新六级强化深度精讲-阅读讲义

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1第一部分阅读理解全真试题Unit1PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression. Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themice

2quicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.21.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity.A)wasalteredC)wasweakenedB)wasstrengthenedD)wasnotaffected22.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto.A)turnofftheelectricityB)trytocontrolunpleasantstimuliC)becomeabnormallysuspiciousD)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations23.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat.A)theyassociateditwithstomachachesB)itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsC)itledtostomachpainsD)theydislikeditstaste24.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat.A)thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemB)theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindC)theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharinD)theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning25.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals.A)canbealteredbyelectricshocksB)canbeweakenedbyconditioningC)canbesuppressedbydruginjectionsD)canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinuetooccur,largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixing(把……固定)legalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon(放任).Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeenmetbylawsuits,personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelays—notonlyinacceptingresponsibility,butmore

3importantly,indoingsomethingaboutit. Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecidesitcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry'sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind'sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility?Ifevertherewillbetimeforenvironmentalhealthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblems,thattimeisnow.Wearebeingasked,and,infact,thepublicisdemandingthatwetakepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yes,theecologists,theenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistsservetocommunicate,stimulatethinkingandpromotebehavioralchange.However,itisthoseofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelop,improveandenforceenvironmentalstandards,Isubmit,whomustleadthecharge. Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimits,countylines,stateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtobetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion. Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthepresent.First,wemustcontinuetopressforimprovementsinthequalityoflifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Second,wemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Third,wemustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethreegoalsinthisdecade,maybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegradation,andnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeabletospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanonbandages.26.Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheindustrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchieflybecause.A)itisdifficultforthemtotakeeffectivemeasuresB)timehasnotyetcomeforthemtoputdueemphasisonitC)theyarereluctanttosacrificetheirowneconomicinterestsD)theyareunawareoftheconsequencesofwhattheyaredoing27.Themaintasknowfacingecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationistsis.A)toarousepublicawarenessoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionB)topreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandpersuasionC)toimprovethequalityoflifebyenforcingenvironmentalstandardsD)totakeradicalmeasurestocontrolenvironmentalpollution28.Theword“tunnel-visioned”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablymeans“”.A)narrow-mindedC)abletoseeonlyoneaspectB)short-sightedD)blindtothefacts

429.Whichofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,shouldplaytheleadingroleinthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems?A)Thecooperationofecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationists.B)Theeffortsofenvironmentalhealthprofessionals.C)Theindustry'sunderstandingandsupport.D)Legislationandgovernmentintervention.30.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?A)Moremoneyshouldbespentinordertostoppollution.B)Environmentaldegradationwillbestoppedbytheendofthisdecade.C)Ordinarycitizenshavenoaccesstotechnicalinformationonpollution.D)Effortsshouldbeexertedonpollutionpreventioninsteadofonremedialmeasures.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Britishuniversities,groaningundertheburdenofahugeincreaseinstudentnumbers,arewarningthatthetraditionofafreeeducationisatrisk.Theuniversitieshavethreatenedtoimposeanadmissionfeeonstudentstoplugagapinrevenueifthegovernmentdoesnotacttoimprovetheirfinancesandscrapsomepublicspendingcutbacks. Thegovernmentrespondedtotheuniversities'threatbysettingupthemostfundamentalreviewofhighereducationforageneration,underanon-partytroubleshooter(调停人),SirRonDearing. Oneinthreeschool-leaversentershighereducation,fivetimesthenumberwhenthelastreviewtookplacethirtyyearsago. Everyoneagreesasystemthatisfeelingthestrainafterrapidexpansionneedsalotmoremoney—butthereislittlehopeofgettingitfromthetaxpayerandnotmuchscopeforattractingmorefinancefrombusiness.Mostcollegesbelievestudentsshouldcontributetotuitioncosts,somethingthatiscommonelsewhereintheworldbutwouldmarkarevolutionarychangeinBritain.Universitieswantthegovernmenttointroducealoanschemefortuitionfeesandhavesuspendedtheirownthreatenedactionfornow.TheyawaitDearing'sadvice,hopingitwillnotbetoolate—somearealreadyreportedtobeinfinancialdifficulty.Asthecenturynearsitsend,thewholeconceptofwhatauniversityshouldbeisunderthemicroscope.Expertsponderhowmuchtheycanusecomputersinsteadofclassrooms,talkoftheneedforlifelonglearningandrefertostudentsas“consumers”. TheConfederation(联盟)ofBritishIndustry,thekeyemployers'organization,wantsevenmoreexpansioninhighereducationtohelpfightcompetitiononworldmarketsfromboomingAsianeconomies.Butthegovernmenthasdoubtsaboutmoreexpansion.TheTimesnewspaperagrees,complainingthatqualityhassufferedasstudentnumberssoared,withclosetutorialsupervisiongivingwayto“massproductionmethodsmoretypicalofEuropeanuniversities.”

531.ThechiefconcernofBritishuniversitiesis.A)howtotackletheirpresentfinancialdifficultyB)howtoimprovetheireducationaltechnologyC)howtoexpandtheenrollmenttomeettheneedsofenterprisesD)howtoputanendtothecurrenttendencyofqualitydeterioration32.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatinBritain.A)highereducationisprovidedfreeofchargeB)universitiesaremainlyfundedbybusinessesC)thegovernmentpaysdearlyforitsfinancialpolicyD)studentsarereadytoacceptloanschemesfortuition33.WhatwasthepercentageofhighschoolgraduatesadmittedtouniversitiesinBritainthirtyyearsago?A)About15%.C)Below10%.B)20%orso.D)Above30%.34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A)Britishemployersdemandanexpansioninenrollmentattheexpenseofquality B)thebestwayoutforBritishuniversitiesistofollowtheirEuropeancounterpartsC)theBritishgovernmentwillbeforcedtoincreaseitsspendingonhighereducationD)Britishstudentswillprobablyhavetopayfortheirhighereducationinthenearfuture35.WhichofthefollowingistheviewpointoftheTimesnewspaper?A)Britishuniversitiesshouldexpandtheirenrollmenttomeettheneedsofindustry.B)ExpansioninenrollmentisboundtoaffectthequalityofBritishhighereducation.C)Britishuniversitiesshouldhelpfightcompetitiononworldmarkets.D)Europeanuniversitiescanbettermeettheneedsofthemodernworld. Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:There'sasimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit. MyersisthefounderofAuburnUniversity'sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskofwhichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices—anartificialnose. Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arson(纵火)investigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors. Thetechnologythattheyareworkingonwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we'llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,while

6foodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination. Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse:Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating(排卵),withoutaphysicalexam—orevenherknowledge. OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmericanlibertyisthatithasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.That'sgettingnottobethecase.ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.Aromascan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures. Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail-sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors(感受器)，enoughtocreateasensorthat'snearlyassensitiveasadog'snose.36.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?A)Monitoringfoodprocessing.B)Performingphysicalexaminations.C)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.D)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.37.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis.A)ahazardtophysicalhealthB)negligenceofpublicsafetyC)athreattoindividualprivacyD)anabuseofpersonalfreedom38.Theword“logged”(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans“”.A)presetC)enteredB)simulatedD)processed39.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential.A)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthroughB)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptorsC)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmellsD)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicals40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsLarryMyers'workis.A)approvingC)cautiousB)overenthusiasticD)suspicious

7Unit2PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof“trashtalk(废话)”.Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety'smoralcatastrophes(灾难),yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments(困境)ofotherpeople'slives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual'squalityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweekly,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseveryshowwitha“finalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.Clearasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow'smaintargetaudiencearemiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,money,andstabilitytodealwithlife'stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow'sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday,bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuit

8formanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.21.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare.A)morefamily-orientedB)unusuallypopularC)moreprofoundD)relativelyformal22.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience.A)remainfascinatedbythemB)arereadytofaceuptothemC)remainindifferenttothemD)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem23.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A)Anewtypeofrobot.B)Racisthatred.C)Familybudgetplanning.D)Streetviolence.24.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth.A)ironicalC)instructiveB)sensitiveD)cynical25.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows.A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB)exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC)appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD)aretargetedatdifferentaudiencesQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirst

9analyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandthecustomer—andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid_1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.ThenonacceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!26.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB)makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC)thecustomer-centredapproachD)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship27.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A)Theneedsofthemarket.B)Theefficiencyofproduction.C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D)Thepreferencesofthedealer.28.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Lines3_4,Para.1)means“”.A)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodB)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction29.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.30.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson. A)itsmaincharacteristic

10B)itssocialimpactC)itspossibleconsequenceD)itstheoreticalbasisQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathy(冷漠)andstagnation(呆滞).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisiveness(分裂)andhostility.Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeopleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.RecentresearchbyProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk,however,suggeststhattheoptimallevelofconflictmaybemorecomplextodeterminethanthesesimplegeneralizations.Hestudiedperceptionsofconflictamongasampleofexecutives.Someoftheexecutivesworkedforprofit-seekingorganizationsandothersfornot-for-profitorganizations.Somewhatsurprisingly,Schwenkfoundthatopinionsaboutconflictvariedsystematicallyasafunctionofthetypeoforganization.Specifically,managersinnot-for-profitorganizationsstronglybelievedthatconflictwasbeneficialtotheirorganizationsandthatitpromotedhigherqualitydecisionmakingthanmightbeachievedintheabsenceofconflict.Managersoffor-profitorganizationssawadifferentpicture.Theybelievedthatconflictgenerallywasdamagingandusuallyledtopoor-qualitydecisionmakingintheirorganizations.Schwenkinterpretedtheseresultsintermsofthecriteriaforeffectivedecisionmakingsuggestedbytheexecutives.Intheprofit-seekingorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasmostoftenassessedinfinancialterms.Theexecutivesbelievedthatconsensusratherthanconflictenhancedfinancialindicators.Inthenot-for-profitorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasdefinedfromtheperspectiveofsatisfyingconstituents.Giventhecomplexitiesandambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituentsexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.31.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis.A)wrongC)misleadingB)oversimplifiedD)unclear32.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk'sresearchshows.A)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflictB)therealvalueofconflictC)thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflictD)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict33.WecanlearnfromSchwenk'sresearchthat.A)aperson'sviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganization

11B)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizationsC)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentwaysD)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict34.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganization.A)thereisnoendofconflictB)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouragedC)decisionsmustbejustifiableD)successliesingeneralagreement35.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization.A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfyB)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinionsC)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisionsD)finditeasiertoreachagreementQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Imagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwant—withnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldn'tit?New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods.Critics,however,saythenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrients(营养物)andcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soit'suptoconsumerstodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcan'tbedigestedatall.Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines(肠)“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanbeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthreemoleculesofsubstancescalledfattyacids.ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,E,andK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit'sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovidesconsumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.Itcanalsopreventtheabsorptionofcarotenoids(类胡萝卜素)，compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,

12heartdisease,etc.ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,E,andKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evenso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.36.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat.A)containsplentyofnutrientsB)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitaminsC)makesfoodseasilydigestibleD)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious37.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe.A)commerciallyuselessB)justasanticipatedC)somewhatcontroversialD)quiteunexpected38.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat.A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbedB)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebodyC)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdiseaseD)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins39.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolestraaccordingtosomecritics?A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.D)Itmayspoiltheconsumers'appetite.40.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolestra?A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.Unit3PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked

13A),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarⅠandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1930s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.PresidentHoover'ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation'ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A)TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B)Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.C)ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D)TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.22.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas.A)toincreasefarmproductionB)toestablishagriculturallawsC)topreventfarmersfromgoingbankrupt

14D)topromotethemechanizationofagriculture23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto.A)reducetheirscaleofproductionB)makefulluseoftheirlandC)adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD)beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct.A)mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB)didn'tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC)wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD)benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat.A)reducingthecostoffarmingB)conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC)loweringtheburdenoffarmersD)helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayersQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they'renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.Imitatingthebrain'sneural(神经的)networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-coded

15transistors,”heexplains.“Butit'snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepattern-recognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildanartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.26.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday.A)arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectB)areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorC)arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50'sD)stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage27.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom.A)theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsB)thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsC)theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildD)theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells28.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto.A)findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersB)buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesC)findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureD)separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought29.What'stheauthor'sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?A)Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.B)It'sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.C)It'smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.D)Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.30.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase“theonlygameintown”(line3,Para.4)?A)Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.B)Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.C)Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.D)Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.

16Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:CarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandonefourththegreenhouse(温室)gases.Theytakeasimilartollof(损耗)resourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworldsuggeststhatitisverydifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoanysignificantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpooling(合伙用车)havedeclinedsinceWorldWarⅡ.EveninwesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan1aliter(about4agallon)andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor80percentofallpassengertravel.Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhouseemissions(especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartododeveloplesspollutiontypesofgasoline.)31.Fromthepassageweknowthattheincreaseduseofcarswill.A)consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworldB)haveseriousconsequencesforthewell-beingofallnationsC)widenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesD)imposeanintolerableeconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecities32.TheU.S.hastodealwiththeproblemsarisingfromvehicleusebecause.A)mostAmericansarereluctanttoswitchtopublictransportationsystemsB)thepresentlevelofoilpricesisconsideredunacceptableC)othercountrieswillprotestitsincreasinggreenhouseemissionsD)itshouldtakealeadinconservingnaturalresources33.Whichofthefollowingisthebestsolutiontotheproblemsmentionedinthepassage?A)Thedesigningofhighlyefficientcarengines.

17B)Areductionofvehicleuseincities.C)Thedevelopmentofelectriccars.D)Theuseoflesspollutingfuels.34.Whichofthefollowingispracticalbutonlymakesamarginalcontributiontosolvingtheproblemofgreenhouseemissions?A)Theuseoffuelsotherthangasoline.B)Improvedenergyefficiency.C)Theintroductionoflesspollutingdrivingsystems.D)Reducingcarusebycarpooling.35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A)ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinwesternEurope.B)CarsarepopularinwesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhigh.C)ThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedwesternEurope.D)WesternEuropeanoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuels.Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Reebokexecutivesdonotliketohearstylishathleticshoescalled“footwearforyuppies(雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士)”.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments.Especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren'sshoesfortheunder_18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics(健身操)orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheunmarked(高档消费人群的)retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany'sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReeboksexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.

18Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcrazereplacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.36.OnereasonwhyReebok'smanagerialpersonneldon'tliketheirshoestobecalled“footwearforyuppies”isthat.A)theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroupsB)newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoesC)“yuppies”usuallyevokesanegativeimageD)thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitiveprices37.Reebok'sviewthat“consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution”(Line5,para.2)impliesthat.A)thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB)thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC)thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellit.D)consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores38.Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause.A)itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemandB)toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofitsC)thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarketD)itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts39.AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders,it.A)doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetworkB)stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostoresC)isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproductsD)stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts40.WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike'sdistributionproblems? A)Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.B)Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.C)Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.D)Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.

19Unit4PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Birdsthatareliterallyhalf-asleep─withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping─controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere’seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers.Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Also,birdsdozing(打盹)attheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsinafour-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.“Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,”theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-hemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He’sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbyamirror.Themirror-sideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,it’sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals（哺乳动物）asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshe

20wondersifbirds’half-brainsleep“isjustthetipoftheiceberg（冰山）.”Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.11.Anewstudyonbirds’sleephasrevealedthat.A)half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirdsB)half-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwavesC)birdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepconsciouslyD)birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest12.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause.A)theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacksB)theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorestC)thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructuredD)theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions13.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat.A)thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespreadB)birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurityC)evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurityD)asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror14.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto.A)alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemyB)emergefromwaternowandthentobreatheC)besensitivetotheever-changingenvironmentD)avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents15.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2,Para.8),Siegelsuggeststhat.A)half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweatherB)themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsleepersC)mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepersD)half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspeciesPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anine-year-oldschoolgirlsingle-handedlycooksupascience-fairexperimentthatendsupdebunking（揭穿…的真相）awidelypracticedmedicaltreatment.EmilyRosa’stargetwasapracticeknownastherapeutic（治疗的）touch(TTforshort),whoseadvocatesmanipulatepatients’“energyfield”tomakethemfeelbetterandeven,saysome,tocurethemofvariousills.YetEmily’stestshowsthattheseenergyfieldscan’tbedetected,evenbytrainedTTpractitioners（行医者）.Obviouslymindfulofthepublicityvalueofthesituation,JournaleditorGeorgeLundbergappearedonTVtodeclare,“Agedoesn’tmatter.It’sgoodsciencethatmatters,andthisisgoodscience.”

21Emily’smotherLindaRosa,aregisterednurse,hasbeencampaigningagainstTTfornearlyadecade.LindafirstthoughtaboutTTinthelate‘80s,whenshelearneditwasontheapprovedlistforcontinuingnursingeducationinColorado.Its100,000trainedpractitioners(48,000intheU.S.)don’teventouchtheirpatients.Instead,theywavedtheirhandsafewinchesfromthepatient’sbody,pushingenergyfieldsarounduntilthey’rein“balance.”TTadvocatessaythesemanipulationscanhelphealwounds,relievepainandreducefever.TheclaimsaretakenseriouslyenoughthatTTtherapistsarefrequentlyhiredbyleadinghospitals,atupto$70anhour,tosmoothpatients’energy,sometimesduringsurgery.YetRosacouldnotfindanyevidencethatitworks.Toprovidesuchproof,TTtherapistswouldhavetositdownforindependenttesting-somethingtheyhaven’tbeeneagertodo,eventhoughJamesRandihasofferedmorethan$1milliontoanyonewhocandemonstratetheexistenceofahumanenergyfield.(He’shadonetakersofar.Shefailed).AskepticmightconcludethatTTpractitionersareafraidtolaytheirbeliefsontheline.Butwhocouldturndownaninnocentfourth-grader?SaysEmily:“Ithinktheydidn’ttakemeveryseriouslybecauseI’makid.”Theexperimentwasstraightforward:21TTtherapistsstucktheirhands,palmsup,throughascreen.Emilyheldherownhandoveroneoftheirs─leftorright─andthepractitionershadtosaywhichhanditwas.Whentheresultswererecorded,they’ddonenobetterthantheywouldhavebysimplyguessing.Iftherewasanenergyfield,theycouldn’tfeelit.16.WhichofthefollowingisevidencethatTTiswidelypracticed?A)TThasbeeninexistencefordecades.B)Manypatientswerecuredbytherapeutictouch.C)TTtherapistsareoftenemployedbyleadinghospitals.D)Morethan100,000peopleareundergoingTTtreatment.17.VeryfewTTpractitionersrespondedtothe$1millionofferbecause.A)theydidn’ttaketheofferseriouslyB)theydidn’twanttorisktheircareerC)theywereunwillingtorevealtheirsecretD)theythoughtitwasnotinlinewiththeirpractice18.ThepurposeofEmilyRosa’sexperimentwas.A)toseewhyTTcouldworkthewayitdidB)tofindouthowTTcuredpatients’illnessesC)totestwhethershecouldsensethehumanenergyfieldD)totestwhetherahumanenergyfieldreallyexisted19.WhydidsomeTTpractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmily’sexperiment?A)Itinvolvednothingmorethanmereguessing.B)Theythoughtitwasgoingtobealotoffun.

22A)Itwasmorestraightforwardthanotherexperiments.B)Theysensednoharminalittlegirl’sexperiment.19.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A)Somewidelyacceptedbeliefscanbedeceiving.B)Solidevidenceweightsmorethanpuretheories.C)LittlechildrencanbeascleverastrainedTTpractitioners.D)TheprincipleofTTistooprofoundtounderstand.PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecialpurposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanuallydrivencars.Aspecial-purposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreeway(高速公路)capacity.Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitableequippedroads.Ifspecial-purposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp（入口引道）.Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa“transition”lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationoftheselanestoautomatedtrafficwould,presumably,bewellrespected,becausealltrespassers（非法进入者）couldbeswiftlyidentifiedbyauthorities.)Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmerging,withouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.Andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedriverwouldbefreetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.

