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通过阅读学词汇--六级六级篇UnitOneElementarySchoolsinearlyAmericaWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptabilityandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.intheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbal
1descriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.inventionn.1.发明,发明物2.捏造,虚构inventorn.发明家,发明者[联想词]inventoryn.1.详细目录2.存货清单breakthroughn.1.突围,突破2.重大成就,惊人发现[联想词]breakdownn.1.垮台,破裂2.衰竭,衰弱3.损坏,故障4.分类premiumn.1.保险金2.额外费用3.奖品,赠品,额外津贴a.1.高级的,优质的2.售价高的[联想词]subsidyn.津贴,补贴verbala.1.口头的2.用言辞的,用文字的[联想词]vocala.发声的,嗓音的spatiala.空间的,与空间有关的literacyn.识字,有文化,读写能力
2literatea.1.有读写能力的2.有文化修养的stimulusn.1.促进2.刺激[联想词]provocationn.1.挑衅,挑拨2.刺激,激怒provocativea.1.挑衅的,煽动的2.刺激的precedevt.在...之前,先于precedentn.1.先例,范例,判例2.惯例patentn.专利,专利权a.专利(权)的,受专利保护的vt.得到...的专利权originatevi.起源于,来自,产生vt.创造,创始,开创[联想词]commencev.开始incentiven.刺激,鼓励multituden.1.大量,许多2.大众,民众ambiguousa.引起歧义的,模式棱两可的,含糊不清的[联想词]indefinitea.1.不明确的,含糊的2.无限期的explicita.1.明确的,明晰的;详述的2.直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的manipulatevt.1.操纵,控制,影响2.操作,使用levern.1.杠杆2.途径,工具,手段vt.撬动,撬起wedgen.楔(子)vt.把...楔入,塞入[联想词]grooven.沟,槽hingen.铰链interactvi.相互作用,相互影响emulationn.1.竞赛,竞争2.仿效,仿真
3imitationn.1.模仿2.仿制,仿制品3.赝品strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求sculpturen.1.雕刻,雕塑2.雕刻作品,雕塑品[联想词]carvevt.1.切,把...切碎2.雕刻,刻engravevt.1.在...上雕刻2.使铭记,使牢记statuen.雕像,塑像bustn.1.胸像,半身像2.胸部,胸围marblen.1.大理石diploman.毕业文凭,毕业证书,资格证书[联想词]diplomatn.1.外交官,外交家2.有交际手段的人,圆滑的人perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,长期的2.无休止的,没完没了的UnitTwoFightAgainstYouthSmokingThreeyearsago,appalledbyhowmanychildrenwerebecomingaddictedtocigaretteseveryyear,theVicePresidentandIcommittedthisadministrationtostoppingthesaleandmarketingofcigarettestochildren.Today,thankstotheseeffortsandthepersistenceofstateattorneysgeneral,thepublichealthcommunity,andleadersinCongress,wehavethebestopportunityevertopasscomprehensiveanti-smokinglegislationthatwellsavemillionsofourchildrenfromapremature,painful,andverypreventabledeath.Thisweek,inahistoricandresounding19to1vote,akeySenatecommitteegaveitsstampofapprovaltocomprehensivelegislationsponsoredbySenatorJohnMcCain,aRepublican,andSenatorFritzHollings,aDemocrat,thatwouldcutyouthsmokingbyhalfoverthenextdecade.Thisbillrepresentsadramaticstepforward.Itwouldraisethepriceofcigarettes,givetheFDAfullauthoritytoregulate
4tobaccoproducts,banadvertisingaimedatchildren,andprotecttobaccofarmers.Westillhaveworktodointhislegislation.Aboveall,weneedtoputinplacetoughpenaltiesthatwillcostthetobaccoindustryifitcontinuestosellcigarettestoyoungpeople.JustthisweektheCentersforDiseaseControlreleasedadisturbingreportthatmorethanathirdofteenagersintheUnitedStatesnowsmoke,eventhoughit'sillegal.Itistimetoholdtobaccocompaniesaccountable.Reducingyouthsmokingmustbeeverybody'sbottomline.Let'sremember--thisisnotaboutpoliticsormoney,orseekingrevengeagainstthetobaccoindustryforpastpractices.We'renottryingtoputthetobaccocompaniesoutofbusiness;wewanttoputthemoutofthebusinessofsellingcigarettestokids.Thisweek'sprogressintheSenateshowswehaverealmomentuminbothpartiestodojustthat.There'restillmanlyissuestobeworkedoutandmanylongnightsahead.Butwehavewithinourgrasponeofthemostimportantpublichealthvictoriesournationhaseverachieved.Finally,litmejustpauseamomenttoobservethe30thanniversaryofthedeathofoneofAmerica'sgreatestheroes,Dr.MartinLutherKing.Hisdream,deeplyrootedintheAmericanDream,isadreamforallAmericans.LetushereathomealwaysstrivetoheedDr.King'swordsandliveuptohislegacy.--------BillClintonappallvt.使惊骇,使大吃一惊[联想词]terrifyvt.使害怕,使惊吓outragevt.激起...的义愤,激怒n.1.义愤,愤慨2.暴行,骇人听闻的事件addictn.1.有瘾的人2.入迷的人vt.使成瘾,使入迷[联想词]cocainen.可卡因toxica.有毒的,中毒引起的
5persistenta.1.坚持不懈的,执意的2.持续的persistencen.1.坚持不懈,执意2.持续性,持续状态[联想词]stubborna.1.顽固的,执拗的,倔强的2.难对付的,难于克服的legislationn.1.法律,法规2,立法的,法律的制定[联想词]legitimatea.1.合情合理的2.合法的,法律认可的judiciala.1.司法的,法庭的,审判的2.明断的,公正的suevi.1.控告,起诉2.要求,请求vt.控告,起诉prosecutevt.1.对...提起公诉,告发,检举2.继续从事vi.起诉,告发defendantn.被告invalida.1.无效的,作废的2.无可靠依据的n.病弱者,残疾者testifyvi.1.作证,证明2.表明,说明vt.作证,证明testimonyn.1.证词2.见证,证明prematurea.1.比预期时间早是2.不成熟的,仓促的authorityn.1.权力,管辖权2.官方,当局3.当权者,行政管理机构4.权威,专家authoritativea.1.权威性的,可信的2.专断的,命令式的authorizevt.授权,批准[联想词]definitivea.1.最可靠的,权威性的2.决定性的accountablea.负起责任的revengen.报复,报仇momentumn.1.动力,冲力,势力2.动量[联想词]impetusn.1.推动,促进,刺激2.推动力strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求heedvt.留心,注意,听从legacyn.遗赠的财物,遗产
6deadlya.1.致死的,致命的2.不共戴天的,殊死的3.极度的,十足的ad.非常,极度地][联想词]drastica.1.极端的,严厉的2.激烈的,迅猛的epidemicn.1.流行病2.流传,流行a.流行性的,流传极广的lurevt.吸引,引诱,诱惑UnitThreeBeautyIsMeaninglessAyoungmanseesasunsetand,unabletounderstandortoexpresstheemotionthatitrousesinhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.Itisdifficultforanyofusinmomentsofintenseaestheticexperiencetoresistthesuggestionthatwearecatchingaglimpseofalightthatshinesdowntousfromadifferentrealmofexistence,differentand,becausetheexperienceisintenselymoving,insomewayhigher.And,thoughthegleamsblindanddazzle,yettheydoconveyahintofbeautyandserenitygreaterthanwehaveknownorimagined.Greatertoothanwecandescribe,forlanguage,whichwasinventedtoconveythemeaningsofthisworld,cannotreadilybefittedtotheusesofanother.Thatallgreatarthasthispowerofsuggestingaworldbeyondisundeniable.Insomemoods,Naturesharesit.ThereisnoskyinJunesobluethatitdoesnotpointforwardtoabluer,nosunsetsobeautifulthatitdoesnotwakenthevisionofagreaterbeauty,avisionwhichpassesbeforeitisfullyglimpsed,andinpassingleavesanindefinablelongingandregret.But,ifthisworldisnotmerelyabadjoke,lifeavulgarflareamidthecoolradianceofthestars,andexistenceanemptylaughbrayingacrossthemysteries,iftheseintimationsofasomethingbehindandbeyondarenotevilhumorbornofindigestion,orwhimsiessentbythedeviltomockandmaddenus,if,inaword,beautymeanssomething,yetwemustnotseektointerpretthemeaning.Ifweglimpsetheunutterable,itisunwiseto
7trytoutterit,norshouldweseektoinvestwithsignificancethatwhichwecannotgrasp.Beautyintermsofourhumanmeaningsismeaningless.THREEintensea.1.强烈的,剧烈的,紧张的2.认真的,专注的3.热情的,热切的intensifyv.(使)增强,(使)加剧aesthetica.1.美学的,审美的2.悦目的,雅致的gleamvi.1.闪亮,闪烁2.闪现,流露n.1.闪光,闪亮2.闪现,流露[联想词]sparklevi.1.发光,闪耀,闪烁2.活跃,焕发n.1.发光,闪耀,闪烁2.活力,生气glittervi.闪闪发光,闪耀n.闪光,灿烂的光辉2.耀眼,辉煌dazzlevt.使眩目n.1.耀眼的光2.令人赞叹的东西serenityn.1.平静,安详2.晴朗,明朗denialn.1.否认2.拒绝undeniablea.不可否认的vulgara.1.粗野的,下流的2.庸俗的,粗俗的[联想词]obscenea.1.淫秽的,下流的2.可憎的,可恶的flarevi.1.(火焰)闪耀2.突发,突然发怒n.闪光信号,照明弹[联想词]eruptvi.1.(火山等)喷发2.(战争等)爆发,突然发生ignitevt.点燃,引发radianta.1.容光焕发的,喜形于色的2.光芒四射的,光辉灿烂的3.辐射的[联想词]radiatev.1.发出(光或热),辐射2.流露,显示radioactivea.放射性的,有辐射的
8brayvi.1.(驴)叫2.以响而粗的声音说(或笑)whimsyn.1.怪念头,离奇的想法2.稀奇古怪[联想词]bizarrea.怪诞的,奇形怪状的weirda.1.古怪的,离奇的2.怪诞的,神秘可怕的mockvt.1.嘲笑,嘲弄2.(为了取笑)模仿vi.嘲笑,嘲弄a.1.模拟的,学习的2.假的,假装的UnitFourWaitinginLineTheBritishqueueupandtheAmericanswaitinline,exceptforNewYorkers,whowaitonline.Nooneseemstoknowthereasonforthislocalidiom.Itissomethingtoponderwhilewaitingin/online.Anotherthingtoponder:ItisestimatedthatAmericansspenduptofiveyearsoftheirlivesinthattedious,wearybutunavoidableprocessknownaswaiting.Studiesshowthatotherwiserationalpeopleactirrationallywhenforcedtostandinlineorwaitincrowds,evenbecomingviolent.Queuesareagrimrealityofcitylife.Whilethereseemstobenoconsensusonthecity'sworstline,theonesmentionedmostoftenintalkshereandtherewerelunchtimelinesatbanksandpostofficesand,amongyoungerpeople,movielinesandcollege-registrationlines."Banklines,"saidMarkSloane,aninvestor."Nomatterwhattimeofdayyoubank,thenumberoftellersisinadequatetothenumberofpatrons.Evenwhenthebankisopenyouseelonglinesinfrontofthemoneymachinesoutside.""Supermarkets,"saidEdFrantz,agraphicartist,whoonceabandonedafullshoppingcartinthemiddleofalongcheckoutline.Itwasnotapoliticalact."Thelinewasfilledwithcouponclippersandcheckwriters,"herecalled."AndsuddenlyIhadtowalkaway.Foodnolongermattered."Inanylinethefundamentalruleisfirstcome,firstserved,orwhatsocialscientistscall"distributivejustice."Exceptionsmaybemade,say,infancyrestaurantswhere
9theheadwaitershavetheirfavorites,but,ingeneral,theruleprevails.Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.Dr.LeonManndocumentedthisseveralyearsagowhen,asaHarvardprofessor,hestudiedthelongovernightqueuesforticketstoballgamesinhisnativeAustralia."Outsidethestadiumsomethingofacarnivalatmosphereprevails,"hewroteinTheAmericanJournalofSociology."Thedevoteessing,sipwarmdrinks,playcardsandhuddletogether."Liketheteamstheyhadcometowatch,thefansinlinetooktimeouts.Someworkedinshifts,withcertainmembersleavingtotakenapsoreatmeals,whileotherssavedtheirplacesinline.Somestakedclaimsinlinewithitemsofpersonalpropertysuchassleepingbagsandfoldingchairs."Duringtheearlyhoursofwaiting,"Dr.Mannnoted,"thequeuesoftenconsistedofonepartpeopletotwopartsinanimateobjects."NobodyhaseverseriouslystudiedHelenQuinn'sSaturdaymorninglineforMetropolitanOperatickets,butperhapssomeoneshould--MissQuinnisnotanofficialattheMet.For15yearsstandeesattheoperahavebeendoingjustthat,thankstoMissQuinn'sticketingsystem.Shemakes,datesandnumbershertickets--oneforeachofthe175standingroomspotsavailable--anddispensesthemtoearlybirds.Assuredofaplace,ticketholdersthenleaveandreturnshortlybefore8A.M.tolineupfortherealtickets.FOURidiomn.1.习语,成语2.风格,特色ponderv.思索,考虑,沉思[联想词]contemplatevt.1.盘算,计议2.思量,周密考虑3.注视,凝视wearya.1.疲劳的,疲倦的2.使疲劳的,令人厌倦的vi.厌倦的,不耐烦[联想词]
10tiresomea.令人疲劳的,令人厌倦的grima.1.讨厌的,糟糕的2.严厉的3.严酷的,无情的consensusn.[单](意见等)一致,一致同意patronn.1.资助人,赞助人2.老主顾,顾客resentvt.对...表示忿恨,怨恨graphica.1.生动的,形象的2.绘画的,文字的,图表的couponn.1.礼券,优惠券2.配券,票证clipn.1.夹子,回形针,别针2.弹夹,弹仓3.剪,修剪4.剪报,电影片断vt.(clipped;clipping)1.夹住,扣住2.剪,修剪3.削减,缩短[联想词]clampn.夹头,夹具,夹钳vt.(用夹具等)夹紧,固定prevailvi.1.流行,盛行2.获胜,占优势3.说明,劝说,诱使prevalenta.流秆的,普遍的miseryn.1.痛苦,苦恼,苦难2.悲惨的境遇,贫苦carnivaln.1.表演会2.庆祝,欢宴3.狂欢节[联想词]feastn.1.盛宴,筵席2.节日sociologyn.社会学sipv.(sipped,sipping)小口地喝,抿,呷n.小口喝huddlevi.1.聚集在一起2.把身子蜷成一团vt.使聚集在一起n.挤在一起的人,一堆杂乱的东西inanimatea.1.无生命的,非动物的2.无生气的,单调的metropolitana.大城市的,大都会的
11dispensevt.1.分配,分发2.配(药),发(药)3.实施,执行[联想词]dispersevi.1.分散,散开2.消散,消失vt.1.使分散,赶散2.使消散,驱散UnitFiveAggressivePatriotisminSportsSomepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicgameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonly,wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,butthegameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents'victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.TheAmericanplayersthen
12votednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwellcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.InthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.FIVEtragica.1.悲惨的,可悲的2.悲剧(性)的[联想词]dreadfula.1.糟透了的,极不合意的2.极端的,极其大的3.可怕的,令人畏惧的pathetica.1.差劲的,令人生厌的2.可悲的,可怜的,引起怜悯的disastrousa.1.灾难性的,造成灾害的2.极坏的,很糟的catastrophen.大灾难,灾祸destructivea.破坏(性)的,毁灭(性)的comica.喜剧的,滑稽的incidentn.1.发生的事2.事件,事变incidencen.[单]发生率incidentallyad.顺便说及,顺便提一句indignationn.愤怒,愤慨,义愤indignanta.愤怒的,愤慨的,义愤的[联想词]furyn.1.狂怒,暴怒2.狂暴,猛烈furiousa.1.狂怒的,暴怒的2.强烈的,激烈的dismayn.1.失望,气馁2.惊恐,惊愕vt.1.使失望,使气馁2.使惊恐,使惊愕hockeyn.曲棍球[联想词]versusprep.1.以...为对手,对2.与...相对,与...相比之下federationn.1.联合会2.联邦suspensionn.1.暂停,中止2.停止参加,暂时剥夺3.悬架,悬置机构4.悬浮液5.悬,挂,吊
13disturbancen.1.扰乱,打扰2.骚乱,混乱3.心神不安,烦恼[联想词]harassmentn.1.侵扰,骚扰2.烦恼,困苦patriotismn.爱国主义,爱国精神,爱国心patriotn.爱国者,爱国主义者patriotica.爱国的,有爱国心的,显示爱国精神的UnitSixMannersArePracticallyNon-ExistentMannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves"Firstcome,firstserved,"whileagrey-hairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviorofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesfor
14themselvesthen?Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,either--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxi-driversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonorofferthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.名人名言Youmaybedisappointedifyoufail,butyouaredoomedifyoudon'ttry.----BeverlySillsSIXmetropolitana.大城市的,大都会的[联想词]municipala.市的,市政的courtesyn.1.谦恭有礼2.有礼貌的举止(或言词)cripplen.跛子,伤残人vt.1.使跛,使受伤致残2.严重削弱,使陷于瘫痪stouta.1.发胖的,胖而大的2.结实的,牢固的3.勇敢的,大胆的,顽强的[联想词]
15sturdya.1.强壮的,结实的,坚固的2.坚定的,坚强的hardya.1.强壮的,坚强的,能吃苦耐劳的2.耐寒的robusta.强壮的,健康的musculara.肌肉发达的,强壮的fragilea.1.易碎的,脆的,易损坏的2.虚弱的,脆弱的irritatevt.1.使恼怒,使烦躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛irritablea.1.易怒的,急躁的2.(器官等)过敏的[联想词]aggravatevt.1.加重,加剧,使恶化2.激怒,使恼火angeln.1.天使2.可爱的人briska.1.轻快的,生气勃勃的2.兴隆的,繁忙活跃的3.寒冷而清新的[联想词]energetica.精力充沛的,充满活力的slacka.1.不活跃的,萧条的,清淡的2.懈怠的,马虎的3.松(驰)的n.(绳索等)松弛部分vi.懈怠,懒散wearya.1.疲劳的,疲倦的2.使人疲劳的,使人厌倦的vi.(of)厌烦,不耐烦shovevt.1.乱推,挤2.乱塞,随意做vi.用力推,挤n.猛推commendvt.1.表扬,称赞2.推荐imperativea.1.必要的,紧急的,极重要的2.命令的n.必要的事,必须完成的事growlvi.1.(动物)发狺狺声2.低志咆哮着说话[联想词]howlvi.嚎叫,吼叫,(风)呼啸n.嚎叫,吼叫,(风)呼啸yellvi.号叫,叫喊n.号叫,叫喊mutterv.n.轻声低语,小声抱怨mutea.1.缄默的,无声的2.哑的,举说话的3.(字母)不发声的vt.消除(声音),减轻声音murmurv.n.小声说话,小声抱怨,咕哝
16buzzn.嗡嗡声vi.发出嗡嗡声deterioratevi.变坏,恶化deteriorationn.变坏,恶化,堕落[联想词]crumblevt.弄碎vi.崩溃,瓦解perfectionn.完美,完善[联想词]intacta.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的UnitSevenOnambitionIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared:anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthanthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnotthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placemanesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswho
17takeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."Theattacksinambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.SEVENdestinyn.1.命运2.定数,天命destineda.1.命中注定,预定的2.以...为目的地的deemvt.认为,视为hypocrisyn.伪善,虚伪locationn.1.位置,场所2.外景拍摄地localityn.地区,地点situateda.位于...的,坐落在...的spectaclen.1.演出,场面2.景象,壮观3.[-s]眼镜amplea.1.足够的2.宽敞的,面积大的amplifyvt.1.放大,增强2.扩大,详述
18exceptionala.1.优越的,杰出的2.例外的,独特的[联想词]abnormala.反常的,异常的queera.1.奇怪的,异常的2.不舒服的,眩晕的ambitiousa.1.有抱负的,雄心勃勃的2.有野心的[联想词]aspirationn.强烈的愿望,志向,抱负enrollvi.(in,on)入学,加入vt.招收,吸收[联想词]expel(expelled;expelling)vt.1.把..除名,把..开除2.驱逐3.排出formulatevt.1.构想出,规划2.系统地阐述formulationn.1.公式化2.系统的阐述3.规划,构想impulsen.1.冲动,一时的念头2.驱动,驱使3.脉冲[联想词]propel(propelled,propelling)vt.1.推进,推动2.激励,驱使curbvt.控制,约束n.控制,约束slya.1.狡猾的,狡诈的2.会意的,会心的[联想词]shrewda.机灵的,敏锐的,精明的confidentiala.1.秘密的,机密的2.表示信任的UnitEightTheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarsTheuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld'spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoice
19withinasmallradius.Travelingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheair-conditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighborhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors'surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferformtrafficjams.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherattheintersections.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedtollsandroadtaxalladdtothedriver'sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.
