英语四级语法集萃

《英语四级语法集萃》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

第一节英语四级语法集萃第二节虚拟语气一.普通型普通虚拟语气既if引导的主从复合句中的虚拟语气,它有三种形式;一是与现在事实相反,其构成形式为:从句过去式(be常用were主句would/should/could/might+动词原形例如:IftherewerelifeonMars,suchlifeformswouldbeunabletosurviveonearth.二是与过去事实相反,其构成形式为:从句had+过去分词主句would/should/could/might+have+过去分词例如:Ifhehadworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexam.三是与将来事实相反,其构成形式为:从句should/wereto+动词原形主句would/should/could/might+动词原形例如:Wewouldn’tloseourcourageevenifweshould(wereto)failagain.二.wish型.wish型虚拟语气是指动词wish后的宾语

1从句中虚拟语气的形式,像普通型一样,它也包括与现在,将来,过去时间相反的三种谓语动词形式.1.过去式(be用were)与现在事实相反2.主语+wish+(that从句)would/should/could/might+动词原形或were+动词ing与将来事实相反3.had+过去分词或could+have+过去分词与过去事实相反例如:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.Hewishesherememberedtheaddress.Iwishhewouldtryagain.Wewishwehadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.三.省略型省略型虚拟语气是指非真实条件句中if的省略.当条件从句中包含有were,had,should,could时,省略if后,须把从句的助动词提前(即were,had,should,could);例如:Wereshetoleaverightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.Hadwemadeadequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Couldthedeadmanhavespoken,hewouldhaveidentifiedhismurderer.四“坚决要命”题型(be型)

2“坚决要命”题型即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)中的虚拟语气用法.句中的动词,名词或形容词若有“坚决要命”等含义(坚---坚持,建议,推荐;决---是指决心,决定等;要---是指要求,重要的,必要的等;命---则是指命令,致命的等),则名称性从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式,即用should+动词原形或省略should,直接用动词原形.主语从句通常用于it+is+形容词+that主语从句结构.常见的引起虚拟的主语从句的形容词或过去分词有:demanded(要求的)essential(必要的)l,important,necessary,ordered,required,vital,strange等.常见的引起虚拟的宾语从句的动词有:advise,suggest,command,decide,demand,desire,insist,order,require,recommend,prefer等主句中的一些名词要求表语从句和同位语从句采用虚拟语气,这些名词常见的有:advice,command,demand,desireimportant,motion建议,necessity,proposal提议recommendation,suggestion等等.五,状语从句型一)在asif(asthough)引导的状语从句中,其虚拟语气的谓语动词比较固定,

3只有两种形式:一是如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,则从句的谓语动词是过去时;二是如果如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,则从句的谓语动词为过去完成时.例如:Itseemsasifitwas(were)springalready.Heactedasif(though)hehadbeenanexpert.二)lest(惟恐),incase,(假设,万一),forfearthat(以免)引导的目的状语从句.这时谓语动词多用should,例如:Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestit(should)rain.Heburnedalltheimportantdocumentsforfearthattheyshouldfallintotheenemy‘shands.Hereissomemoneyincaseyoushouldneedit.六.特殊型一)Itistime…….,It‘s(high,about)timethat……的句型中应采用虚拟语气,表示早该做还未做的一种意思,其从句谓语用过去时或should+动词原形.be为单数时多用was,that常省略.例如:Itishightimeshewent(shouldgo).二)wouldrather型虚拟语气是指would(had)rather,would(just)assoon,hadbetter,wouldsooner后接that从句中,动词用过去时,表示当时或将来情况的的虚拟语气形式,可译作”宁愿……..”,从句中的谓语动词用过去时.例如:Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice.

4IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryouwent.Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.三)含蓄型虚拟语气是指if条件句不出现,而某些词或短语表示虚拟条件(主句不变),或靠上下文的衬托表示虚拟条件的形式.因从句不出现,故称含蓄型虚拟语气.通常由without,butfor,wereitnotfor连接的短语和otherwise,or为标志.起主要涉及主句的谓语动词形式,并且与普通型主句的谓语动词相同,也分为与现在,过去和将来事实相反的三种情形.例如:Butforyourhelp,wewouldnothavearrivedintime.七、实战演习1.Iftheguaranteedyield()，Wewouldmakeuptheloss．AhadnotbeenreachedB.werenotreachedChasnotbeenreachedDwouldnotbereached2．Itishighlydesirablethateveryeffort()toreducepollutioninBeijing．AwasmadeB.bemadeCwillbemadeDwouldbemade3．IftheSouthhadwonthewar，whatisnowtheUnitedStates()dividedintoseveralcountries．AwillbeBshouldbeCmusthavebeenD.mighthavebeen．4．Icarn’tspeakJapanese，butIdowishI()．AcanB.couldChadDspoke5．Withoutelectricity，humanlife()quitedifferenttoday．AisBwillC.wouldbeDwouldhavebeen6．Iwasillthatday．OtherwiseI()partintheparade．

5AwouldtakeB.wouldhavetakenCtookDhadtaken7．()yourhelp，1wouldnothavesucceeded．ABecauseBBecauseofCButD.Butfor8．IwishSusanknewhowtoapplygrammaticalrulesproperlyand()thefactthatsheisnearlyalwaysinthewrong．A.recognizeB.recognizedCrecognizingDtorecognize9．IfIhadbeentothepartylastweek，I()sorryforitnow．A.wouldnotbefeelingBwouldn’thaveleftCmustn’tfeelDshouldhavefeel10．Nancysometimeswishesthatshe()inasmalltown.AisnotlivingBwasnotlivingC.werenotlivingDdidnotlive11.Thehousemasterwasstrict．Herequestedthatwe()televisiononweeknights．A.notwatchBmustnottowatchCnotbewatchingDhavenotwatchedl2．()Iknownit，Iwouldhavetoldyou．AHaveBIfC.HadDHaving13．Itishightimewe()severemeasuresagainstsuchviolence．AaretotakeBshouldtakeCcantakeD.took14．Thakla’svisittoEnglandmadeitnecessarythathersister()moreinthehouse．A.woulddoBwilldoCdoDdoes15．Whatdoyouthinkofhismotionthatwe()aplayattheEnglishevening?A.shouldputonBshallputonCwouldputonDwillhaveputon16．Itisnotnecessarythatasecondaryschoolgraduate()an

6entranceexamtobeadmittedtotheAmericanuniversity．ApassesB.passCwouldpassDpassed17．Everyattentionmustbepaidtohim，lesthe()thatheisinferiortomyotherguests．AwouldfeelBfeelsCfeltD.shouldfeell8．Ifonlyshe()notsoterriblyfrightenedofAuntRuth．AisBhasbeenC.wereDwouldbe19．ThemanshowedushisIDcard.Withoutthat,we()stoppedhimfromgettingin．A.wouldhaveBBwonldChadDhave20．Ido()Icouldplaychessmoreproficientlythanmybrother．A.wishBwantCknowD.hope21．()today，wouldwebeabletogettherebyTuesday?AWereweleavingBIfweleaveCWouldweleaveD.Werewetoleave22．Whatwouldyoudoifyou()liveyourlifeoveragain?AdoBcanC.couldDareableto23．()totelluseverything，wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem．AIfheisB.WereheCHadheDBehe24．()wewillsetoffasweplanned．AWereitgoodorbadB.BeitgoodorbadCBeingsoedorbadDWhethergoodorbad25．He’ssortofChineseShakespeare()．AitisBaswasitCasitwasD.asitwere26．Themanagerwouldratherthathiswife()workinthesameofficeashedoes．AdoesnotB.didnotCwouldnotDwillnot27．Youlooksotiredtonight．Itistimeyou()．

7AgotosleepBgotobedCwenttosleepD.wenttobed28．(),wecouldnothavefinishedtlleworkontime．A.ButfortheirhelpBIftheydonothelpusCWasitnotfortheirhelpDShouldtheyoffertohelp29．Hemakesanoteoftheassignmentlesthe()it．AforgetsB.forgetCwillforgetDwillnotforget30．Thereisalawthatdrunkendrivers()severelypunished．AwereBareC.beDwillbe31．Wereitnotforfriction，we()towalkonthisearthofours．AwouldnotbeableBshouldnothavebeenableCwerenotableDarenotable32．Itisstrangethatshe()inthelastexamination．AshouldhavefailedBhasfailedChadfailedDfails33．“Hewasshortofmoney，sohecouldnotaffordtotravelbyair．”“Youmeantosay()?”Aifhehadnotbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairBevenifhehadbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairCthoughhewasshortofmoney，hecouldaffordtotravelbyairDifhewereshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyair

834．IhadhopedthatI()youbytalkingaboutmychildren．Ashouldn’tboreBwouldn’tboreCdidn’tboreDhadn’tbored35．Maythisbookinasmallway()toenhancetheunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenthetwopeoples．AhelpBhelpsCwillhelpDshouldhelp36．“Whydidn’tyouhelphim?”“Iwouldhave()Ididnothavethemoney．”AstillB.butCotherwiseDor37．Theideaisthatwe()allunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.AwillsendBhadsentC.sendDbesent38．Ifwehadn’tpreservedsomuchfood，we()ingreattroublenow.AA.wouldbeBwouldhavebeenCareDwere39．Givehermybestregards，().A.shouldyouseehertodayBifyousawhertodayCifyouwouldseehertodayDshouldyouhaveseenhertoday40．He’sworkinghardforfearthathe()．A.shouldfallbehindBfallbehindCmayfallbehindDwouldfallbehindKeytotheExercises1．B2．B3．D4．B5．C6．B7．D8．B9．A10．C11．A12．C13．D14．A15．A16．B17．D18．C

919．A20．A21.D22.C23.B24．B25．D26．B27D28．A29．B30．C31.A32．A33．A34．B35．A36.B37．C38．A39．A40．A第一节非谓语动词非谓语动词又称作是非限定动词,这样的非谓语动词,顾名思义是指在句中不能充当谓语的一种动词形式.它有三种形式,即动词不定式,动名词和分词.一.动词不定式一)动词不定式有3点属性:1.在词性上具有名词,形容词和副词的功能,(名词可作主语,宾语和表语,形容词可作定语,表语和宾补.而副词则可以作状语.)2.其又具有动词的三个特征:即可带宾语或表语;可由状语来修饰;有时态和语态的变化.3.它还带有某种具体性,目的性特定性和未来的特征.(一)作主语ItisdifficulttoanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglish.ToanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglishisdifficult.但在大多数情况下,动词不定式作主语时,通常用形式主语it代替.(二)作宾语Ifyoupromisenottogetangrywithme,I‘lltellyouwhatIbroke.

10动词不定式作宾语时要注意以下语法点:1.在及物动词begin,cease,choose,continue,describe,expect,fail,happen,hate,help,hope,intend,like,love,manage,offer,plan,prefer,promise,refuse,want,wish,forget,remember,mean,try,stop等后面常接动词不定式作宾语.2.某些特定的动词后要求用动词+wh-型疑问副词/how+动词不定式结构,如:Theyaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.这类动词可以分为两类:第一类是与思维活动有关的动词:consider,know,imagine,think,understand,learn,forget等.第二类是表示感觉的动词:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此类动词后接宾语时to常常省略.3.当不定式作直接宾语,它后面还有补足语时,需要用形式宾语it代替不定式.而把不定式放在补足语之后.如:Ifounditdifficulttosolvetheproblem.4.动词不定式可作but,except,save(除……之外)的宾语.但当but,except,save(除……之外)前有do的某种形式时(包括did,does,done)不定式符号to必须省略.如果无do的某种形式时则不能省略.如:Hecoulddonothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.(三)作宾语补足语,主语补足语如:Adreamoftheredchamberissaidtohavebeentranslatedinto

11dozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.动词不定式作宾语补足语,主语补足语时注意以下两点:1.有些动词后要求用不定式作宾补,如:allowadvise,ask,choose,enable,expect,fail,have,hear,order,tell,wish等.例如:Harryinvitedmetocometohisparty.在此不定式做宾补,而Iwasinvited(byHarry)tocometohisparty.则作主补.当谓语动词为believe,report,say,suppose等时,其后作主语的动词不定式用完成时表示动作的完成或提前.如:Mr.BrownissupposedtohaveleftforItalylastweek.2.在consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose之后也可跟宾语+tobe/tohave的形式,如:Weallknowhimtobedead.(我们都以为他死了.)(四)作定语如:Sheisalwaysthefirsttoarriveandthelasttoleave.动词不定式作定语时注意:1.当不定式修饰的名词与不定式有动宾关系(即逻辑宾语),该不定式的动词又是不及物动词时,不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉.如:Ihaven‘tgotachairtositon.2.由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级的名词常用不定式作定语.另外有些名词后固定地要求用不定式作定语,像ability,right,effort等,如:Energyistheabilitytowork.(五)作状语

12如:Couldyoufindsomeoneformetoplaytenniswith.一．动词不定式作状语时常表示目的,结果,原因等,常有以下几种情况:1.to+动词原形Tomeetneedsofourindustry,wemustworkhard.(表目的)2.Iamverygladtocomehere..(表原因)3.Thetemperatureissohighastochangewaterintosteam.(表结果)二.)动词不定式时态和语态的变化动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化,其时态有:1.一般式:不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生.如:Wehopetohavealotofstory-books.2.进行时:动词不定式进行时表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行.如:Thetrainseemstobemoving.3.完成式:动词不定式的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生.如果动词不定式的完成时用在表示”需要,希望,打算”等意义的动词时,如hope,wish,expect,intend,mean后时,则说明动作没有实现.例如:Weintendedtohaveattendedthatactivity.(我们本来打算参加那项活动.)若表示过去未实现的动作则用shouldlike/wouldlike+不定式的完成时.三)语态如:Mr.Johnsonpreferredtobegivenheavierworktodo.

13注意以下3点:1当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时,则用其被动形式,如:Themotorseemstohavebeenrepaired.2.当用在easy,difficult,hard,heavy,good等形容词作表语的系表结构中的形容词后,不定式要用主动形式表示被动的意思,说明谓语所表示的情况.如:Thisquestionishardtoanswer.另外,一般而言,当不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系时,也可用不定式的主动形式表示被动的意思.如:Hegavemesomethingtoeat.3.toblame,tolet本身已包含被动意义,无需使用动词不定式的被动形式.如:Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.四)特殊的不定式1.定式复合结构:for+名词(代词)+不定式(短语).一般而言,句中谓语动词的主语就是动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语.但有时它还有自己的逻辑主语,由介词for引出,但如果句中的形容词即指行为的性质又指人的品质,则由of引出这一结构.(如:Itiskindofyoutohelpme.)例如:ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.(作主语)Thechalkisfortheteachertouse.(作表语)Wefounditimpossibleforthestudentstoanswerthequestion.(作宾语)Therearemanyproblemsfortheresearcherstodealwith..

14(作定语)Foramachinetodowork,wemustdoworkonthemachine.(作状语)2.独立的动词不定式:1.)独立的动词不定式具有插入语的性质,表示说话人的态度或看法.例如:Totellthetruth,thatisallIknowabouthim.Tobeginwith,Iwouldliketotalkaboutmyplan.2)too+adj(adv)+todosth结构表示否定的含义,意为“太…..以至于不”.enough……..to结构表示肯定含义,意为”足够能……”注意.enough用于名词之前,而用于形容词或副词之后.五)to的省略1.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather(宁愿),wouldjustassoon(宁愿),cannotbut(不得不),cannothelpbut(只得),donothingbut(不得不),letalone(更不用说)等搭配后,如:Iwouldrathernothaveeggsforbreakfast.2.在表示感觉的动词:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此类动词后接宾语时to常常省略.如:Johnmadehertellhimeverything.但当不定式变为主补时,to不能省略.如:Shewasmade(byJohn)totellhimeverything.3.在help后可用to也可不用to,如:CanIhelpyou(to)liftthisheavybox?4.在except,but(除…..之外),save(除…..之外)之后的动词不定式,如果其前有do的某种形式,一般不带to,

15反之则须带to.如:Hedoesnothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.5.当连词ratherthan(而不是),soonerthan(而不是)置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.如:Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.6.当and,or等连接两个不定式结构时Allyoucandointhediscussionistodebateandargue.7.在Why……?或Whynot……?结构中,可省略.如：Whyarguewithhim?Whynotgivehimsomeflowers?二.动名词.动名词的三点属性:1).动名词在性质上比较单一,只有名词的功能,因此只能作主语,表语和宾语.2).动名词不是简单地等同于名词,之所以称为.动名词是因为它还具有三个特征,即:可以带宾语或表语;可以由状语修饰;如:learningEnglishwell.可以有自己的时态和语态.3)从更深的层次上讲,.动名词具有一般性,习惯性和过去性的含义.1.作主语:Doingworkmeansmovingabodythroughadistancebyaforce.当动名词作主语且此短语较长时,常用it作形式主语,特别在一些习惯用法中.Itisnousedoingthatwork..动名词还可以用在Thereisno…….结构中作主语.2.作宾语:Theyoungmanstilldenieshavingstartedthefirebehindthestore.

