《英语六级考试复习资料整理》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
英语六级考试复习资料整理
1六级写作必背:加分句型一、~~~ the +V.比较级+(that)+主词+ have ever +seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc.)~~~ the most +adj.+n.+(that)+主词+ have ever +seen (known/heard/had/read, etc.)例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is +~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes toomuch.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gonefrom bad to worse.不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。五、It is universally acknowledged that +句子~~(全世界都知道...)例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable tous.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。六、There is no doubt that +句子~~(毫无疑问的...)例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leavessomethingto be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。七、An advantage of ~~~ is that +句子(...的优点是...)例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’tcreate(produce) any pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。八、The reason why +句子~~~ is that +句子(...的原因是...)例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provideus with fresh air.The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply freshair for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。九、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子(如此...以致于...)例句:So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~(虽然...)例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by nomeans satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意十一、The +~er + S + V,~~~ the +~er + S + V ~~~The + more + Adj + S + V,~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V~~~(愈...愈...)
2例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力,你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。十二、By +Ving,~~ can ~~(借着...,..能够..)例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。十四、On no account can we + V ~~~(我们绝对不能...)例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。十五、It is time + S +过去式(该是...的时候了)例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solvethe traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~(...的人...)例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。十七、There is no one but ~~~(没有人不...)例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled togive up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。十九、It is conceivable that +句子(可想而知的)It is obvious that +句子(明显的)It is apparent that +句子(显然的)例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in ourlife.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。二十、That is the reason why ~~~(那就是...的原因)例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很炽热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。二十一、For the past +时间,S +现在完成式...(过去...年来,...一直...)例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing fortheexamination.过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。二十二、Since + S +过去式,S +现在完成式。例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中,他一直很用功。二十三、It pays to + V ~~~(...是值得的。)例句:It pays to help others.帮助别人是值得的。二十四、be based on (以...为基础)例句:The progress of the society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
3二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)例句:We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境二十六、bring home to +人+事(让...明白...事)例句:We should bring home to people the value of workinghard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。二十七、be closely related to ~~(与...息息相关)例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)例句:We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving,~~~(因为...)例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + S +V!(多么...!)例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~(对...有很大的影响)例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。三十三、do good to (对...有益),do harm to (对...有害)例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~(对...造成一大威胁)例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。三十五、do one’s utmost to + V = do one’s best (尽全力去...)例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去实现我们的人生目标。六级作文:布局常用八种句型一、原因1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation。A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for )the phenomenon(problem)。2. The answer to this problem involves many factors。3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that.。。4. The factors that contribute to this situation include.。。5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that.。。6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are.。。
47. Part of the explanations for it is that .。。One of the most common factors (causes ) is that .。。Another contributing factor (cause ) is .。。Perhaps the primary factor is that …But the fundamental cause is that二、比较1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages。2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B。3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that.。。4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that.。。5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages。6.Like anything else, it has its faults。7.A and B has several points in common。8.A bears some resemblances to B。9.However, the same is not applicable to B。10. A and B differ in several ways。11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects。12. People used to think ..., but things are different now。13. The same is true of B。14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks。15. It is true that A ..., but the chief faults (obvious defects )are .。.三、批驳1.It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out。2. There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a moreimportant fact。3. Some people say ..., but it does not hold water。4.Many of us have been under the illusion that.。。5. A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is。6. It makes no sense to argue for .。。7. Too much stress placed on ... may lead to .。。8. Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that .。。9. Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that .。。四、后果1. It may give rise to a host of problems。2. The immediate result it produces is .。。3. It will exercise a profound influence upon.。。4. Its consequence can be so great that.。。五、举例1. A good case in point is .。。2. As an illustration, we may take .。。3. Such examples might be given easily。4....is often cited as an example。六、证明1. No one can deny the fact that .。。2. The idea is hardly supported by facts。3.Unfortunately, none of the available data shows .。。4.Recent studies indicate that .。。
55.There is sufficient evidence to show that .。。6. According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that .。。七、开篇1. Many nations have been faced with the problem of .。。2.Recently the problem has been brought into focus。3. Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic。4. Recently the issue has aroused great concern among .。。5. Nowadays there is a growing concern over .。。6.Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular。7.Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that .。。8.According to a recent survey,.。。9. With the rapid development of ...,.。。八、结尾1. From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that .。。2. It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop .。。3. It is necessary that steps should be taken to .。。4. In conclusion, it is imperative that .。。5. There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help。6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must .。。7.In summary, if we continue to ignore the abovementioned issue, more problems will crop up。8. With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly。9. We might do more cause ; it is important to take actions to .。。10.Taking all these into account, we .。。11. Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear.CET-6高频词组之Take1. take after 与…相象例句:He takes after his father.他和父亲很相象。2. take apart 拆开(机器等)例句:Please take apart the machine at first.请先将机器拆开。3.take…as 把…理解为例句:But we are clearly shifting. What we take as typical British reserve has been significantly eroded.但是我们确实在改变。我们所恪守的典型的英国式保守已经发生了很大的变化。 4. take away 拿走,夺去,使离去;减去例句:Don't take away my chocolate!别拿走我的巧克力!5.take down 取下;记下;拆卸例句:Please take down the notes.请做好笔记。6. take for 认为,以为;误认为例句:She takes his love for granted.她把他的付出当做理所当然。 7.take on 接受;包含;领会;承担,从事;呈现,具有;雇佣例句:It is too early for him to take on heavy responsibilities.让他当此重任还为时尚早。8.take into account 把…考虑进去例句:You'd better take all into account.你最好全面考虑。9.take issue with sb.与某人争论
6例句:I must take issue with you on that point. 关于那一点,我不得不和你持不同意见。10.take off 拿走;脱下(衣帽等);起飞例句:When will we take off?飞机何时起飞?11 take up 拿起;着手处理;占去例句:Shall we take up the business now?我们现在来谈谈生意吧!12. take sb. to task 责备某人,申斥某人例句:The teacher had to take Jim to task over the unfinished homework.Jim没有完成作业被老师骂了一顿。13. take oneself off 走开,离去例句:She took herself off quickly.她匆匆离去。14.take over 占据;接任(职位)例句:He takes over the new manager.他成为新经理。15.take out 拿出;去掉;扣除;(通过申请等)取得,办理;(on)对…发泄例句:Don't take it out on him.别冲他发火呀。CET-6高频词组之Turn1. turn away 走开;把脸转过去例句:The beautiful scenery make me powerless to turn away.美丽景色让我留恋不舍。2. turn one's back on 不理睬例句:When she needed his support, he just turn his back on her.她需要他的帮助,而他却不理不睬。3. turn out 生产;驱逐;翻转,结果是例句:It turns out that he cheated his wife.结果是他背叛妻子。4.turn on 开,旋开(电灯等)例句:It's dark. Will you mind turning on light?天黑了,可以开灯吗?5. turn off 关(水源等);拐弯例句:Please turn off tap before leaving.离开前,记得关水龙头!6.turn into 进入;使变成,使成为例句:Liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions.液体在一定的条件下能变成气体。7.turn in 转身进入;拐入;交出;上床睡觉例句:Please turn in your homework.请把作业交过来。8.turn down 关小,调低;拒绝例句:He turned down money from his family.他不要家里人给的钱。9.turn sb's blood cold 使毛骨悚然例句:The thriller turns his blood cold.惊悚片让他毛骨悚然。10.turn against 对…采取敌对态度例句:Nothing can make us turn against our country.没什么东西能使我们背叛祖国11.by turns 轮流,交替 例句:The students cleaned the classroom by turns.我们轮流打扫教室。12.take turns 依次,轮流例句:You can't both use the bike at once you'll have to take turns .你们不能两人同时用这辆自行车--得轮流使用。13.on the turn 正在转变中 例句:So much often depends on the turn of the wheel of fortune.这么多的事情往往由命运之轮的转动来决定。14.turn back (使)折回;(使)往回走例句: But the tide is unlikely to turn back.但这一潮流已无法逆转。15.turn around/round 转变,(使)转好 例句:When we turn around and look at her, she stopped confusedly.
