试题汇总

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试题汇总PartIWriting(30minutes)   1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象；   2.出现这种现象的原因和后果；   3.我认为…DueAttentionShouldBeGiventotheStudyofChinesePartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Obama'ssuccessisn'tallgoodnewsforblackAmericans   AsErinWhitewatchedtheelectionresultsheadtowardsvictoryforBarackObama,shefeltaburdenliftingfromhershoulders."Inthatonesecond,itwasavalidationformywholerace,"sherecalls.   "I'vealwaysbeenanachiever,"saysWhite,whoisstudyingforanMBAatVanderbiltUniversityinNashville,Tennessee."ButtherehadalwaysbeenthesethingsinthebackofmymindquestioningwhetherIreallycanbewhoIwant.Itwaslikeashadow,followingmearoundsayingyoucanonlygosofar.Nowit'slikeabarrierhasbeenletdown."   White'sexperienceiswhatmanypsychologistshadexpected-thatObamawouldprovetobeapowerfulrolemodelforAfricanAmericans.SomehopedhisrisetoprominencewouldhaveabigimpactonwhiteAmericans,too,challengingthosewhostillharbourracistsentiments."Thetraitsthatcharacterisehimareverycontradictorytotheracialstereotypesthatblackpeopleareaggressiveanduneducated,"saysAshbyPlantofFloridaStateUniversity."He'sveryintelligentandeloquent."Stinginthetail   AshbyPlantisoneofanumberofpsychologistswhoseizedonObama'scandidacytotesthypothesesaboutthepowerofrolemodels.Theirworkisalreadystartingtorevealhowthe"Obamaeffect"ischangingpeople'sviewsandbehaviour.Perhapssurprisingly,itisnotallgoodnews:thereisastinginthetailoftheObamaeffect.   Butfirstthegoodnews.BarackObamareallyisapositiverolemodelforAfricanAmericans,andhewasmakinganimpactevenbeforehegottotheWhiteHouse.Indeed,theObamaeffectcanbesurprisinglyimmediateandpowerful,asRayFriedmanofVanderbiltUniversityandhiscolleaguesdiscovered.   TheytestedfourseparategroupsatfourkeystagesofObama'spresidentialcampaign.Eachgroupconsistedofaround120adultsofsimilarageandeducation,andthetestassessedtheirlanguageskills.Attwoofthesestages,whenObama'ssuccesswaslessthancertain,thetestsshowedacleardifferencebetweenthescoresofthewhiteandblackparticipants—anaverageof12.1outof20,comparedto8.8,forexample.WhentheObamafeverwasatitsheight,however,theblackparticipantsperformedmuchbetter.ThosewhohadwatchedObama'sacceptancespeechastheDemocrats'presidentialcandidateperformedjustaswell,onaverage,asthewhitesubjects.Afterhiselectionvictory,thiswastrueofalltheblackparticipants.Dramaticshift   Whatcanexplainthisdramaticshift?Atthestartofthetest,theparticipantshadtodeclaretheirraceandweretoldtheirresultswouldbeusedtoassesstheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Thisshouldhaveprimedthesubjectswith"stereotypethreat"–ananxietythattheirresultswillconfirmnegativestereotypes,whichhasbeenshowntodamagetheperformanceofAfricanAmericans.   Obama'ssuccessesseemedtoactasashieldagainstthis."Wesuspecttheyfeltinspiredandenergisedbyhisvictory,sothestereotypethreatwouldn'tproveadistraction,"saysFriedman.Lingeringracism   IftheObamaeffectispositiveforAfricanAmericans,howisitaffectingtheirwhitecompatriots(同胞)?Istheexperienceofhavingacharismatic(有魅力的)blackpresidentmodifyinglingeringracistattitudes?Thereisnoeasywaytomeasureracismdirectly;insteadpsychologistsassesswhatisknownas"implicitbias",usingacomputer-basedtestthatmeasureshowquicklypeopleassociatepositiveandnegativewords—suchas"love"or"evil"—withphotosofblackorwhitefaces.Asimilartestcanalsomeasurehowquicklysubjectsassociatestereotypicaltraits—suchasathleticskillsormentalability—withaparticulargroup.   InastudythatwillappearintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,Plant'steamtested229studentsduringtheheightoftheObamafever.Theyfoundthatimplicitbiashasfallenbyasmuchas90%comparedwiththelevelfoundinasimilarstudyin2006."That'sanunusuallylargedrop,"Plantsays.

1   Whiletheteamcan'tbesuretheirresultsareduesolelytoObama,theyalsoshowedthatthosewiththelowestbiaswerelikelytosubconsciouslyassociateblackskincolourwithpoliticalwordssuchas"government"or"president".ThissuggeststhatObamawasstronglyontheirmind,saysPlant.Dropinbias   BrianNosekoftheUniversityofVirginiainCharlottesville,whorunsawebsitethatmeasuresimplicitbiasusingsimilartest,hasalsoobservedasmalldropinbiasinthe700,000visitorstothesitesinceJanuary2007,whichmightbeexplainedbyObama'srisetopopularity.However,hispreliminaryresultssuggestthatchangewillbemuchslowercomingthanPlant'sresultssuggest.Talkinghonestly   "PeoplenowhavetheopportunityofexpressingsupportforObamaeveryday,"saysDanielEffronatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia."OurresearcharousestheconcernthatpeoplemaynowbemorelikelytoraisenegativeviewsofAfricanAmericans."Ontheotherhand,hesays,itmayjustencouragepeopletotalkmorehonestlyabouttheirfeelingsregardingraceissues,whichmaynotbesuchabadthing.   Anotherpartofthestudysuggestsfarmoreisatstakethanthemereexpressionofviews.TheObamaeffectmayhaveanegativeside.JustoneweekafterObamawaselectedpresident,participantswerelessreadytosupportpoliciesdesignedtoaddressracialinequalitythantheyhadbeentwoweeksbeforetheelection.Hugeobstacles   Itcould,ofcourse,alsobethatObama'ssuccesshelpspeopletoforgetthatadisproportionatenumberofblackAmericansstillliveinpovertyandfacehugeobstacleswhentryingtoovercomethesecircumstances."BarackObama'sfamilyissuchasalient(出色的)image,wegeneraliseitandfailtoseethelargerpicture—thatthere'sinjusticeineveryaspectofAmericanlife,"saysCherylKaiseroftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.ThosetryingtoaddressissuesofracialinequalityneedtoconstantlyremindpeopleoftheinequalitiesthatstillexisttocounteracttheObama'seffect,shesays.   ThoughPlant'sfindingsweremorepositive,shetoowarnsagainstthinkingthatracismandracialinequalitiesarenolongeraproblem."ThelastthingIwantisforpeopletothinkeverything'ssolved."   ThesefindingsdonotonlyapplytoObama,orevenjusttorace.Theyshouldholdforanyrolemodelinanycountry."There'snoreasonwewouldn'thaveseenthesameeffectonourviewsofwomenifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,"saysEffron.Sotheelectionofafemaleleadermighthaveadownsideforotherwomen.Beyondrace   Wealsodon'tyetknowhowlongtheObamaeffect—bothitsgoodsideanditsbad—willlast.Politicalsentimentisnotoriouslychangeable:WhatifthingsbegintogowrongforObama,andhispopularityslumps?   AndwhatifAmericansbecomesofamiliarwithhavingObamaastheirpresidentthattheystopconsideringhisracealtogether?"Overtimehemightbecomehisownentity,"saysPlant.Thismightseemliketheultimatedefeatforracism,butignoringtheraceofcertainselectindividuals—aphenomenonthatpsychologistscallsubtyping—alsohasaninsidious(隐伏的)side."Wethinkithappenstohelppeoplepreservetheirbeliefs,sotheycanstillholdontothepreviousstereotypes."ThatcouldturnouttobethecruellestofallthetwiststotheObamaeffect.1.HowdidErinWhitefeeluponseeingBarackObama'svictoryintheelection?   A)Excited.   B)Victorious.   C)Anxious.   D)Relieved.2.Beforetheelection,ErinWhitehasbeenhauntedbythequestionofwhether_____.   A)shecouldobtainherMBAdegree   B)shecouldgoasfarasshewantedinlife   C)shewasovershadowedbyherwhitepeers   D)shewasreallyanachieverasastudent3.WhatisthefocusofAshbyPlant'sstudy?   A)RacistsentimentsinAmerica.   B)Thepowerofrolemodels.   C)Personalitytraitsofsuccessfulblacks.   D)ThedualcharacterofAfricanAmericans.4.Intheirexperiments,RayFriedmanandhiscolleaguesfoundthat______.

2   A)blacksandwhitesbehaveddifferentlyduringtheelection   B)whites'attitudetowardsblackshasdramaticallychanged   C)Obama'selectionhaseliminatedtheprejudiceagainstblacks   D)Obama'ssuccessimpactedblacks'performanceinlanguagetests5.WhatdoBrianNosek'spreliminaryresultssuggest?   A)Thechangeinbiasagainstblacksisslowincoming.   B)Biasagainstblackshasexperiencedanunusualdrop.   C)Websitevisitor'sopinionsarefarfrombeingreliable.   D)Obama'spopularitymaydeclineastimepassesby.6.AnegativesideoftheObamaeffectisthat______.   A)morepeoplehavestartedtocriticisePresidentObama'sracialpolicies   B)relationsbetweenwhitesandAfricanAmericansmaybecometenseagain   C)peoplearenowlessreadytosupportpoliciesaddressingracialinequality   D)whitepeoplearelikelytobecomemorecriticalofAfricanAmericans7.CherylKaiserholdsthatpeopleshouldbeconstantlyremindedthat______.   A)Obama'ssuccessissoundproofofblack'spotential   B)Obamaisbutarareexampleofblack'sexcellence   C)racialinequalitystillpersistsinAmericansociety   D)blacksstillfaceobstaclesinpoliticalparticipation8.AccordingtoEffron,ifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,therewouldalsohavebeenanegativeeffecton______.9.ItispossiblethattheObamaeffectwillbeshort-livedifthereisachangeinpeople's______.10.TheworstpossibleaspectoftheObamaeffectisthatpeoplecouldignorehisracealtogetherandcontinuetoholdontotheiroldracial______.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionA11. A)Themanfailedtokeephispromise.   B)Thewomanhasapoormemory.   C)Themanborrowedthebookfromthelibrary.   D)Thewomandoesnotneedthebookanymore.12. A)Thewomanismakingtoobigafussabouthercondition.   B)Fatigueisatypicalsymptomoflackofexercise.   C)Thewomanshouldspendmoretimeoutdoors.   D)Peopletendtoworklongerhourswithartificiallighting.13. A)TheprintingonherT-shirthasfaded.   B)ItisnotinfashiontohavealogoonaT-shirt.   C)SheregretshavingboughtoneoftheT-shirts.   D)ItisnotagoodideatobuytheT-shirt.14. A)Heregretshavingpublishedthearticle.   B)Mostreadersdonotsharehisviewpoints.   C)Notmanypeoplehavereadhisarticle.   D)Thewomanisonlytryingtoconsolehim.15. A)LeaveDaisyaloneforthetimebeing.   B)GoseeDaisyimmediately.   C)ApologizetoDaisyagainbyphone.   D)BuyDaisyanewnotebook.16.A)Batteries.   B)Gardentools.   C)Cameras.   D)Lightbulbs.17. A)Thespeakerswillwatchthegametogether.   B)Thewomanfeelsluckytohavegotaticket.   C)Themanplayscenteronthebasketballteam.   D)Themancangettheticketatitsoriginalprice.18.A)Thespeakerswilldressformallyfortheconcert.   B)Themanwillreturnhomebeforegoingtotheconcert.   C)Itisthefirsttimethespeakersareattendingaconcert.   D)Thewomanisgoingtobuyanewdressfortheconcert.

3Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19. A)Hewantstosignalong-termcontract.   B)Heisgoodatbothlanguageandliterature.   C)Heprefersteachingtoadministrativework.   D)Heisundecidedastowhichjobtogofor.20. A)Theyhateexams.   B)TheallplantostudyinCambridge.   C)Theyarealladults.   D)Theyaregoingtoworkincompanies.21.A)Difficultbutrewarding.   B)Variedandinteresting.   C)Time-consumingandtiring.   D)Demandingandfrustrating.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22. A)Interviewingamovingstar.   B)Discussingteenagerolemodels.   C)Hostingatelevisionshow.   D)Reviewinganewbiography.23. A)Helosthismother.   B)HewasunhappyinCalifornia.   C)Hemissedhisaunt.   D)Hehadtoattendschoolthere.24. A)Hedeliveredpublicspeeches.   B)Hegotseriouslyintoacting.   C)HehostedtalkshowsonTV.   D)HeplayedaroleinEastofEden.25.A)Hemadenumerouspopularmovies.   B)Hehaslongbeenalegendaryfigure.   C)HewasbestatactinginHollywoodtragedies.   D)Hewasthemostsuccessfulactorofhistime.SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.26. A)Itcarriedpassengersleavinganisland.   B)AterroristforcedittolandonTenerife.   C)Itcrashedwhenitwascirclingtoland.   D)18ofitspassengerssurvivedthecrash.27. A)Hewaskidnappedeightmonthsago.   B)HefailedinhisnegotiationswiththeAfricans.   C)HewasassassinatedinCentralAfrica.   D)HelostlotsofmoneyinhisAfricanbusiness.28. A)Themanagementandunionrepresentativesreachedanagreement.   B)Theworkers'paywasraisedandtheirworkinghourswereshortened.   C)Thetradeuniongaveupitsdemand.   D)Theworkersonstrikewereallfired.29. A)Sunny.   B)Rainy.   C)Windy.   D)Cloudy.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30. A)Someofthemhadonceexperiencedanearthquake.   B)Mostofthemlackedinterestinthesubject.   C)Veryfewofthemknewmuchaboutgeology.   D)Acoupleofthemhadlistenedtoasimilarspeechbefore.31. A)ByreflectingonAmericans'previousfailuresinpredictingearthquakes.   B)BynotingwherethemostsevereearthquakeinU.S.historyoccurred.   C)Bydescribingthedestructivepowerofearthquakes.   D)Byexplainingsomeessentialgeologicalprinciples.32.A)Interrupthimwheneverhedetectedamistake.   B)Focusontheaccuracyofthelanguageheused.   C)Stophimwhenhehaddifficultyunderstanding.   D)Writedownanypointswherehecouldimprove.

4PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33. A)Itwasinventedbyagroupoflanguageexpertsintheyearof1887.   B)ItisalanguagethathasitsorigininancientPolish.   C)Itwascreatedtopromoteeconomicglobalization.   D)Itisatoolofcommunicationamongspeakersofdifferentlanguages.34.A)ItaimstomakeEsperantoaworkinglanguageintheU.N.   B)Ithasincreaseditspopularitywiththehelpofthemedia.   C)Ithasencounteredincreasinglytougherchallenges.   D)Ithassupportersfrommanycountriesintheworld.35. A)Itisusedbyanumberofinfluentialsciencejournals.   B)Itiswidelytaughtatschoolsandinuniversities.   C)Ithasarousedtheinterestofmanyyounglearners.   D)Ithashadagreaterimpactthaninanyothercountry.SectionC   GeorgeHerbertMeadsaidthathumansaretalkedintohumanity.Hemeantthatwegainpersonalidentityaswecommunicatewithothers.Intheearliestyearsofourlives,ourparentstelluswhoweare."You're(36)______.""You'resostrong."Wefirstseeourselvesthroughtheeyesofothers,sotheirmessagesformimportant(37)______ofourself-concepts.Laterweinteractwithteachers,friends,(38)______partners,andco-workerswhocommunicatetheirviewsofus.Thus,howweseeourselves(39)______theviewsofusthatotherscommunicate.   The(40)______connectionbetweenidentityandcommunicationis(41)______evidentinchildrenwhoare(42)______ofhumancontact.Casestudiesofchildrenwhowereisolatedfromothersrevealthattheylackafirmself-concept,andtheirmentalandpsychologicaldevelopmentisseverely(43)______bylackoflanguage.   Communicationwithothersnotonlyaffectsoursenseofidentitybutalsodirectlyinfluencesourphysicalandemotionalwell-being.Consistently,(44)________________________________________________.Peoplewholackclosefriendshavegreaterlevelsofanxietyanddepressionthanpeoplewhoareclosetoothers.(45)________________________________________________.Theconclusionwasthatsocialisolationisstatisticallyasdangerousashighbloodpressure,smokingandobesity.Manydoctorsandresearchersbelievethat(46)_______________________________________________________________.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.   Question:Myninth-gradeartteacherdoesn'tgiveanygradeabove94%because,shesays,"There'salwaysroomforimprovement."Inpreviousyears,Iearneda99%anda100%.The94IreceivedthistermdoesnotreflectthehardworkthatIputintothiscourse.Becauseofher"improvement"theory,IgotalowergradethanIdeserve.Ishergradingphilosophyethical(符合职业道德规范的)?   Answer:Yourteacher'sgradingsystemmaybeunwise,butitisnotunethical.Ateacherdeserveswidelatitudeinselectingthemethodofgradingthatbestpromoteslearninginherclassroom;thatis,afterall,theprimefunctionofgrades.Itisshewhohasthetrainingandexperiencetomakethisdecision.Assumingthatyourteacherisneitherbiasednorcorruptandthathersystemconformstoschoolrules,youcan'tfaultherethics.   Youcancriticizehermethodology.A100neednotimplythatthereisnopossibilityofimprovement,onlythatastudentsuccessfullycompletedthecoursework.Aninthgradercouldgetawell-earned100inEnglishclassbutstillhaveawaytogobeforeshewritesaswellasJaneAusten.What'smore,gradesarenotonlyaneducationaldevicebutarealsopartofascreeningsystemtohelpassignkidstotheirnextclassorprogram.Bycappinghergradesat94whilemostotherteachersgradeonascalethattopsoutat100,yourteachercouldjeopardizeastudent'schanceofgettingascholarshiporgettingintoatopcollege.   Whatitiswrongtocondemnherforisoverlookingyourhardwork.Youdiligenceisworthyofencouragement,buteffortdoesnotequalaccomplishment.IfscholarssuddenlydiscoveredthatRembrandthaddashedoff"TheNightWatch"inanafternoon,itwouldstillbe"TheNightWatch."   Icouldspendmonthssweatingovermyown"paintings",butI'dproducesomethingyouwouldn'twanttohanginyourlivingroom.Oryourgarage.   Onefeatureofagoodgradingsystemisthatthosemeasuredbyitgenerallyregarditasfair

5andreasonable—notthecasehere.Simmering(难以平息的)resentmentisseldomanaidtoeducation.Andsoyournextstepshouldbetodiscussyourconcernswithyourteacherortheprincipal.47.Theninth-graderthoughtthathisartteachershouldhavegivenhim______.48.Accordingtotheanswer,ateachershouldhavethefreedomto______toencouragelearning.49.Welearnfromtheanswerthatastudentwhogetsa100shouldstillworkhardandkeep______.50.TheexampleofRembrandt'spaintingsuggeststhatadistinctionshouldbemadebetween______.51.Theninth-graderisadvisedtogotohisteacherortheprincipalto______.SectionBPassageOneQuestions51to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.   Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromworktocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthedubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.Iwasn'tsurprisedwhenthisdidn'tmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—we'renowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.   TheUnitedStatesdoeshaveoneexplicitfamilypolicy,theFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct,passedin1993.Itentitlesworkerstoasmuchas12weeks'unpaidleaveforcareofanewbornordealingwithafamilymedicalproblem.Despitethemodestyofthebenefit,theChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtitbitterly,describingitas"government-runpersonnelmanagement"anda"dangerousprecedent".Infact,everystepoftheway,as(usually)Democraticleadershavetriedtointroducework-familybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.   AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.InherbookNoExit:WhatParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,shearguesthatparentsareburdenedinmanywaysintheirlives:thereis"noexit"whenitcomestochildren."Societyexpects—andneeds—parentstoprovidetheirchildrenwithcontinuityofcare,meaningtheintensive,intimatecarethathumanbeingsneedtodeveloptheirintellectual,emotionalandmoralcapabilities.Andsocietyexpects—andneeds—parentstopersistintheirrolesfor18years,orlongerifneeded."   Whilemostparentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.Whatparentsdo,inotherwords,isofdeepconcerntothestate,fortheobviousreasonthatcaringforchildrenisnotonlymorallyurgentbutessentialforthefutureofsociety.Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildren'welfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelife-changingobligationssocietyimposes.Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccrue(不断积累)tothewholeofsocietyastoday'schildrenbecometomorrow'sproductivecitizenry(公民).Infact,bysomeestimates,thevalueofparentalinvestmentsinchildren,investmentsoftimeandmoney(includinglostwages),isequalto20-30%ofgrossdomesticproduct.Iftheseinvestmentsgeneratehugesocialbenefits—astheyclearlydo—thebenefitsofprovidingmoresocialsupportforthefamilyshouldbethatmuchclearer.52.Whatdowelearnaboutpaidfamilyleavefromthefirstparagraph?   A)Americaisnowtheonlydevelopedcountrywithoutthepolicy.   B)IthasnowbecomeahottopicintheUnitedStates.   C)ItcameasasurprisewhenAustraliaadoptedthepolicy.   D)ItsmeaningwasclarifiedwhenitwasestablishedinAustralia.53.Whathaspreventedthepassingofwork-familybalancelawsintheUnitedStates?   A)TheincompetenceoftheDemocrats.   B)TheexistingFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct.   C)ThelackofaprecedentinAmericanhistory.   D)Theoppositionfrombusinesscircles.54.WhatisProfessorAnneAlstott'sargumentforparentalsupport?   A)ThecostofraisingchildrenintheU.S.hasbeengrowing.   B)Goodparentingbenefitssociety.   C)TheU.S.shouldkeepupwithotherdevelopedcountries.   D)Childrenneedcontinuouscare.

655.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAmerica'slargebodyoffamilylawsgoverningchildren'swelfare?   A)Theyfailtoensurechildren'shealthygrowth   B)Thefailtoprovideenoughsupportforparents   C)Theyemphasizeparents'legalresponsibilities.   D)Theyimposethecareofchildrenonparents.56.Whydoestheauthorobjecttoclassifyingparentingasapersonalchoice?   A)Itisregardedasalegalobligation.   B)Itrelieslargelyonsocialsupport.   C)Itgenerateshugesocialbenefits.   D)Itisbasicallyasocialundertaking.PassageTwoQuestions57to62arebasedonthefollowingpassage.   AnewstudyfromtheCenterforInformationandResearchonCivicLearningandEngagement(CIRCLE)atTuftsUniversityshowsthattoday'syouthvoteinlargernumbersthanpreviousgenerations,anda2008studyfromtheCenterforAmericanProgressaddsthatincreasingnumbersofyoungvotersandactivistssupporttraditionallyliberalcauses.Butthere'snoeasywaytoseewhatthosefiguresmeaninreallife.Duringthepresidentialcampaign,BarackObamaassembledaraciallyandideologicallydiversecoalitionwithhismessageofhopeandchange;astherealityoflifeunderanewadministrationsettlesin,someofthosesupportersmightbecomedisillusioned.AsthenationmovesfurtherintotheObamapresidency,willpoliticallyengagedyoungpeoplecontinuetosupportthepresidentandhisagenda,orwilltheygraduallydriftaway?   ThewritersofGenerationO(shortforObama),anewNewsweekblogthatseekstochroniclethelivesofagroupofyoungObamasupporters,wanttoanswerthatquestion.Forthenextthreemonths,MichelleKremerand11otherObamasupporters,ages19to34,willblogaboutlifeacrossmainstreamAmerica,withonetwist:bytyingalloftheirideasandexperiencestothenewpresidentandhisadministration,thebloggerswilltrytostartaconversationaboutwhatitmeanstobeyoungandpoliticallyactiveinAmericatoday.MalenaAmusa,a24-year-oldwriteranddancerfromSt.Louisseestheprojectasawaytopreservehistoryasithappens.Amusa,whoistravelingtoIndiathisspringtofinishabook,thentoSenegaltoteachEnglish,hasongoingconversationswithherfriendsabouthowtheObamapresidencyhaschangedtheirdailylivesandhopestoputsomeofthoseideas,alongwithherglobalperspective,intoherposts.She'sexcitedbecause,assheputsit,"Idon'thavetowait[until]15yearsfrom now"tomakesenseoftheworld.   HenryFlores,apolitical-scienceprofessoratSt.Mary'sUniversity,creditsthisyoungergeneration'spoliticalstrengthtotheirembraceoftechnology."[TheInternet]exposesthemtomorethinking,"hesays,"andgroupsthatarelike-mindedindifferentpartsofthecountrystarttocometogether."That'sexactlywhattheGenerationObloggersarehopingtodo.Theresultcouldbeagroupofyoungpeoplethat,liketheirboomer(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)parents,growsupwithastrongsenseofpurposeandshedstheimageofapathy(冷漠)they'veinheritedfromGenerationX(60年代后期和70年代出生的美国人).It'snosmallchallengeforablogrunbyagroupofordinary—ifambitious—youngpeople,butthemembersofGenerationOareuptothetask.57.WhatisthefindingofanewstudybyCIRCLE?   A)Moreyoungvotersaregoingtothepollsthanbefore.   B)Theyounggenerationsupportstraditionallyliberalcauses.   C)YoungvotersplayedadecisiveroleinObama'selection.   D)YoungpeopleinAmericaarenowmorediverseideologically.58.WhatisamainconcernofthewritersofGenerationO?   A)HowObamaisgoingtoliveuptoyoungpeople'sexpectations.   B)WhetherAmericaisgoingtochangeduringObama'spresidency.   C)WhetheryoungpeoplewillcontinuetosupportObama'spolicy.   D)HowObama'sagendaisgoingtoaffectthelifeofAmericans.59.WhatwilltheGenerationObloggerswriteaboutintheirposts?   A)TheirowninterpretationofAmericanpolitics.   B)PolicychangestotakeplaceinObama'sadministration.   C)Obama'spresidencyviewedfromaglobalperspective.   D)TheirlivesinrelationtoObama'spresidency.

760.Whataccountsfortheyoungergeneration'spoliticalstrengthaccordingtoProfessorHenryFlores?A)Theirembraceofradicalideas.   B)TheirdesiretochangeAmerica.   C)TheirutilizationoftheInternet.   D)Theirstrongsenseofresponsibility.61.WhatcanweinferfromthepassageaboutGenerationX?   A)Theyarepoliticallyconservative.   B)Theyrejectconventionalvalues.   C)Theydaretotakeupchallenges.   D)Theyareindifferenttopolitics.PartVCloze(15minutes)   Anewstudyfoundthatinner-citykidslivinginneighborhoodswithmoregreenspacegainedabout13%lessweightoveratwo-yearperiodthankidslivingamidmoreconcreteandfewertrees.Such__62__tellapowerfulstory.Theobesityepidemicbeganinthe1980s,andmanypeople__63__ittoincreasedportionsizesandinactivity,butthatcan'tbeeverything.FastfoodsandTVshavebeen__64__usforalongtime."Mostexpertsagreethatthechangeswere__65__tosomethingintheenvironment,"sayssocialepidemiologistThomasGlassofTheJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Thatsomethingcouldbea__66__ofthegreen.   Thenewresearch,__67__intheAmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicine,isn'tthefirsttoassociategreenerywithbetterhealth,butitdoesgetuscloser__68__identifyingwhatworksandwhy.Atitsmoststraightforward,agreenneighborhood__69__meansmoreplacesforkidstoplay–whichis__70__sincetimespentoutdoorsisoneofthestrongestcorrelatesofchildren'sactivitylevels.Butgreenspaceisgoodforthemind__71__:researchbyenvironmentalpsychologistshasshownthatithascognitive__72__forchildrenwithattention-deficitdisorder.Inonestudy,justreading__73__inagreensettingimprovedkids'symptoms.   __74__tograssyareashasalsobeenlinkedto__75__stressandalowerbodymassindex(体重指数)amongadults.Andan__76__of3,000Tokyoresidentsassociatedwalkablegreenspaceswithgreaterlongevity(长寿)amongseniorcitizens.   Glasscautionsthatmoststudiesdon't__77__proveacausallinkbetweengreennessandhealth,butthey'renonethelesshelpingspuraction.InSeptembertheU.S.HouseofRepresentatives__78__thedelightfullynamedNoChildLeftInsideActtoencouragepublicinitiativesaimedatexposingkidstotheoutdoors.   Findinggreenspaceisnot__79__easy,andyoumayhavetoworkabittogetyourfamilyalittlegrassandtrees.Ifyouliveinasuburboracitywithgoodparks,take__80__ofwhat'sthere.Yourchildreninparticularwillloveit–andtheirbodiesandmindswillbe__81__toyou.62.    A)findings   B)theses   C)hypothesesD)abstracts63.    A)adapt   B)attribute   C)allocate   D)alternate64.    A)amongst   B)along   C)beside   D)with65.    A)glued   B)related   C)tracked   D)appointed66.    A)scraping   B)denying   C)depressing   D)shrinking67.    A)published   B)simulated   C)illuminated   D)circulated68.    A)at   B)to   C)for   D)over69.    A)fully   B)simply   C)seriously   D)uniquely70.    A)vital   B)casual   C)fatal   D)subtle71.    A)still   B)already   C)too   D)yet72.    A)benefits   B)profits   C)revenues   D)awards73.    A)outward   B)apart   C)aside   D)outside74.    A)Immunity   B)Reaction   C)Exposure   D)Addiction75.    A)much   B)less   C)more   D)little76.    A)installment   B)expedition   C)analysis   D)option77.    A)curiously   B)negatively   C)necessarily   D)comfortably78.    A)relieved   B)delegated   C)approved   D)performed79.    A)merely   B)always   C)mainly   D)almost80.    A)advantage   B)exception   C)measure   D)charge81.    A)elevated   B)merciful   C)contented   D)grateful

8PartVITranslation(5minutes)82.__________________(他们的独生儿子从未想过)toleavethemandstrikeoutonhisownthoughheisinhislatetwenties.83.Beforeyoutakeanyaction,pleaserememberto__________________(权衡你的决定会产生的后果).84.Heassuredhisfriendthatundernocircumstances__________________(他会违背还钱的承诺).85.Mosteducatorsadvisethatkids__________________(不要沉溺于电脑游戏).86.Businessmajorasheis,hehas__________________(从未考虑过从事推销员工作).2009年12月大学英语六级考试真题PartⅠWriting(30minutes)1.现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班2.对这种做法有人表示支持，也有人并不赞成3.我认为……ShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)BossesSay“Yes”toHomeWorkRisingcostsofofficespace,timelosttostressfulcommuting,andaslowrecognitionthatworkershavelivesbeyondtheoffice—allarestrongargumentsforlettingstaffworkfromhome.Forthesmallbusiness,thereareadditionalbenefitstoo—staffaremoreproductive,andhappier,enablingfirmstokeeptheirheadcounts(员工数)andtheirrecruitmentcoststoaminimum.Itcanalsoprovidecompetitiveadvantage,especiallywhensmallbusinesseswanttoattractnewstaffbutdon’thavethebudgettoofferhugesalaries.Whilecompanymanagershaveknownaboutthebenefitsforalongtime,manyhavedonelittleaboutit,scepticalofwhethertheycouldtrusttheiremployeestoworktofullcapacitywithoutsupervision,orconcernedabouttheadditionalexpensesteleworkingpoliciesmightincurasstaffstartchargingtheirhomephonebillstothebusiness.Yetthisisnowchanging.WhencommunicationsproviderInter-Telresearchedtheuseofremoteworkingsolutionsamongsmall-and-medium-sizedUKbusinessesinAprilthisyear,itfoundthat28%morecompaniesclaimedtohaveintroducedflexibleworkingpracticesthanayearago.TheUKnetworkofBusinessLinksconfirmsthatittoohasseenagrowinginterestinremoteworkingsolutionsfromsmallbusinessesseekingitsadvice,andclaimsthatasmanyas60-70%ofthebusinessesthatcomethroughitsdoorsnowoffersomeformofremoteworkingsupporttotheirworkforces.Technologyadvances,includingthewidespreadavailabilityofbroadband,aremakingtheintroductionofremoteworkingapieceofcake.“Ifsystemsaresetupproperly,staffcanhaveaccesstoalltheresourcestheyhaveintheofficewherevertheyhaveaninternetconnection,”saysAndyPoulton,e-businessadvisoratBusinessLinkforBerkshireandWiltshire.“Therearesomeveryexcitingdevelopmentswhichhaveenabledthis.”

9Oneistheavailabilityofbroadbandeverywhere,whichnowcoversalmostallofthecountry(BTclaimsthat,byJuly,99.8%ofitsexchangeswillbebroadbandenabled,withalternativeplansinplaceforeventhemostremoteexchanges).“Thisistheenabler,”Poultonsays.Yetwhilebroadbandhascomedowninpricetoo,thoseserviceproviderstargetingthebusinessmarketwarnagainstconsumerservicesmasquerading(伪装)asbusiness-friendlybroadband.“Broadbandisavailableforaslittleas￡15amonth,butmanybusinessesfailtoappreciatethehiddencostsofsuchaservice,”saysNeilStephenson,salesandmarketingdirectoratOnyxInternet,aninternetserviceproviderbasedinthenorth-eastofEngland.“Providersofferingbroadbandforrock-bottompricesarenotoriousforpoorservice,withregularbreakdownsandheavilycongested(拥堵的)networks.Itisalwaysadvisableforbusinessestolookbeyondthepricetagandlookforabusiness-onlyproviderthatcanoffermorereliability,withgoodsupport.”Suchservicesdon’tcosttoomuch—qualityservicescanbefoundforupwardsof￡30amonth.Thebenefitsofbroadbandtotheoccasionalhomeworkerarethattheycanaccessemailinrealtime,andtakefulladvantageofservicessuchasinternet-basedbackuporeveninternet-basedphoneservices.Internet-basedtelecoms,orVoIP(VoiceoverIP)togiveititstechnicaltitle,isaninterestingtooltoanybusinesssupportingremoteworking.Notnecessarilybecauseofthepromiseoffreeorreducedpricephonecalls(whichexpertspointoutismisleadingfortheaveragebusiness),butbecauseofthesophisticatedvoiceservicesthatcanbeexploitedbytheremoteworker—facilitiessuchasvoicemailandcallforwarding,whichprovideacontinuityofthecompanyimageforcustomersandbusinesspartners.Bylaw,companiesmust“considerseriously”requeststoworkflexiblymadebyaparentwithachildundertheageofsix,oradisabledchildunder18.ItwastheneedtoaccommodateemployeeswithyoungchildrenthatmotivatedaccountancyfirmWrightVigartobeginpromotingteleworkingrecently.Thecompany,whichneededtoupgradeitsITinfrastructure(基础设施)toprovideconnectivitywithanew,secondoffice,decidedtointroducesupportforremoteworkingatthesametime.MarketingdirectorJackO’Hernexplainsthatthecompanyhasarelativelyyoungworkforce,manyofwhomareparents:“Oneofthetriggerswaswhenoneofourtaxmanagersreturnedfrommaternityleave.Shewasintendingtoworkparttime,butcouldonlymanageonedayaweekintheofficeduetochildcare.Byofferinghertheabilitytoworkfromhome,wehavedoubledhercapacity—nowsheworksadayaweekfromhome,andadayintheoffice.Thisisgreatforher,andforusasweretainsomeonehighlyqualified.”ForWrightVigar,whichhasnowequippedallofitsfee-earnerstobeabletoworkatmaximumproductivitywhenawayfromtheoffices(whetherthat’sfromhome,orwhileontheroad),thisstrategyisnotjustaboutsavingoncommutetimeorcuttingthemloosefromtheoffice,butenablingthemtoworkmoreflexiblehoursthatfitaroundtheirhomelife.O’Hernsays:“Althoughmostofourworkisclient-basedandmustfitaroundthis,

10wecan’tseeanyreasonwhyaparentcan’tbeonhandtodealwithsomethingimportantathome,iftheyhavetheabilitytocompleteaprojectlaterintheday.”Supportingthisnewwayofworkingcamewithaprice,though.Althoughthefirmwasupdatingitssystemsanyway,thecompanyspent10-15%moreperusertoequipthemwithalaptopratherthanaPC,andaboutthesametoupgradetoaserverthatwouldenableremotestafftoconnecttothecompanynetworksandaccessalltheirusualresources.AlthoughWrightVigarhasn’tyetquantifiedthebusinessbenefits,itclaimsthat,inadditiontobeingabletoretainkeystaffwithyoungfamilies,itisabletosavefee-earnersasubstantialamountof“dead”timeintheirworkingdays.Thatstaffcandothiswithoutneedingafixedtelephonelineprovidesevenmoreefficiencysavings.“WithWi-Fi(fast,wirelessinternetconnections)poppingupallovertheplace,evenontrains,ourfee-earnerscanbeproductiveastheytravel,andbetweenmeetings,insteadofhavingtokilltimeattheshops,”headds.Thecompanywillalsobeabletoavoidtheexpenseofhavingtorelocatestafftotemporaryofficesforseveralweekswhenitbeginsdisruptiveofficerenovationssoon.FinancialrecruitmentspecialistLynneHargreavesknowsexactlyhowmuchherfirmhassavedbyadoptingateleworkingstrategy,whichhasinvolvedhandinghercompany’sdatamanagementovertoaremotehostingcompany,Datanet,soitcanbeaccessiblebyallthecompany’sconsultantsoverbroadbandinternetconnections.Ithasenabledthecompanytodispensewithitsbusinesspremisesaltogether,followingtherealisationthatitjustdidn’tneedthemanymore.“Themainmotivationbehindadoptinghomeworkingwastoincreasemyownproductivity,asasinglemumtoan11-year-old,”saysHargreaves.“ButIsoonrealisedthat,asmostofourbusinessisdoneonthephone,emailandatoff-sitemeetings,wedidn’tneedourofficesatall.We’renowsaving￡16,000ayearonrent,plusthecostofutilities,nottomentionwhatwouldhavebeenspentoncommuting.”1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?A)Howbusinessmanagersviewhi-tech.B)Relationsbetweenemployersandemployees.C)Howtocutdownthecostsofsmallbusinesses.D)Benefitsofthepracticeofteleworking.2.FromtheresearchconductedbythecommunicationsproviderInter-Tel,welearnthat.A)moreemployeesworktofullcapacityathomeB)employeesshowagrowinginterestinsmallbusinessesC)morebusinesseshaveadoptedremoteworkingsolutionsD)attitudestowardITtechnologyhavechanged3.WhatdevelopmenthasmadeflexibleworkingpracticespossibleaccordingtoAndyPoulton?A)Reducedcostoftelecommunications.B)Improvedreliabilityofinternetservice.C)AvailabilityoftheVoIPservice.

11D)Accesstobroadbandeverywhere.4.WhatisNeilStephenson’sadvicetofirmscontractinginternetservices?A)Theylookforreliablebusiness-onlyproviders.B)Theycontactproviderslocatednearesttothem.C)Theycarefullyexaminethecontract.D)Theycontractthecheapestprovider.5.Internet-basedtelecomsfacilitatesremoteworkingby__________.A)offeringsophisticatedvoiceservicesB)givingaccesstoemailinginrealtimeC)helpingclientsdiscussbusinessathomeD)providingcallscompletelyfreeofcharge6.TheaccountancyfirmWrightVigarpromotedteleworkinginitiallyinorderto__________.A)presentapositiveimagetoprospectivecustomersB)supportitsemployeeswithchildrentotakecareofC)attractyoungpeoplewithITexpertisetoworkforitD)reduceoperationalexpensesofasecondoffice7.AccordingtomarketingdirectorJackO’Hern,teleworkingenabledthecompanyto__________.A)enhanceitsmarketimageB)reducerecruitmentcostsC)keephighlyqualifiedstaffD)minimiseitsofficespace8.WrightVigar’spracticeofallowingformoreflexibleworkinghoursnotonlybenefitsthecompanybuthelpsimproveemployees’.9.Withfast,wirelessinternetconnections,employeescanstillbe__________whiletraveling.10.SinglemotherLynneHargreavesdecidedtoworkathomemainlyto__________.PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionA.11.A)Theywouldrathertravelaroundthanstayathome.B)Theyprefertocarrycashwhentravelingabroad.C)Theyusuallycarrymanythingsaroundwiththem.D)Theydon’tliketospendmuchmoneyontraveling.12.A)Theselectionprocesswasalittleunfair.B)Hehadlongdreamedofthedean’sposition.C)Rodwaseliminatedintheselectionprocess.D)Rodwasinchargeoftheadmissionsoffice.13.A)Applauseencouragesthesinger.B)Sheregretspayingfortheconcert.C)Almosteveryonelovespopmusic.D)Theconcertisveryimpressive.14.A)Theyhaveknowneachothersincetheirschooldays.B)TheywerebothchairpersonsoftheStudents’Union.

12C)Theyhavebeeninclosetouchbyemail.D)Theyaregoingtoholdareunionparty.15.A)Cooktheirdinner.B)Restforawhile.C)Gettheircarfixed.D)Stopforthenight.16.A)Newly-launchedproducts.B)Consumerpreferences.C)Surveyresults.D)Surveymethods.17.A)Hewouldratherthewomandidn’tbuytheblouse.B)Thewomanneedsblousesinthecolorsofarainbow.C)Theinformationinthecatalogisnotalwaysreliable.D)Hethinkstheblueblouseisbetterthantheredone.18.A)Thecourseisopentoallnextsemester.B)Thenoticemaynotbereliable.C)Thewomanhasnottoldthetruth.D)Hewilldrophiscourseinmarketing.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.A)Adirectorofasalesdepartment.B)Amanageratacomputerstore.C)Asalesclerkatashoppingcenter.D)Anaccountantofacomputerfirm.20.A)Handlingcustomercomplaints.B)Recruitingandtrainingnewstaff.C)Dispatchingorderedgoodsontime.D)Developingcomputerprograms.21.A)Shelikessomethingmorechallenging.B)Shelikestobenearertoherparents.C)Shewantstohaveabetter-paidjob.D)Shewantstobewithherhusband.22.A)Rightaway.B)Intwomonths.C)Earlynextmonth.D)Inacoupleofdays.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.A)Itwillfacechallengesunprecedentedinitshistory.B)Itisaresoluteadvocateoftheanti-globalmovement.C)Itisboundtoregainitsfullgloryofahundredyearsago.D)Itwillbeamajoreconomicpowerbythemid-21stcentury.24.A)Thelackofoverallurbanplanning.B)Thehugegapbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.C)Theinadequatesupplyofwaterandelectricity.D)Theshortageofhi-techpersonnel.25.A)Theyattachgreatimportancetoeducation.

13B)Theyareabletograspgrowthopportunities.C)Theyaregoodatlearningfromothernations.D)Theyhavemadeuseofadvancedtechnologies.SectionBQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A)Shetaughtchemistryandmicrobiologycoursesinacollege.B)Shegavelecturesonhowtobecomeapublicspeaker.C)Shehelpedfamiliesmoveawayfromindustrialpolluters.D)Sheengagedinfieldresearchonenvironmentalpollution.27.A)Thejobrestrictedherfromrevealingherfindings.B)Thejobposedapotentialthreattoherhealth.C)Shefoundtheworkingconditionsfrustrating.D)Shewasofferedabetterjobinaminoritycommunity.28.A)Somegiantindustrialpollutershavegoneoutofbusiness.B)Moreenvironmentalorganizationshaveappeared.C)ManytoxicsitesinAmericahavebeencleanedup.D)Morebranchesofhercompanyhavebeensetup.29.A)HerwidespreadinfluenceamongmembersofCongress.B)Herabilitytocommunicatethroughpublicspeaking.C)Herrigoroustrainingindeliveringeloquentspeeches.D)Herlifelongcommitmenttodomesticandglobalissues.Questions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.A)Thefiercecompetitioninthemarket.B)Thegrowingnecessityofstafftraining.C)Theacceleratedpaceofglobalisation.D)Theurgentneedofadiverseworkforce.31.A)Gainadeepunderstandingoftheirownculture.B)Takecoursesofforeignlanguagesandcultures.C)Sharetheexperiencesofpeoplefromothercultures.D)Participateininternationalexchangeprogrammes.32.A)Reflectivethinkingisbecomingcritical.B)Labormarketisgettingglobalised.C)Knowingaforeignlanguageisessential.D)Globalisationwilleliminatemanyjobs.Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.A)Red-hairedwomenwereregardedasmorereliable.B)Brown-hairedwomenwereratedasmorecapable.C)Golden-hairedwomenwereconsideredattractive.D)Black-hairedwomenwerejudgedtobeintelligent.34.A)Theyaresmartandeloquent.B)Theyareambitiousandarrogant.C)Theyareshrewdanddishonest.D)Theyarewealthyandindustrious.35.A)Theyforcepeopletofollowtheculturalmainstream.B)Theyexaggeratetherolesofcertaingroupsofpeople.

14C)Theyemphasizediversityattheexpenseofuniformity.D)Theyhinderourperceptionofindividualdifferences.SectionCTheancientGreeksdevelopedbasicmemorysystemscalledmnemonics.ThenameisfromtheirGoddessofmemory“Mnemosyne”.Intheancientworld,atrainedmemorywasanasset,particularlyinpubliclife.Therewerenodevicesfortakingnotes,andearlyGreekorators(演说家)deliveredlongspeecheswithgreatbecausetheylearnedthespeechesusingmnemonicsystems.TheGreeksdiscoveredthathumanmemoryisanassociativeprocess—thatitworksbylinkingthingstogether.Forexample,thinkofanapple.Theyourbrainregisterstheword“apple”,ittheshape,color,taste,smellandofthatfruit.Allthesethingsareassociatedinyourmemorywiththeword“apple”..Anexamplecouldbewhenyouthinkaboutalectureyouhavehad.Thiscouldtriggeramemoryaboutwhatyou’retalkingaboutthroughthatlecture,whichcanthentriggeranothermemory..AnexamplegivenonawebsiteIwaslookingatfollows:DoyouremembertheshapeofAustria,Canada,Belgium,orGermany?Probablynot.WhataboutItaly,though?.Youmadeanassociationwithsomethingalreadyknown,theshapeofaboot,andItaly’sshapecouldnotbeforgottenonceyouhadmadetheassociation.PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAManycountrieshavemadeitillegaltochatintoahand-heldmobilephonewhiledriving.Butthelatestresearchfurtherconfirmsthatthedangerlieslessinwhatamotorist’shandsdowhenhetakesacallthaninwhattheconversationdoestohisbrain.Evenusinga“hands-free”devicecandivertadriver’sattentiontoanalarmingextent.MelinaKunaroftheUniversityofWarwick,andToddHorowitzoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolranaseriesofexperimentsinwhichtwogroupsofvolunteershadtopayattentionandrespondtoaseriesofmovingtasksonacomputerscreenthatwerereckonedequivalentindifficultytodriving.Onegroupwasleftundistractedwhiletheotherhadtoengageinaconversationusingaspeakerphone.AsKunarandHorowitzreport,thosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecallhadanaveragereactiontime212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot.That,theycalculate,wouldadd5.7metrestothebrakingdistanceofacartravellingat100kph.Theyalsofoundthatthegroupusingthehands-freekitmade83%moreerrorsintheirtasksthanthosewhowerenottalking.Totrytounderstandmoreaboutwhythiswas,theytriedtwofurthertests.Inone,membersofagroupwereaskedsimplytorepeatwordsspokenbythecaller.Intheother,theyhadtothinkofawordthatbeganwiththelastletterofthewordtheyhadjustheard.Thoseonlyrepeatingwordsperformedthesameasthosewith

15nodistraction,butthosewiththemorecomplicatedtaskshowedevenworsereactiontimes—anaverageof480millisecondsextradelay.Thisshowsthatwhenpeoplehavetoconsidertheinformationtheyhearcarefully,itcanimpairtheirdrivingabilitysignificantly.Punishingpeopleforusinghand-heldgadgetswhiledrivingisdifficultenough,eventhoughtheycanbeseenfromoutsidethecar.Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoffaltogetherwhentheygetbehindthewheelmightbetheonlyanswer.Whoknows,theymightevencometoenjoynothavingtotakecalls.47.Carryingonamobilephoneconversationwhileoneisdrivingisconsidereddangerousbecauseitseriouslydistracts.48.Intheexperiments,thetwogroupsofvolunteerswereaskedtohandleaseriesofmovingtaskswhichwereconsidered.49.Resultsoftheexperimentsshowthatthosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecalltooktoreactthanthosewhowerenot.50.Furtherexperimentsrevealthatparticipantstendtorespondwithextradelayiftheyarerequiredtodo.51.Theauthorbelievespersuasion,ratherthan,mightbetheonlywaytostoppeoplefromusingmobilephoneswhiledriving.SectionBQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustype.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthenation’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmugly（自鸣得意的）greenvillageofBerkeley,Calif.,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecity’spublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenters,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentsbreathinginalaboratory’sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.SinceDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivists（活跃分子）andvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity:overtheguiltofthesteel-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren’shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere,weaskedoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatisit?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouprotestingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhowtoday’sparentsperceiverisk,howwetrytokeepourkidssafe—whetherit’spossibletokeepthemsafe—inwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglythreateningworld.Itraisesthequestionofwhat,inourtime,“safe”couldevenmean.“There’snowayaroundtheuncertainty,”saysKimberlyThompson,presidentofKidRisk,anonprofitgroupthatstudieschildren’shealth.“Thatmeansyourchoicescanmatter,butitalsomeansyouaren’tgoingtoknowiftheydo.”A2004reportin

16thejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.TowhichIsay:Well,obviously.Butsuchconcretehazardsarebesidethepoint.It’sthedangersparentscan’t—andmaynever—quantifythatoccurallofsudden.That’swhyI’veridmycupboardofmicrowavefoodpackedinbagscoatedwithapotentialcancer-causingsubstance,butalthoughI’velivedblocksfromamajorfaultline(地质断层)formorethan12years,Istillhaven’tboltedourbookcasestothelivingroomwall.52.WhatdoesarecentinvestigationbyUSATodayreveal?A)Heavymetalsinlabteststhreatenchildren’shealthinBerkeley.B)Berkeleyresidentsarequitecontentedwiththeirsurroundings.C)TheairqualityaroundBerkeley’sschoolcampusesispoor.D)ParentsinBerkeleyareover-sensitivetocancerriskstheirkidsface.53.WhatresponsedidUSAToday’sreportdraw?A)Aheateddebate.B)Popularsupport.C)Widespreadpanic.D)Strongcriticism.54.Howdidparentsfeelinthefaceoftheexperts’studies?A)Theyfeltverymuchrelieved.B)Theywerefrightenedbytheevidence.C)Theydidn’tknowwhotobelieve.D)Theyweren’tconvincedoftheresults.55.Whatistheviewofthe2004reportinthejournalPediatrics?A)Itisimportanttoquantifyvariousconcretehazards.B)Dailyaccidentsposeamoreseriousthreattochildren.C)Parentsshouldbeawareofchildren’shealthhazards.D)Attentionshouldbepaidtotoxicchemicalexposure.56.Ofthedangersineverydaylife,theauthorthinksthatpeoplehavemosttofearfrom__________.A)theuncertainB)thequantifiableC)anearthquakeD)unhealthyfoodQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiaries（老年医保受惠人）.ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsawatotalofsevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists—inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbelief,themorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguarantee

17bettercare.Actually,increasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterhe’sreimbursed(返还费用).Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient’sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlygraduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.Howdowefixthisproblem?Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimally(最佳地)managingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.We’reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,thefirstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswillbecomeeligibleforMedicare.Patientsolderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.Whowillbetheretotreatthem?57.Theauthor’schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcaresystemis__________.A)theinadequatetrainingofphysiciansB)thedecliningnumberofdoctorsC)theshrinkingprimarycareresourcesD)theever-risinghealthcarecosts58.Welearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethat__________.A)themorecostlythemedicine,themoreeffectivethecureB)seeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticerrorsC)visitingdoctorsonaregularbasisensuresgoodhealthD)themoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,thebetter59.Facedwiththegovernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminately,primarycarephysicianshaveto__________.

18A)increasetheirincomebyworkingovertimeB)improvetheirexpertiseandserviceC)makevariousdealswithspecialistsD)seemorepatientsattheexpenseofquality60.Whydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheircareer?A)Theyfindtheneedforprimarycaredeclining.B)Thecurrentsystemworksagainstprimarycare.C)Primarycarephysicianscommandlessrespect.D)Theythinkworkinginemergencyroomstedious.61.Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthcare?A)Bridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycarephysicians.B)Extendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicdiseases.C)Recruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemloans.D)Reducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirmajor.PartVCloze(5minutes)McDonald’s,Greggs,KFCandSubwayaretodaynamedasthemostlitteredbrandsinEnglandasKeepBritainTidycalledonfast-foodcompaniestodomoretotacklecustomerswhodroptheirwrappersanddrinkscartons(盒子)inthestreets.PhilBarton,chiefexecutiveofKeepBritainTidy,itsnewDirtyPigcampaign,saiditwasthefirsttimeithadinvestigatedwhichmadeup“litteredEngland”andthesamenamesappearedagainandagain.“Welitterersfordroppingthisfastfoodlitterthefirstplacebutalsobelievetheresultshavepertinent(相关的)messagesforthefastfood.Mc-Donald’s,Greggs,KFCandSubwayneedtodomoretolitteringbytheircustomers.”HerecognisedeffortsmadebyMcDonald’s,placinglitterbinsandincreasinglitterpatrols,butitslitterremained“alltooprevalent”.Allfastfoodchainsshouldreducepackaging,headded.Companiescouldalsoreducepricesthosewhostayedtoeatfoodontheirpremises,offermoney-offvouchers(代金券)orotherforthosewhoreturnedpackagingandputmorebinsatpointsinlocalstreets,notjustoutsidetheirpremises.AforMcDonald’ssaid:“Wedoourbest.Obviouslyweaskallourcustomerstodisposeoflitterresponsibly.”Trialsofmoreextensive,all-daylitterpatrolswereinManchesterandBirmingham.KFCsaidittookitsonlittermanagement“veryseriously”,andwouldintroduceaprogrammetoreducepackagingmanyproducts.Subwaysaidthatitworkedhardtotheimpactoflitteroncommunities，itwas“stilldowntothecustomertodisposeoftheirlitterresponsibly”.Greggssaiditrecognisedthe“continuingchallengeforusall”,havingalreadytakenmeasurestohelptheissue.

1962.A)elevatingB)conveningC)launchingD)projecting63.A)signalsB)signsC)commercialsD)brands64.A)condemnB)refuteC)uncoverD)disregard65.A)aroundB)towardC)inD)off66.A)industryB)careerC)professionD)vocation67.A)excludeB)discourageC)suppressD)retreat68.A)incorporatingB)includingC)comprisingD)containing69.A)unreliableB)unrelatedC)unimportantD)unnecessary70.A)forB)aboutC)withD)to71.A)accessoriesB)meritsC)incentivesD)dividends72.A)curiousB)mysteriousC)strangeD)strategic73.A)narratorB)spokesmanC)mediatorD)broker74.A)inseasonB)atriskC)offhandD)underway75.A)responsibilityB)liabilityC)commissionD)administration76.A)aroundB)byC)onD)above77.A)divertB)minimizeC)degradeD)suspend78.A)ifB)whetherC)soD)but79.A)individualB)concreteC)uniqueD)respective80.A)exceptB)withoutC)despiteD)via81.A)dealB)tackleC)copeD)dispo

20PartⅥTranslation(5minutes)82.Howlongdoesajacketlikethislastme?—(这要看你多长时间穿一次).83.Thetheoryheadvancedhasproved(对许多传统概念的一种挑战).84.Themanager(本可以亲自参加会议),buthewascalledawayforsomeurgentbusinessabroad.85.Bothresearchandpracticalexperiencehaveshownthata(均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的).86.Much(我感到遗憾),Iwasunabletofinishtheworkontime.2009年6月英语六级考试真题PartIWriting(30minutes)　OntheImportanceofaName　　1.有人说名字或名称很重要　　2.也有人觉得名字或名称无关紧要　　3.我认为　　PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)　　HelicopterMomsvs.Free-RangeKidsWouldyouletyourfourth-graderridepublictransportationwithoutanadult?Probablynot.Still,whenLenoreSkenazy,acolumnistfortheNewYorkSun,wroteaboutlettinghersontakethesubwayalonetogetbackto"Longstoryshort:mysongothomefromadepartmentstoreontheUpperEastSide,shedidn’texpecttogethitwithawaveofcriticismfromreaders.　　“Longstoryshort:Mysongothome,overjoyedwithindependence,”SkenazywroteonApril4intheNewYorkSun.“Longstorylonger:HalfthepeopleI’vetoldthisepisodetonowwanttoturnoninforchildabuse.Asifkeepingkidsunderlockandkeyandcellphoneandcarefulwatchistherightwaytorearkids.It’snot.It’sdebilitating(使虚弱)—forusandforthem.”　　OnlinemessageboardsweresoonfullofpeoplebothapplaudingandcondemningSkenazy’sdecisiontolethersongoitalone.ShewoundupdefendingherselfonCNN(accompaniedbyherson)andonpopularblogslikethebuffingtonpost,whereherfollow-uppiecewasironicallyheadlined“MoreFromAmerica’sWorstMom.”　　Theepisodehasignitedanotheroneofthosedebatesthatdividesparentsintovocalopposingcamps.AreModernparentsneedlesslyoverprotective,oristheworldamorecomplicatedanddangerousplacethanitwaswhenpreviousgenerationswereallowedtowanderaboutunsupervised?　　Fromthe“she’sanirresponsiblemother”campcame:“Shameonyouforbeingsocarelessabouthissafety,”inCommentsonthebuffingtonpost.Andtherewasthisfromamotheroffour:“Howwouldyouhavefeltifhedidn’tcomehome?”ButSkenazygotalotofsupport,too,withwomenandmenwritinginwithstoriesabouthowtheywereallowedtotaketripsallbythemselvesatsevenoreight.Shealsogotheapsofpraiseforbuckingthe“helicopterparent”trend:“GoodforthisMom,”onecommenterwroteonthebuffingtonpost.“Thisisamuch-neededrealitycheck.”　　Lastweek,encouragedbyalltheattention,Skenazystartedherownblog—FreeRange,kids—promotingtheideathatmodernchildrenneedsomeofthesameindependencethathergenerationhad.Inthegoodolddaysnine-year-oldbabyboomersrodetheirbikestoschool,walkedtothestore,tookbuses—andevensubways—allbythemselves.Herblog,shesays,isdedicatedtosensibleparenting.“AtFreeRangeKids,webelieveinsafekids.Webelieveincar

21seatsandsafetybelts.WedoNOTbelievethateverytimeschool-agechildrengooutside,theyneedasecurityguard.”　　Sowhyaresomeparentssonervousaboutlettingtheirchildrenoutoftheirsight?Arecitiesandtownslesssafeandkidsmorevulnerabletocrimeslikechildkidnapandsexualabusethantheywereinpreviousgenerations?　　Notexactly.NewYorkCity,forinstance,issaferthanit’severbeen;it’sranked36thincrimeamongallAmericancities.Nationwide,stringerkidnapsareextremelyrare;there’saone-in-a-millionchanceachildwillbetakenbyastranger,accordingtotheJusticeDepartment.And90percentofsexualabusecasesarecommittedbysomeonethechildknows.Mortalityratesfromallcauses,includingdiseaseandaccidents,forAmericanchildrenarelowernowthantheywere25years’ago.AccordingtoChildTrends,anonprofitresearchgroup,between1980and2003deathratesdroppedby44percentforchildrenaged5to14and32percentforteensaged15to19.　　Thenthere’sthewholequestionofwhethermodernparentsaremorewatchfulandnervousaboutsafetythanpreviousgenerations.Yes,someare.PartoftheproblemisthatwithwalltowallInternetandcablenews,everymissingchildcasegetssomuchairtimethatit’snotsurprisingevennormalparentalanxietycanbeamplified.Andmanymiddle-classparentshavegottenusedtomanagingtheirchildren’stimeandshuttlingthemtovariousenrichingactivities,sotheideaoflettingthemoutontheirowncanseemlikearisk.Backin1972,whenmanyoftoday’sparentswerekids,87percentofchildrenwholivedwithinamileofschoolwalkedorbikedeveryday.Buttoday,theCentersforDiseaseControlreportthatonly13percentofchildrenbike,walkorotherwisetthemselvestoschool.　　Theextrasupervisionisbothacityandasuburbphenomenon.Parentsareworriedaboutcrime,andtheyareworriedaboutkidsgettingcaughtintrafficinacitythat’snotusedtopedestrians.Ontheotherhand,therearestillplentyofkidswhoseparentsgivethemalotofindependence,bychoiceorbynecessity.TheAfterSchoolAlliancefindsthatmorethan14millionkidsaged5to17areresponsiblefortakingcareofthemselvesafterschool.Only6.5millionkidsparticipateinorganizedprograms.“Manychildrenwhohaveworkingparentshavetotakethesubwayorbustogettoschool.Manydothisbythemselvesbecausetheyhavenootherwaytogettotheschools,”saysDr.RichardGallagher,directoroftheParentingInstituteattheNewYorkUniversityChildStudyCenter.　　Forthoseparentswhowonderhowandwhentheyshouldstartallowingtheirkidsmorefreedom,there’snoclear-cutanswer.Childexpertsdiscourageaone-size-fits-allapproachtoparenting.What’srightforSkenazy’snine-year-oldcouldbeinappropriateforanotherone.Italldependsondevelopmentalissue,maturity,andthepsychologicalandemotionalmakeupofthatchild.Severalfactorsmustbetakenintoaccount,saysGallagher.“Theabilitytofollowparentguidelines,thechild’slevelofcomfortinhandlingsuchsituations,andachild’sgeneraljudgmentshouldbeweighed.”　　GallagheragreeswithSkenazythatmanynine-year-oldsarereadyforindependenceliketakingpublictransportationalone.“Atcertaintimesoftheday,oncertainroutes,thesubwaysaregenerallysafeforthesechildren,especiallyiftheyhavegrownupinthecityandhavebeentaughthowtobesafe,howtoobtainhelpiftheyareconcernedfortheirsafety,andhowtoavoidunsafesituationsbybeingwatchfulandontheirtoes.”　　Butevenwithmoretrafficandfewersidewalks,modernparentsdohaveoneadvantagetheirparentsdidn’t:thecellphone.Beingabletocheckinwithachildanytimegoesalongwaytowardrelievingparentalanxietyandmayhelpparentsloosentheircontrolalittlesooner.

22Skenazygotalotofcriticismbecauseshedidn’tgiveherkidhercellphonebecauseshethoughthe’dloseitandwantedhimtolearntogoitalonewithoutdependingonmom—amajorprincipleoffree-rangeparenting.Butmostparentsaremorethanhappytousecellphonestokeeptrackoftheirkids.　　Andforthosewholiketheideaoffree-rangekidsbutstillstrugglewiththeirinnerhelicopterparent,theremaybeamiddleway.AnewgenerationofGPScellphoneswithtrackingsoftwaremakeiteasierthanevertofollowachild’severymovementviatheInternet—withoutseemingtointerfereorhover.Ofcourse,whentheygotocollege,theymightstartobjectingtobeingmonitoredasthey’reonparole(假释).　　1.WhenLenoreSkenazy’ssonwasallowedtotakethesubwayalone,he________.　　A．wasafraidthathemightgetlost　　B．enjoyedhavingtheindependence　　C．wasonlytoopleasedtotaketherisk　　D．thoughthewasanexceptionalchild　　2.LenoreSkenazybelievesthatkeepingkidsundercarefulwatch　　A．hinderstheirhealthygrowth　　B．addstoomuchtoparents’expenses　　C．showstraditionalparentalcaution　　D．bucksthelatestparentingtrend　　3.Skenazy’sdecisiontolethersontaketheSubwayalonehasnetwith________.　　A．oppositionfromherownfamily　　B．shareparentingexperience　　C．fightagainstchildabuse　　D．protectchildren’srights　　4.Skenazystartedherownblogto________.　　A．promotesensibleparenting　　B．shareparentingexperience　　C．fightagainstchildabuse　　D．protectchildren’srights　　5.Accordingtotheauthor,NewYorkCity________.　　A．rankshighinroadaccidents　　B．ismuchsafethanbefore　　C．rankslowinchildmortalityrates　　D．islessdangerousthansmallcities　　6.Parentstodayaremorenervousabouttheirkids’safetythanpreviousgenerationsbecause________.　　A．therearenowfewerchildreninthefamily　　B．thenumberoftrafficaccidentshasbeenincreasing　　C．theirfearisamplifiedbymediaexposureofcrime　　D．crimerateshavebeenontheriseovertheyears　　7.Accordingtochildexperts,howandwhenkidsmaybeallowedmorefreedomdependson________.　　A．thetraditionsandcustomsofthecommunity　　B．thesafetyconditionsoftheirneighborhood　　C．theirparents’psychologicalmakeup　　D．theirmaturityandpersonalqualities

23　　8.AccordingtoGallagherandSkenazy,childrenwhoarewatchfulwillbebetterabletostayawayfromUnsafesituations.　　9.Beingabletofindoutwhereachildisanytimehelpslessenparents’Theiranxietyandcontrol.　　10.NowadayswiththehelpofGPScellphones,parentscan,fromadistance,tracktheirchildren’sMovements.　　PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)　　SectionA　　11.A．Fredforgottocallhimlastnightaboutthecampingtrip.　　B．HeisnotgoingtolendhissleepingbagtoFred.　　C．HehasnotseenFredatthegymforsometime.　　D．Fredmayhaveborrowedasleepingbagfromsomeoneelse.　　12.A．Summerhasbecomehotterinrecentyears.　　B．Itwillcooldownabitovertheweekend.　　C．Swimminginapoolhasarelaxingeffect.　　D．Hehopestheweatherforecastisaccurate.　　13.A．TakingapictureofProf.Brown.　　B．Commentingonanoil-painting.　　C．HostingaTVprogram.　　D．Stagingaperformance.　　14.A．Shecanhelpthemantakecareoftheplants.　　B．Mostplantsgrowbetterindirectsunlight.　　C．Theplantsneedtobewateredfrequently.　　D．Theplantsshouldbeplacedinashadyspot.　　15.A．Changetoamoreexcitingchannel.　　B．Seethemoviesomeothertime.　　C．Gotobedearly.　　D．Stayuptilleleven.　　16.A．Bothofthemarelaymenofmodernart.　　B．Shehasbeamedtoappreciatemodemsculptures.　　C．Italianartists’worksaredifficulttounderstand.　　D．Modernartistsaregenerallyconsideredweird.　　17.A．Theyseemsatisfiedwithwhattheyhavedone.　　B．Theyhavecalledallclubmemberstocontribute.　　C．Theythinkthedaycanbecalledamemorableone.　　D．Theyfindithardtoraisemoneyforthehospital.　　18.A．Themanshouldn’thesitatetotakethecourse.　　B．Themanshouldtalkwiththeprofessorfirst.　　C．Thecourseisn’topentoundergraduates.　　D．Thecoursewillrequirealotofreading.　　Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　19.A．Currenttrendsineconomicdevelopment.　　B．Domesticissuesofgeneralsocialconcern.　　C．StoriesaboutBritain’srelationswithothernations.　　D．Conflictsandcompromisesamongpoliticalparties.　　20.A．Basedonthepollofpublicopinions.

24　　B．Byinterviewingpeoplewhofilecomplaints.　　C．Byanalyzingthedomesticandinternationalsituation.　　D．Basedonpublicexpectationsandeditors’judgment.　　21.A．Underlyingrulesofediting.　　B．Practicalexperience.　　C．Audience’sfeedback.　　D．Professionalqualifications.　　Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　22.A．Theaveragelifespanwaslessthan50years.　　B．Itwasverycommonforthemtohave12children.　　C．Theyretiredfromworkmuchearlierthantoday.　　D．Theywerequiteoptimisticabouttheirfuture.　　23.A．Getreadyforecologicalchanges.　　B．Adapttothenewenvironment.　　C．Learntousenewtechnology.　　D．Explorewaystostayyoung.　　24.A．Whenallwomengoouttowork.　　B．Whenfamilyplanningisenforced..　　C．Whenaworldgovernmentissetup.　　D．Whenallpeoplebecomewealthier.　　25.A．Eliminatepovertyandinjustice.　　B．Migratetootherplanets.　　C．Controltheenvironment.　　D．Findinexhaustibleresources.　　SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　26.A．Tohelpyoungpeopleimprovetheirdrivingskills.　　B．Toalertteenagerstothedangersofrecklessdriving.　　C．Toteachyoungpeopleroadmannersthroughvideotapes.　　D．Toshowteensthepenaltiesimposedoncarelessdrivers.　　27.A．Roadaccidents.　　B．Streetviolence.　　C．Drugabuse.　　D．Lungcancer.　　28.A．Ithaschangedteens’wayoflife.　　B．Ithasmadeteensfeellikeadults.　　C．Ithasaccomplisheditsobjective.　　D．Ithasbeensupportedbyparents.PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　29.A．Customersmaygetaddictedtothesmells.　　B．Customersmaybemisledbythesmells.　　C．Ithidesthedefectsofcertaingoods.　　D．Itgivesrisetounfaircompetition.　　30.A．Flexible.　　B．Critical.　　C．Supportive.

25　　D．Cautious.　　31.A．Theflowerscentstimulatedpeople’sdesiretobuy.　　B．Strongersmellshadgreatereffectsonconsumers.　　C．Mostshoppershatedthesmalltheshoestore.　　D．84%ofthecustomerswereunawareofthesmells.PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　32.A．Agoodstrainhitabuscarryingmanypassengers.　　B．Twopassengertrainscrashedintoeachother.　　C．Apassengertraincollidedwithagoodstrain.　　D．Anexpresstrainwasderailedwhenhitbyabomb.　　33.A．Therescueoperationshavenotbeenveryeffective.　　B．Morethan300injuredpassengerswerehospitalized.　　C．Thecauseofthetragicaccidentremainsunknown.　　D．Theexactcasualtyfiguresarenotyetavailable.　　34.A．Therewasabombscare.　　B．Therewasaterroristattack.　　C．Afirealarmwassetoffbymistake.　　D．50poundsofexplosiveswerefound.　　35.A．Followpolicemen’sdirections.　　B．Keepaneyeweather.　　C．Avoidsnow-coveredroads.　　D．Drivewithspecialcare.　　SectionC　　Englishistheleadinginternationallanguage.Indifferentcountriesaroundtheglobe,Englishisacquiredasthemother(36)________,inothersit’susedasasecondlanguage.SomenationsuseEnglishastheir(37)________language,performingthefunctionof(38)________;inothersit’susedasaninternationallanguageforbusiness,(39)________andindustry.　　Whatfactorsandforceshaveledtothe(40)________ofEnglish?WhyisEnglishnowconsideredtobesoprestigiousthat,acrosstheglobe,individualsandsocietiesfeel(41)________iftheydonothave(42)________inthislanguage?HowhasEnglishchangedthrough1,500Years?Thesearesomeofthequestionsthatyou(43)________whenyoustudyEnglish.　　YoualsoexaminetheimmensevariabilityofEnglishand(44)________.Youdevelopin-depthknowledgeoftheintricatestructureofthelanguage.Whydosomenon-nativespeakersofEnglishclaimthatit’sadifficultlanguagetolearn,while(45)________?AttheUniversityofSussex,youareintroducedtothenatureandgrammarofEnglishinallaspects.Thisinvolvesthestudyofsoundstructures,theformationofwords,thesequencingwordsandtheconstructionofmeaning,aswellasexaminationofthetheoriesexplainingtheaspectsofEnglishusage.(46)________,whichareraisedbystudyinghowspeakersandwritersemployEnglishforawidevarietyofpurposes.　　PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)　　SectionA　　Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　ThereisnothingnewaboutTVandfashionmagazinesgivinggirlsunhealthyideasabouthowthintheyneedtobeinordertobeconsideredbeautiful.Whatissurprisingisthemethod

26psychologistsattheUniversityofTexashavecomeupwithtokeepgirlsfromdevelopingeatingdisorders.Theirmainweaponagainstsuperskinny(role)models:abrandofcivildisobediencedubbed“bodyactivism.”　　Since2001,morethan1,000highschoolandcollegestudentsintheU.S.haveparticipatedintheBodyProject,whichworksbygettinggirlstounderstandhowtheyhavebeenbuyingintothenotionthatyouhavetobethintobehappyorsuccessful.Aftercritiquing(评论)theso-calledthinidealbywritingessaysandrole-playingwiththeirpeers,participantsaredirectedtocomeupwithandexecutesmall,nonviolentacts.Theyincludeslippingnotessaying“Loveyourbodythewayitis”intodietingbooksatstoreslikeBordersandwritingletterstoMattel,makersoftheimpossiblyproportionedBarbiedoll.　　AccordingtoastudyinthelatestissueoftheJournalofConsultingandClinicalPsychology,theriskofdevelopingeatingdisorderswasreduced61%amongBodyProjectparticipants.Andtheycontinuedtoexhibitpositivebody-imageattitudesaslongasthreeyearsaftercompletingtheprogram,whichconsists,offourone-hoursessions.Suchlastingeffectsmaybeduetogirls’realizingnotonlyhowtheywerebeinginfluencedbutalsowhowasbenefitingfromthesocietalpressuretobethin.“Thesepeoplewhopromotetheperfectbodyreallydon’tcareaboutyouatall,”saysKelseyHertel,ahighschooljuniorandBodyProjectveteraninEugene,Oregon.“Theypurposefullymakeyoufeellikelessofapersonsoyou’llbuytheirstuffandthey’llmakemoney.”　　47.Weredogirlsgetthenotionthattheyneedtobethininordertobeconsideredbeautiful?　　48.Bypromoting“bodyactivism,”UniversityofTexaspsychologistsaimtoprevent________.　　49.Accordingtotheauthor,Mattel’sBarbiedollsare________.　　50.ThepositiveeffectsoftheBodyProjectmaylastupto________.　　51.OneBodyProjectparticipantsaysthattherealmotiveofthosewhopromotetheperfectbodyisto________.　　SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtles(海龟)havestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlings(幼龟)downtothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.　　ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.　　Whichraisestheobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfor

27theweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.　　Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurs(恐龙)willmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.　　52.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.　　A．humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive　　B．effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout　　C．governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles’extinction　　D．marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction　　53.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness”(Line1,Para.2)?　　A．Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.　　B．Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.　　C．Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.　　D．Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.　　54.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?　　A．Theirinadequatefoodsupply.　　B．Unregulatedcommercialfishing.　　C．Theirlowerreproductivelyability.　　D．Contaminationofseawater　　55.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?　　A．Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.　　B．Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.　　C．Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.　　D．Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.　　56.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto________.　　A．persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles　　B．stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected　　C．callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival　　D．warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies　　PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Therearefewmoresoberingonlineactivitiesthanenteringdataintocollege-tuitioncalculatorsandgaspingastheWebspitsbackasix-figuresum.Buteconomistssayfamiliesabouttogointodebttofundfouryearsofpartying,aswellasstudying,canconsolethemselveswiththeknowledgethatcollegeisaninvestmentthat,unlikemanybankstocks,shouldyieldhugedividends.　　A2008studybytwoHarvardeconomistsnotesthatthe“labor-marketpremiumto

28skill”—ortheamountcollegegraduatesearnedthat’sgreaterthanwhathigh-schoolgraduateearned—decreasedformuchofthe20thcentury,buthascomebackwithavengeance(报复性地)sincethe1980s.In2005,Thetypicalfull-timeyear-roundU.S.workerwithafour-yearcollegedegreeearned$50,900,62%morethanthe$31,500earnedbyaworkerwithonlyahigh-schooldiploma.　　There’snoquestionthatgoingtocollegeisasmarteconomicchoice.Butalookatthestrangevariationsintuitionrevealsthatthechoiceaboutwhichcollegetoattenddoesn’tcomedownmerelytodollarsandcents.DoesgoingtoColumbiaUniversity(tuition,roomandboard$49,260in2007-08)yielda40%greaterreturnthanattendingtheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderasanout-of-statestudent($35,542)?Probablynot.Doesbeinganout-of-statestudentattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderyieldtwicetheamountofincomeasbeinganin-statestudent($17,380)there?Notlikely.　　No,inthisconsumeristage,mostbuyersaren’tevaluatingcollegeasaninvestment,butratherasaconsumerproduct—likeacarorclothesorahouse.Andwithsuchpurchases,priceisonlyoneofmanycrucialfactorstoconsider.　　Aswithautomobiles,consumersintoday’scollegemarketplacehavevastchoices,andpeoplesearchfortheonethatgivesthemthemostcomfortandsatisfactioninlinewiththeirbudgets.Thisaccountsforthewillingnessofpeopletopaymorefordifferenttypesofexperiences(suchasattendingaprivateliberal-artscollegeorgoingtoanout-of-statepublicschoolthathasagreatmarine-biologyprogram).Andjustastwoautopurchasersmightspendanequalamountofmoneyonverydifferentcars,collegestudents(or,moreaccurately,theirparents)oftenshowawillingnesstopayessentiallythesamepriceforvastlydifferentproducts.Sowhichisit?Iscollegeaninvestmentproductlikeastockoraconsumerproductlikeacar?Inkeepingwiththeautomotiveworld’shottestconsumertrend,maybeit’sbesttocharacterizeitasahybrid(混合动力汽车);anexpensiveconsumerproductthat,overtime,willpayrichdividends.　　57.What’stheopinionofeconomistsaboutgoingtocollege?　　A．Hugeamountsofmoneyisbeingwastedoncampussocializing.　　B．Itdoesn’tpaytorunintodebttoreceiveacollegeeducation.　　C．Collegeeducationisrewardinginspiteofthestartlingcosts.　　D．Goingtocollegedoesn’tnecessarilybringtheexpectedreturns.　　58.ThetwoHarvardeconomistsnoteintheirstudythat,formuchofthe20thcentury,________.　　A．enrollmentkeptdecreasinginvirtuallyallAmericancollegesanduniversities　　B．thelabormarketpreferredhigh-schooltocollegegraduates　　C．competitionforuniversityadmissionswasfarmorefiercethantoday　　D．thegapbetweentheearningsofcollegeandhigh-schoolgraduatesnarrowed　　59.Studentswhoattendanin-statecollegeoruniversitycan________.　　A．savemoreontuition　　B．receiveabettereducation　　C．takemoreliberal-artscourses　　D．avoidtravelinglongdistances　　60.Inthisconsumeristage,mostparents________.　　A．regardcollegeeducationasawiseinvestment　　B．placeapremiumontheprestigeoftheCollege　　C．thinkitcrucialtosendtheirchildrentocollege

29　　D．considercollegeeducationaconsumerproduct　　61.Whatisthechiefconsiderationwhenstudentschooseacollegetoday?　　A．Theiremploymentprospectsaftergraduation.　　B．Asatisfyingexperiencewithintheirbudgets.　　C．Itsfacilitiesandlearningenvironment.　　D．Itsrankingamongsimilarinstitutions.　　SomehistoriansaythatthemostimportantcontributionofDwightEisenhower’spresidency(总统任期)inthe1950swastheU.S.interstatehighwaysystem.Itwasa__62__project,easilysurpassingthescaleofsuchprevioushuman__63__asthePanamaCanal.Eisenhower’sinterstatehighways__64__thenationtogetherinnewwaysand__65__majoreconomicgrowthbymakingcommerceless__66__.Today,aninformationsuperhighwayhasbeenbuilt—anelectronicnetworkthat__67__libraries,corporations,governmentagenciesand__68__.ThiselectronicsuperhighwayiscalledtheInternet,__69__itisthebackbone(主干)oftheWorldWideWeb.　　TheInternethadits__70__ina1969U.S.DefenseDepartmentcomputernetworkcalledARPAnet,which__71__AdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork.ThePentagonbuiltthenetworkformilitarycontractorsanduniversitiesdoingmilitaryresearchto__72__information.In1983theNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),__73__missionistopromotescience,tookover.　　ThisnewNSFnetwork__74__moreandmoreinstitutionalusers,mayof__75__hadtheirowninternalnetworks.Forexample,mostuniversitiesthat__76__theNSFnetworkhadintracampuscomputernetworks.TheNSFnetwork__77__becameaconnectorforthousandsofothernetworks.__78__abackbonesystemthatinterconnectsnetworks,internetwasanamethatfit.　　SowecanseethattheInternetisthewiredinfrastructure(基础设施)onwhichweb__79__move.Itbeganasamilitarycommunicationsystem,whichexpandedintoagovernment-funded__80__researchnetwork.　　Today,theInternetisauser-financedsystemtyingintuitionsofmanysortstogether__81__an“informationsuperhighway.”　　62.A．conciseC．massiveB．radicalD．trivial　　63.A．behaviorsC．inventionsB．endeavorsD．elements　　64.A．packedC．suppressedB．stuckD．bound　　65.A．facilitatedC．mobilizedB．modifiedD．terminated　　66.A．competitiveC．exclusiveB．comparativeD．expensive　　67.A．mergesC．relaysB．connectsD．unifies　　68.A．figuresC．individualsB．personalitiesD．humans　　69.A．andC．orB．yetD．while

30　　70.A．samplesC．originsB．sourcesD．precedents　　71.A．stoodbyC．stoodagainstB．stoodforD．stoodover　　72.A．exchangeC．switchB．bypassD．interact　　73.A．theirC．whenB．thatD．whose　　74.A．expandedC．attractedB．contractedD．extended　　75.A．whatC．theseB．whichD．them　　76.A．joinedC．participatedB．attachedD．involved　　77.A．moreoverC．likewiseB．howeverD．then　　78.A．WithC．InB．ByD．As　　79.A．contextsC．messagesB．signsD．leaflets　　80.A．citizenC．amateurB．civilianD．resident　　81.A．intoC．overB．amidD．toward　　PartVITranslation(5minutes)　　82.Withtheoilpriceseverrising,shetriedtotalk________(说服他不买车).　　83.________(保持幽默有助于)reducestressandpromotecreativethinkingintoday’scompetitivesociety..　　84.Whenconfrontedwiththeevidence,________(他不得不坦白自己的罪行).　　85.Whenpeoplesay,“Icanfeelmyearsburning,”itmeanstheythink________(一定有人在说他们坏话).　　86.Shehasdecidedtogoonadiet,butfinds________(很难抵制冰淇淋的诱惑).2008年12月六级真题PartIwriting(30minutes)Howtoimprovestudent'smentalhealth1、大学生的心理健康十分重要2、因此，学校可以......3、我们自己应当......Students'mentalhealthhasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Indeed,itiswidelyacceptedthatithasgainedgrowingpopularityamongpersonsinallwalksoflife.Thereisageneraldiscussiontodayabouttheissueofdisorderinbrains.Obviously,itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakentopreventproblems.Authoritiesinuniversitiesplayacriticalroleinthesituation.Tobeginwith,schools,suchascollegesoruniversities,canprovidechancesfortheyoungmentoeasetheirattention.What'smore,somearephysicallystrong,butpsychologicalproblemsareabletobringpotential

31threats.Teachesmayhaveachancetofindtheminadvance.Besides,specialistsinthisfieldaretoberequiredtomakefullpreparationforcasesintime.Facingthecrisis,expertscandealwithitinaprofessionalway,whichmeanstheyhavemoreorbetteropportunitiestosaveusthanothers.(学校)Fromthefactorsmentionedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthatwecanfreeourselvesfrommentalillnessbytakingcertainprecautions.Forexample,ifyouhavepainsorpuzzlesinmind,findingafriendtoexpresstheseisagoodwaytoreleasepressure.Certainly,thereislittledoubtthatfurtherattentionwillbepaidtotheissue.PartIIReadingComprehension(Skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)Askanyonewhythereisanobesityepidemicandtheywilltellyouthatit’saldowntoeatingtoomuchandburningtoofewcalories.Thatexplanationappealstocommonsenseandhasdominatedeffortstogettotherootoftheobesityepidemicandreverseit/yetobesityresearchersareincreasinglydissatisfiedwithit.Manynowbelievethatsomethingelsemusthavechangedinourenvironmenttoprecipitate(促成)suchdramaticrisesinobesityoverthepast40yearsorso.Nobodyissayingthatthe“bigtwo”–reducedphysicalactivityandincreasedavailabilityoffood–arenotimportantcontributorstotheepidemic,buttheycannotexplainitall.Earlierthisyearareviewpaperby20obesityexpertssetoutthe7mostplausiblealternativeexplanationsfortheepidemic.Heretheyare.1.NotenoughsleepItiswidelybelievedthatsleepisforthebrain,notthebody.Couldashortageofshut-eyealsobehelpingtomakeusfat?Severallarge-scalestudiessuggesttheremaybealink.Peoplewhosleeplessthan7hoursanighttendtohaveahigherbodymassindexthanpeoplewhosleepmore,accordingtodatagatheredbytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Similarly,theUSNurses’HealthStudy,whichtracked68,000womenfor16years,foundthatthosewhosleptanaverageof5hoursanightgainedmoreweightduringthestudyperiodthanwomenwhoslept6hours,whointurngainedmorethanwhosewhoslept7.It’swellknownthatobesityimpairssleep,soperhapspeoplegetfatfirstandsleeplessafterwards.Butthenurses’studysuggeststhatitcanworkintheotherdirectiontoo:sleeplossmayprecipitateweightgain.Althoughgettingfiguresisdifficult,itappearsthatwereallyaresleepingless.In1960peopleintheUSsleptanaverageof8.5hourspernight.A2002pollbytheNationalSleepFoundationsuggeststhattheaveragehasfallentounder7hours,andthedeclineismirroredbytheincreaseinobesity.2.ClimatecontrolWehumans,likeallwarm-bloodedanimals,cankeepourcorebodytemperaturesprettymuchconstantregardlessofwhat’sgoingonintheworldaroundus.Wedothisbyalteringourmetabolic(新陈代新的)rate,shiveringorsweating.Keepingwarmandstayingcooltakeenergyunlessweareinthe“thermo-neutralzone”,whichisincreasinglywherewechoosetoliveandwork.Thereisnodenyingthatambienttemperatures(环境温度)havechangedinthepastfewdecades.Between1970and2000,theaverageBritishhomewarmedfromachilly13Cto18C.IntheUS,thechangeshavebeenattheotherendofthethermometerastheproportionofhomeswithairconditioningsrosefrom23%to47%between1978and1997.Inthesouthernstates–whereobesityratestendtobehighest–thenumberofhouseswithairconditioning

32hasshotupto71%from37%in1978.Couldairconditioninginsummerandheatinginwinterreallymakeadifferencetoourweight?Sadly，thereissomeevidencethatitdoes-atleastwithregardtoheating.Studiesshowthatincomfortabletemperaturesweuselessenergy.3.LesssmokingBadnews:smokersreallydotendtobethinnerthantherestofus,andquittingreallydoespackonthepounds,thoughnooneisnsurewhy.Itprobablyhassomethingtodowiththefactthatnicotineisanappetitesuppressantandappearstoupyourmetabolicrate.KatherineFlegalandcolleagresattheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsinHyattsville,Maryland,havecalculatedthatpeoplekickingthehabithavebeenrespousibleforasmallbutsignificantportionoftheUSepidemicoffatness.Fromdatacollectedaroud1991bytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,theyworkedoutthatpeoplewhohadquitinthepreviousdecadeweremuchmorelikelytobeoverweightthansmokersandpeoplewhohadneversmoked.Amongmen,forexample,nearlyhalfofquitterswereoverweightcomparedwith37%ofnon-smokersandonly28%ofsmokers.4.GeneticeffectsYourschancesofbecomingfatmaybeset,atleastinpart,beforeyouwereevenborn.childrenofboesemothersaremuchmorelikelytobecomeobestthemselveslaterinlife.Offspringofmicefedahigh-fatdietduringpregnancyaremuchmorelikelytobecomefatthantheoffspringofidenticalmicefedanormaldiet.Intriguingly,theeffectpersistsfortwoorthreegenerations.Grand-childrenofmicefedahigh-fatdietgrowupfateveniftheirownmotherisfednormally-soyoufatemayhavebeensealedevenbeforeyouwereconceived.5.Alittleolder…Somegroupsofpeoplejusthappentobefatterthanothers.surveyscarriedoutbytheUSnationalcenterforhealthstatistiesfoundthatadultsaged40to79werearoundthreetimesaslikelytobeobeseasyoungerpeople.non-whitefemalesalsotendtofallatthefatterendofthespectreum:Mexican-americanwomenare30%morelikelythanwhitewomentobeobsess,andblackwomenhavetwicetherisk.IntheUS,thesegroupsaccountforanincreasingpercentageofthepopulation.between1970and2000theUSpopulationaged35to44grewby43%.theproportionofHispanic-americansalsogrew,fromunder5%to12.5%ofthepopulation,whiletheproportionofblackAmericansincreasedfrom11%to12.3%.thesechangesmayaccountinpartfortheincreasedprevalenceofobesity.6.maturemumsMothersaroundtheworldaregettingolder.intheUK,themeanageforavingafristchildis27.3,comparedwith23.7in1970.meanageatfristbirthintheUShasalsoincreased,risingfrom21.4in1970to24.9in2000.Thiswouldbeneitherherenorthereifitwere’tfortheobservationthathavinganoldermotherseemstobeanindependentriskfactorforobesity.ResultsfromtheUSnationalheart,lungandbloodinstitute’sstudyfoundthattheoddsofachildbeingobeseincrease14%foreveryfiveextrayearsoftheirmother’sage,thoughwhythisshouldbesoisnotentirelyclear.MichaelSymondsattheuniversityofNottingham,UK,foundthatfirst-bronchildrenhavemorefatthanyoungerones.Asfamilysizedecreases,firstbronsaccountforagreathershareofthepopulation.In1964,britishwomengavebirthtoanaverageof2.95children;by2005

33thatfigurehadfallento1.79.intheUSin1976,9.6%ofwomanintheir40shadonlyonechile;in2004itwas17.4%.thiscombinationofoldermothersandmoresinglechildrencouldbecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.7.LikemarryinglikeJustaspeoplepairoffaccordingtolooks,sotheydoforsize.Leanpeoplearemorelikelytomarryleanandfatmorelikelytomarryfat.Onitsown,likemarryinglikecannotaccountforanyincreaseinobesity.Butcombinedwithothers-particularlythefactthatobesityispartlygenetic,andthatheavierpeoplehavemorechildren-itamplifiestheincreaseformothercauses.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)effectsofobesityonpeople’shealthB)thelinkbetweenlifestyleanobesityC)NewexplanationsfortheobesityepidemicD)possiblewaystocombattheobesityepidemic2.IntheUSNurse'HealthStudy,womenwhosleptanaverageof7houranight____A)gainedtheleastweightB)wereinclinedtoeatlessC)foundtheirvigorenhancedD)werelesssusceptibletoillness3.Thepopularbeliefaboutobesityisthat______A)itmakesussleepyB)itcausessleeplossC)itincreasesourappetiteD)itresultsfromlackofsleep4.Howdoesindoorheatingaffectourlife?A)itmakesusstayindoorsmoreB)itacceleratesourmetabolicrateC)itmakesusfeelmoreenergeticD)itcontributestoourweightgain5.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheeffectofnicotineonsmokers?A)itthreatenstheirhealthB)itheightenstheirspiritsC)itsuppressestheirappetiteD)itslowsdowntheirmetabolism6.WhoaremostlikelytobeoverweightaccordingtoKatherineFlegal’sstudy?A)heavysmokersB)passivesmokersC)thosewhoneversmokeD)thosewhoquitsmoking7.AccordingtotheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,theincreasingobesityintheUSisaresultof_____A)thegrowingnumberofsmokersamongyoungpeopleB)therisingproportionofminoritiesinitspopulationC)theincreasingconsumptionofhigh-caloriefoodsD)theimprovinglivingstandardsofthepoorpeople8.accordingtotheUSNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstitute,thereasonwhyoldermothers’

34childrentendtobeobeseremainsnotentirelyclear9.AccordingtoMichaelSymonds,onefactorcontributingtotheobesityepidemicisdecreaseoffamilysize10whentwoheavypeoplegetmarried,chancesoftheirchildrengettingfatincrease,becauseobesityispartygenetizPartIIISectionA11.A)HeisquiteeasytorecognizeB)heisanoutstandingspeakerC)helookslikeamoviestarD)helooksyoungforhisage12.A)consultherdancingteacherB)takeamoreinterestingclassC)continueherdancingclassD)improveherdancingskills13.A)themandidnotbelievewhatthewomansaidB)themanaccompaniedthewomantothehospitalC)thewomanmaybesufferingfromrepetitivestraininjuryD)thewomanmaynotfollowedthedoctor’sinstructions14.A)theyarenotinstyleanymoreB)theyhavecosthimfartoomuchC)theynolongersuithiseyesightD)theyshouldbecleanedregularly15.A)hespilledhisdrinkontothefloorB)hehasjustfinishedwipingthefloorC)hewascaughtinashoweronhiswayhomeD)herushedoutofthebathtoanswerthephone16.A)fixingsomefurnitureB)repairingthetoytrainC)readingtheinstructionsD)assemblingthebookcase17.A)urgeJennytospendmoretimeonstudyB)helpJennytoprepareforthecomingexamsC)acttowardsJennyinamoresensiblewayD)sendJennytoavolleyballtrainingcenter18.A)ThebuildingofthedamneedsalargebudgetB)theproposedsiteisneartheresidentialareaC)thelocalpeoplefelinsecureaboutthedamD)thedamposesathreattothelocalenvironmentQuestion19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard19A.ItsawtheendofitsboomingyearsworldwideB.Itsproductionandsalesreachedrecordlevels.C.ItbecamepopularinsomeforeigncountriesD.Itsdomesticmarketstartedtoshrinkrapidly.20.A.Theycostless.C.Theywereinfashion.B.Theytastedbetter.D.Theywerewidelyadvertised.

3521.A.Itissuretofluctuate.C.Itwillremainbasicallystable.B.Itisboundtorevive.D.ItwillseenomoremonopolyQuestion22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard22.A.OrganisingprotestsC.Actingasitsspokesman.B.RecruitingmembersD.Savingendangeredanimals.23.A.Anti-animal-abusedemonstrationsB.Anti-nuclearcampaignsC.SurveyingtheAtlanticOceanfloorD.Removingindustrialwaste.24.A.Byharassingthem.C.Bytakinglegalaction.B.ByappealingtothepublicD.Byresortingtoforce.25.A.DoubtfulC.Indifferent.B.ReservedD.SupportiveQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A,Theairbecomesstill.C.Thecloudsblockthesun.B.Theairpressureislow.D.Theskyappearsbrighter.27.A.Ancientpeoplewerebetteratforetellingtheweather.B.Sailors’sayingabouttheweatherareunreliable.C.Peopleknewlongagohowtopredicttheweather.D.Itwaseasitertoforecasttheweatherintheolddays.28A.Weatherforecastisgettingmoreaccuratetoday.B.PeoplecanpredicttheweatherbytheirsensesC.Whoaretherealespertsinweatherforecast.D.Weatherchangesaffectpeople’sliferemarkablyQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.A.Theyoftenfeelinsecureabouttheirjobs.B.Theyareunabletodecidewhattodofirst.C.Theyarefeelburdenedwithnumeroustaskseveryday.Dtheyfeelburdenedwithnumeroustaskseveryday30A.Analyzethemrationally.C.Turntoothersforhelp.B.Drawadetailedto-dolist.D.Handlethemonebyone.31.A.Theyhaveaccomplishedlittle.C.Theyhaveworkedoutawaytorelax.B.Theyfeelutterlyexhausted.D.Theynolongerfeelanysenseofguilt.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.A.Theirperformancemayimprove.B.TheirimmunesystemmaybereinforcedC.Theirbloodpressuremayriseallofasudden.D.Theirphysicaldevelopmentmaybeenhanced.33.A.ImprovedmentalfunctioningC.SpeedingupofbloodcirculationB.IncreasedsusceptibilitytodiseaseD.Reductionofstress-relatedhormones34.A.Pretendtobeinbettershape.C.TurnmoreoftentofriendsforhelpB.Havemorephysicalexercise.D.Paymoreattentiontobodilysensations.35.A.Differentapproachestocopingwithstress.B.Variouscausesforserioushealthproblems.C.Therelationshipbetweenstressandillness.D.Newfindingofmedicalresearchonstress.SectionC

36Oneofthemostcommonimagesofanadvanced,Western-stylecultureisthatofabusy,traffic-filledcity.Sincetheirfirst(36)______onAmericanroadways,automobileshavebecomea(37)______ofprogress,asourceofthousandsofjobsandanalmostinalienablerightforcitizens’personalfreedomofmovement.Inrecent(38)_______,our“loveaffair”withthecarisbeing(39)________directlytothedevelopingworld,anditisincreasingly(40)_______thatthistransferisleadingtodisaster.American’salmostcompletedependenceonautomobileshasbeenaterriblemistake.Aslateasthe1950s,alarge(41)________oftheAmericanpublicusedmasstransit.A(42)________ofpublicpolicydecisionsandcorporateschemingsawtoitthatcountless(43)________andefficienturbanstreetcarandintra-cityrailsystemsweredismantled.(44)___________________________________________________.Ourliveshavebeenplannedalongaroadgrid—homesfarfromwork,shoppingfarfromeverything,withuglystretchesofconcreteandblacktopinbetween.DevelopingcountriesarecopyingWestern-styletransportationsystemsdowntothelastdetail.(45)_________________________________________________________.Pollutioncontrolmeasuresareeithernotstrictornonexistent,leadingtochokingcloudsofsmog.Gasolinestillcontainslead,whichisextremelypoisonoustohumans.(46)_____________________________________________________________________.Inadditiontopollutionandtrafficjams,autosafetyisacriticalissueindevelopingnations.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Oneofthemajorproducersofathleticfootwear,with2002salesofover$10billion,isacompanycalledNike,withcorporateheadquartersinBeaverton,Oregon.ForbesmagazineidentifiedNike’spresident,PhilipKnight,asthe53rd-richestmanintheworldin2004.ButNikehasnotalwaysbeenalargemultimillion-dollarorganization.Infact,Knightstartedthecompanybysellingshoesfromthebackofhiscarattrackmeets.Inthelate1950sPhilipKnightwasamiddle-distancerunnerontheUniversityofOregontrackteam,coachedbyBillBowerman.OneofthetoptrackcoachesintheU.S.,Bowermanwasalsoknownforexperimentingwiththedesignofrunningshoesinanattempttomakethemlighterandmoreshock-absorbent.AfterattendingOregon,KnightmovedontodograduateworkatStanfordUniversity;hisMBAthesiswasonmarketingathleticshoes.Oncehereceivedhisdegree,KnighttraveledtoJapantocontacttheOnitsukaTigerCompany,amanufacturerofathleticshoes.Knightconvincedthecompany’sofficialsofthepotentialforitsproductintheU.S.In1963hereceivedhisfirstshipmentofTigershoes,200pairsintotal.In1964,KnightandBowermancontributed$500eachtofromBlueRibbonSports,thepredecessorofNike.Inthefirstfewyears,Knightdistributedshoesoutofhiscaratlocaltrackmeets.ThefirstemployeeshiredbyKnightwereformercollegeathletes.Thecompanydidnothavethemoneytohire“experts”,andtherewasnoestablishedathleticfootwearindustryinNorthAmericafromwhichtorecruitthoseknowledgeableinthefield.Initsearlyyearstheorganizationoperatedinanunconventionalmannerthatcharacterizeditsinnovativeandentrepreneurialapproachtotheindustry.Communicationwasinformal;peoplediscussedideasandissuesinthehallways,onarun,oroverabeer.Therewaslittletaskdifferentiation.Therewerenojobdescriptions,rigidreportingsystems,ordetailedrulesandregulations.TheteamspiritandsharedvaluesoftheathletesonBowerman’steamscarriedoverandprovidedthebasisforthecollegialstyleofmanagementthatcharacterizedtheearlyyearsofNikes.47.Whileservingasatrackcoach,Bowermantriedtodesignrunningshoesthatwerelighter

37andmoreshock-absorbent.48.DuringhisvisittoJapan,KnightconvincedtheofficialsoftheOnitsukaTigerCompanythatitsproductwouldhavepotentialsintheU.S.49.BlueRibbonSportsasunabletohireexpertsduetotheabsenceofestablishedathleticfootwearinNorthAmerica.50.IntheearlyyearsofNike,communicationwithinthecompanywasusuallycarriedoutinformally.51.WhatqualitiesofBowerman’steamsformedthebasisofNike’searlymanagementstyle?Theteamspiritandsharedvalvesoftheathlets.PartBPassageonequestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassagesustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteberythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistrorcalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandsheleredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.competionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.however,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountricsisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswaylandisused.therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromspaintotheUKIslessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.52.Howdopeopleofenmeasureprogressinagriculture?A)ByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheenvironmetB)ByitssustainabilityD)Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

3853.Specialisationandtheefforttoinceaseyieldshaveesultedin________.A)LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromoverseasB)theshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofbiodiversity54.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?A)TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB)TheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowthC)TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD)Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly55.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcenturyA)ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB)ItwillsupplymoreanimalproductsC)ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD)Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment56Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)ToremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopmentB)TosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproductionC)ToadancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogressD)TourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureisPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassageThepercentageofimmigrants(includingthoseunlawfullypresent)intheUnitedstateshasbeencreepingupwardforyears.At12.6percent,itisnowhigherthanatanypointincethemid1920sWearenotabouttogobacktothedayswhenCongressopenlyworriedaboutinferiorracespolluingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortfonecomers.Theirloudestcitecsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thanthirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinme.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoudasimilarendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemiredinaseeminglystateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandyrdschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforany儿童会nicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tfoveverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.

39Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelasestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.57.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?A)Theywereofinferiorraces.B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorruption.C)Theywereathreattothenation’ssecurity.D)Theywerepartofthenation’sbloodstream.58.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewimmigrants?A)TheywillbeadynamicworkforceintheU.S.B)Theycandojustaswellastheirpredecessors.C)Theywillbeverydisappointedonthenewland.D)Theymayfindithardtofitintothemainstream.59.WhatdoesEdwardTelles’researchsayaboutMexican-Americans?A)Theymayslowluimprovefromgenerationtogeneration.B)Theywilldobetterintermsofdeucationlattainment.C)TheywillmeltintotheAfrican-Americancommunity.D)Theymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.60.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?A)Ridthemoftheirinferioritycomplex.B)UrgethemtoadoptAmericancustoms.C)preventthemfrombeingmarginalized.D)TeachthemstandardAmericanEnglish.61.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationgis_______.A)howtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withoutdocumentsB)howtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericansocietyC)howtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingthecorderD)howtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoentertheU.S.PartVCloze（15minutes）Individualsandbusinesseshavelegalprotectionforintellectualpropertytheycreateandown.Intellectualproper__62__fromcreativethinkingandmayincludeproducts,__63__,processes,andideas.Intellectualpropertyisprotected__64__misappropriation(盗用).MisappropriationistakingtheIntellectualpropertyofotherswithour__65__compensationandusingitformonetarygain.Legalprotectionisprovidedforthe__66__ofintellectualproperty.Thethreecommontypesoflegalprotectionarepatents,copyrights,andtrademarks.Patentsprovideexclusiveuseof62.[A]retrieves[B]deviates[C]results[D]departs63.[A]services[B]reserves[C]assumptions[D]motions64.[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]from65.[A]sound[B]partial[C]due[D]random66.[A]users[B]owners[C]masters[D]executives67.[A]affords[B]affiliates[C]funds[D]grants68.[A]solemn[B]sober[C]unique[D]universal69.[A]perspective[B]

40inventions.IftheUSpatentoffice__67__apatent,itisconfirmingthattheintellectualpropertyis__68__.Thepatentpreventsothersfrommaking,using,orsellingtheinventionwithouttheowner’s__69__foraperiodof20years.Copyrightsaresimilartopatents__70__thattheyareappliedtoartisticworks.Acopyrightprotectsthecreatorofan__72__artisiticorintellectualwork,suchasasongoranovel.Acopyrightgivestheownerexclusiverightstocopy,__72__display,orperformthework..Thecopyrightpreventsothersfromusingandsellingthework,the__73__ofacopyrightistypicallythelifetimeoftheauthor__74__anadditional70years.Trademarksarewords,names,orsymbolsthatidentifythemanufacturerofaproductand__75__itfromsimilargoodsofothers.Aservicemarkissimilartoatrademark__76__isusedtoidentifyservices.Atrademarkpreventsothersfromusingthe__77__orasimilarword,name,orsymboltotakeadvantageoftherecognitionand__78__ofthebrandortocreateconfusioninthemarketplace.__79__registration,atrademarkisusuallygrantedforaperiodoftenyears.Itcanbe__80__foradditionalten-yearperiodsindefinitelyas__81__asthemark’susecontinues.permission[C]conformity[D]consensus70.[A]except[B]besides[C]beyond[D]despite71.[A]absolute[B]alternative[C]original[D]orthodox72.[A]presume[B]stimulate[C]nominate[D]distribute73.[A]range[B]length[C]scale[D]extent74.[A]plus[B]versus[C]via[D]until75.[A]distract[B]differ[C]distinguish[D]disconnect76.[A]or[B]but[C]so[D]whereas77.[A]identical[B]analogical[C]literal[D]parallel78.[A]ambiguity[B]utility[C]popularity[D]proximity79.[A]from[B]over[C]before[D]upon80.[A]recurred[B]renewed[C]recalled[D]recovered81.[A]long[B]soon[C]far[D]wellPartVITranslation(5minutes)82.Hedesignedthefirstsuspensionbridge,which____________(把美观与功能完美地结合起来)。83．Itwasverydark,butMaryseemedto____________________(本能地知道该走哪条路。)84.Idon’tthinkitadvisablethatparents___________(剥夺孩子们的自由)tospendtheirsparetimeastheywish.85.Olderadultswhohaveahighlevelofdailyactivitieshavemoreenergyand________（与不那么活跃的人相比死亡率要低）。86．Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss’sattentionbydemonstrating___________（为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选）。2008年6月21日大学英语六级真题PartⅠWriting(30minutes)

41WillE-booksReplaceTraditionalBooks?　　1.随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多　　2.有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书，理由是……　　3.我的看法PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Whatwilltheworldbelikeinfiftyyears?Thisweeksometopscientists,includingNobelPrizewinners,gavetheirvisionofhowtheworldwilllookin2056,frongas-poweredcarstoextraordinaryhealthadvances,JohnInghamreportsonwhattheworld’sfinestmindsbelieveourfutureswillbe.Forthoseofusluckyenoughtolivethatlong,2056willbeaworldofalmostperpetualyouth,whereobesityisaremotememoryandrobotsbecomeourcompanions.Wewillberubbingshoulderswithaliensandcolonizingouterspace.Betterstill,ourdescendantsmightatlastliveinaworldatpeacewithitself.Thepredictionisthatwewillhavefoundasourceofinexbaustible,safe,greenenergy,andthatsciencewillhavekilledoffreligion.Iftheyarerightwewillhaveremovedtwoofthemaincausesofwar-ourdependenceonoilandreligiousprejudice.Willwereally,astoday’sscientistsclaim,beabletoliveforeveroratleastcheattheageingprocesssothattheaveragepersonlivesto150?Ofcourse,allthesepredictionscomewithascientifichealthwarning.HarvardprofessorStevenPinkersays:“Thisisaninvitationtolookfoolish,aswiththepredictionsofdomedcitiesandnuclear-poweredvacuumcleanersthatweremade50yearago.”LivinglongerAnthonyAtala,directoroftheWakeForestInstituteinNorthCarolina,belivesfailingorganswillberepairedbyinjectingcellsintothebody.Theywillnaturallytostraighttotheinjuryandhelphealit.Asystemofinjectionswithoutneedlescouldalsoslowtheageingprocessbyusingthesameprocessto“tune”cells.BruceLahn,professorofhumangeneticsattheUniversityofChicago,anticipatestheabilitytoproduce“unlimitedsupplies”oftransplantablehumanorganswithouttheneededaneworgan,suchaskidney,thesurgeonwouldcontactacommercialorganproducer,givehimthepatient’simmuno-logicalprofileandwouldthenbesentakidneywiththecorrecttissuetype.Theseorganswouldbeentirelycomposedofhumancells,grownbyintroducingthemintoanimalhosts,andalloweingthemtodeveoopintoandorganinplaceoftheanimal’sown.ButProf.Lahnbelievesthatfarmedbrainswouldbe“offlimits”.Hesays:“Veryfewpeoplewouldwanttohavetheirbrainsreplacedbysomeoneelse’sandweprobablydon’twanttoputahumanbrainingananimalbody.”RichardMiller,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan,thinksscientistcoulddevelop“anthenticanti-ageingdrugs”byworkingouthowcellsinlargeranimalssuchaswhalesandhumanresistmanyformsofinjuries.Hesays:“It’sisnowroutine,inlaboratorymammals,toextendlifespanbyabout40%.Turningonthesameprotectivesystemsinpeopleshould,by2056,createthefirstclassof100-year-oldswhoareasvigorousandproductiveastoday’speopleintheir60s”AliensConlinPillinger,professorofplanerarysciencesattheOpenUniversity,says:”Ifancythat

42atleastwewillbeabletoshowthatlifedidistarttoevolveonMarswellasEarth.”Within50yearshehopesscientistswillprovethatalienlifecamehereinMartianmeteorites(陨石).ChrisMcKay,aplanetaryscientistatNASA’sAmesResearchCenter.believesthatin50yearswemayfindevidenceofalienlifeinancientpermanentforstofMarsoronotherplaners.Headds:”ThereisevenachancewewillfindalienlifeformshereonEarth.ItmightbeasdifferentasEnglishistoChinese.PricetonprofessorFreemanDysonthinksit“likely”thatlifeformouterspacewillbediscovereddefore2056becausethetoolsforfindingit,suchasopticalandradiodetectionanddataprocessing,areimproving.Heays:”Assoonasthefirstevidenceisfound,wewillknowwhattolookforandadditionaldiscoveriesarelikelytofollowquickly.Suchdiscoveriesarelikelytohaverevolutionaryconsequencesforbiology,astronomyandphilosophy.Theymaychangethewaywelookatourselvesandourplaceintheuniverse.ColoniesinspaceRichardGottprofessorofastrophysicsatPrinceton,hopesmanwillsetupaself-sufficientcolonyonMars,whichwouldbea“lifeinsurancepolicyagainstwhatevercatastrophes,naturalorotherwise,mightoccuronEarth.“TherealspaceraceiswhetherwewillcoloniseoffEarthontootherworldsbeforemoneyforthespaceprogrammerunsout.”SpinalinjuriesEllenHeber-Katz,aprofessorattheWistarInstitudeinPhiladelphia,foreseescuresforinijuriescausingparalysissuchastheonethatafflicatedSupermanstarChristopherReeve.Shesays:”Ibelievethatthedayisnotfaroffwhenwewillbeabletoprofescribedrugsthatcauseseveres(断裂的)spinalcordstoheal,heartstoregenerateandlostlimbstoregrow.“Peoplewillcometoexpectthatinjuredordiseasedorgansaremeanttoberepairedfromwithin,inmuchthesamewaythatwefixanapplianceorautomobile:byreplancingthedamagedpartwithamanufacturer-certifiednewpart.”Shepredictthatwithin5to10yearsfingersandtoeswillberegrownandlimbswillstarttoberegrownafewyearslater.Repariestothenervoussystemwillstartwithopticnervesand,intime,thespinalcord.”Within50yearswholebodyreplacementwillberoutine,”Prof.Heber-Katzadds.ObesitySydneyBrenner,seniordistinguishedfellowoftheCrick-JacobsCenterinCalifornia,wonthe2002NoblelPrizeforMedicineandsaysthatifthereisaglobaldisastersomehumanswillsurvive-andevolitionwillfavoursmallpeoplewithbodieslargeenoughtosupporttherequiredamountofbrainpower.”Obesity,”hesays.”willhavebeensolved.”RobotsRodneyBrooks,professorofroboticeatMIT,saystheproblemsofdevelopingartificialintelligenceforrobotswillbeatleastpartlyovercome.Asaresult,”thepossibilitiesforrobotsworkingwithpeoplewillopenupimmensely”EnergyBillJoy,greentechnologyexpertinCalifomia,says:”Themostsignificantbreakthroughtwouldbetohaveaninexhaustiblesourceofsafe,greenenergythatissubstantially

43cheaperthananyexistingenergysource.”Ideally,suchasourcewouldbesafeinthatitcouldnotbemadeintoweaponsandwouldnotmakehazardousortoxicwasteorcarbondioxide,themaingreenhousegasblamedforglobalwarming.SocietyGeoffreyMiller,evolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofNewMexico,says:”TheUSwillfollowtheUKinrealizingthatreligionisnoraprerequisite(前提)forordinaryhumandecency.“This,sciencewillkillreligion-notbyreasonchallengingfaithbutbyofferingamorepractical,uniwersalandrewardingmoralframeworkforhumaninteraction.”Healsopredictsthat“ahsurdlywasteful”displaysofwealthwillbecomeumfashionablewhiletheimportanceofclose-knitcommunitiesandfamilieswillbecomeclearer.Thesetherechanger,hesays,willhelpmakeusall”brighe\ter,wiser,happierandkinder”.1.Whatisjohnlngham’sreportabout?A)AsolutiontotheglobalenergycrisisB)Extraordinaryadvancesintechnology.C)ThelatestdevelopmentsofmedicalscienceD)Scientists’visionoftheworldinhalfacentury2.AccordingtoHarvardprofessorStevenPinker,predictionsaboutthefuture_____.A)mayinvitetroubleB)maynotcometrueC)willfoolthepublicD)domoreharmthangood3.ProfessorBruceLahnoftheUniversityofChicagopredictsthat____.A)humanswon’thavetodonateorgansfortransplantationB)morepeoplewilldonatetheirorgansfortransplantationC)animalorganscouldbetransplantedintohumanbodiesD)organtransplantationwon’tbeasscaryasitistoday4.AccordingtoprofessorRichardMilleroftheUniversityofMichigarr,proplewill____.A)lifeforaslongastheywishB)berelievedfromallsufferingsC)lifeto100andmorewithvitalityD)beabletolivelongerthanwhales5.PricetonprofessorFreemanSysonthinksthat____.A)scientistswillfindalienlifesimilartooursB)humanswillbeabletosettleonMarsC)alienlifewilllikelybediscoveredD)lifewillstarttoevolveonMars6.AccordingtoPrincetonprofessorRichardGott,bysettingupaself-sufficientcolonyonMars,Humans_____.A)MightsurvieallcatastrophesonearthB)MightacquireamplenaturalresourcesC)WillbeabletotraveltoMarsfreelyD)Willmovetheretoliveabetterlife

447.EllenHeber-Katz,professorattheWistarInstitueinPhiladelpia,predictsthat_____.A)humanorganscanbumanufacturedlikeappliancesB)peoplewillbeasstronganddymamicassupermenC)humannervescanbereplancedbyopticfibersD)lostfingersandlimbswillbeabletoregrow8.rodneyBrookssaysthatitwillbepossibleforrobotstoworkwithhumansasaresultorthedevelopmentof__artificaialintelligenceforrobots_____9.ThemostsignificantbreakthroughpredictedbyBilljoywillbeaninexhaustiblegreenenergysourcethatcan’tbeusedtomake__pollutions___________10AccordingtoGeoffreyMiller,sciencewillofferamorepractical,universalandrewardingmoralframeworkinplaceof_________religion_______PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionA11.A)ThemanmightbeabletoplayintheWorldCup.B)Theman’sfootballcareerseemstobeatanend.C)Themanwasoperatedonafewweeksago.D)Themanisafanofworld-famousfootballplayers.12.A)WorkoutaplantotightenhisbudgetB)Findouttheopeninghoursofthecafeteria.C)Applyforaseniorpositionintherestaurant.D)Solvehisproblembydoingapart-timejob.13.A)Afinancialburden.C)Arealnuisance.B)AgoodcompanionD)Awell-trainedpet.14.A)Theerrorswillbecorrectedsoon.C)Thecomputingsystemistoocomplex.B)Thewomanwasmistakenherself.D)Hehascalledthewomanseveraltimes.15.A)Heneedshelptoretrievehisfiles.C)Heneedssometimetopolishhispaper.B)Hehastotypehispaperoncemore.D)Hewillbeawayforatwo-weekconference.16.A)Theymighthavetochangetheirplan.B)Hehasgoteverythingsetfortheirtrip.C)Hehasaheavierworkloadthanthewoman.D)TheycouldstayinthemountainsuntilJune8.17.A)Theyhavewaitamonthtoapplyforastudentloan.B)Theycanfindtheapplicationformsinthebrochure.C)Theyarenoteligibleforastudentloan.D)Theyarenotlateforaloanapplication.18.A)Newlawsareyettobemadetoreducepollutantrelease.B)Pollutionhasattractedlittleattentionfromthepublic.C)Thequalityofairwillsurelychangeforthebetter.D)It’lltakeyearstobringairpollutionundercontrol.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.A)Enormoussizeofitsstores.C)Itsappealingsurroundings.B)Numerousvarietiesoffood.D)Itsrichandcolorfulhistory.20.A)Anancientbuilding.C)AnEgyptianmuseum.B)Aworldofantiques.D)AnEgyptianMemorial.

4521.A)Itspowerbillreaches$9millionayear.B)Itsellsthousandsoflightbulbsaday.C)Itsuppliespowertoanearbytown.D)Itgenerates70%oftheelectricityituses.22.A)11,500C)250,000B)30,000D)300,000Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.A)Transferringtoanotherdepartment.C)Thinkingaboutdoingadifferentjob.B)StudyingaccountingatauniversityD)Makingpreparationforherwedding.24.A)Shehasfinallygotapromotionandapayraise.B)Shehasgotasatisfactoryjobinanothercompany.C)Shecouldatlastleavetheaccountingdepartment.D)Shemanagedtokeepherpositioninthecompany.25.A)HeandAndreahaveprovedtobeaperfectmatch.B)Hechangedhismindaboutmarriageunexpectedly.C)Hedeclaredthathewouldremainsingleallhislife.D)HewouldmarryAndreaevenwithoutmeetingher.SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A)Theyaremotorcyclesdesignatedforwatersports.B)Theyarespeedyboatsrestrictedinnarrowwaterways.C)Theyarebecominganefficientformofwatertransportation.D)Theyaregettingmorepopularasameansorwaterrecreation.27.A)Waterscooteroperators’lackofexperience.B)Vacationers’disregardofwatersafetyrules.C)Overloadingofsmallboatsandothercraft.D)Carelessnessofpeopleboatingalongtheshore.28.A)Theyscarewhalestodeath.C)Theydischargetoxicemissions.B)Theyproducetoomuchnoise.D)Theyendangerlotsofwaterlife.29.A)Expandoperatingareas.C)Limittheuseofwaterscooters.B)Restrictoperatinghours.D)Enforcenecessaryregulations.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.A)Theyarestable.C)Theyarestrained.C)Theyareclose.D)Theyarechanging.31.A)Theyarefullyoccupiedwiththeirownbusiness.B)Notmanyofthemstayinthesameplaceforlong.C)Notmanyofthemcanwintrustfromtheirneighbors.D)Theyattachlessimportancetointerpersonalrelations.32.A)Countoneachotherforhelp.C)Keepafriendlydistance.B)Giveeachotheracoldshoulder.D)Buildafencebetweenthem.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.A)Itmayproduceanincreasingnumberofidleyoungsters.B)ItmayaffectthequalityofhighereducationinAmerica.C)Itmaycausemanyschoolstogooutofoperation.D)Itmayleadtoalackofproperlyeducatedworkers.

4634．A）Itislessseriousincitiesthaninruralareas.B)Itaffectsbothjuniorandseniorhighschools.C)Itresultsfromaworseningeconomicclimate.D)ItisanewchallengefacingAmericaneducators.35.A)Allowingthemtochoosetheirfavoriteteachers.B)Creatingamorerelaxedlearningenvironment.C)Rewardingexcellentacademicperformance.D)Helpingthemtodevelopbetterstudyhabits.SectionCCompoundDictation不完整I'minterestedinthecriminaljusticesystemofourcountry.Itseemstomethatsomethinghastobedoneifwearetosurviveasacountry.Icertainlydon'tknowwhattheanswerstoourproblemsare.Thingscertainlygetcomplicatedinahurrywhenyougetintothem.ButIwonderifsomethingcouldn'tbedonetodealwithsomeoftheseproblems.OnethingI'mconcernedaboutisourpracticeofputtingoffendersinjailwhohaven'tharmedanyone.Whynotworkoutsomesystemwherebytheycanpaybackthedebtstheyowesocietyinsteadofincurringanotherdebtbygoingtoprison,andofcourse,comingundertheinfluenceofhardenedcriminals?I'malsoconcernedabouttheshortprisonsentencespeopleareservingforseriouscrimes.Ofcourse,onealternativetothisistorestorecapitalpunishment,butI'mnotsureIwouldbeforthat.I'mnotsureit'srighttotakeaneyeforeye.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ifmovietrailers(预告片)aresupposedtocauseareaction,thepreviewfor"United93"morethansucceeds.Featuringnofamousactors,itbeginswithimagesofabeautifulmorningandpassengersboardinganairplane.Ittakesyouaminutetorealizewhatthemovie'sevenabout.That’swhenaplanehitstheWorldTradeCenter.theeffectisvisceral(震撼心灵的).Whenthetrailerplayedbefore"InsideMan"lastweekataHollywoodtheater,audiencemembersbegancallingout,"Toosoon!"InNewYorkCity,theresponsewasevenmoredramatic.TheLoewstheaterinManhattantooktherarestepofpullingthetrailerfromitsscreensafterseveralcomplaints."United93"isthefirstfeaturefilmtodealexplicitlywiththeeventsofSeptember11,2001,andiscertaintoigniteanemotionaldebate.Isittoosoon?Shouldthefilmhavebeenmadeatall?Moretothepoint,willanyonewanttoseeit?Other9/11projectsareonthewayasthefifthanniversaryoftheattacksapproaches,mostnotablyOliverStone's"WorldTradeCenter."butastheforerunner,"United93"willtakemostoftheheat,whetheritdeservesitornot.TherealUnited93crashedinaPennsylvaniafieldafter40passengersandcrewfoughtbackagainsttheterrorists.Writer-directorPaulGreengrasshasgonetogreatlengthstoberespectfulinhisdepictionofwhatoccurred,proceedingwiththefilmonlyaftersecuringtheapprovalofeveryvictim'sfamily."WasIsurprisedattheagreement?Yes.Very.Usuallythere’reoneortwofamilieswho'remorereluctant,"Greengrasswritesinane-mail."IwassurprisedattheextraordinarywaytheUnited93familieshavewelcomedusintotheirlivesandsharedtheirexperienceswithus."CaroleO'Hare,afamilymember,says,"Theywereveryopenandhonestwithus,andtheymadeusapartofthiswholeproject."Universal,whichisreleasingthefilm,planstodonate10%ofits

47openingweekendgrosstotheFlight93NationalMemorialFund.Thathasn'tstoppedcriticismthatthestudioisexploitinganationaltragedy.O'Harethinksthat'sunfair."Thisstoryhastobetoldtohonorthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,"shesays."Butmorethanthat,itraisesawareness.Ourportsaren'tsecure.Ourbordersaren'tsecure.Ourairlinesstillaren'tsecure,andthisiswhathappenswhenyou'renotsecure.That’sthemessageIwantpeopletohear."47.Thetrailerfor"United93"succeededincausingareactionwhenitplayedinthetheatersinHollywoodandNewYorkCity.48.Themovie"United93"issuretogiverisetoanemotionaldebate.49.Whatdidwriter-directorPaulGreengrassobtainbeforeheproceededwiththemovie?theapprovalofeveryvictim’sfamily50.Universal,whichisreleasing"United93",hasbeencriticizedforexploitinganationaltragedy.51.CaroleO’Harethinksthatbesideshonoringthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,thepurposeoftellingthestoryistoraisetheawarenessaboutsecurity.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Imaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you’renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn’tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,foranation’sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It’salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan’taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you’reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola’sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke’sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald’sandIBM.

48Americantourists,however,shouldn’texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon’tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.52.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?A)TheireconomyisplungingB)Theycan’taffordtripstoEuropeC)TheircurrencyhasslumpedD)Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.53.HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?A)TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.B)Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-poprestaurants.C)Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.D)Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.54HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?A)TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB)Theyaresympatheticwithit.C)Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D)Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.55whatistheauthor’sadvicetoAmericans?A.TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB.Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargambleC.TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD.Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.56Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon’tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?A.Thedollar’svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.B.ThevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadimeC.Thedollar’svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.D.FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefights.Wearepushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.I’vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids’collegebackgroundaseprizedemonstratinghowwellwe’veraisedthem.Butwecan’tacknowledgethatourobsession(痴迷)ismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn’tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon’tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteria(歇斯底里)isthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible——andmostlywrong.Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools.

49Ontwomeasures——professors’feedbackandthenumberofessayexams——selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates’lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-poinntincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke(偶然).Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.Gettingintoyalemaysignifyintellgence,talentandAmbition.Butit’snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisnotlifeonlycompetiton.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.princetoneconomistAlanKruegerstudiedadmissionstoonetopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGREhelpdexplainwhogotin;degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdidn’t.So,parents,lightenup.thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.uptoapoint,wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.buttoomuchpushinesscanbedestructive.theveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.onestudyfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtodeingontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.57.Whydosetheauthorsaythatparengsarethetruefightersinthecollege-admissionswars?A.Theyhavethefinalsayinwhichuniversitytheirchildrenaretoattend.B.Theyknowbestwhichuniversitiesaremostsuitablefortheirchildren.C.theyhavetocarryoutintensivesurveysofcollegesbeforechildrenmakeanapplication.D.theycaremoreaboutwhichcollegetheirchildrengotothanthechildrenthemselves.58.Whydoparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolthanever?A.theywanttoincreasetheirchildrenchancesofenteringaprestigiouscollege.B.theyhopetheirchildrencanenterauniversitythatoffersattractivescholarships.C.Theirchildreneillhavehaveawiderchoiceofwhichcollegetogoto.D.Eliteuniversitiesnowenrollfewersyudentthantheyusedto.59.Whatdoestheauthormeanbykidscountmorethantheircollege(Line1,para.4?A.Continuingeducationismoreimportanttoapersonsuccess.B.Apersonhappinessshouldbevaluedmorethantheireducation.C.Kidsactualabilitiesaremoreimportangthantheircollegebackground.D.Whatkidslearnatcollegecannotkeepupwithjobmarketrequirements.60.WhatdoesKruegerstudytellus?A.GETtingintoPh.d.programsmaybemorecompetitivethangettingintocollege.B.Degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdonotguaranteeentrytograduateprograms.C.GraduatesfromprestigiousuniversitiesdonotcaremuchabouttheirGREscores.D.Connectionsbuiltinprestigiousuniversitiesmaybesustainedlongafter

50graduation.61.Onepossibleresultofpushingchildrenintoeliteuniversitiesisthat______A.theyearblessthantheirpeersfromotherinstitutionsB.theyturnouttobelesscompetitiveinthejobmarketC.theyexperiencemorejobdissatisfactionaftergraduationD.theyoveremphasizetheirqualificationsinjobapplicationPartVClozeSevenyearsago,whenIwasvisitingGermany,IMetwithanofficialwhoexplainedtomethatthecountryhadaperfectsolutiontoitseconomicproblems.WatchingtheU.S.economy___62___duringthe‘90s,theGermanshaddecidedthatthey,too,neededtogothehigh-technology___63___.Buthow?Inthelate‘90s,theanswerschemedobvious.Indians.___64___all,IndianentrepreneursaccountedforoneofeverythreeSiliconValleystart-ups.SotheGermangovernmentdecidedthatitwould___65___IndianstoTermanyjustasAmericadoesby___66___greencards.OfficialscreatedsomethingcalledtheGermanGreenCardand___67___thattheywouldissue20,000inthefirstyear.___68___,theGermansexpectedthattensofthousandsmoreIndianswouldsoonbebeggingtocome,andperhapsthe___69___wouldhavetobeincreased.Buttheprogramwasafailure.Ayearlater___70___halfofthe20,000cardshadbeenissued.Afterafewextensions,theprogramwas___71___.ItoldtheGermanofficialatthetimethatIwassurethe___72___wouldfail.It’snotthatIhadanyparticularexpertiseinimmigrationpolicy,___73___Iunderstoodsomethingaboutgreencards,becauseIhadone(theAmerican___74___).TheGermanGreenCardwasmismand,Iargued,__75__itnever,underanycircumtances,translatedintoGermancitizenship.TheU.S.greencard,bycontrast,isanalmost__76__pathtobecomingAmerican(afterfiveyearsandacleanrecord).Theofficial__77__myobjection,sayingthattherewasnowayGermanywasgoingtoofferthesepeoplecitizenship.”weneedyoungtachworkers,”hesaid.”that’swhatthispro-gramisall__78__.”soGermanywasaskingbrightyoung__79__toleavetheircountry,cultureandfamilies,movethousandsofmilesaway,learnanewlanguageandworkinastrangeland—butwithoutany__80__ofeverbeingpartoftheirnewhome.Germanywassengingasignal,onethatwas___81___receivedinIndiaandothercountries,andalsobyGermany’sownimmigrantcommunity.62.A)soarC)amplifyB)hoverD)intensify63.A)circuitC)traitB)strategyD)route64.A)OfC)InB)AfterD)At65.A)importC)conveyB)kidnapD)lure66.A)offeringC)evacuatingB)installingD)formulating67.A)conferredC)announcedB)inferredD)verified68.A)SpeciallyC)ParticularlyB)NaturallyD)Consistently

5169.A)quotasC)measuresB)digitsD)scales70.A)invariablyC)barelyB)literallyD)solely71.A)repelledC)combatedB)deletedD)abolished72.A)adventureC)initiativeB)responseD)impulse73.A)andC)soB)butD)or74.A)heritageC)notionB)revisionD)version75A)becauseB)unlessC)ifD)while76A)aggressiveB)automaticC)vulnerableD)voluntary77A)overtookB)fascinatedC)submittedD)dismissed78A)towardsB)roundC)aboutD)over79A)dwellersB)citizensC)professionalsD)amateurs80A)prospectB)suspicionC)outcomeD)destination81A)partiallyB)clearlyC)brightlyD)vividlyPartVITranslation82.Wecansayalotofthingsaboutthosewhohavespenttheirwholelivesonpoems(毕生致力于诗歌的人):theyarepassionate,impulsive,andunique.83.Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter,orsheshouldhaverepliedtomelastweek(否则她上周就该回信了).84.Nancyissupposedtohavefinishedherchemistryexperiments(做完化学实验)atleasttwoweeksago.85.Neveroncehastheoldcouplequarreledwitheachother(老两口互相争吵)sincetheyweremarried40yearsago.86.Theprosperityofanationislargelydependentupon(一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于)thequalityofeducationofitspeople2007年12月大学英语六级考试真题PartIWriting（30minutes）DigitalAge1.如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛的使用，并举例2.数字化产品的使用对人工作，学习，生活产生的影响PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)SevenWaystoSavetheWorldForgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial—ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:gettingthesame—orbetter—resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.WhenaslumpinbusinesstravelforcedUlrichRǒmertocutcostcostsathisfamily-ownedhotelinGermany,hereplacedhundredsofthehotel’swastefullightbulbs,gettingthesamelightfor80percentlesspower.Heboughtanewwaterboilerwithadigitallycontrolledpump,andwrappedinsulationaroundthepipes.Spendingabout€100,000ontheseandotherimprovements,heslashed

52his€90,000fuelandpowerbillby€60,000.Asabonus,thehotel’slowerenergyneedshavereduceditsannualcarbonemissionsbymorethan200metrictons.“Forus,savingenergyhasbeenvery,veryprofitable,”hesays.“Andmostimportantly,we’renotgivingupasinglecomfortforourguests.”Efficiencyisalsoagreatwaytolowercarbonemissionsandhelpslowglobalwarming.Butthebestargumentforefficiencyisitscost—or,moreprecisely,itsprofitability.That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequiresimmenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.Nowonderefficiencyhasmovedtothetopofthepoliticalagenda.OnJan.10,theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.LastMarch,Chinaimposeda20percentincreaseinenergyefficiencyby2020.EvenGeorgeW.Bush,theTexasoilman,isexpectedtotalkaboutenergyconversationinhisStateoftheUnionspeechthisweek.Thegoodnewsisthattheworldisfullofproven,cheapwaystosaveenergy.Herearetheseventhatcouldhavethebiggestimpact:InsulateSpaceheatingandcoolingeatsup36percentofalltheworld’senergy.There’svirtuallynolimittohowmuchofthatcanbesaved,asprototype“zero-energyhomes”inSwitzerlandandGermanyhaveshown.There’sbeenasurgeinnewwaysofkeepingheatinandcoldout(orviceversa).Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:ifyouaddenough,youcanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.ChangeBulbsLightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity,ortheequivalentofroughly600,000tonsofcoaladay.Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs—a19th-centurytechnologythatwastesmostofthepoweritconsumesonunwantedheat.Compactfluorescentlamps,orCFLs,notonlyuse75to80percentlesselectricitythanincandescentbulbstogeneratethesameamountoflight,buttheyalsolast10timeslonger.Phasingoldbulbsoutby2030wouldsavetheoutputof650powerplantsandavoidthereleaseof700milliontonsofcarbonintotheatmosphereeachyear.ComfortZoneWaterboilers,spaceheatersandairconditionershavebeennotoriouslyinefficient.Theheatpumphasalteredthatequation.Itremovesheatfromtheairoutsideorthegroundbelowandusesittosupplyheattoabuildingoritswatersupply.Inthesummer,thesystemcanbereversedtocoolbuildingaswell.MostnewresidentialbuildingsinSwedenarealreadyheatedwithground-sourceheatpumps.Suchsystemsconsumealmostnoconventionalfuelatall.Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket,includingJapan,wherealmost1millionheatpumpshavebeeninstalledinthepasttwoyearstoheatwaterforshowersandhottubs.RemakeFactoriesFromsteelmillstopaperfactories,industryeatsupaboutathirdoftheworld’senergy.Theopportunitiestosavearevast.InLudwigshafen,GermanchemicalsgiantBASFrunsaninterconnectedcomplexofmorethan200chemicalfactories,whereheatproducedbyone

53chemicalprocessisusedtopowerthenext.AttheLudwigshafensitealone,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysavesthecompany€200millionayearandalmosthalfitsCO2emissions.NowBASFisdoingthesamefornewplantsinChina.“Optimizing(优化)energyefficiencyisadecisivecompetitiveadvantage,”saysBASFCEOJǔrgenHambrecht.GreenDrivingAquarteroftheworld’senergy—includingtwothirdsoftheannualproductionofoil—isusedfortransportation.Somesavingscomefreeofcharge:youcanboostfuelefficiencyby6percentsimplybykeepingyourcar’stiresproperlyinflated(充气).Gasoline-electrichybrid(混合型)modelsliketheToyotaPriusimprovemileagebyafurther20percentoverconventionalmodels.ABetterFridgeMorethanhalfofallresidentialpowergoesintorunninghouseholdappliances，producingafifthoftheworld’scarbonemissions.Andthat’strueeventhoughmanufacturershavealreadyhikedtheefficiencyofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoodsbyasmuchas70percentsincethe1980s.AccordingtoanInternationalEnergyAgencystudy,ifconsumerschosethosemodelsthatwouldsavethemthemostmoneyoverthelifeoftheappliance,they’dcutglobalresidentialpowerconsumptionandtheirutilitybillsby43percent.FlexiblePaymentWhosaysyouhavetopayforallyourconservationinvestment？“Energyservicecontractors”willpayforretrofitting(翻折改造)inreturnforashareoftheclient’sannualutility-billsavings.InBeijing,ShenwuThermalEnergyTechnologyCo.specializesinretrofittingChina’ssteelfurnaces.Shenwuputsuptheinitialinvestmenttoinstallaheatexchangerthatpreheatstheairgoingintothefurnace，slashingtheclient’sfuelcosts.Shenwupocketsacutofthosesavings,sobothShenwuandtheclientprofit.　　Ifsavingenergyissoeasyandprofitable,whyisn’teveryonedoingit?Ithastodowithpsychologyandalackofinformation.Mostofustendtolookattoday’spricetagmorethantomorrow’spotentialsavings.Thatholdsdoubleforthelandlordordeveloper,whowon’tactuallyseeapennyofthesavingshisinvestmentinbetterinsulationorabetterheatingsystemmightgenerate.Inmanypeople’sminds,conservationisstillassociatedwithself-denial.Manyenvironmentalistsstillpushthatview.Smartgovernmentscanhelppushthemarketintherightdirection.TheEU’s1994lawonlabelingwassuchasuccessthatitextendedthesameideatoentirebuildingslastyear.Toboostthemarketvalueofefficiency,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtohavean“energypass”detailingpowerandheatingconsumption.CountrieslikeJapanandGermanyhavesuccessivelytightenedbuildingcodes,requiringanincreaseininsulationlevelsbutleavingituptobuilderstodecidehowtomeetthem.Themostpowerfulincentives,ofcourse,willcomefromthemarketitself.Overthepastyear,sky-highfuelpriceshavefocusedmindsonefficiencylikeneverbefore.Ever-increasingpressuretocutcostshasfinallyforcedmorecompaniestodosomemathontheirenergyuse.Willitbeenough?Withglobaldemandandemissionsrisingsofast,wemaynothaveanychoicebuttotry.Efficienttechnologyisherenow,provenandcheap.Comparedwithallotheroptions,it’sthebiggest,easiestandmostprofitablebangforthebuck.1.Whatissaidtobethebestwaytoconserveenergynowadays?[A]Raisingefficiently.[B]Cuttingunnecessarycosts.[C]Findingalternativeresources[D]Sacrificingsomepersonalcomforts.2.WhatdoestheEuropeanUnionplantodo?

54[A]Diversifyenergysupply.[B]Cutenergyconsumption.[C]Reducecarbonemissions.[D]Raiseproductionefficiency.3.Ifyouaddenoughinsulationtoyourhouse,youmaybeableto_______.[A]improveyourworkenvironment[B]cutyourutilitybillsbyhalf.[C]getridofair-conditioners[D]enjoymuchbetterhealth4.Howmuchofthepowerconsumedbyincandescentbulbsisconvertedintolight?[A]Asmallportion.[B]Some40percent[C]Almosthalf.[D]75to80percent.5.Somecountrieshavetiredtojump-startthemarketofheatpumpsby_________.[A]upgradingtheequipment[B]encouraginginvestments[C]implementinghigh-tech[D]providingsubsidies6.GermanchemicalsgiantBASFsaves€200millionayearby_________.[A]recyclingheatandenergy[B]settingupfactoriesinChina[C]usingthenewesttechnology[D]reducingtheCO2emissionsofitsplants7.Globalresidentialpowerconsumptioncanbecutby43percentif________.[A]weincreasetheinsulationofwallsandwaterpipes[B]wechoosesimplermodelsofelectricalappliances[C]wecutdownontheuseofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods[D]wechoosethemostefficientmodelsofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods8.Energyservicecontractorsprofitbytakingapartofclients’__________.9.Manyenvironmentalistsmaintaintheviewthatconservationhasmuchtodowith___________.10.Thestrongestincentiveenergyconservationwilldrivefrom_____________.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionA11.[A]Proceedinhisownway.[B]Sticktotheoriginalplan.[C]Compromisewithhiscolleague.[D]Trytochangehiscolleague’smind.12.[A]Manyhasakeeneyeforstyle.[B]Nancyregretsbuyingthedress.[C]NancyandMarywentshoppingtogetherinRome.[D]NancyandMaryliketofollowthelatestfashion.13.[A]Washthedishes.[B]Gotothetheatre.[C]PickupGeorgeandMartha.[D]Takeherdaughtertohospital.14.[A]Sheenjoysmakingupstoriesaboutotherpeople.[B]Shecanneverkeepanythingtoherselfforlong.[C]Sheiseagertosharenewswiththewoman.[D]Sheisthebestinformedwomanintown.15.[A]Acardealer.[B]Amechanic.[C]Adrivingexaminer.[D]Atechnicalconsultant.16.[A]Theshoppingmallhasbeendesertedrecently.[B]Shopperscanonlyfindgoodstoresinthemall.[C]Lotsofpeoplemovedoutofthedowntownarea.[D]Thereisn’tmuchbusinessdowntownnowadays.17.[A]Hewillhelpthewomanwithherreading.[B]Theloungeisnotaplaceforhimtostudyin.[C]Hefeelssleepywheneverhetriestostudy.

55[D]Acozyplaceisratherhardtofindoncampus.18.[A]Toprotectherfromgettingscratches.[B]Tohelprelieveherofthepain.[C]Topreventmosquitobites.[D]Toavoidgettingsunburnt.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.[A]Inastudio.[B]Inaclothingstore.[C]Atabeachresort.[D]Atafashionshow.20.[A]Tolivetherepermanently.[B]Tostaythereforhalfayear.[C]Tofindabetterjobtosupportherself.[D]TosellleathergoodsforaBritishcompany.21.[A]Designingfashionitemsforseveralcompanies.[B]Modelingforaworld-famousItaliancompany.[C]WorkingasanemployeeforFerragamo.[D]ServingasasalesagentforBurberrys.22.[A]Ithasseenasteadydeclineinitsprofits.[B]Ithasbecomemuchmorecompetitive.[C]Ithaslostmanycustomerstoforeigncompanies.[D]Ithasattractedalotmoredesignersfromabroad.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.[A]Ithelpshertoattractmorepublicattention.[B]Itimprovesherchanceofgettingpromoted.[C]Itstrengthensherrelationshipwithstudents.[D]Itenableshertounderstandpeoplebetter.24.[A]Passively.[B]Positively.[C]Skeptically.[D]Sensitively.25.[A]Itkeepshauntingherdayandnight.[B]Herteachingwassomewhataffectedbyit.[C]Itvanishesthemomentshestepsintoherrole.[D]Hermindgoesblankonceshegetsonthestage.SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.[A]Towinoverthemajorityofpassengersfromairlinesintwentyyears.[B]ToreformrailroadmanagementinwesternEuropeancountries.[C]ToelectrifytherailwaylinesbetweenmajorEuropeancities.[D]TosetupanexpresstrainnetworkthroughoutEurope.27.[A]MajorEuropeanairlineswillgobankrupt.[B]Europeanswillpaymuchlessfortraveling.[C]TravelingtimebytrainbetweenmajorEuropeancitieswillbecutbyhalf.[D]TrainswillbecomethesafestandmostefficientmeansoftravelinEurope.28.[A]Traintravelwillprovemuchmorecomfortablethanairtravel.[B]Passengerswillfeelmuchsaferonboardatrainthanonaplane.[C]Railtransportwillbeenvironmentallyfriendlierthanairtransport.[D]Travelingbytrainmaybeasquickas,orevenquickerthan,byair.29.[A]In1981.[B]In1989.[C]In1990.[D]In2000.

56PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.[A]Therecanbenospeedyrecoveryformentalpatients.[B]Approachestohealingpatientsareessentiallythesame.[C]Themindandbodyshouldbetakenasanintegralwhole.[D]Thereisnocleardivisionoflaborinthemedicalprofession.31.[A]Adoctor’sfamestrengthensthepatients’faithinthem.[B]Abuseofmedicinesiswidespreadinmanyurbanhospitals.[C]Onethirdofthepatientsdependonharmlesssubstancesforcure.[D]Apatient’sexpectationsofadrughaveaneffectontheirrecovery.32.[A]Expensivedrugsmaynotprovethemosteffective.[B]Theworkingsofthemindmayhelppatientsrecover.[C]Doctorsoftenexaggeratetheeffectoftheirremedies.[D]Mostillnessescanbecuredwithoutmedication.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.[A]Enjoyingstrongfeelingsandemotions.[B]Defyingalldangerswhentheyhaveto.[C]Beingfondofmakingsensationalnews.[D]Dreamingofbecomingfamousoneday.34.[A]Workinginanemergencyroom.[B]Listeningtorockmusic.[C]Watchinghorrormovies.[D]Doingdailyroutines.35.[A]Arockclimber.[B]Apsychologist.[C]Aresidentdoctor.[D]Acareerconsultant.SectionCIfyou’relikemostpeople,you’veindulgedinfakelisteningmanytimes.Yougotohistoryclass,sitinthethirdrow,andlook(36)________attheinstructorasshespeaks.Butyourmindisfaraway,(37)_________inthecloudsofpleasantdaydreams.(38)__________youcomebacktoearth:Theinstructorwritesanimportanttermonthechalkboard,andyou(39)___________copyitinyounotebook.Everyonceinawhiletheinstructormakesa(40)_________remark,causingothersintheclasstolaugh.Yousmilepolitely,pretendingthatyou’veheardtheremarkandfounditmildly(41)__________.Youhaveavaguesenseof(42)________thatyouaren’tpayingcloseattention.Butyoutellyourselfthatany(43)__________youmisscanbepickedupfromafriend’snotes.Besides,(44)____________________.Sobackyougointoyourprivatelittleworld,onlylaterdoyourealizeyou’vemissedimportantinformationforatest.Fakelisteningmaybeeasilyexposed,sincemanyspeakersaresensitivetofacialcuesandcantellifyou’remerelypretendingtolisten.(45)___________________.Evenifyouarenotexposedthere’sanotherreasontoavoidfakery.It’seasyforthisbehaviortobecomeahabit.Forsomepeople,thehabitissodeeplyrootedthat(46)__________________________.Asaresult,theymisslotsofvaluableinformation.PartIVReadingComprehension（ReadinginDepth）（25minutes）SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Men,thesedays,areembracingfatherhoodwiththeround-the-clockinvolvementtheirpartnershavealwaysdreamedof—handlingnightfeedings,packinglunchesandbandagingknees.Butunlikewomen,manyfindthey’renegotiatingtheirnewroleswithlittlesupportorinformation.“Meninmygeneration(aged25-40)haveafearofbecomingdadsbecausewehavenorolemodels,”saysJonSmith,awriter.Theyoftenfindthemselvesexcludedfrom

57mothers’supportnetworks,andareeyedwarily(警觉地)ontheplayground.Thechallengeisparticularlyevidentinthework-place.There,menarestillexpectedtobebreadwinnersclimbingthecorporateladder:traditionally-mindedbossesareoftenunsympathetictofamilyneeds.InDenmarkmostnewfathersonlytaketwoweeksofpaternityleave(父亲的陪产假)—eventhoughtheyareallowed34days.Asmuchasifnotmoresothanwomen,fathersstruggletobetakenseriouslywhentheyrequestflexiblearrangements.ThoughWilfried-FritzMaring,54,adata-bankandInternetspecialistwithGermanfirmFIZKarlsruhe,feelsthatthetimehespendswithhisdaughteroutweighsanydisadvantages,headmits,“WithmydecisiontoworkfromhomeIdismissedanyopportunityforpromotion.”Mind-sets(思维定势)arechanginggradually.WhenMaringhadadaughter,thecompanyequippedhimwithahomeofficeandallowedhimtochooseajobthatcouldbeperformedfromthere.DanishtelecomcompanyTDCinitiatedaninternalcampaignlastyeartoencouragedadstotakepaternityleave:97percentnowdo.“Whenanemployeegoesonpaternityleaveandiswithhiskids,hegetsanewkindoftraining:inhowtokeepcoolunderstress.”saysspokespersonChristineElbergHolm.Foranewgenerationofdads,kidsmaycomebeforethecompany－butit’sashiftthatbenefitsboth.47.Unlikewomen,menoftengetlittlesupportorinformationfrom.48.Besidessupportingthefamily,menwerealsoexpectedto.49.Likewomen,menhopethattheirdesireforaflexibleschedulewillbe.50.WhenMaringwasonpaternityleave,hewasallowedbyhiscompanytowork.51.ChristineHolmbelievespaternityleaveprovidesanewkindoftrainingformeninthatitcanhelpthemcopewith.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingerminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤杂工)plentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked—cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently.Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.

58Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduatedschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinordertogetwhattheywant,IthinkI’lltakethemtodinnerfirst,andseehowtheytreatsomeonewhoseonlyjobistoservethem.52.Theauthorwasdisappointedtofindthat_______.[A]one’spositionisusedasagaugetomeasureone’sintelligence[B]talentedpeoplelikehershouldfailtogetarespectablejob[C]one’soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasaperson[D]professionalstendtolookdownuponmanualworkers53.Whatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytheexampleinthesecondparagraph?[A]Somecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservethem.[B]Peopleabsorbedinaphoneconversationtendtobeabsent-minded.[C]Waitressesareoftentreatedbycustomersascasualacquaintances.[D]Somecustomersliketomakeloudcomplaintsfornoreasonatall.54.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenwaitingtablesattheageof19?[A]Shefeltitunfairtobetreatedasamereservantbyprofessional.[B]Shefeltbadlyhurtwhenhercustomersregardedherasapeon.[C]Shewasembarrassedeachtimehercustomersjokedwithher.[D]Shefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasinferior.55.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“…manyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant”(Lines3-4,Para.7)?[A]Thosewhocatertoothers’needsaredestinedtobelookeddownupon.[B]Thoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn’tbetreatedasservants.[C]Thoseservingothershavetoputupwithroughtreatmenttoearnaliving.[D]Themajorityofcustomerstendtolookonaservantasservernowadays.56.Theauthorsaysshe’llonedaytakeherclientstodinnerinorderto________.[A]seewhatkindofpersontheyare[B]experiencethefeelingofbeingserved[C]showhergenerositytowardspeopleinferiortoher[D]arousetheirsympathyforpeoplelivingahumblelifePassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.What’shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?A$7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh,andincomeinequality.Sure,someleftishbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstincomeinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestaringtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.InDecember,MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.S.News&WorldReport,whichheowns.“ournation’scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating,”lamented(哀叹)the117th-richestmaninAmerica.“Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouseholdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinaraw.”Henotedthat“TensofmillionsofAmericanslivein

59fearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.”WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman’sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-classAmericans.“It’sanoutragethatanyAmerican’slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage,”saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelGroup.What’shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenitcomestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,thepopularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornia’sgovernortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon’tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocrats(有钱有势的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory(没收性的)taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefinanciallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders.AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.Forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundtheworld,that’stherealnightmare.57.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinAmerica?[A]Thefateoftheultrawealthypeople.[B]Thedisintegrationofthemiddleclass.[C]Theinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.[D]Theconflictbetweentheleftandtherightwing.58.WhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman’slamentation?[A]Manymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterwelfare.[B]TheAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedcompaniestogobankrupt.[C]TheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth.[D]ThemajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation’sgrowingwealth.59.Fromthefifthparagraphwecanlearnthat________.[A]theveryricharefashion-conscious[B]theveryricharepoliticallysensitive[C]universalhealthcareistobeimplementedthroughoutAmerica[D]Congresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumwage60.Whatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleclass?[A]Theywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxation.[B]Theyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttosociety.[C]Theywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicintegration.[D]Theyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicinsecurity.61.WhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods?

60[A]Thepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondcontrol.[B]Theinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocatecapital.[C]Thewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossborders.[D].Foreigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.PartVCloze（15minutes）In1915EinsteinmadeatriptoGöttingentogivesomelecturesattheinvitationofthemathematicalphysicistDavidHilbert.Hewasparticularlyeager－tooeager,itwouldturn62－toexplainalltheintricaciesofrelativitytohim.Thevisitwasatriumph,andhesaidtoafriendexcitedly,“Iwasableto63Hilbertofthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.”64allofEinstein’spersonalturmoil(焦躁)atthetime,anewscientificanxietywasaboutto65.Hewasstrugglingtofindtherightequationsthatwould66hisnewconceptofgravity,67thatwoulddefinehowobjectsmove68spaceandhowspaceiscurvedbyobjects.Bytheendofthesummer,he69themathematicalapproachhehadbeen70foralmostthreeyearswasflawed.Andnowtherewasa71pressure.Einsteindiscoveredtohis72thatHilberthadtakenwhathehadlearnedfromEinstein’slecturesandwasracingtocomeup73thecorrectequationsfirst.Itwasanenormouslycomplextask.AlthoughEinsteinwasthebetterphysicist,Hilbertwasthebettermathematician.SoinOctober1915Einstein74himselfintoamonth-longfranticendeavorin75hereturnedtoanearliermathematicalstrategyandwrestledwithequations,proofs,correctionsandupdatesthathe76togiveaslecturestoBerlin’sPrussianAcademyofSciencesonfour77Thursdays.HisfirstlecturewasdeliveredonNov.4.1915,anditexplainedhisnewapproach,78headmittedhedidnotyethavetheprecisemathematicalformulationofit.Einsteinalsotooktimeofffrom79revisinghisequationstoengageinanawkwardfandango(方丹戈双人舞)withhiscompetitorHilbert.Worried80beingscooped(抢先)，hesentHilbertacopyofhisNov.4lecture.“Iam8162.[A]up[B]over[C]out[D]off63.[A]convince[B]counsel[C]persuade[D]preach64.[A]Above[B]Around[C]Amid[D]Along65.[A]emit[B]emerge[C]submit[D]submerge66.[A]imitate[B]ignite[C]describe[D]ascribe67.[A]ones[B]those[C]all[D]none68.[A]into[B]beyond[C]among[D]through69.[A]resolved[B]realized[C]accepted[D]assured70.[A]pursuing[B]protecting[C]contesting[D]contending71.[A]complex[B]compatible[C]comparative[D]competitive72.[A]humor[B]horror[C]excitement[D]extinction73.[A]to[B]for[C]with[D]against74.[A]threw[B]thrust[C]huddled[D]hopped75.[A]how[B]that[C]what[D]which76.[A]dashed[B]darted[C]rushed[D]reeled77.[A]successive[B]progressive[C]extensive[D]repetitive78.[A]so[B]since[C]though[D]because79.[A]casually[B]coarsely[C]violently[D]furiously80.[A]after[B]about[C]on[D]in81.[A]curious[B]conscious[C]ambitious[D]ambiguous

61toknowwhetheryouwilltakekindlytothisnewsolution.”Einsteinnotedwithatouchofdefensiveness.PartⅥTranslation(5minutes)82.Butformobilephones,___________________(我们的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便).83.Inhandlinganembarrassingsituation_____________________(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了).84.TheForeignMinistersaidhewasresigning,_________________(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因).85.Humanbehaviorismostlyaproductoflearning,______________(而动物的行为主要依靠本能).86.Thewitnesswastoldthatundernocircumstances_______________(他都不应该对法庭说谎).2007年6月23日大学英语四级(CET-6)真题试卷PartIWriting(30minutes)1.有人做好事期望得到回报；2.有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报；3.我的观点。ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJobManypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey.Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn’tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They’restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat“inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday.”Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat’swhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist“justlikedad.”Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it’sprobablytimetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenif

62itdoesn’tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhattheyarecurrentlydoing.Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor“chainedtoyourdesk”mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersandworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster’sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.Step3:Self-definitionMillersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves.“Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer.”Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare–allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing–you’llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve–thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.Step5:Vision.Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoIreallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.Step6:Appropriaterisk.Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You’llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.Step7:Action.Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofamountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.”

63Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.判断对错2.MaryLynMiller’sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvestothepursuitof________.6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike________.7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow________.8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion“________”9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto________.10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis________.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionA11.A)Surfingthenet.B)Watchingatalkshow.C)Packingabirthdaygift.D)Shoppingatajewelrystore.（A）12.A)Heenjoysfindingfaultwithexams.B)Heissureofhissuccessintheexam.C)Hedoesn’tknowifhecandowellintheexam.D)HeusedtogetstraightA’sintheexamshetook.（B）13.A)Themanisgenerouswithhisgoodcommentsonpeople.B)Thewomanisunsureiftherewillbepeaceintheworld.C)Thewomanisdoubtfulaboutnewspaperstories.D)Themanisquiteoptimisticabouthumannature.（D）14.A)Studyforsomeprofession.B)Attendamedicalschool.C)Stayinbusiness.D)Sellhisshop.（C）15.A)Moremoney.B)Fairtreatment.C)Acollegeeducation.D)Shorterworkhours.（A）16.A)Shewasexhaustedfromhertrip.

64B)Shemissedthecomfortsofhome.C)ShewasimpressedbyMexicanfood.D)ShewillnotgotoMexicoagain.（B）17.A)Cheerherselfupabit.B)Findamoresuitablejob.C)Seekprofessionaladvice.D)Takeapsychologycourse.（C）18.A)Hedressesmoreformallynow.B)Whathewearsdoesnotmatchhisposition.C)Hehasignoredhisfriendssincegraduation.D)Hefailedtodowellatcollege.（A）Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.A)Togosightseeing.B)Tohavemeetings.C)Topromoteanewchampagne.D)Tojoininatrainingprogram.（B）20.A)Itcanreducethenumberofpassengercomplaints.B)Itcanmakeairtravelmoreentertaining.C)Itcancutdowntheexpensesforairtravel.D)Itcanlessenthediscomfortcausedbyairtravel.（D）21.A)TookbalancedmealswithchampagneB)Atevegetablesandfruitonly.C)Refrainedfromfishormeat.D)Avoidedeatingrichfood.（D）22.A)Manyofthemfounditdifficulttoexerciseonaplane.B)Manyofthemwereconcernedwiththeirwell-being.C)Notmanyofthemchosetodowhatshedid.D)Notmanyofthemunderstoodtheprogram.（C）Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.A)Atafair.B)Atacafeteria.C)Inacomputerlab.D)Inashoppingmall.（A）24.A)Thelatestcomputertechnology.B)Theorganizingofanexhibition.C)Thepurchasingofsomeequipment.D)Thedramaticchangesinthejobmarket.（C）25.A)Datacollection.B)Trainingconsultancy.C)Corporatemanagement.D)Informationprocessing.（B）SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.A)Improvethemselves.B)Getridofemptydreams.C)Followtheculturaltradition.

65D)Attemptsomethingimpossible.（A）27.A)Byfindingsufficientsupportforimplementation.B)Bytakingintoaccounttheirownabilitytochange.C)Byconstantlykeepinginmindtheirultimategoals.D)Bymakingdetailedplansandcarryingthemout.（D）28.A)Toshowpeoplehowtogettheirlivesbacktonormal.B)Toshowhowdifficultitisforpeopletoloseweight.C)Toremindpeopletocheckthecaloriesonfoodbags.D)Toillustratehoweasilypeopleabandontheirgoals.（D）PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.A)Michael’sparentsgotdivorced.B)KarenwasadoptedbyRayAnderson.C)Karen’smotherdiedinacaraccident.D)Atruckdriverlosthislifeinacollision.（B）30.A)Heranaredlightandcollidedwithatruck.B)Hesacrificedhislifetosaveababygirl.C)Hewaskilledinstantlyinaburningcar.D)HegotmarriedtoKaren’smother.（B）31.A)Thereportedheroturnedouttobehisfather.B)Hedidnotunderstandhisfathertilltoolate.C)Suchmisfortuneshouldhavefallenonhim.D)Itremindedhimofhismiserablechildhood.（A）PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.A)Germany.B)Japan.C)TheU.S.D)TheU.K.（B）33.A)Bydoingoddjobsatweekends.B)Byworkinglonghourseveryday.C)Byputtinginmorehourseachweek.D)Bytakingshortervacationseachyear.（D）34.A)Tocombatcompetitionandraiseproductivity.B)Toprovidethemwithmorejobopportunities.C)Tohelpthemmaintaintheirlivingstandard.D)Topreventthemfromholdingasecondjob.（A）35.A)Changetheirjobs.B)Earnmoremoney.C)Reducetheirworkinghours.D)Strengthenthegovernment’srole.（C）SectionCNursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpressionthatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,weare(36)________toprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonothaveanylegalormoral(37)________toanyphysician.Weprovidehealthteaching,(38)________physicalaswellasemotionalproblems,(39)________patient-relatedservices,andmakeallofournursingdecisionsbaseduponwhatisbestor

66suitableforthepatient.If,inany(40)________,wefeelthataphysician’sorderis(41)________orunsafe,wehavealegal(42)________toquestionthatorderorrefusetocarryitout.Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbeforetheyentertheprofession.Theemotionalandphysicalstress.However,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisa(43)________reasonforalotofthecareerdissatisfaction.(44)________________________________.Thatdisturbsourpersonallives,disruptsoursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjob-relatedfriendsandactivities.Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythesesituations.(45)________________________________.Consumersofmedicallyrelatedserviceshaveevidentlynotbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchangesinourmedicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,(46)________________________________.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?48.Google’ssearchengineoriginatedfrom________startedbyL.Page.49.HowdidGoogle’ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould________.51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom________.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

67Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.（B）53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil

68C)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety（D）54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.（A）55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.（D）56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.（C）PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertive

69languagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayeemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow（B）58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.（B）59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.（D）60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress（A）61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday（C）PartVCloze(15minutes)Historically,humansgetseriousaboutavoidingdisastersonlyafteronehasjuststruckthem.__62__thatlogic,2006shouldhavebeenabreakthroughyearforrationalbehavior.Withthememoryof9/11still__63__intheirminds,AmericanswatchedhurricaneKatrina,themostexpensivedisasterinU.S.history,on__64__TV.Anyonewhodidn’tknowitbeforeshouldhavelearnedthatbadthingscanhappen.Andtheyaremade__65__worsebyourwillfulblindnesstoriskasmuchasour__66__toworktogetherbeforeeverythinggoestohell.Granted,someamountofdelusion(错觉)isprobablypartofthe__67__condition.InA.D.63,Pompeiiwasseriouslydamagedbyanearthquake,andthelocalsimmediatelywenttowork__68__,inthesamespot—untiltheywereburiedaltogetherbyavolcanoeruption16yearslater.Buta__69__ofthepastyearindisasterhistorysuggeststhatmodernAmericansareparticularlybadat__70__themselvesfromguaranteedthreats.Weknowmorethanwe__71__didaboutthedangersweface.Butitturns__72__thatintimesofcrisis,ourgreatest

70enemyis__73__thestorm,thequakeorthe__74__itself.Moreoften,itisourselves.Sowhathashappenedintheyearthat__75__thedisasterontheGulfCoast?InNewOrleans,theArmyCorpsofEngineershasworkeddayandnighttorebuildthefloodwalls.Theyhavegotthewallsto__76__theywerebeforeKatrina,moreorless.That’snot__77__,wecannowsaywithconfidence.Butitmaybeall__78__canbeexpectedfromoneyearofhustle(忙碌).Meanwhile,NewOrleansofficialshavecraftedaplantousebusesandtrainsto__79__thesickandthedisabled.Thecityestimatesthat15,000peoplewillneeda__80__out.However,stateofficialshavenotyetdeterminedwherethesepeoplewillbetaken.The__81__withneighboringcommunitiesareongoinganddifficult.62.A)ToB)ByC)OnD)For（B）63.A)freshB)obviousC)apparentD)evident（A）64.A)visualB)vividC)liveD)lively（C）65.A)littleB)lessC)moreD)much（D）66.A)reluctanceB)rejectionC)denialD)decline（A）67.A)naturalB)worldC)socialD)human（D）68.A)revisingB)refiningC)rebuildingD)retrieving（C）69.A)reviewB)reminderC)conceptD)prospect（A）70.A)preparingB)protestingC)protectingD)prevailing（C）

7171.A)neverB)everC)thenD)before（B）72.A)upB)downC)overD)out（D）73.A)merelyB)rarelyC)incidentallyD)accidentally（B）74.A)surgeB)spurC)surfD)splash（A）75.A)ensuedB)tracedC)followedD)occurred（C）76.A)whichB)whereC)whatD)when（B）77.A)enoughB)certainC)conclusiveD)final（A）78.A)butB)asC)thatD)those（C）79.A)exileB)evacuateC)dismissD)displace（B）80.A)rideB)trailC)pathD)track（A）81.A)conventionsB)notificationsC)communicationsD)negotiations（D）PartVITranslation(5minutes)82.Theautomanufacturersfoundthemselves________________________(

72正在同外国公司竞争市场的份额).83.Onlyinthesmalltown________________________(他才感到安全和放松).84.Itisabsolutelyunfairthatthesechildren________________________(被剥夺了受教育的权利).85.Ouryearsofhardworkareallinvain,________________________(更别提我们花费的大量金钱了).86.Theproblemsofblacksandwomen________________________(最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注).