16在某些动词之后,有些只能接动名词作宾语,而不能接不定式,为方便记忆,这些动词我们可以统称为”妹不吃咖啡的”.即:Mepskarfdi:mind(miss),enjoy(escape),postpone,(permit,pardon,practice),suggest,consider(can‘thelp,complete),keepavoid(admit,advise,appreciate,acknowledge)risk(resent,resist),finish,deny(delay,deserve,dislike),imagine.3.动名词的时态和语态:1)一般式:动名词一般式表示的动作与句中谓语的动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动词之后发生,如用一般式表示其发生在谓语动词之前,则在动名词之前用介词on,upon或after.2)完成式:动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生.3)被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时,该动名词要求用被动形式.4.动名词复合结构:由动名词的逻辑主语+动名词短语构成的动名词的复合结构,在句中作主语或宾语等,逻辑主语与动名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系.逻辑主语的形式有四种:1)逻辑主语是表示有生命的名词,用所有格(加‘s).2)逻辑主语是表示无生命的名词,用所有格则直接用普通格(不加‘s).3)当逻辑主语是代词时,可用物主代词或代词宾格.

174)当逻辑主语不是代词或指示代词时,只用宾格,不用所有格.例如:Smith‘slackinginexperienceworriedheragreatdeal.WhatIknowisthewindowbeingopen.Wearelookingforwardtohercomingback.Iwasafraidofthetentfallingdownduringthenight.5.动名词与不定式比较:由于动名词也具有名词的性质和功能,因此,其用法在三个位置上与动词不定式发生了重合,既主语位置,宾语位置,和表语位置,故有必要对此予以比较.一.宾语位置上的区别1)有些动词要求跟动名词作宾语,有些要求跟动词不定式作宾语.2)有些动词后既可跟动名词又可跟不定式,但意义不同.如:1.IfIhadremembered______thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)toclose.B)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed2.I‘llneverforget_____youforthefirsttime.A)tomeetB)tohavemeetC)meeting.D)havingtobemeeting3.Weregret_____youthatthebooksyouwanttobuyaresoldout.

18A)informingB)toinform.C)tohaveinformedD)informed4.WhenIcamein,hewenton_______withme.A)talkingB)havetalkedC)talkD)totalk.5.Thedriverhasbeentrying______thecarfornearlyanhour.A)startB)startedC)tostart.D)starting6.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans____trouble.A)makingB)tomake.C)tohavemadeD)havingmade考题注释1.remember后即可接不定式又可接动名词,前者意思是:记住做某事(还没做),后者的意思为:记得做了某事(做过了).Irememberseeingherbefore.根据题意,窗户未关,因此小偷进来了.2.forget后即可接不定式又可接动名词,前者指”忘记要做某事”,后者指”忘记过去作过的一件事”.题意为”我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的情景”.3.regret后即可接不定式又可接动名词,前者指”对尚未做,或正在做的事情的遗憾”,后者指”对过去作过的事情的遗憾”.如:Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice,本题译文为:很遗憾的通知你,你想买的书卖完了.4.togoontalking意思为一直持续做某事,而togoontotalk意思为在被中断做某事后继续原来的动作.

195.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好.Letustrydoingtheworksomeotherway.我们用另外一个方法做这个工作试试.6.Idonotmeantohurtyoubysayingthis.我这样说并不是想伤害你.Missingthisbusmeanswaitingforananotherhour.错过这次车意味着又要再等一个小时.3)1.在动词hear,deserve,need,want,require之后,若用动名词作宾语,则表示被动,其意义与动词不定式的被动形式相同.注意:在require之后只用动名词表被动.2.在动词begin,start,continue,hate,like,love,prefer后跟不定式或动名词含义基本相同,只不过跟动名词表习惯性动作,跟不定式表示一次具体的动作.注意:这些动词用在should,would之后,后面只跟不定式。三、分词一)属性切记分词的两点性质：1、分词在性质上具有形容词和副词的功能，形容词可作定语、表语和宾补，而副词可作状语，由此推知，分词也可以作定语、表语宾补和状语。分词有两类，现在分词和过去分词。2、分词并不是简单地等同于形容词和副词，它还具有动词的特征，即可以带宾语或表语，如：Hestopped,realizingmistakesinhis

20writing.也可以用状语修饰，如：Hefoundthefireburningbrightly.另外，分词还有自己的时态和语态：现在分词有主动和被动，有一般法和完成式，而过去分词本身便含有被动或完成的意义，故没有形式上的变化。A)现在分词时态和语态的变化(以study)为例)：主动式被动式一般式studyingbeingstudied完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedB)过去分词(以study为例)：studied(一)作表语1.He’s()becausehehaswontheprize.AnervousBexcited.CsatisfyingDexciting2.Thattheywouldgetmarriedis().AsurprisedBsurprisinglyCsurprising.Dsurprise考点分析现在分词做表语时多表示主语所具有的特征；过去分词做表语时多表示主语的状态。故一般而言，当主语是“人”时，用过去分词做表语，表求“感到……”当表示主语的性质时，一般用现在分词做表语，意为“令人……”，此时主语多为“事物”。如boring(令人厌烦的)，bored(感到厌烦)。

21(二)作定语1.Youwillseethisproduct()whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertised.CadvertiseDadvertising2.Catshavesharpteeth()mice.Ausedforcatching.BwhichusedtocatchCtheiruseistocatchDtheyareusedforcatching3.Thespeaker,()forherspeeches,waswarmlyreceivedbytheaudience.AhavingknownBbeingknownCknowingDknown.4.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone().AtocorrectBcorrectingChavingcorrectedDbeingcorrected.考点分析1)单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词前；但也可以放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词，如考题1。2)分词短语做定语必须放在被修饰的名词后，除“副词+分词”构成的短语外。

223)如果被修饰的中心词与分词的关系是主动关系，用现在分词；如果被修饰的中心词与分词的关系是被动关系，则用过去分词。如：ThewomanteachergivingusorallessonsisfromAmerica.Thestorydescribedinthebookiseasytounderstand.4)现在分词与去分词做定语时的区别：两者的区别应从时态和语态两个方面予以区分。从量才而为的角度看，现在分词表示进行，而过去分词表示完成。如：thechangingworld(变化中的世界)；thechangedworld(变化了的世界)；从语态角度而言，现在分词表主动，而过去分词表被动，如：theexploitingclass(剥削阶级)，theexploitedclass(被剥削阶级)5)分词做定语与动词不定式做定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动进行之意，过去分词表示被动与完成，而不定式表示在谓语词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：Theproblemdiscussed/beingdiscussed/tobediscussedatthemeetingisquitesecret.(会上所讨论的问题/正在讨论的问题/将讨论的问题是十分秘密的。)(三)作状语1.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo()bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.Aunrecorded.BtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded2.()inthisway,thesituationdoesn’tseemsodisappointing.

23ATolookatBLookingatCLookedat.DTothelookedat3.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen().AscoldingBtoscoldChavingscoldedDscolded.4.()theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.AHavingbelievedBBelieving.CBelievedDBeingbelieved考点分析分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随情况，即可以放在句首也可以放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分分开。分词前可带when,while,as,once,until,if等连接词。注意分词及其逻辑主语(即主句主语)的一致性。如分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动关系，分词用现在分词，如为被动关系，则用过去分词。(四)作宾语补足语1.Hisremarksleftme()abouthisrealpurpose.AwonderedBwonderCtowonderDwondering.2.Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers()ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.AinformBinformingCbeinformedDinformed.

24考点分析有些及物动词之后要求分词作宾补才能表达一个完整的意思。有些动词之后既可用现在分词作宾补，也可用过去分词，这就要看动词之后的名词或代词能否执行分词的动作来确定能执行的用现在分词，否则，用过去分词。此类动词常见的有：see,hear,feel,catch,watch,notice,make,think,have,keep,want,order等。三)分词时态、语态的变化1.()inaseeminglyendlesswar,thegeneralwasforcedtoevaluatethesituationagain.ASincethelossof50,000soldiersBBecauseof50,000soldiershavinglostCHavinglostover50,000soldiers.D50,000soldierswerelost2.()differentkindsofcars,theworkersfurtherimprovedtheirtechnique.AHavingbeenproducedBBeingproducedCHavingproduced.DProducing3.After()forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.Abeinginterviewed.BinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed

25考点分析分词的时态和语态的重点和核心是掌握其完成式的用法。1)一般式：现在分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动作同时发生或表示分词表示的动作发生在后；过去分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生或者某些持续性动词的分词表示与句中谓语动作同时发生。2)现在分词的完成式：现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生，具有主动意义。如：Havingfinishedreadingthebook,sheputitaside.3)现在分词的被动式：一般式现在分词的被动语态表示的动作和句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；完成式现在分词被动语态表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。四)分词的特殊形式分词的特殊形式主要指的是分词的复合结构，即分词的独立结构。一般而言，作状语用的分词短语的逻辑主语为整个句子的主语，但有时，分词的逻辑主语却与句子的主语不一致，这时，分词必须带上自己的主语，称为独立结构，可以表示原因、时间、伴随等。归纳起来，分词的独立结构有以下几类：(一)分词逻辑主语+分词1.Allthetasks()aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholiday

26foraweek.AbeenfulfilledBhavingbeenfulfilled.CwerefulfilledDhadbeenfulfilled2.Somanydirectors(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AwereabsentBbeingabsent.CbeenabsentDhadbeenabsent3.Allthings(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.Aconsidered.BbeconsideredCconsideringDtoconsidered4.Allflights()becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.AwerecanceledBhavingbeencanceled.ChadbeencanceledDhavebeencanceled考点分析这是一种非常重要的独立结构，是四经考试语法测试的重点。它通常表示原因、时间、条件等，注意做题时应虑以下步骤：①逻辑主语与分词的关系。若为主动关系，则用现在分词，若为被动关系，则用过去分词(或现在分词的完成式的被动形式)；②分词与整句话谓语的动作先后关系。若两者无先后关系，用分词的一般式，若分词发生在谓语动词之前，则用一般式的完成式。

27(二)由“There+being+主语”构成(),thepolicewentbacktotheiroffice．ATherewasnodangerBTherebeingnodanger.CBeingwithoutdangerDWithouthavingdanger(三)由“with(without+加分词逻辑主语+分词”构成1．Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse，withtheaudience()onbenches,chairsorboxes．AhavingseatedBseatingCseated.Dhavingbeenseated2．WithDick(),hefinishedhiswork．AhelpedBtohelpChelping.Dbeinghelped3．()thetemperaturefallingsorapidly.wecouldn’tgoonwiththeexperiment．AWith.BForCAsDSince考点分析这种结构一般表示伴随情况或补充说明。做题时，应考虑以下步骤：(1)逻辑主语与分词的关系。若为主动关系，则用现在分词；若为被动关系，则一般用过去分词。(2)分词与整句话谓语动词的时间先后关系，若分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则用分词的一般式；若分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则用现在分词的完成式。四、实战演习1．Itisnouncommonthingnowadays()tolearnaforeign

28language．ApeoplegoingtoeveningclassesBthatpeoplegotoeveningclassesCforpeopletogotoeveningclasses.Dtopeoplegotoeveningclasses2．Weshouldbedelightedto()amemberoftheinstitute．AhaveyoutobecomeBhaveyoubecome.\ChavingyoubecomeDhavingyoutobecome3．Shehasgotnoidea()withherforthetrip．Awhatclothestotake.BoftotakewhatclothesCtotakewhatclothesDwhatclothesbetaken4．Theteacherwasbusy()sumsupontheblackboard．Shewastoobusy()thestudents’questions．Atowriteout；answeringBtowriteout；toanswerCwritingout；toanswer.Dwritingout；answering5.Theengineerfound()tomeasuretheoiltemperature．AthatdifficultBitdifficult.CthatwasdifficultDdifficult6.CaptainHenry,()，creptslowlythroughtheunderbrush．AbeingremotefromtheenemyBtryingtoavoidtheenemy..CattemptingtonotencountertheenemyDnotinvolvinghimselfintheenemy7．TherevolutionarywavethatwassweepingoverthewholeofEuropemadeitseffects()intheBritishLabourMovement．AtobefeltBfeelingCbeingfeltDfelt.8.()Iamnotinfavourofyourplan．ATellingyouthetruthBTotellyouthetruth.

29CFortellingyouthetruthDTotellyouatruth9．Theyexchangedviewsonthequestionof().AelectingwhomBwhomtobeelectedCwhomtoelect.Dtoelectwhom10．Theyweremade()likeadog．AworkingBtowork.CworkDforworking11．What’stroublingthemis()enoughmachinetools．AtheirnottohaveBthemtonothaveCtheirnothaving.Dnottheirhaving12．IamsorryImissed()youwhileinBeijing．AtoseeBseeing.CofseeingDatseeing13．Itiswellworth()tolearnhowtodriveacar．Amakingtheeffort.BmakingeffortCtomaketheeffortDtomakeaneffort14．“Hasthequestionbeensettled?”“No，itis()．”AfarfromtobesettledBnotyettobesettledCgoingtosettleitDfarfrombeingsettled.l5.Agoodadministermustknow()．AtobefirmBhowtobefirm.CtohavefirmnessDthewayoffirmness16．()abusstopsonearourcollegeisagreatadvantage．ATherebeing.BThereistobeCTherebeDThereis17．Youarecordiallyinvitedtoaparty()atourinstituteat7：30p.m.Dec．2．AbeinggivenBgivenCwillbegivenDtobegiven.18．()ahotday，wedecidedtogoforaswim．ABeingBItbeing..CWhatDSuch19．Allflights()becauseofthestorm，theydecidedtotakethe

30train-AhavingcanceledBhavingbeencanceled.CwerecanceledDhavebeencanceled20．Thefarmercaughttheboys()hisapples.Astealing.BstoleCtostealDwouldsteal21．()adequatepreparations，theythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek.ANottohavemadeBNotmaking..CNothavingmadeDHavingnotmade22．Hetoldustokeepasecretofthethings()．Abeingdiscussed.BtodiscussCordiscussingDdiscussing23．()toaliquid,naturalgascaneasilybetransportedbysea.AHavingbeencompressed.BHavecompressedCCompressingDBeingcompressed24．Thegovernmentwarnedpeople()cranberriesbecausetheywerecontaminatedwithinsecticides．Anottoeat.BtonoteatCinnoteatingDtoeatnot25．Annasaidinherletterthatshe’dappreciate()fromyou.AtohearBhavingheardChearing.Dtohearing26．Idon’tremember()totrythismethod.AhavinggivenachanceBtohaveeverbeengivenachanceChavingeverbeengivenachance.Dtobegivenachance27．“Whatdoyouexpectmetodo?”“Theroomneeds().”AtobecleanBtocleaningCcleaning.Dcleaned28．WhenIreadtheplaynowIcan’thelp()Cyril.Atothink0fBthinkingof.CthinkofDIthinkof

3129．Peterdevelopedamethodtobringsubstancestothelowesttemperatures().AknowscienceBknowingscienceCknowntoscience.Dscienceisknown30．Ishallneverforget()latePremierZhouduringhisinspectionofourfactory．AtohavemeetBmeeting.CtomeetDmeet31．Thewayhetalksissimplyintolerable;Iobjectto()likeachild．AtreatBmeetingcbetreatedDbeingtreated.32．Itisnouse()；thecompanywon’tdoanythingaboutit．AforyoutohavecomplainedByouhavecomplainedCyourcomplaining.Dyoucomplain33．Whenthestreetsarefullofmeltingsnow，youcan’thelpbut()yourshoeswet．Aget.BtogetCgettingDgot34．Whomwouldyourather()withyou，Johnorme?Ahavego.BhavegoneCtogoDgoing35．Afterbeingrescuedfromtheaircrash,thepeopleagreedthetheyhadmuch().AtothankBtobethankedCtobethankfulDtobethankfulfor.36．“Ican’tseetheblackboardverywell．”“Perhapsyouneed().”Atoexamineyoureyes.BtohaveyoureyesexaminedCtohaveexaminedyoureyesDtobeexaminedyoureyes37．()leftbeforethemeeting，itdoesn’tseemlikelythattheywillcome．

