英语六级仔细阅读

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英语六级仔细阅读Directions:Thereare4passagesinthisPart.EachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorUnfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Passage1Inthe1962movieLawrenceofArabia,onesceneshowsanAmericannewspaperreportereagerlysnappingphotosofmenlootingasabotagedtrain.Oneofthelooters,ChiefAudaabuTayioftheHoweitatclan,suddenlynoticesthecameraandsnatchesit.AmIinthis?heasks,beforesmashingitopen.Tothedismayedreporter,Lawrenceexplains,Hethinksthesethingswillstealhisvirtue.Hethinksyou'reakindofthief.Assoonascolonizersandexplorersbegantakingcamerasintodistantlands,storiesbegancirculatingabouthowindigenouspeoplessawthemastoolsforblackmagic.Theignorantnativesmayhavehadapoint.Whenphotographyfirstbecameavailable,scientistswelcomeditasamoreobjectivewayofrecordingfarawaysocietiesthanearlytravelers'exaggeratedaccounts.Butinsomeways,anthropologicalphotographsrevealmoreabouttheculturethatholdsthecamerathantheonethatstaresback.Upintothe1950sand1960s,manyethnographerssoughtpurepicturesofprimitivecultures,routinelydeletingmodernaccoutrementssuchasclocksandWesterndress.Theypaidmenandwomentore-enactritualsortoposeasmembersofwarorhuntingparties,oftenwithlittleregardforveracity.EdwardCurtis,thelegendaryphotographerofNorthAmericanIndians,forexample,gotoneMakahmantoposeasawhalerwithaspearin1915--eventhoughtheMakahhadnothuntedwhalesinageneration.Thesephotographsreinforcedwidelyacceptedstereotypesthatindigenouscultureswereisolated,primitive,andunchanging.Forinstance,NationalGeographicmagazine'sphotographshavetaughtmillionsofAmericansaboutothercultures.AsCatherineLutzandJaneCollinspointoutintheir1993bookReadingNationalGeographic,themagazinesinceitsfoundingin1888haskeptatraditionofpresentingbeautifulphotosthatdon'tchallengewhite,middle-classAmericanconventions.Whiledark-skinnedwomencanbeshownwithouttops,forexample,whitewomen'sbreastsaretaboo.Photosthatcouldunsettleordisturb,suchasareasoftheworldtornasunderbywarorfamine,arediscardedinfavorofthosethatreassure,toconformwiththesociety'sstatedpledgetopresentonlykindlyvisionsofforeignsocieties.Theresult,LutzandCollinssay,isthedepictionofanidealizedandexoticworldrelativelyfreeofpainorclassconflict.LutzactuallylikesNationalGeographicalot.Shereadthemagazineasachild,anditslushimageryinfluencedhereventualchoiceofanthropologyasacareer.Shejustthinksthataspeoplelookatthephotographsofothercultures,theyshouldbealerttothechoiceofcompositionandimages.1.Themainideaofthepassageis______________.[A]PhotographstakenbyWesternexplorersreflectmoreWesterners’perceptionoftheindigenousculturesandtheWesternvalues.[B]ThereisacomplicatedrelationshipbetweentheWesternexplorersandtheprimitivepeoples.[C]PopularmagazinessuchasNationalGeographicshouldshowpicturesoftheexoticandidealizedworldstomaintainhighsales.[D]Anthropologistsaskthenativestoposefortheirpictures,compromisingthetruthfulnessoftheirpictures.2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatearlytravelerstothenativelandsoften_________.[A]tookpictureswiththenatives[B]gaveexaggeratedaccountsofthenativelands[C]askforpicturesfromthenatives[D]gavethenativesclocksandWesterndresses3.TheauthormentionsthemovieLawrenceofArabiato___________.[A]showhowpeopleintheindigenoussocietiesareportrayedbyWesterners.[B]illustratehowpeoplefromprimitivesocietiesseecamerasastoolsofblackmagicthatstealtheirvirtues.

