进阶阅读班课堂教学材料

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进阶阅读班课堂教学材料大纲要求《教学大纲》对六级听力的要求是：对题材熟悉、句子结构不太复杂、基本上没有生词、语速为每分钟150~170词的篇幅较长的会话、谈话、报道和讲座，能掌握其中心大意、抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度，并能进行分析、推理和判断。只听一遍。《大纲》语言技能表中，听的技能（ListeningSkills）如下：L1.DiscriminatingSoundsinIsolatedWordForms辨别单词中的音素1.1Phonemes（音素）1.2PhonemiccontrastsExample:feel–fell,letter–latter,fan–fine,started–studied,goal–girl,etc.L2.DiscriminatingSoundsinConnectedSpeech辨别语流中的音素2.1Strongandweakforms2.2Modificationofsounds（声音的改变）a.Assimilation同化（一个音受到另外一个音的影响与另外一个音发生接触时所产生的第三个音，或这两个音的混合音）Example:--I'mverygladtomeetyou.--Didyougototheflowershow?--Ithoughtyouwouldcome.--Ithinksheisinteresting.--Shehashadlittleeducation.--Heworksinawatchfactory.b.Elision省音，元音溶合（例如we'll）c.Liaison连读（前面单词最后一个辅音字母的读音与第二个单词第一个元音字母的读音连起来，形成连读）Example:--faraway--anAmerican--halfayear--anumberof--soldout--forayear--onasunnyday--hereandthere--inahotel--Iwaitedandwaitedforabus.--Ihavealotoftroublewithlistening.d.LossofPlosion不完全爆破（带有不完全爆破音的词或句子，听起来好象有些音被吞掉，但实际上并未被完全吞掉。当两个辅音相邻时，前面的辅音由于受后面辅音的影响，在发音时口腔形成发此音的口形但不送气，因此并未把音发出来。）Example:--Stopdoingthat.--DoesMr.BlackspeakJapanese?--SometimesImakemistakesinspelling.--Ican'tunderstandthisword.--Haveyougotlotsofinformationabouttravel?--Idon'tthinkmyfriendwouldletmedothat.L3.RecognizingStressPatterns辨别重音类别3.1StresspatternswithinwordsExample:--5Takeit5out.--Putitoff.--Waitandsee.--5Putitthere.--Listentoher.--Lookatit.

1--as5soonas5possible--asbusyasabee3.2StressinconnectedspeechExample:--5Findhera5seat.--5Whydidyou5cry?--5Giveherthe5key.3.3Variationinstress（例如：--Ithinkyouareright.）L.4UnderstandingIntonationPatterns理解语调类型Example:--Doyouthinkyoucouldhelpme?↗--Whattimeshallwestart?↘L.5UnderstandingtheCommunicativeFunctionofUtterances理解话语的交际价值5.1Withexplicitindicators有明确的标志5.2Withoutexplicitindicators无明确的标志5.3Impliedmeaning隐含的意义L.6UnderstandingtheMainIdea(s)orImportantInformationinaPieceofDiscourse理解语篇的大意和重要信息L7.IdentifyingtheSpeaker'sPointofView,Attitude,orPurpose领会说话人的观点、态度或目的基本题型大学英语四六级考试听力部分一般由SectionA和SectionB组成。大学英语四六级听力测试要求考生听一遍后能大致听懂生词较少、速度为每分钟(四级130~150,六级别150-170)个词的对话或短文。SectionA一般是对话（Conversation）。对话部分是日常生活中的一般对话，即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习等话题，可分为校园、公共场所、家庭等方面。SectionB一般是短文（Passages）。短篇听力材料是题材熟悉、情节不太复杂的故事、讲话、叙述、对话等，如动物介绍、地区及大学情况介绍等。短文主要考查考生对文章大意、中心思想、重要细节的理解与领会，以及根据所获取的相关信息，对文中的某些细节作出联想、判断，也有就短文中的某一事实和人物进行提问的题目。有时是一种新题型：复合式听写（CompoundDictation）。复合式听写是最近几年四六级考试改革的一个重要内容，其目的是为了能够客观地检测学生的听力水平。它包括对理解能力（即“听”）和一定的书面表达能力（即“写”）这两方面的测试。这一题型，比听力选择题更强调语言综合运用能力，考生不仅要具有良好的听的能力，还应具有较强的拼写能力、记笔记能力和书面表达能力，而其中听的能力是“复合式听写”的基础。注：听写是一种有效的综合性测试，可以考查学生词汇量、拼写、句法、听力、理解、记笔记和一定的书面表达等多方面的要素和技能。研究人员发现听写成绩与许多其它技能的相关系数很高。全面打好语言基本功是提高听写能力的重要途径，但听写训练有其自身的科学性和技巧性，多练加巧练则定可取得事半功倍的成效。复习方法1．扎实的语言基本功