32AInsuchashorttimeBOnlysuchashorttimeCWithsuchashorttime.DWithoutsuchashorttime38．Heregrets()idlewhenyoung．AtohavebeenBhisbeingChavingbeen.Dhishavingbeen39．Itisnouse()temperwithme．AtoloseBtobelostCbeinglostDyourlosing.40．Oneoftheoldesttypesofaesthetictheoryisthatofformism,().AreferencetotheimitationtheoryispopularBtheimitationtheoryispopularlyreferredtoCisthereferencetothepopularimitationtheoryDpopularlyreferredtoastheimitationtheory.KeytotheExercises1．C2．B3．A4．C5．B6．B7．D8．B9．C10．B11.C12．B13．A14．D15．B16．A17．D18．B19．B20．A21．B22．A.23．A24．A25，C26．C27．C28．B29．C30．B31．D32．C33．A34．A35．D36．B37．C38．C39．D40．D第三节从句(SubordinateClause)从句是四级语法测试的又一重点，是英语主从复合句的必要成分，与主句结合在一起称为主从复合句。复合句中的从句共有三种：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

33各种从句依靠不同的关联词与主句连接，这些关联词起着桥梁的作用，也是掌握从句的关键。一、名词性从句一)性质1．之所以称之为名词性从句，首先是因为其本质上具有名词的性质。名词可以充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语，那么由此推之，名词性从句也可以用在这四个位置上，于是由名词性从句这个干流中分出了四大支流：即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。2．名词性从句靠关联词与主句连接起来，关联词充当着桥梁的作用，其中有独木桥，即只充当连接作用的关联词，也有双道桥，即充当连接作用，并有其意义的连接词，还有三道桥，即起连接作用，并在句中充当成份，还有其意义的连接词。掌握关联词，也便掌握了从句的关键。l．()menhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalsishardlynew．AThatBWhatCThoseDWhether2．()weshallgoorstayisuncertain．AWhenBWhichCThatDwhether3．Insomecountries，()iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople．AwhichBwhatCthatDone4．()ishisowndecision．AWhenleavingBWhenheleavesCWhendoesheleaveD

34Heleaves考点分析主语从句的连接同总共有四类：(1)由that引导的主语从句。that在从句中不充当任何成份，本身也无实际意义，只起连接作用，可形象地比喻为“独木桥”。如：Thathewillcomeiscertain．(2)由whether引导的主语从句。whether在句中充当连接词，并且有其意义，故称之为“双道桥”。注意，从句中通常有or或ornot，也是使用连接词whether的标志。(3)由连接代词who(ever)、whom、whose、what和which引导的主语从句。连接代词在句中可充当句子成份，也有其意义，当然也有连接的作用，故称之为“三道桥”。如：Whatyouneedispractice．(4)由连接副词when、where、how和why引导的主语从句。连接副词与连接代词一样，也具有三重作用，其充当的成份为状语。如：Howtheprisonerescapedisamystery．注意：有时为了求得句子的平衡，通常利用it作形式主语而将主语从句后置。如：It’snecessarythathereturnthebookatonce．考题注释

35①显然主语从句中不缺少任何成份，由此可排除连接代词what。根据题意，本题表达的是一个客观事实。且需要一个连接词连接从句。故答案为A)。②从句中不缺少任何语法成份，因此可排除连接代词which和连接副词when。由于从句中出现了or，因此只能选择whether，即D)项正确。③从句中缺少主语，因此应选一连接代词充当从句的主语。从意义上讲，which意为“哪个(些)”，what意为“所……的”。根据题意，答案应为B)。④从意义上讲，应填一主语从句，故排除A)、D)，又因主语从句中无语序倒装问题，故答案为B)。解题要诀如果从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语和定语，应选连接代词；从句缺状语时，应选连接副词；从句中不缺少任何成分时，只能选that或whether，两者可以从句子的意思中判断。此规则也适用于表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。1．Noannouncementhasbeenmadeconcerning()onthenextspaceflight．AwhogoBwhoisgoingCwhohasgoneDwhowent2．ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutAnnabecausenoonewasaware()shehadgone．AwherethatBoftheplacewhereCofwhereDtheplace

363．Marywasreallysurprised()andreturnedhomesoearly．AhowmuchBlackhadleftofficeBthatBlackhadleftofficeCwhichBlackleftofficeDifornotBlackhadleftoffice考点分析宾语从句一般与其它语法项目结合在一起进行测试，不单独作为考点，因此，只掌握以下两点便可：1)能引导主语从句的连词、连接代词和连接副词都能引导宾语从句。if和whether可通用，that可省略。2)宾语从句一般用作动词的宾语。如：Theyhaveadmittedthattheywerewrong．也可用作介词的宾语。如：Iamnotgoodatwhatyoudo．另外，宾语从句还可置于某些表语形容词之后。如：afraid、amazed、certain、confident、glad、pleased、sorry、sure、surprised、worried。例如：Wearegladthatyouhavecome．考题注释①译文：“关于谁将进行下次太空飞行，到目前为止还未宣布。”括号处应填作为动词宾语的宾语从句，且表示的是将来时间，能满足此条件的只有B)项，因为现在进行时可表将来。②beawareof是固定搭配，因此可排除A)、D)项。此处是宾语从句作介词宾语，故答案为C)。

37③在形容词surprised之后可跟一宾语从句，而宾语从句不缺少任何成份，也不缺少意义。故答案为B)。Thearesigns()restaurantsarebecomingmorepopularwithfamilies·(00—6—37)Athat.BwhichCinwhichDwhose考点分析1)英语中某些名词如idea、fact、news、hope、belief等后可用同位语从句，其连接词的范围和应用方法与主语从句相同，但在四级语法测试中，主要考以that引导的同位语从句。2)用作同位语连词的that与用作定语从句关系词的that有三点区别：(1)同位语从句中的that只起连接作用，不能充当成分，而定语从句中的that可作从句成分。(2)同位语从句与修饰的名词是相等关系，是对前面名词的解释和说明；而定语从句与所修饰的中心词之间是修饰与被修饰关系。(3)同位语从句前的名词是特定的，而定语从句所修饰的词是不特定的。二、状语从句一)性质1．状语从句是指在主句中作状语的主谓结

38构。状语从句根据其在主句中的句法作用可分为时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较和条件等九种状语从句。2．掌握状语从句的关键是熟悉能连接状语从句的从属连词的用法。(一)时间状语从句1．Amanescapedfromtheprisonlastnight．Itwasalongtime()theguardsdiscoveredwhathadhappened．Abefore.BuntilcsinceDwhen2．Bob’Sleggothurt()theParpleMountains.AwhileheisclimbingupBwhileheclimbedupCwhileweclimbedupDwhilewewereclimbingup.3．Althoughwehadn’tmetfortwentyyears，Irecognizedhim()Isawhim．Athemoment.BbythemomentCthatmomentDforthemoment4．Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeech()theaudiencestartedcheering．AandBthanCwhen.D)as考点分析能连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：when，as，after，notuntil，since，before。while．themoment，assoonas，nosooner…than(一…就)，hardly…when(一…就)，immediately(一…就)等。时间状语从句是四级语法测试的重点，所以每一个从属连词的用法都要掌握，考点有：1)when和while的区别2)特定结构Itis+一段时间+since的用法

393)themoment、immediately引导的状语从句的使用4)hardly／scarcely…when、nosooner…than结构的用法5)特定结构(not)long…before的使用考题注释①译文为：“昨晚一个人从监狱里逃跑了，过了很长时问看守才发现所发生的事。”见考点5)，这是一特定结构，故答案为A)。②while引导的状语从句的谓语一般使用进行时态，此处应填一过去进行时的状语从句。③四个选项中，只有themoment能引导一状语从句。themoment意为“一…就”。④在hardly／scarcely…when、nosooner…than结构中，主句要倒装，且一般使用过去完成时的渭语动词。(二)地点状语从句Ihavekeptthatportrait()Icanseeiteveryday，asitalwaysremindsmeofmyuniversitydaysinLondon．AwhichBwhere.CwhetherDwhen考点分析能连接地点状语从句的从属连词有：where，wherever(不论何时)，anywhere，everywhere等，如：Youcan’tcampanywhereyoulikethesedays．(三)方式状语从句Readingistothemind()exerciseistothebody．

40AthatBwhereCwhat.Dwhich考点分析能引导状语从句的连词有：as，asif(though)，like,what(=as)，theway等，如：Hetalksasifhekneweverythingintheword.(四)原因状语从句1.Althoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad，conflictissometimesuseful()itforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbehaviors．AbywhichBtowhichCinthat.Dsothat2．()youareleavingtomorrow，wecaneatdinnertogethertonight．AForBSince.CBeforeDWhile3．Criticismandself-criticismisnecessary()ithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes．AbythatBatthatConthatDinthat.考点分析能连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：because，as，since，for，inthat(因为)，nowthat(既然)等。考点有：1)inthat、nowthat引导的状语从句，这是四级测试的一个重点。2)as、because、for和since引导原因状语从句的区别。我们

41应从两个层次对之进行区分：一是从句与主句的位置，二是从句与主句的关系。as引导的从句常位于主句之前，它说明的原因只是附带性的；because引导的从句一般放在主句之后，它用来表示直接原因；for引导的从句只能放到主句的后面，它侧重于对主句的解释和说明；since引导的从句常放在主句的前面，特别是表示“既然”时，它表示的原因通常是稍加分析后推断出来的。(五)目的状语从句1．Iwasadvisedtoarrangeforinsurance()Ineedmedicaltreatment．AsothatBalthoughCincase.Dnevertheless2．Hewaspunished()heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain．AunlessBprovidedCifDlest.考点分析能引导目的状语从旬的有：sothat，inorderthat，incase，lest，forfearthat等。注意在incase(假使、万一)、lest(唯恐)、forfearthat之后通常使用虚拟语气，其后的谓语形式见虚拟语气一节。(六)结果状语从句能引导结果状语从句的连词有：(so)that，so…that，such…that等。(考题略)(七)让步状语从句1．()theworkersintheplanthavemadegreatcontributiontothecountry．AAstheyyoungBYoungastheyare.CAsyoungarctheyDTheyareyoung2．Object()youmay，theywillgoonasusual．

42AasBthough.CalthoughDwhether3．()mancannowcreateradioactive，thereisnothinghecandotoreducetheirradioactivity．AAsBWhethercWhile.DNowthat4．Rodisdeterminedtogetaseatforconcert()itmeansstandinginaqueueallnight.AasifBevenif.CprovidedDwhatever5．()difficultieswemaycomeacross,we’llhelponeanothertoovercomethem．AHoweverBWheneverCWhereverDWhatever.考点分析1)能引导让步状语从句的连接词有：although，as，(even)though,evenif-ever型(如whatever等)，whether…or(not)(不管，不论)，while(尽管)等。如：Whateveryousay，Iwillnotchangemymind．2)注意两种倒装，一种是“形容词+as(或though)+主语+系动词”型，另一种是“原形动词+though+主语+某些情态动词”型。(八)比较状语从句经典考题1．Theyusuallyhavelessmoneyattheendofthemonththan()atthebeginning．AwhichisBwhichwasCtheyhave.Ditis2．“Canhebuythecar?”“He’saspooras()be．”AmayBmanC)peopleDcan.

43考点分析1)能引导比较状语从句的从属连词有：as…as、notso／as…as、比较级…than、the+比较级…the+比较级等。2)注意，在as…as和比较级…than结构中，as和than后面的从句可省略某些成分：可以省去整个谓语部分，保留主语；可以省去实意动词，保留主语与助动词；可以省去主、谓部分，保留修饰部分(多为状语)；也可以省去主语，保留谓语。1．We’llvisitEuropenextyear()Wehaveenoughmoney．Aprovided.BunlessCuntilDlest2．Hewillsurelyfinishthejobontime()he’slefttodoitinhisownway．AinthatBincaseCasfarasDsolongas.考点分析条件状语从句一般由if、unless、aslongas、(只有)supposing(如果)、provided(如果，假设)、onconditionthat(假设)等词引导，如：WecannotstudyEnglishwellunlesswepracticeitfromtimetotime.三、定语从句一)性质1．定语从句又被称为形容词性从句或关系从句，其实质是修饰名词或代词的主谓结构，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

442．连接名词(代词)和定语从句的关联词称为关系词，有关系代词和关系副词，掌握定语从句的关键在于掌握关系词的用法。3．定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句是主句意思不可缺少的部分，如果把它去掉，主句的意思便难以完整。非限定性定语从句只对作修饰的词作进一步的说明，它是一种插入语，旁自或注释，如果把它删去，主句的意思仍然完整。非限定性定语从句与先行词用逗号隔开。例如：Youmayselecttheonewhichismosttoyourtaste．(限定性定语从句)Thatmall，whoseworkisimportant，hasbeenateacher．(非限定性定语从句)1．Thefewpoint()thepresidentstressedinhisreportareveryimportant．Awhich.BwhoCasDwhere2．All()isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife．AwhatisneededBforourneedsCthethingneededDthatisneeded.誓点分析1)能引导定语从句的关系代词有：who(whom，whose)、which和that。其中，who(whom，whose)指人，which指物，that既指人，也指物，例如：Thewomanwho(that)isspeakingatthemeetingisafamouswriter．Thetrainwhich(that)hasjustleftisanewone．

452)注意关系代词that的使用：当①先行词前有限定词(all、any、every、no等)、序数词、形容词最高级时；②先行词本身是限定词或不定代词(nothing、everying、anything等)时；③先行词是既指人又指物的并列名词时。必须使用关系代词that。如：Borrowanybookthatinterestsyou。3)关系代词除连接句子外，一般在从句中作主语、宾语或定语。1．Thedaywillcomesoon()Chinawillbecomeamodern，powerful，socialistcountry．AwhenBbeforeCsinceDas2．Thevillage()Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook．AwhichBwhereCwhenDthat考点分析1)能引导定语从句的关系副词有when(=atwhich)、where(=inwhich)和why(=forwhich)，它们既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句，如：ThatisthereasonwhyIdidit．2)关系副词引导的定语从句可以与其先行词分开，中间由谓语隔开，有的语法书称之为割裂修饰，其目的是为了求得句子的平衡。如：Thetimehascomewhenordinarypeoplecanusecomputers．3)关系副词除连接定语从句外，一般在从句中作状语成分。(三)带介词的定语从句1．Governmentreports，examinationcompositions，legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations()formallanguageisused．

46Ainwhich.BatwhatConwhichDinthat2．Weneedachairman()．AforwhomeveryonehasconfidenceBinwhomeveryonehasconfidence.CwhoeveryonehasconfidenceofDwhomeveryonehasconfidenceon3．Languageisacity，tothebuildingof()everyhumanbeingbroughtastone.Awhich.BitCthatDthis4、Theresidents,()hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross．AalltheirhomesBallwhosehomesCallofwhosehomes.Dalloftheirhomes5．Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds()hisargumentsinfavourofthenewtheory．AtobebasedonBtobaseonCwhichtobaseonDonwhichtobase.考点分析引导定语从句的关系代词可以作介词的宾语，形成带介词的定语从句，这是四级语法测试中一核心的内容。这种结构有两种：(1)从句由“介词+which”(表示事或物)或“介词+whom”(表示人)构成。如：Themantowhomheistalkingisourpresident．TheschoolinwhichIstudiedisafamousuniversity．

47(2)从句由“名词(或代词)+0f+which(或whom)”构成。如：Thecitizens，mostofwhomwereworkers，welcomedthenewlaw．Mt.Tai，thesummitofwhichishardlyseen，isoftencoveredwithsnow．解题要诀(1)掌握常用介词的基本用法。(2)掌握常用的动词、形容词与介词之间的固定搭配，这是解题的关键。1．Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestchildthanshewastotheothers,()ofcourse．madetheothersjealous．AwhoBthatCwhatDwhich.2．Beeristhemostpopulardrinkamongmaledrinkers，()overallconsumptionissignificantlyhigherthanthatofwomen．Awhose.BwhichCthatDwhat考点分析能引导非限定性定语从句的关系词有：who(whom，whose)．which，as，where，when.which和as有时可用来表示整个句子。(五)由but和as引导的定语从句I．Nooneisintheworld()knowstheGreatWall．AasBbut.ConeDwhich2．()mightheexpected，theresponsetothequestionwasverymixed．