2321.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways.A)arebeingplannedC)arenowinwideuseB)arebeingmodifiedD)areunderconstruction22.Aspecial-purposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat.A)itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighwaysB)itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiencyC)ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehiclesD)itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehicles23.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedhighway?A)Vehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirdestinations.B)Acarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlanesystem.C)Thedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoit.D)Thedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththoseofregularvehicles.24.Weknowfromthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecial-purposelane.A)bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionallaneB)bywayofarampwithelectroniccontroldevicesC)throughaspeciallyguardedgateD)afteralltrespassersareidentifiedandremoved25.Whendrivinginanautomatedlane,thedriver.A)shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringcarsB)doesn’thavetorelyonhiscomputersystemC)shouldwatchoutforpotentialaccidentsD)doesn’thavetoholdontothesteeringwheelPassageFourQuestions21to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyths.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels;andtoresolveabstractequationsquickly.Thisvisionofintelligenceassertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofself-fulfillment.Itencouragesakindofintellectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehavecometobelievethatsomeonewhohasmoreeducationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldisciplineis“intelligent.”Yetmentalhospitalsarefiledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlyletteredcertificates.Atruerindicatorofintelligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayandeachpresentmomentofeveryday.

24Ifyouarehappy,ifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingit’sworth,thenyouareanintelligentperson.Problemsolvingisausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyouknowthatgivenyourinabilitytoresolveaparticularconcernyoucanstillchoosehappinessforyourself,orataminimumrefusetochooseunhappiness,thenyouareintelligent.YouareintelligentbecauseyouhavetheultimateweaponagainstthebigN.B.D.─NervousBreakDown.“Intelligent”peopledonothaveN.B.D.’sbecausetheyareinchargeofthemselves.Theyknowhowtochoosehappinessoverdepression,becausetheyknowhowtodealwiththeproblemsoftheirlives.Youcanbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthefaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehuman.Similarly,money,growingold,sickness,deaths,naturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon’tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;also,themostrare.26.Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofintelligencemeasuredintermsofone’sabilitytoread,writeandcompute.A)isawidelyheldbutwrongconceptC)istherootofallmentaldistressB)willhelpeliminateintellectualprejudiceD)willcontributetoone’sself-fulfillment27.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegree.A)mayresultinone’sinabilitytosolvecomplexreal-lifeproblemsB)doesnotindicateone’sabilitytowriteproperlywordeddocumentsC)maymakeonementallysickandphysicallyweakD)doesnotmeanthatoneishighlyintelligent28.Theauthorthinksthatanintelligentpersonknows.A)howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalentmythsB)howtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessinlifeC)howtoavoiddepressionandmakehislifeworthwhileD)howtopersuadeotherstocompromise29.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusthat.A)difficultiesarebutpartofeveryone’slifeB)depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlifeC)everybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstances

25A)goodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicexcellence30.Accordingtothepassage,whatkindofpeoplearerare?A)Thosewhodon’temphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofhappiness.B)Thosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidunhappiness.C)ThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferfromN.B.D.’s.D)ThosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstancesUnit5PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(语言上的)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguageofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguageonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual（多语的）guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.

26Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,Americawasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably.A)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir.A)culturalself-centerednessC)indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsB)casualmannersD)arrogancetowardsothercultures23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants24.Accordingtotheauthor,American’sculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar25.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplaces

27A)itistimetogetacquaintedwithotherculturesPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Indepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels—awoman’sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating(使通气)lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone’sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist(足病医生),andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforahighheelwearerthanforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate（阴沟栅）andbeingthrowntotheground—possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.26.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.27.Theauthor’spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant.A)tobeironicC)tobefairtothefashionindustryB)topokefunatwomenD)tomakehispointconvincing

2828.Theauthor’spresentationoftheexpression“thosebabies’(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsC)toshowwomen’saffectionforthemB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize29.Theauthor’schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen’shealthC)theydon’tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould.A)seethroughtheveryhatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD)avoidfollowingfashiontoocloselyPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering（闪烁）atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(独处的状态)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy,thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.

29Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(心理的),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is.A)ratherbleakC)veryimpressiveB)fairlybrightD)quiteencouraging32.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis.A)elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireofreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput34.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis.A)totheabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimisticPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthat

30weretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheAppoloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms(隐约出现)ashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita(未探明之地).Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonamctcorite(陨石)fromMars.AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas.A)todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymightC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationB)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceD)topursuecommercialandstateinterests37.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis.A)internationalcooperationC)scientificresearchB)nationalisticreasonsD)long-termprofits38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?

31A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.39.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(Line1,Para,4),theauthormeansthat.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstravelledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverseUnit6PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Navigationcomputers,nowsoldbymostcar-makers,cost$2000andup.Nosurprise,then,thattheyaremostoftenfoundinluxurycars,likeLexus,BMWandAudi.Butitisadevelopingtechnology—meaningpricesshouldeventuallydrop—andthemarketdoesseemtobegrowing.Evenatcurrentprices,anavigationcomputerisimpressive.Itcanguideyoufrompointtopointinmostmajorcitieswithpreciseturn-by-turndirections—spokenbyaclearhuman-soundingvoice,andwrittenonascreeninfrontofthedriver.Thecomputerworkswithanantenna（天线）thattakessignalsfromnofewerthanthreeofthe24globalpositioningsystem(GPS)satellites.Bymeasuringthetimerequiredforasignaltotravelbetweenthesatellitesandtheantenna,thecar’slocationcanbepinneddownwithin100

32meters.Thesatellitesignals,alongwithinputsonspeedfromawheel-speedsensoranddirectionfromameter,determinethecar’spositionevenasitmoves.Thisinformationiscombinedwithamapdatabase.Streets,landmarksandpointsofinterestareincluded.Mostsystemsarebasicallyidentical.Thedifferencescomeinhardware—thewaythecomputeracceptsthedriver’srequestfordirectionsandthewayitpresentsthedrivinginstructions.Onmostsystems,adriverentersadesiredaddress,motorwayjunctionorpointofinterestviaatouchscreenordisc.ButtheLexusscreengoesastepfurther:youcanpointtoanyspotonthemapscreenandgetdirectionstoit.BMW’ssystemoffersasetofcrosshairs（瞄准器上的十字纹）thatcanbemovedacrossthemap(youhaveseveralchoicesofmapscale)topickapointyou’dliketogetto.Audi’sscreencanbeswitchedtoTVreception.Eventhevoicesthatrecitethedirectionscandiffer,withbettersystemslikeBMW’sandLexus’shavingawidervocabulary.TheinstructionsareavailableinFrench,German,Spanish,DutchandItalian,aswellasEnglish.Thedrivercanalsochooseparametersfordeterminingtheroute:fastest,shortestornofreeways(说，高速公路),forexample.21.Welearnfromthepassagethatnavigationcomputers.A)willgreatlypromotesalesofautomobilesB)mayhelpsolvepotentialtrafficproblemsC)arelikelytobeacceptedbymoredriversD)willsoonbeviewedasasymbolofluxury22.Withanavigationcomputer,adriverwilleasilyfindthebestroutetohisdestination.A)byinputtingtheexactaddressB)byindicatingthelocationofhiscarC)bycheckinghiscomputerdatabaseD)bygivingvocalorderstothecomputer23.Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars.A)aremoreorlessthesamepriceB)providedirectionsinmuchthesamewayC)workonmoreorlessthesameprinciplesD)receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites24.Thenavigationcomputerfunctions.A)BymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetectorB)BasicallyonsatellitesignalsandamapdatabaseC)Mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirectionsD)Byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals

3325.ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow.A)theimmaturityofthenewtechnologyB)thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystemC)thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipmentD)thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedriverPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Theworld’senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss.”Ifthatwereanexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapart,offeringalonglistofcomplaints:fromlocalsmog（烟雾）toglobalclimatechange,fromthefelling（砍伐）offoreststotheextinctionofspecies.Thelistwouldlargelybeaccurate,theconcernlegitimate.Yetthestudentswhoshouldbegiventhehighestmarkswouldactuallybethosewhoagreedwiththestatement.Thesurpriseishowgoodthingsare,nothowbad.Afterall,theworld’spopulationhasmorethantripledduringthiscentury,andworldoutputhasrisenhugely,soyouwouldexpecttheearthitselftohavebeenaffected.Indeed,ifpeoplelived,consumedandproducedthingsinthesamewayastheydidin1900(or1950,orindeed1980),theworldbynowwouldbeaprettydisgustingplace:smelly,dirty,toxicanddangerous.Buttheydon’t.Thereasonswhytheydon’t,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenruined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.Thatiswhytoday’senvironmentalproblemsinthepoorcountriesought,inprinciple,tobesolvable.Rawmaterialshavenotrunout,andshownosignofdoingso.Logically,onedaytheymust:theplanetisafiniteplace.Yetitisalsoverybig,andmanisveryingenious.Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisenand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessofthematerials,orlookedforanewsubstitute.Forthisreasonpricesforenergyandformineralshavefalleninrealtermsduringthecentury.Thesameistrueforfood.Pricesfluctuate,inresponsetoharvests,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability;andwhentheyrise,ittakessometimebeforenewsourcesofsupplybecomeavailable.Buttheyalwaysdo,assistedbynewfarmingandcroptechnology.Thelong-termtrendhasbeendownwards.Itiswherepricesandmarketsdonotoperateproperlythatthisbenign（良性的）trendbeginstostumble,andthegenuineproblemsarise.Marketscannotalwayskeeptheenvironmenthealthy.Ifnooneownstheresourceconcerned,noonehasaninterestinconservingitorfosteringit:fishisthebestexampleofthis.26.Accordingtotheauthor,moststudents.A)believetheworld’senvironmentisinanundesirablecondition

34A)agreethattheenvironmentoftheworldisnotasbadasitisthoughttobeB)gethighmarksfortheirgoodknowledgeoftheworld’senvironmentC)appearsomewhatunconcernedaboutthestateoftheworld’senvironment27.Thehugeincreaseinworldproductionandpopulation.A)hasmadetheworldaworseplacetoliveinB)hashadapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentC)hasnotsignificantlyaffectedtheenvironmentD)hasmadetheworldadangerousplacetolivein28.Oneofthereasonswhythelong-termtrendofpriceshasbeendownwardsisthat.A)technologicalinnovationcanpromotesocialstabilityB)politicalinstabilitywillcauseconsumptiontodropC)newfarmingandcroptechnologycanleadtooverproductionD)newsourcesarealwaysbecomingavailable29.Fishresourcesarediminishingbecause.A)nonewsubstitutescanbefoundinlargequantitiesB)theyarenotownedbyanyparticularentityC)impropermethodsoffishinghaveruinedthefishinggroundsD)waterpollutionisextremelyserious30.Theprimarysolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsis.A)toallowmarketforcestooperateproperlyB)tocurbconsumptionofnaturalresourcesC)tolimitthegrowthoftheworldpopulationD)toavoidfluctuationsinpricesPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit(诉讼)inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate’sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.(Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.)Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartially,hisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,

35suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild’sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild’sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.31.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?A)Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B)Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.C)Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D)Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.32.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto.A)drawpublicattentiontoIQtestingB)putanendtospecialeducationC)removethestate’sbanonintelligencetestsD)havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools33.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting.A)mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB)canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC)mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesD)canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren’seducation34.Theauthor’sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat.A)noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedB)whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC)adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD)cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated35.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat.A)goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB)socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildren

36A)intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasB)AmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissuesPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious”bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople’snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokin（亲戚）andneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifyouknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneelse.Eveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithkinthanarebig-cityresidents.Yetcitydwellerscompensatebydevelopingfriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsandactivities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.However,citydwellersdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity(多样性).Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitan(见多识广者的)outlook,todisplaylessresponsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobeoutcomesoflargepopulationsize.36.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?A)Twocontrastingviewsarepresented.B)Anargumentisexaminedandpossiblesolutionsgiven.C)Researchresultsconcerningthequalityofurbanlifearepresentedinorderoftime.D)Adetaileddescriptionofthedifferencebetweenurbanandsmall-townlifeisgiven.

3737.Accordingtothepassage,itwasonceacommonbeliefthaturbanresidents.A)didnothavethesameinterestsastheirneighborsB)couldnotdeveloplong-standingrelationshipsC)tendedtobeassociatedwithbadbehaviorD)usuallyhadmorefriends38.Oneoftheconsequenceofurbanlifeisthatimpersonalrelationshipsamongneighbors.A)disruptpeople’snaturalrelationsB)makethemworryaboutcrimeC)causethemnottoshowconcernforoneanotherD)causethemtobesuspiciousofeachother39.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis,.A)thebetteritsqualityoflifeB)themoresimilaritsinterestsC)themoretolerantandopen-mindeditisD)thelikelieritistodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstress40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Similaritiesintheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenurbanitesandsmall-towndwellers.B)Advantagesoflivinginbigcitiesascomparedwithlivinginsmalltowns.C)Thepositiverolethaturbanismplaysinmodernlife.D)Thestrongfeelingofalienationofcityinhabitants.Unit7PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance(异乎寻常地).Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyof

38theanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyear.Mostimportant,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates(灵长目动物)some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign(宜人的)globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternorclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.21.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged.A)togiveuphisformerwayoflifeB)toleavethecoastalareasC)tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetationD)toabandonhisoriginalsettlement22.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate.A)isgoingthroughafundamentalchangeB)hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000yearsC)willeventuallychangefromhottocoldD)hasgonethroughperiodicalchange23.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution.A)hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchangesB)hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchangesC)haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchangesD)hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges

3924.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat.A)humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironmentB)Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterferenceC)Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefutureD)Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture25.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat.A)humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchangesB)mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimateC)manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocessD)humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnaturePassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchess（公爵夫人）OfWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat－orevenonlysomewhatoverweight－isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsession(迷恋)withthinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentionto

40theiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory(虚荣)。26．Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat.A)theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB)lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC)beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD)religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous27.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor.A)hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB)couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC)hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativesD)hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes28.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight.A)werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB)changedfromtimetotimeC)variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD)ledtodifferentmoralstandards29.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness.A)fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB)fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC)fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD)inthelightofmoralprinciples30.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?A)Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.B)Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C)Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D)Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassageWarmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality(守卫地盘的天性)areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate(天生的)survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservation,thatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocieties

41violencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical(道德上的)patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheircommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.31.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat.A)itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsB)itisinfluencedbysocietyC)ithasrootsinreligiousconflictsD)itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw32.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassageis.A)tocontrolviolencewithinasocietyB)toprotecttheworldfromchaosC)tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevengeD)togivethegovernmentabsolutepower33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“…inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines5-6,Para.2)?A)Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B)Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C)Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D)Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.34.Theword“allegiance”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto.A)loyaltyB)Objective

42C)survivalD)motive35.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.B)Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.C)Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheirpeople.D)GovernmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwarPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingsstudied.Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theirconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanecitfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach,theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.InasubsequentStudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,BlackAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto.

43A)beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasuresB)viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspectiveC)guardagainstinterferencefromtheirowncultureD)acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture37.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?A)Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues.B)TheformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjectiveC)Theformerconcentratesonstudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.D)Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.38.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore.A)culturallyinteractiveB)culture-orientedC)culturallybiasedD)culture-specific39.Theeticapproachisconcernedwith.A)thegeneralcharacteristicsofminorityfamiliesB)culture-relatedconceptsofindividualethnicgroupsC)featuressharedbyvariousculturesorethnicgroupsD)theeconomicconditionsofdifferenttypesoffamilies40.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S.accordingtothepassage?A)TheirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptableB)TheirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehendC)Theydon’tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamiliesD)TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamiliesUnit8PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOne Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage. BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isby

44hissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld'sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration). TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed(贪婪)onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,"saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,'ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,'theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswantstomoveuptoofast,theydon'tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren'tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they'reoutlookingforotherjobs." Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光环)offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklash(反冲)againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen'smovement. BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon'tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness,"saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. 21.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampusesdominatedbypurerdisciplines? A)Envious.B)Scornful.C)Realistic.D)Appreciative.

4522.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevaluesofMBAdegreeshasbeenfueledmainlyby. A)thesuccessofmanynon-MBAs B)thecomplaintsfromvariousemployers C)thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork D)thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplines23.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtoTheHarvardBusinessReview? A)Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople. B)Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs. C)Theyareusuallyself-centered. D)Theyareaggressiveandgreedy.24.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs. A)canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquickly B)cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture C)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmates D)receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltraining25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout? A)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses. B)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree. C)WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms. D)ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.GermanChancellor(首相)OttoVonBismarckmaybemostfamousforhismilitaryanddiplomatictalent,buthislegacy(遣产)includesmanyoftoday'ssocialinsuranceprogramsDuringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedentedrashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion(怜悯)forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement,ChancellorBismarckcreatedthe world'sfirstworkers'compensationlawin1884. By1908,theUnitedStateswastheonlyindustrialnationintheworldthatlackedworkers'compensationinsurance.America'sinjuredworkerscouldsuefordamagesinacourtoflaw,buttheystillfacedanumberoftoughlegalbarriers.Forexample,employeeshadtoprovethattheirinjuriesdirectlyresultedfromemployernegligenceandthattheythemselveswereignorantaboutpotentialhazardsintheworkplace.Thefirststateworkers'compensationlawinthiscountrywaspassedin1911,andtheprogramsoonspreadthroughoutthenation. AfterWorldWarⅡbenefitpaymentstoAmericanworkersdidnotkeepupwiththecostofliving.

