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英语写作搭配词account(n.)说明;解释;考虑Thisthoeryfailedtoaccountfortheabstractnatureofgenetics.此理论无法解释遗传学的抽象本质。此外“accountfor”也有“占有”的意思。Retailsalesaccountforonly40percentofconsumerspending.零售业的销售额只占消费者支出的40%。固定搭配v.+accountofv.accountof中译takeaccountof考虑Inourdiscussionweneedtotakeaccountofthreemainproblemareas...在这里我们需要考虑三种主要问题……固定搭配v.+accountv.account中译give/offer/present/provideaccount提供说明summarize总结说明accept接受说明Aspeakergaveanaccountfromfirst-handexperience.演讲者以第一手的经验提供说明。Inthenextsection,IproceedtosummarizeKuhn’saccountofhowaparadigmcanrunintotroubleandbereplacedbyarival.在下一节,我会接着总结库恩针对典范是如何陷入困境而被对手取代所做出的说明。固定搭配adj.+accountadj.account中译detailed/elaborateaccount详细的说明comprehensive/full全面的说明clear/explicit明确的说明formal正式的说明
1satisfactory令人满意的说明brief/concise简短的说明different不同的说明conflicting接受说明Noattemptwillbemadetogiveadetailedaccountandappraisaloflogichere.将不会对此处的逻辑提供详细的说明和评价。ThismodeldoesnotprovideasatisfactoryaccountofthemannerinwhichchildrenmasterthepasttenseinEnglish.此模式对儿童学会英语中过去式的方式并未提供令人满意的说明。Theskilledwritersprovidedaverydifferentaccountoftheprocess.有技巧的作者对此过程提供了非常不同的说明。固定搭配prep.+accountprep.account中译takeintoaccount列入考虑TwocrucialfactorsneedtobetakenintoaccountwhenconsideringwhatmodelofEnglishtouseintheclassroom.当考虑课堂中该使用何种英语模式时,有两个重要因素需要列入考虑。takeintoaccount也可替换成takeintoconsideration,例如:Inanalyzingresearchstudies,itisnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthemethodofdatacollection.分析研究时需要将资料收集的方法列入考虑。句型:1、_______mightacountforthisdifferencein_______.……也许可以解释在……的差异。2、_______providesadetailedaccountof_______.……对……提供详细的说明。3、_______givesabriefaccountoftheproblemsof_______.……对……的问题提供简短的说明。4、Wehavetotake_______intoaccount.我们必须把……列入考虑。5、Itmightbebeneficialtotakethisfactorintoaccountin_______.
2在……,把此因素列入考虑也许是有帮助的。aim(n.)目标论文写作中的aim常指researchaim(研究目标),类似的词语有goal,objective,purpose等。固定搭配v.+aimv.aim中译accomplish/achieve/fulfill/realizeaim达成/实现目标carryout/execute/implement执行目标putforth/setout提出目标pursue追求目标clarify阐明目标contradict与目标抵触Theresearchwasdesignedtoachievetheseaims.此研究是设计达成来达成这些目标。Thereviewhashelpedtoclarifyaimsandobjectives.此评论有助于阐明目标和目的。Yetthemeansheemploysseemtocontradicttheseaims.然而他使用的方法似乎与目标相抵触。固定搭配adj.+aimadj.aim中译central/chief/essential/important/key/main/major/overarching/overriding/paramount/primary/prime/principalaim主要/重要目标ambitious/great/high/idealistic/lofty/noble/worthy远大/理想目标general/overall整体目标long-range/long-term长期目标medium-term中期目标short-term短期目标eventual/final/ultimate最终目标immediate直接目标single/sole唯一目标
3original原有目标common共同目标specific特殊目标Mymainaiminthissectionistohighlightthekeyelementsinthiscomplexissuebyfirstexaminingtheeffectsofageandthenlookingatvariousexplanationsoftheseeffects.我在这节的主要目标是强调此复杂议题的重要因素,首先研究年龄的影响,接着再讨论这些影响的各种解释。Astheworldpopulationgrows,ourlimitedresourceswillhavetobeusedefficientlytoachievethisparamountaim.世界人口持续增长,我们必须有效使用有限的资源已达成此重要的目标。Aprincipalaimoftheprojectwastostudyworkerswithverylimitedlanguageproficiency.此计划的一个主要目标是研究语言能力相当有限的工人。Theoverallaimofthebookistohelpwithdevelopingactivitieswhichmeettheneedsofolderpeople.本书的整体目标是帮助开发符合老人需求的活动。Theywouldtakeeconomicandpoliticalmeasurestoachievetheirfinalaim.他们会采取经济和政治措施来达成他们的最终目标。固定搭配prep.+theaimofprep.theaimof中译withtheaimof目的在于Twohundredoftheseolderpeoplewereinterviewedwiththeaimoffindingouthowtheyfeltabouttheirphysicaldisabilities.两百名此类年长者接受了访谈,目的在于了解他们对自己肢体不便的感觉。句型:1、______shouldplayaprimaryroleinrealizingtheseaims.为实现这一目标,……应扮演重要角色。2、______triedtoachievethisaimthoughavarietyofmeasures.……尝试通过各种方式来达成此目标。3、Themajoraimoftheprojectwastodevelop______.此计划的主要目标是发展……
44、Thespecificaimofthestudywastounderstand______.此研究的特定目标是要了解……5、Researchbeganwiththeaimofseekingtoestablish______.研究的最初目的在于寻求建立……analogy(n.)类比;类似固定搭配v.+analogyv.analogy中译draw/makeanalogy作类比apply/use使用类比offer/provide提供类比bear/have/show具有类似之处Letmedrawaquickanalogybetweenlanguagelearningandtheactofskiing.让我们在语言学习和滑雪之间作一个快速类比。Onthesurface,itisentirelyreasonabletomaketheanalogy.表面看来作此类比是完全合理的。Tousetheclassicanalogy,thependulumhasswungtoofar.举个典型的类比,钟摆已经摆过头了。Perhapstheideaisbestunderstoodthroughanalogy.也许这一想法最好通过类比来理解。句型:1、Ananalogycanbedrawnherebetween______and______.……和……之间可以作一个类比。2、______drewananalogybetween______and______.……在……和……之间作了一个类比。3、Thereisaverysubstantialanalogytobedrawnbetween______and______.……和……之间作个非常重要的类比。analysis(n.)分析analysis是单数可数名词,复数为analyses
5固定搭配v.+analysisv.analysis中译carryout/conduct/do/make/perform/undertakeanalysis作/进行分析give/have/provide提供分析need/require需要分析defy挑战/使无法分析TheanalysiswasconductedusingANVORsoftwarepackage.此分析是使用重复测量方差分析软件包完成的。Onlyonestudyhasfolloweduphigh-riskyoungpeopleforasufficientnumberofyearstoprovideanyhelpfulanalyses.只有一个探讨高危青年的研究持续多年以提供任何有帮助的分析。Theirsyllablesrequiredalinguisticanalysis.他们的音节需要做语言分析。Yetotherspeciesexhibitvariationpatternsthatdefyanalysisofthesophisticationofpresent-daybiology.然而其它物种展现的变种方式挑战目前生物学精密的分析。固定搭配adj.+analysisadj.analysis中译careful/complete/comprehensive/detailed/exhaustive/full/intensive/precise/thoroughanalysis详尽的/精细的分析accurate/correct/right正确的分析profound深刻的分析insightful有见地的分析rigorous/serious严谨的分析painstaking费尽苦心的分析objective客观的分析fair合理的分析in-depth深入的分析Thisstudyhasprovidedarelativelycomprehensiveanalysisoflanguageuseintheuniversity.此研究针对大学中的语言使用提供了一个相对详尽的分析。Asomewhatmoredetailedanalysisofthisprocessmaybeilluminating.对此过程更为详尽的分析可能具有启发性。
6Luca’sarticleseemedtobeaveryfairandobjectiveanalysisofNewEnglishBible.卢卡的文章似乎是对新英语圣经的一个非常合理和客观的分析。固定搭配adj.+analysisadj.analysis中译qualitativeanalysis质性分析quantitative量性分析scientific科学分析statistical统计分析critical评论性分析comparative比较性分析Table1and2presenttheresultsofthestatisticalanalysisofthedata.表1和表2呈现了资料统计分析的结果。ThemethodsandresultsofthiscomparativeanalysisaredescribedinAppendixB.此比较性的分析和方法都呈现在附录B中。固定搭配n.+analysisn.analysis中译dataanalysis资料分析lab/laboratory实验室分析material材料分析Anothermajoraspectoftheresearchprocessisdataanalysis.此研究过程的另一主要层面是资料分析。Adoctormustdrillaholeintotheskulltoremoveasampleofthetumorforlaboratoryanalysis.医生必须在头骨上钻个洞以取出肿瘤样品以用于实验室分析。固定搭配prep.+analysisprep.analysis中译inanalysis在……分析中Thereareseveralquestionablepointsinhisanalysis.在他的分析中有几处疑点。analyst(n.)分析者;分析师n./adj.analyst中译research研究分析者
7analystdata资料分析者market市场分析师chief/senior首席/资深分析师Thedataanalystisrestrictedtobasinghisdecisionsonselecteddataonly.资料分析者受限于只依据被筛选的资料本身作决定。句型:1、______wasusedindataanalysisinthisstudy.本研究的数据分析使用……2、Thequalitativeanalysisforthispaperisbasedon______.此论文的质性分析是基于……3、Thedataanalysisshowstheimportancethat______.资料分析显示了……的重要性。4、Theseviewpointsareconsideredintheiranlysisof______.在他们对……的分析中考虑到了这些观点。answer(n.)解答;答案;回应固定搭配v.+answerv.answer中译bring/comeupwith/furnish/give/offer/produce/provide/supplyanswer提供解答find/seek寻求解答get/obtain获得解答figureout/thinkof思考答案expect预期答案check检查答案demand要求解答suggest建议/暗示答案form/make回答have有答案await等待答案Ifnotenoughinformationisgiven,theexamineewillnotbeabletocomeupwiththeintendedcorrectanswer.如果没有正确的信息,应试者将无法给出预期的正确回答。
8Researchershopethatobservationsofbehaviorwithinthehivewillprovideananswer.研究者希望在蜂巢中观察到的行为能提供解答。Theresearchoraskedaseriesofleadingquestionsthatsubtlysuggestedawronganswer.研究者问了一组引导性问题,这些问题巧妙的暗示了错误的答案。Morepeoplearegoingtohavetogetinvolvedifthisquestionistohaveananswer.要解决这一问题必须有更多的人参与。Thesearequestionsthatawaitanswers.这些问题都还有待解答。固定搭配adj.+answeradj.answer中译accurate/affirmative/correct/effective/postive/rightanswer正确的解答conclusive/definite/definitive/detailed/direct/precise/straight/straightforward明确的解答complete/full/satisfactory完整的解答clear/clear-cut清晰的解答immediate/instant/quick立即的解答brief/laconic/short/succinct简短的解答suggested建议的解答obvious明显的解答Selectthecorrectanswerstothefollowingquestion…就以下问题选出正确的答案……Archaeologistsstillhavenodefinitiveanswer.考古学家迄今未有明确答案。Nostraightforwardanswercanbegiventothequestion.此问题没有明确的解答。固定搭配adj.+answeradj.answer中译incorrect/negative/wrong错误的解答
9answerdubious/dusty/equivocal/evasive/indefinite/vague模糊的解答awkward/foolish/silly笨拙的解答tentative尝试性解答incomplete不完整的解答partial部分解答irrelevant不相关的解答possible可能的解答Wheneverthestudentgaveawronganswer,Iwouldcorrecthimimmediately.每当学生给出错误的解答,我就会马上纠正他。Thetentativeanswertothefirstquestionisaqualifiedno.对第一个问题的尝试性回答有可能行不通。Apartialanswerforthefailureofthatexplanationisprovidedhere.对于那个解释的失败,在此提供部分的解答。句型:1、Apossibleanswerliesin______.一个可能的答案是……2、______failedtoprovidetheanswer.……无法提供解答。3、______hasprovidedanpossibleanswertothisrequirement.……对此需求提供了一个可能的解答。4、______wantedastraightanswertoaquestion.……想要一个对问题的明确解答。5、Themostimmediateandfrequentanswerislikelytobe______.最直接和最常见的答案可能是……appendix(n.)附录单数形式前使用不定冠词应用an,复数形式用appendixes或appendices皆可。在论文中常使用括号注明seeAppendix、givenintheappendix、seetheappendixfordetails。如附录不止一项则依次加大写英文字母或数字表示,例如seeappendixesAandBforrelevantresults。TheComputerUseSurvey,whichincluded11closed-endeditems(seeAppendixA),wasdesignedtoprovideinformationontheparticipant’spatternsofcomputeruse.计算机使用调查表包含11个封闭性题目(见附录A),被设计提供参与者使用计算机方式的信息。
10固定搭配prep.+appendixprep.appendic中译inappendix在附录中with附上附录as作为附录ThemethodsandresultsofthiscomparativeanalysisarediscribedinAppendixH.此比较分析的方法和结果呈现在附录H中。Thesamereportbutwithdetailedappendicesisalsoavailable.另有附上详细附录的相同报告。句型:1、______isreproducedinfullinAppendixD.……在附录D中有完整的重现。2、______aregivenintheAppendixtothischapter.……收录在本章的附录中。3、______isattachedasanAppendixtothisreport.附上……作为这篇报告的附录。assumption(n.)假设固定搭配v.+assumptionv.assumption中译acceptassumption接受假设support支持假设make作假设corroborate/examine/verify证实假设test测试假设baseon/buildupon/reston基于假设have/hold持有假设Usingthismethodtosupportthisassumptionrevealsseveralsignificantadvantages.使用此方法来支持这一假设呈现出几项重要的优点。Extensiveresearchinanumberofquitedifferentcultureshaslargelycorroboratedthisassumption.在一些迥异的文化中进行的广泛研究已大体证实了这一假设。
11Erroranalysisisbasedontheassumptionthatreader’errorsarewindowsonthereadingprocess.错误的分析基于此假设,即读者的错误是阅读过程的窗口。Interculturalistshavelongheldanassumptionthatknowledgeofculturaldifferenceswillimproveinterculturalrelations.跨文化论者长期持有此假设:对文化差异的了解可促进文化间的关系。固定搭配v.+assumptionv.assumption中译challenge/questionassumption挑战/质疑假设disprove/reject否定假设resist抗拒假设Hisconclusionsdeservetobewidelydiscussedfortheychallengethemajorassumptionsoftraditionalacademicpsychology.他的结论挑战传统理论心理学的主要假设,值得被广泛讨论。Taylor(1988)questionedtheassumptionthatpeopleofcolorlivinginextremepovertywerenecessarilyilliterate.泰勒(1988)质疑极度贫穷的有色人种必是文盲的假设。AsindividaulsweneedtoresisttheassumptionthatthereisoneTruth.就个人而言我们必须抗拒只有一种真理的假设。固定搭配adj.+assumptionadj.assumption中译accurate/correct/right/validassumption正确的假设safe/rational/realistic/reasonable安全/合理的假设basic/fundamental/underlying基本的假设common/popular/widespread/shared共同的/普遍的假设central/crucial/main/major/primary主要的假设Thefirstisitsbasicassumptionthatknowledgecanbecompletelymodeledasasetofformalstructures.首先是它的基本假设,知识可以完全被塑造成一组形式结构。Beginningintheearlistdaysofmodernscientificpsychology,therewasageneralunderlyingassumptionthatallhumanmotivationisultimatelyegoistic,basedpurelyonself-interest.
12在现代科学心理学的最早期就有一种普遍的基本假设,所有人的动机终究是自我本位的,基于自身的利益之上。AwidespreadassumptionwasthatchildrenwithSpanishsurnameshadfirstlanguageproficiencyinSpanish.一个普遍的假设认为只要具有西班牙姓氏的儿童就会以西班牙语为母语。固定搭配adj.+assumptionadj.assumption中译erroneous/fallacious/incorrect/flawed/mistaken/misguided/false/wrongassumption错误的假设groundless/invalid/precarious/problematic/unjustified/unreasonable/unsupported/unwarranted无根据的假设/不合理的假设doubtful/dubious/questionable可疑的假设dangerous/risky危险的假设over-simplified过度简单的假设implicit/tacit/unspoken/unstated未说明的/默认的假设untested未经验证的假设Theresearcherarguesthatthisstructuremakesfalseassumptionsaboutthenatureoflearning,anddisregardsthediversityoflearners.该研究者认为这个结构对学习的本质作出错误的假设,忽视了学习者的多样性。Theycriticizetheaudio-lingualmethodasbasedonanover-simplifiedassumption.他们批评听说教学法是基于一个过于简化的假设。Manytheoriesbasedonblackholdsproceedonthetacitassumptionthatsuchobjectsexistintheuniverse.许多以黑洞为基础的理论都是在宇宙中确有此物存在的默认假设下进行的。Suchforecastsabouttrendsindrug-takingbehaviorarebasedonseveraluntestedassumptions.这种对服药行为的预测基于几个未经验证的假设。固定搭配adj.+assumptionadj.assumption中译hypothetical/plausible/possible/probable可能的假设
13assumptionmere/pure仅是假设intuitive直觉的假设initial最初的假设ThereisnothinginthedatatotelluswhetherXcausesYorYcausesX,sowehavetomakethemostplausibleassumptionwecan.数据并未告诉我们是X引起Y还是Y引起X,所以我们必须作出最有可能的假设。Wemakeintuitiveassumptionsbasedontheinformationwecansee.我们依据所见的信息作出直觉性的假设。固定搭配prep.+assumptionprep.assumption中译on/underassumption以……为假设in在……假设中TelecommunicationstechnologiesdrivenbytheInternethaveencourageddeveloperstoproceedontheassumptionthateveryhomewilleventuallybepartofauniversalnetwork.因特网推动的电信科技促使开发者将每个家庭终将是通用网络的一部分的假设进行下去。Thereareseveralweaknessesinthisassumption.在此假设中有几个薄弱点。Therationaleforthismethodisbasedonthefollowingassumption…这个方法的原理基于以下假设……Asthisstudyhasshown,thisassumptionhasnobasisinfact.如此研究所示,此假设事实上是缺乏依据的。Itismyexperiencethatthisassumptionisnotalwayswarranted.依我的经验,这种假设并非总能保证无误。句型:1、Afundamentalassumptionof_______isthat______.……的一个基本假设就是……2、Thetheorychallengedtheassumptionof______that______.此理论挑战……的假设,该假设认为……3、______mayberesponsibleforthecommonassumptionthat______.……也许是普遍假设……的原因。
144、______isbased,toagreatextent,ontheassumptionthat______.……很大程度上是基于……的假设。5、Implicitinthisassumptionisthenotionthat______.隐含在此假设里的概念是……6、Theirstudythussupportsourownintuitiveassumptionthat______.因此他们的研究支持我们直觉的假设,即……7、Onthebasisofthisassumption,itseemsplausibletohypothesizethat______.在此假设的基础上,似乎可合理假定……attempt(n.)尝试attempt可当动词或名词使用,做动词时的例句如下:ResearchersinAsiamayattempttoapplyresearchresultsfromtheWest.亚洲的研究者可尝试使用西方研究的结果。Attempt当名词时多为可数名词,意指一次又一次的尝试,例如:Therehavebeenmanyattemptstoanswerthequestion.向来有许多尝试试图解答此问题。但也有作为不可数名词的情况。Smithmakeslittleattempttoextrapolatefromtheresultsofhisresearch.史密斯很少尝试从他的研究结果中作出推论。固定搭配v.+attemptv.attempt中译makeattempt尝试represent代表某种尝试abandon/giveup放弃尝试resist抗拒尝试undermine破坏尝试fail尝试失败Theresearchermakesnoattempttomanipulatethephenomenaunderinvestigation.研究者并未尝试去操控研究中的现象。Noattemptwasmadetorandomizetheorderoftheterms.
15研究者并未尝试随机排列这些词汇。Thesystemseemstorepresentthefirstexplicitattempttoworkoutthesolutionsofallproblems.此系统似乎代表了针对所有问题提出解决方法的首次明确尝试。Theproposalwillundermineinternationalattemptstopreventprolificationofnuclearweapons.此建议将破坏国际间防止核武器扩散的尝试。固定搭配adj.+attemptadj.attempt中译best-knownattempt最知名的尝试bold/brave/daring勇敢的尝试deliberate深思熟虑的尝试successful成功的尝试earlier/previous/prior之前的尝试further进一步尝试first/initial初次尝试fruitless/useless无用的尝试Oneofthebest-knownattemptstoconstructabehavioralmodeloflinguisticbehaviorwasembobiedinSkinner’sclassic,verbalbehavior.构建语言行为的行为模式中一个最知名的尝试体现在斯金纳的经典著作《语言行为》一书中。Previousattemptshavefailedbecausetheyarenotwell-trained.之前的尝试失败是因为他们训练不足。固定搭配prep.+attemptprep.attempt中译inattempt在尝试Inanattempttobroadenthebaseofbehavioraltheory,somepsychologistsproposedmodifiedtheoreticalpositions.在尝试扩大行为理论的基础时,某些心理学家提出了修正的理论立场。句型:1、Anattemptwasmadeto______.尝试去做……2、Therehasbeenlittleattemptto______.
16向来很少尝试去……3、Fewattemptshavebeenmadetosurvey______.向来很少尝试去调查……attention(n.)注意不可数名词固定搭配v.+attentionv.attention中译absorb/arouse/arrest/attract/bring/call/capture/catch/draw/gain/grasp/grip/invite/receive/seize/winattention吸引/获得注意demand/deserve/merit/need/request/require值得/需要注意concentrate/devote/direct/fix/focus/give/pay加以/专心注意hold/keep/retain/sustain维持注意Thisareahaspreviouslyreceivedlittleattention.此领域先前未被关注。Hewilldevotesomeattentioninhiscurriculumtononverbalsystem.他会特别注意课程中非语言系统的部分。Secondlanguageresearchhasfacusedattentionontheeffectivenessofstrategytrainingforimprovedreadingcomprehension.第二语言研究专注于策略训练的成效,以增进阅读理解。固定搭配v.+attentionv.attention中译avoid/escapeattention避免注意lose失去注意deflect/detract/distract/divert/shift/turn分散/转移注意力restrict限制注意力YourapplicationwillhavetowaitlongerbeforetheCUPcanturnitsattentiontootheroperations.你的应用程序必须等到中央处理器能够顾及到其他的操作项目。
17Wewillrestrictourattentiontotheacquisitionofquestionforms.我们会将注意力限制在问题形式的习得。固定搭配adj.+attentionadj.attention中译careful/close/concentrated/entire/exclusive/focal/full/undivided/unswervingattention充分/专注的注意considerable/great/major/much/whole/wide大量的注意immediate/instant/prompt立即的注意further/greater/more更多的注意growing/increased/increasing愈来愈多的注意due/proper合理的注意extra/particular/special/specific特别的注意little/minimal/rare/scant/skimpy较少的注意selective选择性的注意constant时常的注意public公众的注意media媒体的注意Growingattentionisbeingpaidtotheuseofethnographictechniquesforgatheringandanalyzingdata.越来越多人注意到使用民族技术来收集和分析数据。Focusingonhealthcaresettingdeflectsthesocietyfromproperattentiontothemajortransmissionroutesthroughsexanddrugabuse.把焦点放在医疗环境的改善上,会转移社会对主要传染途径如性和滥用毒品的合理注意。SpecialattentionisgiventothepublicationsthatappearedinTheMordenLanguageJournal.要特别注意在《现代语言期刊》上刊登的论文。Littleattentionhasbeengiventodescribingtherolesoftheteachersandthestudents.很少有注意力放在阐述教师和学生的角色上。句型1、______isreceivedagreatdealofattentionintheliterature.……在文献中正受到大量的注意。
182、______hasreceivedlittleattentionfromresearchers.……不受研究者的注意。3、Theresearchercallsattentiontothesimilaritiesbetween______and______.研究者呼吁注意……和……的相似之处。4、Attentionmustbepaidto______asasignificantvariablein______.在……领域中必须注意……是一个重要的可变因素。5、Anotherimportantsourceofevidenceonlyrecentlyreceivingmuchattentionisthe______.最近才受到相当注意的另一重要证据是……6、Thisbriefreviewofrelatedareashasdrawnattentionto______.对相关领域的简短评论让人注意到……7、Ofthesethree,______hasreceivedmostattentionandhasbeenshowntobesuperiorto______.在这三者当中,……获得最多的注意,而且比……表现更为优越。cause(n.)理由cause主要表示原因,也可指理由,其差别在于介词的搭配,causeof表示原因,而causefor则表示理由。固定搭配v.+causev.cause中译discover/disentangle/find/trace/uncover/unearth/unravelcause寻求原因ascentain/determine/scrutinize/establish/identify/pinpoint/form确定原因advance/give提出原因investigate调查原因explain解释原因attribute归因Theintentionwastouncoverthecausesofhumansocialbehaviors.目的在于寻求人类社会行为的动因。Thepathologistscouldnotdeterminetheexactcauseandtimeofdeath.病理学家无法确定死亡的确切原因和时间。Thisprojectinvestigatescausesandconsequencesofmajormacroeconomicproblems.
