（2021-2023）新高考英语真题分项汇编专题12 阅读理解说明文、议论文（原卷板）

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专题12阅读理解说明文、议论文1.（2023年新高考I卷C篇）Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.8.Whatisthebookaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.10.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.2.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,

1theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudentstheresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.3.（2023年新高考II卷C篇）ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists’representationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaith

2ofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.8.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.9.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand.B.Paint.C.Seize.D.Transform.11.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.4.（2023年新高考II卷D篇）Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartinthe

3activitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.12.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.15.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.5.（2023年浙江卷1月）AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安装)hasgrownrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeopleaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandcheaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservationorganizationsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesfor

4solarfarms.Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelandscape,”saysMacknick.32．Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A．Thedeclineinthedemandforsolarenergy.B．Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsolarpanels.C．Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D．Themostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33．WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A．Improvetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B．Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C．Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D．Promotetheuseofsolarenergyinruralareas.34．Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A．Toconservepollinators.B．Torestrictsolardevelopment.C．Todiversifytheeconomy.D．Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStayB．SolarEnergy:HopefortheFutureC．InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgricultureD．SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment1.（2022年新高考I卷）Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlast

5days.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D．C．,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A．Moraldecline.B．Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.26．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itproduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefoodconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.2.（2022年新高考I卷）Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”

6LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28．Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A．Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B．Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C．Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D．Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29．HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A．Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.B．Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C．Shehasrecoveredhermemory.D．Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.30．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A．Improve.B．Oppose.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.31．Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Itiswellreceived.B．Itneedstobemorecreative.C．Itishighlyprofitable.D．Ittakesagestoseetheresults.3.（2022年新高考I卷）Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.32．WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A．Itsvariety.B．Itsdistribution.C．Itsquantity.D．Itsdevelopment.

733．Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A．Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.B．Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C．Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.D．Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.34．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B．Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C．Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D．Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.35．WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A．Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.B．Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C．Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.D．Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.4.（2022年新高考II卷）Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A．Ineffective.B．Unnecessary.C．Inconsistent.D．Unfair.9．WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A．Whereadrivercamefrom.B．Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.

8C．Howfastadriverwasgoing.D．Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.D．Laws.11．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB．TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC．NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDrivers.D．TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer-5.（2022年新高考II卷）Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.12．WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A．Therightwayofexercising.B．Thecausesofaheartattack.C．Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D．Theagingprocessoftheheart.13．Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A．Dietplan.B．Professionalbackground.C．Exercisetype.D．Previousphysicalcondition.

914．WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A．Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B．High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C．Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D．Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.15．WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A．Makinguseofthefindings.B．Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C．Conductingfurtherresearch.D．Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.6.（2022年浙江卷1月）

10TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy,electricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofelectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam,whichbeganacenturyearlier."Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions."writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers,Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModernAmerica.Klein,anotedhistorianoftechnology,spinsanarrativesolivelythatattimesitreadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themachinethatchangedtheworld".Kleinwrites,"Americadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.EdisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthatbroughtelectriclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.4．WhatisKlein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?A．Itiscloselylinkedtothesteamage.B．Itbeganearlierthanproperthought.C．Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D．Itwillcometoanendsoonerorlater.5．WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A．HewasborninNewYorkCity.B．Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,C．Hecreatedanelectricitycompany.D．Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.6．Whatisthetext?A．Abiography.B．Abookreview.C．Ashortstory.D．Asciencereport.7.(2022年浙江卷1月)

11Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchersfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiainlaterlife,andastheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDr.HelenaHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,said:"Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople'scardiovascular（心血管的）fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia."Forthestudy,191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheywereexhaustedtomeasuretheirpeak（最大值的）cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevel,or120wattsorhigher.Atotalof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory;and59womenwereinthelowfitnesscategory,definedasapeakworkloadof80wattsorless,orhavingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecauseofhighbloodpressure,chestpainorothercardiovascularproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime,44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia,comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia,itonlyshowsanassociation.Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant."Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied,allofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.7．Whatisontheever-growinglistmentionedinthefirstparagraph?A．Positiveeffectsofdoingexercises.B．Exercisessuitableforthemiddle-aged.C．Experimentalstudiesondiseases.D．Advantagesofsportywomanoverman8．Whydidtheresearchersaskthewomentodobicycleexercise?A．Topredicttheirmaximumheartrate.B．ToassesstheircardiovascularcapacityC．TochangetheirhabitsofworkingoutD．Todetecttheirpotentialhealthproblems9．WhatdoweknowaboutDrHorder'sstudy?A．Itaimedtofindacurefordementia.B．Datacollectionwasalengthyprocess.C．Someparticipantswithdrewfromit.D．Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory.10．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementia

12B．Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD．BikingImprovesWomen'sCardiovascularFitness8.(2022年浙江卷6月)Allaroundtheworld,therearesmallchangestakingplace.Atthesideofroads,behindschoolplaygroundsandonallkindsofunlovedpiecesoflandacrosstownsandcities,tinyforestsbarelythesizeoftenniscourtsareappearing,makingagreatplaceforbothwildlifeandlocalpeoplewhomaynotnormallyhaveeasyaccesstonature.ThisistheTinyForestmovement,whichaimstoprovethatthebestthingsinlifereallydocomeinsmallpackages.Tinyforestswerefirstpioneeredasaconceptinthe1970sbyDrMiyawaki,aJapanesebotanist.Ashewentontosharehisconceptwithothers,theideasoontookoffinIndiaandothercountriesbeforeeventuallyreachingEurope,whereitbecamepopularinplaceslikeFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Sohowdoesitwork?LouiseHartley,whoisleadingtheTinyForestprojectintheUK,explainsthattheprocessbeginsbyidentifyingareasinwhichatinyforestcouldhavethebiggestinfluence.“Wefocusonurbanareaswhereaccesstonatureisoftennotthateasy”,saysHartley.“Weseeitasachancetotrytobreakthegrowingdisconnectbetweenpeopleandnature.”InaTinyForest,theremustbeaminimumof600trees,andthetreesareplantedmuchclosertogetherandwithoutchemicalsorfertilisers(肥料).Thereareusuallyaround30differentkindsofall-nativetreespecies(物种).Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.It’salsothoughtthattheseplacescouldhelpreducetheriskofflooding,removecarbonfromtheatmosphereandfightclimatechange,aswellasimprovingthementalhealthofthoselivinglocally.4．WhatdoweknowabouttheTinyForestmovement?A．Ithasachievednotablesuccess.B．Itisledbynumberofschools.C．ItbeganinEuropeinthe1970s.D．Itwillspreadtothecountryside.5．WhatisthepurposeoftheprojectledbyHartleyintheUK?A．Topromoteeco-tourism.B．Toimproveforestryresearch.C．Topopularisegardening.D．Togetpeopleclosetonature.6．WhatisspecialaboutthetreesinaTinyForest?A．Theyaresmallinsize.B．Theyarethicklyplanted.C．Theyareforeignspecies.D．Theyareheavilyfertilised.9.(2022年浙江卷6月)

13Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexperiencingthingsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourwork,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,theyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”7．WhatdoesEllenLanger’sstudyshow?A．ItisworthwhiletobeaperfectionistB．Translationmakespeopleknowledgeable.C．Simplerjobsrequiregreatercaution.D．Moderateeffortproducesthebestresult.8．Theunderlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeoneWho_______.A．isgoodathandlingpressureB．workshardtobecomesuccessfulC．ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob.D．getsonwellwithhisco-workers9．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Agoodthinkerisabletoinspireotherpeople.B．Experienceunrelatedtoyourjobisuseless.C．Acheerfulmoodhelpsmakeacreativemind.D．Focusingonwhatyoudoraisesproductivity.10．Whatdoesthetextseemtoadvocate?A．Middle-of-the-roadworkhabits.B．Balancebetweenworkandfamily.C．Long-standingculturaltraditions.D．Harmonyintheworkenvironment.10.(2022年北京卷卷)“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknown

14assystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(营养不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.8．TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A．illustrateanargumentB．highlightanopinionC．introducethetopicD．predicttheending9．Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A．Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B．Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C．Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D．Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.10．Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A．Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B．Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C．Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D．Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.11.(2022年北京卷)Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticleson

15howquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.11．RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A．sympatheticB．unconcernedC．doubtfulD．excited12．WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A．Hisdominanceinphysics.B．Thecompetitioninthefield.C．HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D．Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Open.B．Cool.C．Useful.D．Resistant.14．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B．IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C．WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D．WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?