46 Infact,realbenefitlevelswerelowerinthe1970sthantheywereinthe1940s,andinmoststatesthemaximumbenefitwasbelowthepovertylevelforafamilyoffour.In1970,PresidentRichardNixonsetupanationalcommissiontostudytheproblemsofworkers'compensation.Twoyearslater,thecommissionissued19keyrecommendations,includingonethatcalledforincreasingcompensationbenefitlevelsto100percentofthestates'averageweeklywages. Infact,theaveragecompensationbenefitinAmericahasclimbedfrom55percentofthestates'averageweeklywagesin1972to97percenttoday.But,asmoststudiesshow,every10percentincreaseincompensationbenefitsresultsina5percentincreaseinthenumbersofworkerswhofileforclaims.Andwithsomuchmoremoneyfloatingintheworkers'compensationsystem,it'snotsurprisingthatdoctorsandlawyershavehelpedthemselvestoalargesliceofthegrowingpie.26.Theworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck. A)forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovementB)outofreligiousandpoliticalconsiderations C)tospeedupthepaceofindustrialization D)tomakeindustrialproductionsafer 27.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope. A)metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines B)resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprograms C)wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidents D)requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplace 28.OneoftheproblemstheAmericaninjuredworkersfacedingettingcompensationintheearly19thcenturywasthat. A)theyhadtoproduceevidencethattheiremployerswereresponsiblefortheaccident B)America'saveragecompensationbenefitwasmuchlowerthanthecostofliving C)differentstateintheU.S.hadtotallydifferentcompensationprogramsD)theyhadtohavethecouragetosuefordamagesinacourtoflaw29.After1972workers'compensationinsuranceintheU.S.becamemorefavorabletoworkerssothat.A)thepovertylevelforafamilyoffourwentupdrasticallyB)moremoneywasallocatedtotheircompensationsystem C)therewerefewerlegalbarrierswhentheyfiledforclaims D)thenumberofworkerssuingfordamagesincreased 30.Theauthorendsthepassagewiththeimplicationthat.A)compensationbenefitsinAmericaaresoaringtonewheights

47 B)peoplefromallwalksoflifecanbenefitfromthecompensationsystem C)theworkersarenottheonlyonestobenefitfromthecompensationsystem D)moneyfloatinginthecompensationsystemisahugedrainontheU.S.economyPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage. WhenschoolofficialsinKalkaska,Michigan,closedclasseslastweek,themediaflockedtothestory,portrayingthetown's2,305studentsasvictimsofstingy(吝啬的)taxpayers.Thereissometruthtothat;theproperty-taxratehereisone-thirdlowerthanthestateaverage.ButshuttingtheirschoolsalsoallowedKalkaska'seducatorsandthestate'slargestteachers'union,theMichiganEducationAssociation,tomakeapoliticalpoint.TheiraimwastospurpassageoflegislationMichiganlawmakersaredebatingtoincreasethestate'sshareofschoolfunding. ItwasnocoincidencethatKalkaskashutitsschoolstwoweeksafterresidentsrejecteda28percentproperty-taxincrease.Theschoolboardarguedthatwithouttheincreaseitlackedthe$1.5millionneededtokeepschoolsopen. Buttheschoolsystemhadnotdoneallitcouldtokeeptheschoolsopen.Officialsdeclinedtoborrowagainstnextyear'sstateaid,theyrefusedtotrimextracurricularactivitiesandtheydidnotconsiderseekingasmaller—perhapsmoreacceptable—taxincrease.Infact,closingearlyiscostingKalkaskaasignificantamount,including$600,000inunemploymentpaymentstoteachersandstaffand$250,000inloststateaid.InFebruary,theschoolsystempromisedteachersandstafftwomonthsofretirementpaymentsincaseschoolsclosedearly,adealthatwillcostthedistrict$275,000more. Othersignssuggestschoolauthoritieswereatleastaseagertomakeapoliticalstatementastokeepschoolsopen.TheMichiganEducationAssociationhiredapublicrelationsfirmtostagearallymarkingtheschoolclosings,whichattracted14localandnationaltelevisionstationsandnetworks.ThepresidentoftheNationalEducationAssociation,theMEA'sparentorganization,flewfromWashington,D.C.,fortheevent.Andtheuniontutoredschoolofficialsintheartof televisioninterviews.SchoolsupervisorDoyleDisbrowacknowledgesthedistrictcouldhavekeptschoolsopenbycuttingprogramsbutdeniesthemoveswerepoliticallymotivated. Michiganlawmakershavereactedangrilytotheclosings.ThestateSenatehasalreadyvotedtoputthesystemintoreceivership(破产管理)andreopenschoolsimmediately;theMichiganHouseplanstoconsiderthebillthisweek. 31.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolsinKalkaska,Michigan,arefunded. A)mainlybythestategovernment B)exclusivelybythelocalgovernment C)bytheNationalEducationAssociation D)byboththelocalandstategovernments

4832.Oneofthepurposesforwhichschoolofficialsclosedclasseswas.A)todrawtheattentionoflocaltaxpayerstopoliticalissues B)toavoidpayingretirementbenefitstoteachersandstaffC)topressureMichiganlawmakersintoincreasingstatefundsforlocalschools D)tomakethefinancialdifficultiesoftheirteachersandstaffknowntothepublic33.Theauthorseemstodisapproveof. A)theshuttingofschoolsinKalkaska B)theinvolvementofthemassmediaC)theMichiganlawmakers'endlessdebating D)delayingthepassageoftheschoolfundinglegislation34.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolauthoritiesinKalkaskaaremoreconcernedaboutA)makingapoliticalissueoftheclosingoftheschools B)theattitudeoftheMEA'sparentorganization C)araiseintheproperty-taxrateinMichigan D)reopeningtheschoolsthereimmediately35.Accordingtothepassage,theclosingoftheschoolsdevelopedintoacrisisbecauseof.A)thestrongprotestonthepartofthestudents'parents B)thepoliticalmotivesonthepartoftheeducators C)theweakresponseofthestateofficials D)thecomplexityoftheproblem PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Earlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarⅡ，anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...demandsthatwemakeconsumptionourwayoflife,thatweconvertthebuyinganduseofgoodsintorituals,thatweseekourspiritualsatisfaction,ouregosatisfaction,inconsumption.Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate." AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow'scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld'stwolargesteconomics-JapanandtheUnitedStates-showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent. Overconsumptionbytheworld'sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate. Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches.

49 Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow,thatmisledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings. Ofcourse,theoppositeofoverconsumption,poverty,isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剥夺得一无所有的)peasantsslash,andburntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert. Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendosehavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction? 36.TheemergenceoftheaffluentsocietyafterWorldWarII.A)ledtothereformoftheretailingsystem B)resultedintheworshipofconsumerism C)gaverisetothedominanceofthenewegoism D)gavebirthtoanewgenerationofupperclassconsumers 37.Apartfromenormousproductivity,anotherimportantimpetustohighconsumptionisA)thepeople'sdesireforariseintheirlivingstandards B)theconceptthatone'ssuccessismeasuredbyhowmuchtheyconsume C)theimbalancethathasexistedbetweenproductionandconsumption D)theconversionofthesaleofgoodsintorituals 38.Whydoestheauthorsayhighconsumptionisamixedblessing? A)Becausepovertystillexistsinanaffluentsociety. B)Becauseoverconsumptionwon'tlastlongduetounrestrictedpopulationgrowth. C)Becausetraditionalritualsareoftenneglectedintheprocessofmodernization. D)Becausemoralvaluesaresacrificedinpursuitofmaterialsatisfaction. 39.Accordingtothepassage,consumeristculture. A)willnotalleviatepovertyinwealthycountries B)willnotaggravateenvironmentalproblemsC)cannotthriveonafragileeconomy D)cannotsatisfyhumanspiritualneeds 40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat. A)humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluence B)whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissue

50 C)howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem D)thereisneveranendtosatisfyingpeople'smaterialneeds Unit9PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Direction:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B)C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld’sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking(黑客的)tricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle(闯入…行窃).ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsiteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthatautomaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandothertypesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.Allthesemakewonderfultoolsforantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcausedamage.

51Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn’tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(恶意破坏)isn’tmuchfununlessyouhaveapeculiardislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let’senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.21.Bysaying“…ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors”(Line3-4,Para.2),theauthormeansthat______.A)thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithusB)theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryaboutC)manysitesarenotwell-protectedD)hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin22.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFarmer,canbeused______.A)toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsitesB)toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystemC)topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsitesD)todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation23.Farmer’sprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause______.A)itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsersB)itcanbreakintoInternetsitesC)itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsitesD)itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent24.Theauthor’sattitudetowardSATANis______.A)enthusiasticB)criticalC)positiveD)indifferent25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat______.A)weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthenedB)weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurityC)influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurityD)netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternetPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Icameawayfrommyyearsofteachingontilecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconviction

52thatenactment(扮演角色),performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteaching.Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningprocess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils“cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,”andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents“gladtheywerethere.”Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecturemethod,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,muchtruthinPatriciaNelsonLimerick’sobservationthat“lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGoddidnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbytheurgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15minutesatatime…foronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...IdonotbelievethatthisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo.”Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents’emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.Thecult(推崇)oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,someyears.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed“apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromoldlecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcardsthathadservedforyears,tojudgebythewornedges....Theteachersbeganontime,endedontime,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheirstudents,veryseldombeingdetainedbyquestioners....Theclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswereraisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours.”26.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto______.A)makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents’learningB)makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocessC)improvestudents’learningperformanceD)makestudyjustaseasyasplay27.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat______.A)itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudentsB)itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreator

53C)itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemannerD)ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily28.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat______.A)collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasuresB)morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudiesC)traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperformancesD)interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching29.Bysaying“Theyseemed‘apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing…’”(Lines3-4,Para.4),theauthormeansthat______.A)professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesamewayB)professorsarelikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplayC)thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmeritsD)professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethemlooklikepriests30.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?A)EzekielCheever’s.B)AlfredNorthWhitehead’s.C)CottonMather’s.D)PatriciaNelsonLimerick’s.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenthatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincethedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.The

54localcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute(贫民).OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B)Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C)Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.D)Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.32.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A)Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B)Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C)Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D)People’sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.33.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause______.A)theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducationB)anewleisureclasshasdevelopedC)theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD)anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem34.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment_______.A)shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB)shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC)shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD)shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment35.Whydoestheauthorsay“OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire”(Lines10-11,Para.3)?A)OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B)CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.C)Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthe

55nextgeneration.D)EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Anewhigh-performancecontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityofHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingpeople’svisionsharperthanthatofcats.Billeandhisteamworkwithanopticalinstrumentcalledanactivemirror—adeviceusedinastronomicaltelescopestospotnewlyemergingstarsandfardistantgalaxies.Connectedtoawave-frontsensorthattracksandmeasuresthecourseofalaserbeamintotheeyeandback,thealuminummirrordetectsthedeficienciesofthecornea,thetransparentprotectivelayercoveringthelensofthehumaneye.Theyhighlyprecisedatafromthetwoinstruments—which,Billehopes,willonedaybefoundattheopticians(眼镜商)allovertheworld—serveasabasisfortheproductionofcompletelyindividualizedcontactlensesthatcorrectandenhancethewearer’svision.Byday,Bille’scontactlenseswillfocusraysoflightsoaccuratelyontheretina(视网膜)thattheimageofasmallleafortheoutlineofafardistanttreewillbeformedwithasharpnessthatsurpassesthatofconventionalvisionaidsbyalmosthalfadiopter(屈光度).Atnight,thelenseshaveanevengreaterpotential.“Becausethenewlens—incontrasttothealreadyexistingones—alsoworkswhenit’sdarkandthepupiliswideopen,”saysBille,“lenswearerswillbeabletoidentifyafaceatdistanceof100meters—80metersfartherthantheywouldnormallybeabletosee.Inhisexperimentsnightvisionwasenhancedbyanevengreaterfactor:insemi-darkness,testsubjectscouldseeupto15timesbetterthanwithoutthelenses.Bille’slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2000,andonetentativeplanistousetheInternettotransmitinformationonpatients’visualdefectsfromtheopticiantothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.Thephysicistexpectsthelensestocostaboutadollarapair,aboutthesameasconventionalone-daydisposablelenses.36.Thenewcontactlensismeantfor______.A)astronomicalobservationsB)thenightblindC)thosewithvisiondefectsD)opticalexperiments37.Whatdothetwoinstrumentsmentionedinthesecondparagraph(Line5)referto?

56A)Theastronomicaltelescopeandthewave-frontsensor.B)Thealuminummirrorandthelaserbeam.C)Theactivemirrorandthecontactlens.D)Thealuminummirrorandthewave-frontsensor.38.Individualizedcontactlenses(Line7,Para.2)arelensesdesigned______.A)toworklikeanastronomicaltelescopeB)tosuitthewearer’sspecificneedsC)toprocessextremelyaccuratedataD)totestthewearer’seyesight39.AccordingtoBille,withthenewlensesthewearer’svision______.A)willbefarbetteratnightthaninthedaytimeB)maybebroadenedabout15timesthanwithoutthemC)canbebetterimprovedinthedaytimethanatnightD)willbesharperbyamuchgreaterdegreeatnightthaninthedaytime40.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBille’slenses?A)Theirproductionprocessiscomplicated.B)Theywillbesoldataverylowprice.C)Theyhavetobereplacedeveryday.D)PurchaseorderscanbemadethroughtheInternet.Unit10PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Foryears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemexpensiveurine(尿).Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollarsyouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.

57Oratleastthat'stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.WalterWillettandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementswouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whileresearchersworkonfiguringoutwherethetruthlies,itjustmakessensetosaythepotentialbenefitoutweighsthecost.Thebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.It'sbeenprovedtolimitthenumberofdefectsinembryos(胚胎),andarecenttrialfoundthatfolateincombinationwithvitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalrepair.ThenewsonvitaminEhasbeenmoremixed.Healthyfolkswhotake400internationalunitsdailyforatleasttwoyearsappearsomewhatlesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.ButwhendoctorsgivevitaminEtopatientswhoalreadyhaveheartdisease,thevitamindoesn'tseemtohelp.ItmayturnoutthatvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionbutcannotundoseriousdamage.DespitevitaminC'sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes(排泄)anyexcess.Themultivitaminsquestionboilsdowntothis:Doyouneedtowaituntilalltheevidenceisinbeforeyoutakethem,orareyouwillingtoacceptthatthere'senoughevidencethattheydon'thurtandcouldhelp?Ifthelatter,there'snoneedtogotoextremesandbuythebiggesthorsepillsorthemostexpensivebottles.Largedosescancausetrouble,includingexcessivebleedingandnervoussystemproblems.Multivitaminsarenosubstituteforexerciseandabalanceddiet,ofcourse.Aslongasyouunderstandthatanypotentialbenefitismodestandsubjecttofurtherrefinement,takingadailymultivitaminmakesalotofsense.21.Atonetimedoctorsdiscouragedtakingmultivitaminsbecausetheybelievedthatmultivitamins____.A)couldnoteasilybeabsorbedbythehumanbodyB)werepotentiallyharmfultopeople'shealthC)weretooexpensivefordailyconsumptionD)couldnotprovideanycureforvitamindeficiencies22.Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements____.A)oftenresultinmisleadingconclusionsB)taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresultsC)shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscaleD)appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources23.IthasbeenfoundthatvitaminE_____.

58A)shouldbetakenbypatientsregularlyandpersistentlyB)caneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofheartdiseaseC)hasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartdiseaseD)shouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyaspossible24.Itcanbeseenthatlargedosesofmultivitamins_____.A)maybringaboutserioussideeffectsB)mayhelppreventexcessivebleedingC)arelikelytoinducetheblockageofarteriesD)areadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies25.Theauthorconcludesthepassagewiththeadvicethat_____.A)thebenefitofdailymultivitaminintakeoutweighsthatofexerciseandabalanceddietB)it'sriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificfunctionC)thepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeoverestimatedD)it'sreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsdailyPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurge(剧增)ofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverse(反面)ofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriages.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.Coincidentwiththeincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife'sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily'sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily'sfinancialandemotionalstability.Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriage

59cangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.Also,amajorpartofwomen'sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinfilefamily.Aworkingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.26.Theword"portend"(Line2,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto“_____”.A)defyC)sufferfromB)signalD)resultfrom27.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,_____.A)menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartnersB)morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurityC)evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriagesD)morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing28.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,_____.A)theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartnersB)theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehouseworkC)theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthenedD)theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage29.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat_____.A)theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedomB)theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbandsC)theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectationsD)theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands'loyaltytotheirmarriage30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor'sviewinthepassage?A)Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.B)Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.C)InordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependentD)Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage,FormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomething

60calledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists--thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled"humannature."Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology(人类学).Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate(天生的)humantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto"humannature"inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.31.Thetraditionalviewof"humannature"wasstronglychallengedby_____.A)theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheoryB)thehistoricalapproachtomanC)newinsightintohumanbehaviorD)thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery32.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings_____.A)havesometraitsincommonB)arebornwithdiverseculturesC)arebornwithoutafixednatureD)changetheircharactersastheygrowup33.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinker,inorderto_____.A)emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof"humannature"B)showthattheconceptof"humannature"wasusedtojustifysocialevils

61C)provethathehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof"humannature"D)supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired34.Theword"untenable"(Line3)inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostprobablymeans_____.A)invaluableC)changeableB)imaginableD)indefensible35.Mostphilosophersbelievedthathumannature_____.A)isthequalitydistinguishingmanfromotheranimalsB)consistsofcompetitivenessandselfishnessC)issomethingpartlyinnateandpartlyacquiredD)consistsofrationalityandundesirablebehaviorPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea"virtual"orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners(从业者)."Withvirtualrealitywe'llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,"saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(头盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava'svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovides,feedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtotherumor(肿瘤).Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementof

62hersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient'sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.Satavasays,"Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine."36.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine_____.A)willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldB)canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldC)willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldD)canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield37.RichardSatavahasvisionsof_____.A)usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseasB)woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldC)woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonsD)settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas38.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?A)Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.B)Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.C)Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothem.D)A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.39.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause_____.A)heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreenB)thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglesC)thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedD)heiswearing3-Dglasses40.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey_____.A)causelesspaintothewoundedB)allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyC)willmakehumansurgeons'worklesstediousD)aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecisionUnit11PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)

63Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritime(航海的)history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoes(鱼雷)firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,children andoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.Tllneverforgetthescreams,"saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe 1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermany'sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlast month.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:"Nobodywantedtohear aboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast."Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:"BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.''ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry'smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize(使...不得势)theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey'yenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.21.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?A)ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.

64B)Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C)Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D)Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.22.HundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhenA)astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB)thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC)thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD)thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats23.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermansA)wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB)feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC)adbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD)wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors24.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?A)Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B)Bydescribingtheship'ssinkingingreatdetail.C)BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D)Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.25.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthatA)theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB)theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenation'spastmisdeedsC)GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIID)itiswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay'abouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adulwhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人轶事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,"Neverwassodulla

65boy."Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheir,giftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:"BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach."Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformity andstubbornness(andYeats'slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopment oftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.26.ThemainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthatA)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgroundsB)theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudentsC)theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents'abilityD)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossible27.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith'steachersA)toprovidesupportforhisargumentB)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildrenC)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessfulD)toshowhowpoorOliver'sperformancewasatschool28.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwhoA)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclassB)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooftenC)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfullyD)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers29.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess.A)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathomeB)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents'coachingC)moretotheirparents'encouragementthantoschooltrainingD)lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalent30.Therootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthat

66A)theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftroubleB)theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachersC)schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethemD)teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparentsPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It'sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland'slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It'sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfin'ms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat'sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,,ph'onenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda"freetrialoffer"had,30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.They.didn'tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanyde'hiesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields"transactionandexperience"information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefa'ms.They'vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.