19此计划调查主要宏观经济问题的成因和结果。固定搭配adj.+causeadj.cause中译biggest/chief/contributing/main/leading/important/major/primary/prime/principal/significantcause主要的/重要的原因exact/precise/real/true真正的原因likely/possible/potential/probable可能的原因determining决定性原因immediate/proximate近因remote远因unknown未知的原因common共同的原因Pollutedwaterisamajorcauseofdiarrhoealdisease.污染的水是腹泻的主要原因。Theprecisecausewasopentodebate.真正的原因仍接受讨论。Recenttheoreticalworkhasclarifiedtwopossiblecausesofageing.近来的理论已澄清老化的两种可能原因。ThelargesamplesizewasthelikelycauseforstatisticalsignificanceofANOVAs.大样本数是方差分析在统计上呈显著性的可能理由。固定搭配cause+prep.causeprep中译causeof……的原因for……的理由Theexactcauseoftheproblemisnotclear,thoughpossibleexplanationsinclude…问题的确切原因并不清楚,但可能的解释如下……Thecausesofsuchdifferencesarenotwellunderstood.对造成此差异的了解并不多。NeitherInormyfriendshaveanycauseforcomplaint.我和我的朋友都没有抱怨的理由。
20Thecompany’scoffeeshopshavebeenidentifiedasbeingoneofthemaincausesforthepoorperformanceandaretobesold.该公司的咖啡店被指出是营运欠佳的主要理由之一,而且即将被出售。句型:1、______aimstoinvestigatethecauseandeffectof______.……旨在调查……的成因和结果。2、______havewronglyidentifiedtheprimarycauseof______.……错误的判断了造成……的主要原因。3、______firmlypointoutthecausesofthesedifferences.……明确指出这些差异的原因。4、______hasruledoutotherlikelycausefor______.……已排除其他可能的理由。5、______shouldbecauseforfurtherresearch.……应该是进一步研究的理由comment(n.)评论comment可做名词或动词,做动词时不及物,后须接介词on。Thesubjectswereaskedtocommentontheirperformencesimmediatelyafterthecompletionofthetask.研究对象被要求在完成工作后立即评论他们的表现。固定搭配v.+commentv.comment中译makecomment评论arouse/attract/cause/draw/elicit/evoke/excite/provoke引起/吸引评论recieve接受评论write撰写评论quote引述评论callfor/need/require需要评论give/offer提供评论invite/welcome邀请评论respondto/return回应评论appreciate感激评论deserve值得评论
21Inanessayonpersonality,Ungerson(1993)makesthefollowingcomment…在一篇讨论人格的文章中,盎格森(1993)作出以下评论……Thisschemeattractedconsiderablepoliticalcomment.此计划吸引了许多政治上的评论。Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourcommentsonthispaper.我期待收到你对这篇论文的评价。Youcanwritecommentsandsuggestionsforimprovementnexttoeachitem.你可以在每个项目旁写下改进的评论和建议Iwouldmuchappreciateyourcommentsonthepaper,includingsuggestionsforaspectstobeadded,ordeletedfromthelist.我非常感谢您对这篇论文的评论,包括对列表上需要增加或删除的观点的建议。Bothpointsdeservecomment.这两点都值得评论。固定搭配adj.+commentadj.comment中译constructive/favorable/helpfulcomment有利的/有益的评论appropriate适当的评论fair公正的评论animated/enthusiastic热烈的评论further更进一步的评论widespread广泛的评论considerable相当多的评论critical批判性评论IamgratefultoMartinBallandAndrewCurriefortheirhelpfulcommentsonadraftofthispaper.我感激马丁·鲍尔和安德鲁·柯里对这篇论文初稿的有益评论。Herarticleinvitessomefurthercomments.她的论文引起一些更进一步的评论。Theauthorgivesusefulcriticalcommentonmanyofideasdiscussed.作者针对许多讨论过的意见提供有用的批判性评论。固定搭配adj.+commentadj.comment中译
22adverse/negative/unfavorablecomment负面的评论derogatory/disparaging/hostile/ill-natured/malicious贬义的/恶意的评论caustic/cynical/ironic/sarcastic/sardonic讥讽的评论contradictory矛盾的评论Mostadversecommentsconcernedspecificissuesinthedesign,ratherthanitsconceptualbasis.大部分的负面评论关注的是设计上的特定事项,而非其概念基础。Generally,ifmostremarksarepositiveandyoufeelyouaredoingwellthenyoucanignoreanynegativecommentsandcarryon.一般而言,如果绝大多数的评论都是正面的,而且你觉得做得还好,那你就可以忽视任何负面的评论,继续做下去。Theresearchertriedtoshrugoffsuchderogatorycomments.研究者试着不去理会如此贬义的评论。固定搭配comment+prep.commentprep中译commenton对……的评论about有关……的评论Itisaclearcommentonournewerlanguage-teachingmethod.这对我们较新的语言教学方法是一个清楚的评论。Theauthor’scommentaboutherbehaviorarafoggyandsometimesmisleading.作者对有关她行为的评论是模糊且有时会误导的。句型:1、______callsforfurthercomment.……需要更进一步的评论。2、______aredeservingoffurthercomment.……值得进一步的评论。3、Thescholar’scommenton______isgreat.这名学者对……的评论非常好。4、Inrespondingtothecomment,theresearcher______.为响应此评论,该研究者……
23comparison(n.)比较固定搭配v.+comparisonv.comparison中译draw/establish/makecomparison作比较bear/stand/sustain禁得起比较Performancefiguresareavailableformostmachines,soitisworthmakingcomparisonbeforeyouchoose.大部分机器都提供性能数据,所以值得你在挑选前作比较。Traditionalaccountsofsciencedonotbearcomparisonwithhistoricalevidence.科学的传统解释不足以与历史证据作比较。固定搭配adj.+comparisonadj.comparison中译close/detailed/precisecomparison仔细/精确的比较direct直接的比较regular定期的比较favorable有利的比较preliminary初期的比较fair公平的比较systematic系统的比较statistical统计的比较Theresearcherdrawsdetailedcomparisonsbetweendata.研究者在资料间作详细比较。Thedirectcomparisonmustbetreatedwithcaution,however.但对于直接的比较必须审慎处理。Asystematiccomparisonofthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguagewillgeneratepredictionsabouttheareasoflearningdifficulty.系统的比较源语言和目标语言将可预测学习的困难之处。Table2showsthedataobtainedontotalscoresofthetwopopulationsandthestatisticalcomparison.表2显示了两个地区的人口所得总分的数据和统计的比较。固定搭配prep.+comparisonprep.comparison中译
24incomparison与……比较by/in相比较之下beyond/past/without无与伦比WemayplausiblyinferthattheEnglishproficiencyofChinesestudentsintheUnitedStatesisquitelimitedincomparisontonativespeakers.我们似乎可以合理的推论在美国的中国学生的英语能力与以英语为母语的人士比较起来是相当有限的。Thischapterdealswithteacher’swrittenresponsestostudentwriting,anareanotablylackinginresearch.Incomparison,studiesaboundinwritingassessment.本章处理教师对学生写作的书面影响,这是一个明显缺乏研究的领域,相比较之下,写作评定的研究则很充分。句型:1、______canbedrawoutofthistypeofcomparison.通过这种比较可得出……2、Acomparisonof______and______yieldedastatisticallysignificantdifference.……和……的比较得出统计上显著的差异。3、Thisstudyexplored______,specificallythroughacomparisonof______and______.此研究探讨……,具体而言是通过……和……的对比。conclusion(n.)结论可数名词,在论文写作时有aconclusion和conclusions的用法。固定搭配v.+conclusionv.conlcusion中译arriveat/cometo/draw/form/formulate/leadto/make/reach/yieldconclusion作出结论accept接受结论confirm/verify/warrant证实结论contradict抵触结论deduce/derive推导出结论jumpto/leapto骤下结论obtain获得结论offer/present/proffer提供结论pointto指出结论
25support支持结论echo回应结论Thinkofotherexamplesandtrytoarraiveataconclusion.想想其它例子并试着作出结论。Theymaycometodifferentconclusionsaboutthecontentofareadingpassage.他们对一篇文章的内容可能作出不同的结论。Itwouldenableotherresearcherstodrawsimilarconclusions.这会使其他的研究者也得出类似的结论。Oneconclusionwhichcanbedrawnfromthestudyisthat…从此研究中可得出的一个结论是……Weshouldnotjumptoconclusionsbeforetheentirepictureispresented.我们不应该在了解整个事态之前就骤下结论。Thewide-rangingresearchonlearnercharacteristicssupportstheconclusion.有关学习者特质的广泛研究支持此结论。固定搭配adj.+conclusionadj.conlcusion中译accurate/correct/legitimate/logical/proper/rational/sound/reasonable/validconclusion正确的/合理的结论common/same相同的结论definite/definitive/firm具体的结论erroneous/fallacious/unsound/false/invalid/wrong错误的/无效的结论final/ultimate最终的结论hasty/rush轻率的结论long-awaited期待已久的结论central/major主要结论opposite相反的结论plausible可信的结论tentative尝试性的结论safe安全的结论satisfactory令人满意的结论Noonehasreachedadefinitiveconclusionasonwhentheartofpaintingwasinvented.绘画艺术起源于何时目前尚无结论。
26Thescholarisstillapplyinghisastonishingperseverancetotheprocessofwritinghislong-awaitedconclusion.这名学者仍以惊人的毅力坚持撰写众所期待的结论。Thesefindingsleadtotentativeconclusionsabouttheresearchquestionsposedatthebeginningofthestudy.这些发现对于本研究一开始所提出的问题作出尝试性的结论。固定搭配prep.+conclusionprep.conlcusion中译inconclusion总结而言Inconclusion,thisstudyshowsthatamajority(equaltoorgreaterthan80%)ofthevaccinesresponded.总之,此研究显示大多数(80%或以上)的疫苗都会发生反应。句型:1、Asafeconclusiontodrawfromallofthisseemstobe______.从这里得到的稳妥结论似乎是……2、Theconclusiontobedrawnfor______isthat______.关于……所得到的结论是……3、Thisobservationledtotheconclusionthat______.此观察所引起的结论为……4、Differentresearchershavereacheddifferentconclusionsabout_____.不同的研究者对于……得到不同的结论。5、Theresultsobtainedfromthisstudypointoutseveralconclusions.First,______.Second,______.此研究所得的结果可以引出以下几项结论:首先是……其次为……6、Toconclusion,mypositionisthat______.总之,我的立场是……contrast(n.)对比固定搭配v.+contrastv.contrast中译
27bringout/draw/present/providecontrast提出/呈现对照form/make/produce形成对照pointout/specify指出对照detect察觉到对照Theirriligiousbeliefspresentastrikingcontrast.他们的宗教信仰呈强烈对照。Thetwoactorsmakeagoodcontrast.这两名演员形成很好的对照。Helearnstolowerthestressonthoserelativelyinsignificantwordsinthesentencesoastoproduceasubstantialcontrastbetweenstressedandunstressedelement.他学会弱读句子中不重要的词,在强调和非强调成分间形成鲜明的对照。固定搭配adj.+contrastadj.contrast中译dramatic/extraordinary/forceful/marked/notable/remarkable/sharp/significant/substantial/stark/strikingcontrast强烈/明显对照direct直接对照partial部分对照PerhapsthemostnotablecontrastbetweenArabicandRomanwritingsystemsisthatArabicmovesfromrighttoleft.阿拉伯和罗马书写系统间最明显的差异也许是阿拉伯文的行文顺序是由右至左。Theresearchersdemonstratethesharpcontrastbetweenthetwoparadigms.研究者展示这两种范式间的强烈对照。Instrikingcontrastbetweenthosewriters,theleastskilledwriterseemedtohaveaverydifferentunderstandingofwhatcomposingrequired.在这些作者的强烈对照下,写作技巧最差者似乎对写作需求有非常不同的理解。Thisisindirectcontrastwiththepositiontakenbymostanthropologists.这与大多数人类学家所持的意见相左。固定搭配prep.+contrastprep.contrast中译by/incontrast对照而言Incontrast,field-dependentpersonsmakelessuseofthosemediationalstrategiesin
28informationprocessing.对照之下,场域依赖者在处理信息时较少使用这些调节策略。固定搭配prep.+contrastto/withprep.contrastto/with中译inContrastto/with与……对照Incontrasttomanyotheracademicdisciplines,thejournalarticalwasnotfoundtobethemostimportantgenreinengineering.与许多其它的学门相比较,期刊论文在工程学中并不是最重要的文类。句型:1、______pointedoutacontrastbetween______.……指出……之间的对照。2、Strikingcontrastcanbeachievedby______.通过……可以达到强烈的对照。contribution(n.)贡献固定搭配v.+contributionv.contribution中译makecontribution作出贡献strengthen强化贡献represent代表贡献diminish降低贡献Technologytoreducepollutioncouldmakeasignificantcontributiontotheproblem.降低污染的科技可对此问题作出重要贡献。Thispaperpresentssomefindingsthatcouldstrengthenthecontributionofprofessionalstosocialdevelopmentgoals.这篇文章呈现某些结果,可以加强专业人员对社会发展目标的贡献。ThetworesearchreportsdocumentingthedevelopmentoftheTOEFLWritingTestrepresentamajorcontributiontothefieldofwritingassessment.这两篇研究报告记录了托福英语写作测试的发展,代表了对于写作评估领域的重大贡献。
29固定搭配adj.+contributionadj.contribution中译brilliant/great/important/invaluable/key/main/major/notable/outstanding/profound/remarkable/significant/sizable/substantial/tremendous/valuablecontribution重大贡献distinctive/original/unique独特贡献positive正面贡献useful有用的贡献lasting/permanent永久贡献meaningful有意义的贡献creative有创意的贡献meager/minor/slight/small微小贡献Thedevelopmentofsuchatheorycouldmakeatremendouscontributiontowardhumanself-understanding.发展这样的理论对于人类的自我了解有重大贡献。Thepresentbookmaybeconsideredavaluablecontributiontothefield.本书可视为是对此领域的重大贡献。Theauthormakesadistinctivecontributiontoappliedlinguisticsresearchbyexamininglinguisticfeaturesinacademicwriting.作者通过研究学术写作的语言特性,对应用语言学的研究作出独特贡献。句型:1、Ihopethatmyresearchmakesacontributionto______.我希望我的研究能对……有贡献。2、Hismostcreativecontributionwillprobablylieinsuggesting______.他最有创意的贡献可能在于建议……3、______maybeabletomakeausefulcontributiontomeetingtheseneeds.……或许可提供符合这些需求的有利贡献。4、______havemadeseveralimportantcontributionstoourunderstandingof______.……对我们了解……有几个重要的贡献。
30criticism(n.)批评固定搭配v.+criticismv.criticism中译deliver/express/give/initiate/level/make/offer/voicecriticism提出批评arouse/attract/draw/garner/generate/invite/prompt/provoke招致/引起批评accept/receive/take接受批评avoid/escape/prevent避免批评answer/respondto响应批评face/meet面对批评Idonotwishtobeguiltyofofferingcriticismwithoutsuggestingsolutions.我不愿因提出批评而未提供解决方案而感到内疚。Boththeoreticalmodelsgarneredcriticism.两种理论模式皆招致批评。Whenyouacceptcriticismfromsomeoneyoualsobuildarelationshipwiththatotherperson.当你接受某人的批评时,你也与那人建立了某种关系。Examadvisersarenowfacingcriticismovertheirmarks.考试顾问现在面对对其评分的批评。固定搭配adj.+criticismadj.criticism中译adverse/astringent/biting/bitter/damaging/destructive/devastating/fierce/harsh/heavy/hostile/negative/oppressive/pungent/savage/serious/severe/sharp/strongcriticism严厉的/负面的批评fair/honest/just公正的批评justified/legitimate/valid有效的批评constructive建设性批评valuable/worthwhile有价值的批评genuine/real真正的批评mild/minor/moderate温和的批评main/major/substantial主要的批评widespread广泛批评
31academic/scholarly学术性批评growing/increasing/mounting/rising愈来愈多的批评open/public公开批评Thispositionhasreceivedstrongcriticismfromadiversityofsources.此立场受到各方的广泛批评。Theresearchersmakeavalidcriticismwhentheypointoutthatmyarticledidnotdealwithcognitivelearningtheoryasabaseforlearningstrategyinstruction.研究者对我的文章提出有效批评,指出其未处理作为教学策略基础的认知学习理论。Teachershouldnotabandonconstructivecriticismbutshouldplaceitsidebysidewithcommentsofencouragement.教师无需舍弃建设性的批评,且应同时给予鼓励性的评论。ThepracticeofusingChinesetoteachEnglishhasreceivedincreasingcriticismfromparents.用汉语来教授英语的做法受到来自家长愈来愈多的批评。固定搭配n.+ofcriticismn.ofcriticism中译barrage/largemountofcriticism密集/大量的批评EductionintheU.S.schoolsreceivedalargeamountofcriticismsin1990s美国学校的教育在20世纪90年代受到大量的批评。固定搭配prep.+criticismperp.criticism中译undercriticism遭批评above/beyond无可批评Panofsky’spositionitselfhaccomeundercriticism.帕诺夫斯基的立场本身就遭到批评。Noworkiscompletelyabovectiticism.没有研究是完全无可挑剔的。句型:1、______isboundtogeneratecriticism.……一定会招致批评。
322、______hasreceivedlittlecriticism.……没受到什么批评。3、Ithinkitisavalidcriticismtosaythat______.我认为……是有效的批评。data(n.)数据;资料data一词原本表示复数概念,其单数为datum,但目前习惯用法中几乎忘记了datum的存在,只使用data表示单数或复数概念。固定搭配v.+datav.data中译acquire/capture/get/obtain/receive/securedata获得/接受资料collect/gather收集资料analyze分析资料examine/probe研究资料evaluate评估资料summarize总结资料feedin/putin/keyin输入资料compile/process/sift处理/筛选资料store存储资料draw/retrieve获取/检索资料send/transmit传送资料Surveysarawidelyusedforcollectingdatainmostareasofsocialinquiry.社会研究的多数领域都使用调查来收集资料。Theresearchergatheredasmuchdataaspossibleandcreatedacomputersimulation.研究者尽可能收集资料以制作计算机模拟。Theyprobedthedataforinternallyconsistentsystems.他们检查资料想找出内在一致的系统。HTTPistheprotocalusedtotransmitandreceivealldataovertheWorldWideWeb.超文本传输协议是用来传输和接收全球信息网上所有资料的协议。固定搭配data+v.datav.中译imply/indicate/reveal/show/资料意味/指出
33datasuggestsupport资料支持offer/provide资料提供confirm/prove资料证实Themajorityofdataindicatethathypertensionisprevalentindiabetics.多数资料证明大多数糖尿病患者患有高血压。Thedatasupportedtheseexpectations.资料为这些预期提供了支持Carefullycollectedandanalyzeddatacanprovideusefulinformationforformativeevaluation.谨慎收集和分析资料可为形成性评估提供有用的信息。固定搭配adj.+dataadj.data中译crucial/essential/important/key/primary/substantial/valuable/vitaldata重要/主要资料complete/comprehensive/detailed/extensive/sufficient充分的/完整的资料accurate/correct/exact/valid正确地/有效的资料first-hand/original/primary/raw第一手/原始资料mutifaceted多方面的资料latest/up-to-date最新资料current/existing/present现有资料pertinent/related/relevant相关资料erroneous/misleading/wrong错误资料incomplete/insufficient/limited/little/meager/partial不足的/有限的资料conflicting相互冲突的资料Thoseresearchershaveagreatdealofessentialdataoninfantbehavior.那些研究者拥有大量关于婴儿行为的重要资料。Studentratings,ifconstructedandudedproperly,seemtoofferrelativelyreliableandvaliddatainafacultyevaluationsystem.如果设计和使用得当,学生评价教师教学对教师评价系统似乎是相对可信和有效的资料。Thequestionisansweredonthebasisoflimiteddataratherthannorelevantdataat
34all.此问题在基于有限资料的情况下作解答,总比完全缺乏相关资料来得好。固定搭配adj.+dataadj.data中译qualitativedata质性资料quantitative量性资料statistical统计资料numerical数字资料computerized/computer-held/digital/digitized计算机化的/数字资料technical技术资料empirical实证性资料experimental实验资料Therealpowerofcomputerizeddataliesinadeeperanalysisoftheinformationwhichalreadyexists.计算机化的资料的真正的力量在于对现有信息进行更深入的分析。Theoriesneedtobetiedtoempiricaloperationsandempiricaldata.理论需要与实证操作和实证资料联系起来。固定搭配data+n.datan.中译dataacquisition/collection资料收集analysis资料分析exchange/interchange资料交换handing/management/processing资料处理/管理retrieval资料检索storage资料存储transfer/transmission资料传输bank/base资料库/数据库Table2showsthedatacollectionmethodsandthedatabase.表2呈现了资料收集的方法和资料库。Dataanalysisisguildedbythephilosophyandmethodsunderlyingqualitativeresearchstudies.通过质性研究隐含的哲学和方法来引导资料分析。固定搭配n.+of+dataadj.ofdata中译
35greatamount/hugeamount/largeamount/massiveamount/vastamount/substantialamountofdata大量的资料smallamount少量的资料majorsource主要的资料来源presentation资料的呈现set……组资料interpretation资料诠释comparison资料比较statisticalanalysis资料的统计分析IdrewasubstantialamountofdatafromtwodetailedquestionnairesIadministeredbeforeandafterstudy.我从研究前后施测的两份详细问卷中获取大量的资料。Alltheoriginalrespondentswererepresentedinthissetofdata.所有最初应答者都记载于这组资料中。WethankDr.Damilliaforherststisticalanalysisofthedata.我们感激卡米利亚博士所做的资料统计分析。句型:1、Thedataofferedevidencethat______.资料提供证据指出……2、Themaindatacollectioninstrumentusedinthisstudywas______.本研究主要的资料收集工具是……3、Drawingonhisdataanalysis,theresearcherarguesthat_____.研究者从他的资料分析中推导出……4、Ananalysisoftheobsevationdatarevealed______.分析观察资料显示……5、______wassolidlybasedonempiricaldata.……的基础坚定建立在实证资料上。6、Inordertoobtainempiricaldataon______,weconducted______.为了获得……的实证资料,我们进行了……7、Theauthor’sanalysisofthedataledtotheconclusionthat______.作者对资料的分析所导致的结论是……
36definition(n.)定义固定搭配v.+definitionv.definition中译determine/devise/formulate/give/frame/offer/produce/provide/putdefinition下定义broaden/expand/extend/widen扩大定义accept/adopt接受定义fit/fulfill/match/meet/reach符合定义follow遵循定义modify/reshape修正定义alter/change改变定义suggest建议定义Lexicographersseemtohavesuchdifficultyindevisingadefinitionofteaching.词典编纂者在为教学下定义时似乎遭到了困难。TheInternethassignificantexpandedthedefinitionofe-commerce.因特网已大幅的扩展了电子商务的定义。WehaveattemptedtofollowthedefinitionsofthosetermswhichhavebesuggestedbyAnthony(1963)andmodifiedbyCelce-Murcia(1981)andwhichhavebeenwidelyacceptedbytheprofessionformorethantwodecades.我们尝试遵循这些定义,这些定义由安东尼(1963)所建议,并由塞尔斯-穆尔西亚(1981)修订,并且广为该领域所接受超过20年。固定搭配adj.+definitionadj.definition中译accurate/exactdefinition正确的定义adequate/appropriate/proper/reasonable适当的/合理的定义clear/clear-cut/explicit清楚的定义consistent一致性的定义comprehensive/exhaustive详尽的定义formal正式的定义logical合乎逻辑的定义nicely-worded写得很好的定义precise精确的定义satisfactory令人满意的定义standard标准定义rigid/strict严格的定义
37commonly-accepted/well-accepted众所接受的定义working/workable可行的定义conventional/traditional传统的定义Althoughthisseemstobeafairlystandarddefinition,therearedebutesamongresearchersaboutprecisedefinitionsofsuchtermsasdialectandaccent.尽管这似乎是相当标准的定义,但研究者对于方言和口音等词汇的精确定义仍争辩不休。Thewritingprocessistooexperimentalandexploratorytobecontainedinarigiddefinition.写作过程富有太多的实践性和探索性,无法被限定在一个严格的定义里。Thefollowingisawell-accepteddefinitionofself-esteem.以下是自尊的一个众所周知的定义。CompleteagreementhasnotbeenreachedonthedefinitionofCSs,butoneworkingdefinitionmanyresearcheracceptisthatCSsare“asystematictechniqueemployedbtaspeakertoexpresshismeaningwhenfacedwithsomedifficuty”.对于沟通策略的定义尚无完全的共识,但有一个可行的定义为许多研究者所接受,那就是沟通策略为“说话者表达意思遭遇困难时所使用的系统性技巧”。固定搭配adj.+definitionadj.definition中译brief/concisedefinition简洁定义limited/narrow/restrictive狭义broad/wide广义extended扩大性定义operational操作性定义scientific科学定义technological技术性定义theoretical理论性定义Thesesentancesprovideareasonablyconcisedefinitionoflanguage.这些陈述对语言提供了一个合理的简洁定义。Thisstillleavesaterminologicalproblem:howtodistinguishthenarrowandbroaddefinitionsofparalanguage,bothofwhicharecontainedinliterature.者仍留下一个术语上的问题:如何区别狭义和广义的辅助语言,这两者皆可在文献中见到。Bloomprovidedausefulextendeddefinitionoftheaffectivedomainthatisstillwidelyusedtoday.
38布卢姆对感情领域提出了一个有用的扩大性定义,至今仍广为使用。Standardizedpsycologicaltestsoftenformanoperationaldefinitionofsuchconcepts.标准化心理测试通常会对这些概念提供操作性定义。固定搭配adj.+definitionadj.definition中译arbitary/dogmaticdefinition独断的定义erroneous/wrong错误的定义imprecise/loose不精确的定义informal非正式的定义misleading误导的定义problematic有问题的定义conflicting/contradictory矛盾的定义different/various/varying不同的定义Inordertomakethisloosedefinitionmathematicallyprecise,itisnecessarytodefineaformalmodelofcomputation.为了使此不精确的定义在数学上更精确,有必要界定一个正规的计算模型。inthispaper,weshowthatthispotentialmisunderstandingstemsfromavagueandmisleadingdefinitionoftheterm.在此论文中,我们指出可能的误解来自于对此词汇模糊和误导性的定义。固定搭配prep.+definitionprep.definition中译bydefinition就定义而言under/within按此定义Theyarenorm-referencedtests,whicharebydefinitionverygeneraltests.它们是常模参照性考试,就定义而言是一般性的考试。Theresearchersiftedoutthefinanciallysoundcorporationsunderthedefinitionoftheresearch.研究人员按此研究的定义筛选出财务健全的公司。Inmostcases,however,suchdefinitionsraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.然而大多数情况下,这些定义所引发的问题比他们能够解决的还多。Suchdefinitionsreflectthedifficultyofdefiningcomplexconcepts.这种定义反映出复杂概念下定义的困难。
39句型:1、Theimplicationofthisdefinitionisthat______.此定义的含义是……2、Theresearchersuggeststhatsomedefinitionsof______maybetoonarroworrestrictive.研究者指出……的定义可能过于狭义或有限。3、Thereappearstobenouniversallyaccepteddefinitionof______.对于……似乎没有被广泛接受的定义。4、Suchadefinitionwouldprovideaconcretebasisfor______.如此的定义将为……提供具体的依据。difference(n.)不同;差异固定搭配v.+differencev.difference中译ironout/overcome/reconcile/resolve/setaside/settledifference消除差异discern/distinguish/tell辨别差异identify/indicate/recognize指出差异detect/know/spot察觉差异note/notice注意差异emphasize/highlight/stress强调差异clarify阐明差异make区别Theybroughtemployersandemployeestogetherinanattempttoresolvedifferenceswithoutconflict.他们召集资方和员工试图在不引起冲突的情况下消除差异。Themethodofanalysismustidentifyanydifferenceswithoutdamagingtheobject.分析的方法必须在不损害物体的情况下指出所有差异。Thereportshighlightedthedifferenceinattitudesbetweenmenandwomen.此报告强调男性和女性态度上的差异。Thiscanmakeallthedifferencetosomeonewhofeelsunsafealoneinhome.这对独自在家会感到不安全的人而言有很大区别。
40固定搭配adj.+differenceadj.difference中译big/considerable/distinct/dramatic/enormous/extraordinary/evident/great/huge/immense/market/notable/noticeable/obvious/salient/sharp/significant/striking/vastdifference显著/巨大差异central/crucial/essential/key/important/main/major/substantial/vital重要差异little/marginal/minor/negligable/petty/slight/small/subtle/tiny/trifling微小差异superficial/surface表面上的差异basic/fundamental基本差异cross-cultural跨文化差异statistical统计上的差异Therearedozensofsalientdifferencesbetweenfirstandsecondlanguagelearning.第一和第二语言学习之间有许多显著的差异。Thereisasignificantdifferencebetweenmeans平均数之间有显著的差异。Anotherkeydifferencebetweentwostylesisheatcontrol.不同类型间的另一个重要差异是热控。Itisimportanttomakestudentawareofthesubtledifferencebetweenbeingsafeatalltimesandbeingsafeinparticularconditions.让学生知道随时保持安全和在特定情况下保持安全的细微差异是很重要的。固定搭配n.+of+differenceadj.ofdifference中译significanceofdifference差异的重要性examination检查差异degree/magnitude差异的程度area差异的领域pattern差异的模式greatdeal很大的差异amount差异量lack缺乏差异
41AdetailedexaminationofthesedifferencesismadeinChapter4.第4章会详尽研究这些差异。Lado’spedagogyisessentiallyoneofconcentratingonareasofdifferencebetweenthelearner’snativelanguageandthetargetlanguage.拉多的教学法实质上是集中在学习者的母语和目标语言之间差异的领域。句型:1、Thecrucialdifferenceliesin______.重要的差异在于……2、Therewasnotagreatdealofdifferencebetween______.在……之间没有很大的差异。3、Nosignificantdifferenceexistamong______.在……之间无显著的差异。4、Itisnotablethatnosignificantdifferencewasfoundtoexistbetween______.值得注意的是,在……之间并未发现显著差异。effect(n.)效果;影响effect最常用的搭配形式为“AhaveeffectonB”,表示A对B的影响,类似的词还有impact,influence。固定搭配v.+effectv.effect中译achieve/gain/get/have/obtain/secureeffect达到/获得效果bringabout/cause/produce/putinto/take产生效果add/enhance/heighten/improve/increase/magnify/maximize增进/加强效果manifest显示效果investigate/lookat探讨效果counter/counteract/curb/lessen/minimize/mitigate/reduce/soften/weaken/wearoff抑制/减缓效果ruin/spoil破坏效果lose失去效果Althoughthesocialfactorsarenotnecessarilydirectintheirinfluence,theyhave
42strongandtraceableindirecteffectsonthemodel.虽然社会因素不一定有其直接影响,但对此模式仍有强烈且有迹可循的间接效果。Thestudyreportedhereinvestigatedtheeffectofgrammarinstructiononformalaccuracyinsecondlanguageperformance.此研究报告探讨语法教学对第二语言表现中形式正确性的效果。Tominimizeeffectofcookingmethodontheinnateflavorcharacteristicsofthefishspecies,astandardizedmethodwasdeveloped.为减少烹饪方式对鱼类本身独特味道的影响,已研制出标准的烹饪方式。固定搭配adj.+effectadj.effect中译beneficial/facilitating/good/positiveeffect正面/有益效果apparent/considerable/main/major/noticeable/significant/visible显著效果deep/far-reaching/powerful/profound/pronounced/striking/strong/tremendous强烈/深刻效果amazing/astonishing/incredible/surprising惊人效果adverse/bad/baneful/damaging/debilitating/detrimental/harmful/devastating/hampering/negative/interfering/负面/有害效果little/marginal/minimal/negligible微弱的效果contrary/opposite/reverse相反效果temporary暂时效果Thisexplainsthebeneficialeffectofelectroshoketherapyincertaindepressions.这可以解释在某些忧郁症中使用电击疗法的良好效果。Impulsivitycouldhavepositiveeffectsonlanguagesuccess.冲动型学习对语言学习的成功可能有正面效果。Thestudyfoundnosignificanteffectforextroversionincharacterizingthegoodlanguagelearner.该研究并未发现外向对造就优秀语言学习者有显著影响。Thewayyoutalktoyourselfhasaprofoundeffectuponyouractions.
43你对自己的说话方式对你的行为有重要影响。Foreignlanguageanxietycanhaveanegativeeffectonthelanguagelearningprocess.外语学习忧虑在语言学习的过程中会产生负面影响。固定搭配adj.+effectadj.effect中译aggregate/cumulativeeffect累积效果continuous/lasting/permanent持续性/持久性效果pervasive普遍性效果decisive决定性效果immediate/instant/instantaneous立即效果likely/possible/potential/probable可能的效果desired/expected/intended预期效果various各种效果Thefirstprocedure,whichwillhavealastingeffect,isrecommended.第一种程序有较持久的效果,值得推荐。Itisimportanttobeawareofthepossibleeffectsofparticulardrugs.知道某些药的可能效果是很重要的。固定搭配prep.+effectprep.effect中译ineffect实际上Bydealingwithlargenumbers,theinfluenceofothervariablesisineffectcancelledoutthroughrandomizationintheselectionofsubjects.通过处理大量的样本,其他变量的影响实际上可通过随机选取研究对象而被抵消。固定搭配effect+prep.effectprep.中译effectof……的效果/影响on对……的效果/影响Thepurposeofthetestwastodeterminetheeffectsofinstructiononherperformance.测试的目的是用来判定教学对她的影响。Therewasasignificantprereadingtreatmenteffectonsubjects’comprehensionscores.预读对研究对象的理解得分有显著效果。
44句型:1、______hasrelativelylittleeffecton______.……对……相对效果有限。2、Ourexperimentinvestigatedtheeffectof______on______.我们的实验探讨……对……的影响。3、Theresultshowsastrikingeffectof______on______.结果显示……对……有强烈的效果。4、Resultsfrom______indicatedasignificanteffectfor______.从……所得结果显示对……有显著影响。5、______wasusedtodeterminethattherewasasignificanteffecton______.……被用来判定对……有显著效果。6、Theaimwastodeterminewhetherthesevariableshaveasignificanteffecton______.目的在于判定这些变量是否对……产生显著影响。emphasis(n.)强调;重点固定搭配v.+emphasisv.emphasis中译lay/place/putemphasis强调Incognitiveterms,motivationplacesmuchmoreemphasisontheindividualdecisions.从认知角度而言,个人决定更强调动机。Inthecognitiveversionofconstructivism,enphasisisplacedontheimportanceoflearnersconstructingtheirownrepresentationreality.在认知建构主义中,强调学习者建构真实重现的重要性。固定搭配v.+emphasisv.emphasis中译change/shift/switchemphasis转移重点deserve/merit值得强调need/require需要强调Perhapsthetimehadnowcometochangetheemphasistomoreefficientproduction.
45也许现在是将重点转移到更有效的生产的时候了。TheSupremeCourt’sdecisioncausedthegovernmenttoshiftitsemphasistofilteringtechnologiesandratingsystems.最高法院的判决使政府将重点转移至过滤技术和分级系统。固定搭配adj.+emphasisadj.emphasis中译considerable/enormous/great/heavy/much/strong/tremendousemphasis极为强调chief/main/major/primary主要强调particular/special特殊强调appropriate/due/proper适当的强调clear/explicit/specific明确的强调continuing/growing/increased/increasing愈来愈强调overarching包罗一切的强调additional/further/more更多强调exaggerated/excessive过度的强调undue不恰当的强调false/wrong错误的强调insufficient/less较少强调Chineseparentsplacegreatamphasisonthephysicalconditionoftheirchildren.中国家长极为重视孩子的身体状况。Wefoundthatstudents’mainemphasiswasongettingtheassignedtasksfinishedratherthanunderstandingthematerial.我们发现学生的主要关注点在于完成作业而非理解教材。Thisresearchissoimportantthatitdeservesspecialemphasis.此研究相当重要,值得特别强调。ThenewmillenniumhasseenincreasingemphasisonsocioculturedimensionsofSLA.新千禧年可看到对第二语言习得的社会文化层面愈加重视。Moderntestsplacedexcessiveemphasisonreliability.现代的测试都过于强调可信度。Thereneedtobelessemphasisonsmallinsignificantdetailsandmoreemphasisoncreativeexpression.需要较少的强调不重要的细节,而多强调创造性的表达。
46句型:1、Thereisaheavyemphasisinthisstudyon______.此研究有一个重点在……2、Moreemphasiswasputuponthefactthat______.……的事实被加以强调。3、Moreemphasisshouldbeputon______andlesson______.应放较多的重点在……而较少在……4、______laiditsemphasisupon______ratherthanon______.……强调……而非强调……evidence(n.)证据固定搭配v.+evidencev.evidence中译bringforward/furnish/generate/give/offer/present/produce/provide/reveal/show/yieldevidence提供/产生证据discover/find/uncover/unearth发现证据collect/gather收集证据accept/obtain/recieve获得证据corroborate/examine/lookinto/verify验证/证实证据weigh权衡证据adduce/cite引用证据demand/request/want要求证据lack缺乏证据rebut反驳证据dismiss/falsify否定证据ignore无视证据Nonoofthesewritesproducedresearchevidencetobackuptheirclaims.没有一名作者提供研究证据来支持他们的主张。Anumberofexperimentshavebeencarriedout,butnoneyielddefiniteevidencofneutrondecay.这种实验已经进行了数次,但是并未产生中子衰变的明确证据。FewattemptshavebeenmadetogatherevidencefromstablecontextsofmutilingualisminAfrica.
