四级强化写作讲义

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四级强化写作讲义课程安排一、四六级评卷简介及真题回顾二、模板类型三、句子能力培训四、模板运用四六级评卷简介及真题回顾1.四六级评卷人的弱点厌倦（bored)疲劳（tired)气恼（fretful)2.四六级作文评卷人的几个兴奋点A.脉络（organization);B.细节及论据（details&examples);C.行文(facilityintheUseofLanguageandAppropriateWordChoice)。3.四六级作文评卷人的几个盲区A.您选择了什么论点；B.您在文章中犯的少量的拼写、标点错误；C.您的论据是否天衣无缝四级作文遣词造句谋篇谋篇（thepartofessay）组段（theorderofparagraph）两段或者三段遣词（thechoiceofdiction）涵盖在四级写作的造句过程中造句四级写作的重点考虑两个方面：写什么；怎么写历年真题回顾2005年6月四级writeashortessayinhonorofteachersontheoccasionofTeacher’sDay.1.向老师致以节日祝贺2.从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3.我如何回报老师的关爱

12005年12月四级ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为…2006年6月17日四级writeaposterrecruitingvolunteers.1.校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动，现招募志愿者2.本次志愿者活动的目的、活动安排等3.报名条件及联系方式2006年6月24日新四级writeashortessayonthetopicofstudentsselectingtheirlecturers.1.有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师2.学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素3.学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题2006年12月23日新四级SpringFestivalGalaonCCTV.1.许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会2.但有些人提出取消春节晚会3.我的看法2007年6月23日四级Writeanannouncementtowelcomestudentstojoinaclub.1.本社团的主要活动内容；

22.参加本社团的好处3.如何加入本社团2007年12月四级Whatelectivestochoose1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课3.以你自己为例……2008年6月四级RecreationalActivities1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。2008年12月四级LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBags1.一次性塑料袋曾广为使用2.由此带来的问题3.限制使用一次性塑料袋的意义2009年6月四级FreeAdmissionstoMuseums?1.越来越多的博物馆现在免费向公众开放，目的是：2.有人认为这样做会带来一些问题3.在我看来…2009年12月四级CreatingaGreenCampus1.建设绿色校园十分重要2.绿色校园不仅是指绿色的环境3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该…

32010年6月四级DueAttentionShouldBeGiventoSpelling1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写2.出现这种现象的原因3.我认为…（措施）2010年12月四级　HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?　　1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立，父母应该……2011年6月四级Onlineshopping1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2.网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3.我的建议模板类型显行选择：（①一个现象、②有些人认为、③另外一些人认为、④自己的观点。）表选择一般性议论文模糊选择:(①一个现象、②很多人针对这一现象有不同的观点or这个现象既有好处又有坏处。)作文框架现象原因措施型应用文：感谢信，社团招聘，志愿者招聘等。一、常用句型l表原因（引出原因+列举原因）引出原因：thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.列举原因：原因一，themostimportantreasonisthat+完整句子原因二，anothermajorfactoristhat+完整句子原因三，themostfrequentlystressedoneisthat+完整句子l表举例（引出例子+列举例子）

4引出例子：thefollowingexamplecanserveasstrongevidenceoftheissue.列举例子：例子一，tobeginwith,例子二，furthermore，l表重要性itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceof…cannotbeoverestimated.l表优缺点比较Althoughtheadvantagesof…areconsiderable,theycannotcompetewiththebenefitsof…whensthis/aretakenintoaccount.(加强版)Althoughtheadvantagesthat…bringaboutareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewiththebenefitsthat…resultinwhensthis/aretakenintoaccount.l表好处（开拓视野，丰富知识，培养独立性）broadenone’shorizon，enrichone’smind，cultivateone’sindependencel表现象（引出现象+主题细化）nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueof/on（how,why,whether）/that+主题，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthat主题细化l表措施（措施+展望）Astohowsolvethisissue,thereareseveraltentativesuggestionsasfollowsforonething.Weshouldappealtoourschool/university/government/Parentsthatrelevantregulations/laws/activitiesshouldbeimplementedsoastoprotect（保护）/control(控制)/ensure（确保）/create（创造）atmosphereof主题.Foranother,theawarenessofthepublic/students/Parentsshouldbeimprovedthat主题isvitaltous.Onlywhentheabove-mentionedstepsarecarriedoutsmoothlycanwesucceedinsolvingthisissueandmakeourlifemorecolorful.l表一般性结论Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegivento主题soastomakeourlife/future/world/morecolorful.二、模板分类表一般性议论的模板：第一部分—表选择一、显性选择第一段：Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueof/on/that+主题，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomefirmlybelievethat+完整的句子（表示一方的观点），othersarguethat+完整的句子（另一方观点）.Inmyopinion,Isidewiththeformer/thelatter.第二段：

5WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonissth./that+完整句子.Anothermajorfactorissth./that+完整句子.themostfrequentlystressedoneissth./that+完整句子.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceof主题cannotbeoverestimated.第三段：Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegivento主题soastomakeourlife/future/world/morecolorful.中文译文：现今，越来越多的人正在关注+主题，令人吃惊的是：一些人坚定认为+一方观点，另外一些人认为+另外一方观点。就我个人而言，我支持前者或者是后者。为什么我持有这个观点呢？原因有很多，最主要的一点原因是+原因1；另外一个主要的因素是+原因2；还有一点经常被强调的一点是+原因3.因此可以毫不夸张地说，主题的重要性再怎么高估也不过分。从以上讨论，我们可以最终得出这样一个结论：我们应该重视+主题，从而使我们的生活/未来/世界/更加美好。二、隐性选择隐性选择之多方向选择第一段：Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueof/on/that+主题，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomechoose(其中一部分)，however,othersselect（另一不同部分）.Inmyopinion,Iprefertosidewiththemulti-choicesonthisissue第二段：WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonissth/that+完整句子.Anothermajorfactorissth/that+完整句子.Themostfrequentlystressedoneissth/that+完整句子.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofmulti-choiceson+主题cannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventomulti-choiceson+主题soastomakeourlife/future/world/morecolorful.(防止字数不够)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatalthoughtheadvantagesofsomechoicesareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewiththebenefitsofothers’whencertainsituationsaretakenintoaccount,thus.Dueattentionshouldbegiventomulti-choiceson/over+主题soastomakeourlife/future/world/morecolorful.中文译文：现今，越来越多的人正在关注+主题，令人吃惊的是：一些人选择（其中一部分），另外一些人选择（另一部分）。就我个人而言，我比较倾向于在这一问题上进行多选择。为什么我持有这个观点呢？原因有很多，最主要的一点原因是+原因1；另外一个主要的因素是

6+原因2；还有一点经常被强调的一点是+原因3.因此可以毫不夸张地说，在某一主题上进行多项选择重要性再怎么高估也不过分。从以上讨论，我们可以最终得出这样一个结论：我们应该重视在这一主题上进行多项选择，从而使我们的生活/未来/世界/更加美好。隐性选择之既有好处又有坏处第一段：Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueof/on/that+主题，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomefirmlybelievethat+完整的句子（表示好处的观点somebenefits），othersarguethat+完整的句子（表示有坏处的观点negativeeffects）.Inmyopinion,Iprefertofocusonthebalanceofthebothonthisissue第二段：WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonissth/that+完整句子（一方的重要性或者说好处Anothermajorfactorissth/that+完整句子.Themostfrequentlystressedoneissth/that+完整句子（另一方的重要性或者好处）.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofbalanceofthebothcannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventonotgoingtoextremeson主题soastomakeourlife/future/world/morecolorful.中文译文：现今，越来越多的人正在关注+主题，令人吃惊的是：一些人坚定认为主题有其好处，另外一些人认为主题有其负面。就我个人而言，我比较强调二者的平衡。为什么我持有这个观点呢？原因有很多，最主要的一点原因是+原因1；另外一个主要的因素是+原因2；还有一点经常被强调的一点是+原因3.因此可以毫不夸张地说，主题平衡的重要性再怎么高估也不过分。从以上讨论，我们可以最终得出这样一个结论：我们应该重视避免在这一主题上走极端，从而使我们的生活/未来/世界/更加美好。第二部分、现象、原因、措施型第一段：Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernovertheissueofsth/doingsth/on(How/whether)/that+完整句子.Foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthat+对大纲呼吁的反面进行描述.第二段：Whyistheresuchphenomenon?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonissth/that+完整句子.Anothermajorfactorissth/that+完整句.第三段：

7Astohowsolvethisissue,thereareseveraltentativesuggestionsasfollowsforonething.Weshouldappealtoourschool/university/government/Parentsthatrelevantregulations/laws/activitiesshouldbeimplementedsoastoprotect（保护）/control(控制)/ensure（确保）/create（创造）atmosphereof主题.Foranother,theawarenessofthepublic/students/Parentsshouldbeimprovedthat主题isvitaltous.Onlywhentheabove-mentionedstepsarecarriedoutsmoothlycanwesucceedinsolvingthisissueandmakeourlifemorecolorful.(如字数不够再加上So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceof+主题呼吁…cannotbeoverestimated.)中文译文：第一段：现今，越来越多的人正在关注+主题，令人吃惊的是：主题问题的描述。第二段：为什么会有这种现象呢？原因有很多，最主要的一点原因是+原因1；另外一个主要的因素是+原因2；还有一点经常被强调的一点是+原因3.第三段：至于如何解决这个问题，有以下几点建设性的建议，首先，我们应该呼吁政府/学校/父母去制定实行相关的法律/法规/活动从而去控制/创造(某种氛围)/保护/确保相关主题。另外一方面，学生/公众/父母们的意识也应该被提升从而让他们认识到相关主题对我们来说是很重要的。只有当以上步骤得以很好的实施，我们才能成功的解决这个问题，从而使我们的生活变得更加美好。（如果字数不够，可以加上相关主题重要性的描述）第三部分、具体原因分析、现象原因措施类：家庭学校环境家庭：父母溺爱孩子（overindulgechildren,givetoomuchlovetochildren）孩子不够孝顺(childrenarenotfilialtotheirparents,havetheproblemsintermsofcommunicating)（沟通出现问题）父母不重视孩子的某个方面(parentsdonotattachgreatimportancetochildren’scertainaspectintermsofstudy，livinghabits,moralitycultivation（学习，生活习惯，品质培养等）(可以细化到与主题有关的细节)学校：老师不受欢迎(somelecturersinuniversityarenotverypopularwithstudentsbecauseofdifferentteachingstyle,teachingqualityandageetc..（教学风格，教学质量，年龄等）学校不重视学生的某个方面(schoolsoruniversitiesdonotattachgreatimportancetochildren’scertainaspectintermsofstudy，livinghabits,moralitycultivation（学习，生活习惯，品质培养等）(可以细化到与主题有关的细节)学校环境不好，学习氛围不好(havenoverygoodenvironmentandgoodstudyatmosphere)