1612.(2022年天津卷)Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsiblefohumancognition(认知)?Whataboutourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?PsychologistswhostudyEmbodiedCognition(EC)asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsibleforthinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequalmeasure.Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusingsounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaroundthem.Theydon’thaveemotionssomuchasneeds—theydon’tfeelsad,they’rejusthungryandneedfood.Evenunbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers’heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld，theycrywhenthey’recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenervecentrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelievethisisfact,whileECtheorisesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneex-periment,testsubjects(实验对象)wereaskedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheirfingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects’fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included”inor“rejected”fromagrouptask.Thosewhowereincludedfeltphysicallywarmer.Forfurtherproof,wecanlookatthemetaphors(比喻说法)thatweusewithouteventhinking.Akindandsympatheticpersonisfrequentlyreferredtoasonewithasoftheartandsomeonewhoisverystrongandcalmindifficultsituationsisoftendescribedassolidasarock.Andthiskindofmetaphoricaluseiscommonacrosslanguages.Nowthatyouhavetheknowledgeofmind-bodyinteraction,whynotuseit?Ifyou’rehavingabadday,awarmcupofteawillgiveyouaflashofpleasure.Ifyouknowyou’rephysicallycold,warmupbeforemakinganyinterpersonaldecisions.46.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceoftheECtheoryliesin________.A.facilitatingourunderstandingoftheoriginofpsychologyB.revealingthemajorroleofthemindinhumancognitionC.offeringaclearerpictureoftheshapeofhumanbrainD.bringingusclosertothetruthinhumancognition47.Wheredoesthenewborns’understandingoftheirsurroundingsstartfrom?A.Theirpersonallooks.B.Theirmentalneeds.C.Theirinneremotions.D.Theirphysicalfeelings.48.TheexperimentsmentionedinParagraph4furtherprove________.A.environmentimpactshowwejudgeothersB.howbodytemperatureisrelatedtohealth

17C.themindandthebodyinfluenceeachotherD.howhumansinteractwiththeirsurroundings49.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebycitingthemetaphorsinParagraph5?A.Humanspeechisalivewithmetaphors.B.Humansenseshaveeffectsonthinking.C.Humanlanguageisshapedbyvisualimages.D.Humanemotionsareoftencomparedtonaturalmaterials.50.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthelastparagraph?A.Tosharewiththereaderwaystoreleasetheiremotions.B.Toguidethereaderontothepathtocareersuccess.C.ToencouragethereadertoputECintopractice.D.Todeepenthereader’sunderstandingofEC.13.(2022年天津卷)RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,tomakesomedifferenceinheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbe-causewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ideals,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhenweexamineourselvesdeeplycanwediscoverourabilitiesandrecognizeourlimitations,andthenworkaccordinglytocreateabetterworld.Thefirstrequirementforagoodlifeishavingalovingheart.Whenwedocertainrightthingsmerelyasaduty,wefindourjobsotiresomethatwe’llsoonburnout.However,whenwedothatsamejoboutoflove,wenotonlyenjoywhatwedo,butalsodoitwithaneffortlessfeeling.However,lovealoneisinsufficienttoleadagoodlife.Lovesometimesblindsustothereality.Consequently,ourgoodintentionsmaynotleadtogoodresults.Toachievedesiredoutcome,thosewhowanttodogoodtoothersalsoneedtoequipthemselveswithaccurateworldknowledge.Falseknowledgeismoredangerousthanignorance.Ifloveistheengineofacarknowledgeisthesteeringwheel(方向盘).Iftheenginelackspower,thcarcan’tmove;ifthedriverlosescontrolofthesteering,aroadaccidentprobablyoccurs.Onlywithloveinheartandtherightknowledgeinmindcanweleadagoodlife.Withloveandknowledge,wegoallouttocreateabetterworldbydoinggoodtoothers.Whenweseetheimpactofourgoodworkontheworldwegivemeaningtoourlifeandearnlastingjoyandhappiness.51.Whateffectdoesthenarrowperceptionofagoodlifehaveonus?A.Makingussimple-mindedB.Makingusshort-signted.C.Leadingusontoabusyroad.D.Keepingusfromcomfortandluxury.