20EIGHTmobilityn.1.流动性,移动性2.机动性mobilizevt.1.动员2.调动vi.动员起来[联想词]summonvi.1.召唤2.(up)鼓起勇气3.召开,召集irritatevt.1.使恼怒,使烦躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛radiusn.半径air-conditioningn.空调设备,空调系统drawbackn.缺点,欠缺,不利条件[联想词]setbackn.挫折,倒退,失败handicapn.1.缺陷2.障碍vt.(handicapped;handicapping)妨碍,使不利productivea.1.多产的,富饶的2.富有成效的productivityn.生产力,生产率surgeryn.1.外科,外科手术2.手术室surgeonn.外科医生[联想词]dentistn.牙科医生wardn.病房bandagen.绷带vt.用绷带包扎intersectionn.道路交叉口,交点[联想词]junctionn.联结点,交叉口,枢纽overpassn.天桥,立交桥barricaden.路vt.在...设路障bewildervt.使迷惑,难住[联想词]perplexvt.使困惑,使复杂化
21bafflevt.使困惑,难住tolln.1.过路费2.(事故等的)伤亡人数,损失v.(缓慢而有规律的)敲(钟)divertvt.1.使转向,使改道2.转移,转移...的注意力3.使娱乐diversionn.1.转移,转向2.消遣,娱乐3.临时绕行路blessv.1.使有幸得到,使具有2.为...祈神赐福blessingn.1.祈神赐福2.幸事,恩惠menacen.1.具有危险的人2.威胁,威吓vt.威胁,威吓[联想词]intimidatevt.恐吓,威胁bullyvt.欺负,威吓n.恃强欺弱者jeopardizevt.危及,损害terrifyvt.使害怕,使惊吓terrifica.1.可怕的,吓人的2.极度的,极大的UnitNineTheDefinitionofaGentlemanItisalmostadefinitionofagentlemantosayheisonewhoneverinflictspain.Thisdescriptionisbothrefinedand,asfarasitgoes,accurate.Heismainlyoccupiedinmerelyremovingtheobstacleswhichhinderthefreeandunembarrassedactionofthoseabouthim.Hisbenefitsmaybeconsideredasparalleltowhatarecalledcomfortsorconvenienceinarrangementsofapersonalnature:likeaneasychairoragoodfire,whichdotheirpartindispellingcoldandfatigue,thoughnatureprovidesbothmeansofrestandanimalheatwithoutthem.Thetruegentlemaninlikemannercarefullyavoidswhatevermaycauseajarorajoltinthemindsofthosewithwhomheiscast;-allclashingofopinion,orcollisionoffeeling,allrestraint,orsuspicion,orgloom,orresentment;hisgreatconcernbeingtomadeeveryoneattheireaseandathome.Hehashiseyesonallhiscompany:heistendertowardsthebashful,gentletowardsthedistant,
22andmercifultowardstheabsurd;hecanrecollecttowhomheisspeaking;heguardsagainstunseasonableallusions,ortopicswhichmayirritate;heisseldomprominentinconversation,andneverwearisome.Hemakeslightoffavorswhilehedoesthem,andseemstobereceivingwhenheisconferring.Heneverspeaksofhimselfexceptwhencompelled,defendshimselfbyamereretort,hehasnoearsforslanderorgossip,isscrupulousinimputingmotivestothosewhointerferewithhim,andinterpretseverythingforthebest.Heisnevermeanorlittleinhisdisputes,nevertakesunfairadvantage,nevermistakespersonalitiesorsharpsayingsforarguments,orinsulatesevilwhichhedarenotsayout.Fromalong-sightedprudence,heobservesthemaximoftheancientsage,thatweshouldeverconductourselvestowardsourenemyasifhewereonedaytobeourfriend.Hehastoomuchgoodsensetobeaffrontedatinsults,heistoowellemployedtorememberinjuries,andtooindolenttobearmalice.Heispatient,forbearing,andresigned,onphilosophicalprinciples;hesubmitstopain,becauseitisinevitable,tobereavement,becauseitisirreparable,andtodeath,becauseitishisdestiny.Ifheengagesincontroversyofanykind,hisdisciplinedintellectpreserveshimfromtheblunder.名人名言Itisoneofthebeautifulcompensationsofthislifethatnoonecansincerelytrytohelpanotherwithouthelpinghimself.Thegreattragedyoflifeisnotthatmenperish,butthattheyceasetolove.NINEinflictvt.(on,upon)把...强加给,使遭受,使承担[联想词]afflictvt.使苦恼,折磨alleviatevt.减轻,缓解,缓和hindervt.阻碍,妨碍
23[联想词]detainvt.1.拘留,扣留2.留住,耽搁joltn.1.震动,摇动,颠簸2.震惊collisionn.1.碰撞2.冲突,抵触collidevi.1.碰撞2.冲突[联想词]coincidevi.1.同是雪生2.相等,相一致3.位置重合,重叠coincidencen.1.巧合,巧事2.一致,符合suspiciousa.1.猜疑的,疑心的2.可疑的3.表示怀疑的gloomn.1.昏暗,阴暗2.忧郁,沮丧gloomya.1.忧郁的,沮丧的2.令人失望的3.昏暗的bashfula.局促的不安的,羞怯的absurda.荒谬的,荒唐的[联想词]insanea.1.蠢极的,荒唐的2.精神失常的,疯狂的hystericala.情绪异常激动的confer(conferred;conferring)vi.商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予retortv.反驳n.反驳[联想词]refutevt.反驳,驳斥slandern.诽谤,诋毁gossipn.1.流言蜚语2.爱说长道短的人scrupulousa.1.有顾忌的2.细致的insulatevt.隔离,使隔绝prudencen.1.审慎,小心2.精明,深谋远虑3.节俭
24indolenta.1.懒惰的,怠惰的2.令人困倦的malicen.恶意,怨恨bereavementn.丧亲,丧友blundern.(因无知粗心等造成的)错误vi.1.跌跌撞撞地走2.犯错误[联想词]staggervi.摇晃,蹒跚vt.1.使吃惊2.使错开stumblevi.1.绊脚,绊倒2.跌跌撞撞地走3.结结巴巴tumblevi.1.跌倒,摔下2.翻滚3.不由自主的卷入4.(价格等)暴跌UnitTenTheOlympicGamesInancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonourofZeus,kingoftheOlympicGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicgamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C..ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain,buteventsincludedboy'sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D..Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindthe
25Olympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthathespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes'expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun'srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.TENcharactern.1.性格,品质,品德2.特性,特色3.人物,角色4.符号,汉字characteristica.特有的,典型的n.特性,特征[联想词]traitn.特征,特点,特性abolishvt.彻底废除,废止[联想词]erasevt.1.擦掉,抹掉2.清除extinguishvt.1.熄灭,扑灭2.使消亡,使破灭terminatev.停止,终止revivevt.使复苏vi.恢复spectatorn.观众,旁观者gymnasticsn.1.体操2.训练3.技巧,绝技wrestlevt.1.摔跤2.使劲搬运vi.1.摔跤2.使劲搬运3.努力解决oliven.橄榄,橄榄树
26authorityn.1.权力,管辖权2.官方,当局3.当权者,行政管理机构4.权威,专家authoritativea.1.权威性的,可信的2.专断的,命令式的authorizevt.授权,批准arroganta.傲慢的,自大的authentica.1.真的,真正的2.可信的,可靠的suspendvt.1.暂停,中止2.悬挂,吊suspensionn.1.暂停,中止2.暂令停止参加3.悬置机构4.悬浮液5.悬,挂,吊successionn.1.连续,接续2.一连串,一系列3.接替,继任successorn.接替的人,继任者[联想词]serialn.连续剧,连载故事a.连续的accommodatevt.1.容纳2.向...提供住处3.使适应,顺应accommodationn.住处,膳宿symbolizevt.1.象征,标志2.用符号代表symboln.1.象征,标志2.符号[联想词]tokenn.1.标志,信物,纪念品2.代价券badgen.1.徽章,证章2.标记,标识3.象征conceptionn.1.思想,观念,概念2.构想,设想3.怀孕UNITELEVENATreeofKnowledgeTherewasaparticulartreeofwhichwewerenottopartake,atreeofknowledge.Knowledgeandunderstandingandwisdomwereforbiddentousinthisstory.Weweretobekeptignorant.Butwecouldn'thelpourselves.Wewerestarvingforknowledge--createdhunger,youmightsay.Thiswastheoriginofallourtroubles.Inparticular,itiswhywenolongerliveinagarden:Wefoundouttoomuch.Solongaswe
27wereincuriousandobedient,Iimagine,wecouldconsoleourselveswithourimportanceandcentrality,andtellourselvesthatwewerethereasontheUniversewasmade.Aswebegantoindulgeourcuriosity,though,toexplore,tolearnhowtheUniversereallyis,weexpelledourselvesfromEden.AngelswithaflamingswordweresetassentriesatthegatesofParadisetobarourreturn.Thegardenersbecameexilesandwanderers.Occasionallywemournthatlostworld,butthat,itseemstome,issentimental.Wecouldnothappilyhaveremainedignorantforever...Thesignificanceofourlivesandourfragileplanetisthendeterminedonlybyourownwisdomandcourage.WelongforaParenttocareforus,toforgiveusourerrors,tosaveusfromourchildishmistakes.Butknowledgeispreferabletoignorance.Betterbyfartoembracethehardtruththanareassuringfable.Ifwecravesomecosmicpurpose,thenlitusfindourselvesaworthygoal.OnbehalfofEarthlife,Iurgethat,withfullknowledgeofourlimitations,wevastlyincreaseourknowledgeofthesolarsystemandthenbegintosettleotherworlds.partakevi.1.参加,参与2.共享,分享obedienta.服从的,顺从的[联想词]subordinatea.1.下级的,级别低的2.次要的,从属的n.部属,下级vt.使处于次要地位,使从属于consolevt.安慰,慰问n.控制台,操纵台[联想词]aggravatevt.1.加剧,加重,使恶化2.激怒,使恼火indulgevt.1.使沉溺于2.纵容,迁就vi.沉溺,纵容自己[联想词]catervi.1.满足需要2.提供饮食及服务appeasevt.平息,抚慰,姑息expel(expelled;expelling)vt.1.把...除名,把...开除2.驱逐,放逐
283.排出,喷出[联想词]ejectvt.1.驱逐2.喷射,排出3.弹出sentryn.哨兵,警卫[联想词]guardiann.1.监护人2.守卫者,保护者escortn.护卫者,护送者vt.护送,护卫patrolv.巡逻n.1.巡逻2.巡逻兵paradisen.天堂,乐园exilen.1.流放,放逐,流亡2.被放逐者vt.流放,放逐,使流亡[联想词]deportvt.把...驱逐出境refugen.庇护所,庇护mournv.1.哀悼2.(对...)感到痛心sentimentn.1.意见,观点2.感情,情绪fragilea.1.易碎的,脆的2.虚弱的,脆弱的[联想词]feeblea.虚弱的,衰弱的fablen.1.寓言2.神话传说cravevt.1.渴望得到2.恳求,请求cosmica.1.宇宙的2.无比巨大的,无穷尽的UNITTWELVEGloriesoftheStormTherainnowbecomesatorrent,flungbyarisingwind.Togethertheybatterthetreesandlevelthegrasses.Waterstreamsoffroofs.ItpoundsagainstthewindowsinsuchasteadywashthatIamsightless.Thereisonlywater.Howcansomuchfallsofast?Howcouldthecloudshavesupportedthisvastweight?How
29cantheearthendurebeneathit?Pacingthroughthehousefromwindowtowindow,Iammovedtoopen-mouthedwonder.Lookhowthelilacbendsundertheassault,howthedayliliesareflattened,howthehillsidestepsarenew-madewaterfall!Nowhailstonesthumpupontheroof.Theybouncewhiteagainstthegrassandsplashintothepuddles.Thinkofthevegetablegarden,thefruittrees,thecropsinthefields;but,thankfully,thehailstonesarenotenoughinnumbersorsizetodorealdamage.Notthistime.Forthisstormisalreadybeginningtopass.Thetensionisreleasedfromtheatmosphere,thecurtainsofrainletinmorelight.Thestormhasspentmostofitsenergy,andwhatisleftwillbeexpendedonthecountrysidetotheeast.Iamdrawnoutsidewhiletherainstillfalls.Allaround,thereisacoolandwelcomefeeling.Ibreathedeeplyandwatchthesun'sraysstreakthroughbreakingclouds.Oneraycatchesthedropsthatformontheedgeoftheroof,andIamtreatedtoarowoftiny,quiveringcolors--myprivaterainbow.Ipickmywaythroughthewetgrass,myfeetsinkingintothesaturatedsoil.Thecreekinthegullyrunsbankfullofbrownwater.Butthesmalllakesandpuddlesarealreadydisappearingintotheearth.Everyleaf,brick,tileandbladeofgrassisfresh-washedandshining.Liketheland,Iamrenewed,myspiritcleansed.Ifeelaninfinitepeace.ForatimeIhaveforgottentheworriesandirritationsIwasnurturingbefore.Theyhavebeenwashedawaybythegloriesofthestorm.torrentn.1.奔流,激流,洪流2.爆发,迸发flingvt.1.(用力地)扔,掷,丢2.(oneself)使投身n.一时的放纵[联想词]hurlvt.1.猛投,力掷2.大声叫骂batterv.连续猛击n.面糊
30endurevt.忍受,容忍vi.1.忍受,忍耐2.持久,持续endurancen.忍耐力lilacn.丁香,丁香花[联想词]lilyn.百合,百合花assaultn.攻击,袭击vt.攻击,袭击hailn.1.雹2.一阵vi.下雹vt.1.招呼,高呼2.热情赞扬,为...喝彩hailstonen.雹块thumpvt.重击vi.心怦怦直跳puddlen.(雨)水坑,泥潭[联想词]paddlen.1.桨,短桨2.涉水vi.划桨前进,荡桨vt.1.用桨划(船)2.用木板打pedaln.踏板,踏脚vt.脚蹬splashv.溅,泼n.1.溅泼声2.溅出的水3.斑点expendvt.花费,消费,消耗[联想词]expendituren.1.经费,费用2.花费,支出,消耗streakn.1.条纹,条痕2.个性特征3.一阵子vi.飞跑,疾驶vt.在...上加条纹quivern.颤抖,抖动,颤声vi.颤抖,发抖,抖动[联想词]jerkvt.猛拉vi.猝然一动n.急摧,急拉saturatevt.1.浸透,渗透2.使充满3.使饱享[联想词]immersevt.1.使浸没2.使沉浸在,使专心于creekn.1.小湾,小港2.小河,溪
31[联想词]inletn.1.水湾,小湾2.进口,入口tilen.瓦,瓷砖vt.铺瓦于,贴瓷砖于cleansevt.使清洁,使纯洁,清洗clearancen.1.清除,清理2.清仓,出空3.许可(证),批准nurturevt.养育,培育,滋养n.养育,培养[联想词]nourishvt1.养育,喂养2.怀有(希望等)fostervt.1.收养,养育2.培养,促进nutritionn.营养UNITTHIRTEENTechniquesUsedforTrainingElephants Twomaintechniqueshavebeenusedfortrainingelephants,whichwemaycallrespectivelythetoughandthegentle.Theformermethodsimplyconsistsofsettinganelephanttoworkandbeatinghimuntilhedoeswhatisexpectedofhim.Apartfromanymoralconsiderationsthisisastupidmethodoftraining,foritproducesaresentfulanimalwhoatalaterstagemaywellturnman-killer.Thegentlemethodrequiresmorepatienceintheearlystages,butproducesacheerful,good-temperedelephantwhowillgivemanyyearsofloyalservice. Thefirstessentialinelephanttrainingistoassigntotheanimalasinglemahoutwhowillbeentirelyresponsibleforthejob.Elephantsliketohaveonemasterjustasdogsdo,andarecapableofaconsiderabledegreeofpersonalaffection.Thereareevenstoriesofhalf-trainedelephantcalveswhohaverefusedtofeedandpinedtodeathwhenbysomeunavoidablecircumstancetheyhave
32beendeprivedoftheirowntrainer.Suchextremecasesmustprobablybetakenwithagrainofsalt,buttheydounderlinethegeneralprinciplethattherelationshipbetweenelephantandmahoutisthekeytosuccessfultraining. Themosteconomicalagetocaptureanelephantfortrainingisbetweenfifteenandtwentyyears,foritisthenalmostreadytoundertakeheavyworkandcanbegintoearnitskeepstraightaway.Butanimalsofthisagedonoteasilybecomesubservienttoman,andaveryfirmhandmustbeemployedintheearlystages.Thecaptiveelephant,stillropedtoatree,plungesandscreamseverytimeamanapproaches,andforseveraldayswillprobablyrefuseallfoodthroughangerandfear.Sometimesatameelephantistetherednearbytogivethewildoneconfidence,andinmostcasesthecaptivegraduallyquietensdownandbeginstoacceptitsfood.Thenextstageistogettheelephanttothetrainingestablishment,aticklishbusinesswhichisachievedwiththeaidoftwotameelephantsropedtothecaptiveoneitherside. Whenseveralelephantsarebeingtrainedatonetimeitiscustomaryforthenewarrivaltobeplacedbetweenthestallsoftwocaptiveswhosetrainingisalreadywelladvanced.Itisthenleftcompletelyundisturbedwithplentyoffoodandwatersothatitcanabsorbtheatmosphereofitsnewhomeandseethatnothingparticularlyalarmingishappeningtoitscompanions.Whenitiseatingnormallyitsowntrainingbegins.Thetrainerstandsinfrontoftheelephantholdingalongstickwithasharpmetalpoint.Twoassistants,mountedortameelephants,controlthecaptivefromeitherside,whileothersrubtheirhandsover