67Selfregulationdoesn'twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that"allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential."ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn't"sell"yourdataatall.Itmerely"shares"itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.31.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople'sprivacyA)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettapingB)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSC)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBID)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscircles32.WeknowfromthepassagethatA)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits33.Whenthe"freetrial"deadlineisover,you'llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceifA)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodB)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberC)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactoryD)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadline34.BusinessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecauseA)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicyB)itisconsidered"transactionandexperience"informationunprotectedbylawC)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicD)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulation35.WecaninferfromthepassagethatA)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedC)consumers'privacywillcontinuetobeinvadedD)"freetrial"practicewilleventuallybebannedPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeen

68slippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,it'sbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫机者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That'sbeenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS)(移民归化局)lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentionallyoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness(马虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeiteasiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat'sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncethey'rehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenblockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they'vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.l1tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthemillionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation'sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.36.TerroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageofA)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeignersB)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeopleC)theirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpointsD)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService37.WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciesto

69A)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisasB)wardoffterroristsuspectsattheborderC)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapersD).limitthenumberOfimmigrantstotheU.S.38.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisasA)mighthavethemextendedwithouttroubleB)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsC)mightstayonforaslongastheywishedD)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation39.ItisbelievedbymanythatalltheseyearstheINSA)hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctionsB)hasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminatelyC)hasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation'ssecurityD)hasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbies40.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.CongresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecauseA)theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplaborB)itwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmenC)educationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationalsecurityD)resourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcementUnit12PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ihadanexperiencesomeyearsagowhichtaughtmesomethingaboutthewaysinwhichpeoplemakeabadsituationworsebyblamingthemselves.OneJanuary,Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfortwoelderlywomeninmycommunity.Bothhaddied“fullofyears,”astheBiblewouldsay;bothyieldedtothenormalwearingoutofthebodyafteralongandfulllife.Theirhomeshappenedtobeneareachother,soIpaidcondolence(吊唁)callsonthetwo

70familiesonthesameafternoon.Atthefirsthome,thesonofthedeceased(已故的)womansaidtome,“IfonlyIhadsentmymothertoFloridaandgottenheroutofthiscoldandsnow,shewouldbealivetoday.It’smyfaultthatshedied.”Atthesecondhome,thesonoftheotherdeceasedwomansaid,“IfonlyIhadn’tinsistedonmymother’sgoingtoFlorida,shewouldbealivetoday.Thatlongairplaneride,theabruptchangeofclimate,wasmorethanshecouldtake.It’smyfaultthatshe’sdead.”Whenthingsdon’tturnoutaswewouldlikethemto,itisverytemptingtoassumethathadwedonethingsdifferently,thestorywouldhavehadahappierending.Priestsknowthatanytimethereisadeath,thesurvivorswillfeelguilty.Becausethecourseofactiontheytookturnedoutbadly,theybelievethattheoppositecourse-keepingMotherathome,postponingtheoperation—wouldhaveturnedoutbetter.Afterall,howcouldithaveturnedoutanyworse?Thereseemtobetwoelementsinvolvedinourreadinesstofeelguilt.Thefirstisourpressingneedtobelievethattheworldmakessense,thatthereisacauseforeveryeffectandareasonforeverythingthathappens.Thatleadsustofindpatternsandconnectionsbothwheretheyreallyexistandwheretheyexistonlyinourminds.Thesecondelementisthenotionthatwearethecauseofwhathappens,especiallythebadthingsthathappen.Itseemstobeashortstepfrombelievingthateveryeventhasacausetobelievingthateverydisasterisourfault.Therootsofthisfeelingmaylieinourchildhood.Psychologistsspeakoftheinfantilemythofomnipotence(万能).Ababycomestothinkthattheworldexiststomeethisneeds,andthathemakeseverythinghappeninit.Hewakesupinthemorningandsummonstherestoftheworldtoitstasks.Hecries,andsomeonecomestoattendtohim.Whenheishungry,peoplefeedhim,andwhenheiswet,peoplechangehim.Veryoften,wedonotcompletelyoutgrowthatinfantilenotionthatourwishescausethingstohappen.21.Whatissaidaboutthetwodeceasedelderlywomen?A)Theylivedoutanaturallife.B)Theydiedduetolackofcarebyfamilymembers.C)Theydiedofexhaustionafterthelongplaneride.D)Theyweren’taccustomedtothechangeinweather.22.Theauthorhadtoconductthetwowomen’sfuneralsprobablybecause________.A)hewantedtoconsolethetwofamiliesB)hewasanofficialfromthecommunityC)hehadgreatsympathyforthedeceasedD)hewaspriestofthelocalchurch23.Peoplefeelguiltyforthedeathsoftheirlovedonesbecause________.A)theycouldn’tfindabetterwaytoexpresstheirgriefB)theybelievethattheywereresponsibleC)theyhadneglectedthenaturalcourseofeventsD)theydidn’tknowthingsoftenturnoutintheoppositedirection24.Inthecontextofthepassage,“...theworldmakessense”(Line2,Para,4)probablymeansthat

71________.A)everythingintheworldispredeterminedB)theworldcanbeinterpretedindifferentwaysC)there’sanexplanationforeverythingintheworldD)wehavetobesensibleinordertounderstandtheworld25.Peoplehavebeenmadetobelievesinceinfancythat________.A)everybodyisattheircommandB)lifeanddeathisanunsolvedmysteryC)everystoryshouldhaveahappyendingD)theirwishesarethecauseofeverythingthathappensPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.FrustratedwithdelaysinSacramento,BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion’sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.ASanJosecouncilwomanandaSanFranciscosupervisorsaidtheywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly.TheyareamongagrowingnumberofCaliforniacitiesandcountiesthathaveexpressedthesameintention.Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.Anestimated6milliontelevisionsandcomputersarestockedinCaliforniahomes,andanadditional6,000to7,000computersbecomeoutdatedeveryday.Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills(垃圾填埋场).LegislationbySenatorByronSherwouldrequireconsumerstopayarecyclingfeeofupto$30oneverynewmachinecontainingacathode(阴极)raytube.Usedinalmostallvideomonitorsandtelevisions,thosedevicescontainfourtoeightpoundsofleadeach.Thefeeswouldgotowardsettinguprecyclingprograms,providinggrantstonon-profitagenciesthatreusethetubesandrewardingmanufacturersthatencouragerecycling.AseparatebillbyLosAngeles-areaSenatorGloriaRomerowouldrequirehigh-techmanufacturerstodevelopprogramstorecycleso-callede-waste.Ifpassed,themeasureswouldputCaliforniaattheforefrontofnationaleffortstomanagetherefuseoftheelectronicage.Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronicsAssociation,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.“Whatreallyneedstooccurisconsumereducation.Mostconsumersareunawarethey’renot

72supposedtothrowcomputersinthetrash,”saidRoxanneGould,vicepresidentofgovernmentrelationsfortheelectronicsassociation.Computerrecyclingshouldbealocaleffortandpartofresidentialwastecollectionprograms,sheadded.Recyclingelectronicwasteisadangerousandspecializedmatter,andenvironmentalistsmaintainthestatemustsupportrecyclingeffortsandensurethatthejobisn’tcontractedtounscrupulous(毫无顾忌的)junkdealerswhosendthetoxicpartsoverseas.“Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina,”saidTedSmith,directoroftheSiliconValleyToxicsCoalition.HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher’sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.26.WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal?A)Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.B)Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.C)LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.D)Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.27.ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern________.A)regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfillsB)thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountriesC)thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrashD)thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestate28.Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause________.A)theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstancesB)thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernmentC)somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhereD)unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofit29.High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill________.A)abandononlineshoppingB)buythemfromotherstatesC)stronglyprotestagainstsuchachargeD)hesitatetoupgradetheircomputers30.WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia’selectronicwastehasbeen________.A)collectedbynon-profitagenciesB)dumpedintolocallandfillsC)exportedtoforeigncountriesD)recycledbycomputermanufacturers

73PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Throughoutthenation’smorethan15,000schooldistricts,widelydifferingapproachestoteachingscienceandmathhaveemerged.Thoughtherecanbestrengthindiversity,anewinternationalanalysissuggeststhatthisvariabilityhasinsteadcontributedtolackluster(平淡的)achievementscoresbyU.S.childrenrelativetotheirpeersinotherdevelopedcountries.Indeed,concludesWilliamH.SchmidtofMichiganStateUniversity,wholedthenewanalysis,“nosingleintellectuallycoherentvisiondominatesU.S.educationalpracticeinmathorscience.”Thereason,hesaid,“isbecausethesystemisdeeplyandfundamentallyflawed.”Thenewanalysis,releasedthisweekbytheNationalScienceFoundationinArlington,Va.,isbasedondatacollectedfromabout50nationsaspartoftheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.NotonlydoapproachestoteachingscienceandmathvaryamongindividualU.S.communities,thereportfinds,butthereappearstobelittlestrategicfocuswithinaschooldistrict’scurricula,itstextbooks,oritsteachers’activities.Thiscontrastssharplywiththecoordinatednationalprogramsofmostothercountries.Onaverage,U.S.studentsstudymoretopicswithinscienceandmaththantheirinternationalcounterpartsdo.Thiscreatesaneducationalenvironmentthat“isamilewideandaninchdeep,”Schmidtnotes.Forinstance,eighthgradersintheUnitedStatescoverabout33topicsinmathversusjust19inJapan.Amongsciencecourses,theinternationalgapisevenwider.U.S.curriculaforthisagelevelresemblethoseofasmallgroupofcountriesincludingAustralia,Thailand,Iceland,andBulgaria.SchmidtaskswhethertheUnitedStateswantstobeclassedwiththesenations,whoseeducationalsystems“shareourpatternofsplintered(支离破碎的)visions”butwhicharenoteconomicleaders.Thenewreport“couldn’tcomeatabettertime,”saysGeraldWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationinArlington.“ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsprovidethatfocusedvision,”includingthecall“todoless,butingreaterdepth.”Implementingthenewsciencestandardsandtheirmathcounterpartswillbethechallenge,heandSchmidtagree,becausethedecentralizedresponsibilityforeducationintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatanyreformsbetailoredandinstitutedonecommunityatatime.Infact,Schmidtargues,reformssuchastheseproposednationalstandards“faceanalmostimpossibletask,becauseeventhoughtheyareintellectuallycoherent,eachbecomesonlyonemorevoiceinthebabble(嘈杂声).”31.Accordingtothepassage,theteachingofscienceandmathinAmericais________.A)focusedontappingstudents’potentialB)characterizedbyitsdiversity

74C)losingitsvitalitygraduallyD)goingdownhillinrecentyears32.ThefundamentalflawofAmericanschooleducationisthat________.A)itlacksacoordinatednationalprogramB)itsetsaverylowacademicstandardforstudentsC)itreliesheavilyontheinitiativeofindividualteachersD)itattachestoomuchimportancetointensivestudyofschoolsubjects33.BysayingthattheU.S.educationalenvironmentis“amilewideandaninchdeep”(Line2,Para.5),theauthormeansU.S.educationalpractice________.A)laysstressonqualityattheexpenseofquantityB)offersanenvironmentforcomprehensiveeducationC)encourageslearningbothindepthandinscopeD)scratchesthesurfaceofawiderangeoftopics34.ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsaregoodnewsinthattheywill________.A)providedepthtoschoolscienceeducationB)solvemostoftheproblemsinschoolteachingC)beabletomeetthedemandsofthecommunityD)quicklydominateU.S.educationalpractice35.Puttingthenewscienceandmathstandardsintopracticewillprovedifficultbecause________.A)thereisalwayscontroversyineducationalcirclesB)notenougheducatorshaverealizedthenecessityfordoingsoC)schooldistrictsareresponsibleformakingtheirowndecisionsD)manyschoolteacherschallengetheacceptabilityofthesestandardsPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“I’venevermetahumanworthcloning,”sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromhislabatTexasA&MUniversity.“It’sastupidendeavor.”That’saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteamhavenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocowsandexpecttocloneacatsoon.TheyjustmightsucceedincloningMissythisspring—orperhapsnotforanother5years.Itseemsthereproductivesystemofman’sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.Westhusin’sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimupsetbyallthistalkofhumancloning.InthreeyearsofworkontheMissyproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofdog’seggs,theA&Mteamhasproducedonlyadozenorsoembryos(胚胎)carryingMissy’sDNA.None

75havesurvivedthetransfertoasurrogate(代孕的)mother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetuses(胎)maybeacceptablewhenyou’redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans.“Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,”hesays.Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin’sphonehasbeenringingwithpeoplecallinginhopesofduplicatingtheircatsanddogs,cattleandhorses.“Alotofpeoplewanttoclonepets,especiallyifthepriceisright,”saysWesthusin.CostisnoobstacleforMissy’smysteriousbillionaireowner;he’sputup$3.7millionsofartofundA&M’sresearch.Contrarytosomemediareports,Missyisnotdead.TheownerwantsatwintocarryonMissy’sfinequalitiesaftershedoesdie.Theprototypeis,byallaccounts,athletic,good-naturedandsupersmart.Missy’smasterdoesnotexpectanexactcopyofher.Heknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.Inastatementofpurpose,Missy’sownerandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare“bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonesdifferfromMissy.”Besidescloningagreatdog,theprojectmaycontributeinsightintotheoldquestionofnaturevs,nurture.Itcouldalsoleadtothecloningofspecialrescuedogsandmanyendangeredanimals.However,Westhusiniscautiousabouthiswork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogpregnant,theoffspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems~“Whywouldyoueverwanttoclonehumans,Westhusinasks,“whenwe’renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?”36.By“stupidendeavor”(Line2,Para.1),Westhusinmeanstosaythat________.A)animalcloningisnotworththeeffortatallB)animalcloningisabsolutelyimpracticalC)humancloningshouldbedoneselectivelyD)humancloningisafoolishundertaking37.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin’sdogcloningproject?A)Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.B)Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.C)Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.D)Itisprogressingsmoothly.38.BycloningMissy,MarkWesthusinhopesto________.A)studythepossibilityofcloninghumansB)searchforwaystomodify.itstemperamentC)examinethereproductivesystemofthedogspeciesD)findoutthedifferencesbetweenMissyanditsclones39.Welearnfromthepassagethatanimalclonesarelikelytohave________.

76A)abadtemperB)immunedeficiencyC)defectiveorgansD)anabnormalshape40.Itcanbeseenthatpresentcloningtechniques________.A)stillhavealongwaytogobeforereachingmaturityB)havebeenwidelyusedinsavingendangeredspeciesC)provideinsightintothequestionofnaturevs.nurtureD)haveprovedquiteadequateforthecloningofhumansUnit13PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn’tharmrainforest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfarming.ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom“blackcarbon”—theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred(烧成炭的)woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfarming.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil,“saysGlaser.Unburntvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.

77“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure(粪肥).”Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrainforestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfarmers.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpottery(陶器)confirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.11.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat________.A)itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherainforestB)itdestroysrainforestsoilsC)ithelpsimproverainforestsoilsD)itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrainforestsoils12.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause________.A)thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstableB)blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrainsC)organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrainD)long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth13.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby________.A)studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazonB)examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizationsC)test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazonD)radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils14.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrainforests?A)Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.B)Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.C)Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.D)Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.15.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat________.

78A)humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorainforestsB)AmazonrainforestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworldC)farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrainforestsD)thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrainforestsPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon(扰乱)Europeans’privatelives.Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy(精通技术的)workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”OnlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”

7916.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause________.A)theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualismB)theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierageC)theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstabilityD)theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture17.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?A)Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.B)ItisgettingclosertoAmerican-stylecapitalism.C)Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.D)Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.18.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare________.A)warmandlightheartedB)oneithersideofmarriageC)negativeandgloomyD)healthyandwealthy19.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat________.A)somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedomB)thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEuropeC)someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonelyD)mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable20.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A)Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.B)Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.C)Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.D)Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershetestifiedtotheNewZealandgovernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganisations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.ButInghamstandsbyhercommentsandsaysthecomplaintsareanattempttosilenceher.“They’retryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,”InghamtoldNewScientist.

80Thecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand’sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyplantsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatplants,alloftheplantsdiedwithinaweek.“Wewouldloseterrestrial(陆生的)plants...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothecontinuedsurvivalofhumanbeings,”shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof“presentinginaccurate,carelessandexaggeratedinformation”and“generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界末日的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable”.Theysaythatherstudydoesn’tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofplants.What’smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham’sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA’sbio-pesticides(生物杀虫剂)division,says“thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest”theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It’salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilenceher.“Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn’tbeharassedinthisway,”saysAnnClarke,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission.“It’sanattempttosilencetheopposition.”21.Thepassagecentersonthecontroversy________.A)betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticmodificationB)astowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbecontinuedC)overthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonplantsD)aboutwhetherElaineInghamshouldbefiredbyheruniversity22.Inghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbasedon________.A)evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedStatesB)theresultsofanexperimentsheconductedherselfC)evidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermanbiologistsD)theresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,Oregon23.AccordingtoJanetAnderson,theEPA________.

81A)hascancelleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMorganismB)hasn’treviewedthefindingsofIngham’sresearchC)hasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMorganismD)hasn’tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMorganism24.AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork________.A)shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham’sclaimsB)shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulatedC)shouldn’tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviewsD)shouldn’tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway25.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?A)Hertestimonyhasn’tbeensupportedbytheEPA.B)Hercredibilityasascientisthasn’tbeenundermined.C)Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.D)ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.PassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Everyfall,likeclockwork,LindaKrentzofBeaverton,Oregon,feltherbraingoonstrike.“Ijustcouldn’tgetgoinginthemorning,”shesays.“I’dgetdepressedandgain10poundseverywinterandlosethemagaininthespring.”Thenshereadaboutseasonalaffectivedisorder,aformofdepressionthatoccursinfallandwinter,andshesawthelight-literally.Everymorningnowsheturnsonaspeciallyconstructedlightboxforhalfanhourandsitsinfrontofittotrickherbrainintothinkingit’sstillenjoyingthoselongsummerdays.Itseemstowork.Krentzisnotalone.Scientistsestimatethat10millionAmericanssufferfromseasonaldepressionand25millionmoredevelopmilderversions.Butthere’sneverbeendefinitiveproofthattreatmentwithverybrightlightsmakesadifference.Afterall,it’shardtodoadouble-blindtestwhenthesubjectscanseeforthemselveswhetherornotthelightison.That’swhynobodyhaseverseparatedtherealeffectsoflighttherapyfromplacebo(安慰剂)effects.Untilnow.Inthreeseparatestudiespublishedlastmonth,researchersreportnotonlythatlighttherapyworksbetterthanaplacebobutthattreatmentisusuallymoreeffectiveintheearlymorningthanintheevening.Intwoofthegroups,theplaceboproblemwasresolvedbytellingpatientstheywerecomparinglightboxestoanewanti-depressantdevicethatemitsnegativelychargedions(离子).Thethirdusedthetimingoflighttherapyasthecontrol.Whydoeslighttherapywork?Noonereallyknows.“Ourresearchsuggestsithassomethingtodowithshiftingthebody’sinternalclock,”sayspsychiatristDr.Lewey.Thebodyisprogrammedtostartthedaywithsunrise,heexplains,andthisgetslaterasthedaysgetshorter.Butwhysuchsubtleshiftsmakesomepeopledepressedandnotothersisamystery.

82Thathasn’tstoppedthousandsofwinterdepressivesfromtryingtohealthemselves.Lightboxesforthatpurposeareavailablewithoutadoctor’sprescription.ThatbotherspsychologistMichaelTermanofColumbiaUniversity.Heisworriedthattheboxesmaybetriedbypatientswhosufferfrommentalillnessthatcan’tbetreatedwithlight.Termanhasdevelopedaquestionnairetohelpdeterminewhetherexpertcareisneeded.Inanyevent,youshouldchooseareputablemanufacturer.Whateverproductyouuseshouldemitonlyvisiblelight,becauseultravioletlightdamagestheeyes.Ifyouarephotosensitive(对光敏感的),youmaydeveloparash.Otherwise,themaindrawbackishavingtositinfrontofthelightfor30to60minutesinthemorning.That’saninconveniencemanywinterdepressivescanlivewith.26.WhatistheprobablecauseofKrentz’sproblem?A)Anunexpectedgaininbodyweight.B)Unexplainedimpairmentofhernervoussystem.C)Weakeningofhereyesightwiththesettinginofwinter.D)Pooradjustmentofherbodyclocktoseasonalchanges.27.BysayingthatLindaKrentzsawthelight”(Line4,Para.1),theauthormeansthatshe________.A)learnedhowtoloseweightB)realizedwhatherproblemwasC)cametoseetheimportanceoflightD)becamelight-heartedandcheerful28.WhatistheCURRENTviewconcerningthetreatmentofseasonaldepressionwithbrightlights?A)Itseffectremainstobeseen.B)Itservesasakindofplacebo.C)Itprovestobeaneffectivetherapy.D)Ithardlyproducesanyeffects.29.WhatispsychologistMichaelTerman’smajorconcern?A)Winterdepressiveswillbeaddictedtousinglightboxes.B)Nomentalpatientswouldbothertoconsultpsychiatrists.C)Inferiorlightboxeswillemitharmfulultravioletlights.D)Lighttherapycouldbemisusedbycertainmentalpatients.30.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Winterdepressivespreferlighttherapyinspiteofitsinconvenience.B)Lighttherapyincreasesthepatient’sphotosensitivity.C)Eyedamageisasideeffectoflighttherapy.D)Lightboxescanbeprogrammedtocorrespondtoshiftsinthebodyclock.