1[C]showhowanthropologistsportrayuntruthfulpicturesofnativepeople.[D]showthecruelandbarbariansideofthenativepeople.4.“Butinsomeways,anthropologicalphotographsrevealmoreabouttheculturethatholdsthecamerathantheonethatstaresback.”Inthissentence,the“one[culture]thatstaresback”refersto_______.[A]theindigenousculture[B]theWesternculture[C]theacademicculture[D]thenewsbusinessculture5.WithwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldCatherineLutzmostprobablyagree?[A]ReportersfromtheWesternsocietiesshouldroutinelydeletemodernelementsinpicturestakenoftheindigenoussocieties.[B]TheprimitiveculturesareinferiortothemoreadvancedWesternculture.[C]Thewesternmediaarenotpresentingarealisticpictureofthefarawaysocieties.[D]PeopleintheWesternnewsbusinessshouldtrynottochallengethewell-establishedwhitemiddle-classvalues.Passage2TheBritishMedicalJournalrecentlyfeaturedastrongresponsetowhatwasjudgedaninappropriatelylenientreactionbyamedicalschooltoastudentcheatinginanexamination.Althoughwehaveinsufficientreliabledataabouttheextentofthisphenomenon,itsprevention,oritseffectivemanagement,muchcanbeconcludedandactedupononthebasisofcommonsenseandconceptswithfacevalidity.Thereisgeneralagreementthatthereshouldbezerotoleranceofcheatinginaprofessionbasedontrustandoneonwhichhumanlivesdepend.Itisreasonabletoassumethatcheatersinmedicalschoolwillbemorelikelythanotherstocontinuetoactdishonestlywithpatients,colleagues,insurers,andgovernment.Thebehavioursunderquestionaremultifactorialinorigin.Therearefamilial,religious,andculturalvaluesthatareacquiredlongbeforemedicalschool.Forexample,countries,cultures,andsubculturesexistwherebribesanddishonestbehaviourarealmostanorm.Therearesecondaryschoolsinwhichneitherstaffnorstudentstoleratecheatingandotherswherecheatingisrampant;therearehomeswhichimbueyoungpeoplewithhighstandardsofethicalbehaviourandotherswhichleaveethicaltrainingtotheharmfulinfluenceoftelevisionandthemarketplace.Medicalschoolsreflectsocietyandcannotbeexpectedtoremedyalltheillsofasociety.Theselectionprocessofmedicalstudentsmightbeexpectedtofavourcandidateswithintegrityandpositiveethicalbehaviour—ifonehadareliablemethodfordetectingsuchcharacteristicsinadvance.Medicalschoolsshouldbethemajorfocusofattentionforimbuingfuturedoctorswithintegrityandethicalsensitivity.Unfortunatelytherearetroubling,ifinconclusive,datathatsuggestthatduringmedicalschooltheethicalbehaviourofmedicalstudentsdoesnotnecessarilyimprove;indeed,moraldevelopmentmayactuallystoporevenregress.Thecreationofapervasiveinstitutionalcultureofintegrityisessential.Itiscriticalthattheacademicandclinicalleadersoftheinstitutionsetapersonalexampleofintegrity.Medicalschoolsmustmaketheirinstitutionalpositionandtheirexpectationsofstudentsabsolutelyclearfromdayone.Thedevelopmentofaschool'scultureofintegrityrequiresapartnershipwiththestudentsinwhichtheyplayanactiveroleinitscreationandnurturing.Moreover,theschool'sexaminationsystemandgeneraltreatmentofstudentsmustbeperceivedasfair.Finally,thetreatmentofinfractionsmustbefirm,fair,transparent,andconsistent.6.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcheatinginmedicalschools?[A]Extensiveresearchhasbeendoneaboutthisphenomenon.[B]Wehavesufficientdatatoprovethatpreventionisfeasible.[C]Wearesafetoconcludethatthisphenomenonexistsonagrandscale.

2[D]Reliabledataabouttheextent,preventionandmanagementofthephenomenonislacking.7.Accordingtotheauthor,itisimportanttopreventcheatinginmedicalschoolsbecause____________.[A]Themedicalprofessionisbasedontrust.[B]Thereiszerotoleranceofcheatinginmedicine.[C]Themedicalprofessiondependsonthegovernment.[D]Cheatingexistsextensivelyinmedicalschools.8.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthecause(s)ofcheating?[A]Family,cultureandsocietyplayanactivepart.[B]Badschoolenvironmentistheleadingcauseofstudentcheating.[C]Parentsarealwaystoblamefortheirchildren’scheatingbehaviour.[D]CheatingexistsprimarilybecausestudentslearnbadthingsfromTV.9.Accordingtotheauthor,whatprecautionsshouldmedicalschoolstaketopreventstudentsfromcheating?[A]Medicalschoolsshouldestablishafirmmoralstandardtoweedoutapplicantswithlowintegrity.[B]Medicalschoolsshouldmakeeffortstoremedytheillsofasociety.[C]Medicalschoolsshouldteachfuturedoctorsintegrityandethicalvalues.[D]Thereisnothingmedicalschoolscandotoimprovetheethicalbehaviouroftheirstudents.10.Theauthorwillprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?[A]Medicalschoolsshouldmakeexamseasierforthestudentstoalleviatethefiercecompetition.[B]Prominentfiguresinthemedicalinstitutionshouldcreateasetofmoralstandardstobeappliedinmedicalschools.[C]Medicalstudentsshouldplayanactiveroleinthecreationandpreservationofacultureofintegrity.[D]Thosestudentswhocheatintheexamsshouldbeinstantlyexpelledfromschool.Passage3Abigfocusofthecriticismofcomputergameshasconcernedthecontentofthegamesbeingplayed.Whenthenarrativesofthegamesareanalyzedtheycanbeseentofallintosomegenres.ThetwogenresmostpopularwiththechildrenIinterviewedwere‘Platformers’and‘Beat-them-ups.’PlatformgamessuchasSonicandSuperMarioinvolveleapingfromplatformtoplatform,avoidingobstacles,movingonthroughthelevels,andprogressingthroughthedifferentstagesofthegame.Beat-them-upsarethegameswhichhavecausedconcernovertheirviolentcontent.Thesegamesinvolvefightsbetweenanimatedcharacters.Inmanywaysthisviolencecanbecomparedtoviolencewithinchildren’scartoonswhereacharacterishitovertheheadorfallsofacliffbutwalksawayunscathed.Controversyhasoccurredinpartbecauseoftheintensityofthegameplay,whichissaidtospilloverintochildren’severydaylives.Thereareworriesthatchildrenarebecomingmoreviolentandaggressiveafterprolongedexposuretothesegames.Playingcomputergamesinvolvesfeelingsofintensefrustrationandangerwhichoftenexpressesitselfinaggressive‘yells’atthescreen.Itisnotonlythe‘Beat-them-up’gameswhichproducethisaggression;platformgamesarejustasfrustratingwhenthecharacterslosealltheir‘lives’and‘die’justbeforetheendofthelevelisreached.Computergamingreliesuponintenseconcentrationonthemovingimagesonthescreenanddemandsgreathand-to-eyecoordination.Whentheplayerlosesandthewords‘Gameover’appearonthescreen,thereisannoyanceandfrustrationatbeingbeatenbythecomputerandathavingmadeanerror.Thisangerandaggressioncouldperhapsbecomparedtotheaggressionfeltwhenplayingfootballandyoutakeyoureyeofftheballandenabletheoppositiontoscore.Theannoyanceexperiencedwhendefeatedatacomputergameiswhatmakesgaming‘addictive’:theplayerisdeterminednottomakethesamemistakeagainandtohave‘onelastgo’inthehopeofdoingbetternexttime.Someoftheconcernovertheviolenceofcomputergameshasbeenaboutchildrenwhoareunabletotellthedifferencebetweenfictionandrealityandwhoactouttheviolentmovesofthegamesinfightontheplayground.Theproblemwithvideogamesisthattheyinvolvechildrenmorethantelevisionorfilmsandthismeanstherearemore

