flew,设空处应用非谓语动词形式,且主语He和plan之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故填planning。3.(2022·全国乙卷)“...Itcanhelptobuildacommunitywitha(share)futureformankind,”hesaid.解析:shared考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,设空处应用非谓语动词形式。动词share与其逻辑主语future之间是动宾关系,应用过去分词作定语,修饰名词future。故填shared。
4.(2022·全国乙卷)(strengthen)theconnectionwithyoungpeople,theeventincludedanumberofpublicpromotionalactivitiesonsocialmedia,invitingtwenty-nineteaprofessionalsfromaroundtheworldtohavethirty-sixhoursofuninterruptedlivebroadcasts.解析:Tostrengthen考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知,设空处应用动词不定式作目的状语,且设空处位于句首,故填Tostrengthen。5.IttookBerners-Leeandhiscolleaguesyears(convince)peopletobuyintotheconcept.解析:toconvinceittook/takessbsometimetosth做某事花费某人多长时间,其中it作形式主语,动词不定式短语作真正的主语。
6.Thedaughterandthecowherdgot(marry)andthecouplelivedhappilyforseveralyears.解析:marriedgetmarried结婚,其中过去分词married作表语。7.AlthoughIhadmoneyandaplace(sleep),IrecognizedthatIneededhelptoo.解析:tosleep空前是名词place,根据语境可知,此处指睡觉的地方。动词have表示“有”时后面名词常用动词不定式作后置定语。
8.Intheexperiments,theresearchersaskedhundredsofparticipantstowriteanemailtosomeoneclosetothem(express)theirappreciationandgivingaspecificexampleofhowthatpersonmadetheirlivesbetter.解析:expressing设空处为动词的非谓语形式,连词and连接并列结构,根据giving可知,设空处应用动词-ing形式。
Ⅱ.语法填空AsChina’sgigeconomy(零工经济)continuestogrow,thecentralgovernmentisseekingbetterregulations1(serve)therightsofworkers,developnewskillsandstartupsandensurehealthyandbalanceddevelopmentinthejobmarket.Gigworkers,oftenreferredto2independentcontractors(承包人)ortemporaryworkers,arethosesuchasdeliverydriversandonlinesaleshosts3oftenenterintocontractswithon-demandcompaniestoprovideservicesfortheirclients.Theguideline4(release)earlyonThursdaybyfivecentraldepartmentstosolvepracticalproblemsthatarebeingfacedtodayandareonthehorizonamongemployeesandemployersinthegigeconomy.
Inthepastfewyears,withtheriseoftechnologyandtheimpactofthepandemic,thegigeconomy5(provide)opportunitiesformanypeopleacrossanumberofsectors,accordingtoPangShi,directorofonedepartment.Shesaidthegigeconomyprovidesanimportantwayforpeopletoimprovetheirincomes,and6forseniors,thedisabledorthosewithotherdifficulties,gigworkprovideslesspressurethanfull-timeemployment.Gigworkersoftenhavehigherwork7(efficient)becauseofnewtechnology,8(break)thepreviousworkinglimitsoftimeandspace.“Thegigeconomyisshowinggrowingimportancetothestabilityofthejobmarket,9(particular)facingcurrenteconomicdownturns,”WeiXiang,10professorfromtheUniversityofChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,added.
语篇解读:本文是一篇新闻报道。随着零工经济的持续发展,政府正在寻求更好的监管,以满足工人的正当要求,开发新技能和壮大新成立的公司,确保就业市场的健康和平衡发展。1.toserve考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,设空处应用动词不定式表示目的。故填toserve。2.as考查介词。referto...as...意为“把……称为……”,是固定搭配。故填as。3.who考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词为those,指人,在从句中作主语,应用关系代词who。
4.wasreleased考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语。根据空后的时间状语earlyonThursday可知,应用一般过去时,Theguideline和release之间是被动关系,且主语Theguideline为单数形式,故填wasreleased。5.hasprovided考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空前的时间状语Inthepastfewyears可知,此处应用现在完成时,provide和thegigeconomy之间是主动关系,且主语thegigeconomy为单数形式,故填hasprovided。6.that考查宾语从句。设空处引导从句作said的第二个宾语从句,故填that。此处的that一般不可省略。7.efficiency考查词形转换。设空处表示工作效率,应用名词,故填efficiency。
8.breaking考查非谓语动词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知,设空处与newtechnology之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用动词-ing形式,故填breaking。9.particularly考查词形转换。修饰非谓语动词短语facingcurrenteconomicdownturns,应用副词,故填particularly。10.a考查冠词。professor是可数名词的单数形式,表示泛指,且professor的发音以辅音音素开头,故填a。
Ⅲ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文,注意动词的运用)DearSmith,Howareyoudoing?I’mwriting1.toinviteyoutoourEnglishpartytobeheldon1Juneattheschoolstadium(邀请你参加我们将于6月1日在学校体育场举行的英语晚会),whichisagoodchance2.todisplayyourEnglishtalent(展现你的英语才能)andmotivatestudents’interestinEnglishlearning.Duringthepartyyouwillhaveafeastofvarietiesof3.Englishactivitieswellpreparedbyourselves(我们自己精心准备的英语活动),including4.recitingEnglishpoems(背诵英语诗歌)andsingingfamousEnglishsongs,whichIthinkwillsurelygiveyouabigsurprise.Besides,I’dliketoremindyouthatthepartystartsat6:30p.m.andendsat8:00p.m.,sopleasecomeontimeifitisconvenientforyou.Lookingforwardto5.sharingwithyouthepleasanttimeattheparty(与你分享晚会中的愉快时光)!Yours,LiHuatoinviteyoutoourEnglishpartytobeheldon1JuneattheschoolstadiumtodisplayyourEnglishtalentEnglishactivitieswellpreparedbyourselvesrecitingEnglishpoemssharingwithyouthepleasanttimeattheparty
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