83Unit14PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Toomanyvulnerablechild-freeadultsarebeingruthlessly(无情的)manipulatedintoparent-hoodbytheirparents,whothinkthathappinessamongolderpeopledependsonhavingagrand-childtospoil.Weneedanorganizationtohelpbeatdownthepersistentcampaignsofgrandchildlessparents.It’stimetoestablishPlannedGrandparenthood,whichwouldhavemanyglobalandlocalbenefits.Partofitsmissionwouldbetopromotetherisksandrealitiesassociatedwithbeingagrandparent.Thestaffwouldincludedepressedgrandparentswhowouldexplainhowgrandkidsbreaklamps,bite,screamandkick.Otherswoulddetailhowanhourofbaby-sittingoftenturnsintoacryingmarathon.Moregrandparentswouldtestifythattheyhadtopayfortheirgrandchild’sexpensivecollegeeducation.Plannedgrandparenthood’scarefullywrittenliteraturewoulddetailallthejoysoflifegrand-child-freeacalmlivingroom,extramoneyforluxuriesduringthegoldenyears,etc.Potentialgrandparentswouldberemindedthat,withoutgrandchildrenaround,it’spossibletohaveaconversationwithyourkids,who—incidentally—wouldhavemoretimefortheirownparents.Meanwhile,mostchildrenarevulnerabletotheenormousinfluenceexertedbygrandchildlessparentsaimingtopersuadetheirkidstoproducechildren.Theywilltakeacallfromapersistentparent,evenifthey’reloadedwithworks.Inaddition,someparentsmakehandsomemoneyofferspayableuponthegrandchild’sbirth.Sometimesthesegiftsnotonlycoverexpensesassociatedwiththeinfant’sbirth,butextras,too,likeavacation.Inanycase,cashgiftscanweakentheresolveofeventhenoblestperson.AtPlannedGrandparenthood,childrentargetedbytheirparentstoreproducecouldobtainnon-biasedinformationabouttheinsanityofhavingtheirownkids.Thecatastrophicpsychologicalandeconomiccostsofchildbearingwouldbeemphasized.Thesymptomsof

84morningsicknesswouldbelistedandhorrorsofchildbirthpictured.Amonthlynewsletterwouldcontainstoriesaboutoverwhelmedparentsandofferguidanceonhowchildlessadultscanrespondtothedifferentlobbyingtacticsthatwould-begrandparentsemploy.WhenIthinkaboutalltheproblemsofouroverpopulatedworldandlookatourboygrabbingatthelampbythesofa,IwishIcouldhaveturnedtoPlannedGrandparenthoodwhenmyparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme.IfIcouldhave,Imightnotbeinthisparenthoodpredicament(窘境).Buthere’sthecrazyirony,Idon’twantmychild-freelifeback.Dylan’stoomuchfun.21.What’sthepurposeoftheproposedorganizationPlannedGrandparenthood?A)Toencouragechildlesscouplestohavechildren.B)Toprovidefacilitiesandservicesforgrandchildlessparents.C)Tooffercounselingtopeopleonhowtoraisegrandchildren.D)Todiscouragepeoplefrominsistingonhavinggrandchildren.22.PlannedGrandparenthoodwouldincludedepressedgrandparentsonitsstaffinorderto________.A)showthemthejoysoflifegrandparentsmayhaveinraisinggrandchildrenB)drawattentiontothetroublesanddifficultiesgrandchildrenmaycauseC)sharetheirexperienceinraisinggrandchildreninamorescientificwayD)helpraisefundstocoverthehighexpenseofeducationforgrandchildren23.Accordingtothepassage,somecouplesmayeventuallychoosetohavechildrenbecause________.A)theyfindithardtoresistthecarrot-and-stickapproachoftheirparentsB)theyhavelearnfromotherparentsaboutthejoysofhavingchildrenC)theyfeelmoreandmorelonelyadtheygrowolderD)theyhavefounditirrationaltoremainchildless24.Bysaying“...myparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme”(Line2-3,Para.6),theauthormeansthat________.A)herparentskeptpressuringhertohaveachildB)herparentslikedtohaveagrandchildintheirarmsC)herparentsaskedhertosavefortheexpensesofraisingachildD)herparentskeptblamingherforherchild’sbadbehavior25.Whatdoestheauthorreallyoftheideaofhavingchildren?A)Itdoesmoreharmthangood.B)Itcontributestooverpopulation.C)Itistroublesomebutrewarding.D)Itisapsychologicalcatastrophe.

85PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericansinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote.“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfettered(无拘无束的)andunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself...Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil(干苦力活)，starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.Ournationalmythology(神化)isfullofillustrationtheAmericansuccessstory.There’sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillioneveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.26.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?A)Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.B)Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.C)Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.D)Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.27.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Line10,Para.1),theauthormeans________.

86A)themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnsB)laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryC)aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystepD)acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardwork28.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho________.A)succeedinrealestateinvestmentB)earnedenormousfortunesbychancesC)becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoorD)becamefamousdespitetheirmodestorigins29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat________.A)businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriageB)AmericanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifeC)goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccessD)successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildren30.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?A)TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.B)Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.C)TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.D)WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryandmanufacture.Mostgovernment,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureonscientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehabroughtinthepastandwillbringinthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvotersofthesplendidmachines‘ourscientists’haveinvented,thenewdrugstorelieveoldailments(病痛),andthenewsurgicalequipmentandtechniquesbywhichpreviouslyintractable(难治疗的)conditionsmaynowbetreatedandlivessaved.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto‘economicsneeds’,thattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare‘nearthemarket’andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,onpoliticiansformuchoftheirfunding,scientistshavelittlechoicebuttocomply.Liketherestofus,theyaremembersofasocietythatratesthecreationofwealthasthegreatestpossiblegood.Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasaclimatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.Insuchcircumstancesnooneshouldbetoohardonpeoplewhoaresuspiciousofconflictsof

87interest.Whenwelearnthatthedistinguishedprofessorassuringusofthesafetyofaparticularproductholdsaconsultancywiththecompanymakingit,wecannotbeblamedforwonderingwhetherhisfeemightconceivablycloudhisprofessionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemanystilldistrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomehisresearchfunding.Thisattitudecanhavedamagingeffects.Itquestionstheintegrityofindividualsworkinginaprofessionthatprizesintellectualhonestyasthesupremevirtue,andplaysintothehandsofthosewhowouldliketodiscreditscientistsbyrepresentingthenavenal(可以收买的).Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas‘experts’.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstandthesafetyofanuclearreactor,forexample,isanuclearengineerdeclaresthatareactorisunsafe,webelievehim,becauseclearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehemaywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.31.Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?A)Supportfromthevotes.B)Thereductionofpublicexpenditure.C)Quickeconomicsreturns.D)Thebudgetforaresearchproject.32.Scientisthavetoadapttheirresearchto‘economicneeds’inorderto________.A)impressthepublicwiththeirachievementsB)pursueknowledgeforknowledge’ssakeC)obtainfundingfromthegovernmentD)translateknowledgeintowealth33.Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?A)Theythinktheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.B)Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionstothemselves.C)Theyknowittakespatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.D)Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.34.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause________.A)theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobewrongB)sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfundingC)someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonestyD)theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned35.Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?A)Itmakesthingsdifficultforscientistsseekingresearchfunds.B)Peoplewouldnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.C)Itmaydampentheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.

88D)Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inmanyways,today’sbusinessenvironmenthaschangedqualitativelysincethelate1980s.TheendoftheColdWarradicallyalteredtheverynatureoftheworld’spoliticsandeconomics.Injustafewshortyears,globalizationhasstartedavarietyoftrendswithprofoundconsequences:theopeningofmarkets,trueglobalcompetition,widespreadderegulation(解除政府对…的控制)ofindustry,andanabundanceofaccessiblecapital.Wehaveexperiencedboththebenefitsandrisksofatrulyglobaleconomy,withbothWallStreetandMainStreet(平民百姓)feelingthepainsofeconomicdisorderhalfaworldaway.Atthesametime,wehavefullyenteredtheInformationAge,Startingbreakthroughsininformationtechnologyhaveirreversiblyalteredtheabilitytoconductbusinessunconstrainedbythetraditionallimitationsoftimeorspace.Today,it’salmostimpossibletoimagineaworldwithoutintranets,e-mail,andportablecomputers.Withstunningspeed,theInternetisprofoundlychangingthewaywework,shop,dobusiness,andcommunicate.Asaconsequence,wehavetrulyenteredthePost-Industrialeconomy.Wearerapidlyshiftingfromaneconomybasedonmanufacturingandcommoditiestoonethatplacesthegreatestvalueoninformation,services,support,anddistribution.Thatshift,inturn,placeanunprecedentedpremiumon“knowledgeworkers,”anewclassofwealthy,educated,andmobilepeoplewhoviewthemselvesasfreeagentsinaseller’smarket.Beyondtherealmofinformationtechnology,theacceleratedpaceoftechnologicalchangeinvirtuallyeveryindustryhascreatedentirelynewbusiness,wipedoutothers,andproducedaPervasive(广泛的)demandforcontinuousinnovation.Newproduct,process,anddistributiontechnologiesprovidepowerfulleversforcreatingcompetitivevalue.Morecompaniesarelearningtheimportanceofdestructivetechnologies—innovationsthatholdthepotentialtomakeaproductline,orevenanentirebusinesssegment,virtuallyoutdated.Anothermajortrendhasbeenthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets.There’sagrowingappreciationthatsuperficiallysimilargroupsofcustomersmayhaveverydifferentpreferencesintermsofwhattheywanttobuyandhowtheywanttobuyit.Now,newtechnologymakesiteasier,faster,andcheapertoidentifyandservetargetedmicro-marketsinwaysthatwerephysicallyimpossibleorprohibitivelyexpensiveinthepast.Moreover,thetrendfeedsonitself,abusiness’sabilitytoservesub-marketsfuelscustomers’appetitesformoreandmorespecializedofferings.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thechancesinthebusinessenvironmentinthepastdecades

89canbeattributedto________.A)technologicaladvancesB)worldwideeconomicdisorderC)thefiercecompetitioninindustryD)theglobalizationofeconomy37.whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthesecondparagraph?A)Therapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhastakenbusinessmenbysurprise.B)Informationtechnologyhasremovedtherestrictionsoftimeandspaceinbusinesstransactions.C)TheInternet,intranets,e-mail,andportablecomputershavepenetratedeverycorneroftheworld.D)Thewaywedobusinesstodayhasbroughtaboutstartlingbreakthroughsininformationtechnology.38.IfabusinesswantstothriveinthePost-Industrialeconomy,________.A)ithastoinvestmorecapitalinthetrainingoffreeagentstooperateinaseller’smarketB)itshouldtryitsbesttosatisfytheincreasingdemandsofmobileknowledgeablepeopleC)itshouldnotoverlooktheimportanceofinformation,services,support,anddistributionD)ithastoprovideeachofitsemployeeswiththelatestinformationaboutthechangingmarket39.Intheauthor’sview,destructivetechnologiesareinnovationswhich________.A)caneliminateanentirebusinesssegmentB)demandaradicalchangeinprovidingservicesC)maydestroythepotentialofacompanytomakeanyprofitD)callforcontinuousimprovementinwaysofdoingbusiness40.Withthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets________.A)anincreasingnumberofcompanieshavedisintegratedB)manufacturersmustfocusononespecialproducttoremaincompetitiveinthemarketC)itisphysicallyimpossibleandprohibitivelyexpensivetodobusinessintheoldwayD)businesseshavetomeetindividualcustomers’specificneedsinordertosucceedUnit15PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorresponding

90letterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon(扰乱)Europeans’privatelives.Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy(精通技术的)workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”OnlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”52.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause________.

91A)theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualismB)theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierageC)theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstabilityD)theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture53.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?A)Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.B)ItisgettingclosertoAmerican-stylecapitalism.C)Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.D)Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.54.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare________.A)warmandlightheartedB)oneithersideofmarriageC)negativeandgloomyD)healthyandwealthy55.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat________.A)somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedomB)thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEuropeC)someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonelyD)mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable56.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A)Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.B)Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.C)Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.D)Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershetestifiedtotheNewZealandgovernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganisations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.ButInghamstandsbyhercommentsandsaysthecomplaintsareanattempttosilenceher.“They’retryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,”InghamtoldNewScientist.Thecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand’sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.

92InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyplantsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatplants,alloftheplantsdiedwithinaweek.“Wewouldloseterrestrial(陆生的)plants...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothecontinuedsurvivalofhumanbeings,”shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof“presentinginaccurate,carelessandexaggeratedinformation”and“generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界末日的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable”.Theysaythatherstudydoesn’tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofplants.What’smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham’sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA’sbio-pesticides(生物杀虫剂)division,says“thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest”theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It’salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilenceher.“Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn’tbeharassedinthisway,”saysAnnClarke,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission.“It’sanattempttosilencetheopposition.”57.Thepassagecentersonthecontroversy________.A)betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticmodificationB)astowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbecontinuedC)overthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonplantsD)aboutwhetherElaineInghamshouldbefiredbyheruniversity（C）58.Inghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbasedon________.A)evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedStatesB)theresultsofanexperimentsheconductedherselfC)evidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermanbiologistsD)theresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,Oregon59.AccordingtoJanetAnderson,theEPA________.A)hascancelleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMorganismB)hasn’treviewedthefindingsofIngham’sresearch

93C)hasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMorganismD)hasn’tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMorganism60.AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork________.A)shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham’sclaimsB)shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulatedC)shouldn’tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviewsD)shouldn’tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway61.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?A)Hertestimonyhasn’tbeensupportedbytheEPA.B)Hercredibilityasascientisthasn’tbeenundermined.C)Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.D)ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.Unit16PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse.“Ananimalthatcan’tdetectdangercan’tstayalive,”saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神经元)deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃核).LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalereceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdaleappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey’reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,“ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear.”

94Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worry.That’snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell.“Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,”hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere’sarightwaytoworry.“Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan.”Hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe’refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit’sbeendifficulttogetfactabouthowweshouldrespond.That’swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro(抗炭疽菌的药物)andbuyinggasmasks.52.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”(Line2,Para.1)refersto“________”.A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolvesB)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdangerC)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecisionD)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation53.FromthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat________.A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictableB)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistressC)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingoffearD)theamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger54.Fromthepassageweknowthat________.A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperlyB)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecessionC)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedangerD)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents55.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?A)Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.56.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas________.A)ridiculousB)understandableC)over-cautiousD)sensible

95PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AmitaiEtzioniisnotsurprisedbythelatestheadingsaboutschemingcorporatecrooks(骗子).AsavisitingprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolin1989,heendedhisworktheredisgustedwithhisstudents’overwhelminglostformoney.“They’retaughtthatprofitisallthatmatters,”hesays.“Manyschoolsdon’tevenofferethics(伦理学)coursesatall.”Etzioniexpressedhisfrustrationabouttheinterestsofhisgraduatestudents.“Byandlarge,IclearlyhadnotfoundawaytohelpclassesfullofMBAsseethatthereismoretolifethanmoney,power,fameandself-interest.”Hewroteatthetime.Todayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthese“business-leaders-to-be.”“IreallylikeIfailedthem,”hesays.“IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.”EtzioniwasarespectedethicsexpertwhenhearrivedatHarvard.Hehopedhisworkattheuniversitywouldgivehiminsightintohowquestionsofmoralitycouldbeappliedtoplaceswhereself-interestflourished.Whathefoundwasn’tencouraging.Thosewouldbeexecutiveshad,saysEtzioni,littleinterestinconceptsofethicsandmoralityintheboardroom—andtheirprofessorwasmetwithblankstareswhenheurgedhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.EtzioniseestheexperienceatHarvardasaneye-openingoneandsaysthere’smuchaboutbusinessschoolsthathe’dliketochange.“Alotofthefacultyteachingbusinessarebadnewsthemselves,”Etzionisays.Fromofferingclassesthatteachstudentshowtolegallymanipulatecontracts,toreinforcingthenotionofprofitovercommunityinterests,Etzionihasseenalotthat’slefthimshakinghishead.Andbecauseofwhathe’sseentaughtinbusinessschools,he’snotsurprisedbythelatestrashofcorporatescandals.“Inmanywaysthingshavegotalotworseatbusinessschools,Isuspect,”saysEtzioni.Etzioniisstillteachingthesociologyofrightandwrongandstillcallingforethicalbusinessleadership.“Peoplewithpoormotiveswillalwaysexist.”Hesays.“Sometimesenvironmentsconstrainthosepeopleandsometimesenvironmentsgivethosepeopleopportunity.”Etzionisaystheboomingeconomyofthelastdecadeenabledthoseindividualswithpoormotivestogetrichbeforegettingintrouble.Hishopenow:thatthecriesforreformwillprovidemorefertilesoilforhislong-standingmessagesaboutbusinessethics.57.WhatimpressedAmitaiEtzionimostaboutHarvardMBAstudents?A)Theirkeeninterestinbusinesscourses.B)Theirintensedesireformoney.C)Theirtacticsformakingprofits.D)Theirpotentialtobecomebusinessleaders.

9658.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisay“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem”(Line4,Para.2)?A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.B)Hedidn’tteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.D)Hedidn’toffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness-leaders-to-be.59.Mostwould-beexecutivesattheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievedthat________.A)questionsofmoralitywereofutmostimportanceinbusinessaffairsB)self-interestshouldnotbethetoppriorityinbusinessdealingsC)newanddifferentprinciplesshouldbetaughtatbusinessschoolsD)therewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings60.InEtzioni’sview,thelatestrashofcorporatescandalscouldbeattributedto________.A)thetendencyinbusinessschoolstostressself-interestoverbusinessethicsB)theexecutives’lackofknowledgeinlegallymanipulatingcontractsC)theincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernbusinessworldD)themoralcorruptionofbusinessschoolgraduates61.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.A)thecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethicsB)businessmenwithpoormotiveswillgaintheupperhandC)businessethicscoursesshouldbetaughtinallbusinessschoolsD)reforminbusinessmanagementcontributestoeconomicgrowthUnit17PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.

97Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.52.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanB)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesC)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow53.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theyusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.B)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.C)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.D)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.54.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedin

98theJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.C)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.D)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.55.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityC)isaresultofrapidsocialprogressD)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerations56.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyC)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantodayD)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangePassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”

99becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.57.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.58.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety59.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.60.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.

10061.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.Unit18PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Likemostpeople,I'velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently.however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatI'mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople,IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey'dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingeraminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI'dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤杂工)byplentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI'dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked—cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently.Isawseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakeswasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.

101Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduateschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinordertogetwhattheywant.IthinkI’lltakethemtodinnerfirst,andseehowtheytreatsomeonewhoseonlyjobistoservethem.52.Theauthorwasdisappointedtofindthat____.A)one'spositionisusedasagaugetomeasureone'sintelligenceB)talentedpeoplelikehershouldfailtogetarespectablejobC)one'soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasapersonD)professionalstendtolookdownuponmanualworkers53.Whatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytheexampleinthesecondparagraph?A)somecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservethem.B)peopleabsorbedinaphoneconversationtendtobeabsent-minded.C)Waitressesareoftentreatedbycustomersascasualacquaintances.D)somecustomersliketomakeloudcomplaintsfornoreasonatall.54.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenwaitingtablesattheageof19?A)shefeltitunfairtobetreatedasamereservantbyprofessionals.B)shefeltbadlyhurtwhenhercustomersregardedherasapeon.C)shewasembarrassedeachtimehercustomersjokedwithher.D)shefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasinferior.55.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying"...manyofmycustomersdidn'tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant"(Lines3-4,Para.7)?A)thosewhocatertoothers'needsaredestinedtobelookeddownupon.B)thoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn'tbetreatedasservants.C)thoseservingothershavetoputupwithroughtreatmenttoearnaliving.D)themajorityofcustomerstendtolookonaservantasaservernowadays.56.Theauthorsaysshe'llonedaytakeherclientstodinnerinorderto___.A)seewhatkindofpersontheyareB)experiencethefeelingofbeingservedC)showhergenerositytowardspeopleinferiortoherD)arousetheirsympathyforpeoplelivingahumblelifePassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

102What'shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?A&7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh,andincomeinequality.Sure,someleftishbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstincomeinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestartingtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.InDecember,MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.S.NEWS&WorldReport.whichheowns."Ournation'scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating."lamented(哀叹)the117th-richestmaninAmerica."Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder,averageincomeforahouseholdofpeopleofworkingage.bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinarow."Henotedthat"TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy."WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman'sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-classAmericans."It'sanoutragethatanyAmerican'slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage."saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelGroup.What'shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,thepopularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornia'sgovernortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon'tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocrats(有钱有势的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory（没收性的）taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefinanciallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders,andwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad,forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundthewould,that’stherealnightmare.57.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinAmerica?A)thefateoftheultrawealthypeople.B)thedisintegrationofthemiddleclass.C)theinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.D)theconfilictbetweentheleftandtherightwing.

10358.WhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman'slamentation?A)manymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterwelfare.B)theAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedmanycompaniestogobankrupt.C)theAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth.D)themajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation'sgrowingwealth.59.Fromthefifthparagraphwecanlearnthat____.A)theveryricharefashion-consciousB)theveryricharepoliticallysensitiveC)universalhealhcareistobeimplementedthroughoutAmericaD)congresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumwage60.Whatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleclass?A)theywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxation.B)theyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttosociety.C)theywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationD)theyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicinsecurity.61.WhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaciesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods?A)thepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondcontrol.B)theinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocatecapital.C)thewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossborders.D)foreigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.