47很少有研究者从非洲稳定的多语现象中收集证据。ScientistsfromaroundtheworldhavemetintheUnitedStatestoweighttheevidenceonwhetherchemicalwarisbeingwagedinIraq.来自全球的科学家聚集在美国,权衡伊拉克是否有发动化学战争的证据。Theresearchercitedevidencethatconsummersweremoderatingtheiruseofcredictcards.研究者引用证据说明消费者正在节制使用信用卡。Todenytheimportanceofthefamilyasasourceofcarewouldbetoignoretheaccumulatedevidenceofseveraldecades.否认家庭作为关怀来源的重要性是忽视几十年来所累积的证据。固定搭配evidence+v.evidencev.中译evidencedemonstate/indicate/pountout/reveal/show/suggest证据显示/指出confirm证据证实support证据支持contradict证据抵触Itmadenodifferencethatmoseevidencepointstoaoppositeconclusion.即使大部分的证据都指向相反的结论也不会有影响。Someofthisevidenceactuallysupportstheteachabilityofstrategiccompetence.部分证据实际上支持策略能力的可教性。固定搭配adj.+evidenceadj.evidence中译abundant/ample/compelling/considerable/overwhelming/substantial/sufficientevidence充分的证据(强调量)clear/cogent/conclusive/concrete/definite/explicit/hard/solid/striking/strong明确的证据(强调质)convincing/reliable/trustworthy令人信服证据growing/increasing/mounting愈来愈多的证据additional/further/more更多的证据adequate/appropriate/proper适当的证据empirical实证证据objective客观证据key/main/major主要证据
48supporting/supportive支持的证据experimental实验证据observational观察到的证据Noclearevidenceexistedtoprovethatthesedrugsactuallyhelpedpeoplelivelonger.没有明确证据证明这些药物真的有助于延长寿命。Strongevidenceshowedthatbedrestandexercisewerenoteffectiveforacutelowbackpain.没有明确证据显示卧床休息和运动对于腰部剧烈疼痛没有效果。Thedataprovidesconvincingevidencethattheparticipant’ssocialidentitywasnotfixed.资料提供令人信服的证据,指出参与者的社会认同并不固定。Inthelastdecateoflanguageteaching,wehaveseenmountingevidenceoftheusefulnessoflearner’sincorporatingstrategiesintotheiracquisitionprocess.在过去十年的语言教学中,我们发现愈来愈多的证据显示学习者将策略调整至习得过程的益处。Inallcase,thediscussionofissuesshouldbesupportedbyempiricalevidence.在所有情况下,对于议题的讨论应有实证证据的支持。Theconclusionseemsreasonableandalsosupportedbyobservationalevidence.此结论似乎是合理的,并被观察到的证据所支持。固定搭配adj.+evidenceadj.evidence中译flimsy/insufficient/limited/little/scant/scanty/weakevidence不足/缺乏证据false/wrong错误的证据anecdotal轶事/偶发的证据contrary相反的证据questionable有问题的证据circumstantial/indirect间接证据Littleempiricalevidencehasbeengatheredtosupportthehypothesis.缺乏实证证据支持该假设。Schmidt(1990)maintainthatthereisinsufficientevidencetoconcludethatsecondlanguagelearningoccerswithoutawareness.施密特(1990)认为,没有足够证据表明第二语言学习是无意识的。
49ThisprovidescircumstantialevidencethatsomecaseofhumanType2diabetsresultfromasimilarfailure.这提供间接证据证明这些人的2型糖尿病来自于类似的衰竭。Thisresearchisbasedonverylimitedandquestionableevidence.此研究基于非常有限和有问题的证据之上。固定搭配adj.+evidenceadj.evidence中译latestevidence最新的证据current/existing目前的证据recent最近的证据further进一步的证据Thelatestevidencesupportsitmayhaveamorecomplicatedordifferentmechanism.最新的证据指出它可能有更复杂或不同的机制。Actuallytheexistingevidencecontradictstheresearcher’scontention.事实上现有的证据与研究者的主张相抵触。固定搭配n.+of+evidenceadj.ofevidence中译amazingamount/considerableamount/enormousamount/substantialamount/tremendousamountofevidence极大量的证据gooddeal/largebody/lot/plenty/substantialbody/wealth大量证据absence/dearth/lack/shortage缺乏证据collection/gathering证据的收集source证据来源basis证据的基础conflict证据冲突piece……条证据Theygeneratedatremendousamountofevidenceintheirinvestigation.他们在调查中提供了极大量的证据。TheprincipalreasonforthedearthofsuchevidenceistheabsenceofatruetestofFD.缺乏此种证据的主要原因是没有真正针对场域依赖的测试。Anotherimportantsourceofevidenceonlyrecentlyreceivingmuchattentionisthe
50analysisoftheatmosphericdustforameteoriticconponent.分析陨石成分的大气尘埃是另一个近来才受到重视的重要证据来源。Theapparentconflictofevidenceisstillnotcompletelyresolved.此明显的证据冲突尚未完全解决。句型:1、Preliminaryevidenceshowsthat______.初期证据指出……2、Thereisoverwhelmingevidencetosuggestthat______.有充分的证据指出……3、Overwhelmingevidencesupportstheclaimthat______.充分的证据支持……的主张。4、Thereportprovidesomeevidencethat______.本报告提供证据说明……5、Theresults,summarizedinFigure3,revealsomeevidenceof______.图3中总结的结果显示……的一些证据。6、Ourresultsprovidenoobjectiveevidencefor______.我们的结果并未对……提供客观的证据。7、Theresearchersfoundnoconclusiveevidencethat______.研究者并未发现关于……的明确证据。8、Thereisnoreasontoaccept______intheabcenceofevidence.在缺乏证据的情况下没有理由去接受……experiment(n.)实验固定搭配v.+experimentv.experiment中译carryout/conduct/do/embarkon/make/perform/run/undertakeexperiment作实验design/devise/setup设计实验attempt/try尝试实验describe/report报告实验duplicate/repeat/replicate复制实验
51begin/start开始实验abort/terminate终止实验simulate模拟实验Thescientistwillconductfurtherexperiments,tryingtoprovethehypothesiswrong.科学家会作进一步的实验,尝试证明此假设是错误的。Fromtimetotime,sociolpsychologistshavedevisedexperimentstotesttheirideas.有时社会心理学家也会设计实验来验证他们的想法。Itmaybefruitfultorepeattheexperimentusingtestsofcognitivestyles.再次使用认知风格测试的实验可能会有效。Youarefreetoterminatetheexperimentananytime.你随时可以停止实验。固定搭配adj.+experimentadj.experiment中译groundbreaking/new/novel/original/pioneering/revolutionary/unprecedentedexperiment崭新的/原创的实验complex/complicated复杂的实验controlled受控制的实验further进一步的实验early/previous/prior之前的实验initial/preliminary初期的实验current/on-going/present目前的实验recent最近的实验Savignon(1998)reportedonapioneeringlanguageexperimentinvolvingacommunicativeapproach.萨维农(1998)报告了一个使用沟通法的原创语言实验。Thisinvestigationreliesontwodatasets:oneobtainedfromstudent’swritingandanothergatheredinacontrolledexperiment.此研究依据两种资料:一种得自学生的写作,另一种收集自一个受控制的实验。Thisvideoisanearlyexperimentdemonstratingtheadditionofsubtitlestovideoclipsasawayofhelpinglearnersnoticeform.这个录像带是早期的实验,展示在影片上增加字幕可帮助学习者注意语言形式。ThereadersinthepresentexperimentaremoreproficientthanthoseintheCarrellstudy.
52目前实验中的读者比卡雷尔研究中的读者熟练程度高。固定搭配prep.+experimentprep.experiment中译inexperiment在实验中Insuchanexperiment,thefocusisonasinglevariable.此实验中只关注一个变量。句型:1、Thisarticledescribesanexperimentthathasemployed______.本文描述使用……的一个实验。2、Thisexperimenthasalreadybeenreplicatedin______.此实验已在……被复制。3、Onefactorthataffectstheresultis______usedintheexperiment.影响结果的一个因素是在实验中使用……4、______decidedtorunanexperimenttotestthefeasibilityof______.……决定做一个实验来测试……的可行性。5、______designedanexperimentabouttherelationshipbetween______and______.……设计一个有关……和……关联性的实验。explanation(n.)解释固定搭配v.+explanationv.explanation中译furnish/give/offer/present/provideexplanation提供解释callfor/demand/need/require/want要求解释searchfor/seek寻求解释find/get找到解释attempt尝试解释confirm/corrobarate证实解释make作出解释accept接受解释add补充解释follow遵循解释
53await等待解释distort扭曲解释Prabhu(1998)presentsamoreelaborateexplanationofthetreatmentoferror.普拉胡(1998)对错误的处理提供了更详细的解释。Peoplehavelookedtotheradiotoprovideexplanation,giveadviceandactasanarbiterofsocialmorality.人们盼望收音机能提供解释,给予建议和作为社会道德的仲裁者。Suchatheoryisonlythestartingpoint,requiringexplanationintermsofcauseandeffect.这种理论只是个起点,要求因与果之间的解释。Anumberofauthorshaveattemptedexplanationintermsofsocialclass.数名作者尝试以社会阶级来解释。固定搭配adj.+explanationadj.explanation中译convincing/logical/rational/reasonableexplanation合理的解释detailed/elaborate/sufficient/thorough详细的解释clear/explicit/intelligible/lucid/straightforward清楚的/明确的解释complete/comprehensive/full完整的解释adequate/due适当的解释careful小心的解释satisfactory令人满意的解释acceptable可接受的解释major主要的解释brief/concise简明的解释obvious明显的解释additional/further更进一步的解释Whenyoufindastatisticallysignificantresult,youhaveeffectivelyruledoutrandomchanceasareasonableexplanation.但你发现统计上显著的结果时,你已有效地排除了随机作为一种合理解释的情况。Thedetailedexplanationofwhatmakesusfeelalertisnoknown,butitiscertaintobesomefunctionofbrainactivity.对于什么使我们警觉的详细解释还未知,但可以确定是脑部活动的某些功能。
54Donotattemptafullexplanationofitunlessexplanationisrequested.除非有要求,否则不要企图对此作出完整的解释。Noonecouldprovideasatisfactoryexplanationofhowtheembryowasformed.胚胎何以形成,没有人能提供令人满意的解释。Nofurtherexplanationwasneeded.不需要进一步的解释。固定搭配adj.+explanationadj.explanation中译flimsy/ineffective/unlikely/poor/unconvincing/unsatisfactoryexplanation不当的解释likely/possible/probable可能的解释plausible似乎合理的解释tentative尝试性的解释only/single/sole单一的解释partial部分解释supplementary补充的解释alternative另类的解释Sincetherearesomanypossibleexplanations,thecorrectoneismostdifficutetoascertain.因为有太多可能的解释,就很难确认哪一个是正确的解释。Anderson’stheoryisappealingbecauseitgivesaplausableexplanationofhowinstructioncancontributetothedevelopmentofproceduralknowledge.安德森的理论很吸引人,因为它针对教学如何帮助程序知识的发展提供了似乎合理的解释。Corruptionisonlyapartialexplanationofsomeofthekeystraregicdecisionstakenbygovernment.腐败只是政府所采取的战略决策的部分解释而已。Theeffectofthenearnessofapotentialmateisanobviousalternativeexplanation.可能交配对象的邻近效应是明显的另类解释。固定搭配adj.+explanationadj.explanation中译scientificexplanation科学的解释religious宗教的解释technical技术上的解释causal因果关系的解释
55Thisbookdoesnotattemptdetailedscientificexplanationsofgreenhouseeffect.这本书并未尝试对温室效应作出详细的科学解释。Iamclaimingareligiousexplanationforit.对这件事我宣称有宗教上的解释。句型:1、______seemtorequiresomeexplanation.……似乎需要一些解释。2、______providearationalexplanationfor______.……对……提供一个合理的解释。3、Theexplanationforthisphenomenonliesin______.对这种现象的解释在于……4、Onepossibleexplanationforthisresultis______.对此结果的一个可能解释是……5、Themostlikelyexplanationforthisfindingis______.对此发现最有可能的解释是……6、Noonehasevergivenasatisfactoryexplanationofwhy______.对此发现最有可能的解释是……7、______stillawaitsanadequateexplanation.……仍在等待一个适当的解释。8、Thereiscurrentlynoobviousexplanationfor______.对于……,目前尚无明确的解释。extent(n.)程度类似的词还有degree,level等。固定搭配v.+extentv.extent中译ascertain/determineextent确定程度assess/estimate/evaluate/gauge/measure评估程度address/discover/examine/探讨/探究程度
56explore/investigateknow/realize了解程度reach到达程度reduce缩减程度Themajorobjectiveoftheresearchistodeterminetheextentandaccuracyoftheknowledgeofasampleof40presentlyemployedmenonarangeofissuesconcerningunemployment,unemployedpeople,welfarebenefirs,ect.本研究的主要目的是以40名目前有工作的人为样本,确定他们对失业,失业者,福利保障金等议题所具有的知识的程度和正确性。ScientistsfromRussionhavestartedaprogramoftestingandresearchtoassesstheextentoftheproblem.俄国科学家展开一个测试和研究计划以评估问题的程度。Thisareaofresearchaddressedtheextenttowhichlearnerareawareoftheircognitivestrategies.此研究领域探讨学习者察觉其认知策略的程度。Theaimofthisprojectistoinvestigatetheextentoftheproblemandtoseeifthereareanyobviouspatterns.此计划的目的是探究此问题的程度,并观察是否有明显的模式。固定搭配adj.+extentadj.extent中译considerable/full/good/great/large/significant/wholeextent很大程度上fullest/greatest/maximum/utmost最大程度上certain/some某种程度上limited/slight/small很小程度上lesser较少程度上alarming/appalling/dreadful可怕的程度suchan如此程度最常见的用法是在前面加上to,构成“to+adj.+extent”来说明事件程度的大小,其中extent也可用degree来替换,成为“to+adj.+degree”。Yourunderstandingofthecomponentsoflanguagedeterminestoalargeextenthowyouteachalanguage.你对语言成分的理解对你如何教授语言有很大程度的影响。Thesefindingscorroborateeachothertocertainextent.
57这些研究发现在某些程度上可相互印证。Componentsofeachschooloverlapchoronologicallytosomeextent.每一学派的组成在时间上有某种程度的重叠。TheCanadianmodelwasusedtoalesserextentthanthemorestandardEuropeanone.加拿大模式的使用程度少于较为标准的欧洲模式。Alloftheseproblemsslowednegotiationstosuchanextentthatthefederalgovernmentwasforcedtodoubleitsinitialone-yearperiodofsupport.所有的这些问题将协商拖延到这种地步,迫使联邦政府加倍延长起初的一年期支持。固定搭配extent+of+n.extentofn.中译extentofdevelopment发展程度improvement改进程度knowledge认知程度use使用程度change变化程度influence影响程度damage损坏程度problem问题的程度TheextentofthisimprovementcanbeassessedbytheF-ratiostatistic.此改善的程度可通过方差比统计量来检测。TheteachermustascertaintheextentoftheirknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.教师必须确定他们对英语语法的掌握程度。Untilrecently,thecomplexityofcollocationswaslargelyhidden,andL2professionalshadnowayofunderstandingtheextentoftheiruse.直到最近,词语搭配的复杂性大体上仍不为人知,而第二语言的研究者也无从了解其使用程度。句型:1、______improvetoasignificantlygreaterextent.……有更大幅度的显著改善。2、______hasbeenstandardizedtoalargeextent.……在很大程度上被标准化了。3、______dependstoagreatextentonthe______.
58……在很大程度上依赖……4、Theextentofchangewasassessedby______.变化的程度是以……来评定的。factor(n.)因素固定搭配adj.+factoradj.factor中译chief/critical/crucial/dominant/essential/important/key/leading/main/major/predominant/primary/principal/salient/vital/significantfactor重要/主要因素causal/causative/controlling/deciding/decisive/determaining/governing决定因素forceful/powerful/strong有力因素contributing/contributory促进因素external/extraneous/extrinsic外在因素internal/intrinsic内在因素hidden/underlying潜在因素single/sole单一因素basic/fundamental基本因素necessary必要的因素unknown未知因素accidental/contingent偶发因素Akeyfactorinwinningtheprojecthadbeentheavailabilityofcomputerscientists.赢得这项计划的重要因素是有计算机学家的参与。Layersknowthathowtheyapproachthejurywillbeadeterminefactorineachcase.律师知道他们如何对待陪审团在每一个案件中都是决定性因素。Theexternalfactorsaffectingyourbusinessareconstantlychanging.影响你生意的外在因素一直在变动。Whatunderlyingfactorscausedaparticularbehaviorinahumanbeing?何种潜在因素会影响一个人的特定行为?Nosinglefactorcandetermineone’scareerandfuturejobavailability.没有任何单一因素能决定一个人的事业和未来工作。
59固定搭配adj.+factoradj.factor中译socialfactor重要/主要因素economic决定因素political有力因素cultural促进因素environmental基本因素psychological必要的因素geographical未知因素affective/emotional偶发因素Theregionalspecialistsremindtheircolleaguesaboutthenon-economicfactorswhichaffecteconomicreform.区域专家提醒他们的同行注意会影响经济改革的非经济因素。Thepoliticalfactoristheimminentgeneralelection.政治因素是即将到来的大选。固定搭配n.+of+factorn.offactor中译mutiplicity/number/varietyoffactor重要/主要因素Whetherornotrediocarboncanbeusedtoresolvetheissuesofchronologywilldependonanumberoffactors.放射性碳素是否可以用来解决年代的问题需视很多因素而定。Thiswasduetoavarietyofspecialfactors.这源于各种特殊因素。句型:1、______seemstobeanimportantfactorin______.……似乎是……的重要因素。2、Theyarguethat______maybeasignificantfactorin______.他们主张……可能是……的重要因素。3、______isgenerallyconsideredtobeakeyfactorin______.……通常被视为是……的重要因素。4、Themostcrucialfactorinachievingthishasbeen______.达成此事的最重要因素是……
605、Onefundamentalfactorinvolvedin______is______.涉及……的一个基本因素是……6、______isdeterminedbyotherfactorssuchas______.……是由……等其他因素所决定的。focus(n.)焦点固定搭配v.+focusv.focus中译change/shiftfocus转移焦点broaden/widen扩展焦点bringinto/comeinto/form使成为焦点maintain/remain维持焦点adjust调整焦点lose失去焦点lack缺乏焦点Weshiftthefocustoaslightlywidercontext.我们将焦点转移到稍大的情况。Itistimetobroadenthefocusandlookatoneofthefundamential,long-termchallengesfacingsociety:theageingofthepopulation.目前是应该扩展焦点看看社会所面临的一个基本且长期的挑战:人口老龄化。Itcanformafocusforcomprehensionanddiscussion.这可以成为理解和讨论的焦点。IndiscussingITsecuritywithanumberoforganizations,itwasclearthatthesubjectlacksthefocusthatithasinmostoftheWesternworld.在与数个组织讨论信息科技安全时,可清楚察觉此主题缺乏大部分西方世界所关注的焦点。固定搭配adj.+focusadj.focus中译central/chief/important/key/main/major/primary/prime/principalfocus主要/重要焦点Thesestudieswillbethemainfocusofthispaper.这些研究是本论文的焦点
61Itispersonalrelationshipsthatemergeastheprimaryfocusofthisbiography.私人关系成为本传记的主要焦点。固定搭配focus+of+n.focusofn.中译focusofinvestigation/research/study研究的焦点article/dissertation/paper/thesis论文的焦点analysis分析的焦点attention注意的焦点Beginninginthelate1960s,researchersstudinglanguagedevelopmentbegantoshifttheprimaryfocusofresearchfromthesyntacticdimensionsoflinguisticperformancetothesocialdimensionsoflanguageperformance.从20世纪60年代晚期起,探讨语言发展的研究者开始转移研究焦点,从语言表现的语法层面转移到语言表现的社会层面。Thefocusofthenextarticleshiftstotheroleofcultureinlanguagelearning.下一篇论文的焦点转移至语言学习时文化所扮演的角色。Theinterviewdatabecomethefocusoftheanalysis.访谈资料成为分析的焦点。句型:1、Themainfocusofthisstudyison______.本研究的主要焦点在于……2、______becomethecentralfocusofinvestigation.……成为研究的主要焦点。3、Webroadenedthefocusandexaminednotonly______butalso______.我们扩展了焦点,不只研究……,也研究……4、Itisnecessarytochangethefocusofattention,awayfrom______to______.有必要改变注意的焦点,从……转移到……hypothesis(n.)假设hypothesis是单数可数名词,其复数形式为hypotheses。固定搭配v.+hypothesisv.hypothesis中译
62buildup/construct/develop/form/formulate/makehypothesis建立假设confirm/prove/verify证实假设examine/evaluate/test测试假设draw/putforward提出假设propose/suggest建议假设accept/retain接受假设adopt采纳假设support支持假设modify/reshape/revise修订假设confute/disprove/reject否定假设abandon/giveup放弃假设Childrenareconstantlyforminghypothesesonthebasisoftheinputreceivedandthentestingthosehypothesesinspeech.儿童时常根据所接受的信息来建立假设,然后在说话时测试这些假设。Thefirststageofthisresearchconfirmedthehypothesis.研究的第一阶段验证了该假设。Wecanproposecertainhypothesiswhichcanbetestedbyresearch.我们可建议几种被测试的假设。Researchsupportssuchahypothesis.研究支持此种假设。Hishypothesiswasnotsupportedbyhisfindings.他的假设没有得到其结果的支持。Decisionstoretainorrejectahypothesisarefairlystraightforwardlydeterminedbytheresultsofexperimentaltests.要接受或否定一个假设的决定,大体上直接视实验测试的结果而定。固定搭配adj.+hypothesisadj.hypothesis中译nullhypothesis虚无假设working可行的假设alternative对立假设main/major主要假设likely/plausible/possible可能的假设competing不相上下的假设conflicting相互冲突的假设untentable站不住脚的假设
63Wecouldrejectthenullhypothesisofthefivepercentlevel.我们可以在5%的水平否定虚无假设。CategoryІІІtestedamainhypothesisofthisstudy.范畴ІІІ测试此研究的一个主要假设。Twoconflictinghypotheseshaveemerged.两项相互冲突的假设浮现出来。Thisstudycannotprovidedatatoconfirmorrefutethishypothesis,however.然而此研究无法提供证实或否定此假设的数据。Thehypothesisseemstobepartiallyortotallyinvalidinthreedifferentareas.此假设似乎在三个不同的领域部分或全部无效。句型:1、Thehypothesiswassupportedby______.此假设是由……所支持的。2、Ourfindingsdonotsupportthehypothesisthat______.我们的研究结果并未支持……的假设。3、Themainhypothesisofthisstudywasthat______.此研究的主要假设是……4、Thishypothesiswasunacceptablebecause______.因为……,所以此假设无法被接受。5、Thishypothesiswasformulatedonthebasisof______.此假设是基于……而建立的。impact(n.)冲击论文写作时常用“AhaveimpactonB”的句型来表达A对B带来的冲击或产生的影响,例如:Ideologicalandpoliticalproblemscanhaveasignificantimpactonteacher’sroles.意识形态和政治问题能对教师的角色产生重大影响。类似的词还有effect,influence等,例如:Parentshavethemostimportantinfluenceontheirchildren.
64父母对子女有最重要的影响。固定搭配v.+impactv.impact中译achieve/bring/create/have/makeimpact产生冲击/影响alleviate/cushion/diminish/lessen/minimize/mitigate/reduce/soften/weaken降低冲击/影响examine/explore/investigate/study研究冲击/影响assess/evaluate/measure评估冲击/影响Whencurrenttrendshavebeguntomakesomeimpacts,furtherquestionswillnoboubtarise.当目前的一些趋势开始产生过影响时,无疑进一步的问题就会开始浮现出来。Thereareseveralwaystoavoidtheprobabilityofseriouspestattacks,oratleastlessentheirimpact.有数种方法可以避免害虫严重侵害的几率,或至少降低其影响。Thisprojectaimstoinvestigatetheimpactthenewlegislationhashad.此计划在研究新法案所产生的影响。Thegovernmentwasbestplacedtodecideonsitesandtoassesstheirenviromentalimpact.最好由政府决定地点并评估其环境影响。固定搭配adj.+impactadj.impact中译big/considerable/critical/great/enormous/high/huge/important/main/major/massive/maximum/much/powerful/profound/significant/strong/substantial/tremendousimpact重大冲击/影响immediate/instant立即冲击/影响full/overall/total/wide广泛冲击/影响real真实冲击/影响growing/increasing增强冲击/影响far-reaching/lasting/long-term长远的冲击/影响likely/possible/potential可能冲击/影响adverse/catastrophic/damaging/负面冲击/影响
65devastating/disastrous/negative/seriouslimited/little/marginal/minimal/minimum/negligible小的冲击/影响ecological/environmental生态/环境冲击/影响ItseemedunlikelythathandheldCD-ROMtechnologywouldmakemuchimpactinworldmarkets.可携式光盘技术似乎不会对全球市场造成多大影响。Collocationcanhaveanimmediateandrealimpactonacademicwriting.词语搭配对学术写作有直接的、真正的影响。Aprojectofthisscaleobviouslyhaswideenvironmentalimpact.这种规模的计划显然对环境有巨大的冲击。句型:1、Ithasmaximumimpactwhen______.当……时会有最大的影响。2、Theseinsightshadasignificantimpacton______.这些见解对……有重大影响。3、______hadanimportantimpactonthedevelopmentof______.……对……的发展有重大影响。4、Theresearchwillmeasuretheimpactof______on______.此研究将衡量……对……的影响。5、______wouldbeunlikelytomakeasubstantialimpact.……不太可能产生重大的影响。6、______triedunsuccessfultolessentheimpactof______.……降低……影响的尝试失败了。importance(n.)重要性论文写作有名词化的倾向,如以ofimportance取代形容词important感觉较为正式,例如:Thesetopicsareimportantinlanguageteaching.这些题目在语言教学中很重要。
66可替换为:Thesetopicsareofimportanceinlanguageteaching.固定搭配v.+importancev.importance中译accentuate/emphasize/exalt/highlight/magnify/underline/stress/underscoreimportance强调重要性attach/attribute/give/place赋予重要性acknowledge/affirm/concede/recognize承认重要性assume/attain获得重要性indicate/pointout指出重要性reassert重申重要性lose失去重要性ignore/overlook忽略重要性underestimate/undervalue低估重要性belittle/underplay贬抑重要性question质疑重要性deny否认重要性Hestresstheimportanceofteacher’sunderstandingtheindividualdifferencesoflearnersintheclassroom.他强调教师了解课堂上学习者个体差异的重要性。Wetendtorecognizetheimportanceofthesocialaspectoflanguage.我们倾向承认语言社会层面的重要性。ThePanamaCanalhaslostsomeofitsimportancebecauseofairfreight.因为空运,巴拿马运河失去了部分重要性。Theassumptionignorestheimportanceofmacro-economicfactorsindetermininglevelsofdemandinthehousingmarket.在决定房屋市场的需求程度上,此假设忽略了宏观经济因素的重要性。固定搭配adj.+importanceadj.importance中译cardinal/central/critical/crucial/acute/enormous/extreme/grave/far-reaching/great/highest/key/leading/paramount/pivotal/primary/prime/profound/special/superior/unprecedented/utmost/vitalimportance极为重要
67ever-increasing/growing愈来愈重要minor/secondary/subordinate次要little/small/trifling不重要international/worldwide国际上的重要性national全国范围的重要性scientific科学上的重要性historic/historical历史上的重要性Twotermsofcentralimportancetoresearcharereliabilityandvalidity.在研究中两个极为重要的词语是信度和效度。Thecognitivedomainofhumanbehaviorisofkeyimportanceintheacquisitionofafirstlanguage.人类行为的认知领域在第一语言习得中极为重要。TheseapplicationsforthemicroprocessorshavegrowingimportanceintheThirdWorld.微处理器的这些应用在第三世界中越来越重要。Manynationsfeltthattheprimaryobjectivesofinternationalairlineswerepoliticalandeconomicandthatotherobjectiveswereonlyofsecondaryimportance.许多国家觉得国际航空公司主要目标是政治性和经济性的,其他的目标都是次要的。Insuchresearch,exactstatisticsofpublicattitudesareofsmallimportance.在这种研究中,大众态度的精确统计数据并不重要。Thesearemattersofnationalimportance.这些事物具有全国范围的重要性。固定搭配n.+of+importancen.ofimportance中译continuum/degree/hierarchy/level/orderofimportance重要程度Thesemisconceptionsaregivenhereinorderofimportance.这些错误概念按重要程度在这里呈现。句型:1、______isofgreatimportance.……是极为重要的。2、Itisofgreatimportancethat______.……是极为重要的。
683、Anotherpointofparamountimportanceis______.极为重要的另一点是……4、Theseresearchresultsunderscoretheimportanceof______.这些研究结果强调了……的重要性。5、______seemstobeoflittleimportance.……似乎是不重要的。information(n.)信息;消息;资讯information是不可数名词固定搭配v.+informationv.information中译absorb/acquire/collect/gain/get/garner/gather/glean/obtain/pickup/receiveinformation获得/收集信息access/use取得/使用信息analyze/sortout分析信息manage/process处理信息find/lookfor/seek寻找信息circulate/convey/diffuse/send/disseminate/distribute/spread/transfer/transmit传播信息disclose/release/reveal/uncover公开/发布信息exchange/impart/share/swap/trade分享/交换信息furnish/give/offer/present/provide/supply提供信息draw/extract/retrieve获取信息accumulate/amass累计信息hold/retain/withhold保留信息askfor/demandfor/request/require要求信息generate产生信息update更新信息store存储信息Theteachershouldacquireasmuchinformationaspossiblewithrespecttotestreliabilityandfairness.教师因该就测试的效度和公平性取得尽可能多的信息。
69ResearchershaverepeatedlyusedtheSILLtoobtaininformationonstrategiesforlistening.研究者一再使用语言学习策略问卷已取得听力策略的信息。Peopleoftenregardlanguageprimarilyasavehiclefortransmittinginformationfromonepersontoanother.人们通常视语言为人际间传播信息的主要载体。Thesechaptersdiscusstheimplicationsofvariousformsofmultimediaandprovidedetailedinformationaboutonlineresources.这几章讨论各种形式的多媒体含义,并提供在线资源的详细信息。固定搭配information+v.informationv.中译informationprovide信息提供contain/include信息包含Thisinformationprovidesadatabaseforgroupingspeciesaccordingtosimilaritiesintheircharacteristics.此信息提供数据库,以根据其特性的相似性来进行物种分类。固定搭配adj.+informationadj.information中译accurate/correct/exact/preciseinformation正确的信息abundant/much大量信息reliable/trustworthy可靠信息latest/up-to-date最新的信息crucial/important/key/useful/vital重要的/有用信息sufficient充分的信息specific特定的信息definite/explicit确切的信息first-hand第一手信息classified/confidential机密的信息detailed详细的信息additional/extra/further更多的信息false/wrong错误的信息misleading误导的信息contradictory矛盾的信息scant/scanty/insufficient不足的信息Althoughthisarticleisespeciallyaimedatstudentsinteachereducationprogramsin
70Japan,thoseinterestedinELTeverywherewillfindmuchusefulinformation.虽然这篇文章特别针对日本师资教育课程的学生,但其它地方对于英语教学有兴趣的人也会找到很多有用的信息。Thestudyshouldincludesufficientinformationtoallowreaderstoevaluatetheclaimsmadebytheauthor.此研究应该具备充分的信息,以供读者评价作者的主张。Morespecificinformationwouldhavebeenuseful.更多的特定信息会更有用。Mostreaderswillretainthisinterpretationunlesssomecontradictoryinformationisencountered.大多数读者会保留这种诠释知道他们遇到一些矛盾的信息。固定搭配n.+of+informationn.ofinformation中译flood/greatdeal/lot/mass/mine/shorehouse/wealthofinformation大量信息flow信息交流exchange/interchange信息交换source信息来源analysis信息分析lack缺乏信息piece……条信息amount信息量Bothbooksprovideawealthofinformationforanoviceinthefield.这两本书都为该领域的新手提供大量的信息。Allsourcesofinformationmustbeconfirmedascredible.所有的信息来源都必须被证实是可信的。AlthoughthearticleisapparentlyintendedforthosewhoareinterestedinteachingEnglishinJapan,thereisarelativelackofinformationandanalysisofJapaneseELT.虽然这篇文章显然是针对有兴趣在日本教英语的人,但对日本的英语教学却相对缺乏信息和分析。Comprehensionitemsrequiredthereadertograspthemainideaofapassagebyconbiningseeminglyunrelatedpieceofinformation.理解性问题要求读者组合似乎不相关的几条信息以掌握文章主旨。Thereaderbringstothetaskaformidableamountofinformationandideas,attitudesandbeliefs.