2听力理解技巧是建立在听力理解水平基础上的，而听力理解水平是通过听力理解能力来体现的，它包括记忆和回想的能力、选择要点的能力、推断演绎的能力、判断和得出结论的能力以及运用背景知识的能力。词汇主要涉及如何处理“生词”的问题，即利用上下文、同位语猜词的能力和一词多义的辨别能力。语法主要包括那些最基本的语法现象，如时态、语态、虚拟语气、比较级、最高级、否定式和说话人的口气等。语音、语调、词汇、语法是语言的基本要素，对它们的熟练掌握是打好语言基本功的关键。2．预测、综合判断能力总体来说，听力技巧包括听前、听中和听后的准备，实施过程和相应的预测、记忆以及综合判断能力。听前预测是指从所给的文字材料和答案选项等线索中发现一些背景信息，力求缩小谈话者的话题，它能帮助我们搞清所听内容的类型和结构甚至主题。我们听的时候可避免过分注重每个单词从而影响对全篇中心思想的理解。应抢时间阅读试卷上的选项，争取主动，以便在听音时有针对性。听前预测有一定的客观依据，即话题所使用的词语的范围，这种内容越具体范围就越窄。不管什么人说话都有一定的逻辑性，这种逻辑性又具有共性，受过一定教育的人是可以把握的。也就是说通过阅读选项我们可以推测听力材料可能涉及到什么题材和它的内容。听的过程中要强化记忆，对所听的内容进行联想，并对所听到的内容进行适当的加工，对整体和细节不可偏废。重视整体的题目是询问对话或短文的中心思想，因此千万要有整体概念，不要只记细节而忽视整体。听完后必须对所听到的内容进行分析、综合、推理、判断，挑选和问题有关的信息，放弃无用的。3．学会用英语思维听的时候尽量避免将每个单词和句子翻译成汉语，这样做一是浪费时间，二是影响理解，因为两种语言的结构和思维不尽相同，不是所有的英语都有相对等的汉语。在短暂的13\15秒钟内，既要听，又要理解、翻译，还要进行综合判断，这是不太可能的，弄不好会影响以后的听力理解。最好的办法是逐渐培养用英语思维，不但可以节约时间还可以提高理解力。4．有关学科及社会背景知识语言是人们进行交际的手段，社会生活的变化、科技的普及发展、一国的文化历史传统、生活方式、地理气候环境以及人们的思维方式都要反映到语言之中。具备一点背景知识对所听的对话和短文会有一种熟悉感，一个更深刻的理解，甚至能弥补语言上的一些不足。我们都知道英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言，考生若对西方的社会文化因素不了解，缺少足够的有关学科知识，只是用我们所熟悉的思维、逻辑去判断对话或短文，就很可能出错。怎样听SectionA(dialogue)大学英语四、六级统考（简称CET-4，6）听力测试的第一部分（SectionA）为短小对话，在一男一女之间进行。对话之后由第三人（3rdVoice）根据对话内容提出问题（Question），要求应试者在书面四个选择项中挑选最佳答案。两题间的间隙为13\15秒左右，共10题。众所周知，对话是人们获得语言信息最基本的手段，属于交际语言。根据美国保尔·兰金（PaulRankin）教授的统计，人们在社会实践的语言文字使用中，75%是通过听说来完成的，其中听占45%，说占30%，读和写分别只占16%和9%。因此，对话作为人际间的语言交际行为，不论在日常生活中，还是在外语教学中，都占有十分重要的地位。

3鉴于对话的这一基本特点，我们在听力测试中要听好对话部分，从总体上就要注意以下几个方面：1．注意对话的环境，捕捉重要信息和关键词句。对话既然是交际语言，就离不开语言环境和在某种环境下必然要交流的信息。例如：1）在商店，售货员与顾客之间，一般谈论货物与价格的问题；2）在医院，医生与病人之间，一般谈论健康或治病问题；3）在学校，老师与学生之间，一般谈论学习、作业、考试等问题；4）在机场，服务员与旅客之间，一般谈论航班或飞机起飞时间问题。我们知道了对话的环境，一般就能期待和预知要交流的信息；反之，我们知道了交流的信息，也可以推断对话者之间的关系和对话的环境。对话部分的很多考题，就是基于上述原则而设置的。2．弄清对话者的意图。对话作为交际语言，总有一定意图，或要达到某一目的。例如：对话的一方可能请求对方给予帮助、或提供帮助，向对方提出建议、或征求对某事物的意见等，而另一方则表示同意、拒绝、赞同、反对等，并作出相应的解释。听音时要注意情景和语义的整体理解，并弄清说话人的意图，抓住其中的关键信息。在有些情况下，说话人表达意思的方式比较含蓄，要通过语境、语义、语调等推理判断出说话人的真实意图和内涵。3．把握3rdVoice的提问。紧跟在对话后面的提问，大多数是以Wh-开头的特殊疑问句。疑问词通常为what，who，why，where，when，which，whose，how。听清问题对选择正确的答案至关重要。在录音信息和书面信息同时出现几个人、几件事、几个地点、几个数字的情况下，只有根据问题要问的方面，才能有针对性地做出选择。还须指出的是，大多数问题都是围绕第二个人的话语而提出的，因此听清第二个人的答话内容格外重要。4．善于预期问题，合理利用间隙时间。对话的内容、提出的问题与书面四个选择项之间有着不可分割的联系。我们在迅速准确地答好上题之后，应留有短暂的几秒钟快速地浏览一遍下道题的书面选择项，从中预测其对话的主题和可能提出的问题，从而能带着问题、有的放矢地去捕捉关键性的信息。一个好的应试者能善于从书面信息中去寻找录音信息的蛛丝马迹，从而在应试中使自己处于主动的地位。5．排除干扰。书面选择项的正确答案往往在意思上与听力原文相同或相近，很少采用与听力原文完全一致的形式，而干扰选择项则往往在音、形、型上与听力原文一致。因此，我们不可一听到什么就选什么，而只有在理解话语和选择题的基础上，才能作出正确的选择。6．根据常识判断考生在听的过程中要用已有的知识去分析材料内容。有些句子或词语因为某种原因没有完全听懂，可根据已获得部分信息、一般常识来挑选可能性较大的选项。根据CET-4，6听力试题对话部分的试题特点，我们将其分为8