3implicationsfortheirsocialbehavior.Playingthesegamescanleadtoanti-socialbehavior,makechildrenaggressiveandaffecttheiremotionalstability.11.Whatisthetopicofthisarticle?[A]Howdoesplayingcomputergamesaffectthelevelofviolenceinchildren[B]ThereisnodifferencebetweenPlatformgamesand‘Beat-Them-Ups’.[C]Howtocontrolangerwhileplayingcomputergames[D]Howtomakechildrenspendlesstimeoncomputergames12.Whichofthefollowinggamesissupposedtocontainviolentcontent?[A]Sonic[B]SuperMario[C]Platformer[D]Beat-Them-Up13.Whatdoesunscathed(Paragraph1,Lastline)probablymean?[A]unsettled[B]unbeaten[C]unharmed[D]unhappy14.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,howdoesviolencerelatetoplayingcomputergames?[A]Whenlosingcomputergameschildrentendtoexperiencefrustrationandanger.[B]Beat-Them-Upsaremorepopularwithchildrenthereforemorelikelytoproduceviolentbehavior.[C]Peoplewhohavegoodhand-eye-coordinationtendtobemoreviolentthanothers.[D]Theviolentcontentinthegamesgetschildrenaddictedtothegames.15.Accordingtotheauthor,whydovideogamesleadtoviolencemorethanTVormovies?[A]Becausechildrencannottellfictionfromreality.WWW.CN-MPA.COM2005-8-165:10:56[B]Becausechildrenliketoactoutthescenesinthegamesontheplayground.[C]BecausecomputergamesinvolvechildrenmorethanTVorfilms.[D]Becausecomputergamescanproducemoreanti-socialbehavior.PassageFourInBrazil,thedebateovergeneticallymodifiedorganisms,orGMOs,affectsmostlysoybeanproduction.Brazilistheworld'ssecondlargestproducerofsoybeansbehindtheUnitedStatesandaheadofArgentina.MostEuropeanandAsianretailerswanttoremainGMfree.Non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)inBrazilaregoingonamediaoffensivetopreventthelegalizationofgeneticallymodifiedcrops.Environmentalistsandconsumergroupsforyearshavebeenabletothwartgovernmentandcompanies'attemptstolegalizealteredfood.Inradiodramasthatarebeingbroadcastinremoteregions,BrazilianNGOsaretellingsoyfarmerstheuseofgeneticallymodifiedseedscouldendangertheirhealth,theirfieldsandtheirbusiness.Wearenotsayingthatgeneticengineeringis,inprinciple,somethingbad;wesaythatweneedmoresciencetobesurethatitwillworkinanappropriatewaywithnoharminthefuture,saidcampaigncoordinatorJean-MarcvonderWeid.Thisisbothforhealthandenvironmentalreasons.Theotherquestionisoneconomics.WhatwethinkisthatinBrazil,ifweapprovetheGMOs,wewillloseaspectacularadvantagethatwehavenow.Wearesellingmoretotheinternationalmarket,mostlyforEuropeandAsia,thanwehavedoneinourhistory,becausewearenotGMOcontaminated.Anotheroppositiongroup,ActionAid,hasbeenorganizinggrass-rootssupportinBrazilianfarmingregionstorouseconsumersentimentagainstlegalization.ActionAidpublicpolicydirectorAdrianoCampolinasaysheisfightingforfarmerstoremainindependent.Whenthesmall-scalefarmerorabigfarmerstartsusingthiskindofseed,thisfarmerwillbecompletelydependentonthetransnationals,whichcontrolintellectualpropertyrightsovertheseseeds,hesaid.

