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五彩缤纷的并列句、从句和特殊句式第二讲 定语从句新教材新高考语法大课堂
关系代词的用法一、关系代词that与which的用法1.只用that的情况:(1)当先行词为all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词或由它们修饰时;(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰,或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时;(3)先行词被theonly,thevery(正是、恰是),thelast等修饰时;(4)先行词中既有人也有物时;(5)在which、who或what引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时;
(6)先行词是theway,并在定语从句中充当状语时,关系代词用that/inwhich或省略关系词。ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.这正是我想看的一部影片。Thefamouswriterandhisbookthatyoureferredtojustnowarewell-knownnow.你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。
2.只用which的情况(1)引导非限制性定语从句时;(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时;(3)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念时。Theresultwasnotthesameastheyhadexpected,whichwasratherdisappointing.结果与当初预料的不一样,这让人觉得很失望。
二、which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活,可位于句首、句中,也可位于句末搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如see,hear,know,expect,remember等意思上这一点正如……,正像……的那样Shemarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.她再婚了,这是始料不及的。Shemarriedagain,asweexpected.正如我们预料的那样,她再婚了。
三、其他关系代词的用法辨析关系代词先行词在从句中所作成分who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose(＝ofwhom/ofwhich)人或物定语Eachgraduatestandingontheplayground,whowasaccompaniedbyaparent,wouldbeawardedadiplomabytheheadmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上,等待校长给他们颁发毕业证书。Mydaughter,whosejobrequireshertodoalotoftravelling,isalwaysawayfromhome.我的女儿总不在家,她的工作需要经常出差。
单句语法填空1.I’mgratefulthattheassistantrespondedinawaythat/whichmademerethinkthepowerofmywords.2.Thewomansaidthatherhusbandhaddiedsomemonthsbeforeandthatshedidn’thaveanyoneelseinherfamilywhocouldhelpher.3.First,wewenttoMountTai,whichisaveryfamoustouristspotinChina.4.Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwoyears.5.Thisstoryaboutself-respectandself-love,whosecharactersareChinese,issetinEurope.that/whichwhowhichaswhose
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用关系副词的用法关系副词先行词在从句中的作用与“介词＋关系代词”的关系when表示时间的名词:time,day,year等作时间状语相当于at/in/on/duringwhichwhere表示地点的名词:park,place,country,city,house等作地点状语相当于in/at/to/onwhichwhy表示原因的名词:thereason作原因状语相当于forwhich
Weliveinanagewhenmoreinformationisavailablewithgreateasethaneverbefore.我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother.古代的中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。Canyoutellmethereasonwhy(＝forwhich)youarelateagain?你能告诉我你又迟到的原因吗?
【点津】(1)先行词为抽象名词point,position,situation,stage,state,case,scene等后也常用where引导定语从句。Hesaidifwereallygottothepointwhereweneededtouselifejackets,hewouldhavealreadydiedofterror.他说如果我们真到了需要用救生衣的地步,他早就吓死了。(2)reason作先行词时,若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语,定语从句要用that或which引导。Thebossdoesn’twanttohearanyreason(that/which)yougive.老板不想听你所给的任何理由。
单句语法填空1.TheDoubleNinthFestivalisalsoatimewhenthechrysanthemum(菊花)blooms.2.IenjoyedmystayinthelibrarywhereIcouldreadvariousbooksIwasinterestedin.3.Thereasonwhyallpeoplepresentareopposedtotheprojectisthatitwillcausemuchpollution.4.SheisgoingtosettleinShanghai,whereshehassomeclosefriends.5.Nextmonth,whenwewillspendourwinterholidaysinourhometown,isapproaching.whenwherewhywherewhen
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句一、“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句,又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时,关系代词用which;先行词指人时,关系代词用whom;关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。TheUSAisalargecountryinwhichmanydifferentdialectsarespoken.美国是一个大国,有着许许多多不同的方言。Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是一个你可以信赖的人。Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
二、“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定1.根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在黑暗的街道上,没有一个她可以求助的人。(turntosbforhelp)Physicsisthesubjectinwhicheverystudentinourschoolisinterested.物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(beinterestedin)2.根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记我童年时在乡下度过的那段时光。(duringthetime)3.根据所表达的意思来确定。Thecolorlessgas,withoutwhichwecan’tlive,iscalledoxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气,没有它我们无法生存。
三、“介词＋关系代词”结构的变式1.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可以与“介词＋关系代词＋动词不定式”转换。Shemusthavetimeinwhichshecouldgrowcalm(＝inwhichtogrowcalm).她需要时间冷静。Frank’sdreamistohavehisowngardeninwhichhecangrowmanybeautifulflowers(＝inwhichtogrowmanybeautifulflowers).弗兰克的梦想是拥有自己的花园,在里面可以种植许多漂亮的花。
2.“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构:HetoldusastoryinEnglish,themeaningofwhichIcouldn’tunderstandcompletely.他用英语给我们讲了一个故事,我不能完全理解它的意思。Thereareabout400studentsinourgrade,mostofwhomarefromHaidianDistrict.我们年级大约有400名学生,其中大多数来自海淀区。
单句语法填空1.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichweworkedtogetherinthecountryside.2.YesterdaywevisitedtheBaotuSpringforwhichJinanisfamous.3.Inthefastmovinginformationage,teenagersshouldkeeppacewiththemediaenvironmentinwhichtheycommunicatewiththeoutsideworld.4.Idon’tagreewiththeclimatetowhichthey’vebeenaccustomedforyears.5.Forinstance,inLima,thecapitalofPeru,therearemorethan50Chinesemedicineclinics,about70percentofwhichweresetupbylocaldoctors.onforintowhich