33hisskintotheaccompanimentofamonotonousandsoothingchant.Thisifsupposedtoinducepleasurablesensationsintheelephant,anditseffectsarereinforcedbytheuseofendearingepithets,suchas'ho!myson',or'ho!myfather',or'mymother',accordingtotheageandsexofthecaptive.Theelephantisnotimmediatelysusceptibletosuchblandishments,however,andusuallylashesfiercelywithitstrunkinalldirections.Thesemovementsarecontrolledbythetrainerwiththemetal-pointedstick,andthetrunkeventuallybecomessosorethattheelephantcurlsitupandseldomafterwardsusesitforoffensivepurposes.tempern.1.脾气,情绪2.韧度[联想词]temperamentn.气质,性格calfn.牛犊deprivevt.剥夺,使丧失subservienta.1.屈从的2.有利的,有益的captivea.被俘虏的n.俘虏tethervt.1.拴2.限制,约束[联想词]yoken.1.牛轭2.束缚,枷锁vt.结合,连结intricatea.错综复杂的customarya.习惯上的,合乎习谷的stalln.1.货摊2.熄火3.小房间v.1.熄火2.拖延[联想词]malln.购物中心
34compartmentn.1.卧车包房2.分隔的空间prolongvt.延长monotonousa.单调无聊的soothevt.1.安慰,使平静2.减轻,缓和chantvt.1.反复有节奏地喊叫2.吟颂inducevt.1.引诱,劝2.引起,导致[联想词]provokevt.1.挑衅,激怒2.激起,引起provocativea.1.挑衅的,煽动的2.挑逗的,刺激的epithetn.别称susceptiblea.1.易受影响的2.过敏的3.能经受的,容许的[联想词]vulnerablea.1.易受伤的,脆弱的2.易受攻击的,难防御的blandishmentn.1.哄骗;奉承2.甜言蜜语[联想词]flattervt.1.诌媚,奉承2.使满意,使高兴lashv.1.将...系牢2.鞭打,抽打3.猛烈抨击n.1.鞭打2.眼睫毛3.鞭梢sensationn.1.感觉能力2.感觉,知觉3.轰动,引起轰动的事或人UNITFOURTEENEducation:OneoftheKeyWordsofOurTime Educationisoneofthekeywordsofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofadversecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducation,modernstates'invest'ininstitutionsoflearningto
35getback'interest'intheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Education,withitscyclesofinstructionsocarefullyworkedout,punctuatedbytext-books--thosepurchasablewellsofwisdom--whatwouldcivilizationbelikewithoutitsbenefits? Somuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreachers,lawyersanddefendants,marriagesandbirths--butourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstresson'factsandfigures'andmoreonagoodmemory,onappliedpsychology,andonthecapacityofamantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafteritsbooklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformof'college'imaginable.Amongthepeoplewhomweliketocallsavagesallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall;itistaughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyis,equallyequippedforlife. Itistheidealconditionofthe'equalstart'whichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoregain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditionalinstructionisbindingtoall.Thereareno'illiterates'--ifthetermcanbeappliedtopeopleswithoutascript--whileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinGermanyin1642,inFrancein1806,andinEnglandin1876,andisstillnon-existentinanumberof'civilized'nations.Thisshowshowlongitwasbeforewedeemeditnecessarytomakesurethatallourchildrencouldshareintheknowledgeaccumulatedbythe'happyfew'duringthepastcenturies.
36 Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.Thereisnoneofthehurrywhich,inoursociety,oftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofagrowingpersonality.There,achildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents,thereforethejunglesandthesavannahsknowofno'juveniledelinquency.'Nonecessityofmakingalivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildren,andnofatherisconfrontedwithhisinabilityto'buy'aneducationforhischild.adversea.不利的,有害的deprivevt.剥夺,使丧失[联想词]derivevt.1.取得,得到2.追溯...的起源vi.起源enlightenvt.启发,开导[联想词]illuminatevt.1.照明,照亮2.阐明,启发clarifyvt.澄清,阐明clarityn.清楚,明晰preachvt.1.宣讲,布道2.竭力鼓吹,宣传vi.布道,说教preachern.1.传道士,牧师2.说教者,鼓吹者[联想词]missionaryn.传教士defendantn.被告savagea.1.残暴的,凶狠的,粗鲁的2.未开化的,野蛮的n.野蛮人vt.1.乱咬2.激烈抨击[联想词]brutala.1.野兽般的,残忍的2.无情的,冷酷的inheritvt.继承
37[联想词]inherenta.内在的,固有的,生来就有的triben.1.部落2.族clana.宗族ethnica.种族的compulsorya.必须做的,强制性的,必修的attendancen.1.出席人数2.出席,参加,出席次数3.护理,照料attendantn.服务人员,侍者,随从a.伴随的,随之而产生的deemvt.认为,视为monetarya.钱的,货币的,金融的hampervt.妨碍,束缚,限制curbvt.控制,约束n.1.控制,约束2.路缘inhibitvt.阻止,妨碍,抑制hindervt.阻碍,妨碍handicapn.1.缺陷2.障碍,不利条件vt.妨碍,使不利savannahn.热带草原[联想词]plateaun.高原meadown.草地peninsulan.半岛inlanda.内地的,内陆的ad.在内地,向内地juvenilea.1.少年的2.幼稚的,不成熟的n.未成年人,少年adolescentn.青少年a.青春期的,青少年的delinquencyn.1.少年犯罪,违法行为2.失职,懈怠UNITFIFTEENWhatIsGoingtoBeDonewithAllThisKnowledge? Whydoestheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplace
38aroundusandisbecomingmoreandmoremanifest.Althoughmankindhasundergonenogeneralimprovementinintelligenceormorality,ithasmadeextraordinaryprogresstheaccumulationofknowledge.Knowledgebegantoincreaseassoonasthethoughtsofoneindividualcouldbecommunicatedtoanotherbymeansofspeech.Withtheinventionofwriting,agreatadvancewasmade,forknowledgecouldthenbenotonlycommunicatedbutalsostored.Librariesmadeeducationpossible,andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries:thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw,whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting.Allthiswascomparativelyslowuntil,withthecomingscience,thetempowassuddenlyraised.Thenknowledgebegantobeaccumulatedaccordingtoasystematicplan.Thetricklebecameastream;thestreamhasnowbecomeatorrent.Moreover,assoonasnewknowledgeisacquired,itisnowturnedtopracticalaccount.Whatiscalled'moderncivilization'isnottheresultofabalanceddevelopmentofallman'snature,butofaccumulatedknowledgeappliedtopracticallife.Theproblemnowfacinghumanityis:Whatisgoingtobedonewithallthisknowledge?Asissooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil.Itisnowbeingusedindifferentlyforboth.Couldanyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsicalthanthatofgunnersusingsciencetoshattermen'sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?Wehavetoaskourselvesveryseriouslywhatwillhappenifthistwofolduseofknowledge,withits
39ever-increasingpower,continues.loomn.织布机vi.1.隐现2.即将来临manifesta.明显的,显然的,明了的vt.1.显示,表明,证明2.使显现[联想词]disclosevt.揭露,泄露,透露tempon.1.速度2.节奏tricklevi.1.淌,滴,流出2.慢慢移动,逐渐消散[联想词]splashv.溅,泼n.1.溅泼声2.溅出的水3.斑点surgevi.1.蜂拥而出2.洋溢,奔放3.汹涌humanityn.1.人类,人2.人生3.人道,仁慈4.人文学科torrentn.1.奔流,急流2.爆发[联想词]outbreakn.1.爆发2.突然发生eruptvi.1.喷发2.爆发,突然发生spectaclen.1.演出,场面2.景象,壮观3.[-S]眼镜grima.1.讨厌的,糟糕的2.严厉的3.严酷的,无情的[联想词]sterna.严厉的,严格的,严峻的whimsicala.1.多怪念头的2.异想天开的,想入非非的3.心血来潮的4.反复无常的[联想词]eccentrica.古怪的,怪癖的sobera.1.未醉的,清醒的2.严肃的,持重的v.(使)醒酒,(使)清醒shattervt.1.使粉碎2.使破灭,使震惊vi.碎裂UNITSIXTEEN
40TheEco-WarThemilitarylexiconneedsanewterm:"eco-war".WhatbetterwaytodescribetheactsofenvironmentalslaughtercommittedlastweekinthePersianGulf,wheretheairisthickwiththesmokefromburningoilwellsandawidestripeofcrudepetroleumisfoulingthewateranddevastatingwildlife?WhatiscertainisthattheoilspillhasdeliveredadevastatingblowtotheecologyofthePersianGulf."Massiveoilspillscouldturnthisbodyofwaterintoavirtualdeadsea."saysBrentBlackwelder,vicepresidentofFriendsoftheEarth.Butlastweek'sfiresandoilspillscouldbejustapreludeoffutureenvironmentaldisasterswroughtbythewarwithIraq.Amongtheareasofgreatestconcern:THEGULF.Becauseitisvirtuallyanenclosedbasin,withanoutlettotheseaonly55kmwideattheStraitofHormuz,thegulfisespeciallyvulnerabletooilspills.Inabodyofwaterbadlycontaminatedbytankersandgarbage,adisastrousspillofthekindthatIraqcausedlastweekcoulddestroynestingareasforendangeredseaturtleswhilepoisoningfishwhicharevitaltolocalfishermen.BURNINGOILFIELDS.SaddamisassumedtohaveminedallormostofKuwait's360operatingoilwells.Ifhethrowstheswitch,theresultingfirescouldsendforthavastcloudofdenseblacksmokethatwouldfoulthesiranddarkenskiesasfareastasAfghanistanandnorthernIndia.After30days,smokecouldcoveranareahalfthesizeofEurope.ButbecauseoilgushesnaturallytothesurfaceinmostKuwaitiwells,withnoneedofpumping,itwillgoonfeedingablazeuntilsomeoneputsitout--monthsoryearslater,dependingonhowlongthewarlasts.TheworstpossibilityisthattheimmensesmokecouldlowertemperaturesintheIndiansubcontinentafewdegrees,disruptingthemonsoonrainsthatareessentialtocropsforthenationsofthatarea.CHEMICALANDBIOLOGICALWEAPONS.Chemicalweaponsworkfast,thendisappear.They
41wereusedduringtheIran-Iraqwar,sometimeswithdevastatingconsequencesforcombatants,butwithalmostnonefortheenvironment.Sincethegulfwarbegan,alliedplanesandmissileshavepoundedIraqichemical-weaponsplantsthatmanufacturemustardgasandnerveagents.Becausetheplantsaresurroundedbya25sq.km"exclusionzone",thelikelihoodofadeadlyplumeinvadingpopulatedareasissmall.Explosiveswouldalsotendtobreakthegasesdownintolessdeadlysubstances.Harmfulchemicalsthatpenetratedthesoilwoulddisappearwithoutatracewithinafewweeksatmost.Biologicalagentscouldbeadifferentproblem.Iraqisbelievedtopossesssomeofthem.Inopenair,mostofthosediewithinhours.Butiftheypenetratetheground,theycansurviveinadormantstatefordecades,waitingfornewvictims.militarya.军事的,军用的n.[the~]军队,武装力量militanta.激进的,好斗的n.激进分子,斗士cannonn.大炮,火炮artilleryn.火炮,大炮armorn.盔甲,装甲,保护物pistoln.手枪triggern.1.扳机2.引起反应的行动vt.触发,引起ammunitionn.军火,弹药lexiconn.1.词典,字典2.特殊词汇,专门词汇[联想词]appendixn.1.阑尾2.附录slaughtervt.n.1.屠杀,杀戮2.屠宰[联想词]massacrevt.1.大规模屠杀,残杀2.彻底击败n.1.大屠杀2.惨败assassinationn.刺杀,暗杀foula.1.难闻的2.令人不愉快的,糟透了的3.污浊的vt.1.对…犯规2.弄脏,污染n.犯规devastatevt.1.破坏,蹂躏,使荒芜2.压倒,使垮掉
42devastatinga.1.毁灭性的,破坏力极强的2.令人震惊的3.强有力的ecologyn.1.生态2.生态学preluden.前奏,序幕,先声straitn.1.海峡2.[-s]困境,危难[联想词]capen.1.海角,山甲2.斗篷,披肩islen.小岛vulnerablea.1.易受伤的,脆弱的2.易受攻击的,难防御的[联想词]susceptiblea.1.易受影响的2.过敏的3.能接受的,容许的contaminatevt.弄脏,污染disastrousa.1.灾难性的2.极坏的,很糟的[联想词]misfortunen.1.不幸,厄运2.灾难,灾祸gushv.1.喷,涌2.滔滔不绝地说n.1.喷,涌流2.迸发,发作blazevi.1.熊熊燃烧,着火2.发光,放光3.迸发,爆发[联想词]glarevi.1.怒目而视2.发射强光n.炫耀,张扬disruptvt.使中断,扰乱monsoonn.季风,季节风mustardn.芥菜likelihoodn.可能,可能性plumen.1.(升上空中的)一缕(烟,尘土等)2.羽毛UNITSEVENTEEN
43TheProcessofWriting Ihaveknownveryfewwriters,butthoseIhaveknown,andwhomIrespected,confessatoncethattheyhavelittleideawheretheyarcgoingwhentheyfirstsetpentopaper.Theyhaveacharacter,perhapstwo,theyareinthatconditionofeagerdiscomfortwhichpassesforinspiration,alladmitradicalchangesofdestinationoncethejourneyhasbegun;one,tomycertainknowledge,spentninemonthsonanovelaboutKashmir,thenresetthewholethingintheScottishHighlands.Ineverheardofanyonemakinga'skeleton',asweweretaughtatschool.Inthebreakingandremaking,inthetiming,interweaving,beginningafresh,thewritercomestodiscernthingsinhismaterialwhichwerenotconsciously inhismindwhenhebegan.Thisorganicprocess,oftenleadingtomomentsofextraordinaryself-discovery,isofanindescribablefascination.Ablurredimageappears,headdsabrushstrokeandanother,anditisgone;butsomethingwasthere,andhewillnotresttillhehascapturedit.Sometimestheyeastwithinawriteroutlivesabookhehaswritten.Ihaveheardofwriterswhoreadnothingbuttheirownbooks,likeadolescentstheystandbeforethemirror,andstillcannotfathomtheexactoutlineofthevisionbeforethem.Forthesamereason,writerstalkinterminablyabouttheirownbooks,winklingouthiddenmeanings,super-imposingnewones,beggingresponsefromthosearoundthem.Ofcourseawriterdoingthisismisunderstood:hemightaswelltrytoexplainacrimeoraloveaffair.Heisalso,incidentally,anunforgivablebore.