104第二部分简答题全真试题样题评析ShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon'thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataself-servicegasstation.Butmomentslater,ashewaspayingthemoney,hesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates—oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,00carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.

105OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate's65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate'sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically—simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:(71)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(72)WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?(73)HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldbeintheUnitedStatesin1989?(74)Whatarethetwowaysthievessellthestolencars?(75)Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?KeytoShortAnswerQuestions:(71)CartheftintheU.S.(72)Hiscarelessness./Leavinghiskeyinthetruck.(73)Morethan2millioncarswouldbestolen.(74)Sellingtheirpartsathomeorsmugglingthemabroad.(75)Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals.以下对每个问题列举六个回答以供分析(回答均来自考生原作，未做改动)。(71)A.Vehicletheft.B.AboutthecarstolenprobleminUnitedStates.C.ThepassagesaysaboutthehighvehicletheftinAmerican.D.ThepassagemainlytalkaboutAuto-theftintheU.S.E.TheannualvehicletheftsisseriousintheU.S.F.thefts./AsocialproblemoftheUnitedStates.该题是对文章的主旨提问。本文先记述了一位汽车保险公司的职员，由于粗心大意将车钥匙留在车上，而几分钟后等他加完油，却发现他的汽车已被人开跑了。由文章可以看出，在美国汽车盗窃率极高，已成为普遍现象；随之，文章又交待了盗贼销赃的两种方式：卖零件或将整车走私出境，以及警方在反盗窃方面采取的措施。可观，本文的主旨是讲美国的汽车盗窃。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容但存在错用过去分词及漏用定冠词等语法错误，应改为AboutthecarstealingproblemintheUnitedStates.因此该答案扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案C答出全部内容，但主要存在动词词组使用不当，错将tellsabout写成saysabout;词语搭配不当，“汽车盗窃率高”应译为thehighrateofvehicle

106theft;此外还有拼写错误，错把America拼写成American(美国的)。该句应改为：ThepassagetellsaboutthehighrateofvehicletheftinAmerica/theU.S.，依据每题语言错误最多不超过0.5分的原则，该题答案扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案D答出全部内容，但错在主谓不一致，应改为：ThepassagemainlytalksaboutAuto-theftintheU.S.，该答案因语言有误扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案E有两处错误，一处有多余信息annual,扣0.5分，二是主谓不一致，扣0.5分，得1分。该句应改变：ThevehicletheftsareseriousintheU.S.答案F因内容笼统，得0分。(72)A.Leavinghiskeyinthetruck.B.Heshouldhavetakenhiskeywithhim.C.Heleavesthekeyinthetruckthisonce.D.Heshouldhavenotlefthiskeyinthetruck.E.Heforgothiskeyinthecarandhedidn'tbuyasecuritysystem.F.Himself.该题是对文章作者的观点“乔为什么应该受责备”的提问。本文第一段已作了交待：乔在一家汽车保险公司任职，本来会更清楚地了解这些(指在美国有许多汽车被盗)，但这次他认为时间很短，把钥匙放在车子上不会出问题的。可见正确答案应该是“他的粗心大意或由于他把钥匙掉在了车上。”答案A和B回答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案C回答出全部内容，但时态有误，应改为：Heleftthekeyinthetruckthisonce.扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案D回答出全部内容，但否定词位置不对，应改为：Heshouldnothavelefthiskeyinthetruck.扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案E答出全部内容，但也涉及了无关内容“hedidn'tbuyasecuritysystem”，扣0.5分；且语言在搭配上不当，“将他的钥匙留在车里”应译为“lefthiskeyinthecar”而不是用“forgot”，扣0.5分，得1分。答案F过于笼统，未对所提问题作出正确回答，得0分。(73)A.Thevehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillion.B.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.C.Vehicletheftscouldexceededtwomillionto3.6millionintheUnitedStatesin1989.D.3.6millionmotorvehiclewouldbestolen.E.2millionvehicletheft.F.Theannualvehicletheftscouldbemoreandmore.该题是针对作者对1989年盗车状况的严重程度进行预测的提问。在本文第二段最后一句已做了明确说明，即在1989年底会超过200万。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容且语言正确，但由于是照抄原文，扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案C答出了全部内容，但也有无关内容：3.6million,扣0.5分，此外还有语言错误，如在情态动词后误用动词ed形式，扣0.5分，该答案得1分。答案D未答对内容，3.6million是由于考生未理解原文所致，因此得0分。答案E看似正确，但未答出准确的内容，应为“超过200万”，因此也得0分。答案F过于笼统，得0分。(74)A.Disassemblethemandselltheparts,orsmugglethemabroad.B.Oneistakingthestolencarstopiecesandsellingittoindividuals.Anotherissmugglingoutofthecountry.

107C.Theytookthemtopiecesandsoldthemtoindividuals.D.Oneistakingcarstopiecesandsoldingthepartstindividuals,theotherissendingtoforeigncountriestosell.E.Takingthecarstopiecesandsmugglingtoothercountriesaretwoways.F.Theytakecarstopiecesorselltoindividuals.该题是对具体细节“汽车盗贼对赃车的两个处理办法”的提问。该题答案已在本文第四段第三句和第四句中给出，即一个方法是将偷来的车拆散，把拆下来的零部件卖给个人，另一个方法是将整车走私到国外。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容，但语言有误，如代词it指代错误，应改为them,another应改为theother,此外在smuggling后漏用代词them。因此要扣0.5分，另超过10个单词，扣0.5分，得1分。答案C只答出部分内容，而没有答出走私这一方法，只能得1分。答案D只答出部分内容，而sendingtoforeigncountriestosell并不等于smuggling,因此扣1分，在答对的部分中，还存在误用动词solding的错误，应改为selling,扣0.5分，因此该答案得0.5分。答案E也只答出“走私”这一方面内容，且存在语言错误，如漏用定冠词，应改为thetwoways等，因此该答案得0.5分。答案F未答对问题，得0分。(75)A.Radiotransmittingdevices.B.Thesecuritysystemcantransmitradiosignals.C.adevicethattransmitradiosignals.D.Automaticalsystemwhichcansimplyremovethekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarteroradevicethattransmitradiosignals.E.Atransmitsradiosignals.F.Asecuritysystem.该题是对文章具体细节的提问，即“哪一种安全系统能帮助警察追踪被盗车辆”。答案是一种能发出无线电信号的装置。而在本文的最后一段，还指出了其它一些安全系统，如拔出钥匙使燃料泵和发动机不能工作等。但这些方法都不能使警察追踪被盗的车辆。答案A答出全部内容且语言正确，得2分。答案B答出全部内容，但存在因漏用从属连词which/that而使句子结构不完整的错误，扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案C答出全部内容，全存在主谓不一致的错误，应改为Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals,扣0.5分，得1.5分。答案D答出全部内容，但也答了无关内容Automaticalsystemwhichcansimplyremovethekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter,扣0.5分；但在答出的部分中，存在主谓不一致的错误，扣0.5分，应将transmit改为transmits,因此该答案得1分。答案E表现了考生对文章不理解，因此未能答对问题，得0分。答案F未答出具体内容，得0分。全真试题ShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.

108Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).IonceknewadognamedNewtonwhohadauniquesenseofhumour.WheneverItossedoutaFrisbee(飞碟)forhimtochase,he'dtakeoffinhotpursuitbutthenseemtolosetrackofit.Movingbackandforthonlyayardortwofromthetoy,Newtonwouldlookallaround,evenupintothetrees.Heseemedgenuinelypuzzled.Finally,I'dgiveupandheadintothefieldtohelphimout.ButnosoonerwouldIgetwithin10ft.ofhimthanhewouldruninvariablystraightovertotheFrisbee,grabitandstartrunninglikemad,lookingoverhisshoulderwithwhatlookedsuspiciouslylikeagrin.Justabouteverypetownerhasastorylikethisandiseagertoshareitwithanyonewhowilllisten.Onveryshortnotice,TIMEreporterscameupwith25storiesaboutwhateachisconvincedisthesmartestpetintheworld.Amongthem:thecatwhoclosesthedoorbehindhimwhenhegoesintothebathroom;thecatwhousesatoiletinsteadofalitterbox…andflushesitafterward;thedogwhogoeswildwhenheseeshisownerputtingonbluejeansinsteadofadressbecausejeansmeanitistimetoplay;andthecatwhousedtowaitpatientlyatthebusstopeverydayforalittlegirl,thenwalkherthesixblockshome,andsoon.Thesebehavioursarecertainlyclever,butwhatdotheymean?WasNewtonreallydeceiving?Canacatreallydesireprivacyinthetoilet?Inshort,dohouseholdpetsreallyhaveamentalandemotionallife?Theirownersthinkso,butuntilrecently,animalbehaviourexpertswouldhavegonemadonhearingsuchaquestion.Theworstsinintheirmoralvocabularywasanthropomorphism(拟人化),projectinghumantraitsontoanimals.Adogoracatmightbehaveasifitwereangry,lonely,sad,happyorconfused,butthatwasonlyintheeyeoftheviewer.Whatwasgoingon,theyinsisted,wasthatthedogorcathadbeenconditioned,throughaperhapsunintentionalseriesofpunishmentsandrewards,tobehaveinacertainway.Thebehaviourwasamechanicalresultofthetraining.Questions:1.WhatdidNewtonseempuzzledabout?2.WhydoestheauthorsayNewtonhaduniquesenseofhumour?3.WhatmadeitpossiblefortheTIMEreporterstocomeupwithsomanyinterestingstoriesaboutpets?

1094.Whatbeliefaboutpetbehaviourwasunacceptabletoexpertsofanimalbehaviour?5.Whatistheexplanationofanimal-behaviourexpertsforthe“clever”behaviourofpets?Unit1PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany.Itwon'thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataselfservicegasstation.Butmomentslater,ashewaspayingthemoney,hesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates—oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate's65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate'sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically—simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsare

110equippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:(注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)71.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?72.WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?73.HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldbeintheUnitedStatesin1989?74.Whatarethetwowaystheivessellthestolencars?75.Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?Unit2PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople—thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife'sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapids,allofusnaturallysetasideanypretenses(矫饰)andputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight'sencampment,weallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriver,peopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateam,workingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife—aswellasonboattrips—teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife.Iplayedbasketballalongsidefamousplayers,andtheteamInowcoach,theNewYorkKnicks,hasrecoveredfromyearsofadversitytobecomeamajorcontenderinthe1990s.

111I'mpersuadedthatteamworkisthekeytomakingdreamscometrue.Weallplayonanumberofteamsinourlives—aspartofafamily,asacitizen,asamemberofanagreement,writtenorunwritten.Itcontainsthevaluesandgoalsforeveryteammember.Forexample,inthelate1970saGeneralMotorsplantinFremont,Calif,wasthesceneofconstantwarfarebetweenlaborandmanagement.Distrustransohighthatthelaborcontractwashundredsofpagesoftrickylegalterms.GMspentmillionstryingtokeepthefacilityuptodate,butproductivityandqualitywerecontinuallypoor.Absenteeism(旷工)wassooutofcontrolthattheproductionlinecouldn'tevenstartuponsomemornings.Finallyintheearly1980s,GMshutdowntheplant.GMbecameconvincedthatithadtocreatenewproductionsystemsbasedonteamwork.Inthemid-1980sitreopenedtheFremontplantwithToyota,startingfromscratch(从零开始)withamuchsimplerandshorterlaborcontract.Itpromisedthatexecutivesalarieswouldbereducedandjobsperformedbyoutsidesellerswouldbegiventoemployeesbeforeanylayoffswereconsidered.Overahundredjobclassificationswerecuttojusttwo.Insteadofdoingoneboringjoboverandover,workersagreedtobepartofsmallteams,spendingequaltimeonvarioustasks.Questions:(注意:答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.Whatcommentdidtheauthormakeaboutthehighlysuccessfulpeopletravellingwithhim?S2.WhywasiteasyforboatstotumbleoverintheColorado?S3.WhathappenedtotheNewYorkKnicksinthe1980s?S4.WhatcausedthesharpconflictintheGMplantinthelate1970s?

112S5.WhatspiritwasencouragedinthereopenedGMplant?Unit3PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).MostAmericansspendfarmoreoftheirleisuretimewiththemassmediathaninanyotheroccupation.Inaddition,mostofushear,see,orreadsomeofthemediawhileengagedinotheractivities.Thusanextremelylargenumberofourwakinghoursarespentwiththemassmedia.Ofallthemedia,televisionisclearlydominant,withnewspapersaclosesecond,atleastasasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Ourexposuretoallmediaisimportant,however,becauseallofthemcontributematerialsfortheconstructionofthatworldinourheads.Formostpeople,increaseduseofonemediumdoesnotdecreaseuseofanother.Infact,incertaincases,andespeciallyforcertainpurposes,themoreoneusesonemedium,themorelikelyoneistouseothers.Therearevariousfactorsthatcancauseyoutoexposeyourselftothemediaselectively,avoidingmuchofthematerialwithwhichyoudisagree.Someofthatselectiveexposureisprobablyduetothepsychologicalpressureyoufeeltoavoidthediscomfortcausedbyconfrontationwithfactsandideascontrarytoyourbeliefs,attitudes,orbehavior.However,someselectiveexposureisnotduetothepressureforconsistencybuttootherfactors,suchasyourage,education,andeventheareainwhichyouliveandthepeoplewithwhomyouassociate.Quiteadifferentsortoffactorthataffectsyourmediaexperiencesisthesocialcontextofexposure:whetheryouarealoneorwithotherswhenyouareexposedtoamedium;whetheryouareathome,attheoffice,inatheater,andsoon. Thesecontextsareasmuchasapotentialpartofthemessageyouwillformasfilmimagesonthescreenorwordsonthepage.Inaddition,thatsocialcontextaffects—bothdirectlyandindirectly—themediaandthemediacontenttowhichyoubecomeexposed.Newfriendsorcolleaguesgetyouinterestedindifferentthings.Othermembersofthefamilyoftenselectmedia

113contentthatyouwouldnothaveselected,andyoubecomeexposedtoit.Thesevariousfactorshavesomuchinfluenceonyourmediaexposurethatsolittleofthatexposureisplanned.Questions:(注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.ExposuretoallmediaisimportantandpeoplesometimestendtousemoremediaifS2.Whyarenewspapersconsideredasanimportantmediumaccordingtothepassage?S3.Foronereasonoranother,people'sexposuretothemediaisoftenS4.Apartfrompersonalpreferences,whatdeterminesone'schoiceofthemediaandmediacontent?S5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageindicatesthatone'sexposuretothemediaisUnit4PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).ManyparentswhowelcometheideaofturningofftheTVandspendingmoretimewiththefamilyarestillworriedthatwithoutTVtheywouldconstantlybeoncallasentertainersfortheirchildren.Theyrememberthinkingupallsortsofthingstodowhentheywerekids.Buttheirownkidsseemdifferent,lessresourceful,somehow.Whenthere'snothingtodo,theseparentsobserveregretfully,theirkidsseemunabletocomeupwithanythingtodobesidesturningontheTV.Onefather,forexample,says,“WhenIwasakid,wewerealwaysthinkingupthingstodo,projectsandgames.Wecertainlynevercomplainedinanannoyingwaytoourparents,‘Ihave

114nothingtodo!’”Hecomparesthiswithhisownchildrentoday:“They'resimplylazy.Ifsomeonedoesn'tentertainthem,they'llhappilysittherewatchingTVallday.”Thereisonewordforthisfather'sdisappointment:unfair.ItisasifheweredisappointedinthemfornotreadingGreekthoughtheyhaveneverstudiedthelanguage.Hedeplores(哀叹)hischildren'slackofinventiveness,asiftheabilitytoplayweresomethinginnate(天生的)thathischildrenaremissing.Infact,whilethetendencytoplayisbuiltintothehumanspecies,theactualabilitytoplay—toimagine,toinvent,toelaborateonrealityinaplayfulway—andtheabilitytogainfulfillmentfromit,theseareskillsthathavetobelearnedanddeveloped.Suchdisappointment,however,isnotonlyunjust,itisalsodestructive.Sensingtheirparents'disappointment,childrencometobelievethattheyare,indeed,lackingsomething,andthatthismakesthemlessworthyofadmirationandrespect.Givingchildrentheopportunitytodevelopnewresources,toenlargetheirhorizonsanddiscoverthepleasuresofdoingthingsontheirownis,ontheotherhand,awaytohelpchildrendevelopaconfidentfeelingaboutthemselvesascapableandinterestingpeople.Questions:(注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.Accordingtomanyparents,withoutTV,theirchildrenwouldlikethemtoS2.Manyparentsthinkthat,insteadofwatchingalotofTV,theirchildrenshould.S3.Thefatheroftenblameshischildrenfornotbeingabletoentertainthemselves.Thisisunfairbecausethey.S4.Whenparentsshowconstantdisappointmentintheirchildren,thedestructiveeffectisthatthechildrenwill.S5.Developingchildren'sself-confidencehelpsbringthemuptobe.Unit5PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions

115(15minutes)Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Americaisacountrythatnowsitsatopthecherishedmyththatworkprovidesrewards,thatworkingpeoplecansupporttheirfamilies.It'samyththathasbecomesodivorcedfromrealitythatitmightaswellbeginwiththewords"Onceuponatime."Today1.6millionNewYorkerssufferfrom"foodinsecurity,"whichisafancywayofsayingtheydon'thaveenoughtoeat.Somearethepeoplewhocomeinatnightandcleantheskyscrapersthatglitteralongtheriver.Somepourcoffeeandtakecareoftheagedparentsofthepeoplewholiveinthosebuildings.TheAmericanDreamforthewell-to-dogrowsfromthebowedbacksoftheworkingpoor,whotoooftenhavetochoosebetweengroceriesandrent.Inanewbookcalled"TheBetrayalofWork",BethShulmansaysthateveninthebooming1990soneoutofeveryfourAmericanworkersmadelessthan$8.70anhour,anincomeequaltothegovernment'spovertylevelforafamilyoffour.Many,ifnotmost,oftheseworkershadnohealthcare,sickpayorretirementprovisions.Weeaseourconsciences,Shulmanwrites,bydescribingthesepeopleas"lowskilled,"asthoughthey'renotimportantorintelligentenoughtodeservemore.Butlow-skilledworkerstodayarebettereducatedthaneverbefore,andtheyconstitutethelinchpin(关键)ofAmericanindustry.Whenpoliticianscrow(得意洋洋地说)thathappydaysarehereagainbecausejobsareontherise,it'sthesejobsthey'rereallytalkingabout.Fiveofthe10occupationsexpectedtogrowbiginthenextdecadeareinthelowest-payingjobgroups.Andbeforewesitbackanddecidethat'sjustthewayitis,it'sinstructivetoconsidertherestoftheworld.Whilethebottom10percentofAmericanworkersearnjust37percentofouraveragewage,theircounterpartsinotherindustrializedcountriesearnupwardsof60percent.Andthosearecountriesthatprovidehealthcareandchildcare,whicheasestheeconomicpinchconsiderably.Almost40yearsago,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredwaronpoverty,afamilywithacarandahouseinthesuburbsfeltprosperous.Todaythatsamefamilymaywellfeelpoor,overwhelmedbycreditcarddebt,asecondmortgageandthecostofthestuffthathasbecomethebackboneofAmericanlife.Whenthemiddleclassfeelspoor,thepoorhavelittlechanceforchange,orevenrecognition.47.Bysaying"itmightaswellbeginwiththewords‘Onceuponatime'"(Line3,Para.1),theauthorsuggeststhattheAmericanmythis________.48.WhatistheAmericanDreamofthewell-to-dobuiltupon?