48AAs.BThatCItDWhat3．TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,()isoftenthecaseinothercountries．Aas.BwhatCsoDthat4．Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner()shehadpromisedus．AthatBwhichCas.Dwhat考点分析1)当but用来引导定语从句时，其所修饰的先行词是前面被否定的名词。如：Therewasnotasinglepersonbutthoughtyouwereright．(没有一个人不认为你是正确的。)这里，but本身含有否定之意，相当于who(whom)…not／which…not(修饰物)／that…not(修饰人或物)。2)当as用来引导定语从句时，有两种情况：(1)一般多与前面的such或thesame连用。如：Ihavethesameproblemsasyou．(2)用来引导非限定性定语从句，这时它的作用与which相似，指的是前面或后面的整个句子所表达的意思。可用在句首，也可用在句末。而which只能放在句末或句中。如：Asisknowntotheworld，MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter．四、实战演习1．()thisisaneventofworld-historicsignificanceisquiteevident．AWhatBThatCBecauseDSince

492．But()hurtourfeelingsmostwasthepersonalcommentofthejudge．AwhoBwhatCwhichDthat3．OfonethingIamcertain()ourfuturedependsonourpresent．AbecauseBwhatCwhichDthat4．Iwascuriousasto()hewouldsaynext．AwhatBthatChowDwhether5．Whenherownstudyingwasdone，shetriedtoread()ofhisbookswasnotinuse．AwhicheverBwhichCthatD)what6．Someofthemusicalpiecesfor()DuncanchoreographeddanceswerewaltsbyChopin．AthemBwhichCthatDwhat7．Anelementisasubstance．allof()atomshavethesameatomicnumber．AthatBwhoseCwhatDwhich8．()hebeganworkinginthechemicalplant，heexperiencedpainwhenhebreathed．AShortlybeforeBNoSoonerthanCNotlongafterDNolonger9．Asolardayisthelengthoftime()theEarthtorevolveoncearoundthesun．AtakesBtakesitcittakesDtotake10()wethinkofRosewehavetoadmitthathe’sahighlycompetentman．AWhichBWhicheverCWhatDWhatever11．WheneverImethim()wasfairlyoften,Ilikedhissweetandhopefulsmile．AthatBwhichCitDwhat

5012．Humanbeingsaresuperiortoanimals()theycanuselanguageasatoolofcommunication．AforthatBforwhichCinthatDinwhich13．Myteacherwasnotamantotolerategrammaticalmistakes．1wasafraidtotalktohim()Ihadthegrammarstraightinmymind．AifBunlessCthoughDevenif14．Manycandidatesforparliamentwereafraidtosupportabolition()theyshouldlosevotes．AbecauseBsothatCevenifDlest15．Throughlongpowerlineselectricitygoes().AtotheplaceneededBthereitisneededCwhereitisneededDwhichitisneeded16．Wedroveoutofthetownbythesameroad()wehadenteredby．AwhereBwhichCthatDas17．1wasgreatlyshockedbytheway()thingsweredonethere．AhowBthatCasDwhich18．Thatis()wedecidedtoputthediscussionoff．AbecauseBhowCwhyDwhat19．Writeclearly()yourteachercanunderstandyoucorrectly．AsinceBforCbecauseDsothat20．Headvisedmetolockthewindows()someonetriedtobreakin.AincageofBotherwiseCincaseDinstead21．()theywillsendadelegationtotheconferenceisnotyetknown，butwehopetheywill．AIfBWhetherCThatDWhat

5122．Becauseofatrafficjam()Iwascaught，Iwaslateforthemeeting.AwhichBinwhichCthatDinthat23．Itisonly()facetedthatisbrillianceandbeautyarerevealedtotheeye.AaroughdiamondisBwhenaroughdiamondisCthataroughdiamondisDaroughdiamondif24．Iwishittobeunderstood()whathedidhasnothingtodowithme.AifBforCtoDthat25．Johnwasdrivenoutofthehouseand()mightbeexpected，diedofcoldandhunger·AitBasCthatDwho26．Hisbehaviorissuch()everybodydislikes．AsoBasCthanDthat27．Thereisnodoubt()hewillcomesoon．AthatBwhatCifDwhether28．Ihavenotfoundmybookyet；infact,Iamnotsure()Icouldhavedonewithit.AwhetherBwhyCwhatDwhen29．Ifthatideawaswrong，theprojectisboundtofall()goodalltheotherideasmightbe．AwhateverBasCthoughDhowever30．Hetooknonotice，()thewholetownwasfullofrumours.AneverthelessBinspiteofChoweverDalthoughKeytotheExercises1．B、2．B3．D4．A5．A6．B7．B8．C

529．Ci0．D11．B12．C13．B14．D15．C16．D17．B18．C19．D20．C21．B22．B23．B24．D25．B26．D27A28．C29．D30．D第四节形容词和副词(AdjectiveandAdverb)形容词和副词是四级语法中的必考项目，考点多而分散，是语法学习的难点。本章将以考点精粹的方式就此项语法的重点分别予以阐述。一、形容词和副词的级一)原级比较(一)基本结构Tomisas（　　）ACleverashisbrother.BmorecleverashisbrotherCmorecleverthanhisbrotherDcleverthanhisbrother考点分析形容词和副词的原级比较常用在“as+原级+as”或否定式“not+as…as”或“notso…as”结构中。如：PeterrunsasfastasTom．MaryisnotsocarefulasAnna．(二)变体1．Heis()asanyofus．Aasgoodaswimmer.Basagoodswimmer

53CaswimmerasgoodDagoodswimmer2．“Canhebuythecar?”“He‘saspooras()be．”AmayBmanCpeopleDcan.3．Eventhoughshelooksveryyoung．sheistwice()mytwenty-year-oldsister．Aasoldas.BolderthanCsooldasDasolderas4．Americanseat()astheyactuallyneedeveryday．Atwiceasmuchprotein.BtwiceproteinasmuchCproteinasmuchtwiceDproteinastwicemuch5．TheclimateofShanghaiisasmildas().AthatofLondon.BLondonCitsclimateDthoseofLondon考点分析关于原级比较，注意以下考点：1)在“as+原级+as”及否定结构中，形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数时，则不定冠词a(an)不能放在形容词之前，只能放在其后，如考题1。再如：WehaveneverseensobeautifulaplaceasBeijingbefore．2)在as…as结构中，第二个“as”后也可跟一从句，称作比较状语从句。在此从句中，一些成份可以省略：(1)可以省去实意动词，保留主语与助动词；(2)可能省去整个谓语部分，保留主语；(3)可以省去主、谓部分，保留修饰部分(多为状语)；(4)省去主语，保留谓语，如考题2。再如：Hewascontenttogoasfarashecould．(省略实意动词)在下面的比较级more…

54than结构中的省略与as…as结构中相同。3)当表示“几倍于”的概念时，英语通常用“倍数+as…as”结构来表示，通常用的一个结构为“倍数+asmany(可数名词)或asmuch(不可数名词)+as”，意为“…的…倍(那么多)”。如：Thisclothescoststwiceasmuchastheotherone．再如：We’veproducedtwiceasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidin2007.另外，当表达“多一倍”的概念时，还可用asmany(much)again表示。如：1wouldhavepaidasmuchagainformybike．many表达可数的概念，much表达不可数的概念。4)注意比较对象要前后一致。当前后两个比较对象表示相同的概念时，后一个比较对象可用that(单数)或those(复数)代替。如考题5。又如：Theoutputofthisyearisasmuchasthatofthelastyear．二)比较级(一)基本结构(考题略)比较级的基本结构用“比较级+than”的形式，如：Factsspeaklouderthaneloquence(事实胜于雄辩)．又如：Imaginationismoreimportantthanknowledge．

55(二)变体A)变体一：比较级前加“the”之情形1．Themorewestudyduringtheterm，()wehavetostudybeforeexams．Atheless.BthefewerCthelittleDthefew2．Ofthetwohousesthefamilyprefers()．AthemostisolatedoneBtheoneisolatedmoreCthemoreisolatedone.Dtheisolatedonemore3．Sheisall()happierforherbeauty．Athe.BmuchCmoreDenough考点分析在形容词比较级前一般不能加定冠词the，但有三种例外：1)当表示“越…越…”的概念时，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构，如：Themoreyoulearn,themoreyoufindyoudon’tknow．2)当表示“两者中较…的一个”的概念时，要用定冠词“the”，如：Ofthetwotoys，thechildchosethecheaper.3)表示“因而更加…”之意时，用“all／somuch／none等副词+the+比较级”，这种结构之后不可再接than从句，如：Shefeltsomuchtheyounger．(她因而感到更加年轻了。)B)变体二morethan结构1．Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjust()

56classes．Aattend.BattendedCtoattendDattending2．1likewatchingTV()tothecinema.AmorethantogoBmorethangoing.CratherthantogoDthangoing3．Shepreferstodieratherthan()sheiswrong.AtoadmitBadmit.CadmittingDadmitted4．“Anneactsquiteunfriendly．”“Ithinksheis()thanunfriendly．”AshyerBshyCmoreshyratherDmoreshy.5．Thetrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud．ButIwasn‘tbotheredbyhisloudness()byhislackoftalent．AmorethanBsomuchas.CthanDas6．Themooncakeisdelicious!Atleastit’s()theoneIbakedlastyear．AasworseasBnoworsethan.CnobetterthanDnotbetterthan考点分析morethan结构的特殊用法是四级语法测试的重点，也是掌握起来较为困难的一项语法，为了便于掌握，笔者总结了以下的考点：1)关于more…than连接的比较状语从句，一是注意省略(than从句的省略结构大致与as从句的省略结构相似。同时，在than从句的省略结构中，than之后可用动词不定式)；二是注意more(rather)than前后结构的平行，具体见考题1、2、3。2)当表语中比较两个形容词而用more…than连接时，其含义为“

57与其说…不如说”。如：Thatlittlegirlismoreshythantimid．(那小姑娘与其说是胆怯，不如说是害羞。)能表达“与其说…不如说”这一含义的还有一个结构，即“notsomuch…as”。如：Thefunctionofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthingsastoteachyoutheartoflearning．(学校教育的功能与其说是教你知识，不如说是教你学习的方法和技巧。)注意这两个重要的结构。3)有关“no+比较级+than”结构：我们知道，not+比较级+than是普通的比较级结构，而no+比较级+than则有其特殊含义。试比较：①JohnisnotbetterthanTom．(约翰不比汤姆好。)②JohnisnobetterthanTom．(约翰比汤姆好不到哪里去。)在句②中，尽管better是一个褒义的形容词比较级形式，但其表达的意思却是对前后两个比较对象的否定。因此，掌握此结构应注意：如果形容词为褒义．则是对前后两个比较对象的否定；如果形容词为贬义，则是对前后两个比较对象的肯定。另外“nomorethan”可翻译成“仅仅”。“nolessthan”可翻译成“达…之多”。C)变体三：特殊比较结构Beethovenismyfavoritemusician.Iregardhimas()othermusicians．AsuperiortoBmoresuperiorthanCmoresuperiortoDsuperiorthan考点分析以“-or”结尾的形容词，构成比较级时，后面直接用“to”

58，常见的这类形容词有：superior，inferior,junior，senior，prior(居先的)等。上述考题的答案应为A)。D)变体四：比较级前的修饰语Lighttravels()thansound．Amuchfaster.BmuchfastCveryfasterDtoofast考点分析比较级前的修饰语可用much、even、still、far、byfar、alittle、agreatdeal、slightly等状语。三)最高级(一)基本结构形容词或副词的最高级的基本结构为：(the)+最高级+比较范围。如：Tomisthetallestoneamongthethreestudents.Herunsmostslowlyinourclass．(二)变体Thisis()themostdifficultjobIhaveevertackled．AbyrightsBbyoneselfCbyitselfDbyfar.考点分析1)最高级可被序数词及much、byfar、hearty、almost、bynomeans等词修饰，如：TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverin

59China．2)如果形容词前的most=very，则其前面不能带定冠词the。如：Thesearemostdeliciouscakes．二、形容词和副词的位置一)形容词的位置Yesterdaymygrandfatherbought()fromtheshop．AanoldwoodroundtableBaroundoldwoodtableCaroundwoodoldtableDanoldroundwoodtable考点分析当一个名词有一个以上的形容词修饰时，这些形容词的位置由它们与被修饰的名词的密切程度决定，一般可以按以下顺序排列多个形容词：限定词(冠词、代词、数词)+描绘性形容词+表示年龄、大小、尺寸等的形容词+表示颜色的形容词+国别+表示性质的形容词(名词、动名词)+被修饰的名词。可以死记一个词组：thetwoattractivelargesquaregreenSpanishwoodboxes。或：描长形脸（年）色鬼（国）无（物）用。二)副词的位置1．SanFranciscoisusuallycoolinsummer，butLosAngeles().AisrarelyBhardlyisCrarelyis.Disscarcely

602．Not()theprocessofchoosingnamesvarieswidelyfromculturetoculture．AobviouslyBparticularlyCsurprisingly.Dnormally3．Hethinksthathe()intheright．AisalwaysnearlyBalwaysisnearlyCisnearlyalways.Dnearlyisalways4．Tom：().Mary：SodidI．AIlastmetthemSundayattheClubBLastSundayattheClubImetthemCAttheClublastSundayImetthemDImetthemattheClublastSunday.5.Theshoosare()butIdonotcareabit．Aalittletoosmall.BtooalittlesmallC)alittlesmalltooDtoosmallalittle6．Thisis()chancetobelost．AtoogoodBtooagoodCtoogooda.Datoogood考点分析关于副词的位置应注意以下几个考点：1)频率副词常放在助动词、情态动词或be动词后或实义动词之前，但在省略或强调结构中，必须置于助动词、情态动词或be动词之前。常见的频率副词有：always，usually，never，ever，just，shortly，seldom，hardly，scarcely，nosooner，rarely等。

612)评注副词是指对全句进行修饰的副词，通常放在句首并用逗号隔开。常见的评注性副词有：actually，briefly，certainly，fortunately，surely等。3)程度副词通常放在所修饰的词的前面。常见的程度副词有：very，much，almost，hardly，nearly，fairly等。4)如果句中几个副词连用，其排列顺序为：程度副词---频度副词地点副词,---时间副词。5)muchtoo、fartoo、alittletoo等常放在形容词之前来修饰形容词，表示程度，意为“太过份”。6)too、so+形容词+单数可数名词时，不定冠词要放在形容词之后，同时应注意不定冠词、应放在such、rather、many等之后。如：ItissuchalovelydaythatI’dliketogoonapienic.三、实战演习1.Stayinginahotelcosts()rentingaroominadormitoryforaweek.AtwicemorethanBasmuchtwiceasCtwiceasmuchasDasmuchastwice2.Havingwonthefirstplace,hefeltsuperior().AthanothersBasothersCtoothersDbeforeother3.Sheisnone()happierforherbeauty.AtheBmuchCmoreDenough4．Theoutputofwheatinourvillagehas()doubledinthepastfewyears．AgreaterthanBmorethanClargerthanDas

62greatas5．Youcan’tbe()carefulinmakingthedecisionasitwassuchacriticalcase．AtooBquiteCsoDvery6．BeforepaydayIhave()asmybrother.AaslessmoneyBaslittlemoneyCasleastmoneyDasfewmoney7．IlikeBettyandMary。ButIthinkMaryis()ofthetwo．AnicerBniceCthenicestDthenicer8．Thehigherthemountainis,()theairisatthesummit.AthewarmerBthecoldercthebestDthethicker9．“Ithinkheisverykind.”“No，heis()thankind．”AkinderBmorewiserCmorewiseDsokind10．Heissopoorthathehad()thanonehundreddollars．AnolessBnotlessCnomoreDnotmore11．Theeffectsofsmokingaresaidtobemoreharmfulthan()drinking．AthatofBwhichofCthoseofDwhatof12．Heoftensatinasmallbardrinkingmorewinethan().AhewasingoodhealthBhisgoodhealthwasCwasgoodforhishealthDhishealthwasgood13．Doyouknow()girls?AtwoyoungbeautifulFrenchBthetwobeautifulyoungFrenchCthetwoFrenchyoungbeautifulDFrenchtwoyoungbeautiful14．Sheisolderthan().AanyothergirlinthegroupBanygirlinthegroup