44 Thistemptationtocoverthedistancebetweenhimselfandthereader,tostudyhisimageinthesightofthosewhodonotknowhim,canbehisundoing:hehasbeguntowritetoplease. AyoungEnglishwritermadethepertinentobservationayearortwobackthatthetalentgoesintothefirstdraft,andtheartintothedraftsthatfollow.Forthisreasonalsothewriter,likeanyotherartist,hasnorestingplace,nocrowdormovementinwhichhemaytakecomfort,nojudgmentfromoutsidewhichcanreplacethejudgmentfromwithin.Awritermakesorderoutoftheanarchyofhisheart;hesubmitshimselftoamoreruthlessdisciplinethananycriticdreamedof,andwhenheflirtswithfame,heistakingtimeofffromlivingwithhimself,fromthesearchforwhathisworldcontainsatitsinmostpoint.inspirationn.1.灵感2.鼓舞人心的人或事物[联想词]incentiven.刺激,鼓励stimulusn.1.促进(因素)2.刺激(物)skeletonn.1.骨骼2.框架,骨干3.梗概,提要discernvt.1.看出,察觉出2.识别,认出[联想词]ascertainvt.查明,弄清,确定fascinatevt.强烈地吸引,迷住fascinationn.1.令人着迷的事物,魅力2.迷恋,入迷blurn.模糊v.(blurred,blurring)(使)变模糊[联想词]obscurea.1.不著名的,不重要的2.费解的,模糊不清的vt.使变模糊,掩盖
45yeastn.1.酵母2.酒母3.骚动,激动[联想词]brew人vt.1.酿造2.冲泡vi.1.冲泡2.酝酿,行将发生n.冲泡的饮料adolescentn.青少年a.青少年的[联想词]juvenilea.1.少年的2.幼稚的,不成熟的n.未成年人,少年fathomvt.1.测量…的深度2.理解,透彻了解[联想词]probev.1.探索,调查2.用(探测器等)探测n.1.探测器2.探索,调查incidentallyad.顺便说及地,顺便提一句temptvt.诱惑,引诱pertinenta.有关系的,相关的ruthlessa.1.无情的,冷酷的,残忍的2.坚决的,彻底的[联想词]viciousa.1.恶毒的,凶残的2.剧烈的,严重的savagea.1.残暴的,凶猛的2.未开化的,野蛮的flirtv.1.调情2.不认真地考虑[联想词]teasevt.1.戏弄,取笑2.挑逗n.戏弄他人者美是难以言传的 年轻人看到日落，由于无法理解或表达心中激起的那种强烈感情，便断定日落处一定是通往遥远世界的大门。我们任何人在强烈感受美的时刻都不禁联想到：我们似乎瞥见从一个不同世界射向我们的一线光芒，不仅不同，
46而且因为这种美具有强烈感染力，所以在某种程度上更高级。还有，尽管这光芒使人眼花缭乱，但它确实传送了一种我们未曾经历的和无法想象的美和静谧染启示。这种美和静谧是我们所不能描述的，因为人们创造语言的目的是表达我们这个世界的各种意义，无法轻易地运用于另一个世界。 不可否认，一切伟大的艺术都具有使人有超凡脱俗的浮想的力量。在某种状态下，大自然就具有这种魅力。六月的天空不是蓝得不能再蓝，日落不是美得不能再唤起一个更美的景象，一个未被饱览就消失的、而且在消失的时候留给人们一种莫名的渴望和遗憾的景象。但是，如果这个世界不只是一场恶作剧的话，如果生命不只是惨淡星光里的平凡的一闪的话，如果存在不只是神秘的宗教仪式传出的一阵空虚的笑声的话，如果对某种玄妙的事物的暗示不是由于消化不良而引起的不好情绪，或者不是一种魔鬼送来嘲笑我们并使我们发狂的怪念头的话，一句话，如果美有某种意义的话，我们千万不要设法去阐明它的意义。如果我们瞥见难以言传的东西，企图用语言把它表达出来是不明智的，我们也不应该设法给我们所不理解的事物赋予意义。从人生各种意义来看，美是难以言传的。UnitEighteenType-APersonalityandHeartDiseaseIfyou'reaclassic"TypeA"personality--hard-driving,impatient,competitive,intense,easilyirritated--youarefarmorelikelythanacalm,laid-back"TypeB"tosufferaheartattack,right?Wrong,saysaMassachusettsGeneralHospitalpsychiatristwhohasstudiedmorethan200heart
47patientsawaitingdisgnostictestsandfoundvirtuallynocorrelationbetweenclassicTypeApersonalitiesandsubsequentheartdisease.Whatdoesappeartobeapredictorofserioushearttrouble,saysDr.JoelE.Dimsdale,directoroftheMGHStressPhysiologyLaboratory,isachronicinabilitytodealconstructivelywithangerandhostility.Heisnowdoingastudyonangerandheartdisease.TheoriginalinsightthatpeoplecouldbeclassifiedintoTypeAandTypeBpersonalitiesandthatTypeA'sweremoreheart-attackpronegrewoutofresearchattheframinghamHeartStudylaboratoriesinthelate1970s.Sincetheearlystudies,theA-Bissuehasbeengettingweaker.AlargeprospectivestudylastyearshowedtheA-Bbehaviordistinctionwasnotassociatedwithcoronaryarterydisease.Nowresearchersarethinkingintermsof"angerin"vs."angerout"asthelatestareaofconcern.BehavioralepidemiologistElaineEakerattheNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstituteinBethesda,oneofthenation'sforemostscholarsofcorrelationsbetweenbehaviorandheartdisease,agreesinprinciple.Sinceholdingangerinsidemayleadtohearttroubleandsinceactingitoutbyhavingtempertantrumsishighlyantisocial,Fakersaysresearchersnowadvocatematurely"discussing"anger--eitherwiththepersonwhomakesyouangryorwithafriend--asthemostconstructivemethodofdealingwithexplosivefeelings.SincetheearlyTypeAstudies,researchershavebeenattemptingtofine-tunethewaysinwhichtheycanidentifyapersonasTypeAorTypeB,notaneasytasksincepeopleoftendenyorareactuallyunawareofsomefacetsoftheirpersonalitiesandhencecannotbeaskedpoint-blankiftheyareangryorimpatientbynature.Dimsdaleusedbothpencil-and-paperquestionnairesanda"semistructured"interviewtechniquetoidentifyTypeApersonalitiesamongheartpatients.Intheinterview,heexplained,"youask
48questionsslowlyandsometimeseveninastammerandthenseehowrapidlythepersonwillfinishthesentenceforyou."PeoplewhorushtoanswerareusuallyhighlyimpatientandimpatiencehaslongbeenconsideredamajorcomponentofTypeAbehavior.Yet,nomatterwhetherheusedtheself-reportquestionnairesorthemoresubtleinterviewtechnique,peopleidentifiedasTypeA'sdidnotfareworsethantheothers.laid-backa.松弛的,悠闲的,懒散的irritatevt.1.使恼怒,使烦躁2.使(身体某部分)不适,使疼痛psychiatristn.精神科医生,精神病专家diagnosevt.诊断,判断diagnostica.诊断的,用于诊断的[联想词]syndromen.综合病症,综合病状prescriptionn.1.处方,药方2.开处方,开药方pharmacyn.1.药房,药店2.药剂学,配药correlatevt.使相互关联vi.相关,关联correlationn.相互关系;联系physiologyn.1.生理学2.生理,生理机能physiologicala.生理学的chronica.1.慢性的,久病的2.长久的,不断的3.积习难改的hostilityn.1.敌对,敌意,对抗2.抵制,反对3.交战,战争[联想词]hospitalityn.友好款待,好客hostagen.人质boycottvt.抵制,拒绝参与arteryn.1.动脉2.干线,要道[联想词]
49intersectionn.道路交叉口,交点junctionn.联结点,会合点,交叉口,枢纽pronea.1.易于…的,很可能的2.俯卧的[联想词]apta.1.易于…的,有(做某事的)倾向的2.恰当的,适宜的3.聪明的prospectivea.预期的,未来的,可能的epidemicn.流行,流传,感染a.流行性的,流传极广的epidemiologistn.流行病学家foremosta.首要的,最佳的[联想词]optimumn.最合适的,最优的,最佳的tantrumn.发脾气questionnairen.问卷,征求意见表identifyvt.1.认出,鉴定2.把…等同于vi.认同identificationn.1.身份证明2.鉴定,验明,认出3.认同stammern.结巴,口吃subtlea.1.微妙的,难于捉摸的2.诡秘的,狡诈的3.隐约的UnitNineteenTheModernPlatoThemodernPlato,likehisancientcounterparthasanunboundedcontemptforpoliticiansandstatesmenandpartyleaderswhoarenotuniversitymen.Hefindspoliticsadirtygame,andonlyentersthemreluctantlybecauseheknowsthatattheveryleastheandhisfriendsarebetterthanthepresentgang.Broughtupinthetraditionsoftherulingclasses,hehasanaturalpityforthecommonpeoplewhomhehaslearnttoknowasservants,andobservedfromadistanceattheirworkinthefactory,attheirplayintheparksandholidayresorts.Hehasnevermixedwiththemorspokento
50themonequalterms,buthasdemandedandgenerallyreceivedarespectduetohispositionandsuperiorintelligence.Heknowsthatiftheytrusthim,hecangivethemthehappinesswhichtheycrave.Amanofculture,hegenuinelydespisestheself-madeindustrialistandnewspaper-king:withamodestprofessionalsalaryandalittleprivateincomeofhisown,heregardsmoney-makingasvulgarandavoidsallostentation.Industryandfinanceseemtohimtobeactivitiesunworthyofgentlemen,although,alas,manyareforcedbyexigenciesofcircumstancetotakesomepartinthem.Anintellectual,hegentlylaughsatthesuperstitionsofmostChristians,butheattendschurchregularlybecauseheseestheimportanceoforganizedreligionforthemaintenanceofsoundmoralityamongthelowerorders,andbecausehedislikestheskepticismandmaterialismofradicalteachers.Hisgenuinepassionsareforliteratureandthephilosophyofscienceandhewouldgladlyspendallhistimeinstudyingthem.Buttheplightoftheworldcompelshisunwillingattention,andwhenheseesthathumanstupidityandgreedareabouttoplungeEuropeintochaosanddestroythemostgloriouscivilizationwhichtheworldhasknown,hefeelsthatitishightimeformenofgoodsenseandgoodwilltointerveneandtotakepoliticsoutofthehandsoftheplutocratsoftheRightandthewoolly-mindedidealistsoftheLeft.SinceHeandhiskindaretheonlyrepresentativesofdecencyCombinedwithintelligence,theymuststepdownintothearenaandsavethemassesforthemselves.counterpartn.与对方地位相当的人[联想词]duplicatevt.1.复制,复印2.重复clonen.1.克隆2.复制品vt.克隆contemptn.轻视[联想词]disdainn.鄙视vt.鄙视,不屑做disgracen.1.丢脸,耻辱,不光彩2.丢脸的人(或事)vt.使丢脸scornn.鄙视vt.1.轻视2.拒绝
51esteemn.vt.尊重statesmann.政治家superiora.1.上级的,较高的2.较好的,优于…的3.优良的,有优越感的n.上级,长官superiorityn.优越感,优等subordinatea.1.下级的,级别低的2.次要的,从属的n.部属,下级vt.使处于次要地位,使从属于cravevt.1.渴望得到,迫切要求2.恳求,请求[联想词]lustn.1.性欲2.渴望,欲望vi.对….有强烈的欲望despisevt.鄙视,看不起vulgara.1.粗野的,下流的2.庸俗的,粗俗的ostentationn.炫耀的,卖弄exigencyn.1.紧急(状态),危急(关头)2.急切需要,迫切要求superstitionn.迷信,迷信行为moralityn.道德2.德行,品行3.道德观plightn.困境,苦境dilemman.窘境,困境greedn.1.贪食2.贪心,贪婪intervenevt.1.干涉,干预2.干扰,阻挠plutocratn.1.富豪(或财阀)统治阶级成员2.富豪[联想词]millionairen.百万富翁decencyn.1.合宜,得体2.宽容,和气3.正派,庄重
52arenan.1.表演场地,竞技场2.活动场所[联想词]rehearsaln.排练,排演repertoiren.全部节目UnitTwentyCampingEconomyisonepowerfulmotiveforcamping,sinceaftertheinitialoutlayuponequipment,orthroughhiringit,thetotalexpensecanbefarlessthanthecostofhotels.Thattheequipmentofmoderncampingbecomesyearlymoresophisticatedisanentertainingparadoxforthecynic,abrighterpromiseforthehopefultravelerwhohassworntogetawayfromitall.Italsoprovides–andsomestudentsociologistmightcaretobasehisthesisuponthephenomenon–anescapeofanotherkind.ThemoderntravelerisoftenamanwhodislikestheSplendideandtheBellavista,notbecausehecannotaffordorshuntheirmaterialcomforts,butbecauseheisafraidofthem.Thereisnosuperior“they”intheshapeofmanagementsandhotelhierarchiestodarkenhisholidaydays.Tosuchmotives,yetanothermustbeadded.Thecontemporaryphenomenonofmotorcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseofindependenceandfreedomthatownershipentails.Tothispleasurecampinggivesanexquisiterefinement.Fromone’sownfrontdoortohomeorforeignhillsorsandsandbackagain,everythingistohand.Notonlyarethemeansofarrivingattheholidayparadiseentirelywithinone’sowncommandandkeeping,butthemeansofescapefromholidayhell(ifthebeachprovestoocrowded,thelocalweathertoonasty)arethere,outside–or,aslikely,partof–thetent.Idealistshaveobjectedtothepracticeofcamping,astothepackagedtour,thatthetravelerabroadtherebydenieshimselftheopportunityofgettingtoknowthepeopleofthecountryvisited.Insularityandself-containment,itisargued,gohandinhand.Theopiniondoesnotsurviveexperienceofapopular
53Continentalcampingplace.Holidayhotelstendtocaterforonenationalityofvisitorsespecially,sometimesexclusively.Campingsites,bycontrast,arehighlycosmopolitan.Granted,apreponderanceofGermansisacharacteristicthatseemscommontomostMediterraneansites;butasyetthereisnooverwhelminglyspecializedpatronage.Noticesforbiddingtheopen-airdryingofclothes,ortheuseofwaterpointsforcarwashing,orthoseinviting“ourcampingfriends”toadanceoraboattripareprintednotonlyinFrenchorItalianorSpanish,butalsoinEnglish,GermanandDutch.Atmealtimestheodorofsauerkrautvieswiththatofgarlic.TheFrenchman’sbreakfastcoffeecompeteswiththeEnglishman’sbaconandeggs.Whethertheremarkablegrowthoforganizedcampingmeanstheeventualdeathofthemoreindependentkindishardtosay.Municipalitiesnaturallywanttosecurethecampers’sitefeesandothercustom.Butmostprobablyitwillalldependuponcampersthemselves:howmanyheathfirestheycause;howmuchlittertheyleave;inshort,whetherornottheywhollyalienatelandownersandthosewholiveinthecountryside.initiala.开始的,最初的initiatevt.1.开始,创造,发起2.使初步了解3.接纳n.新加入组织的人outlayn.1.花费2.费用vt.花费,花钱paradoxn.1.似乎矛盾而正确的说法2.自相矛盾的人或事物cynicala.1.愤世嫉俗的,悲观的2.挑剔挖苦的cynicn.愤世嫉俗者thesisn.1.论文,毕业论文2.论题,论点sociologyn.社会学sociologistn.社会学家
54shunvt.回避,避免hierarchyn.1.等级制度2.统治集团,领导层entailvt.使承担,使成为必要,需要necessitatevt.使成为必要,需要exquisitea.1.精美的,精致的2.敏锐的,有高度鉴赏力的3.剧烈的,感觉强烈的paradisen.天堂,乐园nastya.1.令人讨厌的,令人厌恶的2.难弄的,困难的3.严重的,恶劣的,险恶的4.下流的insularityn.1.岛国性质2.偏狭性,僵化catervi.1.满足需要,迎合2.承办酒席exclusivea.1.奢华的,高级的2.独有的,独享的3.排斥的,排他的4.不包括…的,不把…计算在内的inclusivea.1.包括一切的2.所有数目包括在内的cosmopolitana.1.世界性的,全球的2.世界主义的,四海为家的n.世界主义者,四海为家者overwhelmvt.使受不了,使不知所措overwhelminga.1.势不可挡的2.巨大的patronn.1.资助人,赞助人2.老主顾patronagen.资助,赞助,惠顾,光顾odorn.气味fragrancen.芳香,香气,香味perfumen.香水,香料sniffv.1.嗅,闻2.以鼻吸气,用力吸入n.1.嗅;闻2.吸气sauerkrautn.泡菜