71读者为此任务带来了极大量的信息和意见,态度和信念。句型:1、Ihaveunabletofindanyinformationon______.我一直无法找到关于……的任何信息。2、Foranyfurtherinformation,contact______.若需要任何进一步的信息,请联络……3、______hasprovidedawealthofnewinformationon______.……对……提供大量的新信息。4、Forfutureresearch,theneededinformationshouldcomefrom______.未来研究中所需要的信息应来自……5、Thispapercangiveustheinformationtounderstandanexplain______.这篇论文提供信息,以供我们了解和解释……6、______willremainthemajorsourceofinformationfor______.……仍将是……的主要信息来源。instrument(n.)工具;仪器在论文写作中,instrument常与research搭配成为researchinstrument(研究工具),在意思上类似的搭配还有researchtool(研究工具),researchmaterial(研究材料),researchequipment(研究设备)等。固定搭配v.+instrumentv.instrument中译design/developinstrument设计/发展工具adapt/adjust改造工具employ/use使用工具install安装仪器A40-itemdiagnosticinstrumentisdesignedbytheauthortomeasuretheabilityofdifferentstudentstocorrecterrorsinproofreadingStandardEnglish.作者设计了40题的诊断工具来测量不同学生在校对标准英文时改正错误的能力。Afterdevelopingareliableinstrument,itisimportanttoadministeritusingallthenormaltestingprocedures.在开发出可信的工具后,使用正常的程序来运用此工具是很重要的。Thesurveyinstrumentwaseasilytoadaptedforusewithcollegestudents.此调查工具易于被改编为大学生所使用。
72Anydatacollectioninstrumentmustbeusedwithcaution.任何资料收集的工具使用都要谨慎。固定搭配adj.+instrumentadj.instrument中译effective/validinstrument有效的工具reliable可靠的工具ideal/satisfactory/useful/valuable好用的/有价值的工具chief/key/main/major/prime/principal主要工具investigative调查工具measure测量工具diagnostic诊断工具scientific科学仪器AdultEnglishProgramsshouldhaveavalidandreliableinstrumentfortestingoralEnglishproficiency.成人英语课程应有一种有效和可靠的工具来测试英语口语能力。ThemaindatacollectioninstrumentusedinthisstudywasaquestionnaireinJapanesedevelopedthroughinterviews.此研究所使用的资料收集工具为经由访谈后所研发的日文问卷。ThinkAloudmethodologyhasbeenusedintermittentlyasaninvestigativeinstrumentinreadingresearch.出声思考法在阅读研究中偶尔被用作调查工具。固定搭配n.+instrumentn.instrument中译researchinstrument研究工具survey调查工具observation观察工具assessment评估工具test测验工具analysis分析工具laboratory实验室仪器precision精密仪器Theproficiencytestswereseenasthemostcriticalresearchinstrument.这些能力测验被视为最重要的研究工具。
73Thesurveyinstrumentwasadministeredtwice此调查工具实施了两次。Suchanalysesaretypicallyguildedbyanobservationinstrument.这些分析方式通常受观察工具所引导。句型:1、Theinstumentemployedinthisstudywasa______.此研究所使用的工具是……2、Theresearchinstrumentsinvolved______.此研究所使用的工具有……3、Theinstrumentdevelopedforthisstudyconsistedof______.为此研究所开发的工具包含了……4、______doesnotappeartobeaneffectiveinstrumentforimplementing______.……似乎不是执行……的有效工具。journal(n.)期刊固定搭配adj.+journaladj.journal中译distinguished/first-class/leading/highly-ranked/influential/major/prestigiousjournal重要/先进期刊academic/research/scholarly学术期刊professional/specialist专业期刊referred参考期刊TheTESOLQuarterly;aprofessional,referredjournal,encouragessubmissionofpreviouslyunpublishedarticles.《TESOLQuarterly》是本专业参考期刊,鼓励尚未出版的论文前来投稿。固定搭配adj.+journaladj.journal中译internationaljournal国际期刊annual年刊quarterly季刊mouthly月刊
74AglanceattheleadinginternationaljournalsinanyfieldwillshowthatacademicpublishingisdominatedbytheWest.只要浏览一下任何领域中先进的国际期刊,就会发现学术发表是由西方所主导的。固定搭配n.+journaljournaln.中译journalarticle/paper期刊论文Thelengthlimitationofthejournalarticledoesnotallowafulldiscussionofallthechallenges,successes,andfailuresofthiswork.因篇幅限制,期刊论文无法全面探讨他的研究工作所面对的所有挑战、成功和失败。句型:1、Theprofessorhasalreadypublished______inacademicjournals.这名教授已在学术期刊上发表……knowledge(n.)知识“learn/studyknowledge”是错误的搭配,意义比较接近的搭配为“acquire/gainknowledge”表示获得知识。固定搭配v.+knowledgev.knowledge中译absorb/acquire/gain/gather/glean/have/obtain/pickupknowledge获得知识advance/broaden/deepen/enrich/enhance/expand/extend/further/improve/increace扩展/增进知识convey/diffuse/disseminate/distribute/impart/popularize/promote/spread/transmit传播知识construct/create/develop/engender/generate发展/创造知识apply/use/utilize应用知识demonstrate/display/show展现知识seek/pursue追求知识accumulate/storeup累积知识consolidate加强知识internalize内化知识clarify阐明知识
75possess具备知识share分享知识update更新知识offer/provide提供知识lack缺乏知识Weneedtorestructureteachereducationsothatteachersgainadequateknowledge,skill,andautonomy.我们必须重整师资教育,使教师获得足够的知识、技能和自主能力。Theymayenhancetheirknowledgeandbroadentheirresearchhorizons.他们可以增进知识和开阔研究视野。Thesechildrenshouldbeusingmaterialsandactivitiesthatbuildonandextendtheirpreviousknowledge.这些儿童应该使用建立在其先前知识基础上并能够扩展其先前知识的教材和活动。Scanningelectronmicroscopyisbecominganincreasinglyusefultoolforfurtheringarchaeologicalknowledge.扫描电镜渐渐成为增进考古学知识的有用工具。EmergingresearchisgeneratingnewknowledgeoneducationalpracticesinJapaneseschools.新兴研究正在创造有关日本教育措施的新知识。ItwillclarifyandconsolidateexistingknowledgeabouttheroleoftheTreasuryinpublicpolicy-making.这将阐明和强化现有关于财政部在制定公共政策上所扮演角色的知识。Mostofuslearnbytheunconsciousprocessofinternalizingknowledge,skillsorattitudesthathaveapermanenteffectonoursubsequentbehaviors.我们大多数人的学习都是通过无意识的过程内化知识、技能或态度,这些对我们往后的行为有长久的影响。Thesocialworkerlackedtheexpertknowledgeneededtohandlethecasealone.这名社工缺乏专业知识,无法独立处理此个案。固定搭配adj.+knowledgeadj.knowledge中译ample/broad/conprehensive/complete/considerable/extensive/encyclopedic/full/great/rich/大量的/完整的知识
76immense/massive/vast/wideknowledgedeep/detailed/extraordinary/intensive/professional/proficient/profound/remarkable/scholarly/sound/specialized/superior/thorough深入的/专精的知识adequate/competent/enough/fair/sufficient适当的/足够知识basic/elementary/preliminary/rudimental/rudimentary基本知识advanced先进知识objective客观知识first-hand第一手知识growing增长的知识Inthenineteenthcentury,scientiststhoughtthattheywereclosetotheattainmentofcompleteknowledgeofthephysicaluniverse.19世纪科学家认为他们已经近乎了解了物理世界的全部知识。Evolutionhasbuiltintousatbirthmassiveknowledgethatguildsourlearning.进化使我们在出生时就拥有可引导我们学习的大量知识。ThescholarwasrequiredtoabsorbanddisplayanintensiveandaccurateknowledgeofLatingrammar.这名学者需要吸收并展示广博及精确的拉丁语语法知识。Bumblebeesdonothaveadvancedknowledgeofaeronauticalscience,yetsomeextremelycomplicatedmathsisrequiredtoexplainhowitisthatabumblebeecanfly.大黄蜂不具备先进的航空科学知识,但解释大黄蜂为什么能够飞行却必须用上一些极为复杂的数学知识。固定搭配adj.+knowledgeadj.knowledge中译half/inadequate/limited/little/one-sided/partial/poor/scant/scanty/superficialknowledge有限的/肤浅的知识Thesemenhadverylimitedknowledgeofrecentsociologicalstudiesandfindings.这些人对于近年来社会研究的发现所具备的知识相当有限。ResearchersingeneralhadlittleknowledgeofIndianculture,andthiswasanimportantareaofmisunderstanding.一般研究者对印度文化仅有肤浅的了解,而这正是误解的重心。
77固定搭配adj.+knowledgeadj.knowledge中译previous/priorknowledge既有知识common/general一般知识current/existing现有知识practical实用知识theoretical理论性知识abstract抽象知识shared共享的知识implicit隐含的知识explicit明确的知识Thereader’spriorknowledgeandexperienceareanimportantpartoftheprocessbywhichmeaningisactivelycreated.读者的既有知识和经验是主动创造意义过程的重要组成部分。Readingisanactiveprocessofmacthingincomingdatawithourexistingknowledge.阅读时主动将接收信息与我们现有知识相结合的过程。Throughworkingontheseprojects,participantslearnhowtodomeaningfulresearchanddevelopsharedknowledge.参与者通过共同致力于这些计划,学习如何做有意义研究并产生出共享的知识。Implicitknowledgeistypicallymanifestinsomeformofnaturallyoccuringlanguagebehavior.隐含的知识通常是透过某些自然发生的语言行为来展现。固定搭配n.+of+knowledgen.ofknowledge中译boundary/frontierofknowledge知识的疆界area/domain/field知识领域storehouse/wealth大量知识transmission知识转移base/basis知识基础pursuit追求知识fount/source知识来源lack缺乏知识Studentsshoulddeveloptheabilityofquestionandcritiqueestiblishedauthoritiesinafieldofknowledge.学生应该培养质疑和批判某一知识领域中权威人士的能力。Theauthorarguesthatreeducationemcompassesfarmorethanthetransmissionof
78knowledgeintheclassroom.作者主张再教育所包含的不只是课堂内的知识转移。Hislifeisdedicatedtothepursuitofknoeledgeforitsownsake.他将生命奉献于为知识而追求知识。句型:1、Theyappearedtohavelittleknowledgeofhowto______.他们似乎不知道如何……2、______stemsfromlackofknowledgeabouthowto______.……源于不知道如何……3、______hasresultedinlimitedknowledgeabout______.……造成有关……的知识不足。4、______appearednottobeabletousethisknowledgein______.……似乎无法在……应用此种知识。5、______shouldhelptomaintainanddeepentheirknowledgeof______.……应有助于维持和加强他们对……的了解。6、Inthiscrticalwecallformoreresearchtoenhanceourknowledgeofthenaturalof______.在本文中我们呼吁从事更多的研究来增进我们对……本质的了解。literature(n.)文献literature在论文写作中常作“研究文献”而非“文学”,在论文的第一章常有literaturereview(文献回顾)一节。literature是不可数名词,表示许多文献要用muchliterature,但若literature前有形容词,则可加不定冠词a,如asubstantialliterature(大量文献)。另外,若是指不同学科和种类的文献时可用literatures,例如psycholinguisticandneurolinguisticliteratures(心理语言学和精神语言学的文献),或者用twotypesofliterature(两种文献)。固定搭配v.+literaturev.literature中译review综述文献
79literatureread/study研读文献generate/produce产出文献discuss/talkabout讨论文献cite/drawon引用文献collect收集文献search寻找文献evaluate评估文献examine/scan检索文献interpret诠释文献criticize批评文献summarize总结文献Eggington(2004)aimstoreviewliteratureheconsidersrelevanttoaninternationalsurveyoflanguageplanning.埃金顿(2004)的目的在于综述他认为与语言计划的国际调查有关的文献。Istressedtheimportanceoftheabilityofappliedlinguiststoreadtheliteratureoftheirfieldevaluatively.我强调应用语言学家能够批判性研读其领域文献的重要性。ThepurposeofthisarticleistoanalyzesomecommonmisconceptionsaboutL2learningbyexaminingtherelevantliterature.本文的目的是通过研究相关文献来分析一些第二语言学习的常见错误观念。固定搭配adj.+literatureadj.literature中译considerable/enormous/extensive/large/much/substantial/vast/voluminousliterature大量文献current/existing现存的文献recent近来的文献traditional传统文献earlier/past/previous之前的文献related/relevant相关文献limited/scant/scanty有限的文献scattered散乱的文献Inthisarticlewehavereviewedtheextensiveliteratureonclientparticipation.在这篇文献中,我们综述了大量有关客户参与的文献。Theintentionofthisprojectwastoreviewtheexistingliterature.本计划的目的在于综述现存的文献。Allchaptersincludenumerousreferencestotherecentliterature.每一章都附有众多近期文献的参考书目。Thereisaconsiderablescatteredliterature,butnocomprehensivepublication.
80有相当多散乱的文献,但并没有综合的出版物。固定搭配n.+of+literaturen.ofliterature中译abundance/considerableamount/gooddeal/richbody/significantbody/vastamount/wealth/widerangeofliterature大量文献growingbody/increasingvolume/proliferation愈来愈多的文献thoroughreview详尽的文献综述Keyandhisassociates(1996)makeathoroughreviewofresearchliterature.基和他的同事(1996)做了详尽的研究文献综述。固定搭配literature+prep.literatureprep.中译literatureon关于……的文献about有关……的文献Thereisarapidlygrowingliteratureonlearningstrategies.有关学习策略的文献快速增长。Ihavereadmuchliteratureaboutlearningstyles.我研读过许多有关学习风格的文献。句型:1、Overall,thisbodyofliteratureprovides______.整体而言,这些文献提供……2、Theliteraturereviewedbelowmanifests______.以下综述文献显示……3、Comparativelylittleresearchhasfocusedon______.相对较少的文献关注……4、______havebeendiscussedextensivelyintheexistingliterature.……已在现存文献中广泛讨论过。5、Itisrelevanttocitetheextensiveliteraturedescribing______.引用描述……的大量文献是恰当的。
81method(n.)方法固定搭配v.+methodv.method中译adopt/apply/employ/use/utilizemethod使用方法comeupwith/develop/formulate/invent/workout提出/发展方法design/devise设计方法propose/recommend建议方法introduce引进方法essay/try尝试方法test测试方法abandon/giveup/scrap放弃方法Youmayhavebeenapplyingthemethodincorrectly.你的使用方法可能错误。Theresearcherhascomeupwithacompletelydifferentmethod.研究者提出了一种完全不同的方法。Byexperimentingwithanumberofapproaches,weformulatedamethodforanalyzingtheconceptmaps.实验过几种方法后,我们提出一个分析概念图的方法。Thisdocumentdescribesafour-yearprogramdesignedtodevelopandtestamethodforteachingstandardEnglishtodialectspeakers.此文件描述一个四年计划,用以发展和测试一个教授说方言者标准英语的方法。固定搭配adj.+methodadj.method中译latest/new/novelmethod新的方法advanced/up-to-date先进的方法effective有效的方法efficient有效率的方法reliable可信赖的方法reasonable/sound合理的方法appropriate/proper适合的方法refined/sophisticated细致的方法approved公认的方法current/existing/present现存的方法conventional惯用的方法suggested建议方法
82rigorous严格的方法antiquated/obsolete/outdated/old/old-fashioned/primitive/time-worn陈旧的方法erroneous/fallacious/wrong错误方法alternative另一种方法Theresearchprojecthastheaimofimprovingexistingmethodsanddevelopingnewmethods.此研究计划旨在改善现存的方法,并发展新的方法。TotalPhysicalResponse(TPR)hasproventobeaveryeffectivemethodforbeginningstudents.全身反应法证明对初级学生是很有效的方法。Itwillbeforanalyticalchemisttodevelopreliablemethods.这将由分析化学家来研究可信赖的方法。Wewillbeabletohelpthelearnerselecttheappropriatemethodforhisownlearningstyle.我们可帮助学习者选择适合其学习风格的方法。固定搭配adj.+methodadj.method中译experimentalmethod实验方法empirical实证方法scientific科学方法statistical统计方法sampling抽样方法deductive演绎法inductive归纳法Varioustheorieswereproposedwhichsoughttoapplytheempiricalmethodofthenaturalsciencestothestudyofsociety.建议使用各种理论将自然科学的实证方法应用至社会研究领域。Quantitativeresearchineducationtraditionallyadaptedstatisticalmethodsdevelopedinotherareas.教育的量性研究传统上采纳其他领域所发展出的统计方法。Usingadifferentsamplingmethod,thestudyaimedtoanalyzeover20%oftelevisionbroadcaststilltheendofMarch.此研究使用不同的抽样方法,旨在到三月底分析超过20%的电视节目。
83固定搭配method+prep.methodprep.中译methodfor用于……的方法Therearemanymethodsformakingit.用来制造它的方法有很多。Julnes’s(2000)methodforevaluatingprojectsinnot-profit-organizationsisanotherattempt.朱尔尼斯(2000)用以评估非盈利组织计划的方法是另一种尝试。句型:1、______methodofresearchwasselected.选择了……研究方法。2、Usingthesuggestedmethod,itcanbeseenthat______.使用建议的方法可以看到……3、Thismethodofanalysiswasappliedto______.此分析方法被应用到……4、Theworkisaimedatdevelopingamethodof______.此研究的目的是研究……的方法。5、Thereareseveralpossibleempiricalmethodstousetoaddresstheproblemof______.有几种可能的实证方法可用来处理……的问题。paper(n.)论文;纸paper表示论文时为可数名词,有复数形式papers,例如callforpapers即指“征集论文”。固定搭配v.+paperv.paper中译produce/writepaper撰写论文draft撰写论文初稿deliver/present发表contribute论文投稿submit提交论文review审查论文
84accept接受论文reject拒绝论文cite/quote引用论文publish出版论文give/offer/provide提供论文correct/grade/mark/rate批改试卷Theprofessorasksstudenttowritea10-pagepaperinvestigatingbothsideofacontroversialissue.教授要求学生撰写10页的论文,探讨一个争议性议题的正反两面。TheteamwillpresentapapertotheConferenceoftheBritishSociologicalAssociation.这个团队将在英国社会学协会会议上发表论文。ThepaperwasacceptedforpublicationintheTESOLQuarterly.这篇论文被接受出版,刊登在《TESOLQuarterly》上。固定搭配paper+v.paperv.中译paperpresent/report/reporton论文报告argue/claim/pointout/say/show/state/suggest论文主张/指出propose/suggest论文建议depict/describe论文描述explore/investigate论文探讨conclude/summarize论文总结examine论文研究give/offer/provide论文提供review论文综述consider论文考虑comment论文评论estimate论文预估ThispaperreportsonanexploratorystudydesignedtoinvestigatewhetherthiskindoftaskissuccessfulindevelopingL2linguisticknowledge.这篇论文报告了一个探索性研究,设计用以调查此种工作是否能成功发展第二语言知识。Thispaperdescribesamodeloflanguagetestperformancethatincludestwocomponents,languageabilityandtestmethod.此论文描述了一个语言测试表现的模式,包括两个部分:语言能力和测试方法。
85Thispaperreviewstheinfluenceofthecommunicativetaskoncurriculumdevelopment.此论文综述了沟通性工作对于课程发展的影响。Thispaperconsiderstheusefulnessofexistingsourcesofdataforhealthneedsassessment.此论文考虑以现有资料来源评估健康需求的效能。固定搭配adj.+paperadj.paper中译presentpaper当前这篇论文recent最近的论文earlier/previous之前的论文important/seminal重要的论文theoretical理论性的论文academic/scholarly学术论文joint合作的论文much-quoted常被引用的论文Thepurposeofthepresentpaperistocomparethesetwostrategies.当前的这篇论文的目的在于对比这两项策略。Inarecentpaper,Myers(1985)reportsonthestrugglesoftwobiologiststogettheirpaperspublished.在最近的一篇论文中,迈尔斯(1985)报告了两名生物学家出版论文的艰辛历程。Inherseminalpaper,Swain(1985)arguedthatcomprehensibleinputisnotsufficientforsuccessfulSLA.在她的重要论文中,斯温(1985)主张可理解性输入不足以产生成功的第二语言习得。固定搭配n.+papern.paper中译researchpaper研究论文journal期刊论文conference/seminer会议论文draft论文初稿term学期报告examination/test考试卷ThelimitedEnglishproficientstudentsstudiedwerealsorequiredtoproducearesearchpaper.作为研究对象的英语能力有限的学生也被要求撰写研究论文。
86固定搭配n.+of+papern.ofpaper中译draftofpaper论文的初稿argument论文的主张Iwouldliketothanktwoanonymousreviewersforhelpfulcommentsonearlierdraftofthispaper.我要感谢两名匿名审查者对此论文初稿所提供的有用评论。ThecentralargumentofthispaperisthatSLAtheoristshavenotdevelopedacomprehensivethoeryofsocialidentity.此论文的主要主张是第二语言习得理论者并未发展出有关社会认同的完整理论。固定搭配paper+prep.paperprep.中译paperabout/on有关……的论文Thisundergraduatehadenjoyedwritingaresearchpaperonpesticidesforhiswritingclass.这名大学生在写作课上乐于撰写有关杀虫剂的研究论文。句型:1、Inthispaper,Iwillpresent______.在这篇论文中我会呈现……2、Iargueinthispaperthat______.我在这篇论文中主张……3、Earlierdraftofthispaperwerepresentedat______.这篇论文的初稿发表在……4、Thispaperreportsaseriesofstudentsdesignedtoaddressthequestionof______.这篇论文报道一系列研究,设计用以探讨……的问题。5、Ishouldliketothank______fortheirdetailedandinsightfulcommentsonearlierdraftsofthispaper.我要感谢……对此论文初稿详细和见解深刻的评论。
87problem(n.)问题固定搭配v.+problemv.problem中译address/approach/attack/combat/copewith/dealwith/grapplewith/handle/lookinto/tackle/wrestlewithproblem处理问题clearup/overcome/resolve/settle/solve解决问题alleviate/ease/reduce减轻问题bringup/cause/create/pose/raise引起/产生问题encounter/runinto碰到问题confront/face面对问题discuss探讨问题identify/pinpoint/pointout指出问题present/show呈现问题avoid/freefrom/ignore逃避问题prevent防治问题have具有问题表达“产生问题”时,makeproblem是错误的搭配,应用causeproblem或者createproblem。有时论文中会读到makeproblem的搭配,此时problem后通常还会接宾语补足语,make当“使……”的意思,例如:maketheproblemalittlemorecomplicated(使问题变得更复杂),makesuchproblemsathingofpast(使问题成为过去式)。Variousstrategieshavebeentriedforovercomingthisproblem.已经尝试过各种策略来解决这个问题。Aspiritofopennessisessentialtosolvingproblem.开放的精神对于解决问题相当重要。Themeasurementofaffectivefactorshasformanydacatesposedaperplexingproblem.几十年来对于感情因素的衡量一直有一个令人困扰的问题。Theyencounteredaseriesofunanticipatedproblems.他们碰到一连串意想不到的问题。Wecannotdevelopeffectiveresponsestocomplexsituationsunlessweactivelyseekandconfronttherealproblems.
88除非我们主动寻求并面对真正的问题,否则无法针对复杂情况进行有效的反应。Suchtestspresentsomeproblems.这些测验呈现出一些问题。固定搭配problem+prep.problemv.中译problemarise出现问题exist问题存在resultfrom问题来自于However,aproblemimmediatelyarises.但是有个问题立即出现。Aseriousproblemhasexistedforyearsinlanguageresearch.在语言研究中有一个严重问题已存在多年。Anotherproblemresultedfromvaryinginterpretationsoftheprinciplesunderlyingtheevaluation.另一个问题来自于对评价原理的不同诠释。固定搭配adj.+problemadj.problem中译acute/arduous/difficute/grave/knotty/serious/thorny/trickyproblem困难的/严重的问题big/central/chief/critical/key/essential/gigantic/main/major/significant/vital重要的/主要的问题complex/complicated复杂的问题burning/immediate/pressing/urgent紧急的问题insuperable/insurmountable/insoluble无法解决的问题current/present目前的问题growing/increasing/mounting愈来愈多的问题related/relevant相关问题emerging出现的问题remaining/unsolved尚未解决的问题unanticipated/unexpected意想不到的问题potential潜在的问题many-sided/multifaceted多方面的问题long-standing/long-term/perennial长期的问题
89further更进一步的问题easy/little/minor/petty/simple/trivial容易的/小问题Thevariabilityofsecondlanguagedataposesthornyproblems.第二语言资料的差异性造成棘手的问难。Oneofthemajorcurrentresearchproblemsistoaccountforallthisvariability.目前主要的研究问题之一是去解释其所有的变异性。Thetwotestsselectedtodemonstratethispotentialproblemwereclearlyinappropriate.选择这两个测试来说明此潜在问题明显是不恰当的。Thereisobviouslynosinglesolutiontothismultifacetedproblem.对此多方面的问题显然并无单一的解决方案。Theseexceptionsrepresentaveryminorproblemandcanbetackled.这些例外代表极小的问题,而且可以被解决。固定搭配adj.+problemadj.problem中译methodologicalproblem方法学问题theoretical理论问题conceptual概念问题technical技术问题economic经济问题social社会问题environmential环境问题ethical伦理问题Seriousmethodologicalproblemssurroundsuchmeasurement.此种测量具有严重的方法学问题。Complexsocialproblemshavetobetackledincludinghomelessness,birthofaninfectedchildanddeathofbothparents.复杂的社会问题需要处理,包括无家可归、染疾婴儿和父母双亡。固定搭配n.+to+problemn.toproblem中译answer/solutiontoproblem解决问题的方法Hissolutiontotheproblemwouldlieintheinitiallearningprocess.