63CallgrilsinthegroupDyouandmeaswellasthegroup15．TuitionataChineseuniversityruns()900yuanasemesterAsohighasBashighlyasCashighasDsohighlyfits16．Helikesdoingsomereadingathome()tothecinema．AthantogoBmorethangoingCthangoingDratherthantogo17．Heis()awriterasascientist.AmoreBratherCnottomuchDnotsuch18．Thesooneryoutakeyourmedicine,()youwillfeel．AthemoregoodBbetterCthemoreDthebetter19．I()whathesaid．AhardlycouldbelieveBcouldhardlybelieveCcouldbelievehardlyDbelievehardly20．XiaoWangwasborn().AinBeijing1969MayBin1969MayinBeijingCinMay1969，inBeijingDinBeijinginMay196921．Abodyweighs()fromthesurfaceoftheearth．AlessthefartherBthefartheritgets，thelessClessthanitgetsfartherDlessthanit，thefartheritgets22．Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle()inapersonalone．AratherthanBbetterthanCotherthanDlessthan23．“Theplayiswonderful!”“Well．atleastit’s()theoneIsawlastweek．”AasworseasBnoworsethan

64CasbetterthanDnotbetteras24．Thebeautyoftheplaceis()Icandescribe．AnomorethanBlessthanCnotmorethanDmorethan25．I’mafraidthatthecolorfulgardenboughtbyTommaybe()expensive．AalltoomuchBfartooCverymuchDsotoomuch26．Theboyworeasuit()largeforhim．AverymuchBtoomuchCmuchtooDsomuch27．Heexplainedittome,butI’mnone()wiserAenoughBtheCmoreDmuch28．Doesyourbrotherhaveasmanybooks()you?AthanBasCnotasDfor29．AcolorTVsetis()ablack-and-whiteTVset．AascheapasBascheaplikeCsoascheapasDnotsocheapas30．Lighttravels()thansound．AmuchfasterBmuchfastcveryfasterDtoofastKeytotheExercises1．C2．C3．A4．B5．A6．B7．D8．B9．Cl0．C11．C12．C13．B14．A15．C16．B17．C18．D19．B20．D21．A22．A23．B24．D25．B26．C27．B28．B29．D30．A第五节倒装与强调(InversionandEmphasis)倒装是指英语中主谓顺序颠倒的一种语法现象。倒装的原因有三：

65一是为了求得句子的平衡，二是为了强调，三是为了追求某种特殊的效果，如修辞上的要求等。倒装从形式上可以分为全部倒装和部分倒装。前者指整个谓语都放在主语之前，后者指谓语的一部分(主要是助动词、情态动词或系动词)放在主语之前，而另一部分放在主语后。一、全部倒装一)表语型()wasaphoto．AEnclosedintheletter.BIntheletterenclosedCTheletterenclosedinDInenclosedtheletter考点分析在某些情况下，特别是主语较长的情形下，为了强调或求得句子的平衡，或为了更紧密地与上下文衔接，常把表语放在句首。如：MoreseriouswasthequestionofhowthePresidentwouldpresentthejointannouncement．二)There+be型()astonebridgeacrosstheriver．ATherestands.BHerestandsCStandthereDStandsthere考点分析There+be(或用作系动词的stand，lie，exist，remain，appear,seem，come等)存在句本身便是一强调结构，主语应为系动词后的名词，故系动词应与其后的名词的数一致。

661)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词时，且谓语动词为go，come等表示方位移动的动词，句子可全部倒装，但主语是代词的不能倒装。如：Awaywenthishat．Inrushedthecrowd．Bang!Bang!Bang!Camethreereportsofguns．2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，一般要求句子全部倒装。如：Inthischapterwillbefoundallanswer．Fromthevalleycameaterriblesound．Shewantedtogo()．AandsoherbrotherdidBandsodidherbrother.CandtooherbrotherDanddidherbrother，too考点分析在以so，nor．neither，no,more开头的并列句中，表示前面一句话中的谓语所说的情况也适合于后一句时，采用倒装并且省去与前一句相同的成分。在此句型中，要注意后一句中所用的助动词、系动词、情态动词与前一句相一致。如：Ican’tanswerthisquestion，norcanTom．Youarenotpreparingyourlessons，neitherarewe．

67二、部分倒装一)So型1．Sodangerous()thatthematchhadtobestopped．AthestormwasBwasthestorm.CwerethestormDthestorm2．Somuch()thathecan’tsleepatnight．AheworrysaboutherBworrysaboutherheCdoesheworryabouther.Ddoheworryabouther考点分析在“so…that”句型中，so放在句首引起半倒装，若谓语只由实义动词表示，须加助动词do(does，did)。1．Never()himinsuchagoodmood．AIhavefoundB)havefoundIChaveIfound.DIfound2．Onlyunderspecialcircumstances()totakemake-uptests．Aarefreshmenpermitted.BfreshmenarepermittedCpermittedarefreshmenDarepermittedfreshmen3．Nosooner()thebus()thanthewaitingcrowdgotonit．Adid…stoppedBhas…stoppedChad…stopped.Dwas…stopping4．Innoway()．AshecangiveinBcanbeshegiveninCcanshegivein.Dshegivesin5.Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances()thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs．

68Amayweuse.BwemayuseCwecoulduseDdidweuse考点分析否定词(或否定词组)位于句首，引起后面的部分倒装。常见的形式有：1)never(从不)．seldom，rarely(不常)，little，scarcely，hardly等表示否定意义的词或含有no的状语如atnotime(任何时候都不)，bynomeans(一点也不)，innocase(决不)，noaccount(决不)，undernocircumstance(决不)等位于句首，引起半倒装。2)由notuntil，onlywhen等或notuntil+时间状语，only+介词短语作状语置于句首，引起部分倒装。3)从属连词nosooner…than(一…就),scarcely／hardly…when(一……就)引起部分倒装。在此种句型中，主旬谓语通常用过去完成时，从句谓语一般用过去时，倒装时将助动词had放于主语前。4)并列连词notonly…but(also)，neither…nor或将其中的notonly，neither放在句首，引起部分倒装。如：Notonlydidheshowhimselfagoodstudent，buthealsoprovedhimselfagoodathlete.三)方式、频度型1．Gladly()moreif1wouldgetbetterservice.AIhadpaidBIpayCdoIpayDwouldIpay.2．Manyatime()thattest．

69AwehavetriedBdidwehavetriedChavewetried.Dwetried3．()，hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.AAlthoughmuchhelikesherBMuchalthoughhelikesherCAshelikeshermuchDMuchashelikesher.考点分析以方式副词或频度副词often,once,everyday,manyatime(很多次)等开头的句子，如表示强调则要倒装。四)让步型1．()asitwasatsuchatime，hisworkattractedmuchattention．ABeingpublishedBPublished.CPublishingDTobepublished2.()theywillgoonasusual．AThoughyoumayobjectBThoughobjectyoumayCThoughyouobjectmayDObjectthoughyoumay.3.()Imustdoanotherexperiment.ABeiteversolate.BItbeeversolateCItiseversolateDSolateitbeever4．()，wewillsetoffasweplanned.AWereitgoodorbadBBeitgoodorbad.CBeinggoodorbadDWhethergoodorbad考点分析在as和though引导的让步状语从句和在某些相当于让步状语从句的固定结构中，往往使用倒装的形式。在as和though引导的状语从句中，其倒装结构为：“表语+as／though”主语+系动词”或“

70原形动词+though／as+主语+情态动词”。而在某些相当于让步状语从句的结构中，一般是将从属连词省略，系动词倒装，并相应地变成原形形式Be。如考题3、4。另外，还有一特殊的倒装结构也经常出现在考题中，即Comewhatmay结构。如：Comewhatmay,wewillfinishthework.这里,comewhatmay的本来形式为“Whatevermaycome…”come在此结构中与happen同义。三、强调强调是指将句子中的某个成分或某个部分通过某种方式加以突出，以这到某种结构或修辞．辞上的某种效果的一种语法现象。强调的形式多种多样，在此我们只讲述在四级语法测试中常出现的几种强调结构。一)“It+be+强调部分+that”强调结构1.()shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.AThatwasfromStephenBItwasStephenwhomCItwasfromStephenthat.DItwasStephenthat2.()thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint.ADuringthe1960’sBItwasinthe1960’s.CThatitwasinthe1960’sDItwasthe1960’s考点分析这个结构可以强调主语、宾语、状语、宾补和主补。在此结构中，当被强调的部分指人时，用who/

71that；而被强调的部分是宾语又指人时要用whom/that；强调部分为物时，可用which/that,强调部分为状语时，只能用that。例如：Itwashewho/thatopenedthedoor.(强调主语)Itwastreeswhich/thatweplantedatthegate.(强调宾语)Itwasthroughhiscarelessnessthatthekeywaslost.(强调状语)ItwasredthatTompaintedhisbedroom.(强调宾补)Itis“LittleTiger”thatheiscalled.(强调主补)二)Notuntil强调结构(一)“Itbenotuntil+强调部分+that”结构()sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.ANosooneritgrewdarkthanBHardlydiditgrowdarkthatCScarcelyhaditgrowndarkthanDItwasnotuntildarkthat.考点分析整个结构为一复合句，强调的是notuntil引导的时间状语从句，意思为“直到……才”。如：Itwasn’tuntilAnnacriticizedhimthathebecameawareofhismistake.(直到安娜批评了他，他才开始认识到自己的错误。)(二)Notuntil位于句首的强调结构Notuntilthegamehadbegun()atthesportsground．AhadhearrivedBwouldhehavearrivedCdidhearrive.Dshouldhehavearrived

72考点分析当notuntil位于句首强调其后的内容时，其主句要求部分倒装实战演习1．Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata()cometoasoundconclusion．AcanyouBwouldyouCyouwillDyoucan2．“Yougottoknowherhere，didn’tyou?”“No．Itwas（）Icametoknowher．”AintheuniversityBintheuniversitythatCintheuniversitywhereDtheuniversitywhere3．Rarely()suchasillything．AhaveIheardofBhaveIbeenheardofCIhavebeenheardofDIhaveheardof4．Scarcely()thedoorwhenagustofwindblewthecandleout.AhehadopenedBheopenCopenedheDhadheopened5．Money，()，hasbeentheleastofourworries.AimportantthoughitisBsoimportantitisCimportantifitisDitisimportantthough6．Notuntilallthewoundedsoldiersweretakenaway().ADr.JohnleftthehospitalBthehospitalDr.JohnleftCDr.Johndidn’tleavethehospitalDdidDrJohnleavethehospital7．Notonly()whattodo，buthealsolentmethemoney.AheadvisedmeBdidheadviseme

73CdoesheadvisemeDtheadviseme8．IfBob’swifewon’tagreetosignthepaper,().AitherhewillBneitherwon’theCneitherwillheDhewon’tneither9．Innoway()frompractice.AtheorycanbeseparatedBtheoryisseparatedCtheorybeenseparatedDcantheorybeseparated10．()thatthepilotcouldn’tflythroughit.AThestormsoseverewasBSoseverwasthestormCSothestormwassevereDSuchwasthestormsevere11．Itwasafterhehadmadeathoroughinvestigation()hecametoknowtheactualstateofaffairs.AwhereBwhenCthatDand12．Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhome()rememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor．AwhensheBthatsheCandsheDshe13．Manyatime()givenmegoodadvice．AhasJohnBJohnhasCwillJohnDwouldJohn14．Thedooropenedandin()MissIi．AcomesBgoesCcameDis15．Notasound()whilethegeneralwasspeaking．AthesoldiersutterBthesoldiersutteredCdidthesoldiersutteredDdidthesoldiersutter16．Sobadlydidhewritetheletter().AwhenIcouldn’treaditBasIcouldn’treaditCsolcouldn’treaditDthatIcouldn’treadit17．Tomhadbeenworkinghardand()．AsohissisterhadBsohadhissisterCsowashissisterDsohissisterdid18．Undernocircumstancesandatnottime()thefirsttouse

74nuclearweapons．AweareBwewillbeCwereweDshallwebe19.Out()andcarriedtheboytosafety．AEdisonrushedBhasrushedEdisonCrushedEdisonDrushingEdison20．Notuntilalltheaudienceareseated().AthelecturewillbeginBwhenthelecturewillbeginCthatthelecturewillbeginDwillthelecturebeginKeytotheExercises1．A2．B3．A4．D5．A6．D7．B8．C9．D10．B11．C12．B13．A14．C15．D16．D17．B18．D19．C20．D第六节主谓一致(Agreements)主渭一致是英语中最主要的一种一致关系，是指主谓之间在人称、数等方面确定的一致关系。有关主谓一致应遵循以下三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。由于此项语法比较繁杂，考点主要以点状分布为主，而非块状分布，故我们将以考题讲解为中心总结此语法现象。1．Threemonths()onthefarm.ApassBhaspassed.ChavepassedDarepassed

75在表示时间、重量、长度、价值、数目等的复数概念作主语时，谓语动词用单数，例如：Tendollarsisnotenough．Twoplustwoisfour．2．Mathematics()thelanguageofscience．AareBis.ChasDshallbe以“-s”结尾的一些名词如news、means、physics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但在以“-s”结尾的表示学科的名词前如果有定冠词“the”或物主代词时，谓语则用复数形式。例如：Politicsisoneofthemainsubjectsthatwestudy．但：Yourpoliticsarenotsogood．3．Thecommittee()madeupofcommunitymember．AhasBareCis.Dhave当集合名词作主语时，如果把之当作一个整体，则谓语动词用单数的形式。如：Hisfamilyisabigone．注意：如果把之看成为每一单个成员，谓语动词则用复数。例如：Thefamilyareverypleasedaboutthenews．Thecommitteeagreetodiscussourplan．4．Someone()waitingforyouattherailwaystation．AareBis.ChavebeenDam由some、any、no、every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Everythingisniceinyourgarden．(王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。)5．Neitherofthem()tocometotheeveningpartyonSunday．Awants.BwantCwantedDarewanting在“neitherof+名词／代词、eitherof+名词／代词”

76结构作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。6.Manyastudent()themeetingheldbythecollege．AattendBhastoattend.Chavetoattendattending在“manya+名词”和“morethanone+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。7．由and连接两个名词的情况1)Thesingeranddancer()toattendoureveningparty．AareBis.CwereDbe由and连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时，如果指同一概念，谓语用单数，后一名词前不加冠词。例如：China‘sironandsteelindustryisdevelopingatahighspeed．2)Manyamountainandmanyariver()visitedbytheguests．AhavebeenBwereCwas.Dare3)Eachmanandeachwoman()askedtohelptheelder．Ais.BareChavebeenDwere被each、every、no和manya修饰的两个主语由and连接时，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。8．Thegrowthofpart-timeandflexibleworkingpatterns，andoftrainingandretrainingschemes，（　　）morewomentotakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities．AhaveallowedBallowCallowingDallows.

77二、复数谓语类1．Themajorityofthecommittee()fortheplan．AisBhasbeenCwasDwere此题答案应为D。当people、police、cattle、public、majority、dozen等词或由两部分组成的物体的名称如spectacles、trousers、shoes等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild．Histrousersaresenttoberepaired．2．Fewofthestudents()thesolution．AworksoutBisworkingoutCworkoutDhasworkedout本题答案应为C。当few、both、many、several等作主语时。谓语动词用复数形式。三、特殊类1．There()abook，apenandaruleronthedesk．AisBare.CwasDhavebeen在There+be存在句中，根据be后的第一个主语的单复数而确定谓语的单复数例如：Thereisachairandfourdesksintheroom．。但如果主语是几个并列的单数名词时，则谓语用复数。2．It()in1899thatwebegantoproducethiskindofmachine．AisBwereChadbeenDwas.在强调结构中，谓语与代词…It一致。

783．Aseriesoftapes()preparedforthelanguagelabuse．AhavebeenBareChasbeen.Dwere如果主语是由“aseriesof，akindof+复数名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但在“these／those／several+series／kinds／types+复数名词”之后，谓语用复数。例如：Thesekindsoftestsareusedbyourschoo1．4．Two-thirdsoftllepeople()againsttheplan．AisBhasbeenCwasDare.在“分数／百分数／half或part+of+名词”结构中，谓语动词的形式取决于of词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：Fifty-eightpercentoftheroadispaved．Halfofthosebooksarebest-sellers．5．Theblind()tradesinspecialschools．Aaretaught.BwastaughtCistaughtDteaches如果主语是由“the+形容词(或分词)”构成，当其指一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式，而当其指个人或抽象的概念时，则谓语动词用单数。例如：Thewoundedwasagoodfriendofhis．6．Mysisterormybrother()likelytobeathome．AwereBareChavebeenDis.由notonly…but(also)、either…or、neither…nor或or连接的并列主语，通常按就近原则处理。即谓语与离它最近的一个主语一致。例如：NeitherhenorIanlmistaken．7．Tom,alongwiththetwootherpersons，()toattendtheconference．

79Ais.BareCbeDtobe当两个主语用“aswellas、nolessthan、ratherthan”连接或主语后跟介词“with、togetherwith、alongwith、besides、except、including”等时，谓语根据主语的形式而定。如：Nooneexceptyouknowsthenews．8．1)Johnisoneofthebrighteststudentsthat()fromPekingUniversity．AisgraduatedBhavegraduated.ChasgraduatedDhadgraduated2)Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswho—willingtodothatjob．AareBwereCis.Dbe这两个考题都是关于定语从句中谓语的问题。关于定语从句中谓语动词的单复数应注意以下两点：①在定语从句中，关系代词who、which和that后的动词要与先行词一致如：Thegirlwhoissingingismyfriend．ItisIwhoamwrong．②在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，谓语一般应该与先行词即复数名词一致，谓语动词用复数。但当one之前有theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句中的谓语应用单数形式。比如考题2)中的情况。9．Whathelikes()adigitalwatch．AareBwereChavebeenDis.