55vievi.竞争,相争municipala.市的,市政的municipalityn.市政当局heathn.灌木shrubn.灌木bamboon.竹子canen.1.茎2.手杖littern.1.废弃物2.一窝3.杂乱的东西vt.乱扔东西于alienatevt.1.使疏远,使不友好2.转让UnitTwenty-oneCurbJuvenileViolentCrimesTHEPRESIDENT:GoodMorning.ThisweekendAmericansareprayingforthepeoplewholosttheirlivesandforthosewhowerewoundedwhena15-year-oldboywithsemi-automaticweaponsopenedfireinSpringfield,Oregon,thisThursday.LikeallAmericans,Iamdeeplyshockedandsaddenedbythistragedy,andmythoughtsandprayersarewiththevictimsandtheirfamilies.LikeallAmericans,Iamstrugglingtomakesenseofthesenseless,andtounderstandwhatcoulddriveateenagertocommitsuchaterribleact.AndlikeallAmericans,IamprofoundlytroubledbythestartlingsimilarityofthiscrimetotheothertragicincidentsthathavestunnedAmericainlessthanayear’stime–inPaducah,Kentucky;Jonesboro,Arkansas;Pearl,Mississippi;andEdinboro,Pennsylvania.Wemustfaceuptothefactthatthesearemorethanisolatedincidents.Theyaresymptomsofachangingculturethatdesensitizesourchildrentoviolence;wheremostteenagershaveseenhundredsoreventhousandsofmurdersontelevision,inmovies,andinvideogamesbeforetheygraduatefromhighschool;wheretoomanyyoungpeopleseemunableorunwillingtotakeresponsibilityfortheiractions;andwherealltoooften,everydayconflictsareresolvednotwithwords,butwith
56weapons,which,evenwhenillegaltopossessbychildren,arealltooeasytoget.Wecannotaffordtoignoretheseconditions.Whetherit’sgangmemberstakingtheirdeadlyquarrelsintoourschools,orinexplicableeruptionsofviolenceinotherwisepeacefulcommunities,whenourchildren’ssafetyisatstakewemusttakeaction–andeachofusmustdoourpart.Formorethanfiveyearswehaveworkedhardhereinouradministrationtogiveparentsandcommunitiesthetoolstheyneedtoprotectourchildrenandtomakeourschoolssafe–fromtightersecuritytomorepolicetobetterprevention.Topromotedisciplineandmaintainorder,weareencouragingandhavewordedhardtospreadcurfews,schooluniforms,toughtruancypolicies.Weinstitutedazerotoleranceforgunsinschoolspolicy.Itisnowthelawinallour50states.Thisyear,Congresshasanopportunitytoprotectourchildreninourschoolsandonourstreetsbypassingmyjuvenilecrimebill,whichwillbanviolentjuvenilesfrombuyinggunsforlife,andtakeotherimportantsteps.Weshouldn’tletthischancepassusby.Butprotectingourchildrenandpreventingyouthviolenceisnotajobthatgovernmentcan,orshould,doalone.Wemustalldomore–asparents,asteachers,ascommunityleaders–toteachourchildrentheunblinkingdistinctionbetweenrightandwrong,toteachthemtoturnawayfromviolence,toshieldthemfromviolentimagesthatwarptheirperceptionsoftheconsequencesofviolence.Andwemustalldomoretorecognizeandlookfortheearlywarningsignalsthatdeeplytroubledyoungpeoplesendbeforetheyexplodeintoviolence.Thisweekend,wegrievewiththefamiliesofSpringfield,Oregon.Wemayneverunderstandthedarkforcesthatdriveyoungpeopletocommitsuchterriblecrimes,butwemusthonorthememoriesofthevictimsbydoingeverythingwepossiblycantopreventsuchtragediesfromoccurringinthefuture,andtobuildastronger,saferfutureforallourchildren.--BillClinton
57victimn.牺牲品,受害者v.1.捕食2.折磨,使烦恼profounda.1.深度的,深切的,深远的2.知识渊博的,见解深刻的3.深奥的startlevt.使惊吓,使吃惊[联想词]reassurevt.安慰,使放心tragica.1.悲惨的2.悲剧(性)的[联想词]comica.喜剧的,滑稽的climaxn.高潮,最令人兴奋的部分stun(stunned;stunning)vt.1.使震惊2.把…打昏,使昏迷desensitizevt.使麻木不仁,使无情deadlya.1.致死的,致命的2.不共戴天的,殊死的3.极度的,十足的ad.非常,极度地explicita.1.明确的,明晰的,详述的2.直言不讳的inexplicablea.无法说的,费解的,莫名其妙的eruptvi.1.喷发2.爆发eruptionn.1.喷发,爆发2.喷出物3.发疹,疹[联想词]ejectvt.1.驱逐,逐出2.喷射,排出3.弹出outbreakn.爆发curfewn.宵禁(时间),宵禁令truancyn.1.逃学,旷课2.逃避责任,玩忽职守truantn.1.逃学者2.逃避责任者a.1.逃学(者)的2.逃避责任(者)的toleranta.宽容的,容忍的tolerancen.1.宽容,容忍2.忍耐
58[联想词]biasn.偏见,偏心,偏袒vt.使有偏见juvenilea.1.少年的2.幼稚的,不成熟的n.未成年人,少年adolescentn.青少年a.青春期的,青少年的blinkvi.1.眨眼睛2.闪亮,闪烁n.眨眼睛,一瞬间unblinkinga.1.不眨眼的2.不露感情的,不动声色的3.无畏的warpvt.1.使变形,使弯曲2.歪曲,使反常,使有偏见vi.变形,弯曲[联想词]distortvt.1.歪曲,曲解2.扭曲,使变形vi.变形grievevi.感到悲痛,伤心vt.使伤心,为…而伤心griefn.1.悲伤,悲痛2.悲伤的事,悲痛的缘由[联想词]miseryn.1.痛苦,苦难,苦恼2.悲惨的境遇,贫苦agonyn.(极度的)痛苦,创痛wretcheda.1.极不愉快的,难受的,可怜的2.令人苦恼,讨厌的rejoicevi.感到高兴,充满喜悦curbvt.控制,约束n.1.控制,约束2.路缘[联想词]hampervt.阻止,妨碍,抑制hindervt.1.压制,镇压2.禁止发展,查禁3.抑制repressionn.压抑,压制,镇压occurvi.1.发生,出现,存在2.被想起,被想到recurvt.再发生,重现UnitTwenty-twoAPacificParadise“Therearesharkssleepingatthebottom,”saidtheguide,flashinganaïvegrin.“Let’swakethemup.”Inariotofscubabubbles,touristsandguideplunged110feetintoanunderwatercavern.Andtruetohisword,theguidedartedthroughthegloom,chasingfivefootlongshadows.Nottoworry.InthespectacularunderseaworldofPalau,thesharksareas
59laid-backasthelocalresidents.Andwhowouldn’tbe?SlungacrossthePacific800milessouthwestofGuam,thestringofislands–eightinhabited,200ormorestillunpopulated–makeuponeofthoseincreasinglyrarecommodities,aPacificparadise.Forskindivers,Palauisheavenunderwater.Atthereefsdiverscanfindabreathtakingvarietyofoceanlife.ScubaveteranscanheadfortheBlueCorner,anunderseacanyonrepletewithwavingcoralsandmulticoloredanemones.Backlightedbythesun,sharksglidepastinthechannel.InsouciantSeaturtlesswimalongside,eyeballingintruders.Abovethesurfaceotherdelightsawait:picnickingalongthewhitesandbeaches,oratriptoanuninhabitedislandtoplayRobinsonCrusoeforaday.Thereisalsohistoryintheseislands,nowadministeredbytheUnitedStatesunderU.N.trusteeship.DuringWorldWarIItheJapanesehadamajorheadquartershere,andimperialandtheU.S.forcesclashedinthebattleofPeleliuinSeptember1944.Nearly13,000soldiersdied.Todayjunglevinescreepovertherustinghulksoftanksandamphibiousvehicles.Long-silentJapaneseantiaircraftguns,nestledinsidelimestonecaves,raisetheirmuzzlestowardthesky.SkeletonsofJapanesewarshipsandfighterplanesstilllitterthebottomsofsomereefsandbitsofthewarwashuponthebeach.Japanesevisitorsleavepoignantmessagesandphotosforthespiritoftheirfallensons.“Thisiswhatourhomelookslikenow.”readsone.ThoughJapaneseandAmericaninfluenceslinger,everyoneseemsathomeinPalau,reachablebyplanefromGuamandManila.EnglishiswidelyspokenandthecurrencyistheU.S.dollar.Despitetheexoticlandandseascapes,there’snofast-talkingtouristhustle–onlyafewthousandvisitorsarriveannually.Thatmaybethebestenticementofall.naivea.1.天真的2.幼稚的,轻信的[联想词]cutea.1.漂亮的,娇小可爱的2.聪明伶俐的,精明的
60grin(grinned;grinning)vi.咧嘴笑n.咧嘴笑scuban.水肺(潜水者用的水下呼吸器)cavernn.洞穴,大山洞[联想词]cavityn.洞,穴,凹处gloomn.1.昏暗,阴暗2.忧郁,沮丧gloomya.1.忧郁的,沮丧的2.令人沮丧的,令人失望的3.昏暗的,阴暗的,阴沉的dartvi.猛冲,飞奔vt.投射n.1.飞镖2.急驰,飞奔slingv.1.抛,掷,扔2.吊挂,悬挂inhabitvt.居住于,栖居于commodityn.商品,货物reefn.礁,暗礁canyonn.峡谷repletea.1.充满的,装满的2.充实的,完备的coraln.珊瑚a.珊瑚色的anemonea.1.海葵2.银莲花glidevi.n.滑行,滑动,滑翔intrudevi.侵入,侵扰,打扰administervt.1.掌管,料理…的事务2.施行,实行3.给予,派给imperiala.帝国的,帝王的
61hulkn.残骸amphibiousa.1.水陆两栖的2.两栖作战的muzzlen.1.(四足动物的)鼻口部2.枪口,炮口skeletonn.1.骨骼2.框架,骨干3.梗概,提要[联想词]skulln.颅骨,脑壳littern.1.废弃物,被胡乱扔掉的东西2.一窝3.杂乱的东西vt.乱扔vi.乱扔废弃物poignanta.令人痛苦的,辛酸的,惨痛的lingervi.1.(因不愿离开而)继续逗留,留恋,徘徊2.继续存留,缓慢消失exotica.奇异的,外来的,异国情调的hustlevt.1.推搡,猛推2.竭力兜售vi.1.竭力兜售2.催促n.忙碌,奔忙enticementn.1.引诱,怂恿2.引诱物,诱惑物UnitTwenty-threeCapitalandLabourInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasdisplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitof
62shareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrownofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andthepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeofthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.rivaln.1.竞争对手2.可与匹敌的人a.竞争的,对抗的vt.与…竞争
63rivalryn.竞争,竞赛,对抗[联想词]contendvi.1.争夺2.搏斗vt.声称,主张displacevt.1.取代,替代2.迫使…离开家园liabilityn.1.责任2.负债,债务3.不利条件[联想词]handicapn.(身体或智力方面的)缺陷vt.妨碍,使不利hindervt.阻碍,妨碍bureaucracyn.1.官僚主义2.政府机构,官僚engagementn.1.订婚,婚约2.约会energetica.精力充沛的,充满活力的[联想词]briska.1.轻快的,生气勃勃的2.兴隆的,繁忙活跃的robusta.强壮的,健康的limpa.软弱的,无生气的,无精神的initiativen.1.主动性2.主动的行动,倡议3.主动权[联想词]initiatev.1.开始,创造,发起2.使初步了解3.接纳新成员n.新加入组织的人municipala.市的,市政的municipalityn.自治市;市政当局shareholdern.股票持有人,股东shareholdinga.股权tramn.有轨电车[联想词]locomotiven.机车consequencen.1.结果,后果2.重要(性),重大consequenta.作为结果的,随之发生的
64manipulatevt.1.操纵,控制,影响2.熟练操作,使用manipulationn.1.操作,使用2.操纵,控制detachvt.拆卸,使分开,使分离dividendn.1.红利,股息2.回报,效益3.被除数patriarchala.1.家长的,父权制的2.(动植物等)古老的UnitTwenty-fourTheFunctionofEducationBenjaminRankling,towhomthisUniversityowessomuch,realizedtoothatwhilebasicprinciplesofnaturalscience,ofmoralityandofthescienceofsocietywereeternalandimmutable,theapplicationoftheseprinciplesnecessarilychangeswiththepatternsoflivingconditionsfromgenerationtogeneration.Iamcertainthathewouldinsist,werehewithustoday,thatitisthewholedutyofthephilosopherandtheeducatortoapplytheeternalidealsoftruthandgoodnessandjusticeintermsofthepresentandnottermsofthepast.Growthandchangearethelawofalllife.Yesterday’sanswersareinadequatefortoday’sproblems–justasthesolutionsoftodaywillnotfilltheneedsoftomorrow.EternaltruthswillbeneithertruenoreternalunlessTheyhavefreshmeaningforeverynewsocialSituation.Itisthefunctionofeducation,thefunctionofallofthegreatinstitutionsoflearningintheUnitedStates,toprovidecontinuityforournationallife–totransmittoyouththebestofourculturethathasbeentestedinthefireofhistory.Itisequallytheobligationofeducationtotrainthemindsandtalentsofouryouth:toimprove,throughcreativecitizenship,ourAmericaninstitutionsinaccordwiththerequirementsofthefuture.Wecannotalwaysbuildthefutureforouryouth,butwecanbuildouryouthforthefuture.Itisingreatuniversitieslikethisthattheideaswhichcanassureournationalsafetyandmake
65tomorrow’shistory,arebeingforgedandshaped.Civilizationowesmosttothemenandwomen,knownandunknown,whosefree,inquiringmindsandrestlessintellectscouldnotbesubduedbythepoweroftyranny.Thisisnotimeforanymantowithdrawintosomeivorytowerandproclaimtherighttoholdhimselfalooffromtheproblemsandtheagoniesofhissociety.Thetimescallforboldbeliefthattheworldcanbechangedbyman’sendeavor,andthatthisendeavorcanleadtosomethingnewandbetter.Nomancanseverthebondsthatunitehimtohissocietysimplybyavertinghiseyes.Hemusteverbereceptiveandsensitivetothenew;andhavesufficientcourageandskilltofacenovelfactsandtodealwiththem.Wemayfindinthatsenseofpurpose,thepersonalpeace,notofrepose,butofeffort,thekeensatisfactionofdoing,thedeepfeelingofachievementforsomethingfarbeyondourselves,theknowledgethatwebuildmoregloriouslythanweknow.moralityn.1.道德2.德行,品行3.道德观,道德规范eternala.1.永久的,永世的2.无休止的,没完没了的3.永恒的,永不改变的[联想词]immortala.1.长生的,不死的2.不朽的,流芳百世的n.不朽人物transienta.1.短暂的2.临时的,暂住的perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的2.无休止的finitea.1.有限的,有限制的2.限定的mortala.1.终有一死的2.致命的3.不共戴天的mutablea.1.会变的,可变的2.不定的,常变的,反复无常的immutablea.不可改变的,永远不变的,永恒的continuityn.连续(性),持续(性)withdrawvt.收回,撤销,撤退[联想词]evacuatevt.转移,撤离
66ivoryn.1.象牙2.象牙色,乳白色proclaimvt.1.宣告,宣布,声明2.显示[联想词]assertvt.1.肯定地说,断言2.维护,坚持affirmvt.1.断言,坚持声称2.证实,确认suppressvt.1.压制,镇压2.禁止发表,查禁3.抑制(感情等),忍住4.阻止…的生长repressionn.压抑,压制,镇压subduevt.1.制服,使顺从,征服2.抑制,克制agonyn.(极度的)痛苦,创痛avertvt.1.防止,避免2.转移[联想词]precludevt.阻止,排除,妨碍reposen.1.憩息2.安静vi.1.躺,靠,休息2.长眠,安息Unittwenty-fiveElectronicMail Friendsandfamilydisperselikedryleaves,driftingtodifferentcitiesandcountries.“I’llwrite,”Ipromisesolemnly.Alas,mygoodintentionsproduceonlyimaginedlettersneverembracedbypaper,neverkissedbystamps. Ah,butelectronicmailhaschangedmyways.MyComputerhasbecomeanepistolaryPinatubo,eruptingWithlettersandmissivesandmemoswhizzedaroundTheworldatthevelocityoflight.IsharethoughtswithPenpalsinNewZealand,querystrangersinBombay,DebatemagiciansinManhattan. Neverhavingtriedit,IusedtoscornE-mailasBoringhightech,thestuffofbusinesstelecommunications.ThenafriendinsistedIinvestigatethis“invisibleworld”,ashecalledit,claimingthatitisexpandingexponentially.IloggedontoCompuServe,anationalon-lineinformationService,andwashooked.