4BrazilianscientistCrodowaldoPavansaidthereshouldbechecksonwhatmultinationalscando,butthatdoesn'tmeanGMseedsshouldbebanned.Hesaysfearsovertheirusageareunfounded.Despitetheofficialban,Dr.PavansaysuptoonethirdofBrazil'ssoycropisgeneticallymodified,becauseGMseedisbeingsmuggledfromArgentina.Brazil'sgovernmenthasinvestedheavilyinaGMprojectbytheU.S.biotechcompany,Monsanto,buttheprojectwasputonicefollowingasuccessfulcourtchallengebyconsumers.Theanti-GMOgroupsarehopingthepoliticians'preoccupationwiththeOctoberpresidentialelectionwillgivethemtimetogatherenoughsupporttodefeatanyfutureattemptstolegalizegeneticallyalteredcrops.41.Accordingtothepassage,theissueindisputeinBrazilis___________.[A]contaminationoftheenvironmentbygeneticallymodifiedcropsWWW.CN-MPA.COM2004-5-2722:19:31[B]Brazil’sstandingintheinternationalmarket[C]theOctoberpresidentialelection[D]thelegalizationofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms42.Accordingtothepassage,Brazilistheworld’s_____________soybeanproducer.[A]largest[B]secondlargest[C]thirdlargest[D]fourthlargest43.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutNGOsinBrazil?[A]Theybelievegeneticallymodifiedcropswillharmthefarmers’health.[B]Theybelievegeneticengineeringisaltogetherabadpractice.[C]TheybelievescientificmethodsshouldbeintroducedtoensureGMbringsnoharm.[D]TheybelieveGMOswillharmBrazileconomically.44.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueabouttheorganizationcalledActionAid?[A]Theyencouragethefarmerstoproducegeneticallymodifiedproducts.[B]Theyencouragethefarmerstodependonthemselvesforseeds.[C]Theystronglysupportthelegalizationofgeneticallymodifiedproducts.[D]Theyencouragethefarmerstoupgradetheirfarmstobiggerones.45.WhatdoestheBrazilianscientistCrodowaldoPavansayaboutgeneticallymodifiedproducts?[A]Geneticallymodifiedseedsshouldbebanned.[B]Brazilgovernmentshouldcrackdownonthesmugglingofgeneticallymodifiedseeds.[C]Thefearovertheuseofgeneticallymodifiedseedsisuncalledfor.[D]Consumersshouldfilemorelawsuitstoprotecttheirrights.Passage5The“standardofliving”ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson‘sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving，therefore，dependsfirstandforemostonitscapacitytoproducewealth.“Wealth”inthissenseisnotmoney，forwedonotliveonmoneybutonthingsthatmoneycanbuy：“goods”suchasfoodandclothing，and“services”suchastransportandentertainment.Acountry‘scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactors，mostofwhichhaveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdependstoagreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources，suchascoal，gold，andotherminerals，watersupplyandsoon.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandminerals，andhaveafertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessperhapsonlyoneofthesethings，andsomeregionspossessnoneofthem.TheU.S.Aisoneofthewealthiestregionsoftheworldbecauseshehasvastnaturalresourceswithinherborders，hersoilisfertile，andherclimateisvaried.TheSaharaDesert，ontheotherhand，isoneoftheleastwealthy.

5Nexttonaturalresourcescomestheabilitytoturnthemtouse.ChinaisperhapsaswelloffastheU.S.A.innaturalresources，butsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwars，andforthisandotherreasonswas.unabletodevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditions，andfreedomfromforeigninvasion，enableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadily，andtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellservedbynaturebutlesswellordered.Anotherimportantfactoristhetechnicalefficiencyofacountry‘speople.Oldcountriesthathave，throughmanycenturies，trainedupnumerousskilledcraftsmenandtechniciansarebetterplacedtoproducewealththancountrieswhoseworkersarelargelyunskilled.Wealthalsoproduceswealth.Asacountrybecomeswealthier，itspeoplehavealargemarginforsaving，andcanputtheirsavingsintofactoriesandmachineswhichwillhelpworkerstoturnoutmoregoodsintheirworkingday.1.Acountry’swealthdependsupon______.，A.itsstandardoflivingB.itsmoneyC.itsabilitytoprovidegoodsandservicesD.itsabilitytoprovidetransportandentertainment2.Theword“foremost”means______.A.mostimportantlyB.firstlyC.largelyD.forthemostpart3.Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisthat______.A.acountry‘swealthdependsonmanyfactorsB.theU.S.A.isoneofthewealthiestcountriesintheworldC.theSaharaDesertisaverypoorregionD.naturalresourcesareanimportantfactorinthewealthorpovertyofacountry4.Thethirdparagraphmentionssomeoftheadvantageswhichonecountrymayhaveoveranotherinmakinguseofitsresources.Howmanysuchadvantagesarementionedinthisparagraph？A.2B.3C.4D.55.Thesecondsentence.inParagraph3is______.A.themainideaoftheparagraphB.anexamplesupportingthemainideaoftheparagraphC.theconclusionoftheparagraphD.notrelatedtotheparagraphPassage6heproductivityofAmericansemployedinprivatebusinesseshasdeclined.TheproductivityofworkersincountriessuchasJapanandGermanyisincreasing.Americanmachinetools，onaverage，areold，relativelyinefficient，andrapidlybecomingobsolete，whereasthoseofourcompetitorsoverseas，incomparison，arenewerandmoreefficient.Wearenolongerthemostproductiveworkersintheworld.Wearenolongertheleadersinindustrialinnovation（革新）。Weareanimmenselywealthynationofeducatedmenandwomenwhoseemtohavelostsightofthefactthateverything—fromthesimplestnecessitiestothefinestluxuries—mustbeproducedthroughourowncollectivehardwork.Wehavecometoexpectautomaticincreasesinourcollectivestandardofliving，butweseemtohaveforgottenthattheseincreasesarepossibleonlywhenourproductivitycontinuestogrow.Onethingthatmustchangeistherateatwhichwesubstitutecapitalequipmentforhumanlabor.Simplyput，ourlaborforcehasincreasedatafargreaterratethanhasourstockofcapitalinvestment.Weseemtohaveforgottenthatour