80主语为由what引导的主语从句的句子，主句谓语动词一般用单数，但如果从句子中能看出主语从句所指代的为复数．则主句谓语动词用复数。例如：Whatweneedarecoalandsteel．10．Allofus()goingtoseethefilm．AisBare.CwasDhasbeen当all指物时．谓语动词用单数。而其指人时则用复数。例如：A1lhecandoistowait．Allofyouhavetobefortheproposal．11．None()morequalifiedforthetaskthanhe．Ais.BareClh’el~Dhavebeennone作主语时，谓语常用复数，但把其作为单数看待时，谓语也可以用单数。例如：Noneofthemareteachers．12．Agreatnumberofpeople()thePalaceMuseumeveryday.AvisitedBvisit.CvisitsDisvisiting注意“Thenumberof+名词”之后的动词用单数，而“anumberof+名词”后的动词用复数，如：Thenumberofstudentsisnotlarge．13．Ayearandahalf()inriotime．Ahaspassed.BhavepassedCpassDarepassed在“A+名词+andahalf’”或“Oneandahalf十复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Oneandahalfweeksisneededtofinishthejob．四、实战演习1．NeithermybrothernorI()playingchess．AenjoyBenjoysCareenjoyingDhaveenjoyed

812．Thedisabled()tradesinspecialschools．AistaughtBaretaughtCbetaughtDhavetaught3．Thenumberofaccidentsinthiscity()．AhasincreasedBwereincreasedChavebeenincreasedDhaveincreased4．Everyhourandeveryminute()importanttous.AareBwereCisDdoes5．Youaswellashe()toblamefortheaccident．AareBisChaveDhas6．Heisoneoftheboyswhoalways()wellatschoo1．AdoesBdoCdidDdone7.Everymeans()beentriedeversincethemachinebrokedown．AhasBhaveCareDis8．Aredrose,togetherwithaletter，()leftonthetable．AareBisCwereDarebeing9．Thecommittee()itsfirstmeetingofyear.AhavealreadyheldBalreadyholdCarealreadyhavingDhasalreadyheld10．Aseriesoflectures()nextweek．AarebeingheldBisheldingCisbeingheldDwillhold11．Nonebutfools()todoso．AiswillingBwillingCarewillingDwants12．Manyaman()lifeismeaninglesswithoutapurpose．AthinkBthinksCarethinkingDisthinking13．Fivetimesfour()twenty．AwillbeBwereCareDis14．Eachoneofuswho()nowlivingisdestinedtowitnessremarkablescientificdiscoveries．

82AalreBwereChasbeenDisl5.Onthedesk()alamp，atapeandabook．AthereisBtherehaveCthereliesDthereare16．ItisIwho()responsibleforthejob.AisBbeCamDarel7.Nooneexcepthisparents()wheretheboyhasgone．AknowBknowsChasknowonDhaveknown18．Oneandahalfapples()leftontheplate．AareBwereChaveDis19．AllIwanttoknow()howlongitwilltaketodothejob．AisBareCwasDwere20．Neitherofus()anengineer．AamBareCwereDisKeytotheExercises1．A2．B3．A4．C5．A6．B7．A8．B9．D10．C11．C、12．B13．D14．D15．D16．C17．B18．D19．A20．D第七节附加疑问句(TagQuestions)一、基本结构附加疑问句是由“陈述句+附加疑问”

83构成的，一般的形式是：肯定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问；否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问。但有时也使用肯定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问；否定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问。例如：TheyarefromBeijing,aren’tthey?TheyarenotfromBeijing,arethey?HestudiesFrench,doeshe?Hedoesn’tstudyFrench，doeshe?二、特殊形式1．SomebodyphonedwhileIwasout，()?AdidtheyBdidn’theCdidn’tthey.Ddidhe当陈述部分的主语是everybody、everyone、somebody、someone、nobody、noone时，附加疑问句的主语应用they。例如：Everyoneenjoyedtheparty，didn’tthey?2．Bobrarelygotdrunk，()?Adidn’theBdoesheCdidhe.Ddoesn’the当陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问句用肯定形式。如：Fewpeopleknowhim，dothey?但带否定前缀的否定词除外。3．There’snohelpforit，()?AisitBisn’titCisthere.Disn’tthere当陈述部分是there+be存在句时，附加疑问句用be(not)there，即仍与therebe保持对应关系。4．I’mlate，()?AamnotIBamICare’ntI.DareI在“I’m…”结构中，附加疑问句用“aren’t”。

845．Onecan’tbetoocareful，()?AcanheBcan’theCcantheyDcallone.当one作主语时，附加疑问句中的主语应使用one或you。6．1)Shesays(that)Ididit，()?Adidn’tIBdidICdoessheDdoesn’tshe.2)Isuppose(that)he’sserious，()?Adon’tIBisn’the.CisheDdoI3)Idon’tthink(that)shecares，()?Adoesshe.BdoICdoesn’tsheDdon’tI陈述部分为—that从句作宾语的主从结构时，一般应与主句的主语保持对应关系，比如考题1)。但如果主句的谓语是suppose、believe或think时，附加疑问句则与that从句中的谓语保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移，即主句如果为否定结构，则从句应被视作为否定句来处理。例如：Idon’tbelieve(that)youhavereadthebook，haveyou?7．1)Youhavealargeamountofmoney，()?AdoyouBhaven’tyou.CwouldyouDwouldn’tyou2)Hehasn’talotoftimetospare，()?Ahasn’theBhashe.CdoesheDdoesn’the3)Youoftenhaveheadaches，()?Adon’tyou.BdoyouChaven’tyouDhaveyou4)“It’salreadyaquartertoeight，Ihavetohurry，()?”AdoIBdon’tI.ChaveIDhaven’tI陈述部分的谓语为have时应注意：

85①当have表示“所有、有”含义时，附加疑问句的动词可用do，也可用have。②当have表示“有、所有”时，陈述部分对其否定，有两种表示否定的方法，一种是用助动词来否定，一种是在have后直接加not。在此情形下，附加疑问句可根据前面的形式而定，即前面为用助动词来否定的，附加疑问句用助动词，前面为在have后直接加not否定的，附加疑问句则使用have。例如：Ihavenotalotoftime，haveI?Annadoesn’thaveanymoneyinherpocket，doesshe?③当have表示除“所有”含义之外的意思时，附加疑问句须用do、does、did+主语的形式。④陈述部分谓语由“haveto+原形动词”构成时，附加疑问句由“do、does、did+主语”构成。例如：Youhadtoseeyouruncleyesterday．Didn’tyou?8．Sheoughttogobyplane，()?Ashouldn’tshe.Bwouldn’tsheCshouldsheDwouldshe陈述部分的谓语由情态动词“oughtto+动词原形”构成时，其附加疑问句形式为“ought／should+主语”例如：Heoughtn’ttoblameyou，oughthe?9．Heusedtosmoke50cigarettesaday，()?AdidheBwasn’theCwouldn’theDusedn’the.陈述部分的谓语由“usedto+原形动词”

86构成时，其附加疑问句形式为used／did+主语。相同的还有dare与need。例如：Ineedthebook，don’tI?Thatboydarestojumpfromthewall，doesn’the?10．1)Youmustn’twalkongrass，()?Amustyou.Bmustn’tyouCneedn’tyouDcanyou2)Hemusthavewaitedhereforalongtime，()?Amustn’theBhaven’theChaven’the.Dmusthe当陈述部分有must时，应注意：①当must表示“必须”之意时，附加疑问句使用mustn’t。如：Youmustworkhardnextterm，mustn’tyou?②当must表示“有必要”之意时，附加疑问句使用needn’t。如：Youmustsendforadoctor，needn’tyou?③对mustn’t(禁止，其附加疑问句中应用must。见考题1)。④当must表推测时，一般根据must后的成分来构成附加疑问句。参见下例：Hemustbeverytired．isn’the?Hemusthavedrunkalot，hasn’the?11.1)Givemeyourhand，()?AdoyouBdon’tyouCwon’tyou.Dmustn’tyou2)Don’tmovethechair()?AdoyouBdon’tyouCwillyou.Dmnstn’tyou3)Let’smeetatthestation，()?AwillweBshallwe.CwillyouDwouldwe对祈使句的附加疑问句应注意：

87①陈述部分为肯定句的，附加疑问句用willyou、won’tyou或wouldyou。②陈述部分为否定句的，附加疑问句只用willyou。③对“Let’s+动词原形”构成的祈使句，附加疑问句部分应用shallwe，而对Letus+动词原形“Letme+动词原形”构成的祈使句，附加疑问句部分则使用willyou。例如：Let’sgohome．shallwe?Letusgohome，willyou?12．Iwishtogotoschoolnow()?AmayI.BwouldICcanIDhaveI陈述句中的谓语动词为wish时，要求附加疑问句中用may的肯定式来反问。三、实战演习1．Youseemtobedissatisfiedwithyourpresentjob．Idon’tthinkyoutookeverythingintoconsiderationwhenyouappliedforit，()you?AdoBdidCdon’tDdidn’t2．Youhadtogetupearlytocatchtheearlybus，()?Adon’tyouBdidn’tyouChadn’tyouDshouldn’tyou3．Tellhimtocomehere，()?Acan’tyouBshouldyouCwillyouDshallwe4．1wishtoleamGerman，()?AmayIBcanIChaven’tIDdon’tI5.Let’sstophere()?

88AshouldweBshallweCcan’tweDdon’twe6．Somebodyborrowedmycoatyesterday，()?AdidheBdidn’theCdidn’ttheyDdidthey7．I’dbettergobyair，()?AhadyouBdidyouChadn’tyouDdidn’tyou8．I’mlateforthelesson，()?AamIBarnnotICisheDaren’tI9．Nothingismoreimportantthanthis，()?Aisn’titBisitCaretheyDaren’tthey10．Ibelieveyouarenotserious，()?Adon’tIBhaven’tICdon’tyouDareyou11．Don’tmovethechair，()?AwillyouBwon’tyouCwouldyouDwouldn’tyou12．Weoughttowaitforhimatthebusstop，()?AoughtweBneedweCshouldweDshouldn’twe13．Ineverdaredtoaskhimanyquestion，()?Adaredn’tIBdidICdidn’tIDdaredI14．YouandIcouldhardlyunderstand，()?Acouldn’tweBcouldweCcouldyouDcanwe15．Heneverusedtogetupearly()?Adidn’theBdidheCwasheDwouldhe16．I’dlikeahotdog，()?AwouldyouBdoyouCcouldn’tyouDdon’tyou17．Tomisnewhere；hemusthavegotlost，()?Ahash’theBhasheCmustn’theDmusthe18．It’sthefirsttimethathehasbeentoShanghai，()?Aisn’theBisn’titChash’theDhasn’tit19．There’snotmuchnewsintoday’spaper，()?

89Aisn’titBarethereCisthereDaren’tthere20．Thepointhasbeenclearlymade，()?Ahasn’titBhasitCwagitDhaditKeytotheExercises1．B2．B3．C4．A5．B6．C7．C8．D9．B10．D11．A12．D13．B14．B15．B16．A17．A18．B19．C20．A第八节情态动词的推测与虚拟情态动词的推测与虚拟主要是用“情态动词+完成体”结构来表示，此结构是四级语法测试中的一个重要考点。这种结构通常用来表示某种可能性或假设的意义。归纳起来其考点总共有三种：一、肯定与否定推测类1.Mary’sscoreonthetestisthehighestinherclass,she()havestudiedveryhard.AmayBshouldCmust.Dought2.Theroomisinaterriblemess;it()cleaned.Acan’thavebeen.Bshouldn’thavebeenCmustn’thavebeenDwouldn’thavebeen3．Somewomen()agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome，buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily．AmustmakeBshouldhavemadeCwouldmakeDcouldhavemade.

90考点分析“must+完成体”表示对过去事物的肯定性的推测。如：Thisbottleisnearlyyempty；youmusthavedrunkalot．注意其否定形式不是在must后面加not，而是用can或could来否定，称之为否定推测，如：Shecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkinhalfanhouryesterday．“may／might+完成体”表示对过去事物的可能性推测，比如：Yourbrothermay／mighthavecaughtthelasttrain．二、过去假设类1．I()thatmeetinglastnight，but1wasbusy．AhadattendedBwouldattendCshouldhaveattendedDmighthavetoattend.2．Withalltheseworkonhand，he()tothecinemalastnight．Amustn’tgoBwouldn’tgoCoughtn’ttogoDshouldn’thavegone.3．You()himsoclosely；youshouldhavekeptyourdistance．Ashouldn’tfollowBmustn’tfollowCcouldn’thavebeenfollowingDshouldn’thavebeenfollowing.考点分析“should／would／wasto／oughtto+完成体”表示本应该做的事情未做”，其否定式可在情态动词后直接加not，表示“本不应该做的事情却做了”。

91三、过去遗憾类1．You()allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing．Aneedn’thavedone.BmusthavedoneCshouldn’tDcannothavedone2．Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashingup，butyou()it．Amusn’thavedoneBmightn’thavedoneCwouldn’thavedoneDdidn’thavetodo.考点分析“needn’t+完成体”表示“做了不必做的事情”。另外，“didn’thavetodo”等于needn’thavedone.四、实战演习1．Thisbottleisnearlyempty；you()alot．AcouldhavedrunkBoughftodrinkCmustdrinkDmusthavedrunk2．You()herinherofficelastFriday；she’sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks．Aneedn’thaveseenBmusthaveseenCmighthaveseenDcan’thaveseen3．Ididn’tsendoutmyaplicationformlastweek，but()．AhadBwouldCshouldhaveDmighthaveto4．Tom()betterthantoaskDickforhelp．AshallknowBshouldn’tknow

92ChasknownDshouldhaveknown5．Hemusthavehadanaccident，orhe()then．AwouldhavebeenhereBhadtobehereCshouldbehereDwouldbehere6．Wehadplentyofbread，soI()aloaf．Aneedn’thaveboughtBdidn’tneedbuyCneedn’tbuyDneedn’ttohavehought7．Hewentonfoot，buthe()bybus．AshouldgoBoughthavegoneCcouldhavegoneDcouldbegone8．John()arestlessperson．HekeptmovingfromcountrytocountryAmustbeBshouldbeCmusthavebeenDshouldhavebeen9．Hedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday．He()it．Amust’tattendBcan’thaveattendedCwouldhavenotattendedDneedn’thaveattended10．He()thedictionary．Hemayusemine．Aneedn’thaveboughtBmusthaveboughtCwouldbuyDshouldbuyKeytotheExercises1D2．D3．C4．D5．A6．A7．C8．C9．B10．A第九节动词的时态和被动语态(TenseandPassiveVoice)

93英语的时态是一种动词形式，是用动词的各种变化形式表示动作发生的时间。英语共有十六种时态。被动语态是动词的另一种形式，它可以表示其主语是其动作的承受者。一、动词一般式1．Ifyousmokeinanon-smokingsection，people()．AhaveobjectedBmustobjectCobjectedDwillobject2．Shesaidthatshewouldvisituswhenwe()．AarebackBhadbackCwerebackDwillbeback考点分析动词的一般式包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、一般过去将来时四种时态。在四级语法测试中，其考点集中在一般时态代将来时态的用法上，对此，应注意几点：1)在一般现在时和一般过去时中，如果两者分别被用于时间或条件状语从句中，则可以表示将来的动作，即一般现在时表一般将来，一般过去时表过去将来。例如：Ifitrains．thematchwillbepostponed．ShesaidthatshewouldbuythemsometoyswhenshewenttoShanghai．2)当一般现在时与表示方位移动的词如begin、go、come、leave等连用时，则表示拟定或计划好的、即将进行的动作。例如：ThetermstartsatthebeginningofSeptember．3)在makesure或”see(toit)