67 E-mailisapipelinetothousandsofexpertsonvirtuallyeverything;itisameansofmeetingpeoplewithsimilarinterestsorproblems.Whatit’snotislivechat–real-timeconversationslikethoseonhamradioorCB.E-mailerscomposelettersatleisureontheircomputer,Thensendthemthroughthephonelinetoanon-lineserviceoracomputerbulletinboard.E-mailaddresses–eithernamesoron-lineserviceaccountnumbers–automaticallyforwardmailtotherightplace. Thevastnetworksofno-lineservicesandbulletinboardsbubblewithpoolsofpeople-to-peopleinformationakey-strokeaway.Besidesuncountedmillionsofmembersofvariouson-lineservices,some11millionpeopleregularlylogontoasmany45,000publicbulletinboardsintheUnitedStates.Andtheytendtobeextraordinarilygenerousaboutsharingtheirthoughtsandideas–perhapsbecausethereisnopressuretorespondandnoface-to-faceconfrontation. Computerizedexchangescancreatefriendships–andmayrevivethealmostlostartofletterwriting.Afriendinvitedmetojoin“Family”,adiscussiongroupthatadmitscorrespondentsbyvotingthemin,tokeeptheconversationsfromshinningoutofcontrol.Thechitchat,meanderingfromsmalltalktoimpassionedpolitics,feelslikemeetingpalsovercoffee,withpersonalitiesquicktoemerge. E-mailingisfarcheaperthanlong-distancecalling.Yourelayyourmailthroughamainframecomputer,generallybymakingalocalcalltothenearestbulletinBoardoranearbyon-lineservice“node”.“Networksareexpandingrapidly,makingE-mailincreasinglyglobal”,saysJackRickard,editorofBoardwatch Magazine.dispersevi.1.分散,散开2.消散,消失vt.1.使分散,赶散2.使消散,驱散[联想词]dispensevt.1.分配,分发2.配药3.实施,执行dissipatevi.消失,消散vt.1.使消失,使消散2.浪费,挥霍sprinklev.撒,洒n.[单]少数,少量intentn.意图,意向,目的a.1.专心的,专注的2.急切的
68intentionn.意图,目的epistolarya.书信的eruptvi.1.(火山等)喷发[联想词]abrupta.1.突然的,意外的2.唐突的,鲁莽的memorizev.记住,熟记memon.备忘录whizn.(whizzes)1.飕飕声,呼呼声2.飕飕的移动vi.(whizzed;whizzing)1.飕飕作声2.飕飕的移动velocityn.速度,速率[联想词]supersonica.超音速的,超声的queryn.问题,疑问,询问vt.1.对…表示疑问telecommunicationsn.通信,电信(学)scornn.轻蔑,鄙视vt.1.轻蔑,鄙视2.拒绝,不屑(做)[联想词]contemptn.轻蔑,轻视defyvt.1.违抗,藐视2.使成为不可能3.挑,激defiancen.违抗,藐视exponentn.1.倡导者,鼓吹者,拥护者2.代表人物,典型3.指数,幂exponentiallya.指数地bulletinn.1.简明新闻,最新消息2.公告,布告,公报3.学报,期刊revivevt.使复苏meandervi.1.蜿蜒,迂回曲折地前进2.漫步,漫谈UnitTwenty-sixTheSuccessofEasternAsia’sEconomics
69OutsidershavecontemplatedthesuccessofeasternAsia’seconomieswithadmiration,wondermentandsometimeshostility.ScholarslongsoughttopinpointthesecretsbehindtheachievementsofJapan,SouthKorea,Taiwan,HongKongandSingapore.Morerecently,theyhaveturnedtheirattentiontotheemerging“tigers”ofThailand,MalaysiaandIndonesia.Hardworkandentrepreneurialflairwereobviouselements.Ifacountryisrichinacertainnaturalorhumanresource,itsgovernmentshouldmakesurenothinggetsinthewayofentrepreneurswhowanttodevelopit,betheylocalorforeign.Byallowingthelatterapieceoftheaction,anationbenefitsfromthemultiplyingeffectsofinvestment,technologytransfersandincreasedemployment.Andallthebetterifheavytariffsorotherformsofpreferentialtreatmentcouldbeavoided.Inmostcases,government’smainjobshouldbetogetoutofthewayofbusiness.Heavy-handedinterventioninindustrialpolicygenerallydoesnotwork.Ittendstocreateinefficienciesandartificialbarrierstowealth.Governmentsshouldconcentrateinsteadonliberalizingtheirowntradelawsandpushingthesamecauseinternationally.Freeingcommerceallowsnatural,humanandcapitalresourcestoflowintoendeavorswheretheyaremotefficient.Governmentsshouldkeepinterestratesandtaxesaslowaspossibleandmakesurethenationalbureaucracyiscapableandrelativelyclean.Thereissometruthtotheargumentthattheregion’seconomicdynamos“haditeasybackthen.”Nationswithscantresourcesandhardworkingpopulationswereabletoexporttheirwaytowealthinthepastthreedecades.OnereasonwasthatmarketsinNorthAmericaandEuropewereopenandbooming.Cold-warimperativesalsohelped.Inpart,theyenabledsomecountriestoprotectinfantindustries.Today’sworldisaharsherplace.Developedcountriesarestillinthegripofrecessionandadevelopingnationmayfaceretaliationforeventhemostinnocuousformof“nontariffbarrier”–forexample,taxincentivesforcertainindustries.ButasAsiabecomeswealthier,itwill
70serveasahugenewmarkettowhichdevelopingcountriescanselltheirgoods.ReadersoftheWorldBankstudywoulddowelltorememberthatitssponsorisanorganizationthatdealsessentiallygovernments.Itwascreatedtohelptheminterveneinthedevelopmentprocess.Itsprescriptionscanbefaultyiftheycallforstrategiestobeimposedfromthetopinsteadofgeneratedbybusinessmen.Hopefully,thebank’sreportwillnotethatintheenditiseconomicfreedom–toapplyentrepreneurialcreativity,workhardandreaptherewardsofsuchefforts–thatmakesanyindividualornationwealthy.Thatwas,andis,thesecretofAsia’ssuccess.contemplatevt.1.盘算,计议2.思量,对…周密考虑3.注视[联想词]pondervt.思索,考虑,沉思irrespectivea.不考虑的,不顾及的hostilityn.1.敌对,敌意,对抗2.抵制,反对3.交战,战争[联想词]warfaren.1.战争(状态)2.斗争,冲突antagonismn.对抗,敌对,对立pinpointvi.1.准确描述,确定,确认2.精确地确定…的位置entrepreneurn.企业家enterpreneuriala.企业家的flairn.1.天赋,资质2.敏锐的感觉力,鉴别力,眼光3.爱好,癖好,热情[联想词]flarevi.1.闪耀,烧旺2.突发,突然发怒n.闪光信号,照明弹aptituden.才能,天资tariffn.1.关税,税率2.价目表,收费表intervenen.1.干涉,干预2.干扰,阻挠
71interventionn.介入,干涉,干预endeavorvt.n.努力,尽力,尝试bureaucracyn.1.官僚主义2.政府机构,官僚dynamon.1.发电机2.精力充沛的人scanta.不足的,贫乏的[联想词]deficiencyn.1.缺乏,不足2.缺点,缺陷imperativea.1.必要的,紧急的,极重要的2.命令的n.必要的事retaliatevi.报复retaliationn.报复,回报,以牙还牙[联想词]revengen.报复,报仇innocuousa.1.无害的2.无伤大雅的incentiven.刺激,鼓励prescriptionn.1.处方,药方2.开处方,开药方[联想词]tabletn.药片capsulen.胶囊herbn.药草,草本植物reapvt.1.收割,收获2.获得,得到Unittwenty-sevenHere’smysimpletestforaproductoftoday’stechnology:Igotothebookstoreandchecktheshelvesforremedialbooks.Themorebooks,themoremysuspicionsareraised.Ifcomputersandcomputerprogramssupposedlyaregettingeasiertouse,whyaresomanycompaniesstillmakinganiceliving
72publishingbooksonhowtousethem?Computersmanipulateinformation,butinformationisinvisible.There’snothingtoseeortouch.Theprogrammerdecideswhatyouseeonthescreen.Computersdon’thaveknobslikeoldradios.Theydon’thavebuttons,notrealbuttons.Instead,moreandmoreprogramsdisplaypicturesofbuttons,movingevenfurtherintoabstractionandarbitrariness.Ilikecomputers,butIhopetheywilldisappear,thattheywillseemasstrangetoourdescendantsasthetechnologiesofourgrandparentsappeartous.Computershavethepowertoallowpeoplewithinacompany,acrossanationorevenaroundtheworld,toworktogether.Butthispowerwillbewastediftomorrow’scomputersaren’tdesignedaroundtheneedsandcapabilitiesofthehumanbeingswhomustusethem.Thatmeansretoolingcomputerstomeshwithhumanstrengths–observing,communicatingandinnovating–insteadofaskingpeopletoconformtotheunnaturalbehaviorcomputersdemand.Thatjustleadstoerror.Manyoftoday’smachinestrytodotoomuch.Whenacomplicatedwordprocessorattemptstodoubleasadesktoppublishingprogramorakitchenappliancecomeswithhalfadozenattachments,theproductisboundtobeunwieldyandburdensome.Myfavoriteexampleofatechnologicalproductonjusttherightscaleisanelectronicdictionary.Itcanbemadesmaller,lighterandfareasiertousethanaprintversion,notonlygivingmeaningsbutevenpronouncingthewords.Today’selectronicdictionaries,withtheirtinykeysandbarelylegibledisplays,areprimitivebutthey’reontherighttrack.Onegizmo,onechore.Nowimagineahostofspecializeddevicesreplacingasinglepowerfulcomputerthattriestodoalittleofeverything.Imagineapocketcheckbook,adrawingpad,afile-folder-sizespreadsheet.Eachwouldbeself-containedbutwouldcommunicatewiththeothersthroughinfraredlightbeamsorradiolinks.ThewordIjustlookedupinthedictionarywouldbeinsertedintotheletterIamwriting;therightpictureorspreadsheetcalculationwould
73becomepartofareportI’mdoingforwork;myelectroniccheckbookwouldlogonwiththebankeveryeveningtoupdateandreconcilethefigures.Wewouldnolongerhavetolearnthearbitrarywaysofthecomputer.Wecouldsimplylearnthetoolsofourtrade–sketchpads,spreadsheets,schedules.Howwonderfulifwouldbetoignorethecapriciousnatureoftechnology–andgetonwithourwork.remedyn.1补救办法,纠正办法2.药品,治疗法vt.1.补救,纠正2.医治,治疗remediala.1.治疗的2.补救的3.补习的rectifyvt.纠正,修复suspiciousa.1.猜疑的,疑心的2.可疑的3.表示怀疑的suspicionn.1.怀疑,不信任2.猜疑,嫌疑[联想词]skepticala.表示怀疑的dubiousa.1.怀疑的,犹豫不决的2.有问题的,靠不住的doubtlessad.无疑地,肯定crediblea.可信的,可靠的manipulatevt.1.操纵,控制,影响2.操作,使用[联想词]maneuvern.1.调动,调遣2.策略,花招vt.1.调动,调遣2.操纵,控制knobn.1.球形把手2.旋钮3.小块[联想词]shaftn.1.柄,杆2.束,光线3.轴4.竖井descendantn.后代meshn.网孔vt.1.用网捕捉,使缠住2.使啮合[联想词]webn.1.网2.网络sieven.筛网,滤网v.筛分innovationn.1.新事物,新方法2.革新,创新
74innovativea.1.革新的,新颖的2.富有革新精神的wieldvt.1.运使,运用,交配2.使用(武器等)wieldya.易处理的,易使用的,易掌握的legiblea.1.清楚的,易读的2.容易觉察的,容易辩认的illegiblea.模糊的,难以辨认的gizmon.机械装置,小玩意儿(俚)choren.1.家庭杂务,日常零星工作2.困难的工作,令人讨厌的工作specializevi.专门研究,专攻specialtyn.1.专业,专长2.特产,名产spreadsheetn.空白表格程序infrareda.红外线的ultravioleta.紫外线的spectrumn.1.光谱,频谱2.范围,幅度,系列capriciousa.变化无常的，变幻莫测的Unittwenty-eightTheTransnationalEconomicZoneBordersthesedayshavelittlemeaningforSingapore-basedregionalexecutivesofelectronicsfirmslikeSanyoandPhilips.Moreandmoreofthemarecommutingeverydayfromtheirofficesinthecity-statetofactoriesontheIndonesianislandofBatam,45minutesawaybyhigh-speedferry.TheSingaporemanagersaredenizensofanew,almostborderlessregion–intheircaseembracingSingaporeandpartsofMalaysiaandIndonesia–thateconomistsdefineasa“transnationaleconomiczone”andlaymanhavecometocalla“growthtriangle”.Overlappingthreeormorecountries,thezonesaretakingadvantageoflowlaborandlandcostsinone
75nationandsurpluscapitalandtechnologicalsophisticationinotherstobuildexport-orientedindustryandattractforeigninvestment.SinceSingaporePrimeMinisterGohChokTongfirstmentionedthetermin1989,growthtriangleshavebeguntospreadacrossEastAsia.“Prosperityisourgoal,andthatprosperityshouldbeshared,”saysTunDaimZainuddin,aformerMalaysianFinanceMinisterwhoischargedwithoverseeingthiscountry’sparticipationintheschemes.Therushtotriangulateislargelydrivenbytwofactors:theworldwiderecessionandtheperceivedthreatofprotectionismfromemergingtradeblocsinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Againstthatbackdrop,Asianeconomieswhosefastgrowth,competitiveedgeandexport-to-the-Weststrategiesearnedthemthesobriquetsof“dragons”and“tigers”areincreasinglygearinguptowardregionalcooperation–withoutthekindofformalaccordexemplifiedbytheNorthAmericanfreeTradeAgreement.LastweekanAmbitioustariff-cuttingprogrambythesixcountriesoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsformallywentintoeffect,butifwilltakeatleast15yearstoreachtheirgoal.“Thegrowthtriangleisacooperativearrangementwhichcountriescanwalkawayfromanytimetheychoose,”saysMyoThant,anAsianDevelopmentBankauthorityonthetopic.“It’sthedifferencebetweenmarriageandalive-ingirlfriend.Therearenotiesthatbindexceptthoseofself-interest.”Eagertotakeadvantageoflowmainlandwages,HongKongmanufacturersmovedlabor-intensiveindustrieslikegarmentsandelectronicsacrosstheborder,generatingemploymentforanestimated3millionmenandwomeninhePeople’sRepublic,thenshiftedintothemanufactureofhighervalue-addedproductsinfieldslikebiotechnology.Duringthe‘80s,despitecontinuinganxietyintheCrownColonyaboutitsfutureafterthereassertionofChinesesovereigntyin1997,HongKongsurpassedtheU.S.asthebiggestoutsideinvestoronthemainland;in1992itinjectedarecord$39.6billionintotheChineseeconomy.