8环境：污染（绿化不够，浪费，人为垃圾，有毒物质等）(beinshortageofgreenvegetations,waste,rubbishmadebypeople/students,harmfulmaterials)选择类好处：（把重要性的好处也放在这，因为某个方面重要也是因为其有优点）节约时间savetimeorsavetimetodosth质量有保证guaranteethequality可以增强民族自豪感和归属感enhancesenseofnationalprideandbelonging有利于健康（心理健康-独立，责任感，关爱，生理健康—放松自我，充满活力，避免接触有毒物质或被污染）(behelpfultoheath(mentalhealth—independence,responsibility,sympathy;physicalhealth:relaxoneself,beenergetic,avoidbeingpollutedorexposedtotheharmfulmaterials)是中华民族的优良传统(anexcellenttraditioninourchina)对环境有利(beconducivetoenvironment)可以节约资源(savenaturalresources)节约钱去…(savemoneyorsavemoneytodosth)对未来有利(beconducivetoourfuture)有趣（beinteresting）应用文之感谢信，通知，社团招聘类型①感谢sththankyouforI’mwritingtoyoutodoingsthCongratulateyouonsth.Iusedtoisolatemyselffromothers,soIalwaysfeltverylonely,atthattime,yousuggestedmejoiningaclub.Bytakingpartinthisactivity,Ihavebroadenedmyhorizon,enrichedmymindandcultivatedmyindependence,forIhavemetdifferentpeoplehere,theyhavedifferentviewsonthisworld,Ireallyhavelearnedalotfromthem.Now,Iknowthatalthough,sometimes,theadvantagesofbeingisolatedfromothersareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewithbenefitsofdoingsth(代入主题)whenourfutureistakenintoaccount.我此信谨谢谢你/祝贺你+主题，我过去常常把自己孤立起来，因此我感到非常的孤单，在那时，你建议我参加一个俱乐部，通过这次活动，我开阔了我的视野，丰富了我的知识，培养了我的独立性，因为在这里我遇到了不同的人，他们有不同的世界观，我确实从他们身上学到了很多。现在，我知道尽管有时孤独地好处很多，但是考虑到我们的未来，它还是不能和参加+主题活动带来的好处相比。②志愿者招聘，社团招聘

9newmembersWearegoingtorecruit(welcome).Arecentstudyshowsvolunteersthatsomestudentsusedtoisolatethemselvesfromothers,sotheyalwaysfeltverylonely.toavoidthiscaseonyouagain,wesuggestyoujoiningus.Bytakingpartinthisactivity,youcanbroadenyourhorizon,enrichyourmindandcultivateyourindependence,foryoucanmeetdifferentpeoplehere,theyhavedifferentviewsonthisworld,youcanreallylearnalotfromthem.Inthenearfuture,youwillknowthatalthough,sometimes,theadvantagesofbeingisolatedfromothersareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewithbenefitsofdoingsth(主题)whenourfutureistakenintoaccount.翻译：我们即将招聘新成员/志愿者。一份最近的调查表明，一些学生过去常常孤立自己，他们感到孤独，为了避免类似的情况在你们身上发生，我们建议你们加入我们。通过参加这类活动，你能开拓视野，丰富你的知识，培养你的独立性，因为在此，你能遇见不同的人，他们有不同的世界观，你的确能从他们身上学到很多东西。在不远的未来，你将会明白：尽管有时候独处的好处很多，但是考虑到我们的未来，它还是不能和+主题活动带来的好处相比。(后另起一段接活动安排、联系方式、如何参加等)活动安排句型Astohowwearrangethisactivity,(wewillholdsometheme-orientedparty,sometrainingclasses,somevisits,andsoon)这里可以写任何你会的活动方式联系方式句型Astohowtocontactus,pleasedialthenumberenclosed.如何参加句型Astohowtojoinus…句子的基本结构第一节英语句型结构的基本框架6(time)---1(who)---2(what)---3(whom)---4(how)---5(where)---6(when)(Yesterdaymorning)Ikilledaratwithaswordinmyroom(Yesterdaymorning)英语的语序：昨天早上我杀死了一只老鼠用剑在我的房间里

10汉语的语序：昨天早上我在我房间里用剑杀死了一只老鼠。gamesplayedyesterdayintheirroomthechildrenquietly.(Yesterday)thechildrenplayedgamesquietlyintheirroom(yesterday).thelittleboyanapplethismorningatehappilyinthekitchen.(Thismorning)thelittleboyateanapplehappilyinthekitchen(thismorning).英语基本句型框架训练：祥见附录第二节英、汉在意义表达上的最大区别一、汉英对比英语：最核心的信息先出现（inEnglish,themostimportantinformationcomesfirst）.Example1:一看到那个女孩子我就爱上她了=我爱上那个女孩我一看到她。Ifellinlovewiththatgirlatfirstsight.Example2:我希望你听了我讲的话后能够更加理解我的心情=我希望你能够理解我的心情在你听了我所讲的话后。

11IhopeyoucanunderstandmebetterafteryouhearwhatIsaid.Example3:如果你需要我的帮助请告诉我=请告诉我如果你需要我的帮助。Pleaseletmeknowifyouneedmyhelp.Example4:我到达机场的时候飞机已经起飞了=飞机已经起飞了我到达机场的时候。TheplanehadalreadytakenoffwhenIgottotheairport.Example5:每当我看到这件衬衣，就会想到我的前女友=我就会想到我的前女友每当我看到这件衬衣。Iwouldthinkofmyex-girlfriendwheneverIseethisshirt.自测练习1（祥见附录）第三节我们来分析一下句中动词的位置一、动词在汉语表达中的位置：在汉语句子中，动词的位置主要靠动词自身的意思来体现合理与否。示例1：我在她身边坐下来，一句话也没说。示例2：我进了房间，看到母亲坐在里面等我回来。Example1:Isatdownnexttoherandsaidnothing.Isatdownnexttoher,sayingnothing.

12Sittingdownnexttoher,Isaidnothing.Example2:Ienteredtheroomand(表示并列关系的连词)sawmothersitting(表示伴随关系的从属性动词，具体而言作宾语补语)there,waiting(表示伴随关系的从属性动词)formetocomeback.(表示目的的从属关系)（总共有五个动词：有并列关系，也有从属关系）一、汉语句子动词判断训练1.我今天下午过来看你。I’llcomeovertoseeyouthisafternoon.2.我有件重要的事情告诉你。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.3.我来告诉你今天下午的会议取消了。Icometotellyouthatthisafternoon’smeetinghasbeencancelled.4.她站在雨中等我。Sheisstandingintherain,waitingforme.5.我想让你知道我有多么爱你。IwanttoletyouknowhowmuchIloveyou.二、自测练习（祥见附录）三、参考译文（祥见附录）第四节句子与句子间的关系处理

13划分一个句子单位的标记就是句号、问号、感叹号等标志结束的标点符号。正如一个英语句子里的动词必须做好彼此间逻辑关系的标记一样，两个或更多的英语句子摆在一起共享一个句号（或感叹号、问号）时，也必须标记清楚它们之间的逻辑关系，否则就造成语义和逻辑关系的混乱，就是“病句”。一、逻辑与句子连接示例1：她问我一个问题，我回答了她。SheaskedmeaquestionandIansweredher.示例2：她太美丽了，受了很多罪。Shewassobeautifulthatshehadsufferedagreatdeal.示例3：我座位很好，这出戏也很有趣，但是我没有能够好好地欣赏它，因为一对青年男女坐在我身后，他们在高声说话。Ihadaverygoodseatandtheplaywasveryinteresting,butIdidnotenjoyitbecauseayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme,andtheyweretalkingloudly.句子连接示例（寻找句子间的逻辑关系）1.Hesawme.Hecameuptome.参考：hesawmeandhecameuptome.//whenhesawme,hecameuptome.//hecameuptomewhenhesawme.2.Ifeltverynervous.Iwentintohisoffice.参考：IfeltverynervouswhenIwentintohisoffice.//Ifeltverynervous,but

14Iwentintohisoffice.//IwentintohisofficeandIfeltverynervous.//Iwentintohisoffice,butIfeltverynervous.1.Igotveryangry.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.参考：IgotveryangryandIturnedroundandIlookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.//Igotveryangry,soIturnedroundandIlookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.2.Lastsummer,IwenttoItaly.IwasinItaly.Ivisitmuseumsandsatinpubicgardens.参考：LastsummerIwenttoItaly,andwhileIwasinItaly,Ivisitedmuseumsandsatinpublicgardens.3.Iwassittinginapublicgarden.Imetaveryfriendlywaiter.ThiswaitertaughtmeafewwordsofItalianandthenhelentmeabook.参考：WhileIwassittinginapublicgarden,Imetaveryfriendlywaiter,andthiswaitertaughtmeafewwordsofItalianandthenhelentmeabook.句子连接训练（思考句子间的逻辑关系）（祥见附录）第五节五大基本句型一、主谓结构•1.8月和9月期间汽车价格波动。•thepriceofcarsfluctuatesbetweenaugustandSeptember.•2.电视观众的人数在晚上8点到10点之间急剧上升。ThenumberofTVviewersclimbssignificantlybetween8pmand10pm.

15•3.在2000年到2010年之间，网民的人数急剧上升。 (net citizen)•thenumberofnet citizenclimbssignificantlybetween2000and2010.•4.随着经济的发展环境正在恶化•theenvironmenthasbeendeterioratingalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofeconomy•5.随着社会的迅速发展，父母与孩子之间的关系正在不断变化。•Therelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrenhasbeenchangingalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofeconomy(change)•6.随着科技的迅速发展，网民的人数在2000年到2010年之间急剧上升。•thenumberofnet citizenclimbssignificantlybetween2000and2010alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.•7.随着先进的数码技术的迅速发展，数字化产品的数量急剧上升。•thenumberofdigitalproductsclimbssignificantlybetween2000and2010alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofadvanceddigitaltechnology.•8.随着先进的信息技术的迅速发展，电子图书的数量急剧上升。•thenumberofE-booksclimbssignificantlyalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofadvancedinformationtechnology9.随着社会的迅速发展，人们对于中西节日的态度正在不断变化。•People’sattitudestowardsChineseandWesternfestivalshavebeenchangingalongwiththerapiddevelopmentofsociety.

