实用科技英语翻译

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实用科技英语翻译APracticalCourseonESTTranslation《实用科技英语翻译》Prof.WeiCHEN陈伟教授InstituteforTranslation&InterculturalStudies(ITIS)SchoolofForeignLanguagesWuhanUniversityofTechnology

1CourseDescriptionCourseTitle:APracticalCourseonESTTranslation/《实用科技英语翻译》Hours/week:2sessionsperweekStudents:Second-yearstudents(A–level,Grade2008)Instructor:Prof.WeiCHEN,InstituteforTranslation&InterculturalStudies(ITIS),SchoolofForeignLanguages,WHUTReferencebooks:1)WuqiuFAN.SelectionsonPracticalESTTranslation.ForeignLanguagePublishingHouse.2001./范武邱。《实用科技英语翻译讲评》。外文出版社。2001年。2)ZhijieFENG.EssentialsforESTTranslation.ChinaTranslationPublishingHouse.2000./冯志杰。《汉英科技翻译指要》。中国对外翻译出版公司。2000年。3)XianfaHUA.ANewPracticalTextbookofEnglish-ChineseTranslation.HubeiEducationPress.2001./华先发。新适用英译汉教程。湖北教育出版社。2001年。4)ChengzhangLIN.AnIntroductiontoEnglishLexicology.WuhanUniversityPress.1996./林承璋。英语词汇学引论。武汉大学出版社。1996年。Objectives:ThiscourseaimsattrainingstudentstodevelopsomeelementarytranslationskillsascapableESTtranslatorsorCIOs(ChiefInformationOfficers)equippedwithsomeknowledgeoflexicalanddiscoursefeaturesofESTgenres,criteriaofESTtranslation,andawareofthecommongrammaticalmistakesorerrorsinESTtranslation,rhetoricdevicesandlogicsthroughtranslationtheoriesstudyandtranslatingpractice.《实用科技英语翻译》是以科技英语文体的词汇语篇特征、科技英语翻译的标准、科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题为主要内容，以科技英语翻译理论为指导，在科技英语翻译实践的基础上，集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。本课程的教学目标是培养学生的科技英语的翻译能力，使他们在今后学习和工作中能轻松地胜任科技英语情报收集和翻译工作。Wewishto:1）OfferoptionalbutspecialclassesforthestudentstodeveloptheirintereststowardsESTtranslation. Asscienceandengineeringmajors,thestudentswillhavechancestolearnandappreciateESTmaterials;2）HelpthestudentsenlargetheirESTvocabularysoastobuildarobustfoundationforESP(EnglishforSpecialPurposes)(在拓展学生科技英语翻译能力的同时，有效地实现大学英语与专业英语的有效衔接。);3）HelpthestudentsimprovetheirreadingabilitythroughstudyingandappreciatingtextsofdifferentstylesinESTtranslation;4）HelpthestudentsenhancetheirlanguageaccuracyandfluencyinESTtranslation;5）Helpthestudentsimprovetheircritical-thinkingabilityinESTtranslation;

21）FamiliarizethestudentswithrelevanttranslationtheoriesinordertograspsometechniquesusedforESTtranslation;2）OfferthestudentsworkshopstodoESTtranslation. TeachingMethods:lectures;questionsandanswers;in-classdiscussion;presentationsbystudents(givingstudentsmorespacetoairtheirownopinions) Contents:Lecture1  :IntroductionLecture2  :LexicalfeaturesofESTgenresLecture3  :DiscoursefeaturesofESTgenresLecture4  :CommonPrefixes,SuffixesandAffixesinTechnicalTermsTranslationLecture5  :BodyNounsUsedinTechnicalTermsTranslationLecture6  :SomeCommonTechniquesinTechnicalTermsTranslationLecture7 : Theme-RhemeRepresentedinESTTranslationLecture8 : AestheticOrientationinESTTranslationLecture9 : ShiftsbetweenGeneralizationandSpecificationinESTTranslationLecture10 :SentenceLengthandFocusinESTTranslationLecture11 :LogicAnalysisinESTTranslationLecture12 :ESTTranslationPracticeLecture13: SomeCommonGrammaticalMistakesinESTTranslationLecture14:SomeCommonRhetoricalMistakesinESTTranslationLecture15:SomeCommonLogicalMistakesinESTTranslationLecture16:ExamFocuses:1.LexicalanddiscoursefeaturesofESTgenres;2.CriteriaofESTtranslation3.TranslationexpertiseinESTtranslationDifficulty:TranslationtechniquesinESTtranslation课程的重点是科技英语文体的词汇和语篇特征和翻译的标准。难点是科技英语的翻译技巧。RequirementsofStudentsa)    Attendeveryclassunlessitisimpossibleforgoodreason.(Pointsareawardedforclassparticipation.Ifyoudonotattend,youcannotparticipate.)Ifyoucannotmakeittoclass,pleaseletmeknowaheadoftime.ONEabsencewithoutnoteforsickleavewillleadtothelossofonepoint;THREEabsenceswithnoteforsickleavewillleadtothelossofonepointb)    Bepunctual.c)     Keepcellphonesturnedoffduringclasstime.d)     Workpositivelyandcontributetothebestofyourabilityinclass.

3e)     Completeallassignmentsontime.Makeuptestsandlateassignmentswillonlybeconsideredincaseofemergency.f)      Takefulladvantageofnecessaryresourcestopracticeyourskills. Assignments:a)       backgroundknowledgesearchforeachlecture;b)       previewworkforeachlecture;c)       exercisesaftereachlecture;d)       onequizforevery4lectures. Assessment:a)       attendance(10%)b)       in-classparticipation(20%)c)       monthlyquiz(10%)d)       finalexam(60%)本课程分为五大部分。第一部分介绍科技英语文体的词汇特征，如科技术语的翻译总原则、合成科技术语的语义分析、类比构词及其翻译和科技术语翻译中的矛盾处理等；第二部分介绍科技英语文体的语篇特征，如：当代语言学理论在科技英语翻译中的作用、科技翻译中的美学取向、科技英语翻译中的虚实互化现象、主位述位在科技翻译中的表现、科技翻译中句长和语句重心的处理等。第三部分阐述科技英语的一般特征及其翻译的标准。第四部分说明科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题。第五部分为科技英语翻译实践。

4Lecture1Introduction1.TheDefinitionofEST(EnglishforScience&Technology)EST(EnglishforScience&TechnologyorTechnicalEnglishorScientificEnglish)isaspeciallanguagevarietywidelyusedinthefieldsofscienceandtechnology.It’sbelievedthatitfirstcametobeinginthe1950salongwiththerapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,anditmanyresearchersandscholarsbegantoconductinvestigationofthiscommonfeaturesofthisspecialgenreincludingreadingcomprehension,writingandeventranslation.Example1Sincethejointgapbetweenapistonandacylinderhasgreatinfluenceontheservicelifeofanengine,andtheprimaryfactorinfluencingthejointgapisthedeformationofapistonunderworkingcondition,itisimportanttoshowuptheactualdeformationofpistonandforthispurposethefiniteelementhasbeenwidelyappliedtoanalyzeitnumericallyinChina.活塞与气缸的配合间隙，对于发动机的使用寿命影响很大，影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在状态下的变形。真实反映活塞变形情况，国内已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。Example2Theactionofaironanairplaneinflightatlowaltitudeisgreaterthanthatathighaltitude.空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。Example3Picturescanbestoredinthecamera’sinternalmemory(about14MB)orontheSecureDigital(SD)memorycard.Ifnomemorycardhasbeeninsertedinthecamera,pictureswillbestoredinthememory,andifthecameracontainsamemorycard,thenpictureswillautomaticallybestoredonthecard.2.StylisticFeaturesofEST

5CompletelydifferentfromothergenressuchaseverydayEnglish,literatureEnglish,ESThasitsownstylisticfeaturesduetothespecialtyincontent,fieldanddiscoursefunctions,andpartlyduetotheuniquehabitsofESTwriters,whicharemostlyrepresentedinlexicallevelandsyntacticallevel.1.1Lexicallevel1)NumerousTechnicalTermsTechnicaltermsrefertothoselexiconsspecializedinacertainsubjectorarea,withwhichlaymenareunfamiliar,e.g.cryogeneics（低温学）,noepinephine（新肾上腺素）Characteristics:A.Lengthy:mostlycontainingrootsoraffixesoriginatingfromLatin,GreekandFrench,etc.e.g.nucleonics（核子学）,semisomnus（半昏迷）,autoradiography（自动射线照相术）B.Numerouscompoundscoined（新造）tosignifythenewthingscomingoutinthescienceandtechnologye.g.radiophotography（无线电传真）,anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile（反装甲导弹）C.numerousabbreviationse.g.FM(frequencymodulation调频),telesat(telecommunicationssatellite通讯卫星)2)Numerouspseudo-technicaltermsEverydayEnglishESTdifferentsensese.g.frame框架1）机架（machinery）；2）帧（telecommunications）transmission1)发射（radioengineering）；2）传动、变速（machinery）；3）透射（physics）；4）遗传（medicalscience）

61.1SyntacticalLevel1)Nominalization（名词化结构）Forconciseness:abstractnounsdenotingactionorstate+v-ingformornominalphrases,e.g.thetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves（通过无线电波来发射和接受活动物体的图像）;illuminationintensitydetermination（照明强度测定）；thegenerationofheatbyfriction（摩擦生热）；2)LengthysentencesandlogicconnectorsForexplicitation（将事理充分说明）,weoftenemploysomelengthysentencescontainingexpressionsandclauses（短语和分句）andlogicconnectorssuchashence,consequently,accordingly,however,onthecontrary,asaresult,inshort,etc.3)ThePresentTenseandThePerfectTenseThestatedfindingsandresultsintheessaysorbookscanbeverifiedandrepeated.4)ThePassiveVoiceObjective,lesssubjective,scientific,impersonal,5)TheAntecedent（先行词）‘it’ConstructionForbalanceofsentencestructuree.g.Itisquiteusefultothinkoftheearthanditsatmosphereasbeingratherlikeanonion–thatisaballmadeupoflayers,althoughunlikeanonion,eachlayerismadeofdifferentmaterial.