90他解决问题的方法在于学习过程的初期。固定搭配n.+of+problemn.ofproblem中译greatdeal/lot/multitude/myriad/number/plentyofproblem许多问题category/kind/sort/type/variety问题的种类degree/extent/level问题的程度essence/nature问题的本质range问题的范围root/source问题的根源array/series系列问题removal/solution/solving问题的解决Alotofproblemslieintheaccuracyofthetests.许多问题都出于测验的正确性。Opinionsdifferwithregardtotheactualextentoftheproblemofinterferenceintheclassroom.有关课程干扰的实际程度的意见不一。Theproblemremainedunresolved.问题仍未解决。Theproblemhasreceivedlittleattentionfromresearchersinthefield.此问题并未受到该领域研究者的关注。句型:1、Asignificantproblemfor______is______.……的主要问题是……2、Amajorproblemwiththisresearchis______.此研究的主要问题是……3、______canleadtoseriousproblems.……会导致严重的问题。4、______mayprovideanalternativesolutiontotheproblemof______.……也许可为……提供另类的解答。5、Thedifficuteproblemof______isbeingcarefullyaddressedbyresearchers.……的困难问题正由研究者仔细的处理。
91proposal(n.)计划;建议固定搭配v.+proposalv.proposal中译construct/drawup/formulate/make/produce/writeproposal作/制定计划advance/offer/present/putforth/putforward提出计划submit提交计划accept/approve接受/核准计划review审查计划carryout/implement执行计划oppose反对计划decline/reject/turndown拒绝计划Theysubmittedaproposalforabilingualprogramoutliningthefollowingplanofoperationasfeasible:他们提交一份双语教育的计划,概述了以下的执行方案。TheyapprovedaUSproposalonthetransferofenvironmentally-soundtechnology.他们核准了一项美国的计划,转移对环境有利的技术。Agrantproposalhehadrecentlywrittenwasrejected.他最近所写的一份赞助计划被拒绝了。固定搭配adj.+proposaladj.proposal中译concreteproposal具体计划formal正式计划specific特定计划joint共同的计划Wedrewupaformalproposalfortheevaluation.我们制定了一份正式计划供评估。IhavealreadymadethisjointproposaltotheExecutiveCommittee.我已经制定了一份共同计划给执行委员会。固定搭配n.+proposaln.proposal中译project/research研究计划
92proposalgrant赞助计划draft计划初稿Ph.D.博士论文计划Theresearchproposalneedtotakeintoconsiderationtheissuesofvalidityandreliability.此研究计划必须考虑效度和信度的问题。Ifagrantproposalisrejectedwithoutcomment,revisionismuchmoredifficuteforme.如果赞助计划被拒绝却未提出任何评论,对我而言修订会更加困难。Ifindthisproposalextremelytroublesome.我觉得此计划极为令人苦恼。句型:1、Onegrantproposalfordealingwith______was______.一个处理……的赞助计划是……2、Aboveall,ourresearchproposalwillbebasedupon______.首先,我们的研究计划将基于……question(n.)问题question作为动词时通常表示“质疑”,例如:Theresearchersquestiontheviewthatpromotiontoadministrativejobsnecessarilyrepresentsupwardmobility.研究者质疑升迁至管理工作岗位就代表向上移动的观点。固定搭配v.+questionv.question中译address/investigate/examine/discuss/explore/studyquestion探讨问题ask/bringforth/bringout/pose/formulate/propound/raise提出问题approach/dealwith/handle/tackle/takeup处理问题clearup/resolve/settle/solve/workout解决问题answer/replyto/respondto回答问题comprehend/understand理解问题
93confront/face面对问题ponder思考问题arouse引起问题leave留下问题dodge/evade/parry回避问题ignore忽视问题Thisarticleaddressesthefollowingquestions.本文探讨以下问题。Structuredinterviewswerefoundtobeavaluabletoolforinvestigatingquestionsofbeliefandopinion.结构性访谈是探讨信念和意见问题的研究利器。Theresearcherraisesthequestionsofraterreliability.研究者提出了评分者信度的问题。Thesimplestwayofapproachingthisquestionistoremovepartofbrainandassessthechangesinbehaviorthatareproduced.处理此问题最简单的方法是切除部分脑部,再评估所产生的行为改变。Thisstudyproposestosettlesuchquestionsempirically.此研究建议以实证方式解决这些问题。Theprimaryaimoftheanalysiswastoanswertwoquestions.此分析的主要目标是回答两个问题。Mediationtheoriesstillleftmanyquestionsaboutlanguageunanswered.中介理论对于语言仍留下许多悬而未决的问题。固定搭配question+v.questionv.中译questionarise/comeup出现问题confront/face面对问题remain留下问题appear/emerge问题浮现Thefollowingquestionsarise…出现以下问题……Thequestionfacingustodayisdifferent.我们今天所面对的问题是不同的。
94Onefinalquestionremainstobeconsidered.还有最后一个问题需要考虑。Manyotherquestionsremainunanswered.仍有许多其他的问题未解决。固定搭配adj.+questionadj.question中译big/central/crucial/essential/grand/grave/important/key/main/major/momentous/vital/pivotalquestion重大问题complex/complicated/intricate复杂的问题profound深刻的问题controversial/debated/disputed/vexed争议的问题challenging/difficult/thorny/tough/troublesome棘手的问题knotty/perplexing/puzzing费解的问题burning/pressing/urgent紧迫的问题pertinent/related/relevant相关的问题irrelevant无关的问题hypothetical假设性的问题leading诱导性的问题open/open-ended开放性问题many/numerous很多问题unanswered未回答的问题intellectual/intelligent聪明的/知性的问题awkward/dumb/odd/silly/preposterous尴尬的/不合理的问题Thetwophasesofthestudycorrespondedtoeachmajorresearchquestion…此研究的两个阶段符合每一个主要的研究问题……WeasL2researchersmustcontinuetoaskrelevantquestionsandexplorepossibleanswertothesequestions.我们作为第二语言研究者必须继续提出相关问题,并探索这些问题的可能答案。TheseweredatathatIdidnotaccesswithhypotheticalquestions.这些资料并非我通过假设性问题取得。Thereasonoftheseresultsremainsanopenquestion.导致这些结果的原因仍然是一个开放性的问题尚未查明。
95固定搭配n.+of+questionn.ofquestion中译cluster/host/lot/multitude/number/plentyofquestion许多问题set……组问题Oneofthekeyissuesinsecondlanguageresearchisaclusterofquestionsaboutdifferencesbetweenchildrenandadultsinlearningasecondlanguage.第二语言研究的一个重要议题就是有关儿童和成人学习第二语言的差异所衍生的许多问题。句型:1、Anotherquestiontoraiseis______.另一个要提出的问题是……2、Amajorquestionthatmustbeaskedis______.一个必须要问的主要问题是……3、______isnotatechniqueforresolvingdifficutequestions.……不是解决困难问题的方法。4、Weareplanningtotacklethequestionof______by_______.我们正计划以……解决……的问题。5、______isanimportantquestionwhichIneedtomakesomeattempttoanswer.我需要尝试去回答……,这是一个重要问题。6、Themethodusedforansweringthisquestionis______.回答此问题所使用的方法是……relationship(n.)问题固定搭配v.+questionv.relationship中译build/buildup/create/develop/establish/forge/form建立关系
96relationshipcement/deepen/facilitate/foster/further/intensify/promote/reinforce/solidify/strengthen加强/巩固关系explore/investigate探索关系examine研究关系analyze分析关系find发现关系determine确定关系improve改善关系explain解释关系keep/maintain/retain/sustain维持关系bear/have与……有关系break/end/rupture/terminate结束关系Thearticlestrengthenstherelationshipbetweentheoryandpractice.此论文加强了理论与实务之间的关系。Self-reporteddatacanprovideameanofinvestigatingtherelationshipbetweenclassroompedagogyandlanguagelearning.自我报告的资料能提供探索教室教学和语言学习之间关系的方法。Theresearcherexaminedtherelationshipbetweenacademicachievementandsecondlanguageacquisitionamongninteenstudents.研究者研究了19名学生的学业成绩和第二语言习得之间的关系。Lyster(1998)foundaclearrelationshipbetweenerrortapyandteacherchoiceoffeedback.利斯特(1998)发现错误种类和教师选择的反馈之间有清楚的关系。Todetermaintherelationshipbetweennegotiationroutinecomplexityandlearneruptake,achi-squaretestwasappliedandwasfoundtobestatisticallyinsignificant,χ2(2,66)=3.20,p>0.05.为确定协商惯例的复杂性和学习者理解之间的关系,使用卡方检验后未发现有统计上显著的结果,χ2(2,66)=3.20,p>0.05。固定搭配v.+questionv.relationship中译causal/cause-and-effectrelationship因果关系significant显著关系enduring/lasting/long-lasting/long-term/permanent长久的关系direct直接关系solid/strong/substantial牢靠的关系positive正向关系possible可能的关系close密切关系Thereisacausalrelationshipbetweentheindependentvariableandthedependent
97variable.自变量和因变量之间具有因果关系。Theresearcherfoundthattherewasastatisticallysignificantrelationshipbetweenfieldindependenceandclozescores.研究者发现场域独立和完型填空分数之间有统计上的显著关系。TherewillbeapostiverelationshipbetweentheirL1readingabilityandtheirL2readingability.他们的第一语言阅读能力和第二语言阅读能力之间有正向关系。句型:1、______mightexplaintherelationshipbetween______and______.……可能可以解释……和……之间的关系。2、Findingssuggestthatthereisnorelationshipbetween______and______.结果显示……和……之间没有关系。3、Therelationshipbetween______and______hasbeenexaminedbyvariousresearchers.……和……之间的关系已被不同的研究者研究过。4、Understandingoftherelationshipbetween______and______isstilldeveloping.对……和……之间关系的理解还在进行中。5、Thefirstresearchquestionconcernsthecausalrelationshipbetween______and______.第一个研究问题关注的是……和……之间的因果关系。research(n.)研究research是不可数名次,表示多项研究应用researchstudies或studies,表示各种不同种类的研究虽然可用researches,但是用typesofresearch会更好。固定搭配v.+researchv.research中译carryout/conduct/do/produce/undertakeresearch作/进行研究作研究不用“makeresearch”,如果看到makeresearch的搭配时,make表示使的意思,例如makeresearcheasier(使研究更容易),makeourresearchmorecosteffective(使我们的研究更具成本效益)。
98Thesecompaniesmustactivelycarryoutresearchinordertohavebargainingchipsinfuturenegotiations.这些企业必须积极进行研究,为将来的协商准备筹码。Ifahospitalplanstoundertakeresearchwork,itrequiresresearcherswithspecialistknowledgeandabilities.如果一家医院有计划要从事研究工作,就需要具备有专业知识和技能的研究者。固定搭配v.+researchv.research中译carryon/continueresearch持续研究duplicate/replicate复制研究expand扩大研究boost/encourage/promote鼓励研究begin/initiate/start开始研究support/underpin支持研究fund/sponsor赞助研究complete完成研究cite/quote引用研究publish出版研究hamper/obstruct妨碍研究ban/prohibit禁止研究Researchersneedtoaddressissuesofmorality,ethics,andresponsibilityandtoexpandresearchbeyonditstraditionalboundaries.研究者必须处理道德、伦理和责任问题,并扩大研究以突破传统的范围。Thescholarcitesresearchtosupporteachelementofthetheory.学者引用研究来支持该理论的每一个要素。Thedoctorpublishedresearchshowingstatisticallinksbetweenbreastcancerandstress.那名医生出版研究指出乳腺癌和压力之间的统计关系。固定搭配research+v.researchv.中译researchdemonstrate/disclose/illustrate/indicate/reveal/say/suggest/show研究指出/显示report研究报告confirm/prove研究证实
99estimate研究估计produce/yield研究产生find研究发现offer/provide研究提供support研究支持Theresearchindicatedthatsometasktypesmightbemoreappropriatethanothersforworkers.此研究指出对于工作者来说,某些工作类型可能比其他类型更适合。Theresearchhasrevealedthatcomposingisanon-linearandexploratoryprocess.此研究显示写作是一个非线性的、探索性的过程。Researchshowsthatvictimssufferfrommanysymptoms,includinginsomnia,nausea,andnightmares.研究显示受害者受许多症状的折磨,包括失眠、作呕和做噩梦。Thisresearchprovidesevidencefortheimportanceofcasestudiesinverifyingcriticalassumptionsaboutsecondlanguagelearning.此研究提供个案研究重要性的依据,以证实第二语言学习的重要假设。固定搭配research+n.researchn.中译researcharticle/paper/report研究论文/报告literature研究文献approach/method/methodology研究方法design研究设计project/program/proposal研究计划aim/goal/objective/purpose研究目标problem/question研究问题issue/topic研究题目data/information研究资料evidence研究证据material研究材料tool研究工具procedure/process研究过程stage研究阶段finding/outcome/result研究结果technique研究技术Yourresearchdesignshouldbemorerigorous.你的研究设计应该更严格一些。
100Adescriptionofthetheoreticalframeworkguidesresearchquestionsandinterpretations.理论构架的描述引导研究的问题和诠释。Thereisnoresearchevidenceforopposingview.对立的观点未有研究证据支持。Methodologically,thescopeoftheresearchneedstobeextendedbytheutilizationofagreaterrangeofresearchtoolsandtechniques.以方法学来说,需要使用更多元化的研究工具和技术来扩大此研究范围。固定搭配research+n.researchn.中译researchcenter研究中心community研究群体department/establishment/unit研究部门organization研究组织facility研究设施institute研究机构lab研究实验室location/site研究地点assistant研究助手staff研究人员group/team研究团队subject研究对象activity研究活动fund研究资金budget研究预算grant研究赞助经费TheyexpressedfrustrationatthefacethattheresearchcommunityhasrarelydifferentiatedEFLfromESL.他们对研究群体很少区别英语作为外语和作为第二语言的情况表达了沮丧之情。ThisstudywassupportedbyresearchgrantNB06209fromtheNationalInstitutesofHealth.此研究由国家卫生院提供赞助经费,编号NB06209。固定搭配research+n.researchn.中译focus研究焦点
101researchcontext研究脉络effort研究努力area/domain/field研究领域base/basis/foundation研究基础interest研究兴趣attention研究注意力paradigm研究范式period研究期间idea/perspective/viewpoint研究观点tradition研究传统job/task/work研究工作Amongherresearchinterestsarelanguageforspecificpurposesandsecondlanguagepedagogy..她的研究兴趣包括专业语言和第二语言教学。Therecentresearchparadigmhasshiftedfrompositivismtoconstructivism.最近的研究范式有实证主义转移到构建主义。Weacknownledgethedangerinreducingthevarietyofresearchperspectivestoasimpledichotomy.我们承认将各种观点简化为二分法的危险。固定搭配adj.+researchadj.research中译basic/fundamentalresearch基础研究collaborative/cooperative/joint合作研究independent独立研究pertinent/related/relevant相关研究qualitative质性研究quantitative量性研究empirical实证性研究experimental实验性的研究Heexplainseachprincipleclearlyandsupportsitwithreferencestorelevantresearch.他清楚解释每一个原则,并参照相关研究来加以支持。Traditionally,manyresearchershavemadeabinarydistinctionbetweenqualitativeandquantitativeresearch.传统上许多研究者都会将研究分为质性和量性研究。ThisviewofsecondlanguagespeechhasbeenreaffirmedbyGilbert(2004),yetempiricalresearchisrarelyifevercitedtosupportthisgoal.这个对第二语言口说的观点虽已获吉尔伯特(2004)再次肯定,但却很少有实证性研究被引用来支持此目标。
102固定搭配adj.+researchadj.research中译additional/furtherresearch更进一步的研究future未来的研究later/subsequent随后的研究ongoing进行中的研究earlier/past/previous/prior先前的研究initial/preliminary初步研究current/existing/present目前的/现存的研究recent最近的研究Thissdudy’sresultsaswellasitslimitationssuggesttheneedforadditionalresearchinthisarea.此研究的结果和限制都指出此领域需要更多的研究。Furtherresearchisclearlyrequisiteonthismatter.对此事的更进一步研究显然是必要的。OngoingresearchisshedingmorelightonthecausesofAlzheimer’sdisease.正在进行的研究使阿尔兹海默并得成因逐渐明朗化。Previousresearchhasfoundthatthesyndromeis10timesmoreprevalentamongchildrenthanadults.先前的研究发现此症候群于儿童间的流行是成人的10倍以上。固定搭配adj.+researchadj.research中译comprehensive/extended/massive/extensive/full-scale/large-scaleresearch广泛的/大规模的研究detailed/exhaustive/in-depth/intensive/profound/thorough深入的研究fruitful成果丰硕的研究original原创性/最初的研究ground-breaking/pioneering开创性研究systematic有系统的研究flawed错误的研究futile/useless无用的研究academic学术研究clinical临床研究scientific科学研究industrial工业研究
103NASAhasfundedextensiveresearchintoplanesthatmimicbirds’abilitytoshiftthesizeandshapeoftheirwings.美国宇航局为开展对能够模仿鸟类转换翅膀大小和形状的飞机的广泛研究提供资金支持。Originalresearchiswhatpushestheboundariesofafield.原创性研究才能扩展研究领域。Theseanalyseswerebasedinpartonflawedresearch.这些分析部分基于有缺陷的研究之上。Academicresearchmaintainamonopolyontheproductionofknowledge.学术研究在知识生产中仍保持独占地位。固定搭配n.+of+researchn.ofresearch中译area/domain/fieldofresearch研究领域avenue/line研究脉络branch研究的分科range/scope研究范围genre/kind/type/variety研究的类型trend/wave研究的趋势phase/stage研究阶段topic研究主题implication研究含义piece……件研究array/series系列研究strand连串的研究Thepurposeofthosesessionshasbeentodiscussanareaofresearchinsecondlanguageacquisition.这些章节的目的是讨论第二语言习得的一个研究领域。Thescholarsuggestedavenuesoffutureresearch.这名学者对未来的研究途径提出建议。Thefieldoflanguagepolicyprovidesaricharrayofresearchforsocialscientists.语言政策领域为社会科学家提供众多的研究。固定搭配n.+of+researchn.ofresearch中译growingbody/growingstockpile/increasingamount愈来愈多的研究
104ofresearchgreatdeal/largeamount/number/lot/plethora/substantial/body大量的研究greatmajority多数的研究smallproportion小比例的研究relativepaucity相对较少的研究firsthandresult第一手的研究结果duplication/replication复制研究review研究综述AgrowingbodyofresearchindicatesthatserioushealthdifficultiespersistwithintheU.S.refugeecommunity.愈来愈多的研究指出,美国难民小区依旧存在着严重的健康问题。Thischaptercontainsareviewofresearchoncomparisonofsamplingmethod.本章包含针对抽样方法的比较研究所作的一个综述。固定搭配research+prep.researchprep.中译researchin/into/on针对某特定题目作研究ThisinstitutehasitssightsetmainlyondoingresearchintodiseaseswhichareespaciallyprevalentinAfrica.这个机构主要针对在非洲尤为流行的疾病进行研究。Theresearcherwantedtoconductresearchonfamilieswithelderlyrelativesininstitutions,butmostofthemrefusedtocooperate.研究者想要对家有老人住在养老机构的家庭进行研究,但多数人拒绝合作。researcher(n.)研究者adj.researcher中译experienced/senior/veteranresearcher资深研究者expert/professional/trained专业研究者eminent/leading/top/outstanding/foremost/pioneering/remarkable一流/先驱研究者beginning/inexperienced/junior/new/novice新进研究者Manynoviceresearchersandlaypeoplebelievethatquestionnaireresearchiseasy;however,compling,administeringandanalyzingquestionnairesarebynomeanssimple.许多研究新手和外行人都以为问卷调查研究很容易,但编制、
105施测和分析问卷其实一点都不简单。句型:1、Morerecentresearchhasdemonstratedthat______.近来有更多的研究指出……2、______stimulatedagreatdealoffruitfulresearch.……激发了大量成果丰硕的研究。3、Theresultsof______seemtoparallel,support,andaddtopreviousresearchinseveralways.……的结果似乎在几个方面都可呼应、支持并补充之前的研究。4、Futureresearchinto______mightfocuson______.未来对……的研究可集中在……result(n.)研究固定搭配v.+resultv.result中译attain/gain/get/have/obtain/realize/secure/winresult得到结果bringabout/give/leadto/offer/produce/provide/yield产生结果embody/present/show呈现结果report报道结果accomplish/achieve完成结果analyze分析结果predict预测结果extrapolate/generalize推测结果explain/interpret解释结果endure/insure保证结果affect/influence影响结果distort/falsify扭曲结果IfscientistAproducescertainresultsfromanexperiment,scientistBshouldbeabletoobtainthesameresults.如果A科学家从实验中产生某种结果,B科学家应该也能获得相同的结果。Table3presentthedesignandresultofthestudy.表3呈现了研究的设计和结果。
106Briggs(2006)reportedthesameresultfromanexperimentusingaquitedifferentprocedure.布里格斯(2006)报告使用了迥然不同的程序进行的实验所得的相同结果。Wecouldsimplycounterrorsandachievethesameresultsasisreachedbyholisticevaluation.我们只计算错误的次数就可得到与整体评价相同的结果。Byexaminingpastexperienceandusingcurrenttechniques,onecanpredicttheresultsofconstructioninsuchasensitivearea.通过研究过去的研究经验和使用目前的技术,我们可以预测在这个敏感地区施工的结果。Considerablecareshouldbeexercisedwhenextrapolatingtheresultsofcosteffectivenessfromonecountrytoanother.当从一个国家成本效益的结果外推至另一个国家时要非常谨慎小心。Greatcaremustbetakenininterpretingtheseresultsfromothercountries.在解释来自其他国家的结果时需要非常小心。Scientistshavebeenawareofamyriadofbiaseswhichtendtofalsifytheresultsoffactualinvestigations.科学家知道有大量的偏见倾向于扭曲事实调查的结果。固定搭配result+v.resultv.中译resultdemonstrate/illustrate/indicate/present/reveal/show/suggest结果显示/指出imply/mean/purport结果意味give/offer/provide结果提供support结果支持confirm/prove结果证实highlight/underscore结果强调reflect结果反映contradict结果抵触Thisresultindicatesthatthemethodsusedhadmakethesubjectmattercomprehensibleforthosesdudent.此结果显示所使用的方法使学生更容易理解此学科。Thisresultimpliesthattheymayhaveproblemsreadingunadaptedtextsofmaterialsforwhichtheyhavenobackgroundknowledge.此结果意味着当缺乏背景知识时,他们在阅读未经改编的文本上会有困难。
107Thisresultunderscorestheneedformoreresearchontherelationshipbetweenlanguageuseandschoolachievement.此结果强调需要更多的研究来探讨语言使用和学业成就之间的关系。Thisresultdoesnotcontradictthestatementthatthereexistasociallybasedspeechpattern.此结果与说话模式具有社会基础的陈述并不抵触。固定搭配adj.+resultadj.result中译distinguished/excellent/fruitful/good/impressive/outstanding/positive/remarkable/satisfactory/successfulresult良好结果chief/important/key/main/major/primary/substantial/vital重大/主要结果notable/salient/significant/striking显著结果certain/concrete/decisive/definite明确结果latest最新结果practical实用结果effective/valid有效的结果creditable/reliable可信的结果Animportantresultoftheearlierstudymustbekeptinmind.之前研究的一个重要结果要紧记在心。Themainresultsofthisexperimentshowthattherearenosignificantdifferencesbetweenthethreeteachingstrategiesused.本实验的主要结果显示所使用的三种教学策略间没有显著差异。Theanalysis(seeTable2)producedasignificantresult.此分析得出一个显著的结果(见表2)。Wedidfindonedefiniteresult,illustratedinFigure8.我们找到一个明确的结果,在图8中有说明。固定搭配adj.+resultadj.result中译consistent一致的结果
108resultdirect/immediate直接的结果anticipated/desired/expected预期的结果lasting持久的结果obvious明显的结果mixed好坏参半的结果natural自然的结果final/last/ultimate最后的结果Theseattributesleadtoaratherobviousresult.这些特性导致一个相当明显的结果。Thisisanaturalresultofthequalitativeapproachtoevaluation.这是质性评价标准的自然结果。Onefinalresultwasthedocumentationofafullrangeofacademicachievement.我们最后的结果是记录所有的学术成就。固定搭配adj.+resultadj.result中译conflicting/contradictoryresult矛盾的结果disappointing失望的结果disastrous灾难性的结果grave严重结果harmful有害的结果negative负面结果puzzling令人困惑的结果unfortunate失败的结果Otherstudiesyieldcontradictoryresults.其他研究产生矛盾的结果。Apuzzlingresultintheirstudyappearstocontradictourfindings.他们研究中的一个令人困惑的结果似乎与我们的发现相抵触。Anotherrespondentevenpointedtotheunfortunateresultofthisprocess.另一名回答者甚至指出了此过程失败的结果。固定搭配prep.+resultprep.result中译asresult作为结果for为此结果in在结果上Pneumoniacanalsooccurasaresultoftheflu.肺炎也可能是感冒的结果。
109Thereareatleasttwoexplanationsforthisresult.至少有两个原因可以解释这个结果。Thisdifferenceinresultsinthetwostudiescanbeexplainedbythedifferentcompositionsofthepopulations.这两个研究结果的差异可以用人口的不同组成来解释。asaresult当作连接副词时要放在句首,后加逗号,表达前后两句的因果关系,也可用therefore,thus,consequently,forthisreason等代替。例如:whenyourbodydoesnothaveenoughinsulin,thecellsofyourbodydonotabsorbenoughsugarfromyourblood.Asaresult,youhavehighlevelsofsugarinyourblood.当你体内胰岛素不足时,身体的细胞无法从血液中吸收足够的糖,结果导致血糖过高。句型:1、Thisresultmayindicatethat______.此结果可能显示……2、Thisresultindicatesthatthereisasignificantrelationshipbetween______and______.此结果显示……和……之间有显著的关系。3、Theresultrevealedthat______appearstobeanimportantvariablein______.结果显示……在……中是一个重要的变量。4、______haspublishedthelatestresultofastudyinvestigating_______.……出版调查……的最新研究结果。5、Oneimmediateresultofthisthatwemighthopeforisthat______.这其中我们可期望的一个直接结果是……6、Themainresultsof______weresomewhatdisappointing.……的主要结果有些令人失望。7、Theauthorssuggestthatthissignificantresultmaybeduetothefactthat______.作者指出此显著的结果可能是由于……review(n.)探讨;回顾;评论;综述review当动词使用时可表示“探讨”、“评论”或“回顾”,例如:
110Berger(1999)reviewsstudiesontheinfluenceofteacherinhelpingstudentstoimprovetheirwriting.伯杰(1999)综述了教师对帮助学生提高写作水平的影响之研究。固定搭配adj.+reviewadj.review中译broad/complete/comprehensive/extensive/full/wide-ranging/overallreview全面综述brief/short简短综述critical/evaluative评价性综述selective选择性综述periodic/regular定期评论annual/yearly年度评论quarterly每季评论mouthly每月评论Inthenextfewmonths,theClintonadministrationexceptstoconductabroadreviewoffederallysponsoredenvironmentalscienceandresearch.接下来几个月,克林顿政府预期将针对联邦政府资助的环保科学和研究进行广泛的探讨。Intheircomprehensivereviewoftheliteratureinteachereducation,BernhardtandHammadou(2007)foundadearthofempiricalstudies,particularlyintheareaofcurriculum.在他们对师资培养文献的全面综述中,伯恩哈特和哈马多(2007)发现实证研究不足,特别是在课程的领域。Inthenextsection,Ishouldprovideaselectivereviewofthisresearch.在下一节,我会对此研究提供选择性综述。固定搭配review+n.reviewn.中译reviewarticle/paper综合评论性文章Reviewarticlesshouldprovideadescriptionandevaluativecomparisonofthematerialsanddiscusstherelativesignificanceoftheworksinthecontextofcurrenttheoryandpractice.综合评论性文章应针对材料作描述和评论性比较,并讨论目前理论和实务作品的相对意义。InareviewarticleinAnnualReviewofAppliedLinguistics,Oxford(2003)states…
111在《应用语言学年鉴》期刊的一篇综合评论性文章上,奥克斯福德(2003)陈述道……reviewer(n.)审查者;评论者adj.reviewer中译anonymousreviewer匿名审查者grant赞助计划审查者peer结对审查者book书评者Weshouldalsoliketothanktheannoymousreviewersfortheirhelpfulsuggestions.我们也要感谢匿名审查委员的有益建议。句型:1、______reviewsrecentpublicationson______.……评述最近有关……的出版物。2、Theresearcherconductedbriefreviewsofsomerecentresearchon______.研究者对最近针对……的研究作了简短的综述。3、Inourextensivereviewoftheliteratureonempiricalstudiesof______,wefound______.在我们对……的实证研究文献所作的全面综述中,我们发现……4、Theauthorwouldliketothankanannonymousreviewerfor______.本文作者感谢匿名审查委员的……role(n.)角色,作用论文写作中常用“事物+play+a+adj.+role+领域”来表达某事物在某领域扮演的某种角色或起到的某种作用,此句型中role也可替换成part。固定搭配v.+rolev.role中译adopt/assume/fill/have/occupy/perform/play/serve/take/takeonrole扮演角色,起作用fulfill完成角色recognize认同角色dismiss排除角色Thetestingoflanguageskillsplaysaprimaryroleintheselectionofstudentsfor
112entrance.语言技能测验在学生入学选拔方面起重要作用。Thisperspectiverecognizestherolethatknowledgeandattitudescanplayintheclassroom.此观点认同知识和态度在课堂中起作用。TheroleoftheL1inSlAcannotbedismissed.第一语言在第二语言习得中的作用不能被排除。固定搭配adj.+roleadj.role中译central/crucial/essential/key/important/leading/main/major/pivotal/primary/principal/vital/prominent/significantrole重要/主要角色constructive/helpful/useful/valuable有益的角色dominant主导的角色active主动的角色minor/secondary/subordinate次要角色little/marginal边缘的角色passive被动角色dual/double双重角色Bilingualeducationhasinrecentdacadesplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleinwesterncountries.双语教育于近几十年在西方国家扮演着愈来愈重要的角色。ThemosthelpfulroleofESLlessonsmightbetoprovidethestudentwithopportunitiestospeak.以英语为第二语言的课程最有益的角色可能是为学生提供说话的机会。Theyrelegatephonologytoarelativelyminorrole.他们把语音贬低为相对次要的角色。句型:1、______shouldplayacrucialrolein______.……应该在……扮演重要的角色。2、______haveanimportantroletoplayin_______.……在……中扮演重要的角色。
1133、Themainroleof______is______.……的主要角色是……study(n.)研究study作动词的例句如下:OveraperiodoftenyearsheextensivelystudiedEnglishlearnersinChina.在过去十年间,他广泛的研究中国的英语学习者。在论文写作时多用studies泛指一般的研究,此复数形式还可作为学科的名称,例如TranslationStudies(翻译研究)、CultureStudies(文化研究)等。固定搭配v.+studyv.study中译carryout/conduct/do/make/undertakestudy作/进行研究begin/commence开始研究carryon/continue持续研究cite/drawon引用研究Manystudieshavebeencarriedoutontheeffectivenessoflearner’susingavarietyofstrategies.进行许多研究以探讨学习者使用各种策略的成效。Ourstudywasconductedinanenvironmentsimilartoalaboratory.我们的研究是在类似的实验室环境中进行的。Studentsshouldmakeastudyinsomedetailofoneofthesecurrentmodelsofgrammar.学生应该对目前这些语法的模式作一些详细的研究。(makeastudyof只针对某一主题作详细考察)Drawingonarecentstudy(Peirce,2003),IwillproposeatheoryofsocialidentitythatIhopewillcontributetodebatesonsecondlanguagelearning.引用一项最近的研究(皮尔斯,2003)我将提出社会认同的理论,希望这对第二语言学习的辩论有帮助。固定搭配study+v.studyv.中译demonstrate/illustrate/reveal/show研究显示
114studyidentify/pointout/suggest研究指出describe/present/report研究报告find研究发现examine/explore/investigate/lookat研究探讨produce/yield研究产出apply/use/utilize研究应用continue/last研究持续Thestudysuggeststhatboththequalityandthequantityofthelearner’suseofcommunicationstrategiesdoimprovewithfocusedinstruction.此研究指出学习者使用沟通策略的质与量确实因集中教学而改进。Themorerecentstudyreportedamorecomplexfinding…最近更多的研究报告了更复杂的发现……McCudy’sstudyfoundthatthestudentsreportedavarietyofproblemsinunderstandingtheirteacher’sfeedback.莫科迪的研究发现学生为了理解教师所给的反馈而提出了各种问题。Thisstudyyieldedthefollowingclearresults…此研究得到以下清楚的结果……TherecentstudyappliesthemethodologyusedbyCohen(1997)toamultiple-draftsetting.目前此研究将科恩(1997)所使用的方法应用到多次草稿的情形。Thestudylasted12mouths—fromJanuarytoDecember2001.此研究持续了12个月,从2001年1月至12月。固定搭配adj.+studyadj.study中译basic/fundamentalstudy基础研究empirical实证性研究experimental实验性研究pilot试验性研究additional/further更进一步的研究future未来的研究earlier/previous先前的研究initial/preliminary初步研究current/existing/present目前/现存的研究recent最近的研究comprehensive/extended/massive/extensive/full-scale/large-scale广泛的/大规模的研究
115detailed/exhaustive/in-depth/intensive/profound/thorough深入的研究rigorous严格的研究useful/valuable有用的研究significant有意义的研究limited有限的研究Inthepilotstudy,thetestwasadministeredto18collegeEnglishmajors.在试验性研究中,对18名主修英语的大学生实施测验。Theuseofproblem-solvingtasksremainsanintriguingproposalinneedoffurtherstudy.执行解决问题的任务仍然是一个令人不解的建议,需要更进一步的研究。ThecurrentstudyinvestigatesthistopicfromaJapeneselearner’sperspective.本研究从日本学习者的观点来探讨此项目。Thesurveyhasbeencriticizedonthegroundsthatitisalimitedstudy.此调查被批评的原因在于它是个有限的研究。固定搭配n.+of+studyn.ofstudy中译aim/goal/intention/objective/purposeofstudy研究目的area/domain/field研究领域implication研究意义method研究方法course/procedure/process研究过程finding/outcome/result研究结果subject研究对象scope/range研究的范围Theintentionofthisstudywastoprovidetheteacherwithfindingsthatareclosertotheirownclassroomsettings.本研究的目的是为教师提供接近其教室环境的研究结果。Thisareaofstudyhasbecomethetargetofcriticism.这个研究领域已成为批评的对象。Thisgoesbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.这超出了此研究的范围。
116固定搭配prep.+studyprep.study中译instudy在……研究under在研究中Anonequivalentcontrolgroupdesignwasusedinthisstudy.在此研究中使用非对等控制组的设计。Theymustbeabletoexplainthebehaviorunderstudy.他们必须能够解释那个被研究的行为。句型:1、Theprecentstudyfocusesprincipallyon______.目前此研究主要集中在……2、______requiresfurtherstudy.……需要更进一步的研究。3、Afurtherstudyisneededthatinvestigates______.需要进一步探讨……的研究。4、Theempiricalstudydiscussedheredescribes______.在此讨论的实证性研究描述了……5、Thisstudysuggestsaneedtoexamine______.此研究指出有探讨……的必要。suggestion(n.)建议;意见suggestion与动词suggest一样,表示建议时,后接从句中应用“should+动词原型”(should可省略),例如:Mysuggestionisthatrecordingofscientificlecturesbemadeavailableforuseinalanguagelaboratory.我的建议是将科学演讲录下来供语言教室使用。Thesuggestionisthatstudentsbegivenmorelexicalitems.建议给学生更多的词汇。与suggestion用法相同的名词还有表示“建议”、“要求”、“命令”、“决定”的recommendation,proposal,request,demand,order,decision等。
117固定搭配v.+suggestionv.suggestion中译makesuggestion建议advance/comeupwith/give/offer/provide/putforward提供建议accept/adopt/take/takeup采纳建议deny/dismiss/oppose/reject/repudiate/shrugoff/throwout排拒/反对建议Walker(2003)makesanumberofpracticalsuggestionsabouttheactualconductoftheinterview.沃克(2003)对实际进行访谈做出一些实用的建议。Mycolleague,TedPlaister,offeredthissuggestion.我的同事特德·普莱斯特提供此建议。Fewpeopletakeseriouslythesuggestionthatawomenshouldholdthatposition.很少人会认真采纳女性应取得那个职位的建议。Eibl-Eibesfeldt(1994)tookupDarwin’ssuggestionthatcongenitallyblindchildrenbestudied.艾布尔-艾贝斯菲尔特(1994)采纳达尔文的建议,研究先天失明的儿童。句型:1、Onepracticalsuggestionis______.一个实际的建议是……2、______concludesthestudywiththefollowingsuggestions………以下列建议来总结次研究……3、______presentedapapertoputforwardhissuggestionthat______.……(某人)发表一篇论文提出……的建议。theory(n.)理论固定搭配v.+theoryv.theory中译accept/adopt/receive接受/采用理论
118theorybuild/buildup/construct/develop/establish/form/formulate/found/produce/set建立理论upadvance/propose/putforth/putforward提出理论propose/suggest建议理论examine/test/validate测试理论bearout/confirm/prove/verify证实理论advocate/backup/support支持理论have/hold持有理论modify/revise修订理论apply/embody/use应用理论elucidate/enunciate/expound解释/说明理论baseon基于理论Graduatestudentsusuallyaccepttheoriesontheauthorityofteacherandtext.研究生通常因教师和教科书的权威而接受理论。AdamSmithdevelopedthetheorythatbypursuingourownself-interestweareledbyaninvisiblehandtoservetheinterestsofothers.亚当·斯密斯建立其理论,表示为了追求自我利益,我们会被一只看不见的手引导去增进他人的利益。Fewresearchershavebeenpreparedtotesttheirtheoriessodirectly.少有研究者准备如此直接的去测试他们的理论。Atpresentthereisonlycircumstantialevidencetosupportthistheory.目前只有间接的证据支持此理论。Theviewofteacherdevelopmentdescribedhereattemptstousetheorytoguildthemeaningofpracticalexperience.此处描述教师发展的观点试图使用理论来引导实际经验的意义。固定搭配v.+theoryv.theory中译contradict/discredit/disprove/dispute/falsify/oppose/refute/rejecttheory否定/反对理论explode/overthrow推翻理论challenge挑战理论criticize批判理论Scholarshavethesatisfactionofbeingabletoproveanddisproveeachother’stheories.学者们为能证明和反正彼此的理论而感到满足。
119Theaimofscienceistofalsifytheoriesandtoreplacethembybettertheories.科学的目标在于否定理论,并代之以更好的理论。Theresearcherfeelinclinedtorejectthesetheoriesforthatreason.研究者因为那个理由而倾向于否定这些理论。固定搭配adj.+theoryadj.theory中译abstracttheory抽象理论accepted被接受的理论conflicting相互冲突的理论tentative尝试性的理论general一般性的理论integrated/integrative整体性的理论orthodox正统的理论popular/prevailing流行的理论sound健全的理论tentable站得住脚的理论consistent一致的理论unified统一的理论Currently,thereisnogenerallyacceptedtheoryencompassingtheentireprocess.目前没有被普遍接受的理论可包括整个过程。Analysisofwrittenproductsisneededforanintegratedtheoryofwriting.写作的整合性理论需要写作成品的分析。Itisbasedonasoundtheoryandhasbeentestedonnumerousoccasions.它以坚实的理论为基础,而且已在数种情况中测试过了。Behavioralpsychologistsoughttoformulateconsistenttheoriesoflanguageacquisition.行为心理学家寻求为语言习得建立一致性的理论。Theaimistodevelopaunifiedtheoryofwriting,whichincludesbothprocessandproduct.目的是针对写作发展出统一的理论,包括过程和成品。固定搭配theory+n.theoryn.中译theoryconstruction研究建构evaluation研究评估
120revision研究修订testing研究测试Thepilotingofinstructionalmateralprovidesfeedbackthatmayhelptheoryconstruction.教材的预试提供帮助理论建构所需的反馈。固定搭配prep.+theoryprep.theory中译intheory在理论上Intheory,thepublichastherighttoknow,anditisreporterswhoexecutethisrightonbehalfofthepublic.在理论上,大众有知情的权利,而记者代表大众行使此权利。(句首的intheory可替换成theoretically。)固定搭配theory+prep.theoryprep.中译theoryof……的理论Wardhaughstatesthatthetheoryofforeignlanguageteachingischaracterizedby“uncertainty”.沃德豪表示外语教学的理论特点就是“不确定性”。Thisisatheorythatmakesagooddealofsencetous.我们觉得这个理论非常合理。Wehaveprovidedthetheorywithalong-overdueempiricalbase.我们为这个理论提供了期待已久的实证基础。句型:1、Prevailingtheoryandresearchsuggestthat______.流行的理论和研究指出……2、______needtobeincludedintheory.……需要包含在理论里。3、______criticizedthetheory,mainlyonthegroundsthat______.……批评此理论,主要原因是……4、______isanimportantpartoftheoryconstructionandevaluation.……是理论构建和评估的重要部分。
121understanding(n.)理解固定搭配v.+understandingv.understanding中译advance/broaden/buildup/create/deepen/enhance/enlarge/enrich/extend/improve/increase/promote/sharpen/strengthenunderstanding加深/促进理解achieve/acquire/arriveat/cometo/gain/obtain/reach获得理解aid/assist/facilitate/foster帮助理解seek寻求理解have具备理解develop发展理解lack缺乏理解baffle难以理解Theageofelectronicrecordsopensnumerouspossibilitiesthatwillenrichtheunderstandingofcontemporaryculture.电子资料时代开启众多可能性来加深对当前文化的理解。Studentsgainaclearerunderstandingofreaderexpectationsbyreceivingfeedback.学生通过接受反馈而获得对读者期望值更清楚地了解。Youhaveamuchgreaterunderstandingofyourownbehaviorpatterns.你对自己的行为模式有更多的理解。固定搭配adj.+understandingadj.understanding中译accurate/correct/real/right/saneunderstanding正确的理解complete/comprehensive/full/thorough完整地理解adequate/proper恰当的理解clear/explicit/perfect清楚的理解deep/deeper/detailed/greater/in-depth/profound深入理解common/shared共同的理解initial/preliminary初步理解dim/hazy/vague模糊的理解incomplete/limited/poor/scant/不足的/有限的理解
122slightsuperficial肤浅的理解mutual相互的理解tacit默契Wearestillfarfromacompleteunderstandingoftheseproblems.我们仍对这些问题缺乏完整的理解。Theresearchisanimportantsteptoobtainapreliminaryunderstandingofthehighrisksexbehaviorsofyoungsters.此研究是初步理解年轻人高危险性行为的重要一步。Thatloosestatementaboutthecaseshowedscantunderstandingofthefacts.对此个案的模糊言论显示了对事实的理解不足。固定搭配prep.+understandingprep.understanding中译beyondunderstanding超出理解范围Somereality,afterall,isbeyondunderstanding.毕竟一些事实是很难理解的。句型:1、______canenhanceourunderstandingof______.……能增进我们对……的理解。2、Itaidsunderstandingofthesephenomenato______.……有助于理解这些现象。3、______mayleadtoadeeperunderstandingof______.……可能有助于对……更深入的理解。4、______helpustoimproveourunderstandingofthenatureof______.……增进我们对……本质的理解。5、Ourfirstprioritymustbetoworktowardsachievingacommonunderstandingabout______.我们的首要工作是达成对……的共同理解。6、Itstemsfromatotallackofunderstandingof______.这来自于对……全然缺乏理解。
123variable(n.)变量;变数固定搭配v.+variablev.variable中译control/manipulatevariable操控变量choose/select选择变量isolate/separate分离变量add加入变量analyze分析变量measure测量变量quantify量化变量handle处理变量Thepurposeoftheexperimentistocreateastandardizedsituationfortheresearchertostudy,inwhichallvariablesareunderthecontroloftheexperimenter,andinwhichtheresultsofmanipulatingvariablescanbestudiedandmeasured.实验的目的在于创造一个标准情境让研究者从事研究,在此情况下所有的变量都在实验者的控制之下,而操控变量的结果能够被探究和测量。Iselectedthisparticularvariableasacasestudyforanumberofreason.基于几个理由,我选择这个特定的变量作为个案研究。Currentresearchongenderandlanguagetestingoftenanalyzesthegendervariableinisolation,withoutconsideringarangeofotherpossiblesocialidentityvariables.目前从事性别和语言测试的研究通常都把性别变量独立出来分析,而未考虑其他可能的社会认同变量。Muchofthisarticlehasbeenconcernedwithdifficutiesofquantitifyingvariables.本文主要关注量化变量的困难。固定搭配adj.+variableadj.variable中译central/critical/crucial/essential/important/key/main/significant/majorvariable重要变量representative代表性变量particular/specific特定变量possible/potential可能变量additional/extra更多变量latent潜在变量independent自变量dependent因变量
124quantitative量变量qualitative质变量causal原因变量confounding混淆变量Day(1984)suggestedthatvoluntaryparticipationisnotnecessarilyakeyvariableinsuccessfulclassroomsecondlanguageacquisition.戴(1984)指出自愿参与未必是在教室中成功学习第二语言的重要变量。Krashen(1982)hashypothesizedthatcomprehensibleinputisthemajorcausalvariableinSLA.克拉申(1982)假设可理解输入是第二语言习得重要的原因变量。Itisforthisreasonthatforthecentralpartoftheprojectsweselectedrepresentativevariablesthatoccarfrequently.基于这个理由,我们选择时常出现的代表性变量为此计划的主要部分。WeperformedamultipleregressionprocedurewithL1readingscoresastheindependentvariablesandL2readingscoresasthedependentvariables.我们进行了一次多元回归分析,以第一语言阅读成绩为自变量,以第二语言阅读成绩为因变量。Thedifferencesbetweentheteacherandthestudentsurveysmighthavebeenaconfoundingvariablethatsignificantlyaffectedthetwogroups’responses.教师和学生之间调查的差异可能成为混淆变量而严重影响这两组人的回应。固定搭配n.+of+variablen.of中译intricatewebofvariable错综复杂的变量limitednumber数量有限的变量measurement变量的测量categorizationtherelevantvariable相关变量的分类Thispaperassumesthatthedataanalysiswillfocusonalimitednumberofvariables.本文认为数据分析将集中在数量有限的变量上。句型:1、______hasbeenacknowledgedasacriticalvariablein______.……被视为在……的重要变量。2、______doesnotseemtobeanimportantvariablein______.……在……似乎并不是重要的变量。
1253、Overthepastdecadearoundtheworld,______hasbeenidentifiedasacentialvariablein______.全世界过去十多年来,一直认为……在……上为一重要变量。4、Thefirstindependentvariableunderconsiderationwas______.我们考虑的第一个自变量是……5、______constitutedthedependentvariablefor______.……作为……的因变量。variety(n.)种类;种种variety当作“种类”时基本意义上等于type,例如:Coronaryarterydiseaseaccountsformorethanhalfofallheartfatalitiesandkills500,000Americansayear—twicethetollfromallvarietiesofcancer.冠状动脉疾病占所有心脏病死亡人数的一半以上,每年有50万美国人因此丧命,使所有种类癌症总和的两倍。学术写作中更常使用avarietyof来表示“种种”或“许多”的意思。Avarietyoftechniqueshavebeendirectedtowardtheisolationandstudyofbloodgroupantibodies.许多技术是针对分离和研究血液中抗体的。Thereisavarietyofopinionsaboutabortion,butnotavarietyofopinionsaboutwhethermedicalrecordsshouldbeprivate.关于堕胎有许多不同的意见,但对于医疗记录是否应该保护隐私却没有太多的意见。固定搭配adj.+variety+ofadj.varietyof中译abundant/broad/considerable/countless/endless/enormous/rich/great/huge/immense/infinite/large/tremendous/vast/widevarietyof各式各样的/种类繁多的Obviously,youcannotbringmachinesoragreatvarietyofrealtoolsintoyourclassroom.显然你无法将机器或各式各样的实际器具带进教室。Theideascanbecombinedandre-combinedinaninfinitevarietyofway.