7当我们都扭头看她的时候,她慌乱地停了下来。16.in turn 依次,轮流;转而,反过来 例句:They work as a team and rest in turns.它们相互合作并轮班休息。17.turn up 出现;找到;证明是例句: You never know where happiness will turn up next.你不知道何时何地幸福就会降临。 18.turn to 变成;求助于;着手;查阅例句: He turns to violence to handle the problem.他解决问题的态度是述诸武力。19.turn over (机器等)运转;翻过来;仔细考虑 例句:Please turn over the book.请把书翻过来。CET-6高频词组之Put1.put across/over 解释清楚;做成(交易)例句:Teachers often find such things very difficult to put across .教师常常发现这类问题很难讲清楚。 2.put up with 忍受,容忍(讨厌的人) 例句:They broke up when both of them can't put up with each other any more.当双方再也无法忍受对方时,他们就分手了。 3.put up 举起;安装;张贴;建造,搭起,支起;为…。提供住宿;进行(抵抗);提高(价格);提名例句:Google has invested in a new company that wants to put up a system of satellites over Africa.谷歌已经投资了一家新公司,该希望建立起覆盖整个非洲的卫星系统。4.put to (船只顺避风等而)靠岸,应用 例句:The murderer was put to death .那个凶手被处以死刑。5.put through 使穿过;使从事;接通(电话),为…接通电话例句:Could you put through a collect call for me?你能为我接一个对方付费电话吗?6.put out 熄灭;关(灯);出版;伸出;生产例句:Could you put out your cigarette, please?请您将香烟掐熄好吗?This book is about Tibet and it was put out very early.这本书是关于西藏的,很早就出版了。7.put on 穿上;上演;教唆;增加(体重)例句:When law schools put on conferences, lawyers turn up.法学院开的研讨会,律师都会参加。8.put off 推迟,拖延;阻碍例句:You cannot put off this decision.你不能拖延这些决策。9.put in 花费;正式提出例句:Every line in his face deepened as he said it, and put in its affecting evidence of the suffering he hadundergone.在讲话的时候,他脸上一条条的皱纹更加深了,明显地对他受过的苦痛提供了令人感动的证据。10.put aside 储存,保留;把…放在一边,暂不考虑例句:Let us put aside all the troubles, sadness.让我们抛开一切的烦恼,忧伤。11.put forward 提出(要求、事实等)例:Finally, the authors put forward some view points forimproving the structure of Shanghai urban railway network. 然后,针对上海城市轨道交通路网结构提出改进意见。 12.put down 记下;镇压;杀死例句:The policy put down the inflation.这个政策抑止通货膨胀。13.put away 把…收起;储存,积攒例句:Put away your pencil box !把你的铅笔盒收起来。14.Put sb. out of job 使某人失业例句:The financial crisis put many people out of job.
8金融危机让不少人失业了。15.put one’s feeling into words 用语言表达感情例句:It's hard to put his feeling into words. 他的感情难以言表了。CET-6高频词组之Go1.go back on 违背(诺言等);毁(约)例句:He is a reliable man and will never go back on his word.他是个可靠的人,决不会食言的。2.go for 竭力想取得,喜爱,适用于例句:If you can, get up and go for a walk outside.如果可以,站起来去外面走走。3.go in for 从事,致力,爱好;追求例句:Lots of men go in for fishing.很多人对钓鱼很有兴趣。4.go into 研究,调查,进入例句:I will not go into the character of Herndon as he was then.我不打算详谈当时赫恩登是怎样的一个人物。5.go through 经历,详细检查;完成例句:Allowing ourselves to go through the grief process helps us to adapt and get on withlife.让自己度过这个悲伤的过程能够帮助我们去适应和享受生活。6.go with 伴随,与…协调;与…持同一看法例句:If a friend gets an invitation to a wedding, you can gowith him/her.假如你的朋友收到婚礼请柬,你可以跟他一起去。7.go without 没有……也行例句:We can go without food or water for a few days.没有了食物和水,我们能活几天。8.on the go 很忙例句:Healthy, happy people are usually on the go.健康而幸福的人通常都很活跃。9.go against 反对;对…不利例句:But such an extension in Iraq would clearly go against public opinion here.但是延长伊拉克驻军的使命明显与日本公众意见相左。10.go after 追求/赶;设法得到例句:I've decided to go after that job .我决定力争得到那份工作。11.go about 着手做,处理,忙于例句:We must go about our work now.我现在必须要着手我们的工作。12.go up 上升,增加,建起;(物价等)上涨例句:If we lose a lot of corn the prices will continue to go up.如果我们损失大量玉米作物,价格还将继续走高。13.go under 下沉,沉没;失败;破产例句:The firm will go under unless business improves.这家公司要“破产”了,除非业务好转。CET-6高频词组之Call1.call forth 唤起,引起;鼓起(勇气,精神)例句:We call forth the archaic forces!我们召唤着古老的力量!2.call for 要求,需要,提倡例句:Plans call for using it at tastings and special events.计划要求其用于品尝或一些特殊的活动。3.call back 叫回来,收回(错话等)例句:Can you call back in an hour?你能一小时之后再打回来吗?4.call up 征召(服役),动员例句:The government is calling up soldiers.政府正在征召兵员。
95.call off 叫走,叫开;取消例句:Please call off the meeting.会议取消了。CET-6高频词组之Make1. be made up of 由…组成,由…构成例句:Our world is not made up of full information and "rational"actors.我们的世界不是由充分信息和”理智“行为者组成。2.make it 办成,做到,成功;赶上,及时达到例句:I make it! 我做到了! 3.make believe 假装,假扮Not that we want to make believe that we are mad men; we will go mad, though, in our own timeand in our own way.倒不是我们想要伪装疯狂,尽管在我们的时代,以我们的方式,我们迟早会疯狂。4.make of 了解;用…制造例句:Her wedding ring be make of genuine diamond .她的结婚戒指是用真正的钻石做的。5.make up to 接近;巴结;向…求爱例句:Jack tried to make up to his boss.杰克试图讨好他的上司。6.make up for 补偿,弥补例句:You should make up for lost time.你应说把失去的时间弥补回来。7.make up 拼凑;组成;补偿;捏造,临时编造,虚高;化装;和解例句:They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make up their own minds.他们为他们自己有权利去做出自己的选择的独立而感到骄傲。8.make as if 假装;装作例句:We will make as if to leave, then come back and surprise him with a birthday present. 我们假装离开,然后回来给他一个生日礼物让他惊喜一番。9.make over 把(财产)转让;改造例句:He asked the tailor to make over his trousers.他叫裁缝修改他的裤子。10.make away (急忙)离去;逃走例句:He killed the guard and made away.他杀死了卫兵后匆忙逃走了。11.make away with 携…而逃;摧毁;浪费例句:They were trying to make away with the evidence of their guilt. 他们正企图销毁罪证。12.make for 导致例句:Moreover, the mandatory price reductions make for small profits.而且,强制性价格法规导致药厂利润微薄。13.make down 改小(衣服)例句:Can you make the dress down for me?你能把这件衣服改小让我穿吗?14.make beds 铺床叠被例句:Make beds and straighten up rooms.整理床铺和房间。15.make fun of 嘲笑;开…玩笑例句:It is wrong to make fun of a cripple. 嘲笑残疾人是不对的。CET-6考试写作中的强调句艺术一、用形容词“very”,“single”等表示强调例句:Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.红军就在此地打过一仗。Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。二、用反身代词表示强调
