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“形”“态”多变的动词动词的构词规律、情态动词和虚拟语气新教材新高考语法大课堂
表示“使,使成为”的动词词缀前缀en-large→enlarge扩大,放大,rich→enrich丰富,sure→ensure保证,danger→endanger使遭到危险,courage→encourage鼓励后缀-enshort→shorten缩短,dark→darken(使)变黑,less→lessen减弱,worse→worsen恶化,deep→deepen加深,broad→broaden变宽,fright→frighten使惊恐后缀-ize/-isemodern→modernize使现代化,apology→apologize道歉,real→realize实现后缀-fy/-ifyclass→classify将……分类,pure→purify净化,beauty→beautify美化
单句语法填空1.Thedaycelebratestheimportanceoffamilies.Itaimstodeepen(deep)people’sunderstandingofissuesthatarerelatedtofamilies.2.Intheprocessofcreatingthecivilizedcity,weallshoulddoourbesttobeautify(beauty)ourcommunity.3.Iamabouttoapologize(apology)totheboy,butheisgone.4.Dailypracticeenables(able)metospeakEnglishfluentlyinclass.5.Gossipcanalsohaveathirdeffect:itstrengthens(strength)unwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.deepenbeautifyapologizeenablesstrengthens
一、表示能力1.表示现在的能力:can,am/is/areableto。2.表示将来的能力:willbeableto。3.表示过去的能力:could表示过去的能力,不表示是否成功地做了;was/wereableto表示过去有能力做而且成功地做了。I’mgoingtoEuropeonvacationtogetherwithJohnifIcanhaveenoughmoney.如果我有足够的钱,我将和约翰一起去欧洲度假。情态动词的5个基本用法
二、表示可能和推测1.表示肯定:can表示客观上的可能,意为“有时会”;may/might/could表示可能;must表示一定;should/oughtto表示应该。2.表示否定:can’t/couldn’t表示不可能;maynot/mightnot表示可能不;shouldn’t/oughtn’tto表示应该不会。3.表示疑问:can/could表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度。ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butitcanberathercoldsometimes.在我的家乡,三月份通常很暖和,但有时也会很冷。
三、表示提出请求、建议、发出指示、许可、禁止、义务、责任1.请求对方允许时用May/Can/CouldI/we...?2.主动提出帮忙或提出建议时用ShallI/we...?3.提出请求、问题、看法时用Will/Wouldyou...?或Shallhe/she/they...?4.should/oughtto表示义务或建议,意为“应该”,shouldn’t/oughtn’tto表示不应该。5.may/can表示允许、许可。6.must表示必须,mustn’t表示禁止。
7.shall与第二、三人称连用,用于陈述句,表示命令、警告、允诺、威胁;当宣布法律、规定时也常用shall。Oneofourrulesisthateverystudentshallwearschooluniformwhileatschool.(规定)我们的其中一项规定是每位学生在校期间必须穿校服。
四、表示必要性1.mustdosth表示主观上认为“必须做某事”;havetodosth表示因客观环境或事态促使而“不得不做某事”。2.needn’t/don’thaveto表示“不必”。Youneedn’tgetthemachinerepairedthisweek.Iwon’tneedituntilnextmonth.这周你不必请人修理机器,我到下个月才用。
五、表示愿望、决心will/would可与各种人称连用,表示主语的意志或决心。will表示意愿时其否定形式为won’t,通常用于有生命体,但有时也用于无生命体,这时把无生命体拟人化了。—Whyhasn’tthecookarrivedyettoday?—Shejustwon’tcomeforsuchalowsalary.——为什么今天厨师还没来?——这么低的薪水她不愿意来了。
完成句子1.安吉拉与西蒙进行了辩论,试图说服他改变主意,但西蒙不愿意听。AngelareasonedwithSimon,tryingtopersuadehimtochangehismind,butSimonwouldnotlistentoher.2.你不必道歉;任何人都可能迟到。过来坐下。Youdon’thavetoapologize;itcanhappentoanybodytobelate.Comeandsitdown.3.如果您能考虑我的建议,我将不胜感激。Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldconsidermysuggestion.wouldnotlistentoherdon’thavetoapologizewouldappreciateit
4.在这种情况下,如果说有什么话题最需要避免,那一定就是大家的收入。Underthecircumstances,ifthereisanytopicthatmostneedsavoiding,itmustbepeople’sincome.5.我奶奶已经七十多岁了,但她仍然可以不戴眼镜看书。Mygrandmaisoverseventy,butshecanstillreadwithoutglasses.mustbepeople’sincomeshecanstillreadwithoutglasses
1.can/could的否定式与比较级连用表示最高级。2.can/could的否定式与enough或too(much)连用表示“再……也不为过”。3.must可表示“偏要,硬要”,常用于疑问句或条件状语从句。4.may/mightaswell表示“最好;不妨”。5.would可表示过去的习惯,与usedto相比,前者常表示过去反复的动作,后者常表示过去的状态或习惯现在已不复存在。情态动词的6种特殊用法
6.should有时表示说话人对某事感到意外、惊奇,意为“竟然会”。Ican’tthankhimtoomuch.我再怎么感谢他也不为过。—Mustyouinterruptnow?Can’tyouseeI’monthephone?—Sorry,sir,butit’surgent.——你非得现在打断我吗?你没看见我在打电话吗?——对不起,先生,我有急事。Ifyouthinkthepriceofbeefistoohigh,youmayaswellbuysomepork.It’suptoyou.如果你认为牛肉的价格太高,你不妨买些猪肉。这取决于你。Hewouldgetupearlywhenhewasinthecountry.他住在乡下时常常早起。