71)Doubleortriplepropositions（介词词组连用）Relationshipofdifferentthingssuchasspatialandtemporalrelationship（时空关系）,subordination（所属关系）andcause-effectrelationship（因果关系）etc.e.g.Theactionofaironanairplaneinflightatlowaltitudeisgreaterthanthatathighaltitude.空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。Lecture2PrerequisitesforESTTranslation1.BasicsofSpecialtyESTinvolvesmanyfieldsinnaturalsciences,thereforeit’squiteessentialtogetfamiliarwiththeknowledgeoftherelevantsubjectsalongwitharichvocabularynecessaryforESTtranslation.******************************************德马格起重机械（上海）有限公司:技术翻译&高级经理教授助理TechnicalTranslation&AssistantWantedTargetandMission1.Technicaltranslation2.ProvideprofessionalassistanttotheDivisionManagerofCompanyDevelopment.Requirements:1.Universityeducation,majorinEnglishofScienceandtechnology,Engineering,professionaltranslatorqualification2.Excellentin

8English3.Atleast3yearsexperienceontechnicaltranslationwithknowntranslationserviceprovider.4.Goodcomputersoftwareskills(i.e.Windows,Excel,PowerPoint,MSProjectandetc.)5.ExperiencewithTranslationMemoryManagementsoftware,e.g.TransitorTradosispreferred.6.Basicknowledgeofmechanical&electricaltechnology7.Abilitytoworkindependentlyinareaofownresponsibility.8.ProficiencyinMicrosoftoffice&operationofofficemachinery.Responsibilities:1.Translatetechnicaldocumentsandstandards2.AssistDivisionManagerinadministrationaffairsandtechnicalreports3.AssistDivisionManagerformarketsurvey.4.AssistDivisionManagertomanagealltechnicalstandards(ISO,EU,GB,JB,Demagstandards,etc)5.AssistDivisionManagertomanagerISO9001qualitysystemandrelatedproceduredocuments;6.Othersactivitiesrequestfromtopmanagementteam*************************************1.AccuratecomprehensionofsemanticmeaningØPopularwords+learnedwords(technicalterms):SpecializedmeaningsinESTconsultthedictionaryØtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology:newlycoinedwords@@wecannotfindtheminthedictionary??translationexpertise2.AnalyzingtheLengthySentencesLengthysentences:segmentation+mainclause+logic+translation科技英语中有大量长句，长句中含有若干分句和许多短语及其他修饰限定成分，这给理解带来了一定困难。翻译时首先必须对长句进行深入细致的分析，先理解主干，再层层明确各成分之间的语法关系和语义逻辑关系，然后根据情况，选择采用顺译、逆译或综合译法。表达时一定要将意义的准确性和清晰度放在首位，该断句就断句，该增益就增益，不可死扣原文形式。

9Prof.GuangzhongYU（余光中）:的的不休1.WordingEST:formalinstyle3levels:academic（学术性）+technical（专业性）+popular（通俗性）expertswell-educatedversatilepeoplelaymenthemostformalthemostinformale.g.1)Experts:AIDS获得性免疫缺乏综合征，poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎，diarrhea腹泻2)Laymen:pinkeye红眼病，theruns拉肚，AIDS艾滋病/“爱之病”，poliomyelitis小儿麻痹症2.Familiarizingtheword-formationNewlycoinedwords:neologismsPrefix+Root+suffixA.Compoundse.g.heartman（换心人）,photobotany（光植物学）,hot-press（热压）B.Affixatione.g.antibody（抗体）,semisynthetic（半合成的）,futurology（未来学）C.Clippinge.g.influenza–flu,parachute–chute（降落伞）,university–varsity,three-dimensionalfilm--3-D（立体电影）

10A.Blendinge.g.teleprinter+exchange–telex（电传）,biological+rhythm–biorhythm（生理节奏）B.Acronymse.g.AC(alternatingcurrent交流电),DC(directcurrent直流电),CCTV(closedcircuittelevision闭路电视)**Multiplemeanings:e.g.AC1)absorptioncoefficient（吸收系数）,2)adaptercable（适配电缆）,3)aircondenser（空气冷凝器）,4)airconditioner（空调）,5)alternatingcurrent,6)automaticcontrol（自动控制）,7)accumulator（蓄电池）,8)analogcomputer（模拟计算机）1.Assignments:Summarizethecommonlyusedprefixesandsuffixes.Lecture3TechnicalTermsinESTTranslation1.CompoundWords:themostcommonwaytoenlargetheESTvocabulary1)CompoundnounsA.N.+N.e.g.diesellocomotive,forcepumpB.ADJ.+ADJ.e.g.incandescentlamp,distantsignalC.V-ing+N.e.g.loadingplatform,rectifyingstoneD.N.+V-inge.g.side-loading,railreconditioningE.N.+V-ing+N.e.g.railreclaimingplant,railfasteningbroomF.N.+V-ed+N./Nphrasee.g.dip-forgeddiscwheel,dip-forgedsoliddiscwheelG.V.+partical（小品词）e.g.flyover,turnoutH.Particle+V.e.g.uprise,inputI.ADJ.+N.+headN.（中心名词）e.g.narrow-gaugerailway,axialpistonpump

11A.ADJ.+ADJ.+N.+headN.e.g.basicdirectaccessmethod,doubleactingstopblockB.ADV.+ADJ.+N./Nphrasee.g.locallyalternativesequencefunctionallydistributedcomputersystemC.N.+N.+N.e.g.gaugesidecontrolgearchangeleverD.CapitalLetter+N.(1)shape,featureandnature:e.g.U-steel,I-beam;(2)abbreviation:e.g.P-waves(P=primary),Q-factor(Q=quality)E.Greekletter+N.e.g.gammadecay,alphaangel2)Compoundadjectivese.g.anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile（反装甲导弹）3)Grammarcompound:e.g.double-curvedarcbridge,circularone-shaftvibrator,automateroutecontroloftrain2.RulesforTechnicalTermTranslation1)SyntacticStructureofSomeCommonTechnicalTerms:A.S+V（主谓式）B.V+O（动宾式）C.ADJ+N（偏正式）SuggestionsofESTTechnicalTermTranslation:BasedonthecharacteristicsofChinesesyntactictechnicalterms,weshouldemploysometranslationtechniquessuchasliteraltranslation,freetranslation,combinationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,translationaccordingtoitsimage,etc.在翻译合成科技术语时，我们应连心汉语词法上的特点，结合传统的音译、意译、音意结合、形译、象译等翻译方法，适当地讲科技术语译成主谓式或偏正式等结构。e.g.

12piledriving打桩（V+O）in-trackgrinding现场打磨（ADJ+N）up-and-downhumpyards双向驼峰编组场（ADJ+N）ballastregulating&compactingplate道渣整形夯实板（ADJ+N）fireretardantpaint防火漆（ADJ+N）cutandcover明挖法（ADJ+N）flyover立体交叉（ADJ+N）U-steel槽钢（ADJ+N）P-waves地震纵波（ADJ+N）powersupply供应电力（S+V）railreconditioning钢轨整修（S+V）1)GeneralfeatureofCompoundTechnicalTerms:A.accuracy（确切性）:accuratelyreflectthenatureoftheconceptB.monosemy（单义性）:onesenseforonewordC.systematization（系统性）:theindividualtechnicaltermsinagivenfieldshouldbeinaspecificlevelsoastoconstituteacommonsystemD.linguisticallycorrect（语言的正确性）:inaccordancewiththeword-formationinthesamelanguageE.conciseness（简明性）:conciseandeasytorememberF.motivation（理据性）:justasthenameimplies,onecanknowthemeaningoftheword.G.stability（稳定性）:stableandunlikelytochange

13A.productivity（能产性）:onceestablished,itiseasytoproducemoreneologismsbasedtheoriginalonebymeansofword-formation2)CommonRulesforTechnicalTermTranslationAssuch,weshoulddealwiththerelationshipofthefollowingaspects:A.monosemyvs.concisenesse.g.数控inChinesecanrefertoeither数值控制(numericalcontrol)or数字控制(digitalcontrol)monosemyisthepriorityB.motivationvs.accuracyAsscienceknowledgeisratherabstract,motivationintranslationispreferred.e.g.machinetool机床C.stabilityvs.productivitysynchronousevenpressuretampingsystem同步稳压捣固系统non-synchronousevenpressuretampingsystem异步稳压捣固系统D.systematizationvs.linguisticallycorrectBeforetranslationofcompoundtechnicalterms,weshouldbeawareofthenatureandtraditionofChineseword-formation.E.g.铁路、铁道railway铁道部、铁道兵、铁道学院==？？？Collocationalregularity搭配规律铁路局、铁路医院、铁路交通E.Chineselanguagetraitvs.conciseness

14Asforthenumbersofcharacters,weprefertousepaircharacters（偶数词语）oreven4-characterexpressions（四字结构）.e.g.bi-stablecircuit双稳压电路双稳电路**dogclutch爪形离合器（motivation）rubber-metalspring橡胶-金属弹簧橡胶-金属夹心弹簧translationstandard:YanFu’s“tri-ness”:truthfulness,expressivenessandelegance1.SemanticAnalysisofCompoundTechnicalTermThefirststepofaccurategraspofthemeaningsofthecompoundtechnicaltermsistoanalyzetheirstructures.Non-verbcompounds（无动词基本合成词）canbeclassifiedinto9kindsaccordingtotherelationshipbetweenthedeterminers（限定词）andtheirheadnouns（核心词）.1)N1produces/makesN2e.g.steelbandrubberbandPurposes:a)showthematerialrelatedtosomething（表明与某种物体有联系的材料）;b)prescribetheheadnounswithoutanyrelationshipbetweenthemandthegivenmaterialorsubstance（规定与这种材料或物质没有必然联系的核心词）e.g.canesugar蔗糖coalgas煤气oilfilm油膜sawdust锯木屑2)N2produces/makesN1e.g.steelmill（轧钢厂）,coppermill（轧铜厂）,papermill（造纸厂）computerfactoryoilwell（油井）rubbertree（橡胶树）teargas（催泪瓦斯）3)N1drives（驱动）N2

15Headnoun:object;determiner:agent,thesourcetodriveheadnounssuchasequipment,instruments,tools,etc.e.g.airdrill风钻batterycar电池汽车oilcontrol油压控制器springgovernor弹簧调速器1)N1containsN2Determiner:whole;headnoun:parte.g.bedpost床架motordrive电机驱动装置oscillatorplate振荡片tableleg桌子脚2)N1isN2Thedeterminerandtheheadnounhavesomethingincommon.e.g.blinkerlight闪光灯pinetree松树resistantelement电阻元件3)N1usesN2N1determinestheusageofN2.e.g.blockswitch闭路开关oilway油路safetyvalve安全阀4)N1isturnedintoN2e.g.snowflake雪花:aflakeofsnowdust-hump垃圾堆raindrop雨滴rainstorm暴风雨5)ADJ.+N.=N.TheADJ.determinerrepresentstheattributesoftheheadnounsuchascolor,shape,size,taste.etc.e.g.blankbill空白票据squarecoil矩形线圈fixedpoint定点floatingpoint浮点blackpigment黑颜料darkroom暗室

161)N2islikeN1限定词N1可以把核心词N2与其他物体比拟。如果两个合成成分的相似不十分明显，可以在两者中间插入“type”。e.g.butterflynut蝶形螺母butterflyvalve蝶形阀catfish猫头鱼H-cableH型电缆U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带Lecture4CommonPrefixes,SuffixesandAffixesinTechnicalTermsTranslation1.Rootsrootsmeaningsexamplesacu-sharpacuteangle锐角act-todoactivevolcano活火山anim-lifeanimatebeing有机体aud-hearaudibleaut-/auto-selfautomationbene-well,goodbeneficial有利的bio-lifebiologycent-onehundredpercentageclud-/clus-/clos-closeconcludecre-growincreasedict-say,speakpredictduc-/duct-toleadintroduceequ-equal,evenequalizeflex-/flecttobendflexiblemit-tosendemit