11649.SomeAmericanstrytomakethemselvesfeellessguiltybyattributingthepovertyoftheworkingpeopleto________.50.WelearnfromthepassagethatthedifferenceinpaybetweenthelowestpaidandtheaverageworkerinAmericais________thanthatinotherindustrializedcountries.51.Accordingtotheauthor,howwouldanAmericanfamilywithacarandahouseinthesuburbsprobablyfeelaboutthemselvestoday?Unit6PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I’veheardfromandtalkedtomanypeoplewhodescribedhowMotherNaturesimplifiedtheirlivesforthem.They’dlosttheirhomeandmanyoralloftheirpossessionsthroughfires,floods,earthquakes,orsomeotherdisaster.Losingeverythingyouownundersuchcircumstancescanbedistressing,butthepeopleI’veheardfromallsawtheirloss,ultimatelyasablessing.“Thefiresavedustheagonyofdecidingwhattokeepandwhattogetridof,”onewomanwrote.Andonceallthosethingswerenolongerthere,sheandherhusbandsawhowtheyhadweighedthemdownandcomplicatetheirlives.“Therewassomuchstuffweneverusedandthatwasjusttakingupspace.Wevowedwhenwestartedover,we’dreplaceonlywhatweneeded,andthistimewe’ddoitright.We’vekeptour

117promise:wedon’thavemuchnow,butwhatwehaveisexactlywhatwewant.”Thoughwe’veneverhadacatastrophiclosssuchasthat,GibbsandIdidhaveaclosecallshortlybeforewedecidedtosimplify.Atthattimewelivedinafirezone.Onenightafirestormragesthroughanddestroyedoversixhundredhomesinourcommunity.Thattragedygaveustheopportunitytolookobjectivelyatthegoodswe’daccumulated.Wesawthattherewassomuchwecouldgetridofandonlynevermiss,butbebetteroffwithout.Havingalmostlostitall,wefounditmucheasiertoletgoofthethingsweknewwe’dneveruseagain.Obviously,there’satremendousdifferencebetweengettingridofpossessionsandlosingthemthroughanaturaldisasterwithouthavingasayinthematter.Andthisisnottominimizethetragedyandpainsuchalosscangenerate.Butyoumightthinkabouthowyouwouldapproachtheacquisitionprocessifyouhadittodoalloveragain.Lookaroundyourhomeandmakealistofwhatyouwouldreplace.Makeanotherlistofthingsyouwouldn’tacquireagainnomatterwhat,andinfactwouldbehappytoberidof.Whenyou’rereadytostartunloadingsomeofyourstuff,thatlistwillbeagoodplacetostart.47.Manypeoplewhosepossessionsweredestroyedinnaturaldisasterseventuallyconsideredtheirloss________.48.Nowthatalltheirpossessionswerelostinthefire,thewomanandherhusbandfeltthattheirliveshadbeen________.49.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor’shousefromthesentence“Gibbsanddidhaveaclosecall...”(Line1-2,Para.4)?50.Accordingtotheauthor,gettingridofpossessionsandlosingthemthroughanaturaldisasterarevastly________.51.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledowithunnecessarythings?

118Unit7PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?

11948.Google’ssearchengineoriginatedfrom________startedbyL.Page.49.HowdidGoogle’ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould________.51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom________.Unit8PartⅣShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Men,thesedays,areembracingfatherhoodwiththeround-the-clockinvolvementtheirpartnershavealwaysdreamedof–handlingnightfeedings,packinglunchesandbandagingknees.Butunlikewomen,manyfindthey’renegotiatingtheirnewroleswithlittlesupportorinformation.“Meninmygeneration(aged25-40)haveafearofbecomingdadsbecausewehavenorolemodels,”saysJonSmith,awriter.Theyoftenfindthemselvesexcludedfrommothers’supportnetworks,andareeyedwarily(警觉地)ontheplayground.Thechallengeisparticularlyevidentinthework—place.There,menarestillexpectedtobebreadwinnersclimbingthecorporateladder;traditionally-mindedbossesareoftenunsympathetictofamilyneeds.InDenmarkmostnewfathersonlytaketwoweeksofpaternityleave(父亲的陪产假)—eventhoughtheyareallowed34days.Asmuchasifnotmoresothanwomen,fathersstruggletobetakenseriouslywhentheyrequestflexiblearrangements.

120ThoughWilfried-FritzMaring,54,adata-bankandInternetspecialistwithGermanfirmFIZKarlsruhe,feelsthatthetimehespendswithhisdaughteroutweighsanydisadvantages,headmits,“WithmydecisiontoworkfromhomeIdismissedanyopportunityforpromotion.”Mind-sets(思维定势)arechanginggradually.WhenMaringhadadaughter,thecompanyequippedhimwithahomeofficeandallowedhimtochooseajobthatcouldbeperformedfromthere.DanishtelecomcompanyTDCinitiatedaninternalcampaignlastyeartoencouragedadstotakepaternityleave:97percentnowdo.“Whenanemployeegoesonpaternityleaveandiswithhiskids,hegetsanewkindoftraining:inhowtokeepcoolunderstress,”saysspokespersonChristineElbergHolm.Foranewgenerationofdads,kidsmaycomebeforethecompany–butit’sashiftthatbenefitsboth.47.Unlikewomen,menoftengetlittlesupportorinformationfrom______________.48.Besidessupportingthefamily,menwerealsoexpectedto________.49.Likewomen,menhopethattheirdesireforaflexibleschedulewillbe_____________.50.WhenMaringwasonpaternityleave,hewasallowedbyhiscompanytowork___________.51.ChristineHolmbelievespaternityleaveprovidesanewkindoftrainingformeninthatitcanhelpthemcopewith_____________.

121第三部分快速阅读Unit1PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions14,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.RainforestsTropicalrainforestsarethemostdiverseecosystem(生态系统)onEarth,andalsotheoldest.Today,tropicalrainforestscoveronly6percentoftheEarth'sgroundsurface,buttheyarehometooverhalfoftheplanet'splantandanimalspecies.WhatIsaRainforest?Generallyspeaking,arainforestisanenvironmentthatreceiveshighrainfallandisdominatedbytalltrees.Awiderangeofecosystemsfallintothiscategory,ofcourse.Butmostofthetimewhenpeopletalkaboutrainforests,theymeanthetropicalrainforestslocatedneartheequator.Theseforestsreceivebetween160and400inchesofrainperyear.Thetotalannualrainfallisspreadprettyevenlythroughouttheyear,andthetemperaturerarelydipsbelow60degreesFahrenheit.Thissteadyclimateisduetothepositionofrainforestsontheglobe.BecauseoftheorientationoftheEarth'saxis,theNorthernandSouthernhemisphereseachspendpartoftheyeartiltedawayfromthesun.Sincerainforestsareatthemiddleoftheglobe,locatedneartheequator,theyarenotespeciallyaffectedbythischange.Theyreceivenearlythesameamountofsunlight,andthereforeheat,allyear.Consequently,theweatherintheseregionsremainsfairlyconstant.

122Theconsistentlywet,warmweatherandamplesunlightgiveplantlifeeverythingitneedstothrive.Treeshavetheresourcestogrowtotremendousheights.andtheyliveforhundreds,eventhousands,ofyears.Thesegiants,whichreach60to150ftintheair,formthebasicstructureoftherainforest.Theirtopbranchesspreadwideinordertocapturemaximumsunlight.Thiscreatesathickcanopy(树冠)levelatthetopoftheforest,withthinnergreenerylevelsunderneath.Somelargetreesgrowsotallthattheyeventoweroverthecanopylayer.Asyougolower,downintotherainforest,youfindlessandlessgreenery.Theforestfloorismadeupofmoss,fungi,anddecayingplantmatterthathasfallenfromtheupperlayers.Thereasonforthisdecreaseingreeneryisverysimple：Theoverabundanceofplantsgatheringsunlightatthetopoftheforestblocksmostsunlightfromreachingthebottomoftheforest,makingitdifficultforrobustplantstothrive.TheForestfortheTreesTheamplesunlightandextremelywetclimateofmanytropicalareasencouragethegrowthoftoweringtreeswithwidecanopies.Thisthicktoplayeroftherainforestdictatesthelivesofallotherplantsintheforest.Newtreeseedlingsrarelysurvivetomakeittothetopunlesssomeoldertreesdie,creatinga"hole"inthecanopy.Whenthishappens,alloftheseedlingsonthegroundlevelcompeteintenselytoreachthesunlight.Manyplantspeciesreachthetopoftheforestbyclimbingthetalltrees.Itismucheasiertoascendthisway,becausetheplantdoesn'thavetoformitsownsupportingstructure.Someplantspecies,calledepiphytes,growdirectlyonthesurfaceofthegianttrees.Theseplants,whichincludeavarietyoforchidsandferns,makeupmuchoftheunderstory,thelayeroftherainforestrightbelowthecanopy.Epiphytesarecloseenoughtothetoptoreceiveadequatelight,andtherunofffromthecanopylayerprovidesallthewaterandnutrients(养分)theyneed,whichisimportantsincetheydon'thaveaccesstothenutrientsintheground.StranglersandButtressesSomeepiphyteseventuallydevelopintostranglers.Theygrowlong,thickrootsthatextenddownthetreetrunkintotheground.Astheycontinuetogrow,therootsformasortofwebstructureallaroundthetree.Atthesametime,thestranglerplant'sbranchesextendupward,spreadingoutintothecanopy.Eventually,thestranglermayblocksomuchlightfromabove,andabsorbsuchahighpercentageofnutrientsfromthegroundbelow,thatthehosttreedies.Competitionovernutrientsisalmostasintenseascompetitionforlight.Theexcessiverainfallrapidlydissolvesnutrientsinthesoil,makingitrelativelyinfertileexceptatthetoplayers.Forthisreason,rainforesttreerootsgrowoutwardtocoverawiderarea,ratherthandownwardtolowerlevels.Thismakesrainforesttreessomewhatunstable,sincetheydon'thaveverystronganchorsintheground.Sometreescompensateforthisbygrowingnaturalbuttresses.Thesebuttressesare

123basicallytreetrunksthatextendoutfromthesideofthetreeanddowntotheground,givingthetreeadditionalsupport.Rainforesttreesaredependentonbacteriathatarecontinuallyproducingnutrientsintheground.Rainforestbacteriaandtreeshaveaveryclose,symbiotic(共生的)relationship.Thetreesprovidethebacteriawithfood,intheformoffallenleavesandothermaterial,andthebacteriabreakthismaterialdownintothenutrientsthatthetreesneedtosurvive.Oneofthemostremarkablethingsaboutrainforestplantlifeisitsdiversity.ThetemperaterainforestsofthePacificNorthwestaremainlycomposedofadozenorsotreespecies.Atropicalrainforest,ontheotherhand,mighthave300distincttreespecies.AllCreatures,GreatandSmallRainforestsarehometothemajorityofanimalspeciesintheworld.Andagreatnumberofspecieswhonowliveinotherenvironments,includinghumans,originallyinhabitedtherainforests.Researchersestimatethatinalargerainforestarea,theremaybemorethan10milliondifferentanimalspecies.Mostofthesespecieshaveadaptedforlifeintheupperlevelsoftherainforest,wherefoodismostplentiful.Insects,whichcaneasilyclimborflyfromtreetotree,makeupthelargestgroup(antsarethemostabundantanimalintherainforest).Insectspecieshaveahighlysymbioticrelationshipwiththeplantlifeinarainforest.Theinsectsmovefromplanttoplant,enjoyingthewealthoffoodprovidedthere.Astheytravel,theinsectsmaypickuptheplants'seeds,droppingthemsomedistanceaway.Thishelpstodispersethepopulationoftheplantspeciesoveralargerarea.Thenumerousbirdsoftherainforestalsoplayamajorpartinseeddispersal.Whentheyeatfruitfromaplant,theseedspassthroughtheirdigestivesystem.Bythetimetheyexcrete(排泄)theseeds,thebirdsmayhaveflownmanymilesawayfromthefruit-bearingtree.Therearealsoalargenumberofreptilesandmammalsintherainforest.Sincetheweatherissohotandhumidduringtheday,mostrainforestmammalsareactiveonlyatnight,duskordawn.Themanyrainforestbatspeciesareespeciallywelladaptedforthislifestyle.Usingtheirsonar,batsnavigateeasilythroughthemassoftreesintherainforest,feedingoninsectsandfruit.Whilemostrainforestspeciesspendtheirlivesinthetrees,thereisalsoalotoflifeontheforestfloor.Greatapes,wildpigs,bigcatsandevenelephantscanallbefoundinrainforests.Thereareanumberofpeoplewholiveintherainforests,aswell.Thesetribes-which,upuntilrecently,numberedinthethousands-arebeingforcedoutoftherainforestsatanalarmingratebecauseofdeforestation.DeforestationInthepasthundredyears,humanshavebegundestroyingrainforestsatanalarmingrate.Today,roughly1.5acresofrainforestaredestroyedeverysecond.Peoplearecuttingdowntherainforestsinpursuitofthreemajorresources：

124·Landforcrops·Lumberforpaperandotherwoodproducts·LandforlivestockpasturesInthecurrenteconomy,peopleobviouslyhaveaneedforalloftheseresources.Butalmostallexpertsagreethat,overtime,wewillsuffermuchmorefromthedestructionoftherainforeststhanwewillbenefit.Theworld'srainforestsareanextremelyvaluablenaturalresource,tobesure,butnotfortheirlumberortheirland.TheyarethemaincradleoflifeonEarth,andtheyholdmillionsofuniquelifeformsthatwehaveyettodiscover.Destroyingtherainforestsiscomparabletodestroyinganunknownplanet-wehavenoideawhatwe'relosing.Ifdeforestationcontinuesatitscurrentrate,theworld'stropicalrainforestswillbewipedoutwithin40years.1.VirtuallyallplantandanimalspeciesonEarthcanbefoundintropicalrainforests.2.Thereisnotmuchchangeintheweatherinthetropicalrainforestsalltheyearround.3.ThelargestnumberofrainforestsintheworldarelocatedontheAfricancontinent.4.Belowthecanopylevelofatropicalrainforestgrowsanoverabundanceofplants.5.Newtreeseedlingswillnotsurvivetoreachthecanopylevelunless________.6.Epiphytes,whichformmuchoftheunderstoryoftherainforest,getalltheirwaterandnutrientsfrom________.7.Stranglersaresocalledbecausethey________byblockingthesunlightandcompetingforthenutrients.8.Sincerainforestbacteriaandtreesdependoneachotherforlife,therelationshiptheyformistermed________.9.Plantspeciesaredispersedoveralargeareawiththehelpof________.10.Aswearestillignorantofmillionsofuniquelifeformsintherainforest,deforestationcanbecomparedtothedestructionof________.Unit2PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions14,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

125NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SpaceTourismMakeyourreservationsnow.Thespacetourismindustryisofficiallyopenforbusiness,andticketsaregoingforamere$20millionforaone-weekstayinspace.DespitereluctancefromNationalAirandSpaceAdministration(NASA)，RussiamadeAmericanbusinessmanDennisTitotheworld’sfirstspacetourist.TitoflewintospaceaboardaRussianSoyuzrocketthatarrivedattheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)onApril30,2001.Thesecondspacetourist,SouthAfricanbusinessmanMarkShuttleworth,tookoffaboardtheRussianSoyuzonApril25,2002,alsoboundfortheISS.LanceBassof‘NSyncwassupposedtobethethirdtomakethe$20milliontrip,buthedidnotjointhethree-mancrewastheyblastedoffonOctober30,2002,duetolackofpayment.ProbablythemostincredibleaspectofthisproposedspacetourwasthatNASAapprovedofit.Thesetripsarethebeginningofwhatcouldbeaprofitable21stcenturyindustry.Therearealreadyseveralspacetourismcompaniesplanningtobuildsuborbitalvehiclesandorbitalcitieswithinthenexttwodecades.Thesecompanieshaveinvestedmillions,believingthatthespacetourismindustryisonthevergeoftakingoff.In1997,NASApublishedareportconcludingthatsellingtripsintospacetoprivatecitizenscouldbeworthbillionsofdollars.AJapanesereportsupportsthesefindings,andprojectsthatspacetourismcouldbea$10billionperyearindustrywithinthenexttwodecades.Theonlyobstaclestoopeningupspacetotouristsarethespaceagencies,whoareconcernedwithsafetyandthedevelopmentofareliable,reusablelaunchvehicle.SpaceAccommodationsRussia’sMirspacestationwassupposedtobethefirstdestinationforspacetourists.ButinMarch2001，theRussianAerospaceAgencybroughtMirdownintothePacificOcean.Asitturnedout,bringingdownMironlytemporarilydelayedthefirsttouristtripintospace.TheMircrashdidcancelplansforanewreality-basedgameshowfromNBC,whichwasgoingtobecalledDestinationMir.TheSurvivor-likeTVshowwasscheduledtoairinfall2001,ParticipantsontheshowweretogothroughtrainingatRussia’scosmonaut(宇航员)trainingcenter,StarCity.Eachweek,oneoftheparticipantswouldbeeliminatedfromtheshow,withthewinnerreceivingatriptotheMirspacestation.TheMircrashhasruledoutNBC’sspaceplansfornow.NASAisagainstbeginningspacetourismuntiltheInternationalSpaceStationiscompletedin2006.Russiaisnotaloneinitsinterestinspacetourism.Thereareseveralprojectsunderwaytocommercializespacetravel.Hereareafewofthegroupsthatmighttaketouriststospace:

126lSpaceIslandGroupisgoingtobuildaring-shaped,rotating“commercialspaceinfrastructure(基础结构)”thatwillresembletheDiscoveryspacecraftinthemovie“2001:ASpaceOdyssey.”SpaceIslandsaysitwillbuilditsspacecityoutofemptyNASAspace-shuttlefueltanks(tostart,itshouldtakearound12orso),andplaceitabout400milesaboveEarth.Thespacecitywillrotateonceperminutetocreateagravitationalpullone-thirdasstrongasEarth’s.lAccordingtotheirvisionstatement.SpaceAdventuresplansto“flytensofthousandofpeopleinspaceoverthenext10-15yearsandbeyond,aroundthemoon,andback,fromspaceportsbothonEarthandinspace,toandfromprivatespacestations,andboarddozenofdifferentvehicles...”lEvenHiltonHotelshasshowninterestinthespacetourismindustryandpossibilityofbuildingorco-fundingaspacehotel.However,thecompanydidsaythatitbelievessuchaspacehotelis15to20yearsaway.Initially,spacetourismwilloffersimpleaccommodationsatbest.Forinstance,iftheInternationalSpaceStationisusedasatouristattraction,guestswon’tfindtheluxurioussurroundingsofahotelroomonEarth.Ithasbeendesignedforconductingresearch,notentertainment.However,thefirstgenerationofspacehotelsshouldoffertouristsamuchmorecomfortableexperience.InregardtoaconceptforaspacehotelinitiallyplannedbySpaceIsland,suchahotelcouldofferguestseveryconveniencetheymightfindatahotelonEarth,andsometheymightnot.Thesmallgravitationalpullcreatedbytherotatingspacecitywouldallowspace-touristsandresidentstowalkaroundandfunctionfacilitieswouldbepossible.Additionally,spacetouristswouldevenbeabletotakespacewalks.Manyofthesecompaniesbelievethattheyhavetoofferanextremelyenjoyableexperienceinorderforpassengerstopaythousands,ifnotmillions,ofdollarstorideintospace.Sowillspacecreateanotherseparationbetweenthehavesandhave-nots?TheMostExpensiveVacationWillspacebeanexoticretreatreservedforonlythewealthy?Orwillmiddle-classfolkshaveachancetotaketheirfamiliestospace?Makenomistakeaboutit,goingtospacewillbethemostexpensivevacationyouevertake.Pricesrightnowareinthetensofmillionsofdollars.Currently,theonlyvehiclesthatcantakeyouintospacearethespaceshuttleandtheRussianSoyuz,bothofwhichareterriblyinefficient.Eachspacecraftrequiresmillionsofpoundsoffueltotakeoffintospace,whichmakesthemexpensivetolaunch.Onepoundofpayload(有效载重)costsabout$10,000toputintoEarth’sorbit.NASAandLockheedMartinarecurrentlydevelopingasingle-stage-to-orbitlaunchspaceplane,calledtheVentureStar,thatcouldbelaunchedforaboutatenthofwhatthespaceshuttlecoststolaunch.IftheVentureStartakesoff,thenumberofpeoplewhocouldaffordtotakeatrip