94确保)后的宾语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。例如：Seethatthisletterissentoffatonce．考题注释①在时问或条件状语从句中，可用一般时表将来，又根据时态一致原则，主句也应使用将来时态，故答案为D)。②此题为在时间或条件状语从句中，一般过去时表示将来的情形，答案为C)。二、动词进行式1．Theforeignminister()totheUnitedNationsthisweek．AcameBwillcomeCiscomingDcome2．Thelady()aboutthefoodshehasatlunch．AcomplainsalwaysBhasalwaysbeencomplainedChasalwayscomplainedDisalwayscomplaining3．Itseemsoil()fromthispipeforsometime．We’11havetotakethemachineaparttoputitright．AhadleakedBisleakingCleakedDhasbeenleaking考点分析动词进行式包括现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时。其涉及以下几个考点：1)某些表示方位移动的动词如come、go、leave、arrive等，它们的现在进行时和过去进行时表示按计划要发生的将来的动作。例如：I’mgoingdowntheretoopenthedoor．“ThepresidentwasleavingforBeijing，”shesaid．

952)现在进行时和过去进行时与always、constantly、continually、forever等状语连用时，通常表示感情色彩。例如：Heisalwaysturninghishead．(他老认为自己了不起。)Shewasalwayspraisingherownchildren．(她老夸自己的孩子。)3)完成进行时表示某一段延续的动作，其表示的动作具有持续性、长期性和感情性，这便与完成时区别开来。它也通常与表示一段的时间状语连用。翻译成汉语为“一直…”。例如：Hehasbeenteachinginthisschoolfor20years．Hetoldmethathehadbeensittingatthegatefor2hours．考题注释①此题是现在进行时与表示方位移动的词come连用表示将来的一种用法，只有C)正确。②进行时态与表示频度的某些词连用可表示某种感情色彩，此处always是一频度状语，其位置应在系动词后，现在分词之前，故答案为D)。③译文为：“似乎油管里的油已渗了一些时候了，我们必须打开机器修好它。”根据题意，此动作在一段时间内持续进行，因此排除B)、C)而使用完成时，A)为过去完成时，与题意不符。故只有D)正确。

96三、动词完成式1.EversincePicasso’spaintingwentonexhibit,there()largecrowdsatthemuseumeveryday.AisBhavebeen.ChasbeenDarebeing2．Thisisthesecondtimehe()MrSmith．AhadseenBhasseen.CseesDsaw3．Bytheendofthismonth，wesurely()asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem．AhavefoundBwillbefindingCwillhavefound.Darefinding4．It’sreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofcementinthefactory()byabout10％．Awillhaverisen.BhasrisenCwillberisenDhasbeenrising5．Beforethefirstnon-stopflightmadein1949，it()necessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling．AwouldbeBhasbeenChadbeen.Dwouldhavebeen6．Untilthen，hisfamily()fromhimfor6months．Adidn’thearBhash’tbeenhearingChasn’theardDhadn’theard.考点分析动词完成式包括现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、过去将来完成时，前三种是四级语法测试的重点，其考点如下：1．关于现在完成时应注意以下几点：1)注意与现在完成时相关的状语，如：since、for、this

97year、today等，或表示不确定时间概念的副词，如：already、often、never、sofar、yet、always等。另外，某些瞬时动词如ask、become、begin、come、die、join等，不能跟表示一段时间的状语连用。2)在“thisis+最高级／序数词／theonly+名词+that”结构中，that从句中的谓语用现在完成时。例如：ThisisthebestwineIhaveeverdrunk．ThisisthefirsttimeIhavevisitedChina．2．将来完成时表示将来某时以前已经完成的动作。注意与此时态连用的时间状语如bytheendof…、bythistimetomorrow、bythen等，例如：Bythistimetommrrowyouwillhavegothome．另外，在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时也可以表示将来完成时。例如：Handinyourpaperwhenyouhavefinishedthetest．3．过去完成时应注意以下几点：1)过去完成时表示过去某一时问或动作之前完成的动作，常用的状语有just、ever、never、bythattime、bytheendof…、before等。例如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor．2)动词expect、hope、intend、mean、want、suppose等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图、愿望未实现。例如：Theyhadintendedtohelp，butcouldn’tgethereintime．(他们本来打算帮忙，不过没来得及赶到这儿)3)在“Itwas+最高级／序数词／theonly+that”

98结构的从句中，使用过去完成时。例如：Therewasaknockatthedoor．Itwasthesecondtimesomeonehadinterruptedmethatevening．考题注释①本题题干中出现了一个时间状语since，故应用完成时，又由于主句的主语largecrowds为复数形式，故排除C)。答案为B)。②在thisisthesecondtime…结构中，其后从句中的谓语用现在完成时，故答案为B)。③译文为：“到这个月底为止，我们肯定能找到解决问题的方法。”时间状语为bytheendofthismonth，故用将来完成时。答案为C)。④本题中有一使用将来完成时的标志，即bytheendofthismonth这一时间状语。theoutputofcement意为“水泥的产量”。答案为A)。⑤本题中before引导了一个时间状语从句，从句的谓语为过去时，由此推知，主句的谓语应是过去之过去，即过去完成时，故答案应为c)。⑥本题用了时间状语untilthen，表示过去的过去，故D)项正确。四、动词被动式1．Thegreybuildingiswheretheworkerslive,andthewhiteoneiswherethespareparts()．AareproducingBareproduced.CproducedDbeingproduced

992．Thefifthgenerationcomputers，withartificialintelligence，()andperfectednow．AdevelopedBhavedevelopedCarebeingdeveloped.Dwillhavebeendeveloped．考点分析被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成。be有时态、人称和数的变化。英语中被动语态的时态有10种，应注意掌握。考题注释①该题涉及被动语态问题。对于后半句中的从句主语spareparts(零件)来说，只能是“被生产”。②译文为“具有人工智能的第五代计算机现正被开发和完善。”从句意来看，动词需用被动形式，故可先排除A)、B)两项，C)和D)的区别在于时态不同，而由于句尾有，now，故应选现在进行时的被动式。五、实战演习1．Theambassadorheardthat()athispostayearlonger.AhebestayingBhimtostayChewouldbestayingDhewillhavestayed2．Hegenerallywearsadarksuit，buttodayhe()alightone．AiswearingBwearsCworeDhasworn3．Dams()forcenturiesindifferentpartsoftheworld．AhadbeenbuiltBhavebeenbuilt

100CwasbeingbuiltDwerebuilding4．InthebookAndersondescribedallthethingshe()．AhadsawandheardBhadseenandheardCwasseeingandhearingDwouldseeandhear5．You()andit’sgettingonmynerves．AalwaysarecontradictingmeBcontradictingmealwaysCcontradictedmealwaysDarealwayscontradictingme6．I()fortwohoursbutnobodyhasarrivedyet．AamwaitingBwaitedChavewaitedDhavebeenwaiting7．Experimentsinthephotographyofmovingobjects()inboththeUnitedStatesandEuropewellbefore1990．AhavebeenconductingBhadbeenconductedCwereconductingDbeingconducted8．In1921Einstein()theNobelPrizeforphysics．AwinnedBhadwonCwaswinningDwon9．I()thehousewhenitbegantorain．AhadscarcelyleftBhavejustleftCwasscarcelyleavingDleaved10．TomsaidthatRichard()one-fifthofhisworkbytheendofthatwinter．AwouldcompleteBwouldbecompletingCwouldhavecompletedDcompleted11．“Whenwilltheyleave?”“They()verysoon．”AdoleaveBareleavingChaveleftDleave12.Ourteam()everymatchsofarthisyear，butwestillhavethreemoregamestoplay．AwaswinningBhadwonChaswonDwins

10113．I’llgotoQingdaoforvacationassoonasI()exam．AwillfinishBamfinishingCwillhavefinishedDfinish14．“Examwillstartinaweek．”“Iknow．I()allnextweekend．”AwillbestudyingBstudiedCsutdyDhavebeenstudying15．WhenIsawthemessmypaperwasin，itwasobviousthatsomeone()it．AwasreadingBhadreadChadbeenreadingDread16．Bythistimetomorrowyou()theanswerfromtheresearchcentre．AshallhaveBcanhaveCwouldhavegotDwillhavegot17．Thepermissionthatwasneededtobuildtheroads().AitwillbegrantedBwasbeinggrantedCwasgrantedDhavebeengranted18．Hehadanaccidentwhilehe()．AwasdrivingBdroveCdriveDdriving19．Thebridge()inhalfayear．AiscompleteBmustcompleteCwillbeingcompletedDwillbecompleted20．Howmanyyears()inthearmy?AhadyoubeenBhaveyoubeenChaveyoujoinedDareyoujoining21．HewillgotoSouthAmericanextmonthifhe()readythen．AisBwillbeCshallbeDisgoingbe22．Thebuscameafterthey()forabouthalfanhour．AhadbeenwaitedBwaswaiting

102ChavewaitedDhadbeenwaiting23．Thecottagewillbecold．Makesure()theheater．AyoulightByouwilllightClightingDforlighting24．Becausehe()hisworkwell，hewasfired．AhadnotbeendoneBhadnotbeingdoneChadnotbeendoingDhavebeendoing25．Thatistheproblemwe()tosolve.AhadbeentryingBaretryingChavebeentryingDaretobetrying26．Myaunt()toseeus．She’llbeheresoon．AcomesBiscomingChadcomeDhascome27.ByJulyI()schoolforfigthyears.AshallattendBshallhavebeenattendingCshallbeattendDshallbeattending,28.Eversinceweleftthehouse,it()raining．AhasnotceasedBceasednotCdidn’tceaseDdoesn’tcease29．Thisman()；heistooilltobemoved．Amustn’tbemovedBcan’tbemovedCisn’tmovedDwasn’tmoved30．ThisisthebestfilmthatI()．AhadeverseenBhaveeverseenChadneverseenDhaveneverseenKeytotheExercises1．C2．A3．B4．B5．D6．D7．B8．D9．C10．C11．B12．C13．D14．A15．C16．D17．C

10318．A19．D20．B21．A22．D23．A24．C25．C26．B27．B28．A29．A30．B第十节名词和代词(NounandPronoun)一、名词名词是我们在英语学习中接触最多，比较熟悉的词类。所以这里不再讨论名词的最基本的知识，而仅就四级语法测试中所涉及的考点予以讲解。一)名词的单复数1．Thesebooks，whichyoucangetatanybookshop，willgiveyou()youneed．Aalltheinformation.BalltheinformationsCaIlofinformationDalloftheinformationsinformation是不可数名词，无复数形式。它有两个意项：①通知，报告；②消息，情报，知识。本题中是第2项意思。2．Theygathered()informationbeforedesigningthemeasuringequipment．AagreatmanyBalargenumberofCvastamountsof.Danumberofinformation为抽象名词，不能用修饰可数名词的many、number等词限定，只能用amoun

104t。英语中一些名词如：advice(劝告)、information(信息)、equipment(设备)、bread、luggage(行李)、work、cloth(布)、paper、money、furniture(家具)、music、homework、progress(进步)、population(人口)、machinery(机器)、meat、damage等为不可数名词．没有复数形式，如果要表示“一个”这类概念时，需加适当的量词，如apieceofequipment、asumofmoney等。3.Mathematics()animportantsubjectforcollegestudents．Ais.BareCwasDhasmathematics意为“数学”。有些以“-ics”结尾的表示学科名称的名词，虽以-s结尾，但仍为单数。常见的这类词有：ethics(伦理学)、linguistics(语言学)、statistics(统计学)、physics(物理学)、electronics(电子学)、optics(光学)等。但如这些学科名词前加my、such等限定词时，则被视作是复数名词。如：Hispoliticsarepoor．他的政治课很差。4．Theaudience()requestedtoleavebythenearestcxit．AisBare.CwasDhasbeenaudience是一个集合名词，既可用作单数，也叫用作复数。如表示整体概念时为单数；如表示各个成员时，则为复数。此类名词常见的有：family、orchestra(管弦乐队)、class、club(俱乐部)、group、committee(委员会)、team、crew(机组人员)、staff(全体职员)、jury(陪审团)、government(政府)、public(公众)等。另外，集合名词cattle(牛群)、poultry(家禽)、police(警察)、people(人民)、militia(民兵)、mankind(人类)、vermin(害虫)等用作复数名词，它们作主语时，句中谓语用复数。5．Two()areeatingthegrassatthefootofthehill．

105AsheepsBsheep.CsheepesDshoop．sheep为单数复数同形名词。其他的如aircraft(航空器)、Chinese(中国人)、Japanese(日本人)、fish(鱼)、buffalo(水牛)、shark(鲨鱼)、youth(年轻人)等也属于这一类。6．()doyouusewhencommentingontheproject．AWhatcriterionsBWhatcriteria.CWhatacriterionDWhichcriterioncriterion(标准)的复数为criteria。这种来自拉丁、希腊语的名词都有特殊的复数形式。常见的有：analysis—analyses(分析)、axis—axes(轴)、appendix—appendices(附录)、bacterium—bacteria(细菌)、basis—bases(基础)、crisis—Crises(危机)、datum—data(数据)、formula—formulae(公式)、nucleus—nuclei(原子核)、radius—radii(半径)、stratum—strata,(阶层)、phenomenon—phenomena(现象)、thesis—theses(论文)、synthesis—syntheses(综合)等。7．Recently，hehaslostallhis()．AwageandsavingatcardBwagesandsavingatcardCwageandsavingsatcardsDwagesandsavingsatcards.wage和saving习惯上用复数形式。英语中有些名词在使用中常用复数形式，动词也要用复数。常见的有：belongings(所有物)、clothes(衣服)、contents(目录)、headquaters(指挥部)、findings(发现物)、surroundings(环境)。另外，表示由相同的两部分合成的事物的名词也用作复数形式。如：scissors(剪刀)、scales(天平)、gloves(手套)、slippers(拖鞋)、trousers(裤子)、spectacles(眼镜)等。

1068ThisisanoldphotographofmewhenI()．AhadshorthaimBhaveshorthairsChaveshorthairDhadshorthair.名词hair表示总体概念作“头发”解时，只用单数；若表示若干根头发时，用复数形式hairs。9．Allthe()inourschoolwillattendameetingtomorrow．Awomen—teachersBwomanteachersCwomenteachers.Dteachersofwomen合成名词构成复数时一般将其中的主体词变成复数即可，如：brothers-in-1aw、editors-in-chief如果没有主体词，可在词尾加“s”。如：touch-me-nots,merry-go-rounds,grown-ups、go-betweens(中间人)。由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数时，各部分都要变成复数，如：menteachers、womendoctors等。二)名词作定语及其所有格1．Iclimbedthehillyesterday，and()arestillachingnow．)AmylegsmusclesBthemusclcsofmylegCmylegmuscles.Dthemllscleofmyleg英语中名词可以直接修饰另一个名词，作定语。这种定语结构可以表示主体与客体的关系，表示所属关系或时间、地点、方式、情况、目的等。如：aghoststory、astonehouse、anilghtshift(夜班)、clothesshop等。2．Therewillbea()lecturetomorrowafternoon．Atwo-hour’sBtwo-hour.CtwohoursDtwo-hours’

107这种由连字符构成的复合名词位于名词之前作定语时，复合名词中的名词部分不能用复数形式，也不能用名词所有格形式。如：athree-weekholiday为期3周的假期afour-year-olddaughter四岁的女儿3．Muchofthe()iscoveredwithwater．AEarthsurfaceBEarth’ssurface.CEarths’ssurfaceDSurfaceofEarth名词所有格表示所属关系，一般有以下几种表示方法：1)“of+名词(或代词)”短语放在另一名词后，作定语，表示无生命名词的所有关系。如：thefloorofaroom、thespeedofthesatellite．等。2)有生命的名词的所有格，一般是在单数名词后加“s”。词尾为“-s”或“-es”的复数名词直接在后面加“’”，放在另一个名词前作定语。例如：Myson’swriting、thespeaker’svoice、Mrs．Li’slecture等。另外，在表示国家、城市、时间、距离以及表示拟人的名词如自然界的太阳、月亮、地球等概念的名词后也可加“’s”构成所有格。例如：amile’sdistance(一英里的距离)、theship’screw(船上的工作人员)、China’scapital(中国的首都)等。此考题便属于此类。3)在复合名词中．所有格符号“’s”加在最后一个词上。例如：如mysister-in-law’spen、theeditorin-chief’soffice等。4．Heisillandneeds()．Aaday’sandnisht’srestBadayandnightrest

