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英语四级阅读练习及答案1.ThreeKindsofFatigue Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttodoctors,friends,andrelatives.You#39;dthinkinthiseraoflabor-savingdevicesandconvenienttransportationthatfewpeoplewouldhavereasontobesotired.Butprobablymorepeoplecomplainoffatiguetodaythaninthedayswhenhaywasbaledbyhandandlaundryscrubbedonawashboard. Thecausesofmodern-dayfatiguearediverseandonlyrarelyrelatedtoexcessivephysicalexertion.Therelativelyfewpeoplewhodoheavylaboralldaylongalmostnevercomplainaboutbeingtired,perhapsbecausetheyexpecttobe.Today,physiciansreport,tirednessismorelikelyaconsequenceofunder-exertionthanofwearingyourselfdownwithover-activity.Infact,increasedphysicalactivityisoftenprescribedasacureforloweringenergy. Physical.Thisisthewell-knownresultofoverworkingyourmusclestothepointwheremetabolic(新成代谢的)wasteproducts—carbondioxideandlacticacid(乳酸)—accumulateinourbloodandreduceyourstrength.Yourmusclescan#39;tcontinuetoworkefficientlyinabathofthesechemicals.Physicalfatigueisusuallyapleasanttiredness,suchasthatwhichyoumightexperienceafterplayingahardsetoftennis,choppingwood,orclimbingamountain.Thecureissimpleandfast:Yourest,givingyourbodyachancetogetridofaccumulatedwastesandrestoremusclefuel. Pathological(病理的).Herefatigueisawarningsignorconsequenceofsomeunderlyingphysicaldisorder,perhapsthecommoncoldorfluorsomethingmoreseriouslikediabetesorcancer.Usuallyothersymptomsbesidesfatiguearepresentthatsuggestthetruecause. Evenafteranillnesshaspassed,you#39;relikelytofeeldraggedoutforaweekormore.Takeyourfatigueasasignaltogoslowwhileyourbodyhasachancetorecoverfullyevenifallyouhadwasacold.Pushingyourselftoresumefullactivitytoosooncouldleadtoarelapse(旧病复发)andalmostcertainlywillprolongourperiodoffatigue. Eventhoughillnessisnotfrequentcauseofprolongedfatigue,it#39;sveryimportantthatitnotbeoverlooked.Therefore,anyonewhofeelsdrainedofenergyforweeksonendshouldhaveathoroughphysicalcheck-up.Butevenif
1nothingshowsupasaresultofthevariousmedicaltests,thatdoesn#39;tmeanthere#39;snothingwrongwithyou. Psychological.Emotionalproblemsandconflicts,especiallydepressionandanxiety,arebyfarthemostcommoncausesofprolongedfatigue.Fatiguemayrepresentadefencemechanismthatpreventsyoufromhavingtofacethetruecauseofyourdepression,suchasthefactthatyouhateyourjob.Itisalsoyourbody#39;ssafetymechanismforexpressingrepressedemotionalconflicts,suchasfeelingtrappedinanungratefulroleoranunhappymarriage.Whensuchfeelingsarenotexpressedopenly,theyoftencomeoutasphysicalsymptoms,withfatigueasoneofthemostcommonmanifestations."Manypeoplewhoareextremelyfatigueddon#39;tevenknowthey#39;redepressed,"Dr.Bulettesays."They#39;resobusydistractingthemselvesorjustworryingaboutbeingtiredthattheydon#39;trecognizetheirdepression." Thereisagreatdealyoucandoonyourowntodealwithbothsevereprolongedfatigueandthoseperiodicwashed-outfeelings.Vitaminsandtranquilizers(镇静剂)arealmostnevertherightanswer,sleepingpillsandalcoholarecounterproductive,andcaffeineisatbestatemporarysolutionthatcanbackfirewithabuseandcauselife-disruptingsymptomsofanxiety.Instead,youmighttry:Diet Ifyoueatasmallbreakfastornoneatall,you#39;relikelytoexperiencemid-morningfatigue,theresultofadropinbloodsugar,whichyourbodyandbraindependonforenergy.Forpeakenergyinthemorning,besuretoeataproperbreakfast,lowinsugarandfairlyhighinprotein,whichwillprovideasteadysupplyofbloodsugarthroughoutthemorning.Coffeeandadoughnutarealmostworsethannothing,providingabriefboostandthenlettingyoudownwithathud. Exercise Contrarytowhatyoumaythink,exerciseenhances,ratherthansaps,energy.Regularconditioningexercises,suchasjogging,cycling,orswimming,helpyoutoresistfatiguebyincreasingyourbody#39;sabilitytohandlemoreofaworkload.Yougettiredlessquicklybecauseyourcapabilityisgreater. Exercisealsohasawell-recognizedtranquilizingeffect,whichhelpsyouworkinamorerelaxedfashionandbelessdraggeddownbythetensionsof