1852.Accordingtotheauthor,howcanonegaintruehappiness?A.Throughmaintaininggoodhealth.B.Bygoingthroughpainandsuffering.C.Byrecognizingone’sabilitiesandlimitations.D.Throughofferinghelpmuchneededbyothers.53.AccordingtoParagraph4,doingcertainrightthingswithalovingheartmakesone________.A.lessselfishB.lessannoyingC.moremotivatedD.moreresponsible54.Inwhatcasemaygoodintentionsfailtoleadtodesiredresults?A.Whenwehavewrongknowledgeoftheworld.B.Whenourlovefortheworldisinsufficient.C.Whenweareinsensitivetodangersinlife.D.Whenwestayblindtothereality.55.AccordingtoParagraph5,lifecanbemadetrulygoodwhen________.A.inspiredbyloveandguidedbyknowledgeB.directedbyloveandpushedbyknowledgeC.purifiedbyloveandenrichedbyknowledgeD.promotedbyloveanddefinedbyknowledge1.（2021年新高考I卷）WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.28.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?

19A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.30.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting2.（2021年新高考I卷）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intellingence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson’smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.

2035.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.3.（2021年天津卷）AtrialprojectbytheMontrealChildren'sHospitalsuggestedthattheuseofmedicalhypnosis(催眠)canreducepainandanxietyinpatients.Theprojectalsoresultedinareductionintheamountofmedicinesusedtoperformmedical-imagingimaging(医学影像)procedures.“Duringtheexaminationchildrendon'tmove.Itworksperfectly.It'samazing,“saidJohanneL'Ecuyer,amedical-imagingtechnologistatthehospital.TheprojectwasinspiredbyaFrenchteamfromRouenUniversityHospitalCentrewhereexaminationsaredoneunderhypnosisinsteadofgeneralanesthesia(麻醉）.AFrenchmedical-imagingtechnologist-alsoahypnotist—wasinvitedtotrainafewmembersinthemedical-imagingdepartmentofthechildren'shospital.Inall,80examinationswereconductedfortheprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwouldcauseanxiety.Hypnosisisnotastateofsleep:Itisratheramodified(改变的)stateofconsciousness.Thetechnologistwillguidethepatienttothismodifiedstate—animaginaryworldthatwilldisassociateitselfmoreandmorefromtheprocedurethatfollows.“Thetechnologistmustbuildupastorywiththepatient,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Thepatientisleftwiththepowertochoosewhathewantstotalkabout.Doyouplaysports?Doyoulikegoingtothebeach?Weestablishasubjectthatwewilldiscussthroughouttheprocedure."Everythingthathappensnextduringtheproceduremustberelatedtothisstory—aninjection（注射）becomesthebiteofaninsect;theheatontheskinbecomesthesensationofthesunandamachinethatringsbecomesapolicecarpassingnearby.“Theimportantthingisthatthetechnologistassociateswhatishappeningoutsidethepatient'sbodywithwhatthepatientseesinhishead,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid."Itrequirescreativityonthepartofthetechnologist,imagination,alotofpatienceandkindness."TheprocedureappealedtothestaffalotwhenitwasintroducedinJanuary.ItspreadlikewildfirethatsomeonefromFrancewasheretotrainthetechnologists,"Ms.L'Ecuyersaid.Sheaddedthatshehadalineofstaffatherdoorwantingtotakethetraining.51．Oneoftheresultsproducedbythetrialprojectis________.A．abetterunderstandingofchildrenB．lessuseofcertainmedicinesC．newmedical-imagingtechnologyD．animprovedreputationofthehospital52．TheFrenchtechnologistcametothechildren'shospitalto________.A．assistintreatingapatientB．carryouthypnosistrainingC．startupanewdepartment