10例句:I myself will see her off at the station.我将亲自到车站为她送行。You can do it well yourself.你自己能做好这件事情。三、用助词“do”表示强调例句:The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then she does catch a cold.那孩子的健康状况尚好,但就是偶尔患感冒。Do be quiet. I told you I had a headache.务必安静,我告诉过你,我头疼。四、用副词“very”,“only”,“even”,“too”,“just”等表示强调例句:He drank it to the very last drop.他把它喝得一干二净。Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops.只有用这样的方法我们才能消灭敌军。He didn’t answer even my letter.他甚至连我的信都不回。I will too go!我要去的!The scenery is just superb.风景真是美极了。五、用“...and that”,“...and those”,“not...too much”,“否定加否定”等结构表示强调例句:They fulfilled the task, and that in a few days.他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。I gave her some presents, and those the day before yesterday.前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。I can’t thank you too much.我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。I am not unfaithful to you.我对你无比忠诚。六、用短语“in every way”,“in no way”,“by all means”,“by no means”,“onlytoo”,“all too”,“but too”,“in heaven”,“in the world”,“in hell”,“onearth”,“under the sun”等表示强调例句:His behaviour was in every way perfect.他的举止确实无可挑剔。By all means take your son with you.你一定要把儿子带来。The news was only too true.这消息确实是事实。It was over all too soon!此事的确了结得很快!Where in heaven were you then?当时你到底在哪里?Nobody under the sun would buy that car.确实没有人会买那辆车。七、用倒装句表示强调例句:Dishonest he is!他的确不诚实!In wine is the truth.酒后吐真言。八、用强调句型表示强调例句:It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.正是校长为我开的门。It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment.就是在昨天我们做了那个实验CET-6语法:关于英语中的否定句1)一般否定句例句:I don‘t know this. No news is good news.There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house.2)特指否定例句:He went to his office, not to see him.I am sorry for not coming on time.I don‘t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.3)部分否定例句:I don‘t know all of them.I can‘t see everybody/everything.All the answers are not right.(并非所有答案都对。)All is not gold that glitters.(闪光的不一定都是金子。)
11Both of them are not right.(并非两人都对。)4)全体否定例句:None of my friends smoke.I can see nothing/nobody.Nothing can be so simple as this.Neither of them is right.5)延续否定例句:You didn‘t see him, neither/nor did I.You don‘t know, I don‘t know either.He doesn‘t know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.6)半否定句例句:We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.I know little English.I saw few people.7)双重否定例句:You can‘t make something out of nothing.What‘s done cannot be undone.There is no sweet without sweat.No gain without pains.I can‘t help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.No man is so old but (that) he can learn.8)排除否定例句:Everyone is ready except you.He did nothing but play.But for your help, I couldn‘t do it.9)加强否定例句:I won‘t do it at all.I can‘t see it any more.He is no longer a boy新大学英语综合教程3Part3原文及译文:AVisionofStudentsToday(&WhatTeachersMustDo)WhenIwalkedintomyclassroomforthefirstdayofschooltwoweeksagoIwasimmediatelyremindedoftherealproblemnowfacingeducation.Theproblemisnotjust“writtenonthewalls.”It’sbuiltintothem.两周前开学的第一天,我走进教室,当时的情形立刻使我想到了教育面临的真正问题。这个问题并非仅仅“写在教室的墙上”,而是与生俱来,筑造在其间。Iarrivedearly,finding493emptynumberedchairssittingmindlesslyfixatedonthefrontoftheroom.A600squarefootscreenstaredbackatthem.Hundredsofstudentswouldsoonfillthechairs,butthecarefullydesignedsound-absorbingwallsandceiling,alongwithstateoftheartembeddedspeakers,ensuredthattherewouldonlybeonepersoninthisroomtobeheard.Thatpersonwouldbeme,我到的较早,看到493个标着编号的空座位被固定在教室的前部。一个600平方英尺的大屏幕悬挂在座位前方。不久之后,几百个学生就将坐上这些位子,但精心设计的吸音墙、天花板,内置的高科技扬声器使这个房
12间中只有一个人的声音能被大家听到。那个人就是我。Theroomisnothinglessthanastateoftheartinformationdump,aphysicalmanifestationofthealltoopervasiveyetnarrowandnaïveassumptionthattolearnissimplytoacquireinformation,builtforteacherstoeffectivelycarryouttherelativelysimpletaskofconveyinginformation.Itssheersize,layout,andtechnologyaretestamentstotheefficiencyandexpediencywithwhichwecannowprovidestudentswiththeirrequiredcredithours.这间房间不亚于设施最先进的“倾倒”信息的场所,它的存在表明了大家普遍持有的一个观念。该观念既狭隘又幼稚,它认为学习就是获取信息,建这个教室就是要让教师执行传递信息这个相对简单的任务。它的大小、布局、科技设施都证明了教育的效率和便捷,凭着这些,我们可以给学生提供他们所需的学时。Myclassispopular.Weonlyenroll400sothereshouldhavebeenplentyofseatsbutonthefirstdayallseatswerefilledanditwasstandingroomonlyintheback.Theroomwasbuzzingwithenergyasfriendsreconnectedafterthelongsummer.我的课很受欢迎。我们只招400人,教室里本该有许多空位子,但第一天上课,所有位子都坐满了,只有教室的后面还有些站立之地。经过了长长的暑假,朋友们重又见面,一下聊开了,教室中满是他们说话的嗡嗡声。Istartedtalkingandanalmostdeafeningsilencegreetedmyfirstwords.Ihavealwaysbeenamazedandintimidatedbythissilence.Itseemstosotenuouslyawaitmynextwords.Thesilenceisimmediatelyfilledwiththemoresubtleyetpowerfulmessagessentby500setsofeyeswhichIcontinuouslyscan,“listening”towhattheyhavetosayasItalk.Inaninstantthoseeyescanturnfromwonderandexcitementtothedishearteningglazeofuniversalandirreversibledisengagement.PerpetuallydreadingthisglazeInervouslypaceasItalkandusegrandiosegestures.AttimesIfeeldesperatefortheirattention.IrushtoamusethemwithjokesandstoriesasIswing,twist,andswirlthatgyromouse,directingthe786,432pixelsdancingpointsoflightbehindme,hopingtodazzlethemwithamulti-mediaextravaganza.我开始讲授,但我的开篇语换来的是不一般的寂静。这种静默使我惊讶,令我畏惧。它似乎在等待我之后的话语。这片寂静中立刻充满了由500双眼睛传递出的更微妙、更强有力的信息,我不时扫过这些眼睛,“倾听”它们在我讲课时要说的话语。转瞬间,这些眼睛能从惊愕、激动变为令人沮丧的呆滞和不可逆转的抽离。因为总是害怕呆滞的目光,我讲课时不安地走动着,并用到了手势。我有时会非常渴望能获得他们的注意。我急于用笑话、故事来取悦他们,同时摆动、拨弄、转动着那只鼠标,指引着我身后786,432个像素的跳跃光点,希望用一场多媒体的炫目表演使他们着迷。SomehowIseemtoholdtheirattentionforthefullhour.Imarvelatwhataremarkableachievementitistobringhundredsofotherwiseexpressive,exuberant,andoftenrebelliousyouthsintoasingleroomandhavethemsitquietlyinstraightrowswhiletheylistentotheauthoritywiththemicrophone.我似乎整堂课都吸引了他们的注意力。将几百个在一般场合极富表现力、精力充沛、还经常叛逆的年轻人带到同一个房间,让他们安静地坐成笔直的长排,聆听带着麦克风的权威授课真是一项非凡的成就,我对此深感惊奇。The“gettingby”game.Reportsfrommyteachingassistantssittinginthebackoftheroomtelladifferentstory.Apparently,severalstudentsstandinginthebackcrankeduptheiriPodsasIstartedtolectureandneverturnedthemoff,sometimesevenbreakingoutintodance.Mylecturecouldbarelybeheardnearbyasthesound-absorbingpanelsandstateoftheartspeakerswereapparentlynomatchforthoseblaringiPods.ScanningtheroommyassistantsalsosawstudentscruisingFacebook,instantmessaging,andtextingtheirfriends.Thestudentswereundoubtedly engaged,justnotwithme.我的几个助教坐在教室后面,他们的报告给我讲述了一个截然不同的故事。很明显,我开始讲课时,站在教室后边的几个学生就打开了他们的iPod,一直没有关掉,他们有时甚至还舞蹈起来。因为吸音的隔板和高科技的扬声器压根不能和那些声响巨大的iPod相匹敌,附近的学生几乎听不到我的讲课。目光扫过教室,助教也看到有学生在Facebook上漫游,在使用即时短信,或在给朋友发送消息。毫无疑问,这些学生都在做着些什