16•10.全球一体化时代已经来临•Theeraofglobalizationhasalreadycome.•11.人们对此热门话题的观点不一。•Notionsaboutthishottopicdifferwidely.•Ideas/Opinionsvary.•People’sideasvaryonthishottopic.•Opinionsaboutthiscontroversialissuevaryfrompersontoperson.•People’snotionsaboutthiscontroversialissuedifferwidely.•12.一些尖锐的问题已经出现。•someacuteproblemshavealreadyarisen.一、主谓宾结构•3)主语+谓语(vt/vi+介词)+宾语(who+what+whom)(浪费、损害、破坏、消除、扼杀）•①主语+谓语(vt)+宾语•Thelessprivatecarsmeansthelesstrafficjams.•1.打游戏机浪费父母的血汗钱•playingcomputergamessquandersparents’hard-earnedcash.•2.盲目崇拜偶像浪费时间和精力。blindidolatry/blindidolworshipworshippingtheidolblindlysquandersourtimeandenergy•3.不良的生活习惯有害健康。

17•Improperlivinghabitsimpairourhealth.•旅游业无限制的发展破坏生态平衡。•4.Unrestraineddevelopmentoftourismbreakstheecologicalbalance.•5.跨文化交流有助于消除偏见和敌意•Cross-culturalcommunicationcanremoveprejudiceandhostility.•6.沉迷于看电视扼杀创造力。•IndulgenceinwatchingTVkillscreativity.•7.沉迷于网聊扼杀面对面沟通的能力。•Indulgenceinchattingonlinekillstheabilitytocommunicatefacetoface.•8.诚信发挥作用。•Honestyplaysarole.•9.诚信在竞争日益激烈的现代社会中发挥着极其重要的作用。Honestyplays/performsaveryimportant/fundamental/vital/anextraordinarilysignificant/essentialroleinmodernsocietywithincreasinglyfiercecompetition.10.在竞争日益激烈的现代社会中(inmodernsocietywithincreasinglyfiercecompetition.)•工作、学习和日常生活中(inpeople’swork,studyandeverydaylife)•年轻人的成长过程中(inyoungpeople’sgrowth)建设和谐社会方面(inbuildinguptheharmonioussociety)

18了解和继承中国传统文化方面(inunderstandingandinheritingtheChinesetraditionalculture)拓宽视野，增长见识方面(inbroadeningone’shorizonsandenrichingone’smind)发挥着极其重要的作用小总结1.随着科技的迅速发展，在2000年到2010年之间,打电脑游戏和网聊的网民人数急剧上升。众所周知，打电脑游戏浪费时间和精力，而沉迷于网聊扼杀面对面沟通的能力。•Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,the•numberofnetcitizensplayingcomputergamesorchattingonlineclimbssignificantlybetween2000and2010.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat(Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninthepossessionofgoodfortunemustbeinwantofgoodwife)playingcomputergamessquanderstimeandenergy,andindulgenceinchattingonlinekillstheabilitytocommunicatefacetoface.•小总结2.

19随着先进的数码技术的迅速发展，数字化产品的数量急剧攀升，尤其是电脑。众所周知，电脑在人们的工作和日常生活中发挥着极其重要的作用。但是，打电脑游戏浪费时间和精力，而沉迷于网聊扼杀面对面沟通的能力。因此，可以毫不夸张的说，恰当地使用电脑的重要性怎么高估都不过分。•Withtherapiddevelopmentoftheadvanceddigitaltechnology,thenumberofdigitalproductsclimbsdramatically,especiallythecomputer.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatthecomputerplaysanextra-ordinarilysignificantroleinpeople’sworkanddailylife.However,playingcomputergamessquanderstimeandenergy,andbeingindulgentinchattingonlinekillstheabilitytocommunicatefacetoface.Therefore,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofusingthecomputerproperlycannotbeoverestimated.(81words)•不及物动词可以通过跟介词或副词结合构成及物用法•②主语+谓语(vi+介词)+宾语•Vi+prep=vt(导致(leadto,resultin，giveriseto、赞同sidewith、避免giveup）•1.过量使用肥料和杀虫剂可能导致环境的恶化。•overuseoffertilizersandpesticidesmaygiverisetothedeteriorationoftheenvironment.•2.溺爱孩子可能会导致他们缺乏独立性。•Spoilingthechildrenmayleadtotheirlackofindependence.•3.为孩子包办一切可能会导致他们缺乏独立性。•Arrangingeverythingforchildrenmayleadtotheirlackofindependence.

20•4.我很难认同后一种观点，理由有以下几方面。•Icanhardlysidewiththelatteropinionforthefollowingseveralsoundreasons.•5.为了身体健康，我们应该避免烟酒过度。•Inordertostayhealthy,weshouldgiveupexcessivedrinkingandsmoking.•6.为了保护环境，我们应该避免过量使用肥料和杀虫剂/一次性塑料袋。•Inordertoprotecttheenvironment,weshouldgiveuptheoveruseoffertilizerandpesticide/disposableplasticbags.•小总结1•众所周知，过量使用一次性塑料袋、肥料和杀虫剂可能导致环境的恶化。因此，为了保护环境着想，我们应该取消一次性塑料袋的使用，并且停止过量使用肥料和杀虫剂。•Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatoveruseofdisposableplasticbags,•fertilizerandpesticidemayleadtothedeteriorationoftheenvironment.Therefore,forthesakeofprotectingtheenvironment,weshoulddoawaywiththeuseofdisposableplasticbagsandgiveuptheoveruseoffertilizerandpesticide.•③Vi+Adv+Prep=Vt(看不起，抛弃，废除，忍受)•1.我们永远都不应看不起来自贫困家庭的同学。•weshallneverlookdownuponstudentsfrompoorfamily.

21•2.我们应该抛弃久坐的生活方式以减轻体重。•inordertoloseweight,weshoulddoawaywiththesedentarylifestyle.•3.为了年轻一代着想，我们应该废除体罚。•forthesakeofouryoungergeneration,corporalpunishmentshouldbedoneawaywith.•4.为了生态平衡着想，我们应该取消一次性塑料袋的使用。•Forthesakeofecologicalbalance,weshoulddoawaywiththeuseofdisposableplasticbags.•5.我很难忍受你们旅馆低劣的服务。•Icanhardlyputupwiththepoorserviceofyourrestaurant.•6.年迈的父母很难忍受孤独。•Agedparentscanhardlyputupwiththeloneliness.7.越来越多的年轻人难以忍受没有数字化产品的生活。•agrowingnumberofyoungpeoplecanhardlyputupwiththelifewithoutthedigitalproducts8.有心理健康问题的年轻人难以忍受现代社会中日益激烈的竞争所带来的巨大压力。

22Theyoungpeoplehavingmentalhealthproblemcanhardlyputupwiththeenormouspressurebroughtbytheincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernsociety.•2)主语+系动词+表语S+LV+SC(主语+系动词+主语补足语)•①S+LV+N（主语+系动词+名词）（消磨时间的东西，费时的爱好）•1.电视是个消磨时间的东西•TVisatime-filler.•2.打游戏机是个费时的爱好•Playingvideogamesisatime-consuminghobby.•②S+LV+A（主语+系动词-is,prove+形容词）•Itishottoday.•1.慢跑证明是有益的•Joggingprovesphysicallybeneficial.•2.网上一些信息是误导人的和带有欺骗性的。•Someinformationontheinternetismisguidingandcheating.•在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be,look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好象），appear（显得，好象），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为）turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等•4)主语+谓语+(间接)宾语+(直接)宾语(双宾语)•S+V+O2+O1(主语+动词+间接宾语/人+直接宾语/物）(展示才艺/

23带来安全感、归属感、成就感）•IteachyouEnglishgrammar.•Yougivemeabigsurprise.•1.跳槽给人们展示才艺的机会。•Job-hoppingofferspeopleanopportunitytodisplaytheirversatiletalents.2.网络交流给人们开拓视野、丰富知识的机会。Communicatingonlineofferspeopleanopportunitytobroadentheirhorizonsandenrichtheirmind.•3.家庭成员之间的紧密联系给彼此强烈的安全感和归属感。•Thecloserelationshipbetweenfamilymembersgiveseachotherastrongsenseofsecurityandbelonging.•4.摄像头的安装给居民强烈的安全感。•Theinstallationofcamerasbringsresidentsastrongsenseofsecurity.•5.博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感。•museumsgivepeopleasenseofnationalprideandbelonging.•6.通过为社会作贡献，学生从兼职工作中获得一种成就感。•Part-timejobsgivestudentsasenseofachievementthroughcontributingtosociety.•7.通过为社会作贡献，我们从希望工程中获得一种成就感。•TheProjectHopegivesusasenseofachievementthroughcontributingtosociety.

24获得?感幽默感asenseofhumor责任感asenseofresponsibility安全感asenseofsecurity归属感asenseofbelonging成就感asenseofachievement失落感asenseofloss民族自豪感asenseofnationalpride自卑感asenseofinferiority挫败感asenseoffrustration优越感asenseofsuperiority•可接双宾语的词如：ask,answer,give,offer,send,bring,pass,tell,show,teach等5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(复合宾语)⑴S+V+O+A(主语+动词+宾语+形容词）（使人变得多余、可替代，使人生病、沮丧、心烦）Youwillfinditeasy.1.克隆技术可能使人变得多余、可替代甚至是处于灭绝的境地。Thecloningtechnologycanmakehumansredundant、replaceableandevenextinct.2.紧张的生活令许多人生病。Thestressfullifemakesmanypeoplesick.