17miss-letgoradioactiveemissionmov-/mot-moveremovepose-putWateriscomposedofHandO.port-carrytransportscrib-script-writeinscribe1.Prefixesa-非、不asymmetry非对称性astray偏离aero-空气、飞机aerodynamics空气动力学,aero-craftcarrier航空母舰all-全all-weather全天候的,all-roundchampion全能冠军anti-反、防、抗antifreeze防冻的,antidote解毒药astro-天文、宇宙Astronavigation天文导航,astrovehicle宇宙飞行器auto-自动autocoder自动编码器,autochart自动流程图bi-双、重bipolarrelay双极继电器,bicarbonate重碳酸盐bio-生物bionics仿生学,biocatalyst生物催化剂cine-电影cinefilm电影胶片co-共、同coaxialcable同轴电缆contro-反、逆controflow逆流counter-反、逆counteractant中和剂de-除、脱defroster除霜剂,derailment脱轨deci-十分之一、分decimal十进制di-双、偶、两diode二极管dibit两位du-二、双duplicate复制equi-同等、均equilibrium均等ferro-铁、钢ferroalloy铁合金gyro-陀螺、旋转gyroscope陀螺仪

18hecto-百hectare公顷hectoliter百升hemi-半hemisphere半球hepta-七heptagon七角形hexa-六hexagon六角形homo-同、相似homochromic同色的homoclimate相同气候hydro-水、氢化hydroelectriclocomotive液力传动内燃机车hyper-高、超、重hypertension高血压hypervelocity超高速infra-下、亚、次infraredrays红外线infrastructure地基inter-相互、际间intercitytrain城际列车iso-等、同isotherm等温线isotope同位素macro-宏观、常量macrocontrol宏观调控macroanalysis常量分析mal-不、失malnutrition营养不良malfunction失灵mega-兆、百万megaton百万吨级micro-微观microelectronics微电子学mono-单、一monoblockprestressedconcretesleeper整体预应力混凝土轨枕multi-多Multi-frequencylocomotive多频电力机车ortho-正、直orthocentre垂心orthograph正投影图over-过、超overexposure曝光过渡photo-光电、光敏photosynthesis光合作用photoreceptor感光器poly-多、聚polymer聚合物polysulphide聚硫化物post-后postmeridian午后pseudo-伪、假pseudo-program伪程序quadr-四、两次quadraphonics四声道立体声quasi-准、拟quasi-high-speed准高速quasi-ordering拟序semi-半semi-trailer半挂车stereo-立体的stereophone立体声耳机sub-子、亚subsoil亚土层super-超super-streamlinedtrain高级流线型列车

19tele-远telemetry遥测术thermo-热thermostat恒温器thermoscreen隔热屏trans-超越、变换Transparency透明度tri/ter-三Tertiary第三产业ultra-超过ultrasonicraildetector超音速钢轨探测仪1.Suffixessuffixesmeaningsexamples-er/or器、机air-oilbooster气-液增压器aircompressor空气压缩机-ite石、矿物granite花岗岩sulphite亚硫酸盐-meter表、计speedmeter速度计ohmmeter电阻表-ity性、度absoluteviscosity绝对粘度trackelasticity轨道弹性-scope仪、镜spectroscope光谱仪telescope望远镜-graph仪spectrograph摄谱仪Lecture5BodyNounsUsedinTechnicalTermsTranslationTherearevariouskindsorwaysofword-formationintechnicalterms,oneofthemisthatsomenounspresentingpartsofthehumanbodyisusedtocoinsomeneologismswhichdenotesomethingsnew.Theyaremorelikelytobeunderstoodandmemorized.现在科技术语的构词方法和构词途径很多，作为万物之灵长的人不但在构词方法方面蝉精竭虑，就连人体的许多器官名称也用来做构词的“部件”，这大大丰富了人们的构词手段，而且由这种方构成的词使用起来让人倍感亲切，易懂易记。head：

20bandhead光谱带头，brakehead闸瓦托，cablehead电缆线盒，crosshead十字头，distillationhead蒸馏设备，fuelhead油面高度，headbanding磁头条带效应，headeffect对地电容效应，headway车间距离，overhead间接费用，管理费face：cuttingface切削面，facecam端面凸轮，facehammer平锤faceshield面罩，faceshovel正铲挖土机，facetooth端面铣刀，interface界面eye：cameraeye摄像机取景孔，eyebolt有眼螺栓，eyediameter入口孔径，eyefidelity映像保真性，eyeshade遮光眼罩nose：aeroplanenose飞机头部，nosewheel前轮，spindlenose轴端部，轴头，nosedive垂直俯冲，nosepipe放气管，nosepiece喷嘴ear：acuteear急性中耳炎，earemergence抽穗期，earmicrophone耳塞式传声器，earreceiver耳塞听筒，eardefender护耳器jaw：centeringjaw定心凸轮，gripperjaw夹爪，jawbrake爪闸jawclutch爪式离合器，jawplate鄂板，jawvice钳子，虎钳cheek：cheekboard边模板，crankcheek曲柄颊板，cheekteeth臼齿mouth：

21mouthannealing浇口退火，mouthorgan口琴，mouthpiece接口，suctionmouth吸入口lip：lipreed号类乐器，lipscreen分级筛，overflowlip溢口，stationarylip固定颚板，lipmicrophone唇式碳粒传声器tongue：jointtongue榫舌，switchtongue闸刀开关铜片，tonguescraper舌板式铲运机，整平机tooth：toothbucket带齿铲斗，toothcoupling齿式联轴节toothmarks切削痕迹，toothrest(工具磨床的)刀齿支片hair:haircompasses（微调）弹簧圆规，haircrack细裂缝，hairfelt毛毡，cottonhair棉线hand：handbrake手制动，handlever手柄，handradar便携式雷达handtally计数器rib：archrib拱肋，coolingrib散热片，riblath肋条钢丝网ribflange肋凸缘，ribstiffener加劲肋heart：heartcam心型凸轮，heartcut中心馏份，heartgirth胸围

22neck：fillerneck漏斗颈，goosenecks鹅头桩，neckbearing弯颈轴承，swanneck鹅颈管，弯管shoulder：typeshoulder胎缘，shouldergrader路肩用平地机arm:actuatingarm杠杆力臂armcrane悬臂式起重机，counterarm计数器指针elbow：elbowbend弯头，elbowseparator弯头脱水器，elbowunion弯头套管，waveguideelbow波导时管finger:fingerdamp指型插销clutchfinger离合器压盘分离杆clodfinger冷凝管thumb:thumblatch门窗插销，thumb书边标目thumbpin图钉leg:aerocoilleg起压架空气油压减震支柱compressionleg压柱legvice老虎钳knee：kneepipe弯管，kneevoltages曲线处电压，softknee线缓变弯折处，tankknee舱底接角foot:

23footbar踏杆，footdrill踏钻，footscrew地脚螺钉，footstall柱墩，footstone基石heel:heelblock垫板，heelpiece继电器跟片，heelslab后部底板，heelpost门轴柱，柱脚toe：toebearing止推轴承，toeboard搁脚板，toecrack焊缝边缘裂缝，toedog小撑杆liver：liverore赤铜矿，liveroid硬化油kidney：kidneyjoint挠性接头kidney-shapedtransversecrack肾型横向裂纹Conclusion:Theabove-listedexamplesshowthatthosetechnicaltermsbasedonnounssignifyinghumanbodyaremainlyfrommachineryengineering.Lecture6SomeCommonTechniquesinTechnicalTermsTranslation1.ContradictionstoBeSolvedinTechnicalTermsTranslation:1)ADJ.Modifiersvs.N.modifiers

24NominalizationinESTsemanticrelationshipbetweenN.modifiersandheadN.considerablesemanticdifferencesbetweenN.modifiersandADJ.modifiers.科技英语中有一种名词化(nominalization)倾向，但由于名词修饰语与名词之间有时存在着深层的语义关系，这就决定名词修饰语与形容词修饰语有时在语义方面也有着显著的区别。e.g.efficiencyexpert研究提高工作效率的专家efficientexpert工作效率高的专家obesityspecialist肥胖病专家obesespecialist胖专家riotpolice防暴警察riotouspolice暴乱的警察N.modifiers:function,usage,etc.##N1.+N2.N1V.ADJ.modifiers:attribute,nature,etc.一般说来，名词定语侧重于职能方面修饰或限制另一方面，而形容词修饰名词只在属性方面起修饰作用。有时名词修饰名词，但其中一个名词更具动词属性。e.g.skinlamb剥羔羊皮juiceorange榨桔子汁dustfurniture家俱除尘

25fireman司炉milkman送奶工heartman换心人1)OrderingChange（正语序与反语序）在很多场合，我们翻译科技术语可依照原语中的固有词序，但有时为了符合汉语特性则需做词序调整，如：dot-characternon-impactprintingtechnique可能会被译为：“点阵字符非击打式印刷技术”，但在汉语中我们往往把表示颜色、形状和否定意义的词放在最前面，因此，最佳译法应是：“非击打式点阵字符印刷技术”。与此类似，decisiontreeclassifier经过词序调整后译为：“树形判定分类法”。E.g.zinc-leadbattery铅锌蓄电池dedicatedmicroprocessorsystem微处理机专用系统commonbusinessorientedlanguage商业通用语言automaticmessageswitchingcenter报文自动交换中心bufferedinput／outputchannel输入输出缓冲通道commonusernetwork用户公用网shorteddiodefault二极管断路故障2)Transliterationvs.FreeTranslation（音译与意译）Neologismcomplicationisunclearemergencytransliteratione.g.hormone荷尔蒙激素

26combine康拜恩联合收割机当一个新科技术语出现时，由于我们对它的内涵把握还不够准确和深刻，往往为了应急而采用音译的方法，如hormone和combine分别被译成了“荷尔蒙”和“康拜恩”，但后来由于我们对这些科技术语的内容有了根本的认识，而将其改译为“激素’和“联合收割机”，含义非常清楚。??goodyearcommpassdiamonddynastyuniqueluck**onlyone奥林王现在许多译者盲目一味采用音译，在翻译商标和品牌时更是如此，如goodyear(固特异轮胎)，commpass(康巴斯石英钟)，diamond(戴梦得)，dynasty(戴拿斯)，unique(优力康)，luck(莱珂)，我们不否认在某种程度上这些译法有利于这些品牌的国际化，其中也不乏精彩的例子(如很巧妙地将onlyone译为“奥林王”，但“优力康”外国人很容易听成“unicorn'’(独角兽)。Howtodo??Neologismssemanticanalysis1)transliteration(annotation)