4个专项，并逐一介绍每一专项的命题形式、内容、内在规律和应试方法。一、数字与计算（NumbersandCalculation）数字与计算是听力测试中最基本的题型，几乎每次CET-4，6听力试题中都有这方面的内容。因此，掌握这类题型的特点几应试方法很有必要。在这类题的书面选择项中，常常排出4个表示不同方面的数的选择项，如表示时间长短的数，表示价格高低的数，年、月、日数，街道、房间的编号数，电话号码数等。我们要根据录音信息中提供的数据来辨认其中的某一项，或通过快速心算来确定正确的选择项。这是该类题型的基本特点。从命题规律和出题形式来看，它们又可大致分为：加减法计算型，乘除法计算型，混合运算法计算型，近音、近形数字辨认型等。下面将上述题型逐一分析如下：（一）加减法计算型在需要通过简单的加减法计算的题型中，录音信息中至少会出现2个数字，听清这些数字和它们之间的关系是解题的关键。而这些数字之间的关系往往是用多少（more,less）、迟早（late,early）、快慢（fast,slow）、前后（before,after）之类的形容词、副词、或介词短语来表示的。计算时用加法还是用减法就取决于这些词。我们能否对数字作出正确的选择就看能否捕捉到录音中的数字及它们之间关系的信息。例如：Youwillhear:1.M:Didyougethomewhenyourdaughterdidat8:50lastnight?W:No.Iwas15minuteslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.Q:Whendidthewomangethome?(C)Youwillread:1.A.8:35B.9:15C.9:05D.8:50这段话给出了两个时间数，只要听音时捕捉到8:50和15minutes这两个关键信息，再根据late这个形容词所表示的两个时间数之间的关系进行加法运算，便可以很快选出C这个答案。在计算中用加法还是用减法，主要看表示和差关系的形容词、副词或介词等。一般来说，表示增加、向前意义的用加法，而表示减少、向后意义的用减法。但这也不是绝对的，在一些情况下，还要根据对话的语义和问题作出判断。例如：Youwillhear:2.W:What'stimebyyourwatch?M:Eleven-thirty.Butit's3minutesslow.Q:What'sthecorrecttime?(C)Youwillread:2.A.11:27B.11:30C.11:33D.11:10或许有些同学听到录音中slow这个形容词，就将听到的第一个数据11:30减去第二个数据3分钟，得出11:27这个答案，这是错误的。原因在于：对此对话的含义和提问的方面没有弄清。这里需要用加法才能得出正确答案，因为问的是准确时间为多少。在加减法计算题型中，还有一些能够表示数的存在或引起数的变化的动词也能确定数字之间的加减关系。例如：be（有，存在，是）；have（具有）；start，begin（开始）；spend（花费）；miss（失去，没有赶上）；leave（离开）；postpone（推迟，延期开始）；prolong（延长，拖延，延期结束）；increase

5（增加）；add（添加）；borrow（借用）；lend（把…借给）；loan（借给，借出；借贷）等。听音时要注意这些动词可能引起的数的变化。如：Youwillhear:3.W:Jackmustbeovertwentynow.M:Yes.WhenTomleftNewYorktenyearsago,Jackwasalreadyfifteen.Q:HowoldisJacknow?(D)Youwillread:3.A.35B.15C.20D.25需要指出的是，有些同学一听到录音信息中的某一个数字与书面选择项中的一项相同，就选择这个答案，这十有八九是要错的。多数录音信息中出现的数字，是作为已知条件而存在的，真正的结果要待运算后得出。又如：Youwillhear:4.W:Couldyouloanme$5?M:Sorry.Ionlyhad$10,butIjustspent$7.Q:Howmanydollarsdoesthemanhavenow?(B)Youwillread:4.A.$5B.$3C.$10D.$7此题录音中出现的与书面选择项相同的三个数字均不是正确答案。所以要求我们在听懂对话含义的基础上，作出正确的选择。（二）乘除法计算型在数字与计算型试题中，大多数采用加减运算方法，但也有的要应用乘除法。不过乘除的数字一般比较简单，不超出能够心算和速算的范围。Youwillhear:5.W:HowmanystudentspassedtheEnglishTestlastsemester?M:Well,letmesee…1060studentstooktheexam,butonlyhalfofthemfailed.Q:Howmanystudentsdidthemanbelievehadpassedtheexam?(D)Youwillread:5.A.1016B.1060C.1590D.530乘除法计算型解题的关键与加减法相同，主要是听清录音信息中的有关数字和它们之间的关系。不同之处是：这种数字之间关系是用具有倍数（百分数）意义的名词、形容词、副词或动词来表达的。常用的词或词组有：times，twice，couple，percentage，pair，apairof，half，halfof，double，quarter，onethird/fifth/…of等。我们可以根据这些词或词组来确定对话中所提供数字的乘、除。如上例中告诉我们：halfofthestudentsfailed，这就是说另一半学生通过了考试，将1060除以2就是正确的答案。（三）混合运算法计算型这是一种比较复杂的计算题型，通常出现在价格的计算问题上。对话中数字之间的关系比较灵活，与小学数学四则运算的应用题类似。听音时对于对话中的数字，哪些是直接已知条件，哪些是间接已知条件，通过何种步骤求得要问的结果，要有一个清醒的数学头脑。Youwillhear:

66.W:Thisblackbagis$2andthatblueoneisadollarmore.M:Theredoneistwiceasmuchastheblueone.Q:Howmucharetworedbags?(D)Youwillread:6.A.$4B.$6C.$8D.$12此对话中涉及到三种颜色的包和三种不同的价格，而对话中只给出了黑包的价格（$2）。有的同学可能在听完这段录音后不知所措，因为他们在瞬间很难对三种物品之间的价格关系作出快速反应。我们可以采用逐个击破，步步为营的解题方法：1）首先，弄清蓝包与黑包之间的价格关系：thebluebagisadollarmore(thantheblackone)，通过黑包（直接已知条件）求得蓝包的价格（$3）；2）然后，弄清红包与蓝包的价格关系：theredoneistwiceasmuchastheblueone，通过蓝包（间接已知条件）求得红包的价格（$6）；3）最后，再将红包的单价乘以2，即为所得结果（$12）。Anotherexample.Youwillhear:7.W:Ticketsare$4foradults,children'sticketsarehalftheprice.M:OK,I'dliketwoadults'andthreechildren'stickets,please.Q:Howmuchdidthemanpayforthetickets?(C)Youwillread:7.A.$8B.$12C.$14D.$18就本题而言，如果能在听音过程中，简要地记下如下关系式，解题就容易了：adults':$4children's:$4*½2adults'and3children's:$4*2+$2*3有的同学担心：这类考题的难度大，数字关系复杂，仅在13秒的间隙内难以完成四则运算。这是客观存在的事实。解决这一问题的办法是：一要反复练习，熟能生巧；二要培养敏捷的数学思维能力，即快速心算能力；三要掌握一些应试技巧，因为有些题目不一定要硬算，根据我们的经验，进行分析、猜测、推断、排除也能得出正确答案。（四）近音、近形数字的辨认及其它在数字与计算题型中，也不是所有正确的答案都要通过计算才能求得。有些试题中的书面选择项排列出几个与录音信息中近音、近形的数字，用以混淆视听、迷惑学生，以考察学生对数字的辨别能力。例如：Youwillhear:8.M:Excuseme,isthis415FifthAvenue?W:No.It's514FourthAvenue.Q:Whataddressisthemanlookingfor?(D)Youwillread:8.A.415FourthAvenueC.514FifthAvenueB.514FourthAvenueD.415FifthAvenue

7这组对话虽然非常简单，但在录音信息中出现了4个数字，书面选择中出现了8个数字。这些数字本身就足以使我们眼花缭乱。解决这类试题的办法是：听记结合，即一边听音，一边将干扰选择项排除，逐步缩小“包围圈”；同时，当听到与选择项中相同的数据时，要在该选择项边做上记号，最后根据问题做出判断。如在上题中，当我们听到第一句话中415FifthAvenue时，可在选择项D.旁注上“M”；听到第二句中514FourthAvenue时，可在选择项B.旁注上“W”，这样就将录音中没有出现的A，C两项排除，把目标集中到B，D上，最后再根据问题Whataddressisthemanlookingfor?排除掉女方回答时提及的数据的选择项C，即选出正确答案D。与上述题型相反的另一种题型是书面选择中的正确答案与录音中的有关数字在音、形上不同，而只是在意义上相近。这种情况主要用在天、钟点、星期等时间的表示法上。现将常用的有关数字的不同表示法列举如下：eightthirty与halfpasteight8:30aquartertoeleven与tenforty-five10:45thedaybeforeyesterday与twodaysago前天thedayaftertomorrow与twodayslater后天daybyday或eachday与fromdaytoday天天；每天theotherday与afewdaysago前几天，数天前fortnight与(periodof)twoweeks两星期decade与(periodof)tenyears十年（期间）thisdayweek,todayweek与aweekago,afteraweek上星期的今天，下星期的今天从上述列举可以看出，前后两者虽然表示的方式不同，但其含义是一样的，它们可以分别用在录音原文和书面选择项中。象这样在书面选择项中采用与听力原句不同的词汇和结构，来表示同一概念，是听力测试中常用的命题方法。要做好数字与计算方面的听力测试题，还必须掌握各种形式的数的读法，这是辨清数字、进行数字与计算的基础。试练习以下数字：1）8377,64319,758,6472）½，2/3，¾，1½(ahalf，two-thirds，threequarters，oneandahalf)3）电话号码87673471(telephonenumber~)4）10:15，9:55，1:58，15:00，24:00(aquarterpast…fivetoten…15hundredhours…twenty-four或midnight)5）May1(st)Aug3(rd)Sept10(th)(Mayfirst或thefirstofMay)6）389B.C.1997年2000年18世纪70年代（1770's）二、提供与请求（OfferandRequest）这也是听力测试中的常见题型。此类试题的特点是：对话的一方表示提供帮助，另一方则表示感谢、接受或拒绝。有时一方表示请求帮助，另一方则表示同意或拒绝。例如：Youwillhear:1.W:WouldyoutellmehowIcangettotheTVstation?