253.溺爱孩子会使他们变得自私自利。Spoilingthechildrenmaymakethemselfish.4.积极的生活方式能够使我们保持健康。Theactivelifestylecankeepushealthy.5.急剧上升的失业率使人沮丧、心烦。Thesoaringunemploymentratemakesusupset.⑵S+v+o+n(主语+动词+宾语+名词）（沙发土豆，隐私的侵犯）英语中肥胖的人被称为沙发土豆。InEnglishpeoplenamefatpeoplecouchpotatoes.1.我们认为摄像头的安装是对人隐私的侵犯。weconsidertheinstallationofcamerasaninfringementonpeople’sprivacy.2.我们认为吸烟是对人类健康的一大威胁。Weconsidersmokingamajorthreattopeople’shealth.3.我们认为文化融合是社会的重大进步。Weconsidertheculturalintegrationsignificantadvanceofsociety.⑶S+V+O+infinitive(主语+动词+宾语+不定式）（容易接触到，改善城市形象）Heaskedmetohelphim.1.互联网使我们很容易接触到全世界最新的资讯。

26Theinternetenablesustohaveeasyaccesstothelatestinformationworldwide.2.希望工程使偏远地区的孩子能够接受义务教育。TheProjectHopeenablesthechildreninremoteareatoreceivethecompulsoryeducation.3.专家建议政府拆除市区里的旧房子来改善城市形象。expertsadvisethegovernmenttodemolishtheoldhousesinthedowntownareatopromotethecityimage.4.专家建议父母多花时间与孩子沟通以增进相互理解。Expertsadvisetheparentstospendmoretimecommunicatingwiththeirchildrentopromotethemutualunderstanding.可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask,tell,find,help,like,allow,take,make,let,have（使得）,force（强迫）,call,advise,persuade（劝服）,watch,see,hear,feel（认为，觉得）,consider（认为）,choose,elect（选）等。简单句+连接词=中级句型Englishisinteresting.Ilikeit.Englishisinteresting,Ilikeit.Englishisinteresting,andIlikeit.1.过量使用一次性塑料袋可能导致环境的恶化。

27Overuseofdisposableplasticbagsmayleadtothedeteriorationoftheenvironment.1.专家建议政府限制一次性塑料袋的过度使用以改善环境。Expertsadvisethegovernmenttorestricttheoveruseofproposalplasticbagstoimprovetheenvironment.组合1.Overuseofdisposableplasticbagsmayleadtothedeteriorationoftheenvironment.Therefore,expertsadvisethegovernmenttorestricttheoveruseofproposalplasticbagstoimprovetheenvironment.组合2.由于过量使用一次性塑料袋可能导致环境的恶化，所以专家建议政府对其加以限制以改善环境。Becauseoveruseofdisposableplasticbagsmayleadtothedeteriorationoftheenvironment,expertsadvisethegovernmenttorestrictittoimprovetheenvironment.2.互联网使我们很容易接触到国内外最新的资讯。TheInternetenablesustohaveeasyaccesstothelatestinformationfromhomeandabroad.4.网上一些信息是误导人并带有欺骗性的。SomeinformationontheInternetismisguidingandcheating.

28组合3.TheInternetenablesustohaveeasyaccesstothelatestinformationfromhomeandabroad.However，SomeinformationontheInternetismisguidingandcheating.5.打电脑游戏浪费时间和精力，Playingcomputergamessquanderstime6.沉迷于网聊则扼杀面对面沟通的能力。indulgenceinchattingonlinekillstheabilitytocommunicatefacetoface.•组合4.打电脑游戏浪费时间和精力，而沉迷于网聊则扼杀面对面沟通的能力。Playingcomputergamessquanderstimeandenergy,andindulgenceinchattingonlinekillstheabilitytocommunicatefacetoface.•7.出国旅游开阔视野.•Travelingabroadbroadensone’svision•8.出国旅游丰富知识•Travelingabroadenrichesone’smind•组合5.出国旅游不仅开阔视野，而且丰富知识。•Travelingabroadnotonlybroadensone’svision,butalsoenrichesone’smind.•9.体罚会导致孩子身心受到伤害，

29Thecorporalpunishmentmayleadtothechildren’sphysicalandmentalhurt.•10.体罚会使孩子对学习产生强烈的反感情绪。Thecorporalpunishmentmaymakechildrendevelopstrongdislikeforstudying.•组合6.体罚不但会导致孩子身心受到伤害，而且会使其对学习•产生强烈的反感情绪。Thecorporalpunishmentmaynotonlyleadtothechildren’sphysicalandmentalhurt,butalsomakethemdevelopstrongdislikeforstudying.•组合7.父母既不能溺爱孩子，也不能体罚他们。Theparentsshouldneitherspoiltheirchildrennorgivethemcorporalpunishment.•组合8.有些父母不是溺爱孩子，就是体罚孩子。Someparentseitherspoiltheirchildrenorgivethemcorporalpunishment.写作常用连接词表递进表转折表原因表结果

30表让步表对比1.表递进and,also,too,besidesfurthermore,moreover,whatismore,inaddition,additionally2.表转折but,however,insteadof,ratherthan,whereas,unfortunately3.表原因because,becauseof,as,since,forthereasonthat,dueto,owingto,thankstodueto,owingto,thanksto4.表结果so,thus,asaresult,therefore,hence,accordingly,consequently5.表让步although,though,eventhough/if,inspiteofsth./doing，inspiteofthefactthat,despitesth/doingdespitethefactthat6.表对比while,bycontrast,onthecontrary,conversely,whereas并列句•并列句（平行结构）：用并列连词连接的两个或两个以上的简单句•并列连词：and/but/notonly…but(also)…or/either…or…/neither…nor…•简单句

31•Aperson'slivingenvironmentcangreatlyaffectbothhisphysicalandmentalhealth.(简单句simple)•Animaltestingviolatesanimals’rightofsubsistence.(简单句simple)•动物实验侵犯了动物的生存权并列句1.虽然言论自由和政府对互联网的介入是个具有争议性的话题，但是我们必须保护人们避免在网上接触到一些淫秽和有毒的材料。•Freedomofspeechandinvolvement(不能用interference)ofgovernmentoftheinternetisacontroversialissue,butwemustprotectpeoplefromsomeobsceneandharmfulmaterialsthatcanbeaccessedthroughit.•2.传统印刷的书籍不会被电子图书所取代，正如快餐不会取代传统食物一样。•P-bookswillnotbereplacedbye-books,norwillfastfoodreplacetraditionalfood.•3.旅游业能改善当地居民的福利，同时保护了当地的风俗和美景。•Tourismcanimprovethewell-beingoflocalinhabitantsandkeepthecustomsandbeautyofthelocalplace.

32•4.远程教育在现代教育中起到日益重要的作用，于是有些乐•观的人声称我们的孩子不必去传统的学校去接受正规教育。Distanceeducationhasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinmoderneducation,sosomeoptimisticpeopleclaimthatourchildrennolongerneedtogotothetraditionalschooltoreceiveformaleducation.三大从句ThefactisthathesaysitisobviousthathehasnoideawhatmakesherstudyEnglishsohardthatsheforgetsChinese,whichisveryconfusing.主语从句1-that（首先看由that引导的主语从句，这是唯一一个主语引导词本身没有含义的）我们学好英语很重要。(adj.形容词做表语的主语从句)WestudyEnglishwell.Itisveryimportant.WestudyEnglishwellandItisveryimportant.(并列句)ThatwestudyEnglishwellisveryimportant.复合句政府加大对农业科技的投资是极其重要的。ThatthegovernmentinvestsmoreinagriculturaltechnologyisofutmostSignificance（摆脱important的用法）.

33化肥和杀虫剂的过度使用不可避免地会引起污染和健康问题。•化肥chemicalfertilizer•杀虫剂pesticide•引起污染和健康问题•causepollutionandhealthproblemsThatoveruseofchemicalfertilizerandpesticidewillcausepollutionandhealthproblemsisinevitable.很遗憾我不能帮你。(n.名词做表语的主语从句)Icannothelpyou.Itisapity.Icannothelpyou,anditisapity.并列句ThatIcan’thelpyouisapity.复合句遗憾的是很多地区遭受水土流失的困扰。•遭受水土流失的困扰•beplaguedwithsoilerosionThatmanyregionsareplaguedwithsoilerosionisapity.政府加大对农业科技的投资是有长远眼光的策略。有长远眼光的策略far-sightedpolicyThatthegovernmentinvestsmoreinagriculturaltechnologyisafar-sightedpolicy.

342—whether人们是否应当焚烧垃圾成了公众日益关注的问题。焚烧垃圾incinerate(burndown)thewasteWhetherpeopleshouldincineratethewastehasbecomeafocusdrawingincreasinglymoreattentionfromthepublic.人们是否应该开垦贫瘠的土地以提高粮食产量引发了一场激烈的讨开垦贫瘠土地cultivatethebarrenland提高粮食产量increasefoodproduction引发一场激烈的讨论triggeraheateddiscussionWhetherpeopleshouldcultivatethebarrenlandtoincreasefoodproductionhastriggeredaheateddiscussion.人们是否应该开垦贫瘠的土地以提高粮食产量为不断增加的世界人口提供食物引发了一场激烈的讨论。•为不断增加的人口提供食物•helpfeedthegrowingworldpopulationWhetherpeopleshouldcultivatethebarrenlandtoincreasefoodproductionforhelpingfeedthegrowingworldpopulationhastriggeredaheateddiscussion.

35人们是否应该开垦贫瘠的土地以提高粮食产量为不断增加的世界人口提供食物，同时避免可能出现的粮食短缺引发了一场激烈的讨论。避免可能出现的粮食短缺avoidapossiblegrainshortageWhetherpeopleshouldcultivatethebarrenlandtoincreasefoodproductionforhelpingfeedthegrowingworldpopulationandtoavoidapossiblegrainshortagehastriggeredaheateddiscussion.科技的迅速发展是加速社会进步还是激化人与自然的紧张关系成为一个颇有争议的话题。激化人与自然的紧张关系increasetensionbetweenhumanandnatureWhethertherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyacceleratesadvanceofsocietyorincreasestensionbetweenhumanandnaturebecomesahighlycontroversialissue.3--which哪种交通工具消耗过多能源/有助于节能环保是显而易见的交通工具meansoftransportation节能环保energyconservationandWhichmeansoftransportationconsumestoomuchenergy/contributestoenergyisself-evident.