76commutevi.乘公交车上下班,经常乘车(或船等)vt.1.减刑2.折合,折偿n.上下班交通ferryn.渡船vt.渡运[联想词]dockn.码头,船埠vt.进港,靠码头traversevt.横渡,横越strandn.1.(线等的)股,缕2.一个组成部分vt.使搁浅shipmentn.1.装运,装船2.装载的货物denizenn.1.居民2.外籍居民overlapv.1.(与…)部分重叠2.(与…)部分相同n.重叠,重叠的部分orientvt.1.使适应,使熟悉情况(或环境)2.使朝向,以…为方向(或目标)n.东方,亚洲(尤指远东),东半球orientala.东方的,东方人的,东方文化的orientationn.1.方向,目标,方位2.熟悉情况,适应,情况介绍[联想词]clockwisead.顺时针方向地a.顺时针方向的participatevi.参与,参加participationn.1.参与,参加2.分享participantn.参加者,参与者blocn.(国家,政党,团体为某种共同目的而结合的)集团[联想词]alliancen.结盟,联盟coalitionn.1.结合体,同盟2.结合,联合sobriquetn.假名,绰号[联想词]nicknamen.绰号,诨名anonymousa.匿名的,无名的,不具名的exemplifyvt.1.是(或作为)…的典型(或榜样)2.例示,举例说明[联想词]embodyvt.1.使具体化,具体表现,体现2.包括,包含,收入
77expertisen.专门知识(或技能等)cooperativea.1.有合作意向的,乐于合作的2.合作的,协作的n.合作社,合作商店(或企业)garmentn.(一件)衣服assertvt.1.肯定地说,断言2.维护,坚持reassertvt.重申,再断言,再坚持reassertionn.重申,再断言,再坚持sovereignn.君主,元首a.1.拥有最高统治权的,至高无上的2.具有独立主权的sovereigntyn.1.君权,统治权2.主权,独立自主surpassvt.1.超过,优于,多于2.超过…的界限,非…所能办到(或理解)injectvt.1.注射,给…注射2.注入,引入,投入injectionn.注射,注入Unittwenty-nineOnCustomCustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehaviouratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitanymanifest.
78Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehaviouroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofthismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofthisownbabytalkthattakenupintothevernacularofthisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehaviour.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible.commonplacea.普通的,平庸的n.寻常的事物,平庸的东西[联想词]commonwealthn.1.英联邦2.联邦,联合体customarya.习惯上的,合乎习俗的aberranta.偏离正路的,偏离常规的triviala.琐碎的,不重要的
79[联想词]triflen.琐事,小事,无价值的东西vi.嘲笑,轻视pettya.1.小的,琐碎的,不重要的2.气量小的,心狭窄的predominanta.占主导地位的,显著的manifesta.明显的,显然的,明了的vt.1.显示,表明,证明2.使显现,使显露pristinea.1.太古的,原始的2.本来的,原来的[联想词]virginala.1.处女的,忠贞的2.纯洁的,没有被玷污的virginn.处女,未婚女子a.1.处女的,贞洁的2.纯洁的,未玷污的3.未开发的,未经使用的probev.1.探索,查究,调查2.用探针(或控测器)探查,探测n.1.探针,探测器2.探索,调查[联想词]gropevi.1.暗中摸,摸索2.探索,搜寻vt.摸索(道路等)queryn.问题,疑问,询问v.1.对…表示疑问2.问,询问questn.寻求,搜索,追求stereotypen.陈规,老套,固定的模式(或形象)vt.对…形成固定的看法stereoa.立体声的n.立体声,立体声装置vernacularn.1.本国语2.本国语词汇,方言词汇foremosta.首要的,最佳的[联想词]cardinaln.1.红衣主教2.基数词a.最重要的,基本的accommodatevt.1.容纳2.向…提供住处(或膳宿)3.使适应,顺应accommodationn.1.住处,膳宿2.适应,顺应autonomousa.1.自治的2.独立自主的autonomyn.1.自治,自治权2.人身自由,自主权
80incumbenta.1.有责任的,有义务的2.现任的,在职的intelligiblea.可理解的,明白易懂的,清楚的[联想词]coherenta.1.条理清楚的,连贯的2.一致的,协调的UnitThirtyMoneyMoneyofferspower,analmostuniqueformofpower.Paradoxicallymoneycreatesadeepsenseofpowerlessnessaswell,sincetechnicallywearenotabletoprovidemoneyforourselves;someoneorsomethingelsemustdothatforus–ouremployersorourstocks.Allthat,moneycando:andwhensuchessential,familiarfunctionsaresnatchedfromone’slife,smallwonderthatpeoplemaygrowwild,frantic,evenmurderous.Peopleworkformoneytobuythingsthatotherpeoplemakeordo,thingsthattheycannotorwillnotmakeordoforthemselvesbutthattheydeemnecessaryforsomedefinitionofself-improvement.Soabakerbuysapianobecausehecannotmakeone,andyethejudgesthepossessionofapianotobenecessaryforhispleasure,stature,worth.Thepianomaker,inturn,maybuyTIMEmagazinebecausehedeemsTIMEnecessaryforhispleasure,stature,worth.OnlyGodknowswhogetsthebetterofsuchdeals,butthefactisthatthedealsarenotonlyeconomicbutsocialtransactions.Abstractly,then,moneyisoneoftheways,indeedauniversallyacceptedway,wemakeconnections.Cashiscold,sotheconnectionsmayfeelcold,butrealbloodflowsthroughthem.Theseconnectionsconstituteoneofcentralmeansbywhichsocietiescohere;bywhichtheysustainandcharacterizethemselves.Still,thatbasicsocialtransactionofbuyingandsellingremainsthestandardoperationofhumanbusiness.Theoperationmaybestandardbecausebuyingandsellingencompasses,encouragesthe
81fundamental,oftentormenting,impulsetowardhumanperfectibility;becausethesimpleactofpurchaseimpliesaperpetualquestforself-improvement.Thisisnottosaythatmoneyistheonlywayofestablishingself-improvement.SpiritualthinkersforswearthepowerofmoneybecausetheyprefertohaveGodandnotMammonresponsibleforhumanconnectedness.Yettheconnectionsthatmoneymakesamongpeoplearenotnecessarilyaspiritualifonedefinesmoneyastheoilthatlubricatesthesocialmachine.Whoeverfirstcameupwiththeideaofmoneymusthaverealizedthatmoneywouldnotonlysymbolizethevalueofobjectsbutthatinevitablyitwouldalsoprovethevalueofpeople,sinepeoplecouldonlyobtainthatproofbydealingwithoneanother.Suchvaluesmaybeillusory,buttheyarevaluescommonlyagreeduponandsofunctionasfacts.Theknowledgethatothersexisttoproducethingsforyouisawayofknowingthattheyexisttoproduceyou,andyouthem.Allovertheworld,theseactsofreciprocalproductionaresustainedbymoney,whichmovesthroughthepopulationsbelongingtonooneandeveryoneatonce,hard,soft,old,new,tryingbillionsofpeopletogetherinanancientarrangementthathaskepttheearthspinninglikeacoin.paradoxn.1.似乎矛盾而(可能)正确的说法2.自相矛盾的人(或事物)paradoxicala.1.似是而非的2.自相矛盾的snatchvt.1.夺,夺走2.一下子拉,一把抓住3.抓住机会,抽空做vi.一把抓住n.片断frantica.1.慌乱不安的,紧张纷乱的2.发疯似的,发狂的[联想词]frenzyn.疯狂,狂热,激动insanea.1.蠢极的,荒唐的2.精神病的,精神失常的,疯狂的asylumn.精神病院staturen.1.高境界,高水平,非凡的气质2.身高,身材
82transactionn.交易,业务[联想词]slumpvi.n.暴跌,衰退,不景气coherevi.团结一致;凝聚coherenta.1.条理清楚的,连贯的2.一致的,协调的[联想词]clingvi.1.紧紧抓住2.粘着,挨近3.依附,依恋4.坚持,忠实于fusionvi.1.联合,合并2.聚变conformvi.1.遵守,适应,顺从2.相似,一致,符合encompassvi.1.环绕,围绕2.包含,包括3.完成,促成[联想词]enclosevi.1.围住,包住2.把…装入信封,封入enclosuren.1.围场2.附件incorporaten.1.包含加上,吸收2.把…合并,使并入tormentn.1.痛苦,折磨2.令人痛苦的东西,折磨者perfectionn.完美,完善perfectibilityn.可完美性,可臻完美性perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,长期的2.无休止的,没完没了的[联想词]transienta.1.短暂的2.临时的,暂住的questn.寻求,搜索,追求[联想词]pursuitn.1.追求,寻求2.追赶,追逐3.(花时间和精力的)事,嗜好,消遣forswearvt.1.发誓抛弃2.坚决否认mammonn.财神lubricatevt.使润滑[联想词]greasen.1.油脂2.润滑油vt.给…加润滑油
83reciprocala.相互的,互惠的Unitthirty-oneOnReadingStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourses;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness;forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairscomebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudies,issloth;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar;theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthemandabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnortocontradictandconfute,nortobelieveandtakeforgranted,nortofindtalkanddiscourse,buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstobereadbutnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantargumentsandthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashytings.Readingmakeafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman;and,therefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,
84abletocontend.Thereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises;bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins,shootingforthelungsandbreast,gentlewalkingforthestomach,ridingforthehead,andthelike;soifaman’switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers’cases:soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.-----------------------FrancisBaconornamentn.1.装饰品,点缀品2.装饰,点缀vt.装饰,点缀,美化privatea.1.私人的,个人的2.秘密的,私下的3.私立的,私营的n.士兵,列兵privatenessn.1.私人,个人2.秘密,私下privacyn.1.个人自由2.隐私,私生活,私事dispositionn.1.性情,性格2.意向,倾向3.排列,部署[联想词]temperamentn.气质,性格arrayn.1.展示,陈列2.排列,队形3.衣服,盛装vt.1.排列,配置2.打扮,装饰marshaln.1.元帅,最高指挥官2.总指挥,司仪3.执法官,警察局长,消防队长vt.整理,排列,集结[联想词]lieutenantn.陆军中尉,海军上尉sergeantn.中士,警官slothn.懒散,怠惰affectationn.1.做作,假装2.矫揉造作prunevt.1.修剪,修整2.删除,削减
85contradictvt.1.反驳,否认…的真实性2.与…发生矛盾confutevt.驳斥,驳倒[联想词]refutevt.驳斥,驳倒diligenta.勤勉的,勤奋的diligencen.勤勉,勤奋extractvt.1.取出,抽出,拨出2.提取,提炼3.获得,索取4.摘录,抄录n.1.摘录,选段2.提出物,精,汁[联想词]elicitvt.诱出,探出distractvt.转移(注意力),使分心distillvt.1.蒸馏2.吸取,提炼confer(conferred;conferring)vi.商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予conferencen.1.会议2.讨论,商谈cunninga.狡猾的,诡诈的n.狡猾,诡诈subtlea.1.微妙的,难于捉摸的2.诡秘的,狡诈的3.隐约的rhetoricn.1.修辞学2.雄辩言辞,虚夸言辞contendvi.1.争夺,竞争2.搏斗,争斗vt.声称,主张impedimentn.1.妨碍,阻碍2.口吃,结巴bowlingn.保龄球运动reinn.缰绳vt.勒缰使(马)停步apta.1.易于..的,有倾向的2.恰当的,适宜的3.聪明的,反应敏捷的
86Unitthirty-twoAStunningAdvanceinThirdWorldProductivity?Twoweeksago,Chinahadthe10thlargesteconomyintheworld.Thisweekitjumpstothird,behindtheU.S.andJapan.India,formerlyNo.11,leapstoNo.6.MexicoclimbsfromNo.12toNo.10.whathasbeengoingon?AstunningadvanceinThirdWorldproductivity?No,somethingmoremundanebutalmostasfar-reachingistakingplaceastheWashington-basedInternationalMonetaryFundswitchestoadifferentsystemforestimatingthesizeofeachcountry’seconomy.ThosemostaffectedarerapidlyindustrializingnationssuchasMexico,Brazil,India,IndonesiaandThailand,andtheirupgradedstatus,islikelytochangeperceptionsoftheworld’seconomicbalanceofpower.SaysRobertHormats:“ThisnewaccountingunderscoresinquantitativetermsjusthowpowerfulChina,Indiaandotherdevelopingcountriesaretoday,bothasmarketsandascompetitors.”TheIMF’slatestcalculationsreplaceanaccountingtechniquethatvaluedintheU.S.dollarstheoutputofgoodsandservicesineverynation.Thatsystem,stillwidelyusedbyeconomistsaswellasbymultilaterallendersliketheworldBank,producesswingsinacountry’sgrossnationalproduct,itstotaloutputofgoodsandservices,everytimethevalueofitscurrencyshiftsinrelationtotheU.S.dollar.TheIMF’snewgaugerelieson“purchasing-powerparity,”ameansofcalculatingnationalincomethatmanyeconomistsbelieveshouldhavebeenputintopracticelongago.RatherthanGNPbeingmeasuredindollars,anationalbasketofgoodsandservicesencompassingthelikesoftransport,food,clothingandshelteristalliedinlocalcurrencyandcomparedwithpurchasingpowerofsimilargoodsandservicesinotherpartsoftheworld.Thismethodprovidesamoreaccurateassessmentofthevalueofwhateachpersonisabletobuy,afigurethatismultipliedbyacountry’stotalpopulationtoreachanestimateofnationaloutput.Usingthisstandard,theIMFpegsChina’soutputas$1.7trillionlastyear,farabovethe$400billionusedin
87earlierestimates.WhilethehigherIMFestimatesmaybebetteryardsticksofeconomicprogress,theyhavealsoarousedThirdWorldconcernthatsomehard-presseddevelopingnationsmaysuddenlybeseenastoowell-offtoreceiveneededWorldBankloans.Undercurrentrules,onlycountrieswithapercapitaGDPoflessthan$765qualifyfor35-yearinterest-freeloans,themostfavorabletermsavailable.WorldBankofficialsinsistthattheyhavenoplanstochangetheirownmeasuringtechniquestomatchtheIMF’srevisednumbers.Sotheworriesinsomecountriesmaybejustified.TheIMF’snewtalliesarestillcontroversial.Someeconomistsbelievethatinanumberofcases,thevalueofgoodsandservicesindifferentcountriescannotbemeaningfullycompared.Butamajorityofeconomistsseemtoapplaudthechange.Noristheendissight:forecasterswhouseIMFmethodsinaddingtheeconomiesofHongKongandTaiwantothatofChina--envisagingaGreaterChina,sotospeak--calculatethattotaloutputwillexceedtheU.S.’sinlessthanadecade.leapvi.1.跳,跃,跳动2.急速行动,冲vt.跃过n.1.跳,跳跃2.激增,骤变[联想词]hop(hopped;hopping)vi.1.(人)单足跳跃2.(鸟或昆虫等)齐足跳跃vt.跳上(汽车,火车,飞机等)n.1.蹦跳2.(飞机等)短程航行skip(skipped;skipping)vi.1.跳,蹦跳2.跳绳vt.跳过,略过,漏过n.跳,蹦跳stunvt.(stunned;stunning)1.使震惊,使目瞪口呆2.把…打昏,使昏迷productivityn.生产力,生产率productivea.1.多产的,富饶的2.富有成效的mundanea.1.世俗的,平凡的2.宇宙的,世界的monetarya.钱的,货币的,金融的