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)TheGPNPisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespecieslivewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.解析:that考查定语从句。此处that引导定语从句,先行词为thespecies,被all修饰,关系代词只能用that。
2.(2022·全国甲卷)Onthe1,100-kilometerjourney,themanCaoShengkang,losthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident,crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.解析:who分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词CaoShengkang。该定语从句缺少主语,且先行词指人,应用who来引导该定语从句。3.BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtoolgivesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.解析:which/that分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词为tool,指物,定语从句中缺少主语,应用关系代词which或that引导定语从句。
4.Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.解析:who/that分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词theirmasters,从句中缺少主语,故填who/that。5.Inthespring,aseasonwearelearningnewrhythmsoflife,manyofusfindcomfortinthenaturalworld.解析:when分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词aseason,并在后面的定语从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when引导定语从句。
6.WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.解析:which分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词为mistakes,指物,定语从句中介词from后缺少宾语,应用关系代词which引导定语从句。7.Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe,ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.解析:where分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句且在从句中作地点状语,故填where。
8.InancientChinalivedanartistpaintingswerealmostlifelike.解析:whose设空处前后是两个独立的句子,缺少连接词,根据空后的paintings可知,设空处应和paintings构成所属关系,故填whose。9.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9a.m.to5p.m.dailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.解析:which分析句子结构可知,此处引导一个非限制性定语从句,且关系词在从句中修饰先行词thepetshop,在从句中作宾语,故填关系代词which。
Ⅱ.语法填空ItwastheDragonBoatFestival.Shinywhitetentslinedthewaterfront,1(provide)shadeandrefreshmentsfordragonboatpaddlers(桨手)fromalloverCalifornia,2gatheredaroundtheCastaicLakeforafestivecompetition.Gigglingkidsracedcheerfullyalongthelakesidebeach,3theirparentsenjoyingtheshadypicnicareasunderthetreesalongtheshore.“It’sagreatdayout,”saidPaulLin,co-founderofCastaic’sownDragonEyesteam.DragonboatracinghasbeengoingonforthousandsofyearsinChina,4(initial)inhonoroftheChinesewaterordragondeity(神)inanefforttoprayforrain5avoidmisfortuneanddisaster.
Intherace,adrummer6(use)alargetraditionalwoodendrumtokeepthepaddlersonthebeat,whileasteersmaninthebackkeepsthemintheirlane.Linsaidafriendgothim7(involve)indragonboatracingoveradecadeago.In2018,they8(decide)tohosttheirownfestival.“There’ssomethingreallyspecialtobelearnedfromourdragonboatmotto:OneBoat,OneBeat,”hesaid.“Paddlerscomefromallwalksoflifeandthatkindof9(close)withpeopleisnowhereelsetobeseen.”“Wereallywanttohelpexpandawarenessandgrowthesport,”Linsaid.“We’rehopingonedayit’llbecome10Olympicsport.”语篇解读:本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了加利福尼亚龙舟比赛的盛况,并介绍了龙舟比赛的起源及该活动的意义。
1.providing考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,逗号前句式完整,设空处作非谓语;主语Shinywhitetents和动词provide之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用动词-ing形式作状语。2.who考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,作从句的主语,先行词为dragonboatpaddlers,指人,故用who。3.with考查介词。分析句子结构可知,此处为with复合结构作状语。4.initially考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知,设空处修饰后面的介词短语,应用副词形式。5.and考查连词。分析句子结构可知,prayforrain和avoidmisfortuneanddisaster之间为并列关系,故填and。
6.uses考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的keep及语境可知,该句陈述的是风俗习惯,应用一般现在时;该句主语是adrummer,为第三人称单数形式,故填uses。7.involved考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知,此处是“get＋sb＋adj.”结构,意为“让某人参加”。8.decided考查动词的时态。根据时间状语In2018可知,该句陈述的是过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。9.closeness考查词形转换。根据空前的of可知,设空处应用所给词的名词形式,故填closeness。10.an考查冠词。该处泛指“一项奥运会比赛项目”,应用不定冠词,且Olympic的发音以元音音素开头,故用an。
Ⅲ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文,注意定语从句的运用)1.Asisuniversallyknown/Asisknowntoall(众所周知),highschoollifeisanimportantturningpointand2.highschoolcampusisanimportantplacewherestudentsstudyandlive(高中校园是学生学习和生活的重要场所).MyclassmatesandIdecidedtodosomethingforthecominggraduation.Havinghadaheateddiscussion,weagreedonmakingavideotorecord3.ourexperiencesatschool(我们的在校经历).Asisuniversallyknown/Asisknowntoallhighschoolcampusisanimportantplacewherestudentsstudyandliveourexperiencesatschool
Materialcollectingtookusawholeweek,4.duringwhichweinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofourschoollives(在此期间,我们采访了我们的老师,并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面).Somecompromiseswereunavoidable,butthevideoturnedoutperfect.5.Thatdaywhenthevideowasplayed(播放录像的那一天),itwaswellreceived.Thestudentsandteacherssharedagreattime,6.whichsurelygaveusagreatsenseofachievement(这当然给了我们很大的成就感).duringwhichweinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofourschoollivesThatdaywhenthevideowasplayedwhichsurelygaveusagreatsenseofachievement
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