364—whose谁对生态系统造成的影响更大不言而喻。不言而喻clearwithoutproof•生态系统ecosystemWhoseimpactonecosystemismoreprofoundisclearwithoutproof.5—when&6----where什么时候实现经济效益的增长与保护环境同步进行取决于经济体制和经济增长方式的根本转变。经济体制和经济增长方式的根本转变fundamentalshiftsintheeconomicsystemandmodeofeconomicgrowthWheneconomicefficiencycanprogresswithenvironmentalprotectionlieswiththefundamentalshiftsintheeconomicsystemandmodeofeconomicgrowth.人们应当在那填埋垃圾成了公众日益关注的问题。填埋垃圾burrythewastewherepeopleshouldburrythewastehasbecomeafocusdrawingincreasinglymoreattentionfromthepublic.7-why我们为什么要保护自然资源以及野生动植物是不言而喻的。

37保护自然资源以及野生动植conserve/preservenaturalresourcesandwildlifeWhyweshouldconserve/preservenaturalresourcesandwildlifeisself-evident.8-how?我们如何实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一成为亟待解决问题。亟待解决的问题aburningproblem/problemdemandingurgentsolution实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一bringaboutharmonyofeconomicreturns,contributiontosocietyandenvironmentalprotectionHowwecanbringaboutharmonyofeconomicreturns,contributiontosocietyandenvironmentalprotectionhasbecomeaburningquestion.9-what我们需要的是可持续发展。可持续发展sustainable/sustained development Whatweneedissustaineddevelopment.我们应当建立的是和谐社会。和谐社会harmonioussociety

38Whatweshouldbuildisharmonioussociety.导致白色污染的是一次性塑料袋的过度使用。Whatcausesthewhitepollutionistheoveruseofdisposableplasticbags.我们应当发展的是环保的材料。环保材料environmentfriendlymaterials可降解/可分解材料degradable/decomposablematerialsWhatweshoulddevelopisenvironmentfriendly/degradable/decomposablematerials.10—whoever无论谁破坏生态平衡会受到大自然的惩罚。大自然的惩罚punishmentfromthenature破坏生态平衡breaktheecologicalbalanceWhoeverbreakstheecologicalbalancedeservesthepunishmentfromthenature.一、主语从句-----形式主语

39政府加大对农业科技投资是极其重要的。Thatthegovernmentinvestsmoreinagriculturaltechnologyisofutmostsignificance.ItisofutmostSignificancethatthegovernmentinvestsmoreinagriculturaltechnology.常以it作形式主语的句型有：1)It+be+adj.+that从句常用adj.明显的obvious,apparent,crystalclear重要的essential,fundamental,crucial紧迫的urgent不可避免的inevitable有争议的controversial可想而知的conceivable有益的beneficial紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止环境进一步恶化/这一事态的发展.Itisurgentthatimmediatemeasuresshouldbetakentopreventtheenvironmentfromdeterioratingfurther/stopthesituation.

402)Itis＋过去分词(said,reported,estimated,believed,announced,etc.)＋that从句Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…众所周知，…Itmustberealizedthat...我们必须意识到...Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…众所周知，二氧化碳排放增加导致温室效应。Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthattheincreaseofcarbondioxideemissionmayleadtothegreenhouseeffect.Itmustberealizedthat...我们必须意识到...?我们必须意识到温室效应会引起全球变暖。Itmustberealizedthatthegreenhouseeffectmaygiverisetoglobalwarming.二、宾语从句

41很多人认为任何人都应该牺牲自己快乐别人。Manypeoplebelievethateveryoneshouldsacrificethemselvesforfunofothers.很多人坚持认为年轻人正在承受着比以往更大的工作压力。Alargenumberofpeopleinsistthattheyoungpeoplearesufferingfromheavierworkpressurethanbefore.大部分人认为为社会做贡献是年轻人不可推卸的责任。Themajorityofpeopleadvocatesthatmakingcontributiontothesocietyistheyoungpeople’sunshakableduty.有些人认为...然而，其他人却认为…Someholdthat....However,othersbelieve/argue/contendthat....越来越多的人逐渐意识到合作与诚信在竞争日益激烈的现代社会中发挥着极其重要的作用。Moreandmorepeoplegraduallyrealizethatcooperationandhonestyperformanextremelyimportant/significant/fundamental/vital/essentialroleinmodernsocietywithincreasinglytough/fiercecompetition.

42很多专家指出电磁辐射以及久坐不动的生活方式/不良的生活习惯对人们的健康产生极其不利的影响。Agreatnumberofexpertspointoutthatelectromagneticradiationandsedentarylifestyle/improperlivinghabitsexertgreatlynegativeeffectsonpeople’shealth.最新调查显示，很多小孩都不愿意做家庭作业。Thelatestsurveysshowthatquiteafewchildrenhaveunpleasantassociationswithhomework.三、表语从句空气污染的原因主要是工厂以及现代交通工具排放了大量的废气。Themainfactorofairpollutionisthathugemountsofwastegasisemittedbythefactoriesandmodernmeansoftransportation.治理空气污染的关键是政府能否出台有力的法律法规。Thekeytocurbingairpollution/bringingairpollutionundercontroliswhethertheeffectivelawsandregulationscanbeworkedoutbythegovernment.生态建设的关键是政府能否出台有力的法律法规。Thekeytoecologicalconstructioniswhethertheeffectivelawsandregulationscanbeworkedoutbythegovernment.

43面对面沟通的明显优点就是这种沟通方式与其他沟通方式相比更加直接、更加互动以及更加有效。Theobviousadvantageofface-to-facecommunicationisthatthiswayofcommunicationismoredirect,moreinteractiveandmoreeffectivethanothertypesofcommunication.四、同位语从句我无法完全同意这一观点....Icannotentirelyagreewiththeideathat...有些人认为…Somepeopleareoftheopinionthat..众所周知…Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthat…Therebe1)Thereissomeevidencethat…证据表明…2)Thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问…3）Thereisnodenying（thefact）that…

44不可否认的...毫无疑问空气污染是一个非常严重的问题。Thereisnodoubtthatairpollutionisanextremelyseriousproblem一些人认为防止野生动物灭绝是一种资源浪费。Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatpreventingwildanimalsfromdyingoutisawasteofresources.定语从句结构：先行词+关系词+简单句WeiHuaisreadingthesciencebookwhich/thatIlenttohimyesterday.1.who--指人--在从句中充当主语在踢足球的那些男孩们是三班的.TheboysarefromClassThree.Theboysareplayingfootball.TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassThree.在踢足球的那个男孩儿是三班的.TheboywhoisplayingfootballisfromClassThree.2.whom--指人--在从句中充当宾语,常省略。Mary就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.

45Maryisthepersonwhomyoutalkedwithonthebus.周杰伦就是我想见的那个人.JayChouisthemanwhomIwanttosee.注意：who//whom的区别①关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.Themanwhom/whoyoumetjustnowismyfriend.②who可以做主语而whom不可以。如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.他就是那个和我聊天的人.Heisthemanwhom/whoItalkwith.如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.他就是那个和我聊天的人.Heisthemanwhotalkswithme.3.whose--指人或物--在从句中充当定语，(指物时，whose可以同ofwhich互换）这就是那位女儿在新加坡学习的母亲。

46Thisisthemother.HerdaughterstudiesinSingapore.ThisisthemotherwhosedaughterstudiesinSingapore.请给我那本绿皮的书。Pleasegivemethebook.Itscoverisgreen.Pleasegivemethebookwhosecoverisgreen4.which--指物--在从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。我有一台美国生产的电脑。IhaveacomputerwhichismadeinAmerica.我昨天买的那台电脑是美国生产的。ThecomputerwhichIboughtyesterdayismadeinAmerica.5.that--指人时--相当于who//whom；指物时--相当于which在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略that—指人--who//whom他就是那个和我聊天的人.Heisthemanwhom/who/thatItalkwithHeisthemanwhothattalkswithme.that—指物--which

47我有一台美国生产的电脑。Ihaveacomputerwhich/thatismadeinAmerica.我昨天买的那台电脑是美国生产的。Thecomputerwhich/thatIboughtyesterdayismadeinAmerica.均衡的食物摄入量、食物的多样性和积极的生活方式就是使人不会肥胖的要素。Balancedfoodintake,foodvarietyandactivelifestyleareonlythingsthatwillpreventpeoplefromgettingoverweight.我们应该为祖先传下来的文化遗产感到骄傲，它们反映了我们璀璨的历史和丰富的文化。Weshouldtakeprideinourculturallegacyhandedfromourancestors,whichreflectourbrillianthistoryandrichculture.经常跳槽的人会被认为是不稳定以及不值得信任的Peoplewhoskipfromjobtojobarelookedonasbeingunstableandsomehowuntrustworthy.关系副词where,when,why1.when指时间，在从句中做时间状语

48我永远不会忘记我第一次来北京的那一天。Iwillneverforgettheday.IfirstcametoBeijing.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.1983就是他出生的那一年。1980istheyearwhenhewasborn.2.where指地点，在从句中做地点状语北京是我出生的城市。BeijingisthecitywhereIwasborn.新东方是我学英语的地方。NewOrientalistheplacewhereIstudyEnglish.3.why指原因，在从句中做原因状语我不知道他拒绝邀请的理由。Idon’tknowthereasonwhyherefusedtheinvitation.这就是我学习英语的理由。ThisisthereasonwhyIstudyEnglish.when=during/on/in/...which

49(介词同先行词搭配)我永远不会忘记我第一次来北京的那一天。Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.1983是他出生的那一年。1983istheyearwhen/inwhichhewasborn.where=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)北京是我出生的城市。Beijingisthecitywhere/inwhichIwasborn.这就是我居住过的农场。Thisisthefarmwhere/onWhichIlived.why=forwhich我不知道他拒绝邀请的理由。Idon’tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitation.这就是我学习英语的理由。

50Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichIstudyEnglish.动物园是个理想的研究中心，科学家们可以在动物身上做试验，找出一些疾病的成因并研制出新的疗法。Thezooisanidealresearchcenterwherescientistscanconductexperimentsonanimalstodiscoverthecausesofsomediseasesanddevelopnewcures.限定性定语从句vs非限定性定语从句1限定性定语从句:不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整非限定性定语从句:可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整2限定性定语从句:可以用that引导非限定性定语从句:不可以用that引导3限定性定语从句:关联词有时可以省略非限定性定语从句:关联词不可以省略4限定性定语从句:不用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开

51非限定性定语从句:用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开5限定性定语从句:只能修饰先行词非限定性定语从句:可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分IhaveasisterwhoisinBeijing.Ihaveasister，whoisinBeijing.thesame…as和thesame…that两者都可以引导定语从句，thesame…as指两件事物,而thesame…that指同一件事物他用的这支钢笔和我十年前用的那支一样。HeisusingthesamepenasIdid10yearsago.他用的这支钢笔就是我十年前用的那支。HeisusingthesamepenthatIdid10yearsago.such…as和such…thatsuch…as引导定语从句,as在从句中可以作主语,宾语,表语；such…that引导结果状语从句，that不充当任何成分，只起到连接作用

52Theytalkedinsuchsimplelanguageaschildrencouldunderstand.Theytalkedinsuchsimplelanguagethatchildrencouldunderstandit.副词性从句（状语从句）①、时间状语从句（when/while/as）--实际上表时间的状语从句可以由when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,once,等。After(theyare)obtainingaspecificcollegedegree,ajobapplicantcanbecompetitiveforpreviouslyunavailablejobs.当谈到教育，大多数人都相信教育是一种终身学习。Whenitcomestoeducation,themajorityofpeoplebelievethateducationisalifetimestudy.当说到国际体育比赛，诸如奥林匹克运动会和世界杯足球赛，有些人认为它能增进国与国之间的友善。WhenitcomestointernationalsportssuchastheOlympicGamesandtheWorldCupSoccerGame,somepeoplebelievethatitpromotesgoodwillbetweennations.当树木被砍伐，动物的生活环境被破坏时，我们应该免受毁林造成的伤害。Weshouldprotectanimalsfromde-forestationwhentreesarecutdownandtheirhabitatsaredestroyed.