27碰到词组型科技术语时，如果从各类词典中找不到与其相应的译法，则应对该科技术语进行语义分析，结合科技术语翻译的一般原则，尽可能恰当地将其译出。单词型科技术语可采用音译法，在译音之后加括号把原单词标出，留待定名委员会过后订正。1)Concisenessvs.Motivatione.g.hotair热空气！？炽热空气？(conciseness:omissionof“的”inChinese)hi-railtrackevaluationcar公铁两用轨运检查车(motivation:supplement)2.Supplement(科技术语翻译中的增词现象)StandardofESTTranslation:accuracy,concisenessandmotivationMotivationSupplement科技术语翻译的最高境界：确切、简洁、具有理据性。确切、简洁是基本准则，而为了做到具有理据性，有时就牵涉增词的问题。DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishword-formation:English:typology(形态学)prefix+root+suffixsupplementChinese:syntaxS+V,V+O,ADJ.+N汉语构语法与西方语言的构词法相比，有着很大的差异。汉语要属于句法型构词法，通过构词法创造出来的汉语科技术语有主谓式、动宾式或偏正式等结构；在拥有词形变化的西方语言中，常见的构词类型则属于形态学类型，基于这一点，在翻译科技术语尤其是合成科技术语时，我们应联系汉语词法上的特点，结合传统的音译、意译、音意结合等翻译方法，适当地将科技术语译成主谓式、动宾式或偏正式等结构。在这几种结构中，往往需要增词。

28其中在主谓式、动宾式科技术语中主要增加动词，而在偏正结构的技术语中则主要增加名词，此外，在某些场合还需要增加副词、形容词等词类。1)SupplementofverbsA.TechnicalTerms:N1(modifier)+N2Chinese:(V+O)+N2科技词汇中大量采用名词性前置定语代替各种结构的后置定语，而汉语中使用的动词远比英语中多，因而在科技术语汉译通常需增加动词以使意义更加完整。E.g.ballastcar运碴车drumbarrow放线车generalgoodsstation综合性货运站B.Gerund(v-ing动名词):V/N动名词具有名词和动词的双重属性，因而汉译时可增加具有动词概念的词。E.g.programming程序设计coding编码automaticcentering自动中间对齐Particles:V.某些小品词也具有动词意义，翻译时需增加动词。e.g.up-and-downtrain上下行列车on-boardcomputer机载计算机2)SupplementofnounsTechnicalterms:NphrasesChinese:A.SupplementofN

29B.Supplementof“式”、“性”、“态”科技术语主体就是名词结构，但有时需增加原文中隐含的名词，使汉译的科技术语更加形象，这主要有两种情况，一是增加纯粹的名词，一是增加“式”、“性”、“态”之类的词。e.g.high-wideloadindicator货车装载高宽表示器(增加表示范畴概念的名词“货车”)high-wideloadclearancedetector货车装载高宽限界检测器(增加表示范畴概念的名词“货车”)in-linequenching余热淬火(增加“热”)pressurecooling压流冷却(增加“流”)“式”跟在名词后，而“性”、“态”则常附在动或形容词后。e.g.bitefitting卡套式接头suspensioninsulator悬挂式绝缘器oilbathairfilter油浴式空气滤清器piggyback背负式运输(指把汽车直接开到火上运输)stiffpiston刚性活塞dynamicflip-flop动态触发器在科技术语翻译中一般不用助词“的”，而代之以“式、“性”之类的词。

30e.g.portablegenerator便携式发电机有时增加名词可提高理据性效果。e.g.Y-directionY轴向loran兰远航仪1)SupplementofadverbsTemporaladvers:增加副词主要是增加表示时间概念的副词。e.g.lift&carryforwardmotion先提升后前送动作（增加“先”，“后”）FOR(freeonrail)铁路费用已付(增加“已”)2)Supplementforthesimplificationofgrammaticalcompounds增加形容词主要指在熟悉科技术语内涵的基础上增词，如：cutandcover明挖法(指地铁施工中，先将地面挖开然后将地铁隧道衬砌好再恢复地貌的方法)up-and-downhumpyard双向驼峰编组场dumptruck自卸卡车MajorwaysofSupplementofwords:增词的场合和增词的方式千差万别，其中最主要增词方式有：

31A)Logics根据科技术语内涵增词，这属逻辑增词。E.g.walkie-talkie步话机(增加“机”)automaticwidthcontroloneshot自动脉宽控制单稳电路(增加“脉”)averageseektime平均寻道时间(增加“道”)bipolarmemorydevice双极半导体存储装置(增加“半导体”)B)Chinesehabits/rhetoricdevice增词以符合汉语偏向于采用双字结构的表达习惯，这属修辞增词。e.g.semi-permanentcoupler半永性结构initialcompression初始压缩keyswitch按键开关C)Commonsense根据常识增词以使汉译的科技术语更为形象。dogclutch爪形离合器infiniteadjustment无级调速rubber-metalspring橡胶-属夹心弹簧hi-railtrackevaluationcar公铁两用轨道检查车portabletransmitter-receiver便携式收发两用机

32three-aspecthighcolourlightsignal高柱三示彩色灯信号A)Simplificationofgrammaticalcompounds增词以简化语法合成词的翻译。e.g.speedcontrolbyfieldweakening磁场削弱法速度控制Lecture7Theme-RhemeRepresentedinESTTranslation1．ThePlagueSchool&FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)A.ThePragueSchoolThePragueSchoolcanbetracedbacktoitsfirstmeetingundertheleadershipofV.Mathesius(1882-1946).Thisschoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,anditsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsofFUNCTION.B.FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)FSPisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.Theprincipleisthattheroleofeachutterancepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.Thelinguistsbelievethatasentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiscourse.2．TheDefinitionofThemeandRheme

33Thepointofdepartureisequallypresentedtothespeakerandtothehearer–itistheirrallyingpoint,thegroundonwhichtheymeet.ThisiscalledtheTHEME.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtotehhearer.ThisiscalledtheRHEME.Itisbelievedthatthemovementfromtheinitialnotion(Theme)tothegoalofdiscourse(Rheme)revealsthemovementoftheminditself.Languagemayusedifferentsyntacticstructure,buttheorderofideasremainsbasicallythesame.THEMERHEMEKnown/giveninformationnewinformationa.Sallystandsonthetable.b.OnthetablestandsSally.SubjectPredicatePredicateSubjectThemeRhemeThemeRhemetranslationEnglish:beginningfocusChinese:endfocus1．RelationshipofThemeandRheme1)Parallel（平行性）T-R1+R2+R3…e.g.虽然铝的强度不及钢，但是当铝与少量的钢、锰和镁制成合金，并经过热处理后，其强度可以接近钢的强度。Aluminum,thoughmuchlessstrongthansteel,canbegivenastrengthapproachingthatofsteelwhenitisalloyedwithsmallquantitiesof

34copper,manganeseandmagnesium,andsubjectedtohottreatmentprocesses.英汉两种平行性话语结构之间还存在着隐性的差异：英语的平行性结构往往借助于代词的照应或定冠词的使用，而汉语则强调语言连贯，因此要尽量避免用代词来进行重复，而常常以省略主位词或简化主位词的方式来进行表述。在平时的翻译中，应密切注意英汉两种语言的这种差异，否则，汉译英时，译文零碎、残缺不全；英译汉时，中文笨拙、英语腔很浓。1)Continuous（持续性）T—R(T1)—R1(R2)—R2(T3)—R3…e.g.山里有个洞，洞里有个仙，仙人有个宝葫芦，宝葫芦里装金丹…汉语这种持续性话语结构表明，上一句的述位是新信息的载体，而到下一句则转为主位，成为已知信息的载体。英语易于组成长句，而汉语适合连锁式短句。e.g.Eachcylinderthereforeisencasedinawaterjacket,whichformspartofacircuitthroughwhichwaterispumpedcontinuously,andcooledbymeansofairdrawninfromtheoutsideatmospherebylargerotaryfans,workedoffthemaincrankshaft,orinthelargediesel-electriclocomotives,byauxiliarymotors.**Analysis:这个主从复合句由一个主句和两个定语从句组成，并带有若干后置定语，因此只有采用延续性结构才能将这个句子译得通畅。译文：因而每个气缸都围有一个水套，水套形成循环水路的一部分，由水泵驱动水在回路中不断地流动，并由大型旋转风扇从外部鼓入空气使水冷却。大型旋转风扇是由主曲轴带动的，而在大型电力转动内燃机车上则由辅助电动机来带动。RhemeTheme

351)Concentrated（集中性）e.g.中国人是亚洲人，越南人是亚洲人，朝鲜人也是亚洲人。Analysis:simplestructure+samerhemeinduction集中性关系结构比较单一，况且述位相同，在翻译的时候比较容易处理。翻译集中性关系的句子时，可采用归纳法，并适当增加一些表示范畴的词语。中国人、越南人、朝鲜人都是亚洲人。2)Overlapping（交叉性）e.g.We,theauthorshavinghandledavarietyofmetalsandalloysforoverfortyyears,canreassurethosefollowingthatthereisstillmuchscopeforcraftandingenuityinmetallurgy,despitethefactthatgreatstrideshavebeenmadeinitasascienceduringthepastseventyyears,andalsothatrealfundamentalunderstandingandvalidexplanationsofmanyofthepropertiesofmetalswhichareusedbymanstillcallforintensivescientificwork.Analysis:We,theauthorshavinghandledavarietyofmetalsandalloysforoverfortyyears,canreassurethosefollowing(Theme)thatthereisstillmuchscopeforcraftandingenuityinmetallurgy,despitethefactthatgreatstrideshavebeenmadeinitasascienceduringthepastseventyyears,(Rheme1)andalsothatrealfundamentalunderstanding(Theme1)andvalidexplanations(Theme2)ofmanyofthepropertiesofmetalswhich

36areusedbymanstillcallforintensivescientificwork(Rheme).(Rheme2)这个主从复合句带有三个同位语从句和一个定语从句。汉语没有同位语从句，英语的同位语相当于汉语独立句中以“即”、“也就是”引出的词活句。由于英语重形合，而汉语重意合。汉语句子重已知信息与未知信息交叉联络，呈连锁性，严谨简练，所以汉译时，“即”、“也就是”往往可省略。译文：我们，作为与各种金属和合金打过40年交道的作者，可以再次肯定，尽管在过去70年中，冶金学作为一门科学有了很大进展，但在其工艺和设计方面仍有广阔的余地。同时，要对人们所使用的各种金属性能有意透彻了解，并能做出正确的解释，还要进行深入和细致的科学研究工作。Lecture8AestheticOrientationinESTTranslationEST:veryformal,lessrhetoricdevices科技英语翻译一般平铺直叙，较少使用修辞手段，给人以庄重之感。但是，如果在科技英语翻译中对语言进行恰如其分的润饰，讲究词法、句法及篇章的粘连，则定会增加可读性。这涉及到美学取向的问题。1.Accuracy（精确美）EST:accurate,notambiguousorpolysemytheauthorityofwrittendiscourse科技文章用词要求准确，尽量避免含糊不清和一词多义，从而烘托出书卷话语的权威气氛。e.g.clutch离合器cutandcover明挖法

37piggyback背负式运输（指把汽车直接开到火车上运输）door-to-doortransportation送货到家、送货上门walkie-talkie步话机deadair静空气1.Parallelism（整齐美）ReasonablesentencesstructureinEST:twounequaldifferentconcepts1)mail-clauseconstruction;2)parallelism科技英语的客观性、准确性和严密性要求采用合理的句子结构。如果一句话里包含两个以上的不同概念，而它们又不是同等重要时，需采用主从结构；反之，当一个句子有两个意义对等、起相同语法功能的并列成分时，则采用并列结构。e.g.1)制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量的生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。EnglishTranslation:Manufacturingprocessesmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandmassproductionwithlargenumbersofidenticalpartsbeingproduced.2)Associatedwithlimitloadsistheprooffactor,selectedtoensurethatifalimitloadisappliedtoastructuretheresultwillnotbedetrimentaltothefunctioningoftheaircraft,andtheultimatefactor,whichisindentedtoprovideforthepossibilityofvariationsinstructuralstrength.Analysis:

38Parallelisminmain-clauseconstruction:parallelismofclauses英语重形合而汉语重意合，汉译时不能全盘照搬原文的句子结构，宜采用先总后分，讲究对称的原则。**有时主从结构中也会出现整齐对称的结构，如汉译长句时采用小句，层层推进，就体现出一定的整齐美。ChineseTranslation:与极限负荷有关的是保险系数和终极系数，保险系数是选定用来保证即使极限负荷加在飞机上，飞机也不会受到损害；终极系数则是用来预防结构强度可能发生的变化。1.Conciseness（简约美）NominalizationinEST:1)lesssubjectsinsentencesobjective;2)lessredundancyinsentences名词化结构在科技英语中的广泛使用使句子变成名词短语，其作用有：一、可以较少使用人称主语，从而体现科技概念的客观性；二、可以避免结构臃肿。e.g.由于光学纤维频带较宽，损耗较低，光源更为可靠。因此在这一领域会更具竞争力。EnglishTranslation:Largerfiberbandwidth,lowerlossandmorereliableopticalsourceswouldmakeopticalfibersmorecompetitiveinthissection.Analysis:Impersonalnounasthesubjectofthesentencesconcisenessinthecomplicatedlogicrelationship

39非人称名词主语在科技英语的广泛使用是为了达到一种简约美的效果，因为它能以最简洁的语言形式表达科技英语中的各种逻辑关系。E.g.如果我们测得地震波的走时和振幅，我们就能确定地下的几何形状并估算出与岩石速度和密度有关的声阻抗。Originaltranslation:Ifwemeasuretheseismictraveltimeandamplitude,wecandefinethesurfacegeometryandgiveestimateoftheacousticimpedancesrelatedtorockvelocitiesanddensities.Improvedtranslation:(impersonalnounasthesubjectofthesentence)Seismicmeasurementsoftraveltimeandamplitudedefinethesubsurfacegeometryandgiveestimatesoftheacousticimpedancesrelatedtorockvelocitiesanddensities.1.Ordering（有序美）DescriptiveExpositoryArgumentativeChinese:endfocusEnglish:beginningfocuse.g.虽然火箭复杂而令人难忘，但它是一种比较简单的装置，早在八百多年前，中国人就发明了。Analysis:

40英汉语中定语、状语的分布各有一定的规律性，也体现了问题的有序美。该句的主要信息：火箭是一种比较简单的装置。虽然火箭复杂而令人难忘，但它是一种比较简单的装置，早在八百多年前，中国人就发明了。Originaltranslation:Althoughtherocketmayappearimpressiveandcomplexitisarelativelysimpledeviceandwasinventedinchinaasearlyas800yearsago.Improvedtranslation:Althoughitmayappearimpressiveandcomplex,therocketwhichwasinventedinChina800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.1.Wholeness（整体美）GrammaticalconnectorsinEST:1)logicalconnectors逻辑关联词2)referentialties照应关系3)lexicalconnectors词语关联词conceptionalparagraph：oneormorenaturalparagraphswhichcontainonetopictoconstituteaunity.科技英语中有一个重要的语以层次：概念段，这比其他文体体现得更明显。概念段既可以是一个自然段，也可以是几个自然段，概念段必须有一个主题，主题可以由一个句子表示，也可以由一个短语或一个从句表示。有时还要从几个句子的某些部分中提炼出来。因此，具有鲜明主题的一个或几个自然段称为概念段。要组织一个概念段，先应确立它的主题，然后考虑主题应分布在什么位置，确定要写的主体和内容之后，就要运用连接标志，使行文成为一个有机体。

41e.g.活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在工作状态下的变形，真实反映活塞变形情况，已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。Originaltranslation:Thejointgapbetweenapistonandacylinderhasgreatinfluenceontheservicelifeofanengine.Theprimaryfactorinfluencingthejointgapisthedeformationofpistonunderworkingcondition.Inordertoindicatetheactualdeformationofpiston,thefiniteelementmethodhasbeenwidelyappliedtoanalyzeitnumerically.Analysis:从单句看，译文似乎每句都符合汉语原义，单从整体上看，句子间的关系不清楚，组织松散。仔细分析可知：第一句的两个组成部分是相互联系的，不宜分译成两个独立分句，而且第一句与第二句之间还存在因果关系，即活塞变形是影响配合间隙的主要原因。Improvedtranslation:Asthejointgapbetweenapistonandacylinderhasgreatinfluenceontheservicelifeofanengine,whichtheprimaryfactorinfluencingthejointgapisthedeformationofpistonunderworkingcondition,itisimportanttoindicatetheactualdeformationofpistonandforthepurposethefiniteelementmethodhasbeenwidelyappliedtoanalyzeitnumerically.Analysis:TheimprovedversionappearstobemorecohesiveandmoreEnglish.经过修改的译文各部分之间衔接紧密，更符合英语的“形合”模式，其关键在于逻辑纽带在语段翻译中的正确运用。

42Lecture9ShiftsbetweenGeneralizationandSpecificationinESTTranslation科技英语翻译中的虚实互化现象EST:accuracyindefinitionandlawetc.andexplicitationintheprocessandproceduresdescribedtheinfluenceofextralingualfactorsambiguityinsemanticmeaninghowtoimpresstheimplication?“Dynamicequivalence”--shiftbetweengeneralization(G)andspecification(S)inESTtranslation科技英语论理准确，其所下的定义、定律、定理精确，所描绘的概念、叙述的生产工艺过程清楚。但是由于一些超语言因素的介入，有时也会导致模糊语义的出现，因而只能运用“动态对等”的手段尽可能充分地将原文负荷的语义信息体现出来。A.ShiftsfromGtoS1.FromGtoSbymeansofextendedmeaning取词义引申义化虚为实e.g.Paradoxically,thewonderfulstartwhichdieseltractionobtainedintheUnitedStateswasdueinparttothehighinitialcostoftheofthediesellocomotive.Inviewofthisexpenditure,thefirstdieselsweregiventhecreamofthehaulageassignmentsonwhichtheycoulddisplaytheircontinuousavailabilitytothemaximumadvantage.Cream:精华最重要的牵引任务Translation:说起来很有意思，内燃牵引之所以一开始就在美国受到青睐竟然部分原因在于内燃机车初期的高昂造价。正是由于这个原因，首批内燃机车被赋予了最重要的牵引任务，这样它们就能够将连续运行的优点最大限度地发挥出来。

431.FromGtoSbyreasonablygraspingtheconnotationandimplicature合理把握概念内涵和外延化虚为实SelectionofsenseamongmeaningsintranslationESTtranslation:adoptingmorethanonesenseforthepurposeofexplicitation平时的词义选择：选出最恰当的词义科技翻译：出现模糊语义时需要同时采用多个语义以使表达更加明确完整。e.g.Road-bedisthesubgradeonwhicharelaidtheballast,tiesandrails.Therearetwotypesofit–curtandfill.Itshouldbefirm,well-drainedandofadequatedimensions.Analysis:dimension:面积、大小（不够完整）、体积（形象性、直观性不够）面积和厚度Translation:路基就是上面铺着道渣、轨枕和钢轨的底及。路基有两种类型：路堑(qian4)和路堤。路基应坚固，排水性好并有足够的面积和厚度。2.FromGtoSbygraspingthenuanceof“delexicalized”words揣摩“万能”动词含义化虚为实Delexicalizedwords:polysemyindifferentcontexts,ambiguityspecificationintranslation“万能动词”：英语中表意功能强的动词，在不同的语境中有不同的词义，可能导致模糊语义。翻译时应尽量使其含义具体化。

44Example1Thehardertherock,somuchthemoredifficultistheworkofdrilling,thoughfewtypesofrockaresufficientlyhardtobeallowedtoremainafterblastingwithoutaliningofmasonryorconcrete.Analysis:Remain:simpleandquitecommon,hardtodecideasensefromthedictionary,itscontexthereisabouttunneldigging.Translation:岩石越硬，开凿工作就越困难，尽管如此，也很少有什么岩石坚硬到爆破后不用圬工或混凝土进行衬砌就可直接形成隧道壁。Example2Thefansareoftenfittedwithmoveableshutterstotheirairintakeswhichopenandcloseautomaticallyunderthecontrolofthermostatstokeepthecylindertemperaturesasevenaspossible,admittingmoreairwhentheengineisworkinghardandlesswhenitisidling.Analysis:Workinghard:theoppositeofidling(空转)加大负荷工作有时，这种通过使词义具体化以消除模糊语义的做法需要一定的形象思维。Example3Oneofthelatestrailroadinventionsisamachinethatwilldotheworkofcarridersinafreightyard.A“carretarder”itiscalled.Itisamachineoperatedbycompressedairwhichreachesabovetherailsoftheclassificationtracksandpressingagainstthesides

45oftheturningcarwheels,checksorretardsthespeedofthecarsothatitwillcometoastopattheproperplace.Analysis:Reachabove:ambiguity,itscontextiscarretarder（车辆减速器）.通过“车辆减速主要是靠车轮和轨道之间产生一定的摩擦”这一形象思维reachabove译为“撑出来高于”既形象，又准确Translation:铁道部门最近研制出了一种能够在货场取代制动员工作的机器装置，称作“车辆减速器”。它由压缩空气操纵，撑出来高于编组轨道，而且紧靠着转动的车轮，通过它使车辆停住或缓行，以便停在适当的位置。Summary:Thiskindofshiftdependsontheexpertiseofthetranslators.这种模糊语义的具体化需要译者具有熟练的专业知识。1.FromGtoSbysortingoutthesyntacticstructures理清句子结构化虚为实Englishsentencestructure:complexandcomplicated大树参天，枝繁叶茂EST:多重复句比简单的序列句更能表达严谨细致的复杂思维活动logicandgrammaticalanalysisExample1Thephysicalmetallurgistwhohaslongbeenrelieduponbytheindustrialisttosolveimmediateproblemseventhoughitmayhavebeenattheexpenseofhisfundamentalworkontheunderstandingoftheoverallbehaviorofmetalsandalloys,isnowtemptedtodeserttotheranksofthemetalphysicists.

