资源描述:
《英语四级语法基础知识》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
英语四级语法基础知识 动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等) 时态 1)现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour. I’vebeensittinginthegarden. 2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled. Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame. 3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears. Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears. 4)将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):将来某时已发生的事. Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch. They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober. 语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess. Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.
1 Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk. 担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference. Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations. 宾补结构的被动语态: ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody. Thenhewasmadeasquadleader. Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob. Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy. 短语动词 Vi+adv Theplanetookofftwohourslate. Vi+prep TheylookedroundtheCathedral.Vi+prep(有被动语态) 在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.
2 Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet. Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects. Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject. Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport. Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful. Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity. Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong. Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout. Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry. Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth. Fillintheapplicationasinstructed. Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported. Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned. Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung. Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit. IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated. Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary. Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit. Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy. 在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略. Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary. Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
3 Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did). Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore. Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation. Wewill,asalways,standonyourside. 错误的省略 HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow. Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher. 一致 如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式. Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday. Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork. Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam. 代词作主语时的一致 each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待. Eachofushassomethingtosay. Iseverybodyready? Somebodyisusingthephone. Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining. Haseitherofthemtoldyou? some,few,both,many等作复数
4 some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一. none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数: Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit. None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera. None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid. Noneofthisworriesme. all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(allofthe…,mostofthe…),动词用单数. 由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致 Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged. Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome. EitheryouorMrYangistodothework. NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind. 如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。 Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix. Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou. people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数. Cattlearegrazingonthepasture. Thepolicearelookingforhim. 有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定. Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.
5 Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers. Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth. Thecommitteearedividedinopinion. Theaudiencewasenormous. Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords. 有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数: Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth. Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth. Thisspeciesisnowextinct. Thesespeciesarenowextinct. 表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的): Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations. Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight. 书名,国家名用单数: TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb. 学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数. manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式: Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience. Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase. anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数: Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
6 Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing. oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式,一是根据先行词采用复数形式: Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful. 当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形式: Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment. Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful. 当one之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时,关系分句谓语动词根据one而定,即采用单数形式: Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment. Ⅱ非谓语动词 不定式 形式 主动形式被动形式 一般式todotobedone 完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone 进行式tobedoing 完成进行式tohavebeendoing 完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式。 Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother). (比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)
7 Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers. Hepretendednottohaveseenme. 进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式。 Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven'tquiterecoveredyet. Wedidn'texpectyoutobewaitingforushere. Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively. 完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式. Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears. Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou. 被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式. Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere. Shehatedtobeflattered. Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce. Thisisboundtobefoundout. Therearealotofthingstobedone. Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork. 功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e). a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust. b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere. c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.
8 d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare? e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou. 不带to的不定式: 在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to. Johnmadehertellhimeverything. 这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式. Shewasmadetotellhimeverything. 在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to. I'drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast. Theycannotbutaccepthisterm. 在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式. Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme. I'veheardtellofhim. 在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式. CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox? 在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining. Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm. There'snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining. 连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.
9 Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup. 出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to. Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone. Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages. 用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”,“thing+关系分句”,“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成,并带有do的某种形式,这时,作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省. Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething. Allyoudonowiscompletetheform TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess. TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue. 主谓一致 【专项训练】 1、Nothingbutcarsintheshop. A.issoldB.aresoldC.weresoldD.aregoingtosell 2、NooneexceptJackandTomtheanswer. A.knowB.knowsC.isknowingD.areknown 3、Seventypercentofthestudentsinourschoolfromthecountryside. A.isB.areC.comesD.arecoming 4、ofthemoneyusedup. A.Three-five,areB.Three-fifths,havebeen C.Three-fifths,hasbeenD.Third-fifths,is
10 5、Thenumberofthepeoplewhocarsincreasing. A.owns,areB.owns,isC.own,isD.own,are 6、OneofMarx’sworkswritteninEnglishinthe1860s. A.wasB.wereC.wouldbeD.are 7、Thesheetsforyourbedwashing. A.needsB.areneedingC.wantD.arewanting 8、Oneachsideofthestreetalotoftrees. A.standsB.growC.isstandingD.aregrown 9、Somepersoncallingforyouatthegate. A.areB.isC.isbeingD.willbe 10、Allthatcanbeeatenup. A.arebeingB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.havebeen 参考答案: 1、A因有连词but,所以谓语形式跟Nothing一致,用第三人称单数。 2、B同上 3、B 4、C 5、C定语从句看被修饰的先行词:thenumberof作主语用单数形式。 6、A 7、C 8、B倒装句,要看后面的主语。 9、Bsomeperson指“某人”是第三人称单数。见讲解13。
11 10、B主语“all”指的是“food”,所以代不可数名词,是第三人称单数。 全部倒装和部分倒装:如果谓语在主语前面,就是倒装语序.倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装.在全部倒装的句子中,整个谓语都放在主语的前面: Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou. Incameamanwithawhitebeard. 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词,情态动词,或系动词be等)放在主语前面,其余部分仍在主语后面: Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost. Icouldn’tanswerthequestion.Norcouldanyoneelseinourclass. Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoaccomplishtheabove-mentionedglorioustask. 以neither,nor,so等开始的句子:由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句),由neither,nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句),助动词或be置于主语前. “Wemuststartforthework-sitenow”.“Somustwe.” Iamquitewillingtohelpandsoaretheothers. Hedidn’tdropanyhint.Nor(Neither)didhissecretary. “Iwon’tdosuchathing.”“Nor(Neither)willI.” 如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思,尽管是用so开头,语序也不要颠倒. “Itwascoldyesterday.”“Soitwas.” “TomorrowwillbeMonday.”“Soitwill.” 当句首状语为never,little,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时,一般引起部分倒装. Nolongeraretheystayingwithus. Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.