6pastproductivitygains，toalargeextent，wererealizedfromsubstitutionsofcapitalforhumanlabor.Today，3timesasmanyrobotsarelistedascapitalassetsbyJapanesefirmsasbyUnitedStatesfirms.ThereisnodoubtthatrobotswillbecomeacommonsightinAmericanfactories.Representinganewgenerationoftechnology，robotswillreplacefactorylabormuchasthefarmtractorreplacedthehorse.Robottechnologyhasmuchtooffer.Itoffershigherlevelsofproductivityandqualityatlowercosts;inpromisestofreemenandwomenfromthedull，repetitioustoilofthefactory，itislikelytohaveanimpactonsocietycomparabletothatmadebythegrowthofcomputertechnology.1.Theword“obsolete”（Para.1）mostprobablymeans_______.A.weakB.oldC.newD.outofdate2.Theauthorisanxiousabout_______.A.hispeoplenolongertakingtheleadinindustrialinnovationB.hiscountrynolongerbeingawealthynationC.hispeopleforgettingtoraisetheirproductivityD.hiscountryfallingbehindotherindustrialnations3.Accordingtotheauthor，inhiscountry_______.。A.theproportionoflaborforcetocapitalinvestmentisquitelowB.thegrowthrateoflaborforceshouldbegreaterthanthatofcapitalinvestmentC.theproductivityincreasesshouldbeachievedbytheincreasesoflaborforceD.capitalinvestmentshouldhaveincreasedmorerapidlythanlaborforce4.Sofarastheinfluenceonsocietyisconcerned，_______.A.robottechnologyseemstobemuchmorepromisingthancomputertechnologyB.computertechnologyhaslesstoofferthanrobottechnologyC.robottechnologycanbecomparedwithcomputertechnologyD.robottechnologycannotbecomparedwithcomputertechnology5.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageistoshowthat_______.A.robotswillhelpincreaselaborproductivityB.robotswillruleAmericanfactoriesC.robotsarecheaperthanhumanlaborersD.robotswillfinallyreplacehumansinfactoriesPassage7Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguage;butfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthis，someobvious，someperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounce，andconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskill—onethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkind，andonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguage，whilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccent，tendtoneglect，intheirpracticalteaching，thebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothis，andshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.So，thereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglish，suchasgrammarorspelling，areallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciation，therearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher：the

7first，knowledge;thesecond，technique.Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeech，andofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.Itisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguages，betweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthose，say，ofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapicture，anycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents‘pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuse，andlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetimewasted.26.Whatdoesthewriteractuallysayaboutpronouncingforeignlanguages？A.Onlyafewpeoplearereallyproficient.B.Nooneisreallyanexpertintheskill.C.Therearen’tmanypeoplewhoareevenfairlygood.D.Thereareevensomepeoplewhoaremoderatelyproficient.27.ThewriterarguesthatgoingabouttheproblemofpronunciationinthewrongwayisA.anobviouscauseofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectlyB.afundamentalconsequenceofnotspeakingwellC.aconsequenceofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectlyD.notanobviouscauseofspeakingpoorly28.Thebestwayoflearningtospeakaforeignlanguage，hesuggests，isby_______.A.pickingitupnaturallyasachildB.learningfromanativespeakerC.notconcentratingonpronunciationassuchD.undertakingsystematicwork29.Thevaluethestudentputsoncorrectspeechhabitsdependsupon_______.A.howcloselyheattendstothematterB.whetheritisEnglishthatisbeingtaughtC.histeacher‘sapproachtopronunciationD.theimportancenormallygiventogrammarandspelling30.Howmighttheteacherfindhimselfwastinglessontime？A.Byspendinglessontimeonpronunciation.B.Bymakingill-informedcommentsuponpronunciation.C.Bynotusingbooksonphoneticsintheclassroom.D.Bynotgivingstudentsaclearmentalpictureofthedifferencebetweensounds.Passage8Anindustrialsociety，especiallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritain，isheavilydependantoncertainessentialservices：forinstance，electricitysupply，water，railandroadtransport，theharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbish，hospitalandambulanceservices，and，astheeconomydevelops，centralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperate，thewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.Itisthisinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemthatmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanyeconomicbloodsupplies.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountries，inpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounions，comparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.Forhistoricalreasons，Britain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallines，ratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasis，whichmakeswagepolicy，democracyinindustryandtheimprovementofproceduresforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.

8Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovement，someofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseofindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunions，whichmeansthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologies，unionscanfightfortheirmembers‘disappearingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunion’smembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.1.WhyisthequestionoftradeunionpowerimportantinBritain？A.Theeconomyisverymuchinterdependent.B.Unionshavebeenestablishedalongtime.C.TherearemoreunionsinBritainthanelsewhere.D.Therearemanyessentialservices.2.Becauseoftheirout-of-dateorganizationsomeunionsfinditdifficultto______.A.changeasindustrieschangeB.getnewmemberstojointhemC.learnnewtechnologiesD.bargainforhighenoughwages3.DisagreementsarisebetweenunionsbecausesomeofthemA.trytowinovermembersofotherunionsB.ignoreagreementsC.protecttheirownmembersattheexpenseofothersD.takeoverotherunion‘sjobs4.Itisdifficulttoimprovetheproceduresforfixingwagelevelsbecause______.A.someindustrieshavenounionsB.unionsarenotorganizedaccordingtoindustriesC.only55percentofworkersbelongtounionsD.someunionsaretoopowerful5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE？A.Therearestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovement.B.Someunionshavelostmanymembers.C.Someunionsexistintheoutdatedstructure.D.AhigherpercentageofAmericanworkersbelongtounionsthanthatofBritishworkers.Passage9Althoughcreditcardsarebecomingamoreacceptablepartofthefinancialscene，theyarestillregardedwithsuspicionbymanyasbeingamajorpartofthe“livenowpaylater”syndrome（^Jttt）。Alongwithhire-purchase，rentalandleasingschemes，theyprovideencouragementtospendmoremoney.Ofcourse，itisonlythefoolhardywhoyieldtothetemptationtolive，temporarilyatleast，beyondtheirmeans，andsuchpeoplewouldnodoubtmanagetodosoevenwithoutcreditcards.Advertisingcampaignshave，however，promotedagrowingrealizationoftheadvantagesofthesesmallpiecesofplastic.Theyobviate（避免）needtocarrylargeamountsofcashandarealwaysusefulinemergencies.Allthecreditcardorganizationschargeinterestonamonthlybasiswhichmayworkoutashighas25percentayear，yetjudiciouspurchasingusingacardcanmeanthatyouobtainuptosevenweeks，interest-freecredit.Usingthecardabroad，whereitemsfrequentlytakealongtimetobeincludedonyouraccount，canextendthisperiodevenfurther.Itisworthwhileshoppingaroundbeforedecidingonaparticularcreditcard.Itisnecessarytoconsidertheamountofcreditgranted;interestrates，whichmayvaryslightly;thenumberandrangeofoutlets，thoughmostcardscover