46Analysis:His:referstophysicalmetallurgistorindustrialist??Thetheme/informationfocusistheformerratherthanthelatterTranslation:长期以来，工业家一只依靠物理冶金家去解决一些迫切的问题，而现在物理冶金家却想改行加入金属物理学家的行列，尽管他所收的培训并不利于它从事新的事业–研究金属和合金的总体特性。Example2Correcttimingisoftheutmostimportance,andalsoextremeaccuracy,downtoatwenty-thousandthpartofaninch,inthegrindingofcertainpartsofthefuelinjectionpumpandthevalves.Translation1?校正定时的工作是极其重要的，而且是极其精确的，对喷油泵与气阀某些部件的研磨精密度应达到两万分之一英寸。Translation2校正定时的工作是极其重要的，而且高度的精确性也是极其重要的，对喷油泵与气阀某些部件的研磨精密度应达到两万分之一英寸。Analysis:Extremeaccuracy:不是充当表语，而是其主语的作用，其谓语部分is(also)oftheutmostimportance因重复而省略。Summary:

47句法结构导致的模糊语义往往会使两种译文的意思大相径庭，在科技翻译时应特别注意。1.FromGtoSbyaccuratelyanalyzingthetexts准确分析语篇化虚为实任何译文，如果游离于篇章之外，都不可能做到恰如其分。Example1Toallowforvariationsfromonespecimentoanother,theresultsoftestsamplesaredividedbyalifefactortoobtainthesafefatiguelife.Ifonlyonespecimenistestedthefactoris8,ifsixaretestedthelifefactorisontheaverage3.5,andproportionallyforalessernumberofsamples.Analysis:proportionallyforalessernumberofsamples:如果译为“保险系数与样机数成比例”ambiguityTranslation:考虑到样机类型不一样，通常用参加测试的样机数除以安全系数以得到安全疲劳寿命。如果测试的样机数为1，则保险系数为8，而入测试的样机数为6，则保险系数平均为3.5，样机数减少，保险系数越大。Example2BritishrailengineeratitsRailwayTechnicalCentreatDerbyhavetrimmedweightanddragsubstantially.Analysis:Trimmed:modify,adapt.Inthiscontextithastwoobjects--weightanddragambiguitycollocation

48Translation:位于德比郡的铁路技术中心的英国铁路工程师大大削减了列车的重量，增加了牵引力。B.ShiftsfromStoGExample1Thoughthestationmaster’stophatandmorningcoatisnotseenasoftenasformerlyatthesestations,thedignityandresponsibilityofhisofficehavebeeninnodegreelessenedbymodernconditions.Analysis:tophatandmorningcoat:fromverbfollowed“is”itsignifiesasinglenotion译为“身影”Lecture10SentenceLengthandFocusinESTTranslation句长、语句重心与科技翻译SyntacticdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineselanguagesEnglish:lengthysentences;flexibilityofattributivesandadverbials;beginningfocus易于组成长句；定语和状语的位置比较灵活；句首重心Chinese:parallelshortsentences;fixednessofattributivesandadverbials;endfocus适合连锁式断句；定语和状语位置相对稳定；句末重心1.SentencelengthEST:foraccuracymodifierscomplexity

49科技英语为了论理准确，往往加入一些修饰性、限制性的语句，使句子结构长而不乱，信息分布合理，给人一气呵成之感。英语长句多用“形合法”；而汉语句子结构是主要成分和修饰成分交叉排列，很少用关联词语，一层扣一层，层次分明，句子简短、明快。汉语长句多用“意合法”，复句中的分句一般按顺序排列，因此便于理解。Example1Eachcylinderthereforeisencasedinawaterjacket,whichformspartofacircuitthroughwhichwaterispumpedcontinuously,andcooledbymeansofairdrawninformtheoutsideatmospherebylargerotaryfans,workedoffthemaincrankshaft,orinthelargerdiesel--electriclocomotives,byauxiliarymotors.Analysis:Sentencestructure:onemain+twoattributiveclauseswithsomeadjunctsTranslation:因而每个气缸都用一个水套围着，水套形成循环回路的一部分，由水泵驱使水在回路中不停地流动，并用由外部鼓进的空气来使水冷却。鼓风用的大型旋转风扇是由主曲轴带动的，而在大型电传动内燃机车上，则用辅助电机带动。Example2Thephysicalmetallurgistwhohaslongbeenrelieduponbytheindustrialisttosolveimmediateproblemseventhoughitmayhavebeenattheexpenseofhisfundamentalworkontheunderstandingoftheoverallbehaviorofmetalsandalloys,isnowtemptedtodeserttotheranksofthemetalphysicists,althoughhistrainingequipshimillforthenewoccupation.Analysis:English:onesubject--Thephysicalmetallurgist

50Chinesetranslation:parallelclausesmoresubjectsTranslation:长期以来，工业家一直依靠物理冶金家去解决一些迫切的问题—即使这可能需要物理冶金家另起炉灶去掌握金属和合金的基本特性,而现在物理冶金家却想改行加入金属物理学家的行列，尽管他所收的培训并不利于它从事新的事业。Summary:译文中虽然句子间总体的逻辑关系没变，却在每个句子前增加了主语，使句子内涵更加清晰，更符合汉语行文的特点。1.SentencefocusInformationfocus:English:beginningfocusChinese:endfocus英汉两种语言句法结构的差异，也可体现在语句重心的位置上。句长的改变，往往伴随着语句重心的改变。为了使译文符合汉语习惯，就需要对语句重心进行调整。Example1Withthepresentrateofgrowthofideasandplansofbothphysicistsandengineers,itisnolongerpossibletoallowthedevelopmentofthefullpotentialitiesofthenewmetalstoevolveoveraperiodofaboutfiftyyears,aswasthecasewithaluminumintheperiodbetween1890and1949.Analysis:Informationfocus:itisnolongerpossible

51Translation:铝的潜力全部开发出来耗费了从1890年到1949年大约50年的时间，而以目前物理学家和工程师们思维和观念更新的速度，要把新金属的潜力充分地挖掘出来则再也不需要50年那么漫长的时间了。Example2Thetechnicalpossiblecouldwellexist,therefore,ofnationwideintegratedtransmissionnetworkofhighcapacity,controlledbycomputers,inter-connectedgloballybysatelliteandsubmarinecable,providingspeedyandreliablecommunicationsthroughouttheworld.Analysis:Informationfocus:thefirstsentence:thetechnicalpossiblecouldwellexistTranslation:建立全国统一的大容量的通讯网络，由计算机进行控制，通过卫星和海底电缆在全球从事快速可靠的通讯服务，这种可能性从技术上来讲是完全存在的。1.LocationofAttributivesandAdverbials英汉两种语言句法结构上的差异，还可体现在定语、状语位置的分布上，这两种句子成分对语句重心的分布有极大的影响。在英语中，名词、代词、形容词或动名词作定语时一般放在所修饰的名词（语句重心）前；从句和各种短语作定语时则放在所修饰的名词后。而汉语则往往把定语都放在所修饰名词之前，这就需要在翻译时进行语序的交换。A.LocationofAttributivesExample1

52Theadvertofjetandrocketpropulsion,andofnuclearreactors,hasshownthatthematerialswhichpreviouslyservedforconstructionalpurposesarenolongerwhollysatisfactoryforthemanufactureofequipmentonwhichtheefficientfunctioningofthesesnewsourcesofpowerdepends.Translation:喷气式飞机、火箭助推器以及核反应堆的出现表明过去的建材再也不能令人满意地用来建造那些有效使用新能源的设备。Summary:英语中的后置定语在汉语中都前置了。B.LocationofAdverbials英语中状语的位置比较灵活，可在主句前，也可居后。汉译时一般将状语前置。Example1Itisinemergency,also,thatthestationmastermaybecalledontomakedecisionsofconsiderableimportanceinregardtotheworkingofthetrainspasthisstation,thoughingeneraloperationcontrolsystemsarenowsoextensive,moreparticularlyonmainlines,thathecanobtainwithoutanygreatdelayadecisionbytelephonefromthecontrolofficeoftheareainwhichhisstationissituatedastoanyalteredmethodsofworkingthatitmaybenecessarytoputinforce.Analysis:总体上看，这是个让步状语从句，其中内涵几个定语从句，汉译时可将其中的定语、状语前置。Itisinemergency,also,thatthestationmastermaybecalledontomakedecisionsofconsiderableimportanceinregardtotheworkingofthetrainspasthisstation,

53[thoughingeneraloperationcontrolsystemsarenowsoextensive,moreparticularlyonmainlines,thathecanobtainwithoutanygreatdelayadecisionbytelephonefromthecontrolofficeoftheareainwhichhisstationissituatedastoanyalteredmethodsofworkingthatitmaybenecessarytoputinforce.]Translation:尽管一般来说，运行控制系统目前已得到广泛应用（特别是在主干线上），站长可以通过电话从其车站所在地区的调度室迅速获得必须实施的有关改变列车运行方式的决定，但在紧急情况下，可能还要求站长对过站列车的运行做出重要的决策。Summary:经过语序调整后的汉译的句子，语句重心突出，从整体上显得清晰、流畅。Conclusion:在科技英语汉译中，所应把握的总体原则是：小句推进，定语、状语前置，信息重心句后置。Lecture11LogicAnalysisinESTTranslation1.IntroductionØContributionofacademicpaperstointernationalacademicjournalsØEnglishabstractsandpersonalstatement(nationalacademicjournals)ØEnglishTranslationofChineseabstractsandpersonalstatement(forfriendsorteachersorclients)NomoregrammaticalmistakesorspellingmistakesrefusalWhy?Analysis:

54问题在于对句子与句子之间的联系分析不够，从而使英文译文组织松散，巨资互相独立，没有形成密切联系的整体。究其原因，主要是由于对汉英语言结构的判别认识不足。汉语：“意合法”；英语：“形合法”。Theimportanceoflogicanalysis1.CaseanalysisThefollowingexamplesshowalooseorganizationofsentencestructureswithoutanyexplicitlogicrelationship.以下例子显示英文翻译组织松散、句子间缺乏有机联系。Example1活塞与气缸的配合间隙，对于发动机的使用寿命影响很大，影响配合间隙的主要原因是活塞在工作状态下的变形。真实反映活塞变形情况，国内已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。Originaltranslation:Thejointgapbetweenapistonandacylinderhasgreatinfluenceontheservicelifeofanengine.Theprimaryfactorinfluencingthejointgapisthedeformationofpistonunderworkingcondition.Inordertoshowuptheactualdeformationofpiston,thefiniteelementmethodhasbeenwidelyappliedtoanalyzeitnumericallyinChina.Analysis:这段英文看起来似乎每一句都符合汉语原文，但从整体上看，句子间的关系不够明确，组织松散。经过逻辑分析看出，1）汉语的第一句的两个组成部分是相互联系的，不宜分成两个独立句子。2）第1句和第2句之间还存在因果关系，即活塞变形是影响间隙的主要因素，因此有必要搞清楚其变形情况。ImprovedTranslation:

55Sincethejointgapbetweenapistonandacylinderhasgreatinfluenceontheservicelifeofanengine,andtheprimaryfactorinfluencingthejointgapisthedeformationofpistonunderworkingcondition,itisimportanttoshowuptheactualdeformationofpistonandforthispurposethefiniteelementhasbeenwidelyappliedtoanalyzeitnumericallyinChina.Summary:相比之下，修改之后译文比较紧凑，各部分之间逻辑关系明确，形成了相互关系的整体。Example2本文将Q过程重新分类，得到每类Q过程存在、唯一性准则以及一般表达式，我们的结果在过程构造及定性理论，特别是在含瞬时效的Q过程的构造及定性理论中，有重要应用。Originaltranslation:Inthispaper,Q-processesareclassifiedinnewmethod.WeobtaintheexistenceanduniquenessaswellastheformsofeachclassofQ-processes.OurresulthasimportantapplicationintheconstructionandqualitativetheoryofQ-processes,especially,inthatofinstantaneousstateofQ-processes.Analysis:这段英文的缺点在语组织松散，三个句子之间联系不够。Improvedtranslation:Inthispaper,Q-processesareclassifiedinnewmethodandtheexistenceanduniquenessaswellastheformsofeachclassofQ-processesareobtained.TheresultobtainedhasimportantapplicationintheconstructionandqualitativetheoryofQ-processes,especially,inthatofinstantaneousstateofQ-processes.