53只有禁用一次性产品，环境才可能得到改善。Theenvironmentwillnotbeimproveduntildisposableproductsarebanned.随着大量自然植被让位于房屋、道路和高速路，土地的破坏程度也日益增大。Destructionofthelandhasincreasedasthegrowingamountofnaturalvegetationisremovedtomakeroomformorehouses,roadsandhighways.②、让步状语从句（用途：论点让步）(although/though/eventhough/evenif/whatever,while/inspiteof/despite)尽管电脑在课堂被广泛使用，它也不能取代教师的角色。Although(While,Eventhough)thecomputerhasbeenwidelyusedinclass,itcannotreplacetheroleofteachers.尽管互联网技术被广泛运用于课堂教学，但是传统教学的作用是不可替代的。

54Althoughtheinternettechnologyhasfounditswideapplicationinclassroomteaching,theroleoftraditionalteachingcannotbereplaced.虽然科学技术的进步给我们带来很多好处，但同时也在某种程度上对人类生活带来负面影响。Thoughscientificandtechnologicaladvancementhasbroughtusmanybenefits,italsoproducesnegativeeffectsonhumanlifetosomeextent.③、原因状语从句(because/since/as/for/owingto/dueto/becauseof)Iamstillinfavorofspacetravel,foritsmeritsfaroutweighdemerits.lecturers’teachingshouldnotbemeasuredaccordingtohowinterestingthecoursesareconductedbecausesomeofwhatastudentlearnscannotbemeasuredbytheirinterest.④、条件状语从句（if/unless/as(so)longas/onlyif,providing(provided)that/onconditionthat）

55假如你想实现什么，你就必须努力工作，做好充分准备。Ifyouwanttoachievesomethingorintendtofulfilloneofyourambitions,youmustworkhard,andgetprepared.假如人们能够花更多的钱用于外太空探索，那么人们就会在不远的未来享受到高科技带来的便利。Ifpeoplewouldliketospendmoremoneyontheouterspaceprobe,theywillenjoytheconveniencebroughtbyhightechnologyinthenearfuture一旦你改变你当前的工作，你将会面临失业的危险。Onceyouchangeyourpresentjob,youwillbefacedwiththedangerofbeingunemployed.⑤、比较状语(从句)(more…than/themore…themore)通常来说，从书本上得到的知识要比从实际经验中得来的更加广泛。Ingeneral,knowledgegainedfrombookshasawiderrangethanthatgainedfromexperience.相对于驾驶一辆跑车或者进行一次奢华的旅游，我更加享受和朋友们呆在一起带来的乐趣。

56IcanenjoymorepleasurefromspendingtimewithmyfriendsthanIevercouldfromdrivingasportscarortakingluxuryvacations.Themoretouristsarrive,themoreseriouspollutionproblemperplexesus.越来越对的游客来临，我们面临的污染问题就越严重。⑥结果状语从句(so…that…/sothat/so/therefore)Timeissopreciousthatwecan'taffordtowasteit.有些电视节目太吸引人，有些学生沉迷其中。SomeTVprogramsaresoalluringthatsomestudentsareobsessedwiththem.父母和孩子之间的关系随着时间的改变而改变，同学之间的关系也是一样，因此很难回答哪一种影响更加重要。Therelationshipbetweenparentsandchildchangesovertime,andthesameistrueforrelationshipsbetweenclassmates,sothequestionofwhoisamoreimportantinfluenceisdifficulttoanswer.⑦、目的状语从句(sothat/inorderthat)教育学生使他们明白野生动植物保护的必要性是很重要的。

57Itisimportanttoeducatestudentsandthepublicsothattheywillunderstandthenecessityforwildlifepreservation.为了身体健康，我们应该做些有氧运动和避免吃含有高脂肪和高热量的食物。Weshoulddosomeaerobicexerciseandavoidhighfatandcaloriesothatwecanstayhealthy.许多人不得不花费很多时间和精力用于学习新的技能及技术，这样他们就能在职场处于一个很好的位置。Millionsofpeoplehavetospendmoretimeandenergyonstudyingnewskillsandtechnologysothattheycankeepafavorablepositioninjobmarket.5、多重复合句尽管父母都尽力致力于培养他们的后代，但是结果可能是令人失望的，因为所有的孩子都下意识或无意识地从他们的父母那里照搬每一样东西，包括那些坏的东西。Eventhoughparentsalmostfullydevotethemselvestocultivatingtheiroffspring,theoutcomemightturnouttobedisappointing,forallchildrentendtounconsciouslyorsubconsciouslycopyeverythingincludingbadonesfromtheirparents.

58许多城市居民都在抱怨城区里公交车太少，每次他们必须等很长时间才会有一辆公交车，而公交车上满载乘客。Manycityresidentscomplainthattherearesofewbusesintheircitythattheyhavetospendmuchmoretimewaitingforabus,whichisusuallycrowdedwithalargenumberofpassengers.串词成句示例1：提供信息：metyoutwoeachotherhave?信息重组：haveyoutwometeachother?2.提供信息：havenodon’tbelieveIwe信息重组：No,Idon’tbelievewehave.3.提供信息：afewdaysIwithmyparentsjustspentonmywayI’mandnowbacktochicago.信息重组：IjustspentafewdayswithmyparentsandnowI’monmywaybacktoChicago.4.提供信息：IhavealwayslovedPragueintermsofarchitectureoneofthemostbeautifulexploringoldcitiesandis

59信息重组：IhavealwayslovedexploringoldcitiesandPragueisoneofthemostbeautifulintermsofarchitecture.5.提供信息：usuallysendtoanapplicantlargeorganizationsaformallettersendreceiptofanapplicationacknowledginginformingtheapplicantorabouttheoutcomeofaninterview信息重组：largeorganizationsusuallysendaformallettertoanapplicant,acknowledgingreceiptofanapplicationorinformingtheapplicantabouttheoutcomeofaninterview.6.提供信息：asinCanadait’squitecommonwhoarelookingfortoaskastrangerintheUSfortouristsorothersfordirectionsinthestreetaparticularlocation信息重组：IntheUS,asinCanada,it'squitecommonfortouristsorotherswhoarelookingforaparticularlocationtoaskastrangerinthestreetfordirections.发散性单句扩展1.提供信息：theshirtabirthdaypresentmywife(要求：不少于20个单词）

60发散扩展：thisshirtisabirthdaypresentwhichmywifeboughtformelastmonthwhileshewasvisitingJapanforthefirsttime.(23words)2.提供信息：nomatterbusygoswimmingonceaweek(要求：不少于30个单词）发散扩展：NomatterhowbusyIam,Ialwaystrytofindtimetogoswimmingatleastonceaweekasameanstokeepfitandtoloseweight.(30words)3.提供信息：thecatonthecarpetwhenIwalkedintotheroom(要求：不少于40个单词）发散扩展：thecat,whohadbeensickfortwodays,wassleepingonthecarpetmymotherboughtformewhenIwalkedintotheroomthismorningafterIreturnedfromthecollege,finishingwritingmytermpapermysupervisorhadassignedustodoandwhichwasduethatafternoon.(51words)•7.提供信息：thetree(要求：不少于50个单词）•发散扩展：thisisthetreeunderwhichIkissedagirlwhosefatherwasthenPresidentoftheUnitedStatesandwhotoldmewithtearsinhereyesthatshelovedmesomuchthatshewantedtoget

61marriedwithmeandwhohassincethenbecomemywifeandmotherofmytwochildern.(56words)练习及参考答案•1.提供信息：itisnotthat…butthat…because…(要求：不少于20个单词）•发散扩展：itisnotthatIdon’twanttohelpyoubutthatIcan’tbecauseIhavesomuchworktodoatthemomentandsimplycan’tfindanytime.(31words)•2.提供信息：itisnowacceptedthatfindworkleavingschooltorelytotallyonfinancialsupportnolongeranoptionmanyfamilies(要求：不少于25个单词）•发散扩展：itisnowacceptedthatyoungpeopleshouldfindworkonleavingschoolandtorelytotallyontheirparents’financialsupportisnolongeranoptioninmanyfamilies.(30words)•3.提供信息：itiscertainlytruethatthepositionofwomeninsocietyundergonedramaticchangesbutIdonotfeelthat…directcauseoftheindisputableincreaseinjuvenile-relatedproblems.(要求：不少于35个单词）•发散扩展：itiscertainlytruethatthepositionofwomeninsocietyhasundergonedramaticchangesinthepasttwentyyears,butIdonotfeelthatthisisthedirectcauseoftheindisputableincreaseinjuvenile-relatedproblemsduringthisperiod.(41words)

62常见写作错误一、主语错误1. 主语缺失1)In our country feels very free.People feel free in our country.2)In my hometown arebusy.People in my hometown are very busy.2.非名词主语1)Rich doesn’t ensure a happy life.Being rich doesn’t mean a happy life./ Wealth doesn’t ensure a happy life.2)Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible.Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible.3. 主谓错位1)Reading books can acquire knowledge.　　People can acquire knowledge from books.2)Now people’s lives can’t leave TV.　　Now people can’t do without TV.一、谓语错误

631. 多重谓语1)In our modern society, there are many examples around us showthat many people are cheated.In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated. 2)Poverty makes many people can’t study abroad.Poverty makes many people unable to study abroad. / Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. /Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. / Many people can’t study abroad because of poverty.2. 非动词谓语1)Some people firmly agree, but others against it.Some people firmly agree, but others are against it.2)It is said that the place worths touring.It is said that the place is worth touring.

643.主谓不一致1)I have to visit the teacher who teach me College English.I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English.2)I use a disk because it hold plenty of data.I use a disk because it holds plenty of data..一、误用词组1)They insist on postgraduate study is very important for them.They insist that postgraduate study is very important for them.2)I am afraid of that it’s going to rain.I am afraid that it’s going to rain.四、冠词错误　　1)In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising.

65In my opinion, the future of the bicycle is very promising.2) They suggest that we should choose only the good books to read and never touch the bad ones.They suggest that we should choose only good books to read and never touch bad ones.五、代词错误1. 偷梁换柱1)An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.　An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize.　　2)If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us alone. /If you cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.

662. 指代不明1)He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.　He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting. / He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.2)Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden they have to bear.Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden students have to bear.六、形容词、副词错误1)What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look differently.What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look different.2)Surprising enough, he faces the failure very bravely.Surprisingly enough, he faces the failure very bravely.