13么,只不过,不在做我的事。Myteachingassistantsconsoledmebynotingthatstudentshavelearnedthattheycan“getby”withoutpayingattentionintheirclasses.Perhapsfeelingabitencouragedbymylookofincredulity,myTA’scontinuedwithalonglistofotheractivitiesstudentshavelearnedthattheycan“getby”withoutdoing.Studying,takingnotes,readingthetextbook,andcomingtoclasstoppedthelist.Itwasn’tthelistthatimpressedme.Itwastheunquestionedassumptionthat“gettingby”isthenameofthegame.Ourstudentsaresoalienatedbyeducationthattheyaretryingtosneakrightpastit.助教安慰我,说学生们都知道就算上课不听,课程也能过。我觉得很不可思议,可能是这种神情使我的助教讲了一长串事情,学生们知道就算不去做,最后也能过关。这一长串中前几位的是学习、记笔记,阅读教科书、和来上课。令我印象深刻的并不是这一长串,而是无人质疑的设定:游戏的名字就是“过得去”。我们的学生被教育如此异化,他们正试图取巧钻教育的空子。LastspringIaskedmystudentshowmanyofthemdidnotlikeschool.Overhalfofthemrosetheirhands.WhenIaskedhowmanyofthemdidnotlikelearning,nohandswereraised.Ihavetriedthiswithfacultyandgetsimilarresults.Lastyear’sU.S.ProfessoroftheYear, ChrisSorensen,beganhisacceptancespeechbyannouncing,“Ihateschool.”Thecrowd,madeuplargelyofotheroutstandingfaculty,overwhelminglyagreed.Andyethewentontospeakwithpassionateconvictionabouthisloveoflearningandthedesiretospreadthatlove.Andthere’stherub.Welovelearning.Wehateschool.What’sworseisthatmanyofushateschool because welovelearning.去年春天,我问学生有多少人不喜欢学校。有一半多的人举手。我又问起有多少人不喜欢学习,没人举手。我也问过老师同样的两个问题,得到的是类似的答案。去年的美国年度教授ChrisSorensen,在他的获奖致辞中开门见山地讲到,“我讨厌学校。”观众们几乎一致赞同他的看法,而其中的大部分是杰出教师。但他又带着热情的信念,讲述对学习的热爱,以及对传播这种热爱的渴望。这就是矛盾所在。我们热爱学习,讨厌学校。更糟的是我们中的许多人因为热爱学习而讨厌学校。Whatwentwrong?Howdidinstitutionsdesignedforlearningbecomesowidelyhatedbypeoplewholovelearning?为什么热爱学习的人几乎都讨厌起了为学习而设计建造的机构?Thevideoseemedtorepresentwhatsomanywerealreadyfeeling,anditbecamethefocalpointformanytheories.Whilesomesimplyblamedtheproblemsonthestudentsthemselves,othersrecognizedabroaderpattern.Mostblamedtechnology,thoughforverydifferentreasons.Somesimplysuggestedthatnewtechnologiesaretoodistractingandsuperficialandthattheyshouldbebannedfromtheclassroom.Otherssuggestedthatstudentsarenow“wired”differently.Createdintheimageofthesetechnologies,ludditesimaginestudentstobedistractedandsuperficialwhiletechno-optimistsseeanewgenerationofhyper-thinkersboredwitholdschoolways.视频中的内容似乎代表了许多人都感受到的信息,它也成了诸多理论的焦点。有些人将教育的问题简单地归罪于学生自身,而另一些人则看到了更多。虽然出于不同的原因,但大多数人都认为技术得为教育的问题担责。有人简单地提出建议,认为新技术太让人分心,过于表面化,应该禁止进入教室。另一些人则说学生如今被不同的方式“连接”了起来。在技术的意象中产生的勒德分子(反技术进步派)认为技术让学生分心,并使他们变得肤浅,而技术乐观派却看到了新一代的超级思想者,他们厌倦了旧的学校体制。Texting,web-surfing,andiPodsarejustnewversionsofpassingnotesinclass,readingnovelsunderthedesk,andsurreptitiouslylisteningtoWalkmans.Theyarenottheproblem.Theyarejustthenewformsinwhichweseeit.Fortunately,theyallowustoseetheprobleminanewway,andmoreclearlythanever,ifwearewillingtopayattentiontowhattheyarereallysaying.发短信、上网、听iPod只不过是以前课堂上传纸条、躲在课桌下读小说、听随身听的升级版。它们本身不是问题。它们只是我们看到的问题的新的表现形式。所幸它们能使我们以新的方式,比从前更为清晰地看待问题,只要我们愿意注意它们传递的内容。Theytellus,firstofall,thatdespiteappearances,ourclassroomshavebeenfundamentallychanged.Thereisliterallysomethingintheair,anditisnothinglessthanthedigitalartifactsofoveronebillionpeopleandcomputers
14networkedtogethercollectivelyproducingover2,000gigabytesofnewinformationpersecond.Whilemostofourclassroomswerebuiltundertheassumptionthatinformationisscarceandhardtofind,nearlytheentirebodyofhumanknowledgenowflowsthroughandaroundtheseroomsinoneformoranother,readytobeaccessedbylaptops,cellphones,andiPods.Classroomsbuilttore-enforcethetop-downauthoritativeknowledgeoftheteacherarenowenvelopedbyacloudofubiquitousdigitalinformationwhereknowledgeismade,notfound,andauthorityiscontinuouslynegotiatedthroughdiscussionandparticipation.Inshort,theytellusthatourwallsnolongermarktheboundariesofourclassrooms.它们告诉我们,首先,不管表相如何,教室已被根本改变了。空气中确实有某种东西存在,那就是数字的工艺品:十亿多的人和电脑连接成网,每秒钟共产生2万亿字节的新信息。大多数教室在建造时都秉承了一个理念,那就是信息很少,很难发现,而现在人类的所有知识都在这些教室中间或周围以某种方式流动,它们随时都能通过笔记本电脑、手机、iPod等被接触到。建造教室是为了巩固教师的权威知识,它自上而下地向学生传递,但现在教室四周包围着数字信息云,它们无处不在。在那里,知识被创造而非被发现,人们的讨论与参与使权威在不断的商讨中逐渐形成。简而言之,它们传递的信息是:墙不再是分隔教室的边界。Andthat’swhathasbeenwrongallalong.Sometimeagowestartedtakingourwallstooseriously–notjustthewallsofourclassrooms,butalsothemetaphoricalwallsthatwehaveconstructedaroundour“subjects,”“disciplines,”and“courses.”McLuhan’sstatementaboutthebewilderedchildconfronting“theeducationestablishmentwhereinformationisscarcebutorderedandstructuredbyfragmented,classifiedpatterns,subjects,andschedules”stillholdstrueinmostclassroomstoday.Thewallshavebecomesoprominentthattheyareevenreflectedinourlanguage,sothattodaythereissomethingcalled“therealworld”whichisforeignandsetapartfromourschools.Whensomebodyasksaquestionthatseemsirrelevanttothisrealworld,wesaythatitis“merelyacademic.”这就是长久以来的错误所在。以前,我们太过在意周围的“墙”,——不仅是隔断教室的墙,还有围绕着“科目”、“学科”、“课程”构建起来的带隐喻意味的“墙”。这些“墙”太过突显,甚至映射到我们的语言,以致会有所谓的“真实世界”,那是和学校不相干的、被分隔开的地方。有人问起和真实世界似乎不相关的问题,我们又会说那“只是学术圈的事”。Notsurprisingly,ourstudentsstruggletofindmeaningandsignificanceinsidethesewalls.Theytuneoutofclass,andlogontoFacebook.毫不奇怪,我们的学生在“墙”内奋力寻求学习的意义而不得。他们转向教室外,登录进入Facebook。Thesolution.Fortunately,thesolutionissimple.Wedon’thavetotearthewallsdown.Wejusthavetostoppretendingthatthewallsseparateusfromtheworld,andbeginworkingwithstudentsinthepursuitofanswerstorealandrelevantquestions.所幸,解决的方法还算简单。我们不需要拆毁这些“墙”,只要不再假装认为这些“墙”将我们从真实的世界隔开,并开始和学生一起共同努力,寻求真正的相关问题的答案。Whenwedothatwecanstopdenyingthefactthatweareenvelopedinacloudofubiquitousdigitalinformationwherethenatureanddynamicsofknowledgehaveshifted.Wecanacknowledgethatmostofourstudentshavepowerfuldevicesonthemthatgivetheminstantandconstantaccesstothiscloud(includingalmostanyanswertoalmostanymultiplechoicequestionyoucanimagine).Wecanwelcomelaptops,cellphones,andiPodsintoourclassrooms,notasdistractions,butaspowerfullearningtechnologies.Wecanusetheminwaysthatempowerandengagestudentsinrealworldproblemsandactivities,leveragingtheenormouspotentialsofthedigitalmediaenvironmentthatnowsurroundsus.Intheprocess,weallowstudentstodevelopmuch-neededskillsinnavigatingandharnessingthisnewmediaenvironment,includingthewisdomtoknowwhentoturnitoff.Whenstudentsareengagedinprojectsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothem,andthatmakethemfeelmeaningfulandimportant,theywillenthusiasticallyturnofftheircellphonesandlaptopstograpplewiththemostdifficulttextsandtakeonthemostrigoroustasks.