127intospacewouldmoveintothemillions.In1998,ajointreportfromNASAandtheSpaceTransportationAssociationstatedthatimprovementsintechnologycouldpushfaresforspacetravelaslowas$50,000,andpossiblydownto$20,000or$10,000adecadelater.Thereportconcludedthataticketpriceof$50,000,therecouldbe500,000passengersflyingintospaceeachyear.Whilestillleavingoutmanypeople,thesepriceswouldopenupspacetoatremendousamountoftraffic.Sincethebeginningofthespacerace,thegeneralpublichassaid,“Isn’tthatgreat—whendoIgettogo?”Well,ourchancemightbecloserthanever.Withinthenext20years,spaceplanescouldbetakingofffortheMoonatthesamefrequencyasairplanesflyingbetweenNewYorkandLosAngles.1.LanceBasswasn’tabletogoonatourofspacebecauseofhealthproblems.2.Severaltourismcompaniesbelievespacetravelisgoingtobeanewprofitableindustry.3.Thespaceagenciesarereluctanttoopenupspacetotourists.4.TwoAustralianbillionaireshavebeenplacedonthewaitinglistforenteringspaceasprivatepassengers.5.Thepriceforthewinnerinthefall2001NBATVgameshowwouldhavebeen________.6.HiltonHotelsbelievesitwon’tbelongbeforeitispossibletobuilda________.7.Inorderforspacetouriststowalkaroundandfunctionnormally,itisnecessaryforthespacecitytocreatea________.8.Whatmakinggoingtospacethemostexpensivevacationistheenormouscostinvolvedin________.9.Eachyear500,000spacetouristscouldbeflyingintospaceifticketpricescouldbeloweredto________.10.Withinthenexttwodecades,________couldbeasintercityairtravel.Unit3PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions14,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

128Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJobManypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey.Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn’tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They’restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat“inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday.”Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat’swhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist“justlikedad.”Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it’sprobablytimetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn’tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhattheyarecurrentlydoing.Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor“chainedtoyourdesk”mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersandworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschool

129nightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster’sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.Step3:Self-definitionMillersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves.“Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer.”Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare–allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing–you’llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve–thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.Step5:Vision.Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoIreallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.Step6:Appropriaterisk.Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You’llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.Step7:Action.Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofa

130mountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.”Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.2.MaryLynMiller’sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvestothepursuitof________.6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike________.7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow________.8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion“________”9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto________.10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis________.Unit4PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.SevenwaytoSavetheWorldForgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial—ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:gettingthesame—orbetter—resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.WhenaslumpinbusinesstravelforcedUlrichRamertocutcostsathisfamily—ownedhotelinGermany,hereplacedhundredsof

131thehotel’swastefullightbulbs,gettingthesamelightfor80percentlesspower.Heboughtanewwaterboilerwithadigitallycontrolledpump,andwrappedinsulationaroundthepipes.Spendingabout￡100,000ontheseandotherimprovements,heslashedhis￡90,000fuelandpowerbillby￡60,000.Asabonus,thehotel’slowerenergyneedshavereduceditsannualcarbonemissionsbymorethan200metrictons.“Forus,savingenergyhasbeenvery,veryprofitable,”hesays.“Andmostimportantly,we’renotgivingupasinglecomfortforourguests.”Efficiencyisalsoagreatwaytolowercarbonemissionsandhelpslowglobalwarming.Butthebestargumentforefficiencyisitscost—or,moreprecisely,itsprofitability.That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequiresimmenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.Nowonderefficiencyhasmovedtothetopofthepoliticalagenda.OnJan.10,theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.LastMarch,Chinaimposeda20percentincreaseinenergyefficiencyby2020.EvenGeorgeW.Bush,theTexasoilman,isexpectedtotalkaboutenergyconservationinhisStateoftheUnionspeechthisweek.Thegoodnewsisthattheworldisfullofproven,cheapwaystosaveenergy.Herearetheseventhatcouldhavethebiggestimpact.InsulateSpaceheatingandcoolingeatsup36percentofalltheworld’senergy.There’svirtuallynolimittohowmuchofthatcanbesaved,asprototype“zero-energyhomes”inSwitzerlandandGermanyhaveshown.There’sbeenasurgeinnewwaysofkeepingheatinandcoldout(orviceversa).Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:ifyouaddenoughyoucanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.ChangeBulbsLightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity,ortheequivalentofroughly600,000tonsofcoaladay.Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs—a19th-centurytechnologythatwastesmostofthepoweritconsumesonunwantedheat.  Compactfluorescentlamps,orCFLS,notonlyuse75to80percentlesselectricitythanincandescentbulbstogeneratethesameamountoflight,buttheyalsolast10timeslonger.Phasingoldbulbsoutby2030wouldsavetheoutputof650powerplantsandavoidthereleaseof700milliontonsofcarbonintotheatmosphereeachyear.ComfortZoneWaterboilers,spaceheatersandairconditionershavebeennotoriouslyinefficient.Theheatpumphasalteredthatequation.Itremovesheatfromtheairoutsideorthegroundbelowanduses

132ittosupplyheattoabuildingoritswatersupply.Inthesummer,thesystemcanbereversedtocoolbuildingsaswell.MostnewresidentialbuildingsinSwedenarealreadyheatedwithground-sourceheatpumps.Suchsystemsconsumealmostnoconventionalfuelatall.Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket,includingJapan,wherealmostImillionheatpumpshavebeeninstalledinthepasttwoyearstoheatwaterforshowersandhottubs.RemakeFactoriesFromsteelmillstopaperfactories,industryeatsupaboutathirdoftheworld’senergy.Theopportunitiestosavearevast.InLudwigshafen,GermanchemicalsgiantBASFrunsaninterconnectedcomplexofmorethan200chemicalfactories,whereheatproducedbyonechemicalprocessisusedtopowerthenext.AttheLudwigshafensitesitealone,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysavesthecompany￡200millionayearandalmosthalfitsCO2emissions.NowBASFisdoingthesamefornewplantsinChina.“Optimizing(优化)energyefficiencyisadecisivecompetitiveadvantage,”saysBASFCEOJurgenHambrecht.GreenDrivingAquarteroftheworld’senergy---includingtwothirdsoftheannualproductionofoil—isusedfortransportation.Somesavingscomefreeofcharge:youcanboostfuelefficiencyby6percentsimplybykeepingyourcar’stiresproperlyinflated(充气).Gasoline-electrichybrid(混合型的)modelsliketheToyotaPriusimprovemileagebyafurther20percentoverconventionalmodels.ABetterFridgeMorethanhalfofallresidentialpowergoesintorunninghouseholdappliances,producingafifthoftheworld’scarbonemissions.Andthat’strueeventhoughmanufacturershavealreadyhikedtheefficiencyofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoodsbyasmuchas70percentsincethe1980s.AccordingtoanInternationalEnergyAgencystudy,ifconsumerschosethosemodelsthatwouldsavethemthemostmoneyoverthelifeoftheappliance,they’dcutglobalresidentialpowerconsumption(andtheirutilitybills)by43percent.FlexiblePaymentWhosaysyouhavetopayforallyourconservationinvestments?“Energyservicecontractors”willpayforretrofitting（翻新改造）inreturnforashareoftheclient’sannualutility-billsavings.InBeijing,ShenwuThermalEnergyTechnologyCo.specializesinretrofittingChina’ssteelfurnaces.Shenwuputsuptheinitialinvestmenttoinstallaheatexchangerthatpreheatstheairgoingintothefurnace,slashingtheclient’sfuelcosts.Shenwupocketsacutof

133thosesavings,sobothShenwuandtheclientprofit.Ifsavingenergyissoeasyandprofitable,whyisn’teveryonedoingit?Ithasdowithpsychologyandalackofinformation.Mostofustendtolookattoday’spricetagmorethantomorrow’spotentialsaving.Thatholdsdoubleforthelandlordordeveloper,whowon’tactuallyseeapennyofthesavingshisinvestmentinbetterinsulationorabetterheatingsystemmightgenerate.Inmanypeople’sminds,conservationisstillassociatedwithself-denial.Manyenvironmentalistsstillpushthatview.Smartgovernmentscanhelppushthemarketintherightdirection.TheEU’s1994lawonlabelingwassuchasuccessthatitextendedthesameideatoentirebuildingslastyear.Toboostthemarketvalueofefficiency,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtohavean“energypass”detailingpowerandheatingconsumption.CountrieslikeJapanandGermanyhavesuccessivelytightenedbuildingcodes,requiringanincreaseininsulationlevelsbutleavingituptobuilderstodecidehowtomeetthem.Themostpowerfulincentives,ofcourse,willcomefromthemarketitself.Overthepastyear,sky-highfuelpriceshavefocusedmindsonefficiencylikeneverbefore.Ever-increasingpressuretocutcostshasfinallyforcedmorecompaniestodosomemathontheirenergyuse.Willitbeenough?Withglobaldemandandemissionsrisingsofast,wemaynothaveanychoicebuttotry.Efficienttechnologyisherenow,provenandcheap.Comparedwithallotheroptions,it’sthebiggest,easiestandmostprofitablebangforthebuck.1.Whatissaidtobebestwaytoconserveenergynowadays?A)Raisingefficiency.                         B)Cuttingunnecessarycosts.. C)Findingalternativeresources.           D)Sacrificingsomepersonalcomforts.2.WhatdoestheEuropeanUnionplantodo? A)Diversifyenergysupply.                    B)Cutenergyconsumption. C)Reducecarbonemissions.                   D)RaiseproductionRaiseproductionefficiency.3.Ifyouaddenoughinsulationtoyourhouse,youmaybeableto_____________. A)improveyourworkenvironment              B)cutyourutilitybillsbyhalf  C)getridofair-conditioners                    D)enjoymuchbetterhealth4.Howmuchofthepowerconsumedbyincandescentbulbsisconvertedintolight? A)Asmallportion.       B)Some40percent.      C)Almosthalf.       

134D)75to80percent.5.Somecountrieshavetriedtojump-startthemarketofheatpumpsby__________.A)upgradingtheequipment B)encouraginginvestments C)implementinghigh-tech D)providingsubsidies6.GermanchemicalsgiantBASFsaves￡200millionayearby___________.A)recyclingheatandenergy                     B)settingupfactoriesinChinaC)usingthenewesttechnology                   D)reducingtheCO2emissionsofitsplants7.Globalresidentialpowerconsumptioncanbecutby43percentif___________.A)weincreasetheinsulationofwallsandwaterpipesB)WechoosesimplermodelsofelectricalappliancesC)Wecutdownontheuseofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods D)Wechoosethemostefficientmodelsofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods8.Energyservicecontractorsprofitbytakingapartofclients____________.9.Manyenvironmentalistsmaintaintheviewthatconservationhasmuchtodowith_____.10.Thestrongestincentivesforenergyconservationwillderivefrom__________.

135第四部分选词填空Passage1Weliveinaworldofviolence.Thevalueofhumanlifehasreachedto,simply,afew__1__organsinahollowbody.Lifeisnolongerviewedasthe___2___andamazinggiftthatitis.Humanlifeisnowonlyatemporary,useful__3__.And,whenitisnolongeruseful?Well,itcanbethrownaway,likeusedKleenex.Thisdisrespectforlifehasbeena__4__ofnumeroushoursofsenselessviolencethatsocietyfeedsintopeople’sbrainseveryday.Yet,mediarepresentativesdefendtheentertainmentindustry,__5__anydirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandviolentbehavior.Inmanypeople’slivingrooms,there__6__anoutletforviolencethatoftengoesunnoticed.Itisthetelevision.Thechildrenwhoviewitareoftenpulledintoitsrealisticworldofviolent__7__withsometimes__8__results.Muchefforthasgoneintoshowingwhythisglowingbox,andtheactionthattakesplacewithinit,mesmerizeschildren.Researchshowsthatitis__9__amajorsourceofviolentbehaviorinchildren.Thestatisticsprovetimeandtimeagainthataggressionandtelevisionviewingdo__10__handinhand.devastatinghardlysitsvitalresultgonumberdenyingcommodityvisualscenessacreddefinitelyscienceincluding

136答案第一部分阅读理解全真题Unit121.D22.D23.A24.B25.B26.C27.A28.C29.B30.D31.A32.A33.C34.B35.D36.D37.C38.C39.B40.CUnit221.B22.A23.C24.C25.D26.C27.B28.A29.D30.A31.B32.C33.A34.D35.B36.D37.D38.A39.C40.BUnit321.B22.C23.A24.D25.B26.D27.B28.C29.D30.A31.B32.C33.C34.A35.B36.A37.D38.A39.C40.DUnit411.C12.A13.C14.B15.D16.C17.C18.D19.D20.A21.A22.B23.C24.B25.D26.A27.D28.C29.A30.BUnit521.D22.A23.B24.C25.D26.D27.A28.C29.B30.A31.A32.D33.C34.A35.B36.D37.C38.A39.B40.CUnit621.C22.A23.C24.B25.D26.A27.C28.D29.B30.A31.B32.C33.D34.A35.D36.A37.B38.C39.C40.AUnit721.A22.D23.C24.C25.B26.C27.A28.A29.B30.A31.B32.A33.D34.A35.D36.B37.A38.D39.C40.D

137Unit821.B22.A23.A24.B25.B26.B27.C28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.A34.A35.B36.B37.B38.D39.D40.CUnit921.C22.A23.D24.C25.A26.B27.C28.D29.A30.A31.B32.B33.B34.A35.A36.C37.D38.B39.D40.BUnit1021.A22.B23.C24.A25.D26.B27.D28.C29.A30.D31.B32.C33.B34.D35.A36.C37.A38.C39.D40.DUnit1121.D22.C23.B24.D25.A26.B27.A28.C29.A30.C31.D32.D33.A34.B35.C36.D37.B38.C39.C40.AUnit1221.A22.D23.B24.C25.D26.B27.D28.A29.B30.C31.D32.A33.D34.A35.C36.D37.B38.D39.C40.AUnit1311.B12.C13.A14.D15.D16.A17.B18.D19.A20.C21.C22.B23.D24.C25.A26.D27.B28.C29.D30.AUnit1421.D22.B23.A24.A25.C26.D27.A28.C29.B30.D31.B32.C33.A34.D35.B36.D37.B38.C39.A40.DUnit1552.A53.B54.D55.A56.C57.C58.B59.D60.C61.AUnit1652.B53.D54.A55.D56.B57.B58.C59.D60.C61.CUnit17

13852.B53.D54.A55.D56.C57.B58.B59.D60.C61.CUnit1852.C53.A54.D55.B56.A57.C58.C59.B60.C61.D第二部分简答题全真试题全真试题1.（Heseemedpuzzledabout）whereFrisbeewas.（Heseemedpuzzledabout）thelocationoftheFrisbee.WheretheFrisbeehadgone.WheretheFrisbeelay.ItslosingtrackoftheFrisbee.AboutwheretofindtheFrisbee.NewtonpretendedtobepuzzledaboutwheretheFrisbeewas.2.Newtonseemedtoliketoplaytrickson/makefunofpeople.ItseemsNewtonlikedtodeceivepeople.Becauseitsbehaviourwasdeceiving.(Because)Newtonpretendedtobepuzzled.HepretendednottobeabletofindtheFrisbee.3.Petownersarewillingtosharetheirstories(withothers).Petowners’willingnesstosharetheirstories(withothers).Petownersareeagertosharethemwithothers.Everypetownerhasastorytoshare.Petownerswanttotelltheirpets’stories.Theirownersareeagertosharetheirstorieswithothers.Petownerswanttoshowtheirpetsaresmart.4.Petshaveamentalandemotionallife.Humantraitscouldbeprojectedontoanimals.Anthropomorphism.Projectinghumantraitsontoanimals.5.Itistheresultofmechanicaltraining.Itistheresultofunintentionalpunishmentpunishmentsandrewards.

139Itistheresultofconditioning.Theyareconditionedtobehaveinacertainway.Theyweretrained.Training.Unit11.(The)cartheftintheU.S./U.S.A./UnitedStates.Car/Vehicle/MotorVehicletheft.Theft/theftsofcars.It’smainlyaboutthevehicletheftintheU.S.A.Thepassageismainlyaboutthevehicletheft.ThepassagetellsusthevehicletheftintheU.S.VehicletheftisacommonphenomenonintheUnitedStates.Vehicletheftandhowtoavoidit.Vehiclestealingandtheprotectionofyourcar.Highvolumeofvehicletheftsandsecuritysystemsagainsttheft.Vehicletheftandhowtocopewithit.2.Leavinghiskeyinthetruck.Heleftthekeyinthetruck.Heshouldhavetakenhiskeywithhim.Heshouldn’thaveleftthekeywithhim.Hedidn’tremovethekeyoutofthetruck.Hiscarelessness.3.Morethantwomillioncarswouldbestolen.Thevehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillion.4.Disassemblethemandselltheparts,orsmugglethemabroad.Sellingtheirpartsathomeorsmugglingthemabroad.Sellingtheirparts(toindividuals)andsmugglingthemabroad.5.Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals.Radiotransmittingdevice.Thesecuritysystemwithadevicethattransmitradiosignals.Unit21.Theywereaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulged.

140Theywereusedtobeingspoiledandindulged.Theywereaccustomedtobeingtakencareofbyothers.Theyusuallyleftlife’sdailyworkinothers’hand.2.Becauseofthetwistsandtheturnsoftheriver.Becauseofthewilderrapids.Becausetheriverisfullofunpredictabletwistsandturns.Becausetherearewilderrapidsintheriver.Becausethereareunpredictabletwistsandturns.3.Itwasinadversity.Itwasbynomeansamajorcontender.Itwassufferingfromyearsofadversity.Teamworkwasnotbroughtintofullplay.4.Thelackofteamwork.Teamworkwasneglected.Distrustandlackofteamwork.5.Teamwork.Thespiritofteamwork.Thespirittoworkasateam.Unit31.theywanttoconstructthatworldinourheads.theywanttoknowmoreabouttheworld.theywanttobewell-informed.theywantmoreinformation.2.Becausetheyareasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Newspapersareasourceofnewsandinformation.Becausetheyserveasasourceofnewsandinformation.Becausetheyprovideuswithnewsandinformation.Becausetheyinformusofnewsandinformation.3.selective.toone’stasteandinterest.affectedbyone’spersonalpreference.4.Thesocialcontextofexposure.5.hardlyplanned.

141unplanned.toagreatextendunplanned.seldomplanned.Unit41.beentertainers.playwiththem.entertainthemselves.beoncallasentertainers.actasentertainers.2.thinkupthingstodo,suchasprojectsandgames.comeupwithsomethingtodo3.shouldlearnanddeveloptheactualabilitytoplay.havenoconditiontodeveloptheirabilitytoplay.havetolearnthoseskillswhicharenotinnate.4.loseself-confidence.believethattheyarelessworthyofadmirationandrespect.believethatthey’relackingofsomething.5.capableandinterestingpeople.Unit547.divorcedfromreality/unrealistic48.Thebackbreakinglaboroftheworkingpoor./Thebowedbacksoftheworkingpoor49.(their)lackofskill/(their)lowskill50.muchgreater51.PoorUnit647.asablessing48.simplified49.theirhouseneedtobesimplified.50.differen51.makealistoftheunnecessarythingsbeforeunloadingthem

142Unit747.ThebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page48.theacademicproject49.Bywordofmouth50.meettheirprice51.advertisingUnit847.mother’ssupportnetwork48.climbthecorporateladder49.takenseriously50.inahomeoffice51.stress第三部分快速阅读Unit11.N2.Y3.NG4.N5.guaranteed6.Internetaccess7.twocustomersatisfactionprograms/acustomerhotlineandacustomercall-backprogram8.higherpricesoftheirpizzas9.recklessdrivingbytheirdrivers10.thesameUnit21.N2.Y3.Y4.NG5.atriptotheMirSpaceStation6.aspacehotel7.smallgravitational8.thefuelofspacecraft9.$50,00010.spacetravelUnit31.N2.Y3.NG4.Y

1435.thosethingsthattheylovemost6.products7.hisconfidence8.WhatdoIreallywanttodo?9.takeriskandmakesacrifices10.thelackofactionUnit41.A2.B3.C4.B5.D6.A7.D8.annualutility-billsavings9.self-denial10.themarketitself/themarket第四部分选词填空Passage11.vital2.sacred3.commodity4.result5.denying6.sits7.scenes8.devastating9.definitely10.go