8M:Sure.Letmegiveyouahand.Q:What'sthemandoing?(B)Youwillread:1.A.Heisshowinghishand.C.HeisgoingtotheTVstation.B.Heisofferinghelp.D.Heislettinghergo.Youwillhear:2.M:Icanhardlyfinishthistask.W:Whynotcometome?Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?(B)Youwillread:2.A.Shefinishesthetask.C.Sheisveryhardworking.B.Shecanhelphim.D.Sheknowshimwell.做好这类试题的关键是：要辨清对话中的请求和提供部分，因为问句中的问题无非是对对话的一方做了什么、提出什么或要求什么进行发问。怎样才能辨别“请求”与“提供”呢？以下是一些有关的常用句型：Wouldyoutellme…?Willyou…?Wouldyoulikemeto…?Canyou…?Doyouwantmeto…?Couldyou…?Wouldyoumind…?ShallI…?Whynot…?Howabout…?当我们听到录音放出这类句子时，必须“期待”和“预测”下面的内容和问题的范围。如果听到Wouldyoulikemetogiveyouacupoftea?，我们必须立刻反应出这是一个有关“offer”（提供）的问题，在大脑中形成“提供”有可能出现的情景：可能是两人坐在桌边交谈，也可能是一人坐在桌边，另一人站在他身旁交谈。这样，就可以定向地缩小“期待”的范围，从而有利于音和词的辨别与意义的理解。然后根据所听到的话和自己掌握的知识，来对可能的答句作出判断。Wouldyoulikemetogiveyouacupoftea?的答句可能是两种情形，肯定或否定：A.Yes,thankyouverymuch,justacup.B.No,Idon'tliketeaverymuch.我们的下一步要集中注意力，来听第三个声音的问句。上题的问句可能是：A.What'stheconversationabout?B.What'sthemanofferingthelady?C.What'sthemansuggesting?D.Didtheladyaccepttheoffer?在听完第三人发出的问话后，我们应以很快的速度把试题册上的四个选择项看一遍。最好是在听音前就看完书面选择项，这样会有助于预知、推理和准确判断。例如，当我们听到Wouldyou…?这种问句时，应该把它看成是一个完整的句型，表示礼貌客气的提问，用于提供或请求，而不能理解为过去时态，即要立足于“现在”。Youwillhear:

93.W:Couldyougivemealiftgivesbalift/ride:让…搭便车(picksbup)（要求搭便车:thumbalift/ride）（hitchhike:沿途搭乘别人车旅行）?M:It'srathercrowded,BUTyoucangetin.Q:What'stheman'sattitude?(D)Youwillread:3.A.Herefusesherrequest.C.Heiseagertolifthiscar.B.Hegetsontheelevator(电梯,AmE).D.Heagreestotakeher.此题中的“It'srathercrowded”是干扰句（可以弃之不理），而but引出的才是他主要想说的意思。事实上，干扰词句不仅出现在问题和男女双方对话中，书面选择项中也有许多干扰项。如此题中的B、C均为干扰项：lift一词还有“抬起”、“电梯（BrE）”之意，而很多学生不知givesbalift的意思。所以，要克服干扰词句，就必须具备一定的语言能力，而且这种能力是综合性的。“提供（offer）”和“请求（request）”在很多场合下是相互联系的，不可截然分开，有时一方提出一个想法，另一方加以否定，代之以另一个request和offer。所以，做题时要能辨别句型，正确推理判断，排除干扰，这类试题就不难对付。三、职业与身份（OccupationandIdentity）（一）职业就这类题目而言，最基本的一点是：我们要在看完书面选择项后就能猜出本题要提的问题。这样就有助于将精力集中到一些中心词（keywords）或中心词组（keyphrases）上，以便捕捉到说话人的简短对话中所提供的信息，从而作出准确的判断。例如：Youwillhear:1.W:CanIhelpyou,Sir?M:Yes.Doyouhavethiscoatinalargersize?Q:Whatisthewoman?(B)Youwillread:1.A.Ashopper.C.Atailor.B.Asalesclerk.D.Astudent.我们在读完四个选择项后，便可得知此题要求我们指出某一说话人的职业（ProfessionorOccupation）。根据选择项分别推测：A.Ashopper和B.Asalesclerk，对话可能发生在顾客和售货员之间，C.Atailor，对话可能发生在裁缝和做衣人之间；D.Astudent，对话可能发生在老师和学生、或同学之间。而当听到“CanIhelpyou,Sir?”，便可猜出，这大概是发生在顾客和售货员之间的，因为这是售货员接待顾客时的常用语，即可排除C和D。此时，很关键的一点是：一定要听清第三人的问题，常见的是：What'stheman/woman?Whoistheman/woman?What'stheman's/woman'sprofession/occupation?若是问及theman，则答A；而问及thewoman，则选B。