12 UndernocircumstancescouldIagreetosuchaprinciple. 表示位置或方向的副词提前,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时,通常用全部倒装: Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat. ThedoorburstopenandIrushedthecrowd. Therecomesthebus! Nowcomesyourturn. 1.如果主语是代词,仍用正常语序: Therecomesyourturn. 有here引起,谓语为be的句子,也要倒装: HereisChina’slargesttropicalforest. Herearesomepicture-books. 2.如果主语是代词,仍用正常语序: Hereweare.Thisisthenewrailwaystation. “Givemesomepaper.”“Hereyouare.” 3.表语和系动词提前: 介词短语:OntheothersidewasnorthernXinjiang. Nearthesouthernendofthevillagewasalargepearorchard. 形容词:Veryimportantinthefarmer’slifeistheradioweatherreport. Worstofallwerethehumiliationshesuffered. 副词:Belowisarestaurant. Southwestofthereservoirwere2,000acresofsandywasteland. 分词:HousedintheCulturalPalacearealibrary,anauditoriumandrecreationrooms.
13 Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzink. Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout17. Standingbesidethetablewasaninterpreter. 4句首状语若由only+副词,only+介词词组,only+状语从句构成,引起局部倒装: Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing. Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets. Onlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend. 有notonly开头的句子或分句,往往引起局部倒装: Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit. Notonlydidthegarageoverchargeme,buttheyhadn’tdoneaverygoodrepairjobeither. 小标点大学问吧。 不知道你有没有看过这样一个小故事:在一个大雨天,客人来投宿,于是给主人写了个纸条,“下雨天留客天留我不留”。而主人不想让客人在此留宿,所以也提笔加了些标点符号,整个句子变成了“下雨,天留客,天留我不留”。客人看了之后,也偷偷加了标点呈回“下雨天,留客天,留我不?留!”主人看了便再也不好意思赶客人走了。 看了这个故事你是否知道标点符号的重要之处了呢?其实不仅是汉语中标点可以改变语意,在英语中也是一样的。 在9月24日,美国NationalPunctuationDay(国家标点日),活动的组织者号召读者以标点为题写haiku(俳句),其中一位读者写的俳句是这样的: AreyouBritorYank?ShowmeyourquotationmarksAndI’lltellyouwhich. 你是英国佬还是美国佬?给我写个有引号的句子,我就告诉你答案。 据说英国人和美国人使用引号时的确有个往往被忽略的细微差别,请看维基百科上举的例子: "Carefree,"ingeneral,means"freefromcareoranxiety."(Americanpractice)
14 "Carefree",ingeneral,means"freefromcareoranxiety".(Britishpractice) 前面一句的逗号在引号内,是美国习惯用法;而后面一句的逗号在引号外面,是英国习惯用法。不管是在引号内还是在引号外,这个逗号还真不是逗你玩的,很有内涵。请看以下例句: Myoldersister,Betty,boughtmeagift. 我姐姐,贝蒂,给我买了个礼物。 如果同样这几个词写成:MyoldersisterBettyboughtmeagift。按照芝加哥格式手册(TheChicagoManualofStyle)的解释,上述这两个句子的含义有一个显著不同:前者说明说话人只有贝蒂这一个sister,而按照第二句,说话人应该还有其他姐妹。所以美国人说:Thecommasarenotjustcommas,theyarefacts. 当然,对这类语法规矩不可走火入魔,如果有人写下这样的句子: MyhusbandDaveboughtmeagift. 我丈夫戴维给我买了个礼物。 尽管在“戴维”这个名字前后没有逗号,但是说话人一般来说也不可能有两个以上的丈夫。 对比而言,中文里逗号用得比英文里用得多,因此英翻中的时候,会平白多出很多逗号。台湾学者 余光中先生举例说:根据英文的语法,例如下面这句话,里面的逗点实在是多余的,可是删去之后,读起来就太急促了: “我很明白,他的意思无非是说,要他每个月回来看我一次,是不可能的”。 余光中先生还引用了台湾1973年1月号《幼狮文艺》上翻译的狄更斯《圣诞颂歌》(AChristmasCarol)中的一句话: “而且,史克鲁治甚至没有因这桩悲惨的事件而伤心得使他在葬礼那天无法做一个卓越的办事人员以及用一种千真万确的便宜价钱把葬礼搞得庄严肃穆” 这一句话“而且”之后一共62个字不用标点,令人读的气短。用余光中先生的话说,从译文来看“无论如何不懂为什么狄更斯是文豪”。这一段文字的英语原文其实是这样的: AndevenScroogewasnotsodreadfullycutupbythesadevent,butthathewasan
15excellentmanofbusinessontheverydayofthefuneral,andsolemniseditwithanundoubtedbargain. 吴钧陶先生所翻译的《圣诞颂歌》,其中这一句,是这样的: “可是即使这位私刻鲁挤,对于这桩伤心事,也并不那么难受的不得了,而就在举行葬礼那天,他还是一个出色的生意人,用道道地地的生意经举行了那次葬礼”。 吴先生一共用了五个逗号,而英文原文只有两个逗号。正如余光中先生所说:“英文用逗点是为了文法,中文用逗点是为了文气。”(《变通的艺术》)也许说“文气”太文了些,还可再通俗一点,其实中文加逗号就是为了“喘气”。