完成句子1.做实验时你越仔细越好。Youcannotbetoocarefulwhendoingexperiments.2.就我个人而言,你最好抓住这个机会,否则一旦错过就再也不会得到另外一个机会了。(seize)PersonallyIthinkyoumayaswellseizethechance,oryou’llprobablynevergetanotheronceyoumissit.3.我们很惊讶,他对实验结果的预测竟然如此准确。(precise)Wearesurprisedthathispredictionabouttheexperimentresultshouldbesoprecise.cannotbetoocarefulmayaswellseizethechanceshouldbesoprecise
一、对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测musthavedone(过去)一定做过……;语气比较肯定;用于肯定句may(might)havedone(过去)可能做过……;语气不确定;用于肯定句或否定句can(could)havedone用于否定句或疑问句,表示怀疑或不确定“情态动词＋havedone”的2类用法
二、表示“与过去事实相反”couldhavedone过去本来可以做某事但实际上没做needn’thavedone过去本不必做某事但实际上做了oughtto/shouldhavedone过去本应该做某事但实际上没做oughtn’tto/shouldn’thavedone过去不应该做某事但实际上做了mighthavedone过去可能做某事但实际上没做Wecouldhavefacedthedifficultytogether,butwhydidn’tyoutellme?我们本来可以一起面对困难,但是你为什么不告诉我?Markneedn’thavehurried.Drivingattopspeed,hearrivedhalfanhourearly.马克本不必着急。他开得飞快,早到了半小时。
单句语法填空1.YourcousinmusthaveenjoyedhistripinJixianCounty,didn’the?Helooksamazinglydifferent.2.Thespokesmandidnotregretwhathehadsaidattheconferencebutfeltthathecouldhaveexpressed(express)itindirectly.3.Thismayhavebeenanimprovement,but“breakthrough”wasanoverstatement.4.I’mnotfeelingwellinthestomach.Ishouldn’thaveeaten(eat)somuchfriedchickenjustnow.5.Yououghttohavecome(come)tothepartyyesterday,butwhydidn’tyoucome?musthaveexpressedmayhaveeatenhavecome
一、虚拟语气用于条件句中的4种情况1.虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用类别从句谓语动词主句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式(be用were)should/would/could/might＋动词原形与过去事实相反had＋过去分词should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词与将来事实相反过去式(be用were)should/would/could/might＋动词原形should＋动词原形wereto＋动词原形虚拟语气
Ifhehadtimenow,hewould(should/could/might)gowithyou.如果他现在有时间,他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwould(should/could/might)havemetthefamoussinger.如果你早来几分钟,你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)Ifitweretosnow/shouldsnow/snowedthisevening,theywould(should/could/might)notgoout.如果今天晚上下雪,他们就不会出去。(与将来事实相反)
2.虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should,有时可把if省略,把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装;若为否定形式,not不可提前。Hadhecaughtthemorningtrain,hewouldnothavebeenlateforthemeeting.要是他赶上了早晨的火车,那他开会就不会迟到了。3.错综时间条件句有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致,这时动词的形式应根据它们各自发生的时间加以调整。Ifwehadbookedatableearlier,wewouldn’tbestandinghereinaqueue.如果我们早些订位子,现在也就不用站在这里排队了。(if条件句是对过去的虚拟,而主句是对现在的虚拟)
4.含蓄条件句(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达,而是用butfor,without等介词(短语)来表示。Wewouldn’thavefinishedtheprojectontimewithoutyourtimelyhelp.如果没有你的及时帮助,我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。(2)用连词otherwise,or等暗示下文与前面的情况相反,从而引出下文的虚拟语气。Heremindedmeofthemeeting,otherwiseIwouldhaveforgottenit.他提醒了我会议的事,要不然我就忘了。(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来,句型结构为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。Shewouldhavecometoseeyou,butshewassobusythatday.她本来想来看望你的,但那天她太忙了。
单句语法填空1.Iwasbusyfinishingmypaperthatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegone(go)therewiththem.2.Ifhehadlistened(listen)totheteacherattentivelyyesterday,hewouldknowtheanswertotheproblemnow.3.Ifhehadlain(lie)quietlyasthedoctorinstructed,hewouldn’tsuffersomuchnow.4.Hadyoustudiedharderatcollege,youwould/couldget(get)abetterjobnow.5.Theymighthavefoundabetterhoteliftheyhaddriven(drive)afewmorekilometers.wouldhavegonehadlistenedhadlainwould/couldgethaddriven
二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中的4种情况1.在“Itis＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/apity＋that...”句型中,谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。It’svitalthatwe(should)takeoursafetydrivingalongtheroadseriously.重视道路安全驾驶是至关重要的。2.在wouldrather(that)后的宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作,从句用一般过去时;如果表示过去发生的动作,从句用过去完成时。I’dratherhehadgonetotheseasidewithmethedaybeforeyesterday.要是他前天和我一起去海边就好了。