56Summary:改写后的译文把第1、2句合并成一个句子，另外还通过第1句末的areobtained与下一句开头的Theresultobtained将其在意思上密切联系起来。Example3本文试图从理论上说明，我国广泛采用的XYD-I型小液压捣固机的减振问题，并根据具体结构作减振验算，从而得出“这种减振是可行的”结论。Originaltranslation:ThepurposeofthispaperistoexplaintheoreticallytheproblemofvibrationdampingofModelXYS-I,asmall-sizedhydraulictampingtoolwidelyusedinourcountry.Moreover,checksonthevibrationdampingaremadeaccordingtocertainconcretemechanism.Finally,wecometotheconclusionthatthismechanismofvibrationdampingisfeasible.Analysis:1）汉语句子第2与第3部分之间是演算方法与其结构之间的关系，但英文用两个句子表达县的松散，而且仅按时间顺序不足以表达这种密切关系。2）最后一句含有第一人称代词的用法wecometotheconclusion显得主观性很强，不符合科技英语客观性强的要求。Improvedtranslation:ThepurposeofthispaperistoexplaintheoreticallytheproblemofvibrationdampingofModelXYS-I,asmall-sizedhydraulictampingtoolwidelyusedinourcountry.Moreover,checksonthevibrationdampingaremadeoncertainconcretemechanism,whichleadtotheconclusionthatthismechanismofvibrationdampingisfeasible.Summary:

57有鉴于此，句子间的联系在英语表达中十分重要，必须通过逻辑分析，首先搞清楚汉语中的内在联系，根据逻辑关系组织译文，才容易达到准确、顺畅的目的。1.TypesofRelationshipbetweenSentencesMajortypes:1)methodandresult:使用了某种方法，从而得出某种结果Example1本文对一个主跨400m的大型混凝土斜拉桥在汽车与人群荷载下的状态进行了非线性分析，给出了全桥各控制截面力学量的非线性影响系数。分析表明这类桥的非线性影响系数可达15%左右。Translation:Inthispaper,alargeconcretecable-stayedbridgewitha400-meter-longmainspanundertheloadsofvehiclesandhumangroupsisanalyzedbynonlineartheoryandnonlinearinfluencefactorsofmechanicalquantitiesatcontrollingsectionsofthebridgeareevaluated.Itshowsthatthenonlinearinfluencefactorsofthiskindofbridgemayreachabout15%.Analysis:译文前后句之间为方法与结果的关系，通过代词It明显表示出来。Example2本文给出了重力式桥墩与明控基础整体优化设计的数学模型，选择序列性规划法，并利用线性的对偶理论求最优解。采用编制的程序进行整体优化设计，可比标准设计节省圬工5-10%。Translation:

58Inthispaper,amathematicalmodelforintegraloptimizationdesignofpiershaftanditsfoundationisgiven,andtheSLPmethodanddualitytheoryareappliedheretohaveanoptimalsolution.Withtheapplicationofthisprogramme,themasonryvolumeofoptimizationdesignmaybedecreasedbyabout5-10%incomparisonwithgeneraldesign.Summary:[1]译文前后句之间的关系：方法-结果，其内在联系通过短语Withtheapplicationofthisprogramme密切联系起来；[2]前后两句通过前句中的applied和后句中的application互相照应，在意思上联系起来。Inthispaper,amathematicalmodelforintegraloptimizationdesignofpiershaftanditsfoundationisgiven,andtheSLPmethodanddualitytheoryareappliedheretohaveanoptimalsolution.Withtheapplicationofthisprogramme,themasonryvolumeofoptimizationdesignmaybedecreasedbyabout5-10%incomparisonwithgeneraldesign.1)cause-effect:在科技文章中常见Example1本文用碰撞理论对拍门在启门时进行了受力分析，得到了启门时拍门顶铰免受冲击力的条件，文中还讨论了排气孔对缓解铰反力的影响，对进一步优化拍门设计提供了理论依据。Analysis:这段文字首先叙述了进行某项分析取得了某种结果，然后在此基础上提出了优化设计，因此主要表达了一种因果关系。Translation:

59Thispaperanalyzestheforcesinagiantslapdoorwithimpacttheoryandobtainstheconditionsthatthetophingerefrainsfromimpactwhenthedoorisopened.Howtheexhaustsaffectthereactionofthetophingeisalsodiscussed.Onthebasisofthat,thispaperofferssuggestionforoptimizingthedesignofslapdoor.Example2近40年来，在大量工程设计实践中，我院积极采用新技术、新材料和新设备，荣获部优、省优设计奖25项。Analysis:该段文字摘自一家勘察设计院的介绍，文字里实际暗含一种因果关系，即由于采用了某种措施，从而获得了奖励。Translation:Intherecent40years,thedesignersoftheinstitutehaveactivelyadoptednewtechniques,newbuildingmaterialsandnewequipmentintheirpractice.Asaresult,theinstitutehaswon25prizesforexcellentdesignswardedbytheMinistryandtheProvince.1)primaryandsecondary（主次关系）：汉译英时必须对一个句子的各组成部分之间的关系以及句子间的关系分清主次、轻重，才能准确表达原意。Example1我院在深化改革中，以质量求生存，以技术求发展，推行全面质量管理；（我院）以信守合同，热忱服务为宗旨，努力开拓国内外勘察设计市场。Analysis:对前一个句子的重点不同的理解，就会有不同的译法。

60[1]重点放在“推行全面质量管理”Translation:Inthecourseofdeepeningreform,ourinstitute,relyingonqualityforexistenceandtechnologyfordevelopment,activelycarriesouttotalqualitycontrolinitsmanagement.[2]重点放在“以质量求生存，以技术求发展”Translation:Inthecourseofdeepeningreform,ourinstitutekeepstothemotto:“QualityforExistenceandTechnologyforDevelopment”,andcarriesouttotalqualitycontrolinitsmanagement.后一句的重点则是“开拓国内外勘察设计市场”。Translation:Bykeepingfaithfullytosignedcontractsandrenderingheartyservicestoallthecustomersasourguidingobjective,ourinstituteisopeningupsuccessfullysurveyanddesignmarketbothathomeandabroad.Example2本文介绍了CAPP系统中自动生成和输出工序图的基本方法，并重点论述了比例设置、剖面线的绘制，尺寸、公差、粗糙度的标注等基本问题，其中剖面线的绘制方法是比较独特、新颖和通用的方法。Analysis:这段文字设计如何在一系列事物中突出重点。可采用两种方法：[1]明确用文字表示theemphasisislaidon;[2]使用定语从句，在其中突出重点。

61Translation:Inthispaper,abasicmethodofautomaticcreationandoutputoperationfigureinCAPPisintroduced.Theemphasisislaidonsettingproportion,drawingsectionline,indicationofsize,toleranceandroughnessandotherbasicproblem,amongwhichthemethodofdrawingsectionlineinnotonlydistinctiveandnovelbutalsoofuniversaluse.1.Conclusion翻译科技文章时，应仔细分析汉语中所暗含的内在逻辑关系，据此组织译文，才能使译文形成一个各部分互相联系的整体，突出重点，主次分明。Lecture12ESTTranslationPracticeA.TranslatethefollowlingpassageintoChinese:Material1:wordcount:530SuspensionBridgesSuspensionbridgesarefrequentlyconstructedinpreferencetoothertypesofbridge,especiallywhererelativelylighttraffichastobecarriedoverlongspans,sincetheyaremoreeconomicalinmaterialandareextremelystrong.Thereareinexistencesuspensionbridgeswithmainspansofmorethan3000feet,theentireweightofthedeckbeingsupportedfromabovebycables(usuallyonlytwoorfourinnumber)suspendedbetweentwotowersateithersideoftheriver.Thecablesarecomposedofthousandsofwires,madeofhigh-ensilesteel,whicharegalvanisedtoresistcorrosion.Twoorthreehundredofthesewires,eachofabout0.19inchindiameter,areclampedtogethertoformasinglestrand,andthewholeablemayconsistofaconsiderablenumberofsuchstrandscompactedandboundtogetherwithwire.Inconstructingthecable,twodistinctmethodsmaybeadopted.Thewiresmayeitherbelistedintostrands,thestrandsthensometimesbeingtwistedroundacentralstrandtoformthecompletedcable,ortheymaybespunparalleltoeachother,andclampedtogetheratintervals.Thelattermethodobviously

62involvesamuchlongerspinningoperation,sinceeachwireorsmallgroupofwiresmustbespunandadjustedtothecorrectsagindividually,whereasthestrandsofTwistedwirecanbeerectedasunits,providedthattheyarenotsoheavyastobeunmanageable.However,onbridgeswithverylongspans,therearecertainadvantagesintheparallelwiremethodofspinningthecable.Thecablesarenormallymadecontinuousthroughthetopsofthetowers,downthroughsidetowers,wheretheseexist,andthenceintotheanchorage.Theybearonspeciallyconstructedsaddlesonthetowers,whichareshapedtoaccommodatethem,thesaddlesbeingeitherfixedsothatthecablesmayslideoverthem,ormountedonrollerssothattheymovewithanymovementofthecables.Inviewoftheenormouspullexertedbytheheavycables,theirendsmustbesecuredinfirmanchorages,andunlesstheycanbeembeddedinsoundnaturalrock,constructionsofmasonryorconcretemustbeprovidedstrongenoughtowithstandtheseverepressuresputuponthem.Thecablestrandsarenormallyloopedroundstrand-shoes,whichareinturnconnectedbychainstoananchor-plateembeddedinthebaseoftheanchorage.Atintervalsalongthemainspan,cast-steelcablebandsareattachedtothecables,grippingthemfirmlyandexcludingmoisturefromthem,andfromthesebandssuspendersofwire-ropeorchainshangdown.Sincethesesuspendershavetotaketheweightofthedecktowhichtheyareattached,theymusthavehightensilestrength.Oneadvantageofusingthebraced-chainsuspendersisthattheylargelydispensewiththeneedforasystemofstiffening,beingthemselvesrigid.Thisstiffeningisnecessarytoresistdeformationsofthedeckofthebridgeduetomovingtrafficloadsandalsotoresistlateralpressuresfromwind.Inthecaseofwire-ropesuspenders,thestiffeningmustbeprovidedbytrussesconstructedatthelevelofthedeck,thedepthofthetrussvaryingwiththelengthofthespan.B.TranslatethefollowlingpassageintoEnglsih:Material2:字数：1292港迪电气企业宣传片文案（中企策动影视传媒）