67七、分词误用1) Comparing with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem.Compared with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem.2) Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewing through my camera.Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewed through my camera.八、垂悬修饰语1) Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people’s living standard has been greatly improved.　Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people have greatly improved their living standard.2)To tell my friend the good news, the letter was posted at once.To tell my friend the good news, I posted the letter at once.九.搭配错误1) In the past, the price of meat was so expensive that most families could not afford it.In the past the price of meat was so high that most families could not afford it.

682) Crowded traffic in some large cities is a big problem for city dwellers.Heavy traffic in some large cities is a big problem for city dwellers.十.破句(over)1) Nowadays, if you want to find a job. Then you must pass the job interview.Nowadays, if you want to find a job, you must pass the job interview.2) First you should show good manners. Because the first impression you leave on others is important.First you should show good manners, because the first impression you leave on others is important.真题演练2011年6月四级（既有好处又有问题类）下面我们来看看刚刚过去的2011年六月的真题Onlineshopping1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2.网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3.我的建议真题解析：Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueononlineshopping，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomefirmlybelievethaton

69lineshoppinghassomebenefits，however,othersarguethatithascertainnegativeeffects.Inmyopinion,Iprefertofocusonthebalanceofthebothonthisissue.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatsometimesonlineshoppingcansaveourtimeandmoney.Anothermajorfactoristhatshoppinginpersonhasqualityguarantee.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofkeepingbalanceofthebothcannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventonotgoingtoextremesononlineshoppingsoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.2010年12月四级（现象，原因，措施类——偏重措施）　HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?　　1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立，父母应该……Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonhowparentsshouldhelpchildrentobeindependent,foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatanumberofourparentsalwaysdoeverythingfortheirchildren,thismakesmanychildrenbenotindependentenoughtofaceuptheirfuturechallenge.

70Astohowtosolvethisissue,thereareseveraltentativesuggestionsasfollows.Foronething.Weshouldappealtoourschoolthatrelevantregulationsshouldbeimplementedsoastocreatetheatmosphereofbeingindependentforourchildreninschool.Foranother,theawarenessofparentsshouldbeimprovedthatchildren’sbeingindependentisvitaltous.Onlywhentheabove-mentionedstepsarecarriedoutsmoothlycanwesucceedinsolvingthisissueandmakeourlifemorecolorful.2010年6月四级（现象，原因，措施类）DueAttentionShouldBeGiventoSpelling1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写2.出现这种现象的原因3.我认为…（措施）Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissuethatdueattentionshouldbegiventospelling,foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatanumberofourstudentsarenotpayingmuchattentiontospelling.Whyistheresuchphenomenon?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatinclass,mostteachersdonotfocusontheimportanceofspelling.Anothermajorfactoristhatinfamily,ourparentsarenotpayingmuchattentiontochildren’sspelling.Astohowsolvethisissue,thereareseveraltentativesuggestionsasfollows.Foronething，Weshouldappealtoourschoolthatrelevantregulations

71shouldbeimplementedsoastocreatetheatmosphereofpayingattentiontospellinginschool.Foranother,theawarenessofparentsshouldbeimprovedthatchildren’sspellingisvitaltothem.Onlywhentheabove-mentionedstepsarecarriedoutsmoothlycanwesucceedinsolvingthisissueandmakeourlifemorecolorful.2009年12月四级（现象原因措施类——偏重措施）CreatingaGreenCampus1.建设绿色校园十分重要2.绿色校园不仅是指绿色的环境3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该…Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueoncreatingagreencampus,Foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatanumberofuniversitieshavebeenpollutedinourcountry.Whyistheresuchphenomenon?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatouruniversitystudentsalwaysthrowawaywasteseverywhere.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofcreatingagreencampuscannotbeoverestimated.Astohowsolvethisissue,thereareseveraltentativesuggestionsasfollows.foronething.Weshouldappealtoouruniversitythatrelevantregulations

72shouldbeimplementedsoastoensurecreatingagreencampus.Foranother,theawarenessofstudentsshouldbeimprovedthatagreencampusisvitaltous.Onlywhentheabove-mentionedstepsarecarriedoutsmoothlycanwesucceedinsolvingthisissueandmakeourlifemorecolorful.Ofcourse,agreencampusnotonlymeansagreenenvironmentbutalsoourspiritualworld.2009年6月四级FreeAdmissionstoMuseums（既有好处又有问题类）1.越来越多的博物馆现在免费向公众开放，目的是：2.有人认为这样做会带来一些问题3.在我看来…Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonfreeadmissionstomuseums，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomefirmlybelievethatfreeadmissionstomuseumshassomebenefits，however,othersarguethatithascertainnegativeeffects.Inmyopinion,Iprefertofocusonthebalanceofthebothonthisissue.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatthepurposeoffreeadmissionstomuseumsistogivemorepeopleanopportunitytovisitmuseumsanditcangivepeopleasenseofnationalprideandbelonging.Anothermajorfactoristhatbeingpaidtovisitmuseumletussaveenoughmoneytoprotectthesetreasures.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthatthe

73importanceofkeepingbalanceofthebothcannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventonotgoingtoextremesonfreeadmissionstomuseumssoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.2008年12月四级（现象，原因，措施类之特殊：对现象进行深入讨论）LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBags1.一次性塑料袋曾广为使用2.由此带来的问题3.限制使用一次性塑料袋的意义Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonlimitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbags,foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthattheuseofdisposableplasticbagswasverypopularinourchinainthepast,butithascausedanumberofproblems.Ourenvironmenthasbeenpollutedandalotofnaturalresourceshavebeenwasted.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceoflimitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbagscannotbeoverestimated.Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatlimitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbagscanbehelpfultoourenvironment.Anothermajorfactoristhatitcanbeconducivetosavingournaturalresources.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatDueattentionshouldbegiventolimitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbags

74soastomakeourlifemorecolorful.2008年6月四级（既有好处又有问题类）RecreationalActivities1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonrecreationalactivities，forItmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomefirmlybelievethatrecreationalactivitiesmayhassomebenefits，however,othersarguethatitmayhascertainnegativeeffects.Inmyopinion,Iprefertofocusonthebalanceofthebothonthisissue.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatrecreationalactivitiescangivemorepeopleanopportunitytorelaxthemselvessoastoberefreshedasquicklyaspossible.Anothermajorfactoristhatbeingaddictedtorecreationalactivitiescankillpeople’screativity.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofkeepingbalanceofthebothcannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventonotgoingtoextremesonrecreationalactivitiessoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.

752007年12月四级（模糊选择类）Whatelectivestochoose1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课3.以你自己为例……Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonwhatelectivestochoose，foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomestudentschoosecertainelectives，however,othersselectdifferentones.Inmyopinion,Iprefertosidewiththemulti-choicesonthisissue.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatsomestudentsthinkcertainelectivesareconducivetotheirfuture,justlikeme,IchooselogiccourseasoneofmyelectivesbecauseIthinklogictrainingisveryimportantformyfuture.Onthisissue,differentstudentsmayhavedifferentpreference.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofmulti-choicesonwhatelectivestochoosecannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatDueattentionshouldbegiventomulti-choicesonwhatelectivestochoosesoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.

762007年6月23日四级（应用文题材——社团招聘）Writeanannouncementtowelcomestudentstojoinaclub.1.本社团的主要活动内容；2.参加本社团的好处3.如何加入本社团Wearegoingtorecruitnewmembers.Arecentstudyshowsthatsomestudentsusedtoisolatethemselvesfromothers,sotheyalwaysfeltverylonely.Toavoidthiscaseonyouagain,wesuggestyoujoiningus.Bytakingpartinthisactivity,youcanbroadenyourhorizon,enrichyourmindandcultivateyourindependence,foryoucanmeetdifferentpeoplehere,theyhavedifferentviewsonthisworld,andyoucanreallylearnalotfromthem.Inthenearfuture,youwillknowthatalthoughtheadvantagesofbeingisolatedfromothersareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewithbenefitsofparticipatingourclub(主题)whenourfutureistakenintoaccount.活动安排句型Astohowwearrangethisactivity,(wewillholdsometheme-orientedparty,sometrainingclasses,somevisits,andsoon)这里可以写任何你会的活动方式)联系方式句型Astohowtocontactus,pleasedialthenumberenclosed.如何参加句型Astohowtojoinus，justtakingyouIDcardtoourofficetoenrollyourselfwillbewelcomed.

77第三段：Astohowwearrangethisactivity,wewillholdsometheme-orientedparty,sometrainingclasses,somevisits,andsoon.Astohowtojoinus，justtakingyouIDcardtoourofficetoenrollyourselfwillbewelcomed.Wearegoingtorecruitnewmembers.Arecentstudyshowsthatsomestudentsusedtoisolatethemselvesfromothers,sotheyalwaysfeltverylonely,atthismoment,wesuggestyoutojoinus.Bytakingpartinthisactivity,youcanbroadenyourhorizon,enrichyourmindandcultivateyourindependence,foryoucanmeetdifferentpeoplehere,theyhavedifferentviewsonthisworld,andyoucanreallylearnalotfromthem.Inthenearfuture,youwillknowthatalthoughtheadvantagesofbeingisolatedfromothersareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewithbenefitsofparticipatingourclub(主题)whenourfutureistakenintoaccount.Astohowwearrangethisactivity,wewillholdsometheme-orientedparty,sometrainingclasses,somevisits,andsoon.Astohowtojoinus，justtakingyouIDcardtoourofficetoenrollyourselfwillbewelcomed.2006年12月23日新四级（显性选择）SpringFestivalGalaonCCTV.1.许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会2.但有些人提出取消春节晚会3.我的看法

78Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonspringfestivalgalaonCCTV，foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomefirmlybelievethatspringfestivalgalashouldbecontinued，othersarguethatitshouldbecanceled.Inmyopinion,Isidewiththeformer.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.ThemostimportantreasonisthatspringfestivalgalaonCCTVisanexcellenttraditioninourchina..Anothermajorfactoristhatitcanbeconducivetoimprovingoursenseofnationalprideandbelonging.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceofcontinuingspringfestivalgalaonCCTVcannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventospringfestivalgalaonCCTVsoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.2006年6月24日新四级（现象原因措施类+既有好处又有问题类）writeashortessayonthetopicofstudentsselectingtheirlecturers.1.有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师2.学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素3.学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonstudentsselectingtheirlecturers,foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsomestudentscanselecttheirlecturersfreelyinsomeuniversities.