3.句中含有以下单词或其变形时,该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气,其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”,其中should可以省略。
4.动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气事实情况从句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式(be动词一般用were)与过去事实相反had＋过去分词与将来事实相反would/could＋动词原形
单句语法填空1.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms(should)besent(send)backasearlyaspossible.2.Itisstronglyrecommendedthatthemachines(should)bechecked(check)everyyear.3.HowIwishIhadn’ttried(not,try)torepairthecellphone!Ionlymadeitworse.4.Mysuggestionisthatmorepeoplefromallwalksoflife(should)beencouraged(encourage)tofinancetheprojectwiththeirdeeperloveforthesechildren.5.Myhusbandisalwaystalkingabouttheeconomy,butI’dratherhefocused(focus)moreonourchildren’seducation.(should)besent(should)becheckedhadn’ttried(should)beencouragedfocused
三、3个特定句式中的虚拟语气句型结构过去虚拟现在虚拟将来虚拟ifonly引导的条件句及感叹句had＋过去分词过去式(be动词一般用were)would/could/should/might＋动词原形asif/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句had＋过去分词过去式(be动词一般用were)would/could/should/might＋动词原形Itis(high)time(that)...过去式或“should＋动词原形”【点津】在虚拟语气中,关键词的意义和语境是判断句子是否为虚拟语气的重点,解决此类问题要重点考虑时间和主从句结构两个方面。
单句语法填空1.Ifeltsoembarrassedwhenbeingblamedbymyteacherinclass.IfonlyIhadcompleted(complete)myhomeworklastnight!2.TheystaredatmeasifIhadcome(come)fromtheouterspace.3.Someanimalsareindangerofdyingout,soitishightimethatthegovernmenttook/shouldtake(take)somemeasurestoprotectendangeredanimals.hadcompletedhadcometook/shouldtake
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.—Ihonestlydon’tthinkI’mgoingtobeadmitted.—Well,youneverknow!Youmay(make)abetterimpressionthanyouthink.解析:havemade句意:——老实说,我觉得我不会被录取。——唉,谁知道呢!你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。根据句意可知,此处表示过去可能做某事,应用“情态动词＋havedone”形式,故填havemade。
2.Itusedtobethatyoudriveformilesherewithoutseeinganotherperson,butnowtherearehousesandpeopleeverywhere.解析:could句意:过去你可能在这里开车几英里都看不到一个人,但现在到处都有房屋和人。根据句意可知,该处表示对客观可能性的推测。故填could。3.Jimsayswestayinhishouseaslongasweleaveitcleanandtidy.解析:can根据空后的aslongasweleaveitcleanandtidy可知,Jim允许我们待在他的房子里,即我们“能,可以”待在他的房子里,故填can。4.Youshouldn’t(scold)himforhispoorperformance.Afterall,hehaddonehisbest.解析:havescolded根据语境可知,此处表示“本不应该”,shouldn’thavedone指做了本不该做的事,空前已有shouldn’t,故填havescolded。
5.IfIhadn’tbeenfacedwithsomanybarriers,Iwouldn’t(be)whereIam.解析:be此处是错综时间虚拟语气,根据空后的whereIam可知,主句是与现在事实相反的假设,主句谓语动词应用woulddo形式,空前已有wouldn’t,故填be。6.Whatapity!Youmissedthesightseeing,orwe(have)agoodtimetogether.解析:wouldhavehad考查虚拟语气。根据Youmissedthesightseeing可知,此处是对过去事实的虚拟,从句谓语动词应用“would＋have＋done”,故填wouldhavehad。
7.Theworkerswerenotbetterorganized,otherwisetheywould(accomplish)thetaskinhalfthetime.解析:haveaccomplished根据空前的Theworkerswerenotbetterorganized可知,这是对过去情况的含蓄虚拟。从句应用should(would/could/might)＋have＋done,空前已有would,故填haveaccomplished。8.Intoday’sinformationage,thelossofdatacauseseriousproblemsforacompany.解析:cancan在此表示客观可能性,意为“可能会,有时会”,故填can。
Ⅱ.语法填空HaveyoueverwonderedwhereLego(乐高积木)camefrom?Likemanygreatinventions,thestoryisnotjustoneofagreatidea,1oneofatonofhardworkandperseverance(毅力).ThestorystartedinDenmark.OleChristiansenwasacarpenter2wasstrugglingwithhissmallbusiness.Hiswifedied3(short)afterhisfourthsonwasborn.Hehadtoworkhardtosupporthisfamilyalone.Hestartedmakingwoodtoys,buttheydidn’tsellwell.Hedecidedhistoysneededaname,andhechose4name“Lego”.