2yourday.Attheendofadayexercisecanrelieveaccumulatedtensions,giveyoumoreenergyintheevening,andhelpyousleepmorerestfully. Sleep Ifyouknowyou#39;retiredbecauseyouhaven#39;tbeengettingenoughsleep,thesolutionissimple:Gettobedearlier.There#39;snorightamountofsleepforeveryone,andgenerallysleeprequirementsdeclinewithage.Findtheamountthatsuitsyoubest,andaimforit.Insomnia(失眠)andothersleepdisordersshouldnotbetreatedwithsleepingpills,alcohol,ortranquilizers,whichcanactuallymaketheproblemworse.Knowyourself Trytoscheduleyourmostdifficultjobsforthetimeofdaywhenyou#39;reatyourpeak.Someare"morningpeople"whotirebymid-afternoon;othersdotheirbestworkintheevening.Don#39;toverextendyourself,tryingtoclimbtheladderofsuccessatarecordpaceortomeeteveryone#39;sdemandsorexpectations.Decidewhatyouwanttodoandwhatyoucanhandlecomfortably,andlearntosaynotoadditionalrequests.Recognizeyourenergycyclesandplanaccordingly.Manywomenhavealowpointpremenstrually,duringwhichtimeextrasleepmaybeneededanddemandingactivitiesareparticularlyexhausting.,Takebreaks Nomatterhowinterestingordemandingyouwork,you#39;llbeabletodoitwithmorevigorifnowandagainyoustop,stretch,andchangethescenery.Insteadofcoffeeandasweetrollonyourbreak,trymeditation,yoga,callisthenics(健美操),orabriskwalk.Evenrunningupanddownthestaircasecanproviderefreshmentfromasedentary(久坐的)job.Ifyourjobisphysicallydemanding,relaxinaquietplaceforawhile.Thedo-something-differentrulealsoappliestovacation;"gettingawayfromitall"foraweekortwoorlongercanbehighlyrevitalizing,helpingyoutoputthingsinperspectiveandenablingyoutotakeyourjobmoreinstrideuponyourreturn. 1.Accordingtothepassage,itishardforpeopletofindcausesoftirednesswhentheyareleadingacomfortableandconvenientlife. 2.Causesofcertaintypesoffatiguearediscussedandsomesuggestionsareputforwardinthepassage. 3.Mostpeopledon#39;twanttotalkabouttheirunhappyfeelingswithothers.
3 4.Physicalfatigueisgoodbecauseitbringsusalotofpleasure. 5.Psychologicalfatigueisthelikelyresponseofourbodytoemotionalproblemsandconflicts. 6.Coffeeandadoughnutmakethesatisfyingbreakfastastheyprovidepeoplewiththedesiredenergy. 7.Whenyouhaveaprolongedfatigue,itisnecessarytohaveathoroughphysicalcheck- upevenifthereisnothingwrongwithyou. 8.Nomatterhowinterestingordemandingyourwork,youneedto______. 9.Fromthepassage,itcanbeseenthattheauthor#39;sattitudestowardstheapproachtodealingwithmodern-fatigueis______. 10.Accordingtophysicians#39;report,tirednessmoreprobablyresultsfrom______. 答案： 1.N2.Y3.NG4.N5.Y6.N7.N8.takebreaks9.positive10.under-exertion2. IntheUnitedStates,itisnot11totelephonesomeoneveryearlyinthemorning.Ifyoutelephonehimearlyintheday,whileheisshavingorhavingbreakfast,thetimeofthecallshowsthatthematterisveryimportantandrequiresimmediateattention.Thesamemeaningisattachedtotelephonecallsmadeafter11:00p.m..Ifsomeonereceivesacallduringsleepinghours,he12it'samatteroflifeanddeath.Thetimechosenforthecall13itsimportance. In14life,timeplaysaveryimportantpart.IntheU.S.A.,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighlyregardedifthe15toadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.Butitisnottrueinallcountries.Inotherareasoftheworld,itmaybeconsideredfoolishtomakeanappointmenttoofarin16becauseplanswhicharemadeforadatemorethanaweekawaytendtobeforgotten.