10有时，两人之间的对话会涉及到第三人，而最后的问题又偏偏问及第三人与对话者之一是何关系。这就要求我们在听音时，要仔细辨别对话人在对话过程中所提及的有关内容，尤其是有关涉及第三人的内容。Youwillhear:2.M:Hello,Betty.ThisisTomBlackfromtheoffice.I'mcallingtoseehowJackisdoingtoday?W:Oh,hello,MrBlack.Thedoctorsaidhe'dbeabletogobacktoworktomorrow.Q:WhoisTomBlack?(D)Youwillread:2.A.Jack'sdoctor.C.Betty'sdoctor.B.Betty'shusband.D.Jack'sboss.从第一人的话语中，我们可以得知：他是TomBlack，在打电话询问Jack的病情。由此可以猜出接电话者可能是Jack的亲戚或医生。再根据第二人的回答，便可排除A和C。从常理来看，B也不大可能，则只能选D。总而言之，这类题目，尽管题型不同，但其变化相对而言是有限的。我们要抓住一般规律，做好这类题目是不难的。（二）身份这类题目和上一类有很多相似之处，但对应试者的要求就更进了一步。我们要读的书面选择项一般都是两人之间的关系，如husbandandwife，teacherandstudent，motherandson等等，而第三人几乎问的是同一个问题：“Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?”，这就要求我们在注意中心词（keywords）或中心词组（keyphrase）的同时，还要注意体会说话人的语气、语调，从而作出准确的判断。例如：Youwillhear:3.M:Youwereabsentfromclassyesterday,Mary?Wherewereyou?W:Icouldn'tcome,MrBright.MymotherhurtherbackandIaccompaniedhertothedoctor's.Q:Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?(C)Youwillread:3.A.Fatheranddaughter.C.Teacherandstudent.B.Doctorandpatient.D.Bossandsecretary.例2要求我们识别出两个说话人之间的关系，即彼此的身份（Identity）。听音时，第一人说及absentfromschool，我们便知，对话与学校有关，即可排除B和D。此时应注意第二人的回答：“Icouldn'tcome,MrBright”。因此又可排除A，即选择C。其实，这类试题在听力测试中，相对而言是比较简单的，因为第三人的提问几乎不变。我们只需注意听清对话人的简短对话，根据其中提供的有效信息作出判断，便可选出正确答案。在这里，有一点必须强调：听力测试时，我们必须事先掌握一个基本常识，即必须抓紧每题之间的短暂停顿，力争在听到录音之前将书面选择项浏览一遍，在头脑中做一些快速的分析、判断和推理，从而使自己处于主动。上面提到，在做识别职业和身份这类题时，关键要抓住与说话人身份或谈话内容相关的词，即要抓住关键词。例如：两个学生之间的谈话内容，不外乎是与他们身份相关的学生生活、学习课程、课内外活动等等；反之，我们也可以从对话中所涉及的学生生活、学习情况等的几个关键词，来判定谈话一方或双方的身份。

11下面是听力测试中一些常见的对话双方的关系，以及他们谈话内容中常用的词和词组。熟悉这些，将有助于更好地解答这类题目。1）教师与学生（Teacherandstudent）freshman大一学生scholarship奖学金registration注册sophomore大二学生tuition(fees)学费required/compulsorycourse必修课junior大三学生schoolrecord,reportcard成绩单optional/electivecourse选修课senior大四学生credits学分toquitschool休学graduatestudent,postgraduate研究生oralexamination/test口试todropout(ofschool)退学doctoratestudent博士生writtenexamination/test笔试make-upexam补考entranceexam入学考试mid-termexam期中考试quiz小测验termpaper学期论文finalexam期末考试break,interval课间休息thesis毕业论文mark,grade,score分数(academic)degree学位diploma(graduationcertificate)毕业文凭，文凭2）学生与学生（Classmates,roommates,schoolmates）teachingbuilding教学楼sportsmeet运动会absentfromschool缺课，旷课dormitory学生宿舍cheer/cheeringsquad啦啦队individualstudy自习StudentCenter学生中心cheerleader啦啦队长band乐队sportscenter体育馆soccer英式足球Students'Union学生会gym健身房baseball棒球alumnus,alumna,alumni校友3）图书管理员与学生（Librarianandstudent）magazine杂志librarycatalogue图书目录due到期的periodical期刊librarycard借书证over-due过期的fiction,novel小说readingroom阅览室fine罚款journal专刊（专业性刊物）loandesk借书处torenew续借referencebook参考书stacks,stackroom书库bookshelves书架publication出版物checkout办理（借、还）手续lookup查阅4）营业员与顾客（Shopassistantandcustomer/shopper）onsale上市(in)fashion流行，~式样departmentstore百货公司bargain讨价还价，便宜货outofstyle老式supermarket超级商场