Unfortunately,severalyearslater,hisworkshop5(burn)totheground.Soon,hestartedtomakeafewplastictoys.Hegottheideatocreatea“system”oftoysthatwouldbuildupkids’6(imagine)andcreativity.Hedecidedtostop7(make)woodtoysandfocusonlyontheconnectedplastictoys.Thenhestartedtobuildmoreandmorekindsof8(model).Eachonehadtobeofthe9(high)quality,whichcanbereflectedinLego’smotto—Onlythebestisgoodenough.Thankstotheirperseverance,kidscanenjoyLegotoys,movies,amusementparksandclothing.Butnoneofthiswouldhaveexistedatthattimeifthey10(give)upwhentimesgothard.
语篇解读:本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了丹麦的木匠奥尔·克里斯琴森创造乐高玩具的经过。1.but考查连词。not...but...为固定短语,意为“不是……而是……”,故填but。2.who/that考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词carpenter,且先行词在从句中作主语,指人,故填who/that。3.shortly考查词形转换。shortlyafter为固定搭配,意为“不久之后;很快”,故填shortly。4.the考查冠词。name为可数名词,此处特指下文“Lego”这个名字,故填定冠词the。
5.wasburned/burnt考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据上文severalyearslater可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时,且主语workshop与谓语动词构成被动关系,故填wasburned/burnt。6.imagination考查词形转换。根据下文并列结构andcreativity可知,故填名词imagination。7.making考查固定搭配。stopdoingsth意为“停止正在做的事”,故填making。8.models考查名词的单复数。model为可数名词,且根据空前的moreandmorekindsof可知,应用名词的复数形式models。9.highest考查形容词的最高级。根据语境以及空前的the可知,此处应用形容词的最高级highest。10.hadgiven考查虚拟语气。在if引导的虚拟语气中,表示与过去事实相反的情况,其句型为“if＋主语＋动词的过去完成式,主语＋would/could/should/might＋havedone”,故填hadgiven。
Ⅲ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文,注意情态动词和虚拟语气的运用)DearEric,I’mLiHua.Doyoustillrememberme?Istudiedinyourschoolfor3monthsacoupleofyearsago.I’mverygratefulforyourhelpduringmystudyintheUS.Atthattime,youoftenrecommendedthat1.I(should)makenewfriendsandadapttothenewlife(我应该结交新朋友和适应新生活).Withoutyourhelp,2.Icouldn’thaveenjoyedmylifetheresomuch(我不能那么享受我在那儿的生活).Besides,ifyouhadn’thelpedme,3.myEnglishcouldn’thaveimprovedsoquickly(我的英语就不可能提高得那么快).I(should)makenewfriendsandadapttothenewlifeIcouldn’thaveenjoyedmylifetheresomuchmyEnglishcouldn’thaveimprovedsoquickly
Bytheway,doyouknowhoweverythingisgoingwithMrSmith?IfailedtocontacthimafterIleftAmerica.I’dappreciateit4.ifyoucouldoffermehise-mailaddressortelephonenumber(如果你能给我他的邮箱地址或电话号码).IrememberthatyouareveryinterestedinChineseculture.Ifyouwerefreeduringthiswinterholiday,howIwish5.youcouldcometoChinaduringtheSpringFestivaltoexperienceChineseculture(你能在春节期间来中国体验中国文化)!Iwouldratherthat6.youspenttheSpringFestivalwithushappily(你和我们一起欢度春节).I’msureitwillbeanunforgettabletripforyou.Iwouldbeveryhappy7.ifyouweretoacceptmyinvitation(如果你能接受我的邀请).Iamlookingforwardtoyourcoming.Yours,LiHuaifyoucouldoffermehise-mailaddressortelephonenumberyoucouldcometoChinaduringtheSpringFestivaltoexperienceChinesecultureyouspenttheSpringFestivalwithushappilyifyouweretoacceptmyinvitation
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