4Themeaningoftimediffersindifferentpartsoftheworld.Thus,misunderstandings17betweenpeoplefromculturesthattreattimedifferently. Promptnessisvalued18inAmericanlife,forexample.Ifpeoplearenotprompt,theymayberegardedasimpoliteornotfullyresponsible.IntheU.S.noonewouldthinkofkeepingabusiness19waitingforanhour,itwouldbetooimpolite.Apersonwhois5minuteslateis20tomakeashortapology.Ifheislessthan5minuteslate,hewillsayafewwordsofexplanation,thoughperhapshewillnotcompletethesentence.A.highlyB.engagementC.customaryD.socialE.informF.invitationG.advanceH.absenceI. heavilyJ.associateK.expectedL.assumesM.habitualN.ariseO.communicates 答案： 11.C12.L13.O14.D15.F16.G17.N18.A19.J20.K HowtoDealWithDifficultPeople InNewYorkCityoneday,abusinesswomangotintoataxi.Becauseitwasrushhourandshewashurryingforatrain,shesuggestedaroute."I#39;vebeenacabby(车夫)for15years!"thedriveryelled."YouthinkIdon#39;tknowthebestwaytogo?" Thewomantriedtoexplainthatshehadn#39;tmeanttooffendhim,butthedriverkeptyelling.Shefinallyrealizedhewastooupsettobereasonable.Soshedidtheunexpected."Youknow,you#39;reright,"shetoldhim."Itmustseemdumbformetoassumeyoudon#39;tknowthebestwaythroughthecity." Takenaback,thedriverflashedhisrideraconfusedlookintherear-viewmirror,turneddownthestreetshewantedandgothertothetrainontime."Hedidn#39;tsayanotherwordtherestoftheride,"shesaid,"untilIgotoutandpaidhim.Thenhethankedme." Whenyouencounterpeoplelikethiscabdriver,there#39;sanirresistibleurgetodiginyourheels.Thiscanleadtoprolongedarguments,souredfriendships,lostcareeropportunitiesandbrokenmarriages.Asaclinicalpsychiatrist,I#39;vediscoveredonesimplebutextremelyunlikelyprinciplethatcanpreventvirtuallyanyconflictorotherdifficultsituationfrombecomingarecipefordisaster.
5 Thekeyistoputyourselfintheotherperson#39;sshoesandlookforthetruthinwhatthatpersonissaying.Findawaytoagree.Theresultmaysurpriseyou. SulkersSteve#39;s14-year-oldson,Adam,hadbeenirritableforseveraldays.WhenSteveaskedwhy,Adamsnapped,"Nothing#39;swrong!Leavemealone!"andstalkedofftohisroom. Weallknowpeoplelikethis.Whenthere#39;sproblem,theymaysulk(生闷气)oractangryandrefusetotalk. Sowhat#39;sthesolution?First,SteveneedstoaskhimselfwhyAdamwon#39;ttalk.Maybetheboyisworriedaboutsomethingthathappenedatschool.OrhemightbeangryathisdadbutafraidtobringitupbecauseStevegetsdefensivewheneverheiscriticized.Stevecanpursuethesepossibilitiesthenexttimetheytalkbysaying,"Inoticedyou#39;reupset,andIthinkitwouldhelptogettheproblemoutintheopen.ItmaybehardbecauseIhaven#39;talwayslistenedvery•58• well.Ifso,IfeelbadbecauseIloveyouanddon#39;twanttoletyoudown." IfAdamstillrefusestotalk,Stevecantakeadifferenttack:"I#39;mconcernedaboutwhat#39;sgoingonwithyou,butwecantalkthingsoverlater,whenyou#39;remoreinthemood." Thisstrategyallowsbothsidestowin:Stevedoesn#39;thavetocompromiseontheprinciplethatultimatelytheproblemneedstobetalkedoutandresolved.Adamsavesfacebybeingallowedtowithdrawforawhile. Noisycritics.Recently,IwascounsellingabusinessmannamedFrankwholendstobeoverbearing(专横的)whenhe#39;supset.FranktoldmethatIwastooabsent-mindedwithmoneyandthatheshouldn#39;thavetopayateachofoursessions.Hewantedtobebilledmonthly. IfeltannoyedbecauseitseemedFrankalwayshadtohavethingshisway.IexplainedthatIhadtriedmonthlybilling,butithadn#39;tworkedbecausesomepatientsdidn#39;tpay.Frankarguedthathehadimpeccable(无可挑剔的)creditandknewmuchmoreaboutcreditandbillingthanIdid.