21D．learnabouttheprocedure53．AccordingtoParagraph5,hypnosisworksby________.A．creatingaperfectworldforpatientsB．forcingpatientsintoastateofdeepsleepC．puttingpatientsintoanunconsciousstateD．leadingpatients'consciousnessawayfromreality54．Whatcanwelearnaboutthestoryusedintheprocedure?A．Itshouldkeeppacewiththeprocedure.B．Itreflectsthepatient'screativity.C．Itisselectedbythetechnologist.D．Ittellswhatdoctorsaredoingtothepatient.55．Theprocedurewasreceivedamongthestaffwith________.A．uncertaintyB．enthusiasmC．worryD．criticism56．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Aneasywaytocommunicatewithpatients.B．Thestandardmethodofconductinghypnosis.C．Anintroductionofmedical-imagingtechnology.D．Theuseofhypnosisinmedical-imagingprocedures.4.（2021年1月浙江）Yourunintothegrocerystoretopickuponebottleofwater.Yougetwhatyouneed,headtothefront,andchoosethelinethatlooksfastest.Youchosewrong.Peoplewhoyousweargotinotherlineslongafteryouarealreadycheckedoutandofftotheparkinglot.1．Itturnsout,it'sjustmathworkingagainstyou;chancesare,theotherlinereallyisfaster.Grocerystorestrytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersthroughwithminimumdelay.2．Anysmallinterruption-apricecheck,achattycustomer-canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.Iftherearethreelinesinthestore,delayswillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.Thinkabouttheprobability:3．Soit'snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.Researchershaveagoodwaytodealwiththisproblem.Makeallcustomersstandinonelong,snakingline-calledaserpentineline-andserveeachpersonatthefrontwiththenextavailableregister.4．Thisiswhattheydoatmostbanksandfast-foodrestaurants.Withaserpentineline,alongdelayatoneregisterwon'tunfairlypunishthepeoplewholinedupbehindit.Instead,itwillslowdowneveryonealittlebitbutspeedupcheckoutoverall.5．Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly,andsomestorescan'taffordthespaceormanpower.Sowhereveryournextwaitmaybe:Goodluck.

22A．Whydoesthisalwaysseemtohappentoyou?B．Sowhydon'tmostplacesencourageserpentinelines?C．Someofthemayhavestoodinaqueueforalmostanhour.D．Thechancesofyourlinebeingthefastestareonlyoneinthree.E.Howhighistheprobabilitythatyouareinthefastestwaitingline?F.Withthreeregisters,thismethodismuchfasterthanthetraditionalapproach.G.Butsometimes,asonaSundayafternoon,thesystemgetsparticularlybusy.5.（2021年1月浙江卷）Atthestartofthe20thcentury,anAmericanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictionsaboutslowingpopulationgrowth,mobilephonesandincreasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday.Today,inAustralia,mostchildrenonaveragefall2,000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly1970s,40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschool,whilein2010,itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomelazy.Familiesarepressedfortime,manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.Theothersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation:forhealthandwell-being,aswellaslostopportunities（机会）forchildrentogettoknowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelostopportunitiestowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparentswillhaveeagerlyaskedtheirchildabouttheirday,onlytomeetwitha“good”,quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperienceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson'sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.Manyprimaryschoolssupportwalkingschool-busroutes（路线）,withdaysofregular,parent-accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneoftheseafewtimesaweekisbetterthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning-runningshoesbythefrontdoor,lunchesmadethenightbefore,umbrellasonrainydaysandhatsonhotones-butit'scertainlyworthtrying.41．WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'predictionsinthefirstparagraph?A．Tomakecomparisons.B．Tointroducethetopic.C．Tosupportherargument.D．Toprovideexamples.42．WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustralianchildren'sphysicalactivity?A．Plainlaziness.B．Healthproblems.C．Lackoftime.D．Securityconcerns.43．Whydoestheauthorfindwalkingwithhersonworthwhile?A．Shecangetrelaxedafterwork.B．Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C．Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D．Shecanknowhersonbetter.

236.（2021年1月浙江卷）Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,"shesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)outthere.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains."44．WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A．Memorizingspecificwords.B．Understandingcomplexinformation.C．Usingvoicestocommunicate.D．Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.45．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A．Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyconducted.B．Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C．Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D．Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.46．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean?A．Difference.B．Conflict.C．Balance.D．Connection.47．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB．Chimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskills

24C．Chimpanzees:thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD．Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslated7.（2021年6月浙江卷）Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudyResearcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(图像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.""Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,"MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.8.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhumanfacesC.feelhappyorangryD.communicatewitheachother9.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethelest.10.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.AmajorlimitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.8.(2021年北京卷)Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersin

25manyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(签署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(执着)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________.A.worriedB.puzzledC.surprisedD.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.9.（2021年北京卷）Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinright．Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute．Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtime

26toecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming．We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers，whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchanges．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．Theclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（时间框架），andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones．AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars，earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people“corrected”officialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason．Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness．WhenSt．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities：Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose．31WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1？A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit．D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．32.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanapproach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife．B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems．C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．

27D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers’temporalframe．34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframewillmaketimemeaningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．