12auction(price)拍卖（价格）pattern花纹，式样，图案Lady'sDepartment妇女用品部cashier出纳员ready-madeclothes成衣microwaveoven微波炉check-outstand付款柜台sweater羊毛衫；运动衫refrigerator,fridge,icebox冰箱receipt发票，收据Gown长袍；礼服electricfan电扇Cashorcharge?付现金还是记帐？nightgown,sleepingsuit睡衣washingmachine,washer洗衣机Areyoudone?就买这些吗（吃完了）？underwear内衣makebothendsmeet收支平衡Tip小费undershirt;T-shirt汗衫；T恤Pricesaresoaring.物价飞涨。jeans牛仔裤leather皮革的plastic塑料的high-heeledshoes高跟鞋fabric织物，织品cotton棉织品Flatshoes平底鞋silk丝织品woolen毛织品5）饭店侍者与顾客（Waiter/waitressandcustomer）maincourse主菜dessert餐后甜点menu菜单(beef)steak牛排seasoning调味品，调料order点菜porkchops猪排soysauce酱油goDutch各付各的帐ham火腿vinegar醋papernapkin纸餐巾pudding布丁snack快餐（小吃）cocktail鸡尾酒bacon咸肉，熏肉softdrink软饮料colddish冷盘sausage香肠soup汤tray托盘，浅盘well-done全熟rare(underdone,tender)半熟，嫩的6）医生与病人（Doctorandpatient）register'soffice挂号处physician内科大夫highbloodpressure高血压Out-patientdepartment门诊部surgeon外科大夫indigestion消化不良in-patient~住院部doctorofChinesemedicine中医pneumonia肺炎emergency~急诊部pharmacy,(drugstore)药房(店)cancer癌症medical~内科部first-aidkit急救箱(amouth)ulcer（口腔）溃疡surgical~外科部togivefirst-aidtreatment急救burns烧伤(isolation)ward（隔离）病房togiveaninjection注射strain扭伤，损伤operationroom手术室tobeoperatedon做手术sleeplessness失眠laboratory化验室tosufferfrom,beillwith患…病sorethroat嗓子疼7）出租车司机与乘客（Taxidriverandpassenger）Tip小费meter计量器，计量表minimumfare最低车费

13这里列举的对话双方的关系及其谈话内容常用的词和词组只是很少的一部分。我们应在平时的学习过程中注意积累。因为在某种程度上，词汇量的多少将直接影响听力的好坏。四、原因与结果（CauseandEffect）这类题目和前面的一些类型有些不同，因为我们往往不能通过阅读书面选择项来判断出本题为“原因与结果”类题型。这样对应试者听力水平的要求就要高一些。做题时，我们要集中注意力去听录音，力求从录音原文中发现所讲内容的“原因”与“结果”。原因与结果是一种相辅相成的逻辑关系，某一或某些原因导致某种结果；反之，某种结果的出现往往又是由于某种原因造成的。因此，我们在对听力测试题中有关“原因与结果”的题目进行分析研究时，切不可将二者割裂开来，而应将它们有机地联系在一起。因果关系方面的问题，主要集中在原因上，结果类的题目很少见到。由于对话中第二人常常说出原因，因此考生在解答此类题目时，应格外注意第二人的谈话。下面将就听力试题中经常出现的几种关于原因与结果的题目逐一分析。第一种情况：在男女双方对话中第一人以一个带有疑问代词what或疑问副词why的疑问句向对方提问，第二人则就第一人的提问作出回答；在此基础上，第三人通常又以一个带有疑问代词what或疑问副词why的疑问句向应试者提出问题。例如：Youwillhear:1.W:Tom,whywereyoulateforclassthismorning?M:Ioversleptandmissedthetrain.Q:WhydidTommisstheclass?(C)Youwillread:1.A.Thetrainwaslate.C.Tomgotuplaterthanusual.B.Hisclockwasoutoforder.D.Tomhadn'texpectedaclass.第一人的问句中，包含了“Tomwaslatefortheclass.”这一结果，而其回答则道出了他迟到的原因。有经验的人在听完第一、二人的对话后，无需听第三人的问句便可断定第三人肯定要问“Whywashelate”了。所以，在解答这一类题目时，要特别注意听清第二人的答语，这是解答此类题型的关键。Youwillhear:2.M:Mary,whyisn'tSusanteachingherethissemester?W:Shecan't.Shewasfired.Q:WhatreasonwasgivenforSusan'snotteaching?(D)Youwillread:2.A.She'stiredofteaching.C.She'schangingjobs.B.Theschoolistoohot.D.Shewasdismissedfromherjob.上述这种情况相对而言比较容易理解，因为题型特征比较明显。第二种情况：对话双方所表示的因果关系比较含蓄，需要在理解对话的语境、语意的基础上找出其中的因果关系。例如：Youwillhear:

143.M:TheClubishavingapartySaturdaynight.Canyoucome?W:IwishIcould,BUTIhavetoworkatthehospitalonweekends.Q:Whycan'tthewomangototheparty?(B)Youwillread:3.A.Shedoesnotwanttogo.C.Sheissick.B.Shehastowork.D.Shehastogototheclub.此题中，原因和结果的关系就不象第一种情况那样一目了然。第一人提出了建议，征询第二人的意见，第二人则委婉地拒绝了。虽然她在回答中没有引用because，so，sothat等表示原因的连词，但婉言拒绝中包含了她不能参加晚会的原因。做题时，应格外留意，不能在听到片言只语后便匆忙作出选择，而应在听完整个对话以后特别是将第二人的话语在脑子里迅速加以推断后再作判断。特别要注意“IwishIcould,butI…”这种句型（主观上希望去，而客观上去不了）。Youwillhear:4.M:Howaboutgoingtodinnerandamoviewithmetonight,Helen?W:I'dliketo,butIhaven'tpackedyetandmyflightleavesat7am.Q:Whydidn'tHelenaccepttheinvitation?(D)Youwillread:4.A.Shehadtodosomebaking.C.She'safraidofgoingoutatnight.B.Shewasmovingtoanewapartment.D.Shewantedtogetreadyforaplanetrip.这组对话中提供给我们的信息有好几个，而提出来要我们回答的问题只能集中在某一点上。这也就是要求我们在听录音的过程中排除干扰信息，抓住所使用的“I'dliketo,butI…”这样一个表示原因和结果的常用句型，弄清其拒绝邀请的真正原因所在。第三种情况：对话中的第一人用一般疑问句对第二人提出疑问，第二人的回答不是否定的便是肯定的。如：Youwillhear:5.W:Doyoulikethispartofthecountry?M:Yes.It'sreallyinteresting.Iliketheclimate.It'salotlikewhereIcomefrom.Q:Whydoesheliketheclimateinthispartofthecountry?(A)Youwillread:5.A.It'slikehome.C.It'scold.B.It'scooler.D.It'swarmer.我们在听这一类题目时，不应只注意回答是肯定还是否定的，而更应注意在yes或no之后其所作的进一步解释，因为第三人的问题往往是问第二人为什么对第一人的问句持否定或肯定态度。有时，第二人的回答不象上例那样直截了当。例如：Youwillhear:6.M:Susanisnothereyet.Didyouforgettoinviteher?W:Shewasgoingtocome,butthenchangedhermind.Q:Whyisn'tSusanpresent?(A)Youwillread:7.A.Shealteredherdecision.C.Sheforgottocome.B.Shewasn'tinvited.D.Shewaslate.