6 SuddenlyIrealizedIwasmissingFrank#39;spoint."Youareright,"Isaid."I#39;mbeingdefensive.Weshouldfocusontheproblemsinyourlifeandnotworrysomuchaboutmoney." Frankimmediatelysoftenedandbegantalkingaboutwhatwasreallybotheringhim,whichweresomepersonalproblems.Thenexttimewemet,hehandedmeacheckfor20sessionsinadvance! Therearetimes,ofcourse,whenpeopleareunreasonablyabusiveandyoumayneedtojustwalkawayfromthesituation.Butiftheproblemisonethatyouwantsolved,it#39;simportanttoallowtheotherpersontokeepsomeself-esteem.There#39;snearlyalwaysagrainoftruthintheotherperson#39;spointofview.Ifyouacknowledgethis,heorshewillbelessdefensiveandmorelikelytolistentoyou. Complainers.Bradisa32-year-oldDetroitchiropractor(按摩师)whorecentlydescribedhisfrustrationwithapatientofhis:"IaskMr.Barry,#39;Howareyoudoing?#39;andhedumpsouthiswholelifestory-hisfamilyproblemsandhisfinancialdifficulties.Igivehimadvice,butheignoreseverythingItellhim." Bradneedstorecognizethathabitualcomplainersusuallydon#39;twantadvice.Theyjustwantsomeonetolistenandunderstand.SoBradmightsimplysay:"soundslikearoughweek,It#39;snofuntohaveunpaidbills,peoplenaggingyou,andthispainbesides."Thecomplainerwillusuallyrunoutofgasandstopcomplaining.Thesecretisnottogiveadvice.Justagreeingandvalidatingaperson#39;spointofviewwillmakethatpersonfeelbetter. Demandingfriends.Difficultpeoplearen#39;talways-,angryorjustcomplaining.Sometimestheyaredifficultbecauseofthedemandstheyplaceuponus.Maybeafriendputsyouonthespotwitharequesttorunanerrandforhimwhilehe#39;soutoftown.Ifyouhaveacrowdedschedule,youmayagreebutendupangryandresentful.Orifyousaynointhewrongway,yourfriendmayfeelhurtandunhappy.Theproblemisthat,caughtoffguard,youdon#39;tknowhowtodealwiththesituationinawaythatavoidsbadfeelings. OnemethodI#39;vefoundhelpfulis"punting".You#39;repuntingwhenyoutellthepersonyouneedtothinkabouttherequestandthatyou#39;llgetbackaboutit.Sayacolleaguecallsandpressuresmetogivealectureathisuniversity.I#39;velearnedtosay,"I#39;mflatteredthatyouthoughtofme.Letmecheckmyschedule,andI#39;llcallyouback."
7 ThisgivesmetimetodealwithanyfeelingsofguiltifIhavetosayno.SupposeIdecideitisbettertodecline;puntingallowmetoplanwhatIwillsaywhenIcallback,"Iappreciatebeingasked,"Imightindicate,"butIfindI#39;mover-committedrightnow.However,Ihopeyou#39;llthinkofmeinthefuture." Respondingtodifficultpeoplewithpatienceandempathycanbetough,especiallywhenyoufeelupset.Butthemomentyougiveupyourneedtocontrolorberight,theotherpersonwillbeginrelaxingandstartlisteningtoyou.TheGreekphilosopherEpictetusunderstoodthiswhenhesaidnearly2,000yearsago,"Ifsomeonecriticizesyou,agreeatonce.Mentionthatifonlytheotherpersonknewyouwell,therewouldbemoretocriticizethanthat!" Realcommunicationresultsfromaspiritofrespectforyourselfandfortheotherperson.Thebenefitscanbeamazing. 1.Theprinciplethewriterhasdiscoveredtostopanyconflictfromgoingworseistofindawaytoagree. 2.Thetaxidriverthankedthebusinesswomanbecauseshewasverypolitetohim. 3.Difficultpeoplementionedinthepassageincludethosewhogiveoccasionalcomplaints. 4.Onewaytodealwiththepersonwhoisunreasonablyabusiveistowalkawayfromthesituation. 5.IfMr.BarryhadfollowedBrad#39;sadvice,hewouldhavesolvedallhispersonalproblems. 6.Whathabitualcomplainersneedisagoodlistener. 7.Itwillendupinunhappinesswhetheryouhavesatisfiedyourfriend#39;srequestornot. 8.Youwillberewardedwitharealcommunicationifyou______forothers. 9.Adifficultpersoncanbecomearelaxingandgoodconversationalpartnerifyou______ yourcontrol.