9majorgarages，hotels，restaurantsanddepartmentstores;andofcourse，whathappensifyourcardislostorstolen.Acreditcardthiefmaybesittingonapotentialgoldmineparticularlyifthereisadelayinreportingthelossofthecard.However，ifusedwisely，acreditcardcancostnothing，oratleasthelptotideyouoveraperiodoffinancialdifficulty.26.Whichofthefollowingcannotmakeyouspendmoremoney？A.Creditcards.B.Hire-purchase.C.Rentalandleasingschemes.D.Noneoftheaboveisright.27.Thefoolhardyarepeoplewho_______.A.spendmoremoneythantheyhaveB.spendlessmoneythanotherpeopleC.savemoneyD.makemoney28.Thedisadvantageofcreditcardsis_______.A.toenableyoutobuythingswithoutcarryinglargeamountofcashB.toencouragepeopletospendmoremoneyC.tobealwaysusefulinemergenciesD.tohelppeopletideoveraperiodoffinancialdifficulty29.Accordingtothepassage，creditcardsaremadeof_______.A.paperB.goldC.plasticD.tin30.Decidingonaparticularcredit，youdonothavetoconsider______.A.theamountofcreditgrantedB.thenumberandrangeofoutletsC.thepossibilityoflossofmoneyD.thedepartmentstoreswhereyouaregoingtouseyourcreditcardsPassage10Onceyou‘repreparedforasituation，you’re50percentofthewaytowardovercomingnervousness.Theother50percentisthephysicalandmentalcontrolofnervousness;adjustingyourattitudesoyouhaveconfidence，andcontrolofyourselfandyouraudience.Iwasinthetheaterformanyyearsandalwayswenttoworkwithterriblestagefright—untilIwasin“TheKingandI”。Whilewaitingoffstageonenight，IsawYulBrynner，theshow‘sstar，pushinginalungingpositionagainstawall.Itlookedasthoughhewantedtoknockitdown.“Thishelpsmecontrolmynervousness，”heexplained.Itrieditand，sureenough，freedmyselffromstagefright.Notonlythat，butpushingthewallseemedtogivemeawholenewkindofphysicalenergy.LaterIdiscoveredthatwhenyoupushagainstawallyoucontractthemusclesthatliejustbelowwhereyourribsbegintosplay（展开）。Icallthisareathe“vitaltriangle”。Tounderstandhowthesemuscleswork，trythis：sitinastraight-backedchairandleanslightlyforward.Putyourpalmstogetherinfrontofyou，yourelbowspointingoutthesides，yourfingertipspointingupward，andpushsothatyoufeelpressureintheheelsofyourpalmsandunderyourarms.Sayssssssss，likeahiss.Asyou’reexhalingthes，contractthosemusclesinthevitaltriangleasthoughyouwererowingaboat，pullingtheoarsbackandup.Thevitaltriangleshouldtighten.Relaxthemusclesattheendofyourexhalation，theninhalegently.Youcanalsoadjustyourattitudetopreventnervousness.Whatyousaytoyourselfsendsamessagetoyouraudience.Ifyoutellyourselfyou‘reafraid，that’sthemessageyourlistenerreceives.Soselecttheattitudeyouwanttocommunicate.Attitudeadjustingisyourmentalsuitofarmoragainstnervousness.Ifyouentertainonlypositivethoughts，youwillbegivingoutthesewords：joyandease，enthusiasm，sincerityandconcern，andauthority.21.Toovercomenervousness，oneshould_______.A.adjusthisattitudeaswellasmakepreparationforagathering

10B.asktheaudiencetogivehimconfidenceC.trynottobeknockeddownbystagefrightD.waitoffstage22.“TheKingandI”shouldbe_______.A.afilmB.anovelC.aplayD.asong23.ThewritercitesexamplesinParagraphs4and5tosupporthisstatementthat_______.A.youwillhaveapositiveeffectbyputtingenergyintoyourvoiceB.you‘re50percentofthewaytowardsovercomingnervousnessonceyouarepreparedforasituationC.youwillhaveawholenewkindofphysicalenergybypushingagainstawallD.ifyoumasterthetechniquesinformedbytheauthoryourwillneverbenervousagain24.YulBrynnerpushedthewallinorderto_______.A.showthewriterhowtoovercomenervousnessB.pulldownthewallC.getphysicalenergyD.overcomehisownnervousness25.Ifyouhaveactivethoughts，youraudiencewilldetect______.A.thatyouarefulloffearanddepressionB.thatyouaretighteningyourvitaltriangleC.thatyouarejoyfulandeasy-goingD.thatyouarerelaxingyourmusclesPassage11MoreattentionwaspaidtothequalityofproductioninFranceatthetimeofReneCoty.CharlesDeschanelwasthenthefinancialminister.Hestressedthatworkmanshipandqualityweremoreimportantthanquantityforindustrialproduction.Itwouldbenecessarytoproducequalitygoodsfortheinternationalmarketstocompetewiththoseproducedinothercountries.TheFrencheconomyneededalargershareofinternationalmarkettobalanceitsimportandexporttrade.Frenchindustrialandagriculturalproductionwasstillinadequatetomeettheimmediateneedsofthepeople，letalonelong-rangeddevelopments.Essentialimportshadstretchedthenationalcredittothebreakingpoint.Rentsweretightlycontrolled，buttheextremeinflationaffectedgeneralpopulationmostseverelythroughthecostoffood.Foodcoststookasmuchas80percentoftheworker‘sincome.Wages，itistrue，hadrisen.Extensivefamilyallowancesandbenefitswerepaidbythestate，andtherewasfulltimeandovertimeemployment.Takentogether，thesefactorsenabledtheworkingclasstoexistbutallowedthemnosenseofsecurity.Inthisdiscouragingsituation，workmenwerewillingtoworkoverseasforhigherwages.Thegovernmentwasunwillingtoletworkersleavethecountry.Itwasfearedthatmigrationofworkerswouldreducethelaborforce.Thelackofqualifiedworkersmighthindertheimprovementinthequalityofindustrialproductsproduced.Qualifiedworkersemployedabroadwouldonlyincreasethequantityofqualitygoodsproducedinforeigncountries.AlsothequantityofqualitygoodsproducedinFrancewouldnotbeabletoincreaseaspartofitsualifiedlaborforcemovedtoothercountries.26.Thepurposeofthepassageisto_______.A.explaintheFrenchgovernment’semphasisonqualityproductsB.discussCharlesDeschanel‘scontributiontotheFrenchindustrialdevelopmentC.comparethequalityofFrenchgoodswiththatofforeigngoodsD.showFrenchworkmen’senthusiasmtoseekwell-paidjobsinforeigncountries