15我们这么做,就可以不再否认一个事实,那就是,我们被无所不在的数字信息云包围,在这其间,知识的本质和动态已发生了改变。我们也可以承认大多数学生拥有强效的装置,可以经常快速地使用这一数字信息云(包括找到你所能想到的任何一个多项选择题的答案)。我们可以欢迎笔记本电脑、手机和iPod进入教室,不再认为它们是让人分心的东西,而是强大的促进学习的技术。我们可以换种方式,允许学生利用它们来回答真实世界的问题,并从事真实世界中的活动,扩大包围着我们的数字媒体环境的巨大潜能。在此过程中,我们也允许学生发展在使用这一新媒体环境时所需的技能,包括知道什么时候要关掉装置。学生从事有意义,重要的事情,会让他们自身觉得有意义、重要,他们会积极关掉手机、笔记本电脑,学起最难的课文,承担起最严苛的任务。ANewAgeofCelebrityWorshipBradandAngelina,TomandKatie,NickandJessica-itseemspeoplecan'tgetenoughofhearingaboutthegrittydetailsofcelebrities'lives. It'scalledbeing"starstruck,"andit'saphenomenonthatisnotonlybiggerthanlife-it'sbiggerthanever. 布拉德和安吉丽娜,汤姆和凯蒂,尼克和杰西卡——关于名人生活中的那些八卦细节,人们好象总也听不够。这就是所谓的“追星”,一种比一切都更重要——在以往的任何时代都没有如此突出的现象。"Youhaveaconfluenceofforcescomingtogetherintechnologyandthemediatomakeithappenandit'sworldwideandit'smultiplyinglikelice,"saysStuartFischoff,Ph.D.,spokesmanfortheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandprofessoremeritusofmediapsychologyattheCaliforniaStateUniversityatLosAngeles. “来自技术和媒体的力量融合在一起促使追星现象产生,传遍全球,并像虱子繁衍一样迅速繁荣”,美国心理协会发言人、美国加州州立大学洛杉矶分校媒体心理学名誉教授斯图亚特·菲思霍夫说。Indeed,fromtheinternationalmaniaoftheNewYorkPost'sPageSix,toincreasingcirculationofcelebrity-drivenpublicationslikePeople,US,OK,andInStyle,tothecultstarstatusofgossipreporterslikeEntertainmentTonight'sMaryHartandtheNewYorkDailyNews'Rush&Malloy,thereisnoquestionthatall-things-celebrityhavecaptured-andarekeeping-ourattentionlikeneverbefore. 实际上,从《纽约邮报》第六版风靡全球,到诸如《人物周刊》(People)、《美国周刊》(US)、《星尚》(OK)、《型时代》(InStyle)等受名人效应驱策的出版物发行量的不断增加,毫无疑问,名人的一切已经并正在前所未有地牢牢地抓住我们的注意力。Butwhatdrivesourendlessfascinationwithcelebrityworship?Andmoreimportant,canitsenticingseductioneverbeharmfultoourhealth? Theanswer,itseems,dependsalotonwhoisdoingtheworshipping-andthereasonswhy. 但驱使我们无休止地崇拜名人的动力是什么?更为重要的是,名人崇拜的迷人诱惑力会对我们的健康有害吗?答案似乎取决于谁在崇拜以及其崇拜的原因是什么。"Likemostthingsthere'sadimensionalapproachhere;therearesomepeoplewhoarefascinatedbycelebritieslives,butalsoinvolvedinmeaningfulactivitiesandrelationshipsintheirownlives,andforthesepeoplestarwatchingisusuallyaharmlessdiversion,"saysEricHollander,M.D.,professorofpsychiatryanddirectoroftheCompulsive,ImpulsiveandAnxietyDisordersprogramatMt.SinaiSchoolofMedicineinNewYorkCity. 美国纽约西奈山医学院的精神病学教授、《强迫障碍、冲动障碍和焦虑症》课程主任艾瑞克·郝兰德尔说:“如同其他事物一样,这里也有个尺度问题。有些人对名人的生活很着迷,但在自己的生活中照样从事有意义的活动,进行有意义的人际交往。对于这些人来说,追星通常是一种无害的娱乐”。Forothers,however,thingsdon'tgoquitethatway.Hollandersaysthereareanincreasingnumberofusforwhomthefascinationwithcelebritiesisasubstitutionforreallife-withthefocusonacelebrityreplacingthefocusthatshouldbeonourownlives.Andthat,hesays,isthepointatwhichsomefolksbegintogetintotrouble. Depression,anxiety,andadecreaseinself-esteemarejustsomeofthedocumentedproblemsthatcanresult
16whenwetakethefocusoffourownlivesandinsteadfocusallourenergyonthelifeofacelebrity.但是对另一些人来说事情却不完全如此。郝兰德尔表示,有越来越多的人以追星替代了真实的生活——他们把本应该对自己生活的关注放在了名人身上。而正是在这一点上,这些人陷入了麻烦。当我们不再关注自己的生活,而是将全部的精力投注到对名人的关注上时,就会引发种种问题。这些问题都已经得到了确证。抑郁、焦虑和自尊的降低都仅仅是其中的一些而已。TheScienceofHeroWorship 英雄崇拜学Thetheorybehindhowandwhywecometoworshipcelebrities(andwhysomeofusaremoreaffectedthanothers)isapop-culturequestionalmostasoldaspopcultureitself. Infact,expertssaythataslongastherehavebeenthosewhopullaheadofthecrowdinfameorfortune,therehasbeenacuriouscrowdwantingtofollow. Fischoff,whohasacademicallystudiedthecultofcelebrity,saystheveryneedtofindanidolandfollowhimisprogrammedintoourDNA. 我们如何并且为何崇拜名人(以及为什么我们其中的一些人更容易受影响)是一个几乎同流行文化本身一样古老的流行文化问题。实际上,专家们认为,只要有人在声誉或者财富方面遥遥领先,就有一群好奇大众想要跟随。对狂热崇拜名人现象进行学术研究的菲思霍夫教授说寻找偶像和追随偶像的需要是根植在我们的基因中的。"What'sinourDNA,asasocialanimal,istheinterestinlookingatalphamalesandfemales;theoneswhoareimportantinthepack,"saysFischoff.Wearesociologicallypreprogrammedto"followtheleader,"hesays,andnotesthatwearebiochemicalsittingducksfortheHollywoodstarsystem;eventhestarsthemselvesgetcaughtupinthemystique. "Iknowcelebritiesthatarestarstruckbyothercelebrities-evenmajorpoliticiansaremorelikelytositupandtakenoticeofanissuewhenacelebrityisdoingthetalking.SothisisclearlysomethingthatreallyisinourDNA,"saysFischoff.“作为一种社会动物,我们天生就对优秀的男女,那些在人群中举足轻重的人们,感兴趣”,菲思霍夫教授说。他认为,从社会学意义上说,我们被“预先编程去追随领袖”。对于好莱坞造星制度来说,我们在生物本能上就易受其蛊惑,甚至那些明星们自己也无法逃脱这一神秘魔力。“我知道有些知名人士被其他名人所倾倒——甚至一些政界高官听到名人演说时也更乐意正襟危坐、洗耳恭听。显然,名人崇拜真的是我们天生就有的东西”,菲思霍夫教授说。Therealissuehowever,maybethatsomeofusclearlyhandletheimpactofthatDNAbetterthanothers.That'spreciselythefindingofseveralstudiesthathelpedestablishtheideaof"CelebrityWorship"asarecognizablementalhealthproblemforsome.然而,真正的问题可能是,我们中的一些人显然比其他人更好地处理了我们的天性带来的影响。这正是若干次研究后的发现。这些研究确立了这样一个概念,即“名人崇拜”对有些人来说是一个可诊断的心理健康问题。InresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofPsychology,psychologistsestablisheda"slidingscale"ofcelebrityworship-oneinwhichthedevotedfanbecomesincreasinglyhookedintotheobjectoftheirattention,untiltheirfeelingsbegintoresembleaddiction. 在一项研究中(其结果发表在《英国心理学杂志》上),心理学家们建立了一个名人崇拜的“滑动量表”。其中,忠诚的崇拜者们越来越被他们关注的目标所吸引,直到他们的情感开始和成瘾类似。Inanotherstudywithmorethan600people,psychologistsfoundthataboutathirdqualifiedforaconditiontheycoined"celebrityworshipsyndrome"-aconditionwherein,atitsmostsevere,theobjectofourworshipbecomesthecentralfigureinourlives. 在另一项对超过600人进行的研究中,心理学家发现,大约有三分之一的研究对象的情况符合他们所命名的“名人崇拜综合症”。对于这些崇拜者们,最严重的时候,其崇拜对象成为他们生活的中心。"Informationaboutthecelebrity,oranylittlethingfromtheirlife,islikeafixtheworshippermusthave-theyarealmostcompelledtolearnmore,readmore,knowmore.Andit'snonending,"saysLongIsland,N.Y.,psychologistAbbyAronowitz,Ph.D.Expertssaysomeevenbegintobelievetheyhavesomespecialconnectiontothecelebrity.