8 10.Accordingtotheauthor,oneeffectivewaytodealwithademandingfriendis______. 答案： 1.Y2.N3.N4.Y5.NG6.Y7.N8.showrespect9.giveup10.puntingReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes) Directions:Inthispassagetherearetenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce. Questions1to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Lookingbackonyearsoflivinginaworking-classhomeintheNorthofEngland,Ishouldsaythatagoodlivingroommust11threeprincipalthings:homeliness,warmthandplentyofgoodfood.Theliving-roomisthewarmheartofthefamilyand12oftenslightlystuffytoamiddle-classvisitor.Itisnotasocialcentrebutafamilycenter;littleentertaininggoesonthereorinthefrontroom,ifthere13tobeone;youdonotentertaininanythingapproachingthemiddle-class14Thewife#39;ssociallifeoutsideher15familyisfoundoverthewashing-line,atthelittleshoponthecorner,visitingrelativesatamoderate16occasionally,andperhapsnowandagainavisitwithherhusbandtohispuborclub.Apartfromthesetwoplaces,hehasjusthisworkandhisfootballmatches.Theywillhave,eachofthem,friendsatalltheseplaces,whomaywellnotknowwhattheinsideoftheirhouseislike,havingnever"steppedacrossthethreshold,"astheold17phrasehasit.Thefamilyhearthis18forthefamilyitself,andthosewhoare"somethingtous"(anotherfavoriteformula)andwholookinforatalkorjusttosit.Muchofthefreetimeofamanandhiswifewill19bepassedatthathearth.Juststayinginisstilloneofthemostcommonleisure-time20A. happensB.professionsC.senseD.neverthelessE.fashionedF.distanceG.immediateH.usuallyI. occupationsJ.preservedK.imitateL.provideM.thereforeNreserved0.contribute答案：
9 11.L12.M13.A14.C15.G16.F17.E18.N19.H20.IReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes) Directions:Inthispassage,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassage quicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1. HowtoBuyaUsedCar Nearlyeverybodybuysausedcarsoonerorlater,asaprimaryvehicleorasasecondcar.Indeed,threeoutoffoursalestodayareusedcars,andthey#39;renotcheapjunkerseither—theaveragepricenowis$5500,abouthalfwhatanewcarcosts.Makethewrongselectionandamajorinvestmentcanbelostthemomentyoudriveoffthelot. Thereisfarlesschanceofthishappeningtoyouifyouknow:whentobuy,wheretobuy,howtoexaminethecar,howtoconductyourownroadtest,andhowtobargainovertheprice. Whentobuy Shopduringtheday.Lightingmakescarsgleamlikejewelsatnight.Indaylighttheylookdull,butrealistic. Don#39;tshopintherain.Itcanmaskliquidsthatmightbeleaking.Ifpossible,shopinthewinterwhensuppliesarehighanddemandislow. Wheretobuy Shopthesuburbs.Inmoreaffluentneighbourhoodscarsaremorelikelytohavebeenwellcaredfor. Aprivateownernormallysellsacarforlessthanadealerdoes,butalmostalways"asis,"withnoguarantee.That#39;sanacceptableriskifwhatyou#39;relookingforisacheapsecondcarto"drivetothestation." Eventhoughaused-cardealergenerallychargesmore,youcanoftengetsometypeoflimitedguarantee.Thisisoftena50-50plan,inwhichyoueachpayhalfonrepairsforaperiodthatmayrangefrom30daystoayear.Askthedealerabouttheavailabilityofanoptionalservicepolicy.