88upgradevt.提升,使升级n.向上的斜坡[联想词]degradevt.1.降低…的身份,有辱…的人格2.使降解,使退化elevatevt.1.提升…的职位,提高,改善2.使情绪高昂,使兴高采烈3.举起,使上升underscorevt.1.在…下面划线2.强调,加强[联想词]underlinevt.1.在…下面划线2.强调,使突出bracketn.1.括号2.(年龄,收入等的)等级段,档次vt.1.把…置于括号内2.把…归入同一类tickn.1.记号,句号2.滴答声vt.给…标记号vi.发出滴答声quantitativea.(数)量的,定量的[联想词]qualitativea.(性)质的,定性的bilaterala.双边的,双方的[联想词]multilateral1.多边的2.多国(或多方)参加的,多国(或多方)间的swingv.(swung)1.使摇摆,使摇荡2.旋转3.突然转向n.1.摆动,摇摆2.秋千[联想词]whirlvt.1.旋转,急转2.发晕,(感觉等)变混乱n.1.旋转,急转2.混乱pendulum1.钟摆2.摇摆不定的事态gaugen.1.测量仪表2.(金属板的)厚度,(金属线的)直径vt.1.估计,判断2.计量,度量practicen.1.练习,实习2.实践,实际vt.1.练习,实习2.从事3.执行practicala.实际的,实用的practicablea.可行的,适用的parityn.1.相同,相等2.类似,相似
89tallyvt.计算,统计,合计pegn.1.小钉,栓,挂物钉2.桩vt.1.用钉子钉,用钉固定2.限定(价格,工资等)3.将…看成,将…归入[联想词]corkn.软木,软木塞vt.用瓶塞塞住trillionn.万亿yardstickn.1.码尺(指直尺)2.计算标准,尺度qualifyv.使胜任,具有资格,合格[联想词]eligiblea.1.有条件被选中的,有恰当资格的2.合适的,合意的applaudvi.鼓掌,喝彩vt.1.向…鼓掌,向…喝彩2.称赞,赞许envisagevt.想象,设想Unitthirty-threeTheLibertyofPressThepropositionwhichImeantomaintainasthebasisofthelibertyofthepress,andwithoutwhichitisanemptysound,isthis:thateveryman,notintendingtomislead,butseekingtoenlightenotherswithwhathisownreasonandconscience,howevererroneously,havedictatedtohimastruth,mayaddresshimselftotheuniversalreasonofawholenation,eitheruponthesubjectofgovernmentingeneral,oruponthatofourownparticularcountry;thathemayanalysetheprinciplesofitsconstitution,pointoutitserrorsanddefects,examineandpublishitscorruptions,warnhisfellow-citizensagainsttheirruinousconsequences,andexerthiswholefacultiesinpointingoutthemostadvantageouschangesinestablishmentswhichheconsiderstoberadicallydefective,orslidingfromtheirobjectbyabuse.Allhiseverysubjectofhiscountryhasrighttodo,ifhecontemplatesonlywhathethinkswouldbeforitsadvantage,butseekstochangethe
90publicmindbytheconvictionwhichflowsfromreasoningsdictatedbyconscience.If,indeed,hewriteswhathedoesnotthink;if,contemplatingthemiseryofothers,hewickedlycondemnswhathisownunderstandingapproves;or,evenadmittinghisrealdisgustagainstthegovernmentoritscorruptionsifhecalumniateslivingmagistrates,orholdsouttoindividualsthattheyhavearighttorunbeforethepublicmindintheirconduct;thattheymayopposebycontumacyorforcewhatprivatereasononlydisapproves;thattheymaydisobeythelaw,becausetheirjudgmentcondemnsit;orresistthepublicwill,becausetheyhonestlywishtochangeit–heisthenacriminaluponeveryprincipleofrationalpolicy,aswellasupontheimmemorialprecedentsofEnglishjustice;becausesuchapersonseekstodisuniteindividualsfromtheirdutytothewhole,andexcitestoovertactsofendeavouringtochange,bytheimpulseofreason,thatuniversalassentwhich,inthisandeverycountry,constitutesthelawforall.propositionn.1.论点,主张2.建议,提案3.命题[联想词]contentionn.1.论点2.争论,争辩deducevt.推论,推断,演绎enlightenvt.启发,开导consciencen.良心,道德心conscientiousa.按良心办事的,认真的,勤勤恳恳的erroneousa.错误的,不正确的corrupta.堕落的,腐败的,贪赃舞弊的vt.腐蚀,使堕落corruptionn.堕落,腐化,贿赂[联想词]fraudn.欺诈,诈骗2.骗子bribevt.向…行贿,买通n.贿赂,行贿物fellowshipn.伙伴关系,交情,友谊2.团体,协会,联谊会
913.(研究生)奖学金,(大学)研究员职位contemplatevt.1.盘算,讲议2.思量,对…周密考虑3.注视,凝视miseryn.1.痛苦,苦难,苦恼2.悲惨的境遇,贫苦[联想词]misfortunen.1.不幸,厄运,逆境2.灾难,灾祸catastrophen.大灾难,灾祸casualtyn.1.伤亡人员,死伤者2.受害人,损失的东西calumniatevt.诽谤,恶意中伤magistraten.地方行政官司,地方法官,治安官contumacyn.叛逆性,反抗权威,藐视法庭precedentn.1.先例,范例,判例2.惯例overta.公开的,不隐蔽的[联想词]disclosevt.揭露,泄露,透露endeavourvt.努力,尽力,尝试n.努力,尽力,尝试impulsen.1.冲动,一时的念头2.驱动,驱使3.脉冲assentvi.同意,赞成n.同意,赞成,赞同[联想词]consentn.vi.准许,同意,赞成complyvi.遵从,依从,服从compliancen.1.遵从,依从2.顺从,屈从Unitthirty-fourFutureTrendinWorldTradeInspiteofthedifficultiesofpredictingfuturetrendsinworldtrade,wecanspecifyfactorsthatwillbe
92important.Someoftheseare:populationgrowth;possiblescarcityofcommodities;thefoodandenergysituation;pressurestopreservetheenvironment;andinternationalcooperationonpolitical,social,economic,andmonetaryproblems.Infuturetradethekeydevelopmenttowatchistherelationshipbetweentheindustrializedandthedevelopingnations.ThirdWorldcountriesexporttheirmineraldepositsandtropicalagriculturalproducts,whichbringthemdesiredforeignexchange.Tourismhasalsobeengreatlyresponsiblefortherapiddevelopmentofsomedevelopingnations.ManyThirdWorldnationswithhighunemploymentandlowwageshaveseenanemigrationofworkerstothedevelopednations.WesternEuropehasreceivedmillionsofsuchworkersfromMediterraneancountries.Thedevelopingnationsprofitwhentheseworkersbringtheirsavingsandtheiracquiredtechnicalskillsbackhome.ManydevelopingnationsbenefitwhenWesternnationsestablishmanufacturingintheircountriestotakeadvantageofcheaplabor.Aseconomiesmature,economicgrowthratestendtoleveloff.TherateofpopulationgrowthislevelingofftodayinWesternnations.Thisleveling-offeventuallyleadstostaticnon-growthmarkets.Apointofsaturationsetsin.theWesternWorldwilleventuallymovetoaperiodofrelativelyloweconomicgrowth,coupledwithahighrateofunemployment.Aso-calledwelfaresocietywillemerge.Theunemployedinthenewwelfaresocietywillbetakencareofbytheemployedthroughgenerouscontributionstothesocialwelfaresystem.Politicalquestionsremainastotheworld’sfuture.WecanonlyspeculateastowhetherorganizedmarketsSuchastheCommonMarketandCouncilforMutualEconomicAssistancecouldeventuallymerge.Inthepresentpoliticalclimate,thiswouldseemimpossible,althoughsomecooperationagreementsarealreadyineffect.ObviouslyamergerbetweentheWesternandeasternEuropeanmarketswouldgreatlyenhanceworldtrade.Internationalmonetarycooperationwellhaveasignificantimpactonfuturetrade.IftheIMFcountries
93arenotabletoagreeuponanewinternationalmonetaryorderintheyearstocome,internationaltrademaybecometooriskyforsomecompaniestogetinvolvedin.IftheIMFisunabletocreatesufficientinternationalliquidityreservesinthefuture,theremaynotbeenoughliquiditytosustaingrowthintrade.However,growinginternationalconsultationandcooperationineconomic,monetary,andpoliticalmatterswillcertainlycontributetotheflourishingofworldtradeforyearstocome.specifyvt.具体说明,具体指定specificationn.1.规格,规范2.明确说明[联想词]denotevt.1.意思是2.表示,是…的标志indicatevt.1.标示,指示2.表明,示意indicativea.1.标示的,指示的2.陈述的,直陈的commodityn.商品,货物tropicn.1.回归线2.热带地区unemploymentn.失业,失业人数[联想词]redundanta.1.被解雇的2.多余的,过剩的emigratevi.移居外国emigrationn.1.移居外国2.移民migratevi.1.迁徙,移栖2.移居,迁移migrantn.1.移居者,移民2.候鸟,迁徙动物profitn.利润,收益vt.有益于,有利于vi.得益profitablea.有利可图的,有益的raten.1.速度,进度2.比率,率vt.1.估价,评估2.给…定级,把…列为ratingn.1.等级,评级,评定结果2.收视率,收听率saturatevt.1.使湿透,浸透2.使充满,饱和
94saturationn.1.饱和2.浸透,湿透,渗透[联想词]immersevt.1.使浸入2.使沉浸于,使专心于dilutevt.稀释,冲淡mergev.结合,合并,合为一体[联想词]consolidatev.1.巩固,加强2.联为一体,合并fusen.1.保险丝,熔丝2.导火线,导火索v.1.熔合,合并2.因保险丝熔断而中断工作convergevi.1.会合,互相靠拢2.聚集,集中3.趋近cooperatevi.合作,协作,配合cooperationn.合作,协作,配合cooperativea.1.有使用意向的,乐于合作的2.合作的,协作的n.合作社,合作商店sufficevi.足够sufficienta.足够的,充分的Unitthirty-fiveXenotransplantationTransplantsurgeonsworkmiracles.Theytakeorgansfromonebodyandintegratethemintoanother,grantingtheluckyrecipientalonger,butterlife.Sadly,everyyearthousandsofotherpeoplearelessfortunate,dyingwhiletheywaitforsuitableorganstobefound.Theterribleconstraintonorgantransplantationisthateverylifeextendeddependsinthedeathofsomeoneyoungenoughandhealthyenoughtohaveorgansworthtransplanting.Suchdonorsarefew.Thewaitinglistsarelong,andgettinglonger.Freedomfromthisconstraintisthedreamofeverytransplantsurgeon.Sofarattemptstomakeartificialorganshavebeendisappointing:natureishardtomimic.Hencetherenewedinterestintryingtouseorgansfromanimals.DoctorsinIndiahavejustannouncedthatthey
95havesuccessfullytransplantedaheartfromapigintoaperson.Pressuretoincreasethenumberofsuch“xenotransplants”seemstobegrowing.InEuropeandAmerica,herdsofpigsarebeingspeciallybredandgeneticallyengineeredfororgandonation.During1996atleasttwobigreportsonthesubject–oneinEuropeandoninAmerica–werepublished.Theyagreedthatxenotransplantswerepermissibleonethicalgrounds,andcautiouslyrecommendedthattheybeallowed.America’sFoodandDrugAdministrationhasalreadypublisheddraftguidelinesforxenotransplantation.Theethicsofxenotransplantationarerelativelyunworrying.Peoplealreadykillpigsbothforfoodandforsport;killingthemtosaveahumanlifeseems,ifanything,easiertojustify.However,thescienceofxenotransplantationmuchlessstraightforward.Importanorganfromoneanimaltoanotherandyoumaybringwithitanynumberofinfectiousdiseases.Thatmuchiswellknown.However,copingwiththisdangerisnotmerelyamatterofscreeningforobviousillssuchasparasites.Manydiseasesthatcouldharmhumansmaybebothundetectableandharmlessintheirnaturalhosts.Diseasesthathavebeendormantforyearsmaysuddenlybecomeactiveiftheyfindthemselvesinanewenvironment,suchasahumanrecipients’sbody.Afterthat,theymaystarttoinfectotherpeople.Theriskofthishappeningshouldnotbeunderestimated.TheDNAofeveryorganismcarrieswithinithundredsofghostsofinfectionspast.Such“retroviruses”–whichincludeHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS–alwaysincorporatethemselvesintotheDNAoftheirhosts.Manyretroviruses(althoughnotHIV)alsoincorporatethemselvesintotheirhosts’eggsorsperm,andarepassedpassivelyfromparenttochild.Althoughitistruethatmostretrovirusesgraduallylosetheirinfectiouspowers,someretaintheirabilitytoleapoutofthehostDNA–oftenmuchlater.Certainpigretrovirusesareprobablyamongthese.Ofcourseitispossiblethatnoneoftheretroviruseswillbeharmfultohumans:possibletoothatscientistswilleventuallyisolateallprospectivetrouble-
96makers.ButatatimewhenthousandsofBritishcattlearebeingslaughteredbecauseofthesuspicionthattheyhaveadiseasethatmaybetransmissibletohumans,itseemsarecklessgambletotake.transplantvt.1.移植,移种2.移植(器官)n.(器官)移植transplantationn.1.移栽,移种2.移植(术)surgeonn.外科医生[联想词]dentistn.牙科医生bruisen.青肿,挫伤vt.1.打青,使受瘀伤2.挫伤,伤害scar伤痕,伤疤organn.器官[联想词]bellyn.肚子flankn.1.肋,肋腹2.侧翼,翼侧thighn.股,大腿boweln.肠glandn.腺kidneyn.肾(脏)veinn.静脉,血管recipientn.接受者,接收者constrainvt.1.限制,约束2.克制,抑制constraintn.1.限制,约束2.限制(或约束)性的事物donatev.捐赠,赠送donorn.捐赠者,赠送人mimicv.(mimicked;mimicking)模仿n.1.善于模仿的人2.仿制品[联想词]imitatevt.1.模仿,仿效2.仿制,仿造imitationn.1.模仿2.仿制,仿制品,赝品simulatevt.1.模仿,模拟2.假装,冒充
97hencead.1.因此,所以2.今后,从此[联想词]henceforthad.从今以后,从此以后thereafterad.之后,以后hithertoad.到目前为止,迄今beforehandad.预先,事先forthcominga.1.即将到来的,即将出演的2.可得到的,乐于提供消息的xeno-comb.表示”异”,”外来的”genetica.遗传(学)的n.遗传学permissiblea.可允许的,许可的ethicn.1.道德准则,行为准则,伦理标准2.伦理学[联想词]ethnica.种族的straightforwarda.正直的,坦率的2.易懂的,简单的infectiousa.1.传染的,有传染性的2.有感染力的infectionn.1.传染病2.传染,传播,感染parasiten.1.寄生虫2.寄生生物underestimatevt.对…估计不足,低估n.估计不足,低估retro-pref.表示”后”,”向后”,回复”,”回报”retrovirusn.逆转病retrospectn.回顾incorporatevt.1.包含,加上,吸收2.把…合并,使并入spermn.精子prospectivea.预期的,未来的,可能的
98slaughtervt.n.1.屠杀,杀戮2.屠宰[联想词]massacrevt.1.大规模屠杀,残杀2.彻底击败n.1.大屠杀2.惨败assassinationn.刺杀,暗杀recklessa.鲁莽的,不考虑后果的[联想词]rasha.轻率的,鲁莽的hasty1.轻率的,草率的2.急速的,匆忙的gamblevi.1.赌博,打赌2.投机,冒险vt.赌,以…为赌注n.1.赌博,打赌2.投机,冒险
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