1127.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatatthetimeofReneCoty。A.FrancewasstillatthefirststageofindustrialdevelopmentB.FrenchworkerswerebetterpaidthantheworkersinanyotherEuropeancountriesC.theunemploymentrateinFrancewascomparativelyhigherthanthatinotherEuropeancountriesD.Frenchworkerswereabletolivebetterwiththeincreaseintheirwages28.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatatthattime_______.A.FrancehadaverylargeshareofinternationalmarketB.theimportandexporttradeinFrancewasmakingasuccessfuladvanceC.demandandsupplyinFrancewasbarelybalancedD.Francewasexperiencingeconomicdepression29.WhichofthefollowingisthebestindicatoroftheextremeinflationinFrance？A.Eightypercentincreaseinthepricesofconsumergoods.B.Highcostoffood.C.Highrentsforhouses.D.Lackofagriculturalproducts.30.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage？A.RentsinFranceweretightlycontrolled.B.Francewasfloodingtheinternationalmarketwithinferiorproducts.C.Frenchworkerswereprohibitedfromgoingabroadtofindjobs.D.ThemigrationofFrenchworkerswouldhindertheimprovementofqualityinindustrialproduction.Passage12Asacompanyexecutive（总经理）whospenttenyearsinfederalservice，IamoftenaskedwhatIregardasthebiggestdifferencebetweenworkingforthegovernmentandworkingforaprivatecompany.MyinvariableresponseistosaythatIlookbackonmytimeingovernmentasoneofthemostexcitingandchallengingexperiencesofmylife.Furthermore，IneverworkedashardaswhenIwasapublicservant.WhenIworkedforthegovernment，Iworkedwithsomeofthefinest，mostcompetentandmostcommittedpeopleIhaveevermet.Iwasimpressedbytheoverallqualityofourcareercivilservantsthen，andIstillam.ButoneofmygreatestconcernsnowisthatIwillnotbeabletoholdthissamehighopinioninthefuture.Careerpublicservantsareleavinggovernmentinalarmingnumbers，andqualifiedreplacementsarebecomingharderandhardertofind.Goodpeoplewholeavecareergovernmentservicearestrivingforhighlypaidpositionsinprivateenterprises.Wedependongovernmenttokeepthiscountrysafeinanuncertainworld，tosecurejusticeanddomesticorderandtosolveahostofpressingproblems.Weneedthebestpossiblepeopleperformingandoverseeingthesevitaltasks.Ahigh-quality，professionalfederalservicehasbeenasourceofnationalprideformorethanacentury.Butwhatwehavebuiltupduringahundredyearscanbelostinlesstimethanweimagine.Wecan‘taffordtoletthishappen.Wemustactnowifthiscountryistobeassuredofthequalitypublicserviceitdeserves.21.Careerpublicservantsareleavinggovernmentinalarmingnumbers.Oneofthereasonsmaybethat______.A.theyreceivedlowerpayB.theydeservednofameandgloryC.theyperformedpoorlyD.theyworkedharderthananyoneelse22.Accordingtotheauthor，_______，soIwillnotbeabletoholdthissamehighopiniontowardthepublicservantsinthefuture.A.IneverworkedashardaswhenIwasapublicservantB.Ihavebecomeacompanyexecutive