10 Used-cardealersoftenclaimtohavegoneoverthecar,andmanyhave.Butrememberthatsmalldealersoftenbuycarsthatareauctioned(拍卖)becausenobodyelsewantsthem. Someexpertsfeelthatanew-cardealeristhebestplacetobuyasecondhandcar,especiallyifyou#39;relayingoutalargesumforalatemodel.Someofthesedealersofferextensiveguarantees,suchasoneonthe"drivetrain,"whichcoversanyproblemswithengine,transmission(变速器)，driveshaftanddifferential(差速器).Expecttopayforthis,aswellasforthemarkup.Butifyoushopsoonafterthenewmodelshavearrived,whenadealerhasalotoftrade-instyinguphisprofits,hemightdeal.Thevisualexamination You#39;vefoundyourdreamcar,andcanhardlywaittogetinandroaraway.Wait. First,lookforanyflawsorripples(划痕)inthebodythatmightindicateapastaccident.Toseeifacarhasbeenrepainted,lookundertherubbersealsaroundthedoororunderthechrometrim.Repaintingmaymaskdeepflaws. Checktheodometer(计程器)fortotalmileage,andthencomparethatfigurewithanystickersstillattachedtodoorposts.It#39;sillegaltochangeodometerreadings,butithappens.Iftherearenostickers,bealittlesuspicious.Checkpedalsandcontrols:wearonthesepartsshouldagreewiththemileage.Iftheyarebrandnew,besuspicious.Iftheyarewornout,beware. Checkthatthedoors,hoodandtrunkallopensmoothlyandclosewithsolidsound.Sightalongthesidesofthecarfrom30feetawaytobesurethattherearandfrontwheelslineup. Lookunderthecarforfluidleaks.Exceptforcondensationfromaworkingairconditioneronahotday,nocarshouldeverdripanything,anytime. Nowsitinthedriver#39;sseatandtrythecontrols.Thecarshouldfityou—itshouldbecomfortable.Checkseatadjustment,doorlocks,window-raisingmechanisms,horn,lights,directionalsignals,radio—allaccessories. Starttheengine.Itshouldturnoverquicklyandthensettledowntoaratherfastidle.Givetheengineamomentortwobeforeyoupresstheacceleratorabit.Watchforsmokefromtherear.Bluesmokemightmeanacompleteengineoverhaul(大修),blackamaladjustedcarburettor(化油器).•2•
11 Whitesmokecanbe.ignorediftheengineiscold,butonceitiswarmedup,whitesmokecanmeanaleakingheadgasket(垫圈):expensive.Rejectthiscar. Aftertheenginehaswarmed,shutitoff,andthengowipeyourfingerinsidethetailpipe(makingsureit#39;snottoohot).Theresidueshouldbewhitish-gay.Ifyougetablack,oilymark,refusethecar—it#39;sprobablyanoilburner. Restarttheengineandchecktheoilinanautomatictransmission.Itshouldbecleanandclear,withnoburnedodor.Thetestdrive Thesalesmanmaytrytoconvinceyouthatashortdrivearoundtheblockisenough.Wrong.Makeitclearthatyouplantoroadtestthecar,andifheisn#39;thappywiththislookelsewhere. Thetestrouteyouhavemappedoutshouldincludedrycitystreets,afreeway,ahill,abumpyroadandanemptyparkinglot.Allgauges(计量器)shouldreadsteadyandnormalthroughoutthetest,especiallyoilpressureandengineheat.Ifnot,don#39;tbuythecar. Drivetoatraffic-freecitystreetonyourpredeterminedrouteandthenacceleratesmoothlytoabout35milesperhour.Theautomatictransmissionshouldshiftwithoutjerkingandwithnonoise. Slowtoabout7m.p.h.bygentlyapplyingthebrakes.Thereshouldbenonoise,nosharpsoundorgrinding.Thecarshouldslowinastraightline,withnopullingtotherightorleft. Pickupspeedtoabout15;thenmakingcertainnobodyisbehindyou,hitthebrakeshard!Thecarshouldcometoanimmediatestopwithoutmakingnoiseorswerving. Inanempty,levelparkinglot,braketoacompletestop.Shiftintoreverseandbackupatabout4m.p.h.,braketoahalt,shiftintoforward,etc.Dothisfourorfivetimestotestthetransmission.Allshiftingshouldbesmooth,withnonoiseorhesitation. Accelerateupahilltoabout40m.p.h.Thecarshouldnotlabour.Ifitdoes,youcouldhavearottentransmission.Gobackdownthehill.Stophalfway,shiftintoneutralandsettheparkingbrake.Thecarshouldremainstationarywhenyoutakeyourfootoffthebrakepedal.