126这些构想可以各式各样的方式结合和再结合。Forahealthydietyouneedtoeatawidyvarietyoffoodsinmoderate-sizedportionsthatgiveyourbodythenutrientsandenergyitneeds.想要有健康的饮食,你需要适量食用各式各样的食物以提供身体所需的营养和精力。Howlargeacoolingunityouneed,andthemethodofitsinstallation,dependsonavarietyoffactors.你所需的冷却器的大小和安装方式依各种因素而定。固定搭配prep.+variableprep.variety中译invariety在种类上Althoughinputintheformofreadingwasplentiful,itwasalsosomewhatlimitedinvariety.虽然阅读形式的输入很丰富,但在种类上却稍有限。句型:1、Avarietyoftechniqueshavebeenusedindeveloping______.使用许多技术来发展……2、______mayserveavarietyofdifferentfunctions.……具有各种不同的功能。3、______wereabletoemployawidevarietyofdifferentstrategies.……能使用各式各样的不同策略。4、______issomewhatlackinginvariety.……稍缺乏多样性。view(n.)观点固定搭配v.+viewv.view中译air/express/give/offer/present/provide/putforward/submit/voiceview提出/表达观点backup/endorse/favor/support支持观点adopt/hold/take采取观点
127accept接受观点advocate提倡观点exchange交换观点reflect反映观点echo呼应观点Laterwritershavevoicedthesameview.后来的作者也表达了相同的观点。Thereportdoesnotrefertoanyevidencetosupporttheview.此报告并未知出任何证据来支持此观点。Toacceptthisviewwouldbenaive.接受此观点就太天真了。Vygotsky(1978)advocatedtheviewthatchildren’sthinkingandmeaning-makingissociallyconstructed.维果斯基(1978)提倡儿童的思考和意义创造都是社会构建的观点。TheLaborgovernment’sWhitePaperechoedtheviewsofitsConservativepredecessor.工党政府的白皮书呼应其保守前任者的观点。固定搭配v.+viewv.view中译disprove/oppose/rejectview反对观点alter/change/modify改变观点abandon/giveup抛弃观点dispute争论观点challenge挑战观点question质疑观点contradict抵触观点distort扭曲观点Researchersmayvehementlyopposethisview.研究者可能会激烈反对此观点。Theexperimentalevidencedoesnotcontradictthisview,althoughitdoesnotsupportitverystronglyeither.实验证据并未抵触此观点,但也并未强烈支持此观点。固定搭配adj.+viewadj.view中译
128dominant/prevailing/predominant/popular/widely-held/widespreadview普遍/主流观点long-held/long-range/long-term长期观点fair/objective公正的/客观的观点well-established/well-grounded有根据的观点bright/optimistic/rosy乐观的观点novel/original创新的观点revolutionary革命性观点broad/comprehensive广泛/全面的观点personal个人观点commonly-held/shared共同观点typical典型观点well-know著名的观点Prevailingviewsofbehavioralpsychologycurbedanoutburstofinteractivelanguageteaching.行为心理学的普遍观点抑制了互动语言教学的兴起。Abiographermayprepernottoexpresspersonalviewsabouttheartist’swork.传记作家对于艺术家的作品倾向于不表达个人观点。Manysharedviewsarenotstatedopenly,butassumed.许多共同观点并没有公开陈述过,而是假定大家都认同。固定搭配adj.+viewadj.view中译adverse/contrary/opposing/oppositeview相反的观点different/divergent不同观点fallacious/false/mistake错误观点biased/prejudiced偏颇观点limited/narrow/restricted狭隘观点distorted扭曲的观点untenable站不住脚的观点short-sighted短视的观点conventional/traditional传统观点obsolete/old-fashioned/outdated陈旧的观点conservative保守的观点conflicting冲突的观点extreme/strong强烈的观点pessimistic悲观的观点misleading误导的观点
129questionable有问题的观点Itdependsonanextremelylimitedviewoftheprocessapproach.它所依据的是过程方法的一个非常狭隘的观点。Thisreflectsthetraditionalviewthatpronuncitionisprimarilyassociatedwiththeexpressionofreferentialmeaning.这反映传统的观点,认为发音主要是与表达所指的意义有关。Havingheardconflictingviews,Iamnottakingsides.听过冲突的观点后,我不偏袒任何一方。Theseresearcherspresentapessimisticviewofmainstreamteachers’traininginESL.这些研究者对主流教师接受英语为第二语言的培训提出悲观的观点。固定搭配n.+viewn.view中译worldview世界观expert专家观点Discoursepracticesarealwaysembededintheparticularworldviewofaparticularsocialgroup.话语实践总是融入特定社会群体的独特的世界观。固定搭配prep.+viewprep.+view中译inone’sview就某人的观点inthisview就此观点accordingto…view根据……观点inviewof从……观点,鉴于withaviewto为了/目的在于Inthisview,aperson’sidentitywillshiftinaccordancewithchangingsocialandeconomicrelations.在此观点下,个人的身份会随社会和经济关系的变动而改变。Accordingtothisview,educationservesthesociopoliticalandeconomicinterestsofthestate.根据这个观点,教育在于为国家的社会政治和经济利益服务。Thenewtestsaredesignedwithaviewtopromotinglearning.设计这些新测验的目的在于促进学习。(withaviewto后接动名词,而不是动词原型。)
130viewpoint(n.)观点Heeloquentlydefendedthatresearcher’sviewpoint.他为那名研究者的观点有力的辩护。句型:1、Myownviewisthat______.我自己的观点是……2、Theprevailingviewseemstobethat______.普遍的观点似乎是……3、Theyhavequestionedtheviewthat______.他们质疑……的观点。4、Giventhispointofview,wewish______.在这个观点下,我们希望……5、Thisviewwasreflictedin______.这个观点反映在……6、______haveanopposingviewontheissueof______.……对于……的议题有相反的观点。动词搭配affect(v.)影响固定搭配adv.+affect/affect+adv.adv.affect中译considerably/deeply/enormously/greatly/immensely/profoundly/significant/substantially/vitallyaffect深刻影响directly直接影响positively正面影响fundamentally从根本上影响Evensmallattitudeadjustmentscanprofoundlyaffectwhatwedoandhowwedoit.甚至只是些微小的态度调整都能深刻影响我们所做的事和我们如何来做这件事。
131Thisreductioninsalesmaydirectlyaffectotheremployees.销售量的减少会影响到其他的员工。Culturaldifferencesincontextualbeliefsfundamentallyaffectthesuccessofcross-culturecommunication.社会信仰的文化差异从根本上影响了跨文化沟通的成功。固定搭配adv.+affect/affect+adv.adv.affect中译gravely/seriously/severelyaffect严重影响barely/hardly/slightly很少影响adversely/negatively/unfavorably/badly不良影响Althoughitcanseverelyaffectqualityoflife,depressionisfrequentlyoverlookedordismissed.尽管忧郁会严重影响生活质量,但它却常被忽略或置之不理。Acceptanceofthevernacularmightnegativelyaffectstudents’competenceinstandardEnglish.接受方言可能对学生的标准英语能力有不良影响。句型:1、______hasthepotentialtopositivelyaffect______.……可能对……有正面影响。2、______significantlyaffecttheresultsof______.……大大影响……的结果。agree(v.)同意;一致agree做及物动词时,其后不能接人作宾语,而要用that从句,例如:Weagreethatresearchcouldbeusefulforinformingsomepoliticaldecisions.我们同意研究在为某些政治决策提供信息上有帮助。固定搭配agree+prep.agreeprep.中译agreewith同意agreewith其后可接人或物,再写论文时也可表达研究结果的一致性。
132ManylanguageresearcherswouldagreewithKrashenonthisassertion.许多语言研究者会同意克拉申在这项主张上的看法。Theevidencefromthisresearchseemstoindicatethatthestudentsagreewiththisbelief.此研究的证据似乎指出学生同意这种看法。Variousexperimentsagreewiththeconclusionthatthereferencemeasurementisveryreliablewhenmeasuredinisolation.各种实验都与此结论一致,也就是此参照测量方式在单独施测时非常可信。ThisresultagreeswiththosereportedbyAndersonetal.inratswithstreptozotocininduceddiabetes.此结果与安德森等人所报告的为老鼠注射链脲佐菌素诱发糖尿病的结果一致。固定搭配agree+prep.agreeprep.中译agreeto同意agreeto其后主要接事物,通常表示被动接受或同意一项“要求”、“建议”、“主张”、“开价”等。另外要注意“agreeto+原形动词”的不定式用法。Thecompanyhasnowagreedtoagovernmentrequestforanenvironmentalimpactassessment.该公司已经同意政府的要求进行环境影响评估。TheJapanesegovernmenthasunexpectedlyagreedtoabanofdriftnetfishing.日本政府出人预料的同意执行流网捕鱼的禁令。Theyenablethepurchasertoagreetheprice.他们让采购者同意这个价钱。Clinicsandfamilydoctorshaveagreedtoprovidefamilyplanningadvice.诊所和家庭医生同意提供家庭计划的咨询。固定搭配agree+prep.agreeprep.中译agreeon/upon同意agreeon/upon强调人们在某一议题上取得一致,其后不能接人,通常接与“问题”、“方案”、“计划”、“提议”、“结果”相关的词。
133Theyagreeontheproblemsthatneedtobesolved.他们在这些需要解决的问题上达成一致意见。Theparticipantsmustagreeonasolution.参与对象必须同意一个解决方案。Itrequirestheresearcherstotalkabouttheinformationinordertoagreeontheresults.研究者需要讨论此信息以求对结果取得共识。Icouldnotagreewithyoumore.我完全同意你。agreement(n.)一致disagreement(n.)不一致写作时可用“be+in+(dis)agreement”的句型表达相同或不一致的意见。Psychologistarestillinwidedisagreementintheirdefinitionsofthenotion.心理学家对此概念的定义仍有不一致的意见。句型:1、Weagreewith______’sstatementthat______.我们同意……的主张,认为……2、Iagreecompletelywith______whosaysthat______.我完全同意……所说……3、Ourresearchteamagreedtopurchase______atapriceofupto______.我们的研究团队同意以高达……的价格购买……4、______haveagreeupontheimportanceof______.……已同意……的重要性。5、Researchshowsthat______maybeinagreementwith______.研究显示……与……可能是一致的。aim(v.)目的为;旨在固定搭配aim+prep.aimprep.中译
134aimat目的为;旨在for致力于TheKyotoProtocalaimedatreducingthedevastatingeffectofairpollutionontheworld.京都议定书旨在减少空气污染对世界的破坏性效应。Thesestudiesmainlyaimtoexplainobservedbehaviorsofstudents.这些研究旨在解释学生被观察到的行为。Mostofresearchisaimedatpracticalapplications.大多数研究旨在实际应用。Materialsshouldaimforrelativeauthenticityiftheyaretopreparestudentsforreallistening.如果要教学生有用的听力,就应该致力于使教材相对贴近实际。句型:1、Theauthersaimto______.作者的目的是……2、Thisisaprojectaimedat______.此计划旨在……3、Futureresearchshouldalsoaimfor______.未来的研究也应该致力于……analyze(v.)分析analyze是美式拼法,英式拼法为analyse,analyze也可以名词化使用,写成“makeananalyseof”。固定搭配analyze+n.analyzen.中译aimdata分析资料result分析结果statistics分析统计数据information分析信息factor分析因素behavior分析行为product分析产品
135A2×2analysisofvariancewasusedtoanalyzethedata.使用2×2方差分析来分析资料。Toanalyzethestatisticsandlookformeaningfultrendsobviouslytakestime.分析统计数据并寻求有意义的趋势显然需耗费时间。Inthepast,teachershaverarelyhadthemeanstoanalyzethefactorsassociatedwithgrammaticalintuition.过去教师很少有方法去分析与语感有关的因素。Teachersshouldattemptedtoanalyzestudents’behaviortodeterminewhicherrorsaresignsofincorrectlearning.教师应尝试分析学生的行为以确认何种错误是学习方法不当的迹象。固定搭配adv.+analyzeadv.analyze中译carefully/closely/painstakingly/fully/rigorously/thoroughlyanalyze彻底地/谨慎地分析appropriately/properly适当地分析accurately/correctly正确地分析critically批判性地分析scientifically科学地分析Teachersneedtocarefullyanalyzethematerialstocoordinatethemfortheirparticularsetting.教师需要谨慎的分析教材,使它们能与其特定的情境相互协调。Thereisalittleattempttoproperlyanalyzetheimpactofeducationallanguagepoliciesonthepopulations.很少有研究尝试去适当地分析教育语言政策对当地居民的影响。Teachersshouldknowwhattheirstudents’secondlanguagetargetare,iftheyaretocorrectlyanalyzetheirstudents’linguisticbehavior.如果教师想正确分析学生的语言行为,他们应该知道学生的第二语言目标。Studentsneedtheopportunitytocriticallyanalyzethecontent,organization,andlexisofcommunication.学生需要有机会批判性的分析其沟通时的内容、组织和用词。句型:1、______wasusedtoanalyzethedataforthisstudy.本研究使用……来分析资料。
1362、______wasusedtoanalyzethedatacollectedinthisstudy.使用……来分析在此研究中所收集的资料。3、Thepurposeofthisarticleistoanalyzesomecommonmisconceptionsabout______.本文的目的是分析一些有关……的常见错误观念。answer(v.)回答;符合固定搭配answer+n.answern.中译answerneed/requirement符合要求problem/puzzle/query/question回答问题questionnaire回答问卷critic/criticism响应评论者/批评allegation回应指控call/phone/telephone接电话door应门ad/advertisement回复广告Theautoindustrynowhasthetechnologythatmightansweralloftheseneeds.汽车工业目前已有符合这些要求的技术。Inthispartofthebookwewillattempttoanswerthefollowingquestion…在本书的这部分,我们将尝试回答下列问题……Subjectswereaskedtoansweraquestionnaire.研究对象被要求回答一份问卷。MostofthetimeIjustsitintheofficeandanswerthetelephone.大多数的时间我只是坐在办公室接电话。固定搭配answer+prep.answerprep.中译answerto符合;负责for负责Thehybridcaranswerstoourfuturetransportneeds.混合动力车符合我们未来的运输需求。Theywillhavetoanswerfortheteam’sperformance.他们必须对球队的表现负责。
137句型:1、______willbeusedtoanswerthekeyquestions.……将用来回答这些关键问题。2、Toanswerthisquestion,itwouldbenecessarytoexamine______.为回答此问题,需要去研究……apply(v.)应用;申请apply做及物动词后接宾语时,如果再接to加动词的话,to后可用动词原形或者动名词。Communicativecompetenceincludedtheabilitytoapplytheserulestouselanguageappropriately.沟通能力包括应用这些规则以适当使用语言的能力。Theresaercherappliedmathematicstodesigningmoreefficentchip-manufacturinglines.研究者应用数学理论来设计更有效率的芯片生产线。固定搭配apply+n.applyn.中译applytheory运用理论technique/technology应用技术/科技skill应用技巧knowledge应用知识definition应用定义finding/result应用发现rule应用规则formula应用公式standard/yardstick应用标准Wehaveappliedvarioustechniquestoestablishacommonformat.我们应用各种技术来建立一个共同的格式。Pupilsexperienceddifficutiesinapplyingskillsinnewcontext.学生在新的情况下应用技巧时遭遇到困难。Knowingwhennottousetherulesisanimportantskilltoacquire.知道何时不要应用此规则是需要学习的重要技巧。TheycalledonIndiangovernmenttoapplystricterenvironmentalstandards.
138他们要求印度政府执行更严格的环境标准。固定搭配apply+prep.applyprep.中译applyto应用于/适用于for申请ThesamestepsapplytoreadingtablesoffrequencycomparisonssuchasthoseshowinTable1.相同的步骤可应用于比较次数的表格,如表1所示。Theyhadtoapplyforapart-timejobinEnglish.他们必须用英语来申请一份兼职工作。句型:1、Thefollowingsuggestionsapplyto______.以下建议适用于……2、Thisprincipleappliestounderstanding______.此原则适用于理解……3、______hasappliedthesetechniquestogenerate______.……应用这些技术来生产……4、Researcherswouldfindwaystoapplytheirfindingsto______.研究者会发现办法将他们的发现应用于……5、______canbeappliedtoawiderangeofsituations.……可被应用到广泛的场合。6、Theaimofthisarticlewastoapplythefindingsof______in______.本文的目的是在……应用……的发现。approach(v.)处理;应付approach做名词时当“方法”解释,例如researchapproach(研究方法);做动词时一般意思为“接近”,但是在论文写作中常表示“处理一件工作或问题”。固定搭配approach+n.approachn.中译issue/problem/question处理议题/问题
139approachtask处理工作matter处理事物research处理研究Wehadpeoplefromdifferentinterestgroupswhoapproachedtheissueindifferentways.我们有来自不同利益集团的人以不同方式来处理此议题。HistorianshavevariedintheirinterpretationsofhowtheLabourPattyapproachedtheseproblems.历史学家对于工党如何处理这些问题有不同的诠释。Whatisthebestwaytoapproachthetask?处理这件工作的最佳方式是什么?Cancerspecialistsmetingroupstolisteveryconceivablewayofapproachingcancerresearch.癌症专家齐聚一堂列出可以进行癌症研究的所有能想到的方法。句型:1、______approachesissuesinanintellectualway.……以知性的方式来处理议题。2、______enjoysapproachingproblemsinatheoreticalmanner.……喜欢以理论的方式来处理问题。3、______approachproblemsfromdifferentperspectives/angles.……从不同的观点/角度处理问题。4、______mighthaveapproached______inanewway.……可能有处理……的新方式。argue(v.)主张;证明;争论argue的一般意思是“争论”,但在论文中则较常表示“主张”。与其意思类似的动词还有consider,state,remark,assert,claim,maintain等。Noonehasclaimedthateducationistheonlyfactormakingforeconomicgrowth,andviceversa,noonehasarguedthateducationmakesnoimpactwhatsoeveroneconomicgrowth.没有人宣称教育是促进经济增长的唯一因素,但相对地,也没有人主张教育对经济增长没有任何影响。
140固定搭配argue+adv./adv.+argueargueadv.中译argueconvincingly/persuasively令人信服的主张cogently/forcibly/strongly有力地主张fiercely/furiously/intensely/vehemently/vociferously激烈地主张openly/publicly公开地主张Theauthorsargueconvincinglythatuseofthecolaborativegroupcontributestosuccessfulcognitivedevelopment.作者令人信服的主张使用合作团体可促进认知发展的成功。Cook(1989)arguescogentlythatquantitativeandqualitativeresearchparadigmsareinmanyrespectsindistinguishable.库克(1989)有力地主张量性和质性研究范式在很多层面上是无法区分的。固定搭配argue+prep.argueprep.中译argueabout/on/over争论某事for为……力争against反对Theyarearguingfuriouslyaboutresearchwhichsuggeststhathomosexualityisageneticcondition.他们正为提出同性恋是遗传病的研究进行激烈的争论。PresidentGeorgeBushandBillClintonarearguingoverhowandwhentohelptheformerSovietstates.乔治·布什总统和比尔·克林顿在争论如何以及何时帮助前苏联国家。Theirproponentsargueforthescientificbasisoftheirpedogogy.他们的拥护者为其教学法的科学基础而辩护。Iwouldargueagainstusingauthenticlanguageinclassroom,onthefairlyreasonablegroundsthatitisactuallyimpossibletodoso.我反对在课堂中使用真实语言,相当合理的理由就是它实际上是无法做到的。句型:1、Opponentstothisideaarguethat______.反对此意见者主张……2、Severalexpertsarguedpubliclyfor______.
141几名专家公开力争……3、Theseresearchersarguethatitisimportantto______.这些研究者主张……是重要的。4、Fewwouldargueagainstthenotionthat______.很少人会反对……的观念。5、Thescholarsintroducethisinformationinordertoargueagainstusing______.学者介绍此消息是为了反对使用……attract(v.)吸引;招致固定搭配attract+n.arguen.中译argueattention吸引注意interest吸引兴趣critic/ctiticism招来批评者/批评researcher/scholar吸引研究者/学者Thisapparentproblemhasattractedconsiderableresearchattentioninrecentyears.这个明显的问题近年来吸引了研究的高度关注。TheEnglishlanguageteachingmaterialsindustryproducestextbooksthatattempttoattracttheinterestofteachersthroughqualityofcontent.英语教材行业制造教科书,试图以内容的质量吸引教师的兴趣。Histheoriesattractedanumberofcritics.他的理论招来许多批评者。句型:1、______attractsprofessionalandacademicattention.……吸引专业和学术界的注意。2、______isattractingsomuchresearchinterest.……吸引众多研究兴趣。cause(v.)引起;造成cause作为及物动词,表示“引起”、“造成”,通常搭配负面事件;在撰写论文中常用来表示两个可变因素间的因果关系,有“AcausesB”或“BiscausedbyA”
142的句型。Changesinthenumberofchromosomescancauseseverehealthproblemsinhumanbeings.染色体数量的改变会引起人类严重的健康问题。(此句式强调结果,除cause之外,还可以用resultin,contributeto,leadto,beresponsiblefor,bethereasonfor,bethecauseof,giveriseto,bringabout,trigger等词来表达类似的意思。)Sometimesdepressioniscausedbycircumstances.有时忧郁症是由于环境引起的。(此句型强调原因,还可用resultfrom,followfrom,arisefrom,derivefrom,stemfrom,beascribedto,beattributedto,betheresultof,betheconsequenceof,beattributableto,bedueto等。)固定搭配cause+n.causen.中译causedifficulty/discomfort/handicap/hardship/inconvenience/obstruction引起困难/不便chaos/commotion/conflict/disorder/controversy/disruption/panic引起混乱/争议damage/destruction/deterioration/harm/impairment/injury引起损害confusion/disagreement/uncertainly/misunderstanding引起困惑/误解problem/trouble引起问题disease/illness/malady/pain/sickness/trauma引起病痛anguish/annoyance/anxiety/upset/depression/distress/misery/suffering引起苦恼change引起改变concern引起关注interference引起干扰embarrassment引起尴尬crisis引起危机Alackofmoneycancauseembarrassmentanddifficultiesinasocialsituation.在社交场合缺钱会引发尴尬和困扰。Aconfusingthinkerisliabletocausecontroversyandconflict.
143令人困惑的思想家容易引起争议和冲突。ThisstudycomparesthesoundsystemsofChineseandEnglish,withspecialattentiongiventoidentifyingthedifferencesbetweenthetwosystemswhicharelikelytocauseinterferenceorconfusion.此研究比较中英文的发音系统,并特别指出两种系统间容易引起干扰或困惑的不同之处。U.S.culturemaycausethemconfusion.美国文化可能使他们困惑。Whatcauseyoutochangeyourmind?是什么使你改变主意?Suchcriticismcancauseconsiderabledistresstomanypeople.这些批评引起许多人极大的苦恼。固定搭配cause+prep.causeprep.中译causen.+to对……造成by由……造成Diswasherdetergentsarehighlycausticandcancauseterribleinjuriestothethroatandstomachiftheyareaccidentallyswallowed.洗碗精具有高度腐蚀性,若不小心吞食会对喉咙和胃造成可怕的伤害。Itisquiteraretohaveanaccidentdirectlycausedbysomekindoftechnicalfailure.意外很少是由某种机械故障所直接造成的。句型:1、______causemajorproblems.……引发重大问题。2、______causeseriousdamageto______.……对……造成严重的损害。3、______willcontinuetocausefundamentalchangesin______.……将持续为……带来根本的改变。4、______iscuasedbytheapplicationof______.……是由使用……所引起的。5、______oftencausestheconditiontoworsen
144……时常造成情况恶化。6、______arecausedbylackofexperience.……是由缺乏经验所造成的。cite(v.)引用固定搭配cite+n.citen.中译citeresearch/study引用研究literature/paper/passage/report/thesis/work引用文献/论文book引用书author/researcher引用作者/研究者example/instance引用例子/举例theory引用理论evidence引用证据data引用数据resource引用来源finding/result引用结果experience引用经验authority引用权威TheycitenumerousempiricalstudiesthatchallengethestereotypeviewofAsianstudent.他们引用几项实证研究来颠覆人们对于亚洲学生的刻板印象。Tociteanexample,itisusefultotellstudentsthattheymustusevisualaids.举例来说,告诉学生他们必须使用视觉辅助工具是有用的。Criticsciteempiricaldatasuggestingvariouschangesinthelanguagelearner’spersonality.评论家引用实证数据指出语言学习者性格的各种改变。句型:1、Theycite______asexample.他们引用……作为例子。2、TocitejustafewexamplesintheU.S.______.举几个在美国的例子……3、Tocitejustoneexampleoftheproblem,theresearcherobservedthat______.