12C.therewillnotbesomanycompetentandqualifiedservantsinthegovernmentaswehadbeforeD.mytimeingovernmentwasnotthemostexcitingexperienceinmylife23.Wedependongovernmenttokeepthiscountrysafeinanuncertainworld，therefore，A.weshouldmakegreatercontributionstothecountryB.thebestpossiblepeopleareurgentlyneededtodoimportanttasksC.weshouldshowdeepconcernaboutthenation’sfutureD.weshouldbecomepublicservants24.Ifweneglecttheseriousproblemandmakenoefforts，wewilllose_______.A.nationalprideB.high-qualityprofessionalfederalserviceC.goodpeopleD.privateenterprise25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE？A.Thosewhoworkforcompaniesarehighlypaid.B.Moreandmorepublicservantshaveleftthegovernment.C.Careerpublicservantsarequalified.D.Manypeopleofhighqualitieswanttoworkinthegovernment.Passage13Aresomepeoplebornclever，andothersbornstupid？Orisintelligencedevelopedbyourenvironmentandourexperiences？Strangelyenough，theanswertoboththesequestionsisyes.Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgivenusatbirth，andnoamountofspecialeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.Ontheotherhand，achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thusthelimitsofaperson‘sintelligencearefixedatbirth，butwhetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview，nowheldbymostexperts，canbesupportedinanumberofways.Itiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeople，theclosertheyarelikelytobeinintelligence.Thusifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandom（任意的）fromthepopulation，itislikelythattheirdegreesofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.Ifontheotherhandwetaketwoidentical（完全相同的）twinstheywillverylikelybeasintelligentaseachother.Relationslikebrothersandsisters，parentsandchildren，usuallyhavesimilarintelligence，andthisclearlysuggeststhatintelligencedependsonbirth.Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferentenvironments.Wemightsendone，forexample，toauniversityandtheothertoafactorywheretheworkisboring.Wewouldsoonfinddifferencesinintelligencedeveloping，andthisindicatesthatenvironmentaswellasbirthplaysapart.Thisconclusionisalsosuggestedbythefactthatpeoplewholiveinclosecontactwitheachother，butwhoarenotrelatedatall，arelikelytohavesimilardegreesofintelligence.26.Whichofthesesentencesbestdescribesthewriter’spointinParagraph1？A.Tosomeextent，intelligenceisgivenatbirth.B.Intelligenceisdevelopedbytheenvironment.C.Somepeopleareborncleverandothersbornstupid.D.Intelligenceisfixedatbirth，butisdevelopedbytheenvironment.27.Itissuggestedinthispassagethat_______.A.unrelatedpeoplearenotlikelytohavedifferentintelligenceB.closerelationsusuallyhavesimilarintelligenceC.thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweenpeople，themoredifferenttheyarelikelytobeinintelligenceD.peoplewholiveinclosecontactwitheachotherarenotlikelytohavesimilardegreesofintelligence28.Brothersandsistersarelikelyto_______.

13A.havesimilarintelligenceB.havedifferentintelligenceC.gotothesameuniversityD.gotothesamefactory29.InParagraph1，theword“surroundings”means_______.A.intelligenceB.lifeC.environmentsD.housing30.Thebesttitleforthisarticlewouldbe_______.A.OnIntelligenceB.WhatIntelligenceMeansC.WeAreBornwithIntelligenceD.EnvironmentPlaysaPartinDevelopingIntelligencePassage14Homingpigeonsareplacedinatrainingprogramfromaboutthetimetheyaretwenty-eightdaysofage.Theyaretaughttoenterthecagethroughatrapandtoexerciseaboveandaroundtheloft（鸽棚），andgraduallytheyaretakenawayforshortdistancesinwillowbasketsandreleased.Theyarethenexpectedtofindtheirwayhomeintheshortestpossibletime.Intheirtrainingflightsorinactualraces，thebirdsaretakentoprearrangeddistantpointsandreleasedtofindtheirwaybacktotheirownlofts.Oncethebirdsareliberated，theirowners，whoarestandingbyatthehomelofts，anxiouslywatchtheskyforthereturnoftheirentries.Sincetimeisoftheessence，thespeedwithwhichthebirdscanbeinducedtoenterthelofttrapmaymakethedifferencebetweengainingawinorasecondplace.Theheadofahomingpigeoniscomparativelysmall，butitsbrainisonequarterlargerthanthatoftheordinarypigeon.Thehomingpigeonisveryintelligentandwillperseveretothepointofstubbornness;somehavebeenknowntoflyahundredmilesoffcoursetoavoidastorm.Somehomingpigeonexpertsclaimthatthisbirdisgiftedwithaformofbuilt-inradarthathelpsitfinditsownloftafterhoursofflight，forhiddenundertheheadfeathersaretwoverysensitiveears，whilethesharp，prominenteyescanseegreatdistancesindaytime.Whydohomingpigeonsflyhome？Theyarenotuniqueinthisinherentskill;itisfoundinmostmigratorybirds，inbees，ants，toads，andeventurtles，whichhavebeenknowntotravelhundredsofmilestoreturntotheirhomes.Butintheanimalworld，thehomingpigeonalonecanbetrustedwithitsfreedomandtrainedtocarryoutthemissionsthatpeopledemand.1.Thispassageismainlyabout_______.A.homingpigeonsandtheirtrainingB.howtobuyahomingpigeonC.protectionofhomingpigeonsagainstthethreatofextinctionD.liberationofhomingpigeons2.Accordingtothepassage，whathappenstohomingpigeonswhentheyareaboutamonthold？A.Theyarekeptinatrap.B.Theyentertheirfirstrace.C.Theybeginatrainingprogram.D.Theygettheirwingsclippedandmarked.3.Accordingtothepassage，thedifferencebetweenahomingpigeonandanordinaryoneis_______.A.thespanofthewingsB.theshapeoftheeyesC.thetextureofthefeathersD.thesizeofthebrain4.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingattributesthatenableahomingpigeontoreturnhomeEXCEPT_______.

14A.instinctB.airsacsC.sensitiveearsD.goodeyes5.Whydoestheauthormentionbees，ants，toads，andturtlesinthelastparagraph？A.Todescribesomeunusualkindsofpets.B.Tomeasuredistancestraveledbyvariousanimals.C.Tocomparetheirhome-findingabilitieswiththoseofhomingpigeons.D.Tointerestthereaderinlearningaboutotheranimals.答案1答案ABBAC3答案ADCAC4答案：DBBBC5答案：1.C2.A3.A4.B5.B6答案：1.D2.C3.D4.C5.A7答案：26.C27.C28.D29.C8答案：1.A2.A3.C4.B5.D9答案：26.D27.A28.B29.D30.C10答案：21.A22.C23.C24.D25.C11答案：26.A27.A28.D29.B30.B12答案：21.A22.C23.B24.B25.D13答案：26.D27.B28.A29.C30.A14答案：1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C