12 Drivethecaroverthebumpyroad,upahill,andonthehighway.Rarelywillacarbeperfect.Howeverbynowyoushouldhaveaprettygoodideawhatneedstobedone.Howtobargain Usewhatyou#39;velearnedfromthevisualexam,testdriveandoutsidemechanictogetthepricedown.Haveamaximumfigureinmind,basedonyourinspectionandoncurrentpricesfromaused-carguide.Startyourbiddinglowerthanthat.Whenyouhavenearlyarrivedataprice,getthesellertothrowincertainrepairs.Itmaybecheaperforhimthanfurtherpricecuts. 1.Followingtheinstructionsherewillhelpyoumakeagoodselectionwhenbuyingausedcar. 2.Winterisagoodtimeforpurchasingacarbecausethereislittleraininwinter. 3.Youaremorelikelytopaylesstoaprivateownerforacarofpoorquality. 4.Refusethecarifyoufindanysignsofapastaccidentinthevisualexamination. 5.Don#39;tbuythecarifthereiswhitesmokecomingoutoftherearbecauseitisprobablyanoilburner. 6.Atcertainspeedsinthetests,agoodcarshouldnotmakeanynoisewhenthedriverbrakeseitherhardorgently. 7.Ifyouarepatientandcarefulenough,youwillcertainlyfindaperfectusedcar. 8.Thelaststepbeforeyoumakeadecisiontobuyacaris______. 9.Besidesallgauges,thetwoveryimportantsystemsmainlyexaminedinthetestdriveare______. 10.Accordingtosomeexperts,thebestplacetobuyasecond-handcaris______. 答案： I.Y2.N3.Y4.NG5.N6.Y7.N 8.tobargainovertheprice9.brakeandtransmission10.anew-cardealer
13Agrowingworldpopulationandthediscoveriesofsciencemay11thispatternofdistributioninthefuture.Asmenslowlylearntomasterdiseases,controlfloods,preventfamines,andstopwars,fewerpeopledieeveryyear;andin12thepopulationoftheworldis13increasing.In1925therewereabout2,000millionpeopleintheworld;bytheendofthecenturytheremaywellbeover4,000million. Whennumbersrisethe14mouthsmustbefed.NewlandsmustbeIboughtundercultivation,orlandalreadyfarmedmadeto15largercrops.Insomeareastheaccessiblelandislargelysointensively16thatitwillbedifficulttomakeitprovidemorefood.Insomeareasthepopulationissodensethatthelandisparceledoutinunitstoo17toallowformuchimprovementinfarmingmethods.Werealargerpartofthisfarmingpopulationdrawnoffintoindustrialoccupations,thelandmightbefarmedmuchmoreproductivelybymodernmethods. Thereisnowaraceforscience,technology,andindustrytokeepthe18offoodrisingfasterthanthenumberofpeopletobefed.Newstrainsofcropsarebeingdevelopedwhichwillthrivein19climates;irrigationanddry-farmingmethodsbringpoorlandsundertheplough,damsholdbackthewatersofgreatriversto20waterforthefieldsinallseasonsandtoprovideelectricpowerfornewindustries;industrialchemistryprovidesfertilizerstosuitparticularsoils;aeroplanesspraycropstodestroyinsectsandmanyplantdiseases. A.ensureB.violentlyC.alterD.harmfulE.cultivatedF.uniqueG.transplantedH.yieldI.consequenceJ.outputK.extraL.steadilyM.tinyN.unfavorableO.produce 答案： 11.C12.I13.L14.K15.H16.E17.M18.J19.N20.ATheprocessofperceivingothersisrarelytranslated(toourselvesorothers)intocold,objectiveterms."Shewas5feet8inchestall,hadfairhair,andworeacoloredskirt."Moreoften,wetrytogetinsidetheotherpersontopinpoint(强调)hisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideas,andcharacters.Furthermore,wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly—perhapswithatwo-secondglance.
14 Wetrytoobtaininformationaboutothersinmanyways.Bergersuggestsseveralmethodsforreducinguncertaintiesaboutothers;whoareknowntoyousoyoucancomparetheobservedperson#39;sbehaviorwiththeknownothers#39;behavior,observingapersoninasituationwheresocialbehaviorisrelativelyunrestrainedorwhereawidevarietyofbehavioralresponsesarecalledfor,deliberatelystructuringthephysicalorsocialenvironmentsoastoobservetheperson#39;sresponsestospecificstimuli(刺激因素),askingpeoplewhohavehadorhavefrequentcontactwiththepersonabouthimorher,andusingvariousstrategiesinface-to-faceinteractiontouncoverinformationaboutanotherperson—question,self-disclosures,andsoon. Gettingtoknowsomeoneisanever-endingtask,largelybecausepeopleareconstantlychangingandthemethodsweusetoobtaininformationareoftenimprecise.Youmayhaveknownsomeonefortenyearsandstillknowverylittleabouthim.Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon#39;teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.Itwillalsokeepusfrombeingtoosurprisedorshockedbyseeminglyinconsistentbehavior.Ironically,thosethingsthatkeepusfromknowinganotherpersontoowell(e.g.secretsanddeceptions)maybejustasimportanttothedevelopmentofasatisfyingrelationshipasthosethingsthatenableustoobtainaccurateknowledgeaboutaperson(e.g.disclosuresandtruthfulstatement). 21.Accordingtothepassage,ifweperceiveaperson,wearelikelytobeinterestedin A.whathewearsB.howtallheis C.howhappyheisD.whatcolorhedyeshishair 22.Somepeopleareoftensurprisedbywhatotherpeopledo.AccordingtoBerger,thatismainlybecause_______. A.somepeoplearemoreemotionalthanothers B.somepeoplearenotawareofthefactthatwewillnevercompletelyknowanotherperson C.somepeoplearesensitiveenoughtosensethechangeofotherpeople#39;sattitudes D.somepeoplechoosetokeeptothemselves
15 23.Wemayhaveknownsomeonefortenyearsandstillknowverylittleabouthimbecause_______. A.wedon#39;taccepttheideathatwemightneverfullyknowanotherperson B.weoftengetinformationinacasualandinexactway C.wepaymoreattentiontootherpeople#39;smotivationsandemotions•62• D.weoftenhaveface-to-faceconversationwithhim 24.Therearethingsthatwefindpreventingusfromknowingothers.Thesethingsare A.disclosuresB.deceptions C.stimuliD.interactions 25.Thispassagemainlyconcerns_______. A.therelationshipbetweenpeopleB.theperceptionofotherpeople C.secretsanddeceptionsofpeopleD.people#39;sattitudesandcharacters 答案： 21.C22.B23.B24.B25.BModernscientistsdividetheprocessofdyingintotwostages—clinicalor(emporarydeathandbiologicaldeath.Clinicaldeathoccurswhenthevitalorgans,suchastheheartorlungs,haveceasedtofunction,buthavenotsufferedpermanentdamage.Theorganismcanstillberevived(复活).Biologicaldeathoccurswhenchangesintheorganismleadtothedisintegration(解体)ofvitalcellsandtissues.Deathisthenirreversibleandfinal. Scientistshavebeenseekingawaytoprolongtheperiodofclinicaldeathso(hattheorganismcanberevivedbeforebiologicaldeathoccurs.Thebestmethoddevelopedsofarinvolvescoolingoftheorganism,combinedwithnarcotic(麻醉的)sleep.Byslowingdownthebody#39;smetabolism(新成代谢),coolingdelaystheprocessesleadingtobiologicaldeath.
16 Toillustratehowthisworks,scientistsperformedanexperimentonasix-year-oldfemalemonkeycalledKeta.ThescientistsputKetatosleepwithanarcotic.Thentheysurroundedherbodywithice-bagsandbegancheckingherbodytemperature.Whenithaddroppedto28degreesthescientistsbegandrainingbloodfromanitsbody.Themonkey#39;sbloodpressuredecreasedandanhourlaterboththeheartandbreathingstopped;clinicaldeathsetin.FortwentyminutesKetaremainedinthisstate.Hertemperaturedroppedto22degrees.Atthispointthescientistspumpedbloodintoitsbodyinthedirectionoftheheartandstartedartificialbreathing.Aftertwominutesthemonkey#39;sheartbecameactiveoncemore.Afterfifteenminutes,spontaneousbreathingbegan,andafterfourhoursKetaopenedhereyesandliftedherhead.Aftersixhours,whenthescientiststriedtogiveherapenicillininjection,Ketaseizedthesyringeandranwithitaroundtheroom.Herbehaviordifferedlittlefromthatofahealthyanimal. 26.Thispassagefocuseson_______. A.thedifferencebetweenbiologicalandclinicaldeath. B.theprocessofdying C.prolongingtheperiodofclinicaldeath D.thenatureofclinicaldeath 27.Thebeststatementofthemainideaofthispassageisthat A.modemscientistsdividetheprocessofdyingintoclinicalandbiologicaldeath B.biologicaldeathoccurswhenvitalorganshavesufferedpermanentdamage C.scientistshavefoundawaytoprolongtheperiodofclinicaldeath D.coolingdelaystheprocessesleadingtobiologicaldeath 28.Onecharacteristicofclinicaldeathis______. A.lastingdamagetothelungsB.destructionofthetissues
17 C.temporarynon-functioningoftheheartD.thattheorganismcannotberevived 29.Accordingtothepassage,coolinganorganism A.speedsupthebody#39;smetabolismB.slowsdisintegrationofbodytissues C.preventsdamagetoorgansD.revivesdamagedorgans 30.Onepossiblebenefitoftheexperimentdiscussedinthepassageis______. A.lesscrowdedcitiesB.victoryoverdeath C.protectionagainstfatalinjuryD.fewerdeathsfromheartattacks 答案： 26.C27.C28.C29.B30.D