17“关于名人的信息,或者有关他们生活的任何小事,就像毒品一样,让崇拜者非有不可。他们身不由己想要了解更多,读到更多,知道更多。而且这种需要永无止境。”心理学家艾比·阿洛诺维茨说。专家们说,有些人甚至开始相信他们和所崇拜的名人之间有一些特殊的联系。Notsurprisingly,thestudyalsofoundfeverishfansarelikeliertosufferfromanxiety,depression,andsocialdysfunction.Andwhiletheauthorsareclearonthefactthatbeingafandoesnotcauseyoutobedysfunctional,theysayitcancertainlyincreaseyourrisk. 毫不意外,研究还发现,狂热的崇拜者们更容易患焦虑症、抑郁症和社会功能障碍。虽然研究者很清楚这一事实,崇拜名人不一定导致功能障碍,但它无疑会增加患功能障碍的风险。FansGoneWild:WhatMakesUsTick追星族失控:追星背后的动力是什么WhileourDNAmaysetusupforstarworship,it'sclearnoteveryonetakesittotheextreme."Alotofthesepeoplewhofalldeeplyintocelebrityworshiparejustabnormalpathologywaitingtohappen.Thefactthatitcomesoutintheformofidolizationofaparticularcelebrityislessimportantthanrecognizingthepathologywasthereallalong.Andifitwasnotfocusedonacelebrityitwouldbefocusedonsomethingelse,butitwouldstillbethere."尽管我们天生就可能追星,但显然并非每个人都过度狂热。“很多深陷于名人崇拜的人都具有潜伏的异常病理机制。意识到这种病理机制的存在远比知道它以崇拜某一名人的形式发作出来要重要的多。这种异常病理机制如果不是表现为关注某一个名人,就将是专注于其他的什么事情上,但它总是存在着。”菲思霍夫说。Aronowitzagrees,butalsosaystheentertainmentmediaisatleastpartlytoblameforcreatingthe"monster"knownasthecelebritysuper-fan. "ThewholeHollywoodspinmachineworkstogethertocreateimagesthatareimpossibleforanyofustoliveupto.Theypurposefullysetusuptoadmireandevencovetsomethingwecanneverhave,"阿洛诺维茨赞同这种看法,但他也表示“超级星迷”这种怪兽的创造至少也部分归咎于娱乐媒体。“整个好莱坞的各种运作机制共同创造了我们任何人都无法达到的形象。他们故意让我们去钦佩甚至是垂涎我们永远也无法得到的东西。”Ironically,however,almostasquicklyasthemediabuildsourcelebrityheroes,theybreakthemviatheincreasinglygrowingpracticeofhangingastar'sdirtylaundryoutforalltosee.Anditisthispractice,saysAronowitz,thatcanhavesomeverytwistedandnegativeeffectsonfans.然而具有讽刺意味的是,如同缔造名人英雄一样迅速,媒体以同样快的速度,通过越来越多地揭露明星们不可告人的秘密来损毁这些英雄形象。阿洛诺维茨认为正是这种做法带给了追星族们非常怪异和消极的影响。"PriortoMarilynMonroe,astar'slifewashiddenfromthepublic.Butnow,insteadofaglossyideal,weseecelebrity'suglymesses,includingtheirdrugandalcoholabuse,which,formanywhoadmirethesepeople,translatesintoaverydangerousmessage,"在玛丽莲·梦露之前,明星的私生活是秘而不宣的。但如今,我们看到的不再是光鲜的典范,而是名人乌七八糟的生活,包括吸毒和酗酒。这些,对于崇拜这些名人的追随者而言,会转而成为非常危险的信息。Indeed,astudypublishedinthejournalLancetshowedthatadolescentswhoviewedsmokinginmoviesweremorelikelytobeginthehabitthemselves. Othershavehintedthesamemaybetruefordrugandalcoholuse,aswellaseatingdisorderssuchasanorexia,whichcandevelopwhenfanstrytoemulatetheunrealisticlowweightsoftheirfavoritestars.Moreover,extremecopycatdesiresofsomecaneventurndeadly,whentheoneweworshiptakes-orloses-hisorherlife."Some,mostlyyoungfans,canbecomesooverwhelmedbythelossthattheythemselvesbegintobelievetheirlifeisnotworthliving,"hesays.
18事实上,一项发表在《柳叶刀》上研究表明,在电影中看到吸烟镜头的青少年更容易形成吸烟的习惯。另有研究者暗示,对于吸毒和酗酒的摹仿也是如此,包括像厌食这样的饮食失调症。当追星者试图模仿自己心仪的明星们,达到他们那种不切实际的超低体重的时候,就可能形成厌食症。更糟糕的是,有些追星族的极端盲目模仿行为甚至会致命。当他们崇拜的偶像自杀或者殒命的时候,他们也会盲目追随。“有些追星族,多数是年轻人,无法承受偶像的辞世,以至于认为自己也失去了活下去的意义,”他说。Healthy,Happy,andStarStruck 健康、快乐和追星Whileforsome,celebrityworshipcanbeunhealthy,expertssaythatformostofus,it'sapleasantdiversionthatcanactuallyimproveourlives.Thisisparticularlytruewhentheobjectofourinterestsetsagoodexamplethathelpsusstrivetoachieveourownideals.尽管对于某些人来说名人崇拜可能不健康,专家认为对我们大多数人来说,追星是一种令人愉快的娱乐方式,可以切实增进我们的生活质量。当我们心仪的对象为我们树立良好的榜样,促使我们为实现自己的理想而奋斗时,尤为如此。"Ifyouidolizesomeonefortheiraccomplishments,andthoseaccomplishmentsspurnyouontomakegainsinyourownlife,thenadmiringacelebritycanhaveapositiveinfluenceonyourambition,orevenyourmentalhealth,"saysAronowitz. 阿洛诺维茨表示“如果你因为某人的成就而崇拜他,那他的成就会鞭策你改进自己的生活。如此以来,崇拜名人则对你的远大理想有积极的影响,甚至会影响你的心理健康。”Expertssayheroworshipcanyieldevenmorepositiveresultswhencelebritiestaketothestreetswithcampaignsthatencouragegoodhealth-andultimatelyhelpconvinceustopersonallymakechangesinourownlives. 专家认为名人崇拜会产生更为积极的结果,如果知名人士走上街头参与增进健康的公益活动,并且最终说服我们亲手改进自己的生活。"Celebritiescanhaveapositiveinfluenceonourlife,withpositivemessages.Theycanbeveryhelpfulintermsofincreasingawarenessanddecreasingstigmaaboutmanyproblems,includinghealthproblems,thatmightotherwisenotgettheattentiontheyneed,"saysHollander. “名人们可以用正面的讯息给我们的生活带来积极的影响。关于很多难以引起我们关注的问题,包括健康问题,在增强意识和减少成见方面,名人们都会起很大的作用,”郝兰德尔说。Indeed,ifthereisakeytobeinga"healthy"fan,expertssayitisinourabilitytoenjoywhatacelebritybringstoourlife,withoutthembecomingourlife. "Ifyoucanjusthavefunwithit,ifit'snotreplacingemotionalconnectionsinyourreallife,thenit'sreallyallOK,"Aronowitzconcludes.实际上,如果有成为“健康追星族”的秘诀,专家们认为那就是我们要有能力既享受名人带给我们的益处,又不让他们成为我们生活的全部。“如果你能乐在其中,如果追星不会替代你现实生活中的感情联系,那就真的没有问题,”阿洛诺维茨得出这样的结论。AGrandSafariinTanzania坦桑尼亚盛大探索之旅令人惊奇的是:每当你沉浸于日常工作时你会发现时间飞一般的流逝,而一旦你离开城市去度假,便会感到时间在滴答……滴答……滴答……去非洲的准备工作跟我以前的准备可不同。首先我必须明确自己的旅游方案并作出决定。如若您从未去过非洲旅行,概括来说,您可以按照下面的过程来。东非(坦桑尼亚和肯尼亚)集中了世界上最多的动物,这里有世界著名的塞伦盖蒂国家公园,有非洲最高的山乞力马扎罗山。选择坦桑尼亚的主要原因是自己在这里可以看到尽可能多的野生动物。我的旅行在六月份,碰巧那时是每年百万多头羚羊迁徙的日子,据说这一景象很是惊人。第一眼看到非洲是在3700