15遇到这种题目，我们切不可听到什么就选什么，因为正确答案往往不可能和录音原文一字不差，更多的是给出一个同录音原文意思一致的句子。有一点必须注意：在这类题目中，第三人都是以带有疑问副词why或疑问代词what的疑问句向我们提问，也就是说，要我们说出对话中提及的某一结果产生的原因，而不是问结果。五、态度与反应（AttitudeandResponse）这类题常出现于CET-4，6级听力测试中SectionA部分。所谓“态度与反应”，是指对话的男女双方对某人某事的好恶，对某人某事的情绪反应。在对话中，就某些事件、人物背景进行讨论，再通过第三人提问，要求考生从考卷上选择项中选出相应的正确答案。这类题目的四个选择项没有固定格式，仅从卷面上不易看出是不是此类题，所以这类题对考生的要求也是很高的。考生只有听懂录音细节，才能正确作答。“态度与反应”这类题的提问（Question）也是千变万化，可从多角度提出。例如：Whatdidthewomanthinkofthat?What'stheman'sresponse?WhatdidthewomansayaboutMike?What'stheman'sattitudetothelady'sremark?Howdidthemanfeelaboutthetest?Howdotheylikethecountrylife?从上可以看出，所有提问都有一个特点：绝大部分问题都是由what或how引出的。（一）从录音材料入手解题就这类题目而言，我们的第一步可以从语音、语调（↗，↘）的变化中辨别说话人的态度，这是针对对话的男女本人的态度及其反应的最好的辨别方法。例如：1.M:Ipaid$15forthreebooks.Ithinkthey'retooexpensive.W:Expensive↗?Youshouldn'thavesaidso.Q:Howdidthewomanfeelaboutthebooks'price?(B)Youwillread:1.A.Shethoughttheywereexpensive.B.Shethoughttheywerecheap.C.Shelikedthebooks.D.Shedidn'tlikethebooks.对话中女方用了声调，说明她对男方的话有疑问，进而可以推断出她不认为这些书很贵，所以排除A；再者，对话过程中并未提及对书的好恶，所以C、D的问题根本不存在，即答案为B。听力测试中对话双方的某一方用声调重复前面说话人的某一关键词语，通常表示否定这一词语在前句中表示的意义。例如：2.M:IsHenryangry?W:Idon'tthinkso.Ifhewere,hewouldtellus.Q:WhatdoesthemanthinkaboutHenry?(D)Youwillread:2.A.Henryishappy.C.Henryisnothungry.B.Henryisdisappointed.D.Henryisangry.此类题目听上去很简单，其实很容易出错。因为考生在听录音时，只全神贯注听录音内容，而对问题“刚才录音中是男还是女的第一个讲话的？”也许都答不出来。因此，听录音时，切切记住对话人是男还是女，而不要只顾听内容而忽视了讲话人的性别。又如：

163.M:Willyoubackmeuponthisnewproposalatthemeeting?W:Youcancountonmethistime.（你可以指望我来支持你。）Q:Whatdoesthewomansayshewilldo?(D)Youwillread:3.A.Shewillcountnumbersatthemeeting.B.Shewillgobackhomewithoutattendingthemeeting.C.Shewillconsidertheprobabilityfortheproposaltobepassed.D.Shewillsupportthemanatthemeeting.此时，大脑中储存词汇的多少直接影响一个人的听话能力和听力结果。若不知“counton”这个词组，则会“听而不闻”，而去注意干扰项A中的count及B中的back。在进行听力测试时，绝对不可听到什么词就认定有同样词的一项是正确答案。这是听力测试中的大忌！（二）从语言学角度解题语言学中提到过一种“反应行为（PerlocutionaryAct）理论”，即说话者讲出的言语对听话者所起的作用，这种作用称为“反应行为”。例如：（perlocution:言语表达效果的）4.W:Youdon'tlookadayoverforty.M:Really?InfactI'mfifty-four.Q:Howdoesthemanfeelaboutthewoman'sremark?(A)Youwillread:4.A.He'sratherhappytohearso.B.He'sunhappytohearthewoman'sremark.C.He'sdisappointedtoheartheremark.D.Hegetsangrytohearthewoman'swords.语言学中还