79Whyistheresuchphenomenon?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatstudentsmayregardsomelecturersasmorequalifiedonesthanothers.Anothermajorfactoristhatstudentsmaythinkcertainlecturers’teachingstyleismoreinterestingthanothers’.However,thismayhassomebenefitsandalsohascertainnegativeeffects.ForOnething,itcanmakelecturersproperlychangetheirteachingstyletomeetstudents’taste;foranother,students’choicesmaynotbereasonablygoodfortheirfuture.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventonotgoingtoextremesonstudentsselectingtheirlecturerssoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.2006年6月17日四级（应用文题材——志愿者招聘）writeaposterrecruitingvolunteers.1.校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动，现招募志愿者2.本次志愿者活动的目的、活动安排等3.报名条件及联系方式Wearegoingtorecruitsomevolunteers.Arecentstudyshowsthatsomestudentsusedtoisolatethemselvesfromothers,sotheyalwaysfeltverylonely.Toavoidthiscaseonyouagain,wesuggestyoujoiningus.Bytakingpartinthisactivity,youcanbroadenyourhorizon,enrichyourmindandcultivateyourindependence,foryoucanmeetdifferentpeoplehere,

80theyhavedifferentviewsonthisworld,andyoucanreallylearnalotfromthem.Inthenearfuture,youwillknowthatalthough,sometimes,theadvantagesofbeingisolatedfromothersareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewithbenefitsofparticipatingvolunteeringactivitieswhenourfutureistakenintoaccount.Astohowwearrangethisactivityandhowtojoinus,wewillholdsometheme-orientedparty,sometrainingclasses,somevisits,andsoon，andjusttakingyouIDcardtoourofficetoenrollyourselfwillbewelcomed.Lastbutnotleast,astohowtocontactus,pleasedialthenumberenclosed.2005年6月四级(应用文体-感谢信)writeashortessayinhonorofteachersontheoccasionofTeacher’sDay.1.向老师致以节日祝贺2.从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3.我如何回报老师的关爱I’mwritingtoyoutocongratulateyouonTeacher’sDay.Iusedtoisolatemyselffromothers,soIalwaysfeltverylonely,atthismoment,yousuggestedmejoiningaclub.Bytakingpartinthisactivity,Ihavebroadenedmyhorizon,enrichedmymindandcultivatedmyindependence,forIhavemetdifferentpeoplehere,theyhavedifferentviewsonthisworld,Ireallyhavelearnedalotfromthem.Now,Iknowthatalthough,sometimes,the

81advantagesofbeingisolatedfromothersareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewithbenefitsoftakingpartinsomesocialactivitieswhenourfutureistakenintoaccount.Ofcourse,Iwillrememberyourhelpforever,andIwouldbewillingtohelpthosepeoplewhohavethesamedifficultiesasIoncehad.2005年12月四级（显性选择）ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为…

82Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonwhethertheuniversitycampusshouldbeopentotourists，foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsincesomekeyuniversitieshavebeenbecomingnewattractionsfortourists,somefirmlybelievethattheuniversitycampusshouldbeopentotourists，othersarguethattheyhaveoppositeopinions.Inmyopinion,Isidewiththeformer/thelatter.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatpeoplemaygetmorechancetoknowsomethingaboutourtraditionalcultureinuniversities.Anothermajorfactoristhatpeoplemaygetsenseofnationalprideandbelongingbyvisitinguniversitycampus.So,itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthattheimportanceoftheuniversitycampusbeingopentotouristscannotbeoverestimated.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventotheuniversitycampusbeingopentotouristssoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.Nowadays,thereisagrowingconcernovertheissueonwhethertheuniversitycampusshouldbeopentotourists，foritmaywellcomeasasurprisetolearnthatsincesomekeyuniversitieshavebeenbecomingnewattractionsfortourists,somefirmlybelievethattheuniversitycampus

83shouldbeopentotourists，othersarguethattheyhaveoppositeopinions.Inmyopinion,Isidewiththeformer/thelatter.WhydoIholdthisidea?Thereareavarietyoffactorswhichcanaccountforit.Themostimportantreasonisthatpeoplemaygetmorechancetoknowsomethingaboutourtraditionalcultureinuniversities.Anothermajorfactoristhatpeoplemaygetsenseofnationalprideandbelongingbyvisitinguniversitycampus.Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawaconclusionthatdueattentionshouldbegiventotheuniversitycampusbeingopentotouristssoastomakeourlifemorecolorful.附录：英语基本句型框架训练：①.ThefilmIenjoyedyesterday.②.ThenewslistenedtoIcarefully.③.Wellthemanthepianoplayed④.Gamesplayedyesterdayintheirroomthechildrenquietly.⑤.Thesoupspoiltwithahandfulofsaltthecookatthebanquet.⑥.Thelittleboyanapplethismorningategreedilyinthekitchen.⑦.Beforelunchtheletterinhisofficequicklyheread.⑧.Anewschoolbuilttheyinourvillagelastyear.英汉表达区别自测练习a)你在Seattle做什么？

84a)我们十天左右通知你结果。b)我早上第一件事就给你打电话。c)那时我们在同一家公司工作。d)搬入新居后务必将新地址及新电话号码告诉我。e)我没有想到他竟然什么也没说就离开了生日晚会。f)Mary进房时，我假装在看书。g)我们借助于这本字典成功地把这本书译成了英语。h)我花了一个下午的时间跟她交谈。i)在上海及其周边城市有很多日本企业。j)我只是在很特殊的场合才打领带。英汉表达区别自测答案1.WhatareyoudoinghereinSeattle.2.We’llletyouknowtheresultintendaysorso.3.I’llcallyoufirstthinginthemorning.4.Wewereworkingatthesamecompanyatthattime.5.Besuretellmeyournewaddressandnewtelephonenumberafteryoumoveintothenewhouse.6.Ididn’texpectthatheleftthebirthdaypartywithoutsayinganything.7.WhenMaryenteredtheroom,Ipretendedtobereading.8.WehavesuccessfullytranslatedthisbookintoEnglishwiththehelpofthedictionary.9.Ispentoneafternoontalkingtoher.

8510.TherearemanyJapaneseenterprisesinShanghaiandit’sneighboringcities.11.Ionlywearatieonveryspecialoccasions.汉语句子动词判断训练1.我今天下午过来看你。2.我有件重要的事情告诉你。3.我来告诉你今天下午的会议取消了。4.你能借给我100元钱买辆自行车吗？5.她站在雨中等我。6.我打电话问问你愿意不愿意嫁给我。7.她从我身边走过，什么也没说。8.我想让你知道我有多么爱你。9.站在山顶，我看到下面的城市特别美丽。10.从山顶上看，杭州显得很小。11.我从来不信任喜欢撒谎的人。12.无论何时何地，我都会想念你的。参考译文：1.I’llcomeovertoseeyouthisafternoon.2.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.3.Icometotellyouthatthisafternoon’smeetinghasbeencancelled.4.Canyoulendme100yuantobuyabike?5.Sheisstandingintherain,waitingforme.

866.I’mcallingtoask(you)ifyouwouldliketomarryme.7.Shepassedbyme,sayingnothing.8.IwanttoletyouknowhowmuchIloveyou.9.Standingonthetopofthehill,Ifoundthecitybelowwasextremelybeautiful.10.Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecityofHanghoulookedverysmall.11.Inevertrustthosewholikelying.12.WheneverandwhereverIam,Iwillbemissingyou.句子连接训练：①.Somedaystheweatherisgood.Somedaystheweatherisbad.②.Therearewaysofunderstandingtheweather.Onewayistostudytheclouds.③.Thetelephonewasringing.Iwenttoanswerit.④.Ihadtogotothehospital.Ihadaterribleheadache.⑤.Ilovehersomuch.Iwanttogetmarriedwithher.⑥.I’dlovetogowithyou.Ihavesomuchworktodo.⑦.Hedidn’tworkhard.asaresult,hefailedthetest.⑧.Everyonesayshewillsucceed.Idon’tthinkso.⑨.HesaidhewouldhelpmewhenIcametoShanghai.whenIwasreallythere,hedidnotevenshowup.

87①.Ihadtoldhimnottodriveafterdrinkingsomuchalcohol.hedidn’tlistentome.Hehadacarcrash.Hegotkilledinit.②.Somepeoplethinkthathavingapetissomuchfun.Othersbelievethatkeepingapetisverytroublesome.③.Iheardastrangenoisecomingfromthewaitingroom.Iwentdownstairsimmediately.Nothingwashappening.④.Igaveherthemoneysheneeded.Iwasshortofmoneymyself.⑤.I’llbuyacartogotowork.YoucanlendmehalfthemoneyIneed.⑥.I’llcallyouback.Igettomyoffice.⑦.Ididn’tgotobed.itwastwoo’clock.⑧.Ireadhisletter.Istartedtowritehimback.⑨.Wegottothecinema.Themoviestarted.⑩.Tellmethetruth.Iwon’ttalktoyouanymore.⑪.Iwon’ttrustyouagain.Youtellmetheverytruth.句子连接训练参考答案：[1]Somedaystheweatherisgoodandsomedaystheweatherisbad.[2]TherearewaysofunderstandingtheweatherandOnewayistostudytheclouds.[3]Thetelephonewasringing,soIwenttoanswerit.

88[1]Ihadtogotothehospitalfor/becauseIhadaterribleheadache.[2]IlovehersomuchthatIwanttogetmarriedwithher.[3]I’dlovetogowithyou,butihavesomuchworktodo.[4]Hedidn’tworkhard,andasaresult,hefailedthetest.[5]Everyonesayshewillsucceed,butidon’tthinkso.[6]HesaidhewouldhelpmewhenIcametoShanghai;howeverwhenIwasreallythere,hedidnotevenshowup.[7]Ihadtoldhimnottodriveafterdrinkingsomuchalcoholbuthedidn’tlistentome,andconsequently,hehadacarcrashandhegotkilledinit.[8]Somepeoplethinkthathavingapetissomuchfunwhileothersbelievethatkeepingapetisverytroublesome.[9]Iheardastrangenoisecomingfromthewaitingroom,soiwentdownstairsimmediately,butnothingwashappening.[10]IgaveherthemoneysheneededalthoughIwasshortofmoneymyself.[11]I’llbuyacartogotoworkifyoucanlendmehalfthemoneyIneed.[12]I’llcallyoubackassoonasigettomyoffice.[13]Ididn’tgotobeduntilitwastwoo’clock.[14]AfterIreadhisletter,Istartedtowritehimback.[15]Wegottothecinemabeforethemoviestarted.

89[1]Tellmethetruth,oriwon’ttalktoyouanymore.[2]Iwon’ttrustyouagainunlessyoutellmetheverytruth.