19英尺的高中。在万里无云的下午,我们乘坐的荷航航班从阿姆斯特丹出发,穿越至海滨城市班加西附近的利比亚领空,只见这里蔚蓝色的南地中海与棕褐色的撒哈拉沙漠连成一线。这一广阔的单色的表面只被那红褐色的一脉所打破,它像河流一样蛇形其间,但更像一干涸的河床。大约一个小时左右,我们便飞到了埃及的上空,这里是法老和大金字塔的领地。还在学校学习美国历史那会,我会恐惧仅是其历史的厚重感就会压垮我。可在我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候,那年复一年,一个又一个纪元里经历的历代王朝和帝国很快就让我得以全面的看待历史。在我们飞机的正下方——尼罗河谷以东,一个古老的文明在圣罗马帝国之前蓬勃发展了几千年。而今晚在坦桑尼亚,我和我的妻子,儿子以及另外两个家庭的朋友稍后将着陆,开始我们为期十一天的陶克世界东非探索之旅。考古学家告诉我们,在人类有记录时间之前的两百万年就已经有像人一样的生物在地球上行走了。飞机继续在埃及西南部的沙漠上空飞行,进入苏丹,飞过喀土穆。我们在肯尼亚越过赤道。太阳已经下山,我们的飞机继续向南飞。正当我们要降低飞行的时候,一个令人难以置信的景象渐渐浮现在窗前——19400英尺高的乞力马扎罗山——非洲最高峰也是世界上最高的独立山。它高于眼前的一切,包括我们在10000英尺高空飞行的飞机,是在渐黑的地平线映衬下浮现起来的庞然大物。着陆后,我们见到陶客旅行社的代表正在关外等候——一位友善的坦桑尼亚人,名叫塞缪尔。那晚稍后的时候,我躺在蚊帐包围的床上时,头顶上一个大吊扇的扇叶在转动着,此时我知道,在坦桑尼亚的一切都将有所不同。我一生中最大的冒险即将开始。我们到达坦桑尼亚三天后才开始我们的东非之旅,我们第一天整整一天都是在赛瑞纳山村度过的。酒店的员工们都很友善,且都操着一口流利的英语。我建议大家在开始东非探索之旅以前,要花上至少一到两天的时间来适应时区,融入当地文化。我们在Duluti湖附近徒步旅行了三英里,背景中若隐若现的是非洲梅鲁山——14978英尺高,是非洲最高的山峰之一。我们在途中见到3英尺长的巨蜥,蓝猴,鱼雕(类似秃鹰)还有犀鸟——一种大鸟,飞的时候翅膀会发出嗖嗖嗖的嘈杂声。我们参观了位于Tengeru的本地市场。那里4000人口在买卖水果、蔬菜、肉类、衣服还有电子产品。我想尝试着去吸收领略这一丰富多彩的周围环境,却感到头都要晕了。我们五个人是这市场上仅有的盎格鲁人。跟着酒店的导游在街道上行走的时候,人群中传来喃喃地低语声,大家都把目光投向我们。许多人笑着用斯瓦西里语跟我们说话。我们也回笑着用我们仅有的一句当地语“Jambo,habari?(喂,你们好么?)来回应他们。当天晚些时候,我们在小屋的草坪上看了粉红色和橙色的非洲日落。周围环抱着五颜六色的九重葛,耳边是低空飞行的蝙蝠鸣叫声。在一天的最后一丝光线中,我们捕捉到一个稍纵即逝的剪影,一个蓝猴沿屋顶跳来跳去,它这是要去过夜休息的地方呢。第二天一大早,我们便驱车前往乞力马扎罗山。我通过一家名为坦桑尼亚摄影旅游的当地公司安排了一辆车,一个驾驶员和两个山地导游。那天晚上从机场回来时什么都没看到,可白日里这条人行道熙熙攘攘进行着各种活动。微小的房屋和店铺的墙是用煤渣砖砌的,铁皮屋顶也都生了锈,房屋与高速公路中间仅隔着几英尺厚的泥土墙。道路旁是穿梭着的步行者和骑自行车的人。妇女们平衡着头上的袋子,盆还有捆状物(男士们可不是这样拿东西的);男人们或蹬着后面绑着几捆粮食的自行车,或推着满是农产品的马车。从我们旁边经过的轿车和卡车都很陈旧,且几乎总是塞着满满的乘客。即使是运畜拖车也都用来拉人,车上的人挤的只有站着的地儿。驾车去往乞力马扎罗国家公园花了两个小时。乞力马扎罗山是为数不多的能够吸引世界各地登山者的大山之一。到山的顶端有五条路线,我选择了从6400英尺开始的马兰古路线,我让导游带我们先到9000英尺的宿营曼达拉然后再继续爬。一般登山者要在马浪古待上个五天,晚上要住的营地三个在上山的路上,一个在下山的路上。我们没有足够的时间去尝试攀到顶峰,但我们也想尝一尝这攀登的滋味如何。我们在门口见到了导游Honest和Dismas,我们真是找对人了。Honest已经到达乞力马扎罗山顶峰60多次了,Dismas也去过高处将近30次。今天定制的冒险是上山5.5英里,下山5.5英里,如果我们有精力的话还可以再去周边路线看看。我在6400英尺的地方深吸了一口气,却还真感觉不到这么深呢。我们离开了背后的阳光,排成一列走入森林深处。爬山的时候不断问Honest和Dismas
20各种难题。他们知道每一棵铺满青苔的树,知道各种各样的鸟,知道那带有钉头锤一样尖刺的巨型蔓藤植物还有我们遇到的各种奇花异草。过了一会儿,我可以意识到自己的呼吸声了,这会子再要提出问题就有些困难了。路也变得崎岖起来,有些地方还比较滑,要求我们要尤其小心。时不时的,我们会遇到从上面下来的登山者,他们胡子拉碴,也没有洗过,这一经历让他们很是疲惫,可因为快到山底部了,空气中更加充足的氧气让他们兴高采烈。大多数人都达到顶峰了,但不是全部,因为高山反应甚至可以让那些身体非常好的队员无法继续上行。乞力马扎罗山有四个区,由下到上依次为森林,沼地,高山沙漠和冰冠。我们爬了三个小时,仅仅最后几分钟在茂密的森林树冠下,但当我们出现在暴露出的曼达拉营地的时候,就明显的感觉到气温转凉。我们穿上夹克,戴上帽子,走过帐篷旁,帐篷里的人即将在此处过夜而一大早又要继续冒险。在门口的时候气温还有70度呢,可这里你都可以在寒冷的空气中看到自己的呼吸了。我们在木制的遮盖物下吃盒式午餐,白云从营地飘过。午饭后,我们继续上山,通过覆盖着异国植物的草地和灌木丛后,我们来到Maundi火山口,这是一个瞭望点。喜逢艳阳天,可以看到壮观的冰冻山峰。不幸的是,今日乞力马扎罗山的上半部分被裹在云里,我们只好下山了。乞力马扎罗山并不以其野生动物闻名,但我们是幸运的,我们看到了一只蓝猴,五六只黑脸长尾黑颚猴还有两只黑白色相间的疣猴拖着引人注目的毛茸茸的白尾巴。下山用了两个小时,跟导游Honest和Dismas说再见后我们返回小屋。驱车回家的途中,云朵暂开,向我们展示在火山口没见到的景象——乞力马扎罗山的雪。新视野大学英语读写教程LoveWithoutLimitations无限的爱Para1Mybrother,Jimmy,didnotgetenoughoxygenduringadifficultdelivery,leavinghimwithbraindamage,andtwoyearslaterIwasborn.Sincethen,myliferevolvedaroundmybrother’s.Accompanyingmygrowingupwasalways“gooutandplayandtakeyourbrotherwithyou”.Icouldn’tgoanywherewithouthim,soIurgedtheneighborhoodkidstocometomyhouseforsomeout-of-controlkid-centeredfun.我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产,因为缺氧导致大脑受损。两年后,我出生了。从此以后,我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。伴随我成长的,是“到外面去玩,把你哥哥也带上”。不带上他,我是哪里也去不了的。因此,我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来,尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏。Para2MymothertaughtJimmypracticalthingslikehowtobrushhisteethorputonabelt.Myfather,asaint,simplyheldthehousetogetherwithhispatienceandunderstanding.IwasinchargeoutsidewhereIadministeredjusticebytrackingdowntheparentsofthekidswhopickedonmybrother,andtellingonthem.我母亲教吉米学习日常自理,比如刷牙或系鞋带什么的。我父亲宅心仁厚,他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴着心。我则负责外面的事,找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母,告他们的状,为我哥哥讨回公道。Para3MyfatherandJimmywereinseparable.Theyatebreakfasttogetherandonweekdaysdroveofftothenavyshippingcentereverymorningwheretheybothworked—Jimmyunloadedcolor-codedboxes.Atnightafterdinner,theywouldtalkandplaygameslateintotheevening.Theyevenwhistledthesametunes.父亲和吉米形影不离。他们一道吃早饭,平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心,他们都在那里工作,吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子。晚饭后,他们一道交谈,玩游戏,直到深夜。他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。Para4Sowhenmyfatherdiedofaheartattackin1991,Jimmywasawreck,beneathhiscarefuldisguise.Hewassimplyindisbelief.Usuallyveryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandnoamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.Ihiredsomeonetolivewithhimanddrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchIhiredsomeonetolivewithhimandsrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchItriedto
21makethingsstaythesame,evenJimmygraspedthattheworldhe’dknownwasgone.OnedayIasked,“YoumissDad,don’tyou?”Hislipsquiveredandthenheasked,“Whendoyouthink,Margaret?Hewasmybestfriend.”Ourtearsbegantoflow.所以,父亲1991年因心脏病去世时,吉米几乎崩溃了,尽管他尽量不表现出来。他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。通常,他是一个令人愉快的人,现在却一言不发,无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事。我雇了一个人和他住在一起,开车送他去上班。然而,不管我怎么努力地维持原状,吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。有一天,我问他:“你是不是想念爸爸?”他的嘴唇颤抖了几下,然后问我:“你怎么看,玛格丽特?他是我最好的朋友。”接着,我俩都流下了眼泪。Para5MymotherdiedoflungcancersixmonthslaterandIalonewaslefttolookafterJimmy.六个月后,母亲因肺癌去世,剩下我一人来照顾吉米。Para6Hedidn’tadjusttogoingtoworkwithoutmyfatherrightaway,sohecameandlivedwithmeinNewYorkCityforawhile.HewentwhereverIwentandseemedtoadjustprettywell.Still,Jimmylongedtoliveinmyparents’houseandworkathisoldjobandIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,IwasabletoworkathisoldjobandIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,Iwasabletoworkitout.Hehaslivedtherefor11yearsnowwithmanydifferentcaretakersandblossomedonhisown.Hehasbecomeessentialtotheneighborhood.Whenyouhaveanymailtobepickeduporyourdogneedswalking,heisyourman.吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着,因此搬来纽约和我一起住了一段时间。我走到哪里他就跟到哪里,他好像适应得很好。但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里,继续干他原来的工作。我答应把他送回去。此事最后做成了。如今,他在那里生活了11年,在许多人的照料下,同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。如果你有邮件要收,或有狗要遛,他就是你所需要的人。Para7Mymotherwasright,ofcourse:Itwaspossibletohaveahomewithroomforbothhislimitationsandmyambitions.Infact,caringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.当然,母亲的话没错:可以有一个家,既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。事实上,关照像吉米这样一个深爱又感激我的人,更加丰富了我的生活,其他任何东西都不能与之相比。Para8ThishithomeafewdaysaftertheSeptember11thdisasteronJimmy’s57thbirthday.IhadapartyforhiminmyhomeinNewYork,butnoneofourfamilycouldjoinusbecausetravelwasdiffcultandtheywerestillreckoningwiththesheerterrorthedisasterhadbrought.Icalledonmyfaithfulfriendstohelpmakeitamerryandfestiveoccasion,ignoringthefactthatmostofthemwereemotionallydrainedandexhausted.Insteadofthecustomary“Nogifts,please”,Ishouted,“Gifts!Please!”这一点,在9.11灾难后几天更显真切。那天是吉米57岁生日。我在纽约自己的家里为他举办生日宴会,但是我们家的人都没能来参加,因为交通困难,而且灾难带来的恐惧使他们依然心有余悸。我邀请了我的好友,请他们来帮忙把宴会弄得热闹些,增加点欢快气氛,没有理会他们多数人在情感上都有些疲惫这一事实。于是我一反常态,没说“请不要带礼物”,而是向他们喊“请带礼物来”。Para9Myfriend—peopleJimmyhadcometoknowovertheyears—broughttheidealpresents:countrymusicCDs,asweatshirt,oneleatherbeltwith“J-I-M-M-Y”onit,aknittedwoolhatandacowboycostume.Theeveningleduptothegiftsandthenthechocolatecakefromhisfavoritebakery,andofcoursetheceremonywasn’tcompletewithoutthesinging.我的朋友—吉米认识他们多年了—带来了中意的礼物:乡村音乐CD、一件长袖运动衫、一条“吉米”字样的皮带、一顶编织的羊毛帽,还有一套牛仔服。那天晚上,我们先是送礼物,然后是切从他喜欢的面包店里买来的巧克力蛋糕,当然还唱了“生日歌”,否则宴会就不算完整了。
22Para10AthousandtimesJimmyasked,“Isittimeforthecakeyet?”AfterdinnerandthegiftsJimmycouldnolongerbereatrained.Heanxiouslywaitedforthecandlestobelitandthenblewthemoutwithonelongbreathasweallsang“HappyBirthday”.Jimmywasn’tsatisfiedwithoureffort,though.Hejumpeduponthechairandstooderectpointingbothindexfingersintotheairtoconductusandyelled,“One…more…time!”Wesangwithalloftheenergyleftinoursoulsandwhenwewerefinishedheputbothhisthumbsupandshouted,“Thatwassuper!”吉米一次次地问:“该切蛋糕了吧?”等用完餐和送完礼物后,吉米再也控制不住了。他焦急地等着点上蜡烛,然后在我们“生日快乐”的歌声中,一口长气吹灭了蜡烛。然而吉米对我们的努力还是感到不满足。他纵身跳到椅子上,直挺着身子,双手食指朝天,一边喊一边指挥我们唱歌:“再—来—一次!”我们全力以赴地唱。待我们唱完时,他翘起两个拇指喊道:“好极了!”Para11Wehadwantedtolethimknowthatnomatterhowdifficultthingsgotintheworld,therewouldalwaysbepeoplewhocaredabouthim.Weendedupremindingourselvesinstead.ForJimmy,thelovewithwhichwesangwasawelcomebonus,butmostlyhehadjustwantedtoseeeveryoneelsehappyagain.本来我们想让他知道,无论世上有多难的事情,总是有人来关心他。现在反倒是提醒了我们自己。对于吉米来说,我们唱歌时的爱心,是他心中额外的礼物,但是他原来更想看到的,是别人再次感到快乐。Para12Justasmyfather’sdeathhadchangedJimmy’sworldovernight,September11thchangedourlives;theworldwe’dknownwasgone.But,aswesangforJimmyandheldeachothertightafterwardprayingforpeacearoundtheworld,wewereremindedthattheconstantloveandsupportofourfriendsandfamilywouldgetusthroughwhateverlifemightpresent.ThesimplicitywithwhichJimmyhadreconciledeverythingforusshouldnothavebeensurprising.TherehadneverbeenanylimitationstowhatJimmy’slovecouldaccomplish.有如父亲的去世一夜之间改变了吉米的世界,9.11也改变了我们的生活;我们熟悉的世界不复存在了。但是,当我们为吉米唱歌,相互紧拥,祈祷全球和平时,我们也意识到,朋友、家人间永恒的爱和支持可以让我们克服生活中的任何困难。吉米以朴素的方式为我们协调了眼前的一切,他做到这一点并不令人吃惊。吉米的爱可以征服一切,这是任何东西都限制不了的。(Words:872)
此文档下载收益归作者所有