108Cadayandnight’srest.Drestinadayandnight若名词的所有格由两个以上的并列词组成，而且是共同拥有某物时，只需在最后一个词后加“’s”。如：myfatherandmother’sfriend(我父亲和母亲的朋友)。如果是分别拥有某物，则需在两个名词后分别加上“’s”。如：Tom’sandMary’scarsarebothBenz．(汤姆和玛丽的汽车都是奔驰牌的)。5．Alargecarcametostopoutside()．Athejeweller’s.Bajewellers’Cthehouseofthejewellers’Dthejewellerhouse名词所有格后的表示店铺或某人的家等的地点名词，常省略。如：thebarber’s(理发店)、thetailor’s(裁缝店)等。二、代词代词的用法比较繁杂，也比较零碎。在此，我们将集中讲述四级考题中经常涉及到的三个考点：1)代词的一致性问题；2)指示代词的用法；3)不定代词的用法。一)代词的一致性问题1．IfyoushouldmeetTomorhissisters，tell()aboutthenews．AthemBhimCusDher此题答案为A)。当指代由or或nor连接的两个名词或代词时，代词要与or或nor后的名词或代词在性和数上一致。如：Neithertheboynorhissistergotwhatshewanted．

1092．Everyoneintheclasshadbeeninstructedtofilloutduplicatecopiesof()schedule．AhisBherCtheirDour此题答案为A)。如果不能判断句中名词的属性，就用his；如果能判断出，可以根据情况用his或her。指代anyone、everyone、anybody、everybody，可根据句中提到的情况用his或her，但现在多用their，而不用his或her。如：Everybodymusthavetheirownchoice．3．Everymanandeverywomanhas()owntasks．AherBheirChisDits此题答案为C)。当指代由every或each修饰的由and连接的两个单数名词时，要用单数代词与其一致。如果两个名词中一个是阳性名词、一个是阴性名词，后面则用阳性的单数代词指代。4．Thefamilyneveragreesabout()sharesoftheproperty．AtheirBitsChisDher此题答案应为B)。集合名词作整体看待时用its(his、her)指代；作个体看待时用their指代。如：Thepublicexpresseditsconcernabouttheaccident．二)指示代词考点评析1．WhatIrequireofyouis().Youshouldfinishtheworkin3hours．AtheseBthisCthatDit此题的答案为B)。this或that都是指示代词，它们都可指代上文提到过的事情，但是若指下文将叙述的事情。只能用this。不能用that。

1102．Thedaysinsummerarelongerthan()inwinter．AthatBthoseConeDthese此题答案为B)。有时为了避免重复，可以用that代替前面说过的单数名词，用those代替复数名词。例如：Hissalaryasalawerismuchhigherthanthatofateacher．三)不定代词1．AsIwasjustgettingfamiliarwiththisjob，Ihad()toaskmyboss．AmanyBmostCmoreDmuch此题应选D)。译文为：“由于我刚刚熟悉这份工作，还要有许多事情要请教老板。”空格处缺一个had的宾语，能充当宾语的只有A)、D)项。而由于much能代替或修饰不可数名词，故选D项。many与much都表示“很多，许多”之意，在句中可以作主语、宾语或定语。其区别在于many代替或修饰可数名词，much代替或修饰不可数名词。例如：Hesaidmuchbutdidlittle．Manythinkthatheisgood-tempered．2．Themedicineisonsaleeverywhere．Youcallgetitat()Chemist’s．AeachBsomeCcertainDany此题答案为D)。译文为：“这种药到处都有卖的。你在任何药店都能买到。”any表示“任何一个”。some与any都可表示“一些”

111之意，都可修饰可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词；some多用于陈述句和肯定句，any多用于疑问句或条件状语从句和其他从句。但some在表示“一些”、“几个”等意义时，也可以用于否定句和条件从句；any在表示“任何一个或一些”等意义时，也可以用于肯定句。如：Idon’tknowsomeofthem．又如：I’mhungry，butthereisn’tanyfoodherenow．3．()deeplymovedbyhisspeech．AEveryoneofuswereBEveryoneofuswasCEveryoneofuswereDEveryoneofuswas此题答案为D)。everyone与everybody同义，指“每个人”，用于不定指。它们的后面不能跟of短语，也不用one’s来指代，指代时要用his。everyone意为“每个”。它一般指物，但也可指人，且为定指，其后可接of短语。它们用作主语时，动词都用单数。4．Agroupwasinacorner；almost()ofthemwereverynervous．AanyBallCsomeDeach此题答案应为B)。all为不定代词，可用于名词或代词之前。在人称代词之前只能用allof，后接的代词用宾格。allof用于名词前，名词前应有冠词、所有格或其他限定词。如：Allthestudentsturnedouttowelcomethevisitors．5．Asfarasheisconcerned，onepieceofmusicisverymuchlike()．AanotherBananotherCotherDtheother此题答案为A)。another表示“又一个，再来一个”的意思，它只能代替可数的单数名词，前面不再用冠词。other表示“另外，其余”

112的意思，复数形式为others。other前加the指“两个之中的另一个”。注意，有一固定搭配some…andothers，表示“有些(人或物)…另一些(人或物)…”，这是泛指的用法。如：SomestudyFrenchandothersstudyEnglish．(有些人学法语，另一些人学英语。)another也可做形容词。后接单数名词，如anotherday。也可接带数字的复数名词。如anotherthreedays等。Oneanother和eachother都为“彼此”之意，两者无根本区别。6．()intheclasshasbeenaskedtotakethefinalexamination．AEveryofthestudentsBEachofthestudentsCTheeachstudentDTheeverystudent此题答案为B)。each和every都表示“每个”之意，但用法上有不同：each强调同类事物的个别性，有“各个，每个”之意；every强调同类事物的共同性，有“一切，每个”之意。在语法功能上，every只能作定语，而each可以作主语、定语、同位语等。7．Ihavecheckedyouranswersand()ofthemarecorrect．AnoneBeveryConeDmuch此题答案为A)。none用来表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中没有一个，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语或同位语；no表示“没有”。只作定语。noone(of)意思与noneof相同，只是更加强调而已。noone意为“没有人”，可以作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Nooneknowsallofit．8．Thepersonoverthereis()thegreatscientist，LiZhengdao，himself．

113AnootherthanBnoonebutCnoneotherthanDnootherbut此题的答案为C)。noneotherthan意为“不是别人，正是”。请记住此搭配。三、实战演习1．Therailwaystationis()frommyhouse．Aanhour’sdriveBdriveanhourCthedriveofanhourDanhourdriving2．Hecameherefor()reasonsthanthefoodandthebeer．AtheotherBanotherCsomeDother3．He’slivedinLondonandManchester，buthedoesn’tlike()cityverymuch．AeitherBbothCneitherDevery4．Yesterdayhecometoseemeandgaveme()．AsomegoodadvicesBagoodpieceofadviceCmanygoodadvieesDagoodadvice5．()ofphysicsconcernedwiththeeffectsofforcesactingonbodies．AMechanicsBMechanicsareabranchCMechanicsisabranchDAbranchofmechanicsis6．()likeamillionandahalfdollarshadbeenexpectedtoguaranteetheirsecurity．ANothingBAnythingCEverythingDSomething7．Whenyouareinabigcity,youareoftenannoyedbynoiseof()．AonesortorallBonesortorothersCsomesortoranotherDonesortoranother8．They()wenttotheroomassigned．AeveryBeveryoneCeachDsomeone

1149．Hishouseisfullofgood()．AfurnituresBfurnitureCfurnishingDfurnish10．Tenyearshadelapsed，Ifoundshehad()．AalittlewhitehairBsomewhitehairCafewwhitehairDafewwhitehairs11．Theyweregivennothing()drybreadandwaterfortheireveningmeal.AsomeotherBotherthanCanotherthanDeachother12．Doyouthinkbigapplesareoftensweeterthansmall()?AthatBthoseConeDones13．Wouldyoupleasetellme()aboutthetouristattractionhere?AanyBsomeCanythingDsomething14．Doyouknowthatheworksina()?Alanguages’schoolBlanguageschoolClanguags’sschoolDlanguagesschool15．TheRedCrosswouldhave()thousanddollarswithwhichtobuybandagesandmedicine．AotherBsomeCanyotherDanother16.In1942,five()stayedfortwoweeksinanundersealab.AwomanscientistBwmnanscientistsCwomenscientistDwomenscientists17．“Howfaristhenewlibraryfromhere?”“It’,about()away．”AtenminutewalkBtenminuteswalkCtenminuteswalkDten-minutewalk18．Theyouthoftoday()whatlifewaslikebeforeliberation．Adoesn’trecognizeBdon’trecognizeCdoesn’tknowDdon’tknow

11519．Theyhad()moneytotidethemoverthemonthswithoutwork.AsofewBsolittleCquiteafewDquitealittle20．Myshoesaresimilarto()youhadonyesterday．AtheoneBtheonewhichCtlleonesthatDtheones21．Heopenedtheletteranditcontained()．AallimportantinformationBsomeimportantinformafionsCmanyimportantinformationsDsomeinportantinformation22．JohnSmithhadhisclothesmadeatthe()．AtailorBtailor’sCtailorsDtailors’23．My()havebeensavingupforfiveyearsnowandtheyhopedtobeabletobuyacolorTVset．Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-lawsCbrothers-in-lawsDbrother-in-law24．Inthenineteenthcentury()ofcommunicationhadbeendeveloped．AmanynewmeansBanewmeansCsomenewmeansDanewmean25．Thatcouplehasendured()anditisamazingthattheirmarriagehaslasted．AsomuchcrisisBsomuchcrisesCsomanycrisesDsomanycrisises26．Hehas()onhisfarm．A20headofcattlesB20headsofcattlesC20headsofcattleD20headofcattle27．Measles()alongtimetogetover．AspendBspendsCtakeDtakes

11628．Televisionisone()thewondersofmodernscience．AtoBforCofDfrom29．OnlylastweekIcalledat()．AmyauntBmyaunts’Cmyaunt’sDmineaunt30．ItakechemistryandbiologybecauseIneed()formedicine．AthemBhimCitDtheir31．Ihadabadcold．()iswhyIdidn’tattendthemeeting．ATheseBThisCThatDThose32．They’llhurt()ifwedon’tstopthemfighting．AonetoanotherBonetheotherCeachtheotherDeachother33．()beingthecase，therewerenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaints．AThatBSameCTheseDSuch34．I’mhungry，butthereisn’t()foodherenow．AanyBhaveCsomeDno35．()ofthemunderstoodhim．ANoneBNooneCAnyoneDSomeone36．Idon’thave()definiteplansabouttheresearchwork．AsomeBcertainCafewDany37．Mostformsofmattercanbechangedfromonestateto()．AeitherBotherCanotherDany38．Themanoverthereis()ourprincipal．AnootherbutBnootherthanCnoonethanDnoneotherthan39．Thehillslopeisscatteredwith()．AasheepBsheepCsheepsDafewsheeps

11740．Shecuttheclothwith()scissors．AacoupleofBapairofCtooDaKeytotheExercises1．A2．D3．A4．B5．C6．D7．D8．C9．B10．D11．B12．D13．D14．B15．D16．D17．D18．D19．B20．D21．D22．B23．A24．B25．C26．D27．D28．C29．C30．A31．C32．D33．D34．A35．A36．D37．C38．D39．B40．B第十一节平行结构(TheParallelPatterns)平行主要存在于并列结构中。并列连接词往往要求连接两个语法上被认为是等同的成份，这样的结构被称为“平行结构”。被连接的词可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、副词、动名词、短语、从句和句子。常见的并列连词有：and、both…and、but、or、nor,yet、morethan、ratherthan、aswellas、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…hutalso。这些并列连词要牢牢记住，因为它们是使用平行结构的标志。利用平行结构来解决语法题，能大大提高做题的准确率。

118一、名词的平行结构1．Demandforaconsumerproductdependontheincomesofbuyers，theirpreferences，and().AcompetingproductsarepricedBthepricesofcompetingproductsChowhighthepricesofcompetingproductsDwhatarethepricesofcompetingproducts2．Crimeinthestreetsisabigproblem，especiallyforwomen，thepoor，and().AwhenyouareelderlyBalltheolderpeopleCtheelderlyDthepeoplewhoareelderly①答案为B)。译文为：“对消费品的需求取决于购买者的收入、他们的喜好和竞争产品的价格。”应选一与incomes和preferences平行的结构，故应选B)。②答案为C)。此题应选与前面的thepoor平行的结构。二、形容词的平行结构Employersagreethattheyareinterestedinjobapplicantswhoareresponsible，()，andhard—working．AconfidenceBconfidentCconfidentingDconfidences答案为B)。此题应选一与responsible、hardworking平行的形容词。

119三、副词的平行结构Inthelastfiftyyears．asaresultoflandreform，thestandardoflivinginChinahasrisendramaticalyand()．AcontinuousBcontinueCcontinuouslyDcontinuing此题答案为C)。应选与前面dramatically平行的副词。四、动名词和分词的平行结构1Ilikereadingnovels()TV．AratherthantowatchBmorethantowatchCmorethanwatchingDthanwatching2．TheyspenteightdaysinQingdao,travellingonfoot，()mountainsandbathingintgesea．AclimbingBtoclimbCclimbedDclimb①答案为C)。morethan应连接两个成分相同的部分，前面为动名词reading，后面也要用动名词。②答案为A)。应选与分词travelling、bathing平行的一分词短语。五、不定式的平行结构1．()onceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.AToseeBSeeingCSeeDHavingseen2．It’sbetter()thanjusttostayathome．AplayandtravelBplayingandtravellingCtoplayandtravelDplayandtotravel①答案为A)。应选与后面的toheal平行的不定式结构。②答案为C)。在“不定式+and+不定式”

120结构中，第二个不定式符号可以省略。六、时态的平行结构Whiletheboyswereice-skating，they()onthethiniceandfellintothedeepwater.AslipBslippedChadslippedDwereslipping此题答案为B)。应选与其后的fell相对应的过去式。七、介词短语的平行结构1．Sheiswellknown()．AnotonlyherkindnessbutalsoherunderstandingBnotonlyforherkindnessbutalsoherunderstandingCfornotonlyherkindnessbutalsoforherunderstandingDnotonlyforherkindnessbutalsoforherunderstanding2．Myfather’spresencegavemecourage，butIspokefrommyownthoughtandcertainlynot().AhisthoughtBhisC)fromhisDfromhim①答案为D)。notonly…butalso连接两个平行的介词短语。②答案为C)。应选一与frommyownthought平行的介词短语结构。八、从句或句子的平行结构Inherwriting，MarkTwinoftendealtwithhisownpersonalityasitwas，ratherthan().Aother’sdefinitionBitsdefinitionbyothers

121CasothersdefineditDitwasdefinedbyothers此题答案为C)。在此句中，连词ratherthan连接与asitwas平行的结构。九、实战演习1．()andtogoskiingarepopularwintersportsintheNorthernUnitedStates．AIce-skatingBIce-skateCTogoice-skatingDGoingice-skating2．Havingnomoneybut()toknow，hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner．AnottowantanyoneBnotwantinganyoneCwantednooneDtowantnoone3．Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjust()classes．AattendBattendedCtoattendDattending4．NotthatJohndoesn’twanttohelpyou，()it’sbeyondhispower．AbutthatBforthatCandthatDinthat5．()ofanewspapernorthenumberofpagesinaneditionhaseverbeenstandardized．AThepagesizeisneitherBThepagesize，neitherCNeitheristhepagesizeDNeitherthepagesize6．Realizingthathehadn’tenoughmoneyand()toborrowfromhisfather，hedecidedtosellhiswatch．AnotwantedBnottowantCnotwantingDwantingnot7．AssecretaryoftheInstitution，Maryincreasedcollections,()andfoundedtheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory．

122AimprovedcatalogingmethodsBcatalogingmethodswereimprovedCtheimprovementofcatalogingmethodDmethodsofimprovedcataloging8．TheroleofthepartysysteminAmericanpoliticshasalwaysbeen()．AnottodividebuttouniteBnotdividingbutaunionCaunityinsteadofdividingDunifyinginsteadofadivision9．EleanorRooseveltplayedaleadingpartinwoman’sorganizations，andshewasactiveinencouragingyouthmovements，inpromotingconsumerwelfare，and()forcivilrights．AtoworkBworkingCworkedDinworking10．Thebrain’slefthemispherecontrolslogicandlanguage，whiletheright()inmifivetalentsandmusicalability．AcontrollingBiscontrollingCistocontrolDcontrolsKeytotheExercises1.C2．B3．A4．A5．D6．C7．A8．A9．D10．D

123