145对此问题仅引用了一个例子,研究者就观察到……4、Wecitecasestudiesfromtheliteraturetoillustrate______.我们从文献中引用个案研究来阐明……5、Thewritersciteresearchfrom______tohighlight______.作者从……引用研究来强调……6、Weciteanumberofstudiesthatshowarelationshipbetween______and______.我们引用几项研究来显示……和……之间的关系。compare(v.)比较论文的写作中常需要比较研究的结果或者是与其他不同的研究作比较,而最常用的动词就是compare,例如:Afterapplyingt-testtocomparemeansofthepre-andpost-tests,H1wasacceptedandH2wasrejected(p>0.05).使用t-检验比较前测和后测的平均数后,假设1被接受而假设2被否定(p>0.05)。固定搭配compare+adv./adv.+comparecompareadv.中译compareadvantageously/favorably/well比较起来好poorly/unfavorably比较起来差directly直接地比较statistically统计地比较Itspayhasalwayscomparedpoorlywiththatofotherwhite-collaroccupations.其薪资与其他白领工作的薪资相比起来一向较差。Thesimplestwaytostatisticallycomparethetwotypesofthetestswouldbetoexaminethecorrelationcoefficientsreportedinliterature.通过统计比较两种测验的最简单方式就是研究文献中所报告的相关系数。固定搭配compare+prep.compareprep.中译compareto/with与……比较to比做Theresultsfromthisquestionnairewouldcomparewiththeresultsoftheclosetest.此问卷的结果会与完型填空测验的结果进行比较。
146(英语中比较事物要对等。)Theparticipantscomparedtheiroutputwiththetargetforminthatinput.参与研究者比较他们的输入和输出的目标形式。(此句中的with可替换成and。)RobertBrownstudiedthemovementofmoleculesinwater,andhefoundthattheymovedaroundrandomly,justlikeadrunkard.Wecancompareamoleculeinwatertothedrunkard.罗伯特·布朗研究水中分子的运动,发现这些分子的移动很混乱,就像醉汉一样。我们可以把水中的分子比作一名醉汉。固定搭配prep.+compareprep.compare中译beyond/past/withoutcompare无可比拟这是惯用语,compare虽是动词,作用就如名词一般,也可用comparision替换。ThediamondbeyondcompareinitsbeautyispartoftheCrownjewels.这颗钻石的美丽无与伦比,是皇冠珠宝的一部分。Itisdifficulttocompareresultsacrossstudies.不同研究之间比较结果是很困难的。句型:1、Wedesignedastudytocompare______and______.我们设计了一个研究来比较……和……2、______wasusedtocompareexperimentalandcontrolgroups.……用来比较实验组和控制组。3、Thepurposeofthestudyreportedinthisarticlewastocomparetheeffectsof______.本文报告的研究目的在于比较……的效果。consist(v.)组成consist是不及物动词,其后一定要加介词。在论文写作中常用consistof表述研究工具是由哪些部分组成的,其他类似的词组comprise,becomprisedof,becomposedof,constitute,bemadeupof等都可表达“由……组成”的意思。
147固定搭配consist+prep.consistprep.中译consistof由……组成in存在于with与……一致以上由consist组成的短语都不能使用被动语态,而且consist也不能使用进行时。Dataforthepresentstudyconsistofscoresofthefiveexams.本研究的数据由五次考试的分数组成。Aquestionnaireconsistingoffoursectionswasdesignedbytheresearcherstocollectinformationfromthesestudents.由四个部分组成的问卷是由研究者所设计,用以收集这些学生的资料的。Thewell-beingofastateconsistsinthemutualwell-beingofthepeople.国家的福祉存在于人们共同的福利。Successdoesnotconsistinnevermakingmistakesbutinnevermakingthesameoneasecondtime.成功不在于从不犯错,而在于不再犯同样的错误。Theinformationconsistswithouraccount.此信息与我们的描述一致。consistwith是比较传统的用法,现在论文多用beconsistentwith来表达“与……一致”的意思。例如:Theresultsofthisstudyareconsistentwithfindingsinourrelatedinvestigations.此研究的结果与我们相关调查的结果一致。句型:1、Thedataforthisstudyconsistof______.此研究的资料由……组成。2、Theparticipantsprimarilyconsistof______.参与研究的对象主要由……组成。3、______doesnotconsistin______,butin______.……不在于……,而在于……4、Thisfindingisconsistentwithpreviousresearchthat______.此发现与之前研究的一致之处在于……
148contrast(v.)对照;对比contrast可当及物和不及物动词使用,当及物动词时其后直接加宾语,例如:IbeganChapter2bycontrastingtwoviewsofphysics.我对比物理学的两种观点作为第2章的开头。固定搭配contrast+adv./adv.+contrastcontrastadv.中译contrastdramatically/markedly/noticeably/remarkably/sharply/strikingly/strongly强烈地/明显地对照/对比clearly/vividly/well清楚的对照/对比Ethnographycontrastsmarkedlywiththeexperimentalmethodinitsassumptions.人种志与实验法的截然不同之处在于其假设。ThosefeaturesofConfucianismperhapsmostnoticeablycontrastwithWesternvalues.那些儒家特性也许最明显不同于西方的价值观。固定搭配contrast+prep.contrastprep.中译constrastagainst/to/with与……对比/对照Process-orientedactivitiescontrastwithtask-orientedactivitiesbystressingthatthevalueoftheactivityliesintheproceeding,notintheend.过程导向活动与工作导向活动的对比,在于其强调活动的价值是过程,而不是结果。句型:1、______contrastswith______inrespectto______.……和……在……方面形成对照。contribute(v.)导致;提供;投稿;贡献固定搭配contribute+n.contributen.中译insight/perspective提供观点
149contributeinformation提供信息expertise提供专业知识time提供时间article/essay/paper投稿Severalgroupmemberswillcontributespecificperspectives,eachofwhichmayformachapterofthereport.几名成员将提供特定的观点,每一观点可成为此报告的一章。Weareextremelygratefulfortheirwillingnesstocontributetheirtimeandexpertisetothejournal.我们非常感谢他们愿意为此期刊提供时间和专业知识。Historiansmaycontributearticlestohistoricaljournalsasinterimreportsontheirworkinprogress.历史学家可投稿到历史期刊,以作为研究进行中的期中报告。固定搭配contribute+adv./adv.+contributecontributeadv.中译contributeenormously/greatly/significantly/substantially极有助于directly直接有助于positively正面有助于effectively有效协助Suchstylescancontributesignificantlytotheconstructionofaunifiedtheory.这些风格极有助于建立一个统一的理论。L1essayscorescontributeeffectivelytothepredictionofL1closescores.第一语言短文写作分数有效协助预测第一语言完型填空分数。固定搭配contribute+prep.contributeprep.中译contributeto导致Braindamagecouldcontributetoforgotting.脑部受损可能导致遗忘。Whatyoueatcancontributetoimprovingordestroyingyourhealth.你所吃的食物可导致改善或危害你的健康。contributeto后要接名词或动名词。
150contributor(n.)撰稿者;促成因素adj.contributor中译prolificcontributor多产撰稿者regular定期投稿者central/chief/dominant/great/key/important/leading/main/major/prime/principal/prominent/vital/significant/substantial主要的促成因素biggest/largest最大的促成因素Thatprofessorisaregularcontributortojournals.那名教授是期刊的定期投稿者。Theprocesscausesblockagesaroundthesystem,andisamajorcontributortopumpfailure.此过程在系统周围造成堵塞,是造成泵失效的主要因素。Emissionsofcarbondioxideareincreasingtothepointwhereitisexpectedtobecomethelargestsinglecontributorofgreenhousegaseswithinafewdacades.二氧化碳排放量日益增加,预计在十几年内将成为温室气体中最大的单一因素。句型:1、Thefindingsmaycontributetoabetterdefinitionof______.这些发现可能有助于对……提出更好的定义。2、Theprecentfindingscontributetothefield’sunderstandingof______.目前的发现有助于此领域对……的理解。3、______contributetobridgingtheoryandpracticeinourprofession.……有助于将我们在专业领域中的理论和实物联系起来。4、Thereisatheoreticalbasisforarguingthat______cancontributepositivelyto______.有理论基础论证……对……有正面的帮助。correlate(v.)相关固定搭配correlate+adv./adv.+correlatecorrelateadv.中译positively正相关
151correlatenegatively负相关highly高度相关significantly显著相关closely密切相关strongly极度相关Threelevelsofself-esteemcorrelatedpositivelywithperformanceontheoralproductionmeasures.自尊的三种程度与口语测试上的表现呈正相关。Defensivenessisnegativelycorrelatedwithlearningonthejob.防卫心理与工作上的学习呈负相关。Fielddependencehasbeenshowntocorrelatehighlywithempathy.场域依赖与同理心呈高度相关。Onecanseethattheoralproficiencyratingscorrelatepositivelyandsignificantlywithallthescores.我们可以看到口语程度的评比与所有分数都呈显著正相关。句型:1、Theyfound______tobepositivelycorrelatedwith______.他们发现……与……呈正相关。2、Thesetwo______arehighlycorrelated.这两个……是高度相关的。3、______wasfoundtonegativelycorrelatewith______.……与……被发现是负相关。criticize(v.)批评固定搭配adv.+criticize/criticize+adv.adv.criticize中译bitterly/fiercely/harshly/heavily/relentlessly/unsparingly/trenchantly/severely/sharply/strongly/scathinglycriticize严厉批评appropriately/fairly/impartially/justly/justifiably/rightly适当/公正批评constantly/frequently/much/often/persistently/repeatedly经常批评widely广为批评
152explicitly明确地批评directly直接批评particularly/specifically特定批评openly/publicly公开批评McLanghlinsharplycriticizedKrashen’sratherfuzzydistinctionbetweensubconsciousandconsciousprocess.麦克劳克林严厉批评克拉申对于下意识和有意识过程之间的模糊区别。Thelectureasaformofcommunicationinhighereducationhasbeenstronglycriticized.在高等教育中使用讲课作为沟通形式向来受到严厉的批评。Thehousepolicywastrenchantlycriticizedbyyoungradicals.此房屋政策受到年轻激进分子的严厉批评。Thegovernmentwaswidelycriticizedforcuttingpublicspending.政府因消减公共开支而广受批评。固定搭配criticize+prep.criticizeprep.中译criticizefor因……而批评Thestudyhasbeencriticizedforincompletenessofdata,butitwasamajorstepforward.此研究因资料不完整而被批评,但仍是一大进展。句型:1、______havebeenheavilycriticized.……一向受到严厉批评。2、______wasbeingconstantlycriticizedby______.……时常被……批评。3、Itwasappearharshtocriticize______.批评……似乎是太严厉了。4、Onecancriticize______for______.我们可以因……而批评……
153differ(v.)不同于differ是不及物动词。固定搭配differ+adv./adv.+differdifferadv.中译differacutely/considerably/enormously/greatly/markedly/much/profoundly/sharply/significantly/starkly/strongly/substantially/tremendously/vastly/widely非常不同completely/entirely/essentially/radically完全不同little/slightly/somewhat稍有不同fundamentally根本不同Americansocietydiffersconsiderablyfromanumberofothersocieties.美国社会与其他一些社会非常不同。Classroomlearningmaydiffersignificantlyfromlanguageacquisitioninnon-classroomsettings.课堂上的学习可能非常不同于非课堂环境中的语言习得。Opiniondifferswidelyonvalueofthesemethods.对这些方法的价值的意见非常不同。Thesebuildingsfundamentallydifferedfromthembothintheirsmallerscaleandgreatersimplicity.这些建筑与它们的根本区别在于体积更小,更为简单。固定搭配differ+prep.differprep.中译differfrom与……不同with与……不同in在……方面不同Thoseexperimentsdifferfromoneanotherinseveralways.这些实验在几个方面是互不相同的。Languagescandifferfromeachotherwithoutlimit.语言间的差异可以是无限的。
154Wecoulddifferwithoneanotheronimportantissues.我们可以在重要议题上持不同意见。Formativeandsummativeevaluationsdifferinatleastthreeways:infocus,timing,andpurpose.形成性和总结性评价至少在三个方面不同:重点、时机和目的。Non-nativespeakersofEnglishmightdifferfromnativespeakersintheirresponsetoerrors.非英语母语者与英语母语者在对错误的相应上可能不同。句型:1、______differinavarietyofways.……在很多方面是不同的。2、______differsfrom______inanumberofimportantaspects.……和……在几个重要方面不同。3、______differfromtraditionalapproachesinatleast______majorways………和传统方式至少在……个主要层面上不同……emphasize(v.)强调固定搭配emphasize+n.emphasizen.中译emphasizeimportance强调重要性role强调作用fact强调事实need强调需求view强调观点significance强调意义issue强调议题difference强调差异Socialconstructivismemphasizestheimportanceofsocialinteractionandcooperativelearning.社会构建主义强调社会互动和合作学习的重要性。Porter’s(1985)earlypapershaveemphasizedtheroleofmeaningfulinteractionsinpromotingproficiencyinthetargetlanguage.波特(1985)早期的论文强调有意义的互动在提升目标语言能力时的作用。
155Stake(1986),forexample,emphasizestheneedtotestGilligan’shypothesisinotherpopulationsandcultures.举例来说,斯诺克(1986)强调需要在其他人口和文化中测试吉根利所提出的假设。Piagetactivelyemphasizedhisviewsmanydecadesago.数十年前皮亚杰就大力强调他的观点。固定搭配adv.+emphasize/emphasize+adv.adv.emphasize中译greatly/overwhelmingly/stronglyemphasize大力强调rightly/正确强调clearly清楚地强调repeatedly一再地强调Themajorityofthestudentsinalltreatmentgroupsstronglyemphasizedtheirneedforvocabularyinstruction.所有实验组的大多数学生都大力强调他们学习词汇的需要。However,theresearchersemphasizethattheresultsarepreliminary.但是研究者强调这只是初步结果。句型:1、Recentresearchin______hasemphasizedtheimportanceof______.近来在……的研究都强调……的重要性。2、Despitethefinding,theresearchersemphasizetheimportanceof______.尽管结果是这样,研究者仍然强调……的重要性。3、Recentworkinthisareaemphasizestheneedfor______.这个领域近来的研究强调对……的需要。experiment(v.)作实验experiment是不及物动词。固定搭配experiment+prep.experimentprep.中译experimentin/on/upon对……作实验with用……作实验
156Thisarticleencourageseducatorstoexperimentintheiruseofsupervisorybehavious.本文鼓励教育者对他们行使的监管行为作实验。IshouldliketooffermythankstoDr.JosephH.FriendforencouragingmetoexperimentonthisthemeatCESL.我要感谢约瑟夫H.弗兰德博士鼓励我在以英语为第二语言的语言中心针对此主题作实验。Teachersneedresourcestoexperimentwiththeirapproachtoteaching.教师需要资源来以他们的教学方法作实验。句型:1、Scientistbegantoexperimenton______inthepursuitofpureknowledge.科学家开始对……作实验,以追求纯粹的知识。2、Theresearcherhadexperimentedwith______andfoundthat______.研究者以……作实验并发现……explain(v.)解释explain之后不能接连续双宾语,而要加上介词to,例如:Theprofessorexplainedtometheproblem.Theprofessorexplainedtheproblemtome.教授为我解释了这个问题。Let’sexplaintheruletoyou.让我向你解释这个规则。固定搭配explain+n.explainn.中译explaineffect/finding/result解释结果/效果meaning解释意义concept/perspective/pointofview/view解释观点difference解释差异cause/reason解释原因aim/purpose解释目的nature解释性质importance解释重要性Graphsandchartsmayhelpexplaintheresults.图表可帮助解释结果。
157Thedatamayexplainsomeinterestingdifferenceshighlightedintheanalysis.此数据可解释分析中所强调的一些有趣的差异。Acomplexinteractivemultifactorialmodelisneededtoexplainthecauseofschizophrenia.需要一个复杂互动的多因素模式来解释精神分裂症的原因。Thephysicianexplainedthenatureandpurposeofthestudytoparentsandobtainedtheirconsent.医生向父母解释此研究的性质和目的并获得他们的同意。固定搭配adv.+explain/explain+adv.adv.emphasize中译briefly/concisely/succinctly/terselyemphasize简明的解释clearly/lucidly清楚的解释adequately/properly适当的解释completely/fully完整的解释satisfactorily满意的解释successfully成功的解释easily容易的解释probably可能的解释Thediscussionsclearlyandcompletelyexplaintheconceptspresented.这些讨论清楚而完整的解释所提出的观念。Secondlanguageacquisitionresearchmusttakesocialcontextintoaccountinordertoadequatelyexplainlanguagelearningprocesses.第二语言习得研究必须将社会背景列入考虑以适合解释语言学习过程。Thewholeaffairwassoeasilyexplained.这件事很容易解释。Thisprobablyexplainswhylittlechildrenfavortallanimals.这可能解释为什么儿童喜欢高大的动物。固定搭配explain+adv.explainadv.中译explainindetail详细地解释inpart部分地解释away解释过去Thisbookdoesnotexplainthoseperspectiveindetail,makingitdifficultforreader
158withlittleornotbackgroundknowledge.这本书并未详细解释那些观点,使得缺乏背景知识的读者很难理解。Thismayexplaininpartwhystudiesofcorrectivefeedbackinrealclassroomsseldomgeneratepositivefindings.这也许可以部分解释为何纠正性反馈的研究在真实的课堂内很少有正面的结果。固定搭配explain+prep.explainprep.中译explainto向……解释about解释有关in以……解释Theylackedthelinguisticbackgroundnecessarytoexplaintostudentswhytheirlanguagewaswrong.他们缺乏必要的语言学背景向学生们解释为什么他们的语言是错误的。MotherswhodonotspeakEnglishcomfortablymaynothavethevocabularytoexplaintoaresearchertheirfearsaboutgrowingdistancefromtheirchildren.不能顺畅的说英语的母亲可能没有足够的词汇向研究者解释他们对于孩子日渐疏远的担忧。Itisnopossibletoexplainabouttheerrorsinsuchlittlespace.在这么小的篇幅中无法解释这些错误的相关事宜。HetriedtoexplaininEnglishtheword’smeaningandpronunciation.他试着用英语解释这个词的意思和发音。句型:1、______attemptedtoexplaintheresults.……尝试解释结果。2、______probablymayexplainthesimilarresults.……或许可以解释这些类似的结果。3、Thispartlyexplainswhy______.这部分解释了为什么……4、Theresearchertriedtoexplainthemeaningof______.研究者试着解释……的意思。5、Onehypothesiswhichcouldexplainthisis______.可解释这个的一个假设是……
159focus(v.)集中固定搭配focus+n.focusn.中译focusattention集中注意力effort集中努力mind集中心智thought集中思考Theresearchshowsthatsuccessfulreadersfocusattentiononmajorideasratherthandetails.研究显示成功的阅读者将注意力集中在主旨上,而非小细节上。Studentswhoareinexperiencedinresearchfrequentlyfailtonarrowandfocustheireffortstoachievableunits.缺乏研究经验的学生时常无法缩小范围并将注意力集中在可完成的单元上。固定搭配focus+prep.focusprep.中译focuson/upon集中在Researchonlanguageattritionhasfocusedonavarietyofcausesforthelossoflanguageskills.语言腐蚀的研究向来集中在语言技巧流失的各种原因上。句型:1、______hasfocusedattentionspecificallyon______.……特别将注意力集中在……2、______focustheireffortseffectivelyto______.……有效的集中他们的努力去……3、______focuseffortinachievingcommongoals.……集中努力已完成共同的目标。increase(v.)增加;增长表示“增加”,“增长”的动词除了最常用的increase外,还有grow,surge,climb,rise,escalate,peak,goup,jumpup等。表示“下跌”的词则包括discrease,drop,decline,fall,plunge,plummet,go
160down等。以increase为例,下面的搭配对这些动词也基本适用。固定搭配increase+adv./adv.+increaseincreaseadv.中译increaseconsiderably/enormously/greatly/hugely/significantly/remarkably/markedly/sharply/substantially/steeply大幅增加abruptly/dramatically/suddenly/fast/promptly/rapidly忽然/快速增加consistently/equally/gradually/gently/moderately/progressively/steadily逐渐/稳定增加slightly/slowly小幅/缓慢增加-fold增加……倍Goalimportswillincreaseconsiderablyprobablyreachingsome20%ofdemandbytheyear2009.煤的进口将大幅增加,可能于2009年达到需求的20%。Endometriosisratesincreasedsharplyfromagegroup25-29to40-44.患子宫内膜异位的年龄比例,从25-29岁到40-44岁显著增加。ThisdiseaseisincreasingdramaticallyintheWesternwould.这种疾病在西方世界快速增加。Theattendancehasincreasedsteadilyovertheyearsandtheconferenceattractsmoreandmoreinternationalparticipants.过去数年出席率稳定增加,会议吸引了愈来愈多的国际参与者。Hayfeverhasincreasedfour-foldoverthelast20years.花粉症在过去的20年中增加为原来的4倍。(增加几倍的倍数是在-fold之前加上确切的数字,例如threefold,tenfold,有无-皆可。)固定搭配increase+prep.increaseprep.中译increaseat/by增加/增长CFCscontribute14percentofthegreenhouseeffectandareincreasingattherateof6percentayear.氟氯碳化物占温室效应的14%,而且以每年6%的速度增长。
161Fordannouncedthatitspriceswillincreasebybetween4.5and10percentfromJanuary.福特汽车宣布从一月起车价将增加4.5%~10%。句型:1、______hasincreasedgreatlyinthelastdecade.……过去十年来大幅增加。2、Exportof______haveincreasedsharplyinrecentyears.……的出口在近年来大幅增长。3、______isexpectedtoincreasethree-foldasaresult.结果是……预期会增长三倍。4、______willconsistentlyincreaseby______%ayear.……将每年稳定增长……5、______isincreasingatmorethan______percentperannum.……每年增长超过……oppose(v.)反对oppose常做及物动词,也可使用被动形式的beopposedto,此时to后只能接名词或动名词。Iopposethisresearchproject.Iamopposedtothisresearchproject.我反对这项研究计划。Bothsuperpowersareopposedtoopeninguptheirsatellitedatatoothernations.两个超级大国都反对开放其卫星资料给其他国家。固定搭配oppose+n.opposen.中译opposeconcept/idea/view反对概念/观念reform反对改革plan/project/scheme反对计划policy反对政策value反对价值theory反对理论suggestion反对建议
162discrimination反对歧视Chiefofficerscontinuetoopposeanyreformofthepresentsystem.主要官员持续反对任何对现行系统的改革。Mostvoterssupportedthestatusquoandwereopposedtoplanstoprivatizeelectricityandwater.多数选民支持维持现状,反对水电民营的计划。Theymayquestionevenopposetheseculturevalues.他们可能质疑甚至反对这些文化价值。Hewasopposedtodiscriminationagainstlesbiansandgaymen.他反对歧视同性恋男女。固定搭配adv.+oppose/oppose+adv.adv.oppose中译adamently/categorically/definitely/deeply/fiercely/firmly/profoundly/resolutely/strenuously/strongly/vehemently/vigorouslyoppose强烈的反对diametrically/entirely/radically/totally/utterly彻底的反对widely广泛的反对openly/publicly公开的反对blindly盲目的反对successfully成功地反对Someresearchersmayvehementlyopposethisview.有些研究者可能会强烈反对此观点。Manypeoplebegantothinkitwaswrongtoblindlyopposeeverythingforeign.许多人开始思考盲目反对所有外国事物是错误的。句型:1、______opposestheuseof______.……反对……的使用。2、______areopposedtothedevelopmentof______.……反对……的发展。3、______wasopposedtoanyplansto______.……反对……的任何计划。
1634、______wasunanimousinopposing______.……一致反对……5、______arefiercelyopposedby______.……受到……的强烈反对。6、Someresearchersareradicallyopposedtotheideaof______.有些研究者完全反对……的观点。overcome(v.)克服固定搭配overcome+n.overcomen.中译overcomebarrier/crisis/difficulty/handicap/hardship/hurdle/impasse/obstacle/opposition/problem克服障碍/危机/困难TheArmeniangovernmenthasannouncedplanstoreopenitsnuclearpowerplantinanefforttoovercomeamountingenergycrisis,despitesafetyfearsexpressedbyscientistsandenvironmentalists.尽管科学家和环保人士表达了安全顾虑,亚美尼亚政府仍宣布重新开放其核电厂以尽力克服日益严重的能源危机。Researchersarehopingtoenlisthishelpinovercomingthefinancialhurdles.研究者希望能获得他的帮忙以克服财务上的困难。Thesemethodsareintendedtohelpstudentsovercomemajorproblemsthatinterferewiththeircomprehension.这些方法用来帮助学生克服干扰他们理解的主要困难。Scientistshavebegantoovercomeobstaclestotreatingbraindisease.科学家开始克服治疗脑部疾病的障碍。Themainpurposeofthispaperistoaddressthisproblemandtopresentaproposalforhowitmightbeovercome.本文的主要目的是处理此困难,并提出如何克服此困难的建议。句型:1、______wasseenashelpingtoovercomeproblemsof______.……被视为有助于克服……的困难。
1642、Researchersencounterdifficultiesthattheyneedtoovercomeinorderto______.研究者遇到他们必须克服的困难以……3、Anobstacleresearchermustovercomeindesigningtheexperimentisthat______.研究者在设计此实验时所需克服的障碍是……4、Thetechniquesdiscussedinthisarticlemighthelpthemovercometheobstacleimposedby______.本文所讨论的技巧也许可以帮助他们克服因……所产生的障碍。recommend(v.)建议;推荐固定搭配recommend+n.recommendn.中译recommendbook推荐书article/essay/paper推荐文章approach/method/way建议方法Istronglyrecommendthisbooktoanyonewishingtogaininsightsintowhatcomputersmayoffertooursociety.我强烈推荐这本书给任何想了解计算机能为我们社会贡献什么的人。表达“”介绍某本书时不能用introduceabook,而要用recommendabook。上句中的stronglyrecommend还可以换为highlyrecommend(高度推荐)或heartilyrecommend(衷心推荐)等。Thisbookishighlyrecommendtoourprofessioninappliedfieldsofpetroleum,naturalgas,andenvironmentalscience.高度推荐这本书给我们在石油、天然气和环境科学的应用专业领域。Theauthorsrecommendaconsciousness-raisingapproachforallITAtrainingprograms.作者为所有的国际学生助教培训计划建议了一种提升意识的方法。固定搭配recommend+v-ingRecommend后若接动词,要改为动名词。Paulston(1996)recommendsusinglocalstoriesthatlearnershavereadintheirownlanguage.保尔斯顿(1996)建议使用学习者用母语读过的当地故事。
165固定搭配recommend+that从句recommend和recommendation之后的从句,从句中要用should+动词原型,should可省略。Cliffordrecommendsthattheteachingofgrammarskillsbeincludedintheforeignlanguagecurriculum.克利福德建议在外语课程中加入语法技能教学。MostlinguistsrecommendthatilliterateadultsshouldachievebasicreadingandwritingskillsintheirownlanguagebeforeattemptingtomastertheminEnglish.多数语言学家建议文盲成人首先应学会母语的读写技巧,再来尝试学习英语的读写技能。AnimportantpartoftheInputHypothesisisKrashen’srecommendationthatspeakingnotbetaughtdirectlyinthelanguageclassroom.输入假设的一个重点在于克拉申的建议——口说不应在语言课堂中直接教授。句型:1、Istronglyrecommend______especiallyto______.我向……特别强烈推荐……2、Basedonourexperience,wewouldnotrecommendtheuseof______.以我们的经验,我们不建议使用……3、Theydonotrecommendusing______for______.他们不建议使用……来做……4、Thefindingsfromthispriliminaryinvestigationrecommendsubsequentworkthat______.此初步探讨的结果建议随后的工作是……result(v.)造成固定搭配result+prep.resultprep.中译resultin造成from由于result是不及物动词,且不可使用被动语态。Thisproceduremaynotresultinoutcomesyoudesire.
166此程序可能不会带来你所想要的结果。Anintralingaulerrorresultfromfaultyorpartiallearningofthetargetlanguage.语内错误起因于对目标语言的错误或不完整的学习。句型:1、______issupposedtoresultin______.……应该会造成……2、______mayoftenresultfrom______.……通常可能是由于……suggest(v.)建议;指出suggerst如表示建议,其后可加名词、动名词或that从句,若接that从句,句内要用should+原形动词。(should和that可省略。)例如:Theysuggestthatconntriesworktogethertosolvetheenvironmentaldeteriorationproblem.他们建议各国共同致力于解决环境恶化问题。Theofficialssuggestedherelinquishpositionsofpowerinreturnforapromisenottoproceedwithattemptstoextraditehim.官员建议他放弃权位,以交换不再尝试引渡他的承诺。在论文写作中,suggest却常表示“指出”或“暗示”,此时从句中无需使用should+原形动词。固定搭配n.+suggestn.suggest中译research/studysuggest研究指出article/paper/report报告指出data资料指出survey调查指出finding/result结果指出trend趋势指出figure/statistics数据指出author作者指出Thesestudiessuggestthefollowingtentativeconclusions…这些研究指出一下尝试性的结论。
167Thelimiteddatainthisstudysuggesttheneedforfutureresearchfocusingonotherissues.此研究有限的资料指出未来研究有注意其他议题的必要。RecenttrendsinL2researchsuggestthatafocusonformcanbeimportantforstudents’languagedevelopment.近来第二语言的研究趋势指出注重形式对于学生的语言发展很重要。句型:1、Theresultofthisstudysuggestthat______.此研究的结果指出……2、Theseresultssuggesttheneedto______.这些结果指出有必要……3、Thecurrentofficialfiguressuggestthat______.目前官方的数据指出……vary(v.)变化;使不同vary可当及物或不及物动词使用。Teacherswillneedtovarytheirapproachdependingontheparticularaudiencesbeingtaught.教师需要依特定受众改变其教学方法。在论文写作中vary常以不及物动词形式出现,其后不接宾语。Becausethecauseofthepatient’spalsyisunknown,doctors’approachestotrentmentvary.因为病人瘫痪的原因不明,医生诊疗的方式都不一样。Vary作为不及物动词的搭配如下:固定搭配vary+adv.varyadv.中译varyconsiderably/dramatically/enormously/greatly/hugely/markedly/radically/much/sharply/significantly/widely/substantially/tremendously/变化很大hardly/little/minutely/slightly变化很小constantly/continuously/经常变化
168systematically有系统地变化StudentsvaryconsiderablyintheirabilitiestounderstandtheL2.学生理解第二语言的能力差别很大。TheirneedsforEnglishwillvarygreatlydependingonlocalcircumstances.他们对英语的需求依据当地环境而有很大的不同。Cross-culturenormsofverbalinteractionvarywidely.跨文化口语互动的标准差异很大。Thewholeclasshastovaryconstantlytokeepupthelevelofinterest.这整节课必须经常变化以保持高度兴趣。固定搭配vary+prep.varyprep.中译varyfrom…to…因……而异/从……至……的差别between…and…在……和……之间变动。with随……变化in在……方面的变化accordingto/dependingon依据……而变化among在……之中有差别ThesymptomsofAlzheimer’svaryformpersontopersonandchangeasthediseaseprogresses.阿尔兹海默病的症状因人而异,而且会随病症的发展而改变。Thetotalcostisunknow,althoughestimatesvarybetween$2.4billionand$7billion.总金额不明,但估计是在24亿和80亿美元之间。ThestrengthandnatureofsuchaccentsvarywithL1.这种口音的强度和性质随第一语言而变化。Earthquakesvaryhugelyinsize.地震在规模上变化很大。Themethodsofinvestigationneededtovaryaccordingtopurpose.研究方法需要依据目的而变化。Weareawarethatsuchstandardsvaryamonginstitutionsandcountries.我们知道这种标准在不同机构和国家之中都有差别。
169句型:1、______varyfromareatoarea.……因地区而异。2、______canvaryfromculturetoculture.……会因文化而异。3、______variesamongdifferentcultures.……因不同文化而异。4、Thisvariesgreatlydependingon______.这因……而有很大的变化。5、Thequalityof______mayvaryconsiderably.……的质量差别很大。6、_______mayvaryintheirattitudestoward_______.……对……在态度上有差别。yield(v.)得出固定搭配yield+n.yieldn.中译yieldfinding/outcome/output/result得出结果data/information得出资料conclusion得出结论evidence得出证据implication得出影响insight得出洞见relationship得出关系benefit得出利益response得出响应effect得出效果factor得出因素difference得出差异Iftwoconditionsyieldsimilarfindingsthenreliabilityisestablished.如果两种情况都得出类似的结果,那么可信度就得以建立。Thismethoddoesnotalwaysyieldauniqueresult.此方法无法总是得出独一无二的结果。
170Futureanalysesmayyielddatainsupportofsuchahypothesis.未来的分析可能得出资料以支持这种假设。Eachofthethreestudysyieldedslightlydifferentconclusions.这三个研究各自得出稍有不同的结论。固定搭配yield+n.yieldn.中译yieldcorrelation得出相关系数mean得出平均值percentage得出百分比score得出分数value得出数值equation得出方程式Thetworatingsyieldacorrelationof+0.04,whichisnotsignificantlydifferentfromzero.这两项评比得出相关系数+0.04,这与0没有显著差异。Usingsimilarsamplesinscaledevelopmentleadstoscalesthatyieldverysimilarscores.在量表上使用类似的样本会导致得分非常相似的量表。Thisstudyyieldedthefollowingclearresults…这些研究得出以下清楚的结果……Thestudieshaveyieldedanumberofinterestingresults.这些研究已得出一些有趣的结果。Thosetwoapproachescouldyielddifferentthoughvaluableresults.这两种方法可能会得出不同却有价值的结果。句型:1、______yieldanamazingresult.……得出惊人的结果。2、Thesedatayieldanumberofinsightabout______.这些数据得出一些对于……的见解。3、______mayyieldvaluableinsightsanddiscoveries.……可得出有价值的洞见和发现。4、Acombinationof______and______mayyieldthebestresults.
171……和……的结合可得出最佳的结果。5、Ibelievethat______wouldyieldsufficientdataforanalysis.我相信……可得出足够的资料以供分析。6、Webelievethefindingsfromthisstudyyieldimportantimplicationsfor______.我们相信此研究结果对……产生重要影响。形容词和副词搭配academic(adj.)学术的固定搭配academic+n.academicn.中译academicachievement/establishment/excellence/performance/success学术成就/表现circle/community/world学术界career/life学术生涯degree/diploma学术学位area/domain/field学术领域discipline学门department学系subject学科NNSsfacedvariouschallengesandfeltinsecureintheirattemptstobecomecompetentmembersoftheacademiccommunity.非以英语为母语者面对各种挑战,尝试成为学术界称职的一员,却感到信心不足。Theclassconsistsprimarilyoffreshmanstudentsfromeveryacademicfieldattheuniversity.这个班主要由大学中每个学术领域的大一学生所组成。Thestudysuggestthatacademicdisciplineoffacultymembersmaybeimportantfactorsinpredictingtheirresponsetostudentwritingerrors.此研究指出教师的学科也许是预测他们对学生写作错误的反应的重要因素。TheKoreangovernmenthasintroducedEnglishasanacademicsubjectintheircurriculaattheelementaryschoollevel.韩国政府引进英语作为小学课程中的一门学科。
172固定搭配academic+n.academicn.中译academicconference/meeting/seminar学术会议lecture/speech学术演讲journal学术期刊article/paper学术学位writing学术写作work学术作品document/literature学术文献institution学术机构research/study学术研究freedom学术自由background学术背景development/progress学术进展Hamp-lyonsdefinedacademicwritingasthekindofwritingthatteachersandstudentsdoatuniversities.汉普-莱昂斯把学术写作定义为在大学里教师和学生所从事的写作。Intheacademicliteratureabouttoolusing,theprimatesdefinitelyleadthefield.在有关使用工具的文献中,灵长类绝对是领先物种。Schoolingplaysafarmoresignificantpartinacademicprogressthandoesrace,sexorbackground.在学术进展上学校教育比种族、性别或背景扮演更重要的角色。句型:1、______areenrolledinacademicinstitutions.……注册就读学术机构。2、______isthekeyfeatureoftheacademiccommunity.……是学术界的主要特色。3、Inacademicwritingsitisprobablymorecommonto______.在学术写作中可能比较常……different(adj.)不同的固定搭配adv.+different/different+adv.adv.different中译distinctly/far/markedly/much/非常/显著不同的
173quite/significant/strikingly/substantially/vastly/very/widelydifferentcompletely/entirely/essentially/radically/totally/utterly完全不同的basically/fundamentally基本上不同的little/slightly/somewhat/subtly略有不同的Swain(1998)providedevidencethatsubstantialdifferenceininstractionaltimedonotnecessarylyleadtosubstantiallydifferentgainsinlearning.斯温(1998)指出教学时间上的重大差异并不一定会导致学习成果的显著不同。Ihavereviewedextensiveliteraturepointingtovastlydifferentunderstandingsacrosscultures.我回顾大量的文献指出不同文化有非常不同的理解。Theinterferencebetweentwocloselyrelateddialectsisfargreaterthanbetweentwocompletelydifferentlanguages.两种密切相关的方言之间的干扰远大于两种完全不同的语言。Mydatareflectopinionslittledifferentfromthoseoftheauthorsofthosearticles.我的资料反应的意见与那些文章的作者的意见略有不同。固定搭配different+prep.differentprep.中译differentfrom/to/than与……不同Whatisvaluedinwritingforwritingclassisdifferentfromwhatisvaluedinwritingforotheracademiccourses.写作课的写作所重视的与其它学术课程的写作所重视的不同。Aspokendefinitionisverydifferentthanacarefullythoughtout,writtendictionarydefinition.口头定义与经过谨慎思考的、书面的字典定义是非常不同的。Theyconsistentlywroteaboutsomethingcompletelydifferentthantheyhavetalkedaboutingroup.他们一再写出与他们在团体中所说的完全不同的东西。Thesizeanddistributionoftheirpopulationisverydifferenttothesituationprevailingintheearly1960s.他们人口的数量和分布与20世纪60年代早期的情况非常不同。
174句型:1、______mightbeentirelydifferentfrom______.……可能与……完全不同。2、______arelikelytobemuchdifferentfrom______.……可能与……有很大不同。3、______haveameaningquitedifferentfrom______.……的意义可能与……有很大不同。4、Thestructureof______isnotsoradicallydifferentfromthatof______.……的结构并非与……的结构完全不同。5、______wasdifferentfrom______in______.……与……的不同之处在于……empirical(adj.)实证的固定搭配empirical+n.empiricaln.中译empiricalresearch/study/work实证研究enquiry/exploration/investigation实证探究experiment实证实验evalution/verification实证检验approach/method实证方法finding/result实证结果analysis实证分析base/basis/foundation实证基础evidence实证证据data/information实证资料generalization实证推论support实证支持pointofview实证观点science实证科学Almostnoempiricalworkhasbeendoneontheproblemofalienation.对于异化的问题几乎没有做过任何实证研究。Onthepasttenyearsorsotherehasbeenagreatdealofinnovativethinkingandimpressiveempiricalinvestigationinourfield.过去大约十年来,我们的领域出现了大量创新思考和出色的实证调查。
175Athoroughempiricalevaluationoftheresearcher’shypothesisiscarriedoutinthecontextofconsumerexpenditure.对研究者提出的假设所进行的详尽的实证检验是在消费者支出的脉络下开展的。Theseclassificationsgiveusawealthofempiricaldata.这些分类为我们提供大量的实证资料。句型:1、Thereislittleexpiricalresearchinvestigating______.很少有探讨……的实证研究。2、______needadditionalempiricalsupport.……需要更多的实证支持。3、Toobtainempiricaldataregarding______,anexperimentwascarriedout.为了取得有关……的实证资料,进行了一项实验。4、Severalempiricalstudiesrelatingto______havebeenimplementedinrecentyears.近年来已经进行了多项有关……的实证研究。5、Inthepasttwodecadesasubstantialbodyofempiricalresearchhasprovidedadetailedaccountof______.过去20年大量的实证研究提供了对……的详尽描述。experiment(adj.)实验的固定搭配experimental+n.experimentaln.中译experimentalinvestigation/research/study/work实验研究design/set-up实验设计finding/outcome/result实验结果approach/method实验方法technique实验技术manipulation实验操控treatment实验处理test实验测试subject实验对象group实验组flaw实验错误base/basis实验基础Thetwoexperimentalset-upweredifferent,incompatible,andsocouldnotact
176together.这两个实验设计不同而且不兼容,因此无法一起使用。ScientistsfoundflawsintheexperimentaltechniquesusedbyPrinzandhiscolleagues.科学家发现了普林兹和他的同事所使用的实验技术上有错误。Decisionstoretainorrejectahypothesisaredeterminedbytheresultsofexperimentaltests.要决定支持或否决一个假设取决于实验测试的结果。Inpsychologicalexperiments,dataareoftenderiveddirectlybypresentingtheexperimentalsubjectwiththerequiredtestviathescreenofacomputerterminal.在心理学实验中,资料通常来自于直接让实验对象面对计算机终端的显示器作必要的测试。LongpointedoutexperimentalflawsinNeufeld’sexperiments.朗指出了诺伊费尔德实验中的实验错误。句型:1、Recentexperimentalworkhassuggestedthat______.最近的实验研究指出……2、Theseconflictingexperimentalresultsmayinfactbeindicatingthat______.这些冲突的实研结果事实上可能指出……3、Althoughmanyexperimentalstudieshavebeencarriedout______remainstheclearestandbest-knownwork.尽管已经进行了许多实验研究,……仍然是最清楚和最知名的研究。necessary(adj.)必须的;必要的英文中有些形容词不可用人作主语,必须用it作为形式主语,necessary是其中之一。例如:Itisnecessaryformetostudyhard.我们必须要努力学习。如要使用that从句句内的动词应用should+动词原形。ItisnecessarythatthestudentbeledtotowardsbetterEnglish.带领学生学好英语是必须的。
177在论文写作时,表示事物是必须的或重要的,这些形容词的用法都与necessary相同,包括vital,important,imperative,essential,obligatory,desirable,eager,advisable,appropriate,preferable等。固定搭配v.+necessaryv.necessary中译benecessary是必须的seem似乎是必须的prove证明是必须的remain仍是必须的Itwouldbenecessarytoexaminedatafromalargenumberofsubjectsworkingwiththissoftware.研究大量使用此软件的对象所得的数据是必须的。Ifstudentsareunusedtoworkingindependently,somepreviewingorbriefdiscussionofchaptercontentsmayprovenecessary.如果学生不习惯自主学习,对章节内容作些预习或简单讨论最终或许证明是必须的。Henceitremainsnecessarytoexplaininfutherdetailthepresentresearch.因此进一步详细解释此研究仍是必须的。固定搭配necessary+n.necessaryn.中译necessaryinformation/knowledge必要的知识method必要的方法resource必要的资源condition/prerequisite必要的条件change必要的改变expertise/skill必要的技能action必要的行动evil不得已的事情Thereadermaynothavethenecessaryknowledgeofthetargetculture.读者可能对此目标文化缺乏必要的知识。Consensushastobeanecessaryconditionofpartnership.伙伴关系的必要条件是共识。Physicalfrialtyreducestheabilitytotakethenecessaryquickactiontoavoidaccidentalinjuries.虚弱的身体降低了必要时快速采取行动以避免意外伤害的能力。
178UseoftheL1inlearningEnglishisseemnotasdesirablebutasanecessaryevil.使用母语来学习英语并不被视为好事,反而被视为不得已的事情。固定搭配necessary+prep.necessaryprep.中译necessaryfor/to为……是必需的Futherresearchisnecessaryforverification.为求实证,未来的研究是必须的。句型:1、Itisnecessarytoconsider______.考虑……是必须的。2、Itseemsnecessarytotrytosimplifyandimprove______.简化和改善……是必须的。3、Weneedtodevelopthenecessaryknowledgeandskillto______.我们需要发展必要的知识和技能以便……4、______wouldbenecessarytovalidatetheseresults.要证实这些结果,……是必须的。significant(adj.)显著的;有意义的;重要的固定搭配significant+n.significantn.中译significantdifference显著差异contribution重要贡献conclusion重要结论advance/development/improvement/progress显著进展consequence/effect/outcome/result显著结果/效果part/position/role重要角色impact/influence重要影响element/factor重要因素boost/gain/growth/increace显著增加decline/decrease显著减少change显著改变degree/extent/level重要程度
179Itisreasonabletobelievethatthereisasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwogroupsintheirperformanceonthistask.有理由相信这两组在这项工作的表现上具有显著的差异。Thedifferencebetweenthepretestscoresandthefinaltestscoresissignificantatthelevelof0.05.前测分数和后测分数的差异在0.05的水平时是显著的。Thepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzeonepossibleforcewhichmakeasignificantcontributiontoexplainingthewage-pricebehaviorofafewimportantindustries.本文的目的是去分析一个可能的因素,对解释一些重要产业的薪资行为有重要贡献。Theanalysisproducedasignificantreslut.此分析得出一个显著的结果。InreadinginChinese,rhetoricalstructureplayasignificantroleinsecondaryschoolinstruction.阅读中文时,修辞结构在中学教育中扮演着重要角色。Thechickenthathadreceivedthevirusshowedasignificantincreaseinbodyfat.接受病毒的小鸡的身体脂肪显著增加。固定搭配adv.+significantadv.significant中译statisticallysignificant统计上显著的especially/highly/notably/very/particularly特别/非常重要的fairy/quite相当显著的equally同样重要的ThedifferencesinresponsestoQuestions10and11werestatisticallysignificant.第10题和第11题的回答在统计学上有显著的差异。Therearetwoespeciallysignificantfactersshapingthefutureofourcivilization.有两个特被重要的因素左右着我们文明的未来。句型:1、______showedstatisticallysignificantdifferences.……显示有统计上的显著差异。2、Nosignificantdifferencewasfoundin______.
180在……未发现有显著差异。3、Asignificanteffectdiscoveredduringthestudyis______.在研究中所发现的一个显著效果是……4、Thesemethodshavenosignificanteffecton______.这些方法对于……没有显著效果。5、Thesignificantdifferencebetweenthetreatmentandtheno-treatmentgroupsmayhavebeencausedby______.处理组和非处理组之间的显著差异可能是……所引起的。statistical(adj.)统计的固定搭配statistical+n.statisticaln.中译statisticalresearch/study/work统计性研究analysis统计分析method统计方法procedure统计程序data/information统计资料model统计模式test统计检定skill/technique统计技术evidence统计证据significance统计的显著性finding/result统计结果table统计表software统计软件probablilty统计几率correlation统计相关性WewouldliketothankDr.Liforthisveryvaluableassistancewiththestatisticalanalysisofthedata.我们要感谢李博士在资料的统计分析上所提供的宝贵协助。Itisverydifficulttocomparestatisticaldatafromdifferentcountries.比较来自不同国家的统计资料是非常困难的。Thetestwasadministeredtoalargesampleofsubjectswhosescoreswereanalyzedaccordingtoanewstatisticalmodel.该测验对大量的对象施测,而其分数是以一个新的统计模式进行分析。
181Thestatisticalevidencesuggeststhereissomeassociationbetweencrimeandsocialclass.统计上的证据指出犯罪和社会阶级之间有某些关系。Todeterminethestatisticalsignificanceofthedifferences,atwo-wayanalysisofvariancewasrun.为了要确认此异在统计上的显著性,进行了二因子方差分析。Careshouldbetakeninmakingcausalinferencesfromstatisticalresults.对统计结果作出因果推论时需要很谨慎。句型:1、Dataforstatisticalanalyseswerecollectedfrom______.统计分析的资料是从……收集而来的。2、______didnotreachstatisticalsignificance.……并未达到统计上的显著性。3、Theresultsforthestatisticalsignificanceindicatedthat______.统计上显著的结果指出……4、______statisticalprocedurescanbeusedtoanalyze______.……统计程序可用来分析……superior(adj.)优于要比较A和B两者的优劣时可用“AissuperiortoB”,superior之后要搭配介词to,不可用than。类似的词还有inferior,prior,posterior,senior,junior等。例如:Asdescriptivelinguists,wecannotsaythatonevarietyoflanguageisintrinsicallysuperiororinferiortoanother.身为描述语言学家,我们不能说一种语言在本质上优于或劣于另一种语言。固定搭配adv.+superioradv.superior中译clearly/distinctly/far/greatly/much/markedly/significantly/strikingly/vastlysuperior明显优于inherently/innately/instrinsically本质上优于rather/slightly/somewhat有些优于undoubtedly无疑地优于
182Theinnovativematerialsaresignificantlysuperiortothetraditionalmaterials.这些创新材料明显优于传统的材料。Racismisthenotionthatoneraceisinnatelysuperiortoanother.种族主义的概念是认为某一种族在本质上优于另一种族。句型:1、______seemssuperiorto______.……似乎是优于……2、______wouldprovesuperiorto______.证明……优于……3、______remainmarkedlysuperiorto______.……仍是明显优于……4、______wassignificantlysuperiorto______inanumberofanalyses.在数次分析中,……都明显优于……theoretical(adj.)理论的固定搭配theoretical+n.theoreticaln.中译theoreticalbase/basis/foundation/grounding/ground理论基础backdrop/background理论背景concept/construct理论概念framework/structure理论架构model理论模式assumption/hypothesis理论假设implication/significance理论意义support/underpinning理论支持perspective/pointofview/standpoint/viewpoint理论观点explanation/interpretation理论解释analysis理论分析value理论价值insight理论洞察力approach/method理论方法issue/topic理论议题advance/progress理论的进步investigation/research理论性探索
183importance理论上的重要性interest理论上的兴趣position/stance理论立场Anadequatetheoreticalbaseislacking.缺乏一个适当的理论基础。Ethnographicdatacollectionbeginswithatheoreticalframeworkdirectingtheresearcher’sattentiontocertainkindsofresearchquestions.人种志资料的收集始于一个理论构架,引导研究者注意某些问题。Thepurposeofthisarticleistolaythefoundationfordebateaboutthetheoreticalassumptions.此文的目的是为这些理论假设奠定辩论的基础。Theremustbecriteriaforevaluatingtheadequacyofdifferenttheoreticalpointsofview.一定要有标准来评价不同理论观点的充分性。AfamousexampleofthistheoreticalapproachisChomsky’s(1965)analysisoflanguageintermsofunderlyinggrammaticalrules.此理论方法的一个著名的例子为乔姆斯基(1965)用潜在语法规则分析语言。Althoughtherehavebeentheoreticaladvancesinthesetwoareas,therehasbeenlittlecommunicationbetweenthem.虽然这两个领域都有理论上的进展,但是它们之间却缺乏沟通。Theissueexamined—therelationshipbetweenageandL2attainmentinadults—hasboththeoreticalandpracticalimportance.此议题探讨年龄与成人第二语言成就的关系,兼具理论和实务上的重要性。Thispaperprovidesanoverviewofvarioustheoreticalpositions.这篇论文提供各种不同理论立场的综述。句型:1、Fromatheoreticalstandpoint,researchisneededon______.从理论的观点来看,需要……的研究。2、Thetheoreticalfoundationisbasedoncurrentresearchin______.此理论基础奠定在目前对……的研究上。3、Thismodelconstitutesatheoreticalexplanationfor______.此模式构成对……的理论解释。
1844、______hasbeenshowntobeseriouslyinadequateonboththeoreticalandpracticalgrounds.……在理论和实务基础上都严重不足。5、Systematicstudyof______couldprovideatheoreticalbasisfor______.有系统的研究……,可为……提供理论支持。varying(adj.)各种的;不同的固定搭配varying+n.varyingn.中译varyingapproach/way各种方式degree/level不同程度viewpoint各种观点scpect各种方面Teachersweretrainedinvaryingapproachestolanguageteaching.教师接受各种不同方法的训练来教授语言。Arabicwaswidelyusedtovaryingdegreesastheunofficalmediumofinstruction.阿拉伯文在不同程度上被广泛使用来作为授课的非正式媒介。Wespeakfromvaryingviewpoint.我们站在各种观点上发言。句型:1、______wereinfluencedinvaryingdegrees.……受不同程度的影响。worth(adj.)值得的beworth后要接名词或名词短语,若接动词应使用主动语态的动名词,尽管有时有被动的含义。例如:Thisquestionisworthstuding.(此问题值得研究)固定搭配worth+v-ingworthv-ing中译worthexamining/exploring/investigating/researching/studying值得探讨/研究bearinginmind/remembering值得谨记在心noticing/noting值得注意considering/thinking值得思考
185mentioning值得一提pointingout值得指出reading值得阅读attempting/trying值得尝试Theliteratureonimmigrantisworthexamining.女性移民的文献值得探讨。Itisworthbeinginmindjusthowmuchdatawearetalkingabout.我们讨论的资料量到底有多少,值得谨记在心。Severalpointsareworthnoting.有几点值得注意。Oneaspectinparticularofthismatterseemsworthmentioning.这件事有个层面似乎特别值得一提。Herarticleisclearlyarguedandworthreadinginfull.她的文章论证清楚,只得详尽阅读。固定搭配worth+n.worthn.中译worthattention值得注意effort值得付出努力time值得付出时间cost/price值得付出代价Thosedataareworthourattention.那些资料值得我们注意。Administratorswillneedtobeconvinceditisworththetimeandeffort.必须说服管理者这是值得付出时间和努力的。Youshouldalwayscheckcaloriesandseeiftheenjoymentisworththecost.你应随时注意卡路里的摄取量,看看这样的享受是否值得付出代价。Severalpointsareworthnotingfromthisexample.这个例子中有几点值得注意。Oftenthequestionswhichareeasiesttoanswerarenotworthasking.最容易回答的问题通常都不值得发问。
186句型:1、Itisworthnotingthat______.值得注意的是……2、Itisworthbearinginmindthat______.值得谨记在心的是……3、Itisworthpointingoutthat______.值得指出的是……4、Thispointisworthemphasizingbecause______.这点值得强调,因为……5、Onedifferenceworthmontioningconcerns______.一个值得一提的差异是关于……6、______isdefinitelyworthreadingseriously.……绝对值得详尽阅读。worthwhile(adj.)值得的;有价值的worth后一定要接名词活动名词,而worthwhile可以放在be后单独存在。Formenwithhighcholesterollevelstheeffortmaybeworthwhile.对于高胆固醇的人而言,这样的努力是值得的。worthwhile还可放在名词前作定语。TheInternationalLaborOrgannization(ILO)hasconductedworthwhileresearchontheseissues.国际劳工组织针对这些议题作过有价值的研究。固定搭配worthwhile+n.worthwhilen.中译worthwhileingvestigation/project/research/work有价值的研究article/paper有价值的论文contribution有价值的贡献collaboration有价值的合作attention有价值的注意resource有价值的资源reading值得一读effort/endeavor有价值的努力
187Thisworthwhilearticlecontainsadiscussionofseveraltypesofdictationactivities.这篇有价值的论文包含了对几种听写活动的讨论。Extralightingwouldmakeaworthwhilecontributiontoroadsafetyonthisdangerousstretchofroad.额外的照明对此危险路段的道路安全提供有价值的贡献。Itiswithoutdoubtavaluableandworthwhileresourceforseriousscholars.这对认真的学者来说无疑是珍贵而有价值的资源。L2teatherswillfindthebookworthwhilereading.第二语言教师会发现这本书值得一读。Weneedtorefineourresearchquestionsothatitisworthwhileanddoable.我们需要再斟酌一下研究问题,使它具有研究价值和可行性。句型:1、Itisworthwhiletotrytodesign______.尝试去设计……是有价值的。2、Itseemsparticularlyworthwhiletoanalyze______.去分析……似乎特别有价值。3、Theauthorconcludesthatitisworthwhileto______.作者总结说……是很有价值的4、______makestheeffortworthwhile.……使得努力是值得的。5、Itisprobablynotworthwhilespendingtimeon______.也许把时间花在……上是不值得的。6、Itbecomesaworthwhilegoalforourprofessionaleffortto______.……成为值得我们专业努力去达到的目标。worthy(adj.)值得的worthy和worthwhile一样可以放在名词前当定语。Freedom,inthesenseofself-determination,isaworthyobjective.自由在自决的意义下是一个有价值的目标。
188worthy和worth一样,其后一定要接名词,不同在于worthy后虽可接名词,但也常接不定式to和介系词of,而worth后不可接不定式。此外worthyto或worthyof之后可采取被动语态,与worth之后一定要使用主动语态的要求不同。Latinwastheonlylanguageworthytobetought.拉丁语是唯一值得被教的语言。固定搭配worthwhile+n.worthyprep.中译worthyof值得OnerareexampleworthyofmentionisDudley-Evens(1994).值得一提的一个罕见的例子是达德利-埃文斯(1994)的研究。Thispossibilitywouldseemworthyoffurtherinvestigation.这个可能性似乎值得进一步探讨。Wecanconcludeonlythatthisissueisworthyoffurtherinvestigation.我们只能下决定说这个议题仍值得进一步的探究。Thequestionofwhichtypesoferrorsaremostworthyofattentionandcorrectionarises.何种错误是最值得注意和改正的问题就浮现了。句型:1、______isnotworthytobediscussedagainandagain.……不值得一再讨论。2、______isworthyofinvestigation.……是值得探究的。3、Alsoworthyoffurtherinvestigationistherelationshipof______and______.同样也值得进一步探讨的是……和……之间的关系。empirically(adv.)实证上地固定搭配empirically+adj.empiricallyadj.中译based/grounded有实证基础的
189empiricallyconfirmable/testable/verifiable实证上可检验的tested实证上以验证的confirmed实证上已证实的investigated实证上已调查的supported实证上支持的documented实证上已记载的related实证上相关的oriented有实证取向的Findingsfromsuchanalysesallowustoconductempiricallybaseddescriptionsofperformanceatdifferentproficiencylevels.这样的分析结果可让我们对不同能力的表现建构有实证基础的描述。Thereportspresentedaboveareanecdotalinnatureratherthanempiricallygrounded.以上呈现的报告本质上是逸事性而无实证基础的。Forsomeresearchers,apurportedexplanationmustbeempiricallytestable.对某些研究者而言,其所主张的解释必须是能够经实证检验的。OneempiricallysupportedexplanationwasofferedbyPienemann(1995).皮内曼(1995)提供了一个有实证支持的解释。句型:1、______canbeempiricallyinvestigated.……可作实证上的调查。2、Descriptionsof______arenotempiricallybased.对……的描述是不具实证基础的。3、Buttheactualeffectof______hasnot,tomyknowledge,beenempiricallytested.但据我所知,……的实际效果尚未经实证检验。potentially(adv.)可能地;潜在地固定搭配empirically+adj.potentiallyadj.中译potentiallycrucial/important/significant可能重要的beneficial/fruitful/profitable/useful可能有利的valuable可能有价值的relevant可能相关的infinite无限可能的profound可能深刻的appealing/interesting可能有趣的
190Otherpotentiallyimportantphenomenamightbeoverlooked.其他可能重要的现象也许会被忽略。Weshouldconsidertheirpotentiallyinfinitecombinations.我们应该考虑它们无限组合的可能性。Thislineofresearchhaspotentiallyprofoundimpactsoneducationalpractices.这种研究对于教学可能有深远的影响。固定搭配empirically+adj.potentiallyadj.中译potentiallycalamitous/catastrophic/damaging/dangerous/disastrous/harmful/hazardous可能危险的difficult/problematic/troublesome可能困难的serious可能严重的fatal/lethal/life-threatening可能致命的conflicting可能相互矛盾的negative可能是负面的flawed可能有瑕疵的vulnerable可能易受害的Microwavecookingcreatespotentiallydangeroussubstancesinbabymilkwhichmaydamagethebrain,liverandkidneys.微波烹饪会在婴儿牛奶中产生可能危险的物质,伤害婴儿的脑部、肝脏和肾脏。Ihavesuggestedhowtopreventaccidentsbybeingconsciousofpotentiallydifficultsituations.我已建议如何注意可能的困难情况以避免意外。句型:1、______isanotherpotentiallyvaluablesourceofenergy.……是另一种可能有价值的能源。2、Thisposesapotentiallyseriousproblemfor______.这可能会给……带来一个很严重的问题。3、Onepotentiallynegativeaspectofthepaperis______.此论文一个可能的消极面是……4、______isapotentiallyinterestingtopicforfurtherresearch.是进一步研究的一个可能很有趣的题目。
1915、______willbenecessarytoavoidpotentiallydisastrouseffectsofglobalwarming.……对于避免全球变暖可能产生的危险后果是必需的。scientificially(adv.)科学上固定搭配scientifically+adj.scientificallyadj.中译scientificallyattested/proved/tested/validately/verified科学上验证的justifiable/testable科学上可证实的controlled科学上控制的measured科学上测量过的derived科学上衍生出的constructed科学上建构的oriented科学取向的based有科学基础的accurate/correct科学上正确的sound科学上合理的valid科学上有效的Inthefieldofthenaturescience,scientificiallyverifieddataarequitereadilyavailableandanydiscussioncanbeenshortenedwithgoodresults.在自然科学领域中,科学实证的资料相当多,任何的讨论都可因良好的结果而缩短。Thisresearchisbasedonsomescientificiallytestedfact.此研究是基于某种科学上可证实的事实。Thepredominantviewoflanguageteachinghadtraditionallybeenbasedonascientificallyderivedconceptionofteachingsupportedbyempiricalinvestigations.语言教学的主要观点向来都基于科学上衍生出的教学概念,亦都有实证调查的支持。ThisistheapproachwhichIbelieveisscientificallysound.我相信这个方式在科学上是合理的。句型:1、______canbescientificallycontrolledandmeasured.……是可由科学上控制和测量的。2、______isportrayedasascientificallybasedactivity.……被描述成一种具有科学基础的活动。
1923、______hasnot,tomyknowledge,beenscientificallyproved.就我所知,……尚未在科学上被证实。significantly(adv.)显著地固定搭配v.+significantly/significantly+v.v.significantly中译change/differ/varysignificantly显著地不同perform表现显著地contribute贡献显著地improve显著地改进correlated显著地相关climb/grow/increase/rise显著地增加decline/decrease/drop/reduce显著地减少affect/influence显著地影响Evensurveydatagatheredbythesamemultinationalcompanymightdiffersignificantlybetweenonecountryandanother.甚至同一多国企业所收集的调查资料中,在不同国家间也会有显著的差异。Theolderparticipantsperformedsignificantlybetterthantheyoungerindividualswhohadnotyetbeentrained.年龄大的参与者比未接受过训练的年轻人表现得明显更好。TheworkofRogershascontributedsignificantlyinrecentyearstoaredefinitionoftheeducationalprocess.罗杰斯的研究近年来对于教育过程的重新定义贡献显著。Passenger-sideairbagshavesignificantlyincreasedfatalitiesamongchildrenridinginfrontseats.乘客坐的安全气囊明显的提高了坐在前坐儿童的死亡率。SalesofFordandG.M.droppedsignificantlylastyear.去年通用和福特的销售量明显减少了。固定搭配significantly+adj.significantlyadj.中译significantlydifferent显著不同于better/greater/superior显著优于higher/more显著高于correlated显著相关的
193Anopinionsurveyshowedwomenhavesignificantlydifferentpoliticalviewsfrommen.一项意见调查显示女性与男性的政治观点明显不同。Theperformanceofseven-year-oldchildrenissignificantlysuperiortothatoftheyoungestchildren.七岁儿童的表现明显优于最年幼的儿童。ThefigureissignificantlyhigherthantheAsiaaverageof62percent.这个数据明显高于亚洲平均的62%。Certainaspectsoflearnercharacteristicsweremoresignificantlycorrelatedwithlanguagelearningsuccessthanotherswere.比起其他特质,学习者的某些特质对于语言学习成功更具显著相关性。句型:1、______cancontributesignificantlytotheconstructionofaunifiedtheoryof______.……对……的整合理论构建有很大贡献。2、______havesignificantlyincreasedourunderstandingof______.……显著的增进了我们对……的理解。3、______wassignificantlysuperiorto______.……显著优于……theoretically(adv.)理论上在论文写作中theoretically常作连接副词使用。Theoretically,middleschoolgraduatesenteringtertiaryinstitutionsshouldhavelearnedEnglishforatlestsixyears.TheyshouldhaveafairlysoundbackgroundinEnglishgrammarandpronunciation.理论上而言,要进入大学的中学毕业生至少都学过六年的英语。他们应该具备相当扎实的英语语法和发音基础。theoretically不做连接副词时搭配如下:固定搭配theoretically+adj.theoreticallyadj.中译based/grounded有理论基础的
194theoreticallysound/valid理论上合理的/有效的justified理论上合理化的crucial/important/significant理论上重要的salient理论上突出的possible理论上可能的superior理论上较好的useful理论上有用的Theresearcherintroduceshisreaderstoseveraltheoreticallygroundedmethods.研究者给读者介绍几种有理论基础的方法。Onlycriticalanalysisoftheseissueswillleadtotheoreticallysoundapproachestocurriculumdevelopment.只有批判性的分析这些议题,才能在课程发展上得到理论上可靠的方法。Itistheoreticallypossibletodoresearchthisway,butitisinefficient.如此做研究在理论上是可行的,但是缺乏效率。固定搭配theoretically+adj.theoreticallyadj.中译theoreticallyflawed理论上有瑕疵的problematic理论上有问题的impossible理论上不可能的different理论上不同的complicated理论上复杂的challenging理论上有挑战性的Thistheoreticallyflawednotiondoesnothaveanyrelevantforsecondlanguagelearning.这个理论上有瑕疵的概念与第二语言学习无关。Heclaimsthatthetwotypesoftests,thoughtheoreticallydifferent,couldbeplacedamongacontinuumrangingfromhighlyintergrativeattheoneendtohighlydiscrete-pointattheother.他宣称这两种测验虽然在理论上不同,但可视为一个连续体,从一端的高度整合至另一端的高度离散。句型:1、Theoretically,theseresultssuggestthat______.理论上而言,这些结果指出……2、Thereisnotheoreticallysoundreasonto______.没有理论上充分的理由去……
1953、______canprovideatheoreticallysoundbasisfor______.……可为……提供一个理论上坚实的基础。4、______canplayamoretheoreticallyimporantrolein______.……可在……扮演一个理论上更重要的角色。5、______mightnotbefeasibleevenifitcanbetheoreticallyjustified.……即使理论上是合理的,也不见得是可行的。6、Althoughthisdistinctionbetween______and______isimportanttheoretically,wedonotbelievethatitisalwaysnecessarytodifferentiatetheminpractice.虽然……和……的区别在理论上很重要,但我们觉得在实务上并不比要区分两者。
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