63日月经天，江河行地；水沃神州，泽润港迪在中国电气控制领域，有一页无法跳过的篇章，记载着一个无法忘记的名字，她书写在亚太峰会、三峡大坝、航天工程、磁悬浮列车等国家重点项目，她走遍中国，迈向国际。她用无限的豪情，在短短的数年里，创造了一个又一个的奇迹…..她，就是港迪电气港迪电气是集设计、制造、安装、调试起重设备电气控制系统及高、低压配电系统为一体并提供相关技术咨询与培训的新型高科技企业，是目前我国主要的起重设备电气控制系统制造商之一。港迪电气下设：武汉港迪电气有限公司、武汉港迪机械工程设计有限公司、武汉港迪电气成套设备有限公司和武汉港迪机电工程安装有限公司四个子公司。港迪电气拥有先进的生产设备和产品检测仪器、标准的生产厂房及技术精良的专业队伍，具有AAA级资信等级，并已通过ISO9001国际质量体系认证和中国国家强制性产品(3C)认证，取得了西安高压电器研究所颁发的高压开关设备型号使用证书及国家质量技术监督局颁发的起重机械安装改造维修许可证，是中国电器工业协会、中国工程机械协会港口机械分会、中国港口协会自动化分会、中国港口协会科学技术委员会、中国长江港口协会科学技术委员会、上海起重机械行业协会及武汉电气行业协会、中国物料搬运协会、湖北省机械工程学会理事单位。旦复旦兮，日书其华。港迪电气的崛起，汇聚了成就的主流，承载着品牌立业的气度。港迪电气设计制造的各类产品已广泛应用于港口、冶金、国防、造船、水利电力、铁路交通、污水处理等行业。产品配置合理、性能优越、可靠性高、维护量小、性价比高，为用户带来了显著的经济效益，赢得了极高的声誉！追溯创业的艰辛，共享收获的喜悦，港迪人在和谐、诚信中成长，企业在高效创新中疾速拓展，港迪电气秉承“以创新求发展，以质量求生存，以服务求信誉，以管理求效益”的发展战略，以“一流管理、一流技术、一流质量、一流服务”为企业宗旨，以“不断创造辉煌”为理想，立志做中国电气设计与制造的主流，感应每一次时代勃发的脉动！港迪电气集聚了中国一流的机械、电气工程师和科研人员，并建有一流的开放实验室和研发中心，每年投入大量的资金和国内外著名的科研院所合作，有效地进行拥有自主知识产权的科研创新和开发。质量第一、用户至上、全方位实施名牌战略，港迪人以非凡的胆识和智慧营造的远征战舰，穿越一处又一处险滩激流，呕心沥血地创造着历史。挥洒的是辛勤的汗水，收获的是丰硕的果实。起自高远，指向海洋，港迪电气产品销售市场覆盖全国各地及海外地区，在18个城市设有办事处。港迪电气“海外事业部”，使港迪产品在国际市场上得到更好地发展。港迪电气坚持“不计成本地以最快的方式到达现场,有效的解决问题的售后服务宗旨，严格履行对最终用户实行点对点服务、30分钟回复制、24小时售后服务免费专线电话”的售后服务承诺，为用户提供最优质的售后服务。以振兴民族工业为已任，用力量释放激情，用品牌成就港迪。海洋般的胸怀，海港般的气派….我们的目光向未来放开，一首火一般热情的港迪电气之歌，唱出港迪人的豪情壮志,用信念实现了自身的飞跃，创造了发展的奇迹！未来的港迪将站在中国电气控制领域的最前沿，实现跨国经营，打造世界知名品牌!Lecture13SomeCommonGrammaticalMistakesinESTTranslation

641.Disagreement违反一致性原则英语主语(subject)与谓语(predicate)、代词(pronoun)与先行词(antecedent)在性(gender)、数(number)上以及一些主从复合句(principal/subordinatecomplexsentence)在时态上要保持一致，否则就会造成违反一致性原则(disagreement)的语法错误。1)代词与名词不一致(pronoun/nounconflicts)A.代词与先行词不一致(disagreementbetweenpronounandantecedent)e.g.Ifonehadconsideredtheconsequencescarefully,youwouldnothaveagreedtosignthecontract.Improvedtranslation:Ifonehadconsideredtheconsequencescarefully,hewouldnothaveagreedtosignthecontract.B.指示代词与其所修饰的名词不一致(disagreementbetweenpronounandthenounmodified)e.g.Thesekindofstudieswasnotstarteduntilthenewexperimentalequipmentwasimportedfromadevelopedcountry.Improvedtranslation:a.Thiskindofstudywasnotstarteduntilthenewexperimentalequipmentwasimportedfromadevelopedcountry.

65b.Thesekindsofstudieswerenotstarteduntilthenewexperimentalequipmentwasimportedfromadevelopedcountry.1)主语与谓语不一致(subject/predicateconflicts)A.单数主语(subjectinsingleform)用复数谓语e.g.TherelationshipmodelamongthefeedingamountofC.lividtipennisanddenisitiesofpredatorandhostegg,aswellasthefunctionalresponsemodelofnympthaeandadultpredatorweredeveloped.Improvedtranslation:a.TherelationshipmodelamongthefeedingamountofC.lividtipennisanddenisitiesofpredatorandhostegg,aswellasthefunctionalresponsemodelofnympthaeandadultpredatorwasdeveloped.b.TherelationshipmodelamongthefeedingamountofC.lividtipennisanddenisitiesofpredatorandhostegg,andthefunctionalresponsemodelofnympthaeandadultpredatorweredeveloped.B.复数主语(subjectinpluralform)用单形谓语e.g.Thisisoneofthemonographsonthemolecularbiologythathasbeenpublishedbythepublishinghouse.Improvedtranslation:Thisisoneofthemonographsonthemolecularbiologythathavebeenpublishedbythepublishinghouse.2)主从复合句时态不一致(principal/subordinateconflictsintense)

66A.主语与宾语从句时态不一致e.g.WepresumethatacyclasegenefromS.cattleyawasclonedaccordingtothefunctionofthegeneproducts.Improvedtranslation:Accordingtothefunctionofthegeneproducts,wemaycometotheconclusionthatacyclasegenefromS.cattleyahasbeencloned.B.主语与定语从句时态不一致e.g.LastweekwepaidavisittothenationalMuseumofNature,inwhichwehaveseenalotofrareanimalspecimens.Improvedtranslation:LastweekwepaidavisittothenationalMuseumofNature,inwhichwesawalotofrareanimalspecimens.C.主语与状语从句时态不一致e.g.Hehadtodiscontinuehisundergraduatestudiesbecausehisphysicalconditionbecomesworseandworse.Improvedtranslation:Hehadtodiscontinuehisundergraduatestudiesbecausehisphysicalconditionbecameworseandworse.

671)时态与时间不相呼应(disagreementbetweentenseandtime)e.g.InthepostwarperiodYugoslaveconomyhasdevelopedasymmetricalinwhichindustryandinfrastructurehavebeenfavoredtothedetrimentofagriculture,havinganegativeresultontheentireeconomicdevelopment.Improvedtranslation:InthepostwarperiodYugoslaveconomydevelopedinanimbalancedway,industryandinfrastructurewerefavored,whichledtothedetrimentofagricultureandthuscausedanegativeresultontheentireeconomicofYugoslav.2.MisuseofConnectives错误使用关联词Englishconnectives:a.relativepronoun（关系代词）b.relativeadverb（关系副词）c.subordinateconjunction（从属连词）d.interrogativepronoun（疑问代词）e.interrogativeadverb（疑问副词）f.condensedconjunctivepronoun（缩合连接代词）g.condensedconjunctiveadverb（缩合连接副词）3.ImproperDiction用词不当1)动词使用不当A.谓语动词(predicate)使用不当a.及物动词与不及物动词混淆b.动词的固定搭配错误(collocationalmistakes)a)v.+prop./adv.b)V.+gerund(动名词)

68a)V.+tov.B.非限定动词使用不当a.to+v.b.gerundc.v.-ingd.p.p.2)介词使用不当3)等立连词(coordinateconjunction)使用不当4)形容词和副词使用不当5)名词和代词使用不当2.MisuseofPunctuation标点符号使用不当Lecture14SomeCommonRhetoricalMistakesinESTTranslation科技英语翻译常见修辞问题科技英语翻译常见修辞问题包括：违反统一性原则(disunity)、违反连惯性原则(incoherence)、累赘(wordiness/redundancy)、迂回(roundabout)、过分简单与单调(oversimplicity/simplismandmonotone)1．违反统一性原则(disunity)hypotaxis:mainclause+subordinateclause1）违反主从关系（mainclause+subordinateclause）A.主从颠倒(inversion)B.主从并列(parataxis)C.主从隔离(segregation)

691）意思不完整(disintegrity)或不明确(vagueness)A.成分残缺(incompleteness)B.结构混乱(disorder)C.概念不明确(vagueness)1．违反连贯性原则(incoherence)coherence(连贯性)waysofcoherence:reference,substitution,repetitionandlogicalconnectionTypesofincoherence:1)叙事结构突然改变A.叙事对象主体突然改变B.数(number)的突然改变C.时态的突然改变2)缺少必要的连接词或过渡性承接词承上启下A.缺少必要的连接词(logicalconnector)B.缺少必要的承接词(transitionalconnector)3)平衡关系(parallelstructure)被破坏parallelstructure/parallelismA.并列平行关系失衡B.比较对象不一致

701)省略（ellipsis）不当引起的逻辑错误2)缺少必要的指代(reference)和重复(repetition)A.缺少必要的指代(reference)B.缺少必要的重复(repetition)1．累赘(wordiness/redundancy)wordiness/redundancy(累赘)brevity(简洁)+clearness/distinctness(明晰)2．迂回(roundabout)3．过分简单(oversimplicity/simplism)与单调(monotone)Lecture15SomeCommonLogicalMistakesinESTTranslation科技英语翻译的逻辑问题1．概念(concept)不准确1）概念转移概念转移（changeofconcept）/概念置换（displacementofconcept）偷换概念(disguiseddisplacementofconcept)2）概念跃迁属种关系(genus-speciesrelation)全异关系(disparaterelation/incompatiblerelation/exclusiverelationofconcept)属概念(genericconcept)种概念(speciesconcept)

711）概念周延（distributionofconcept）扩大概念周延扩大（extensionofconceptdistribution）=概括(generalizationofconcept)2）概念歧义（conceptambiguity）3）概念不呼应（conceptdisconcord）概念呼应（conceptconcord）2．判断(judgment)不恰当1)主客倒置(inversion)2)自相矛盾(contradictory)3)无效判断(nulljudgment)4)前后概念不一致(disagreement)5)歧义判断(ambiguity)6)次序颠倒或混乱(confusioninsequence)7)复合判断的条件(conditionofcomplexjudgment)不充分8)判断内概念之间的逻辑关系混乱(confusioninlogicalrelation)3．推理不正确(inaccurateinference)1)推理的根据（premise）不正确2)推理的结论(conclusion)不完整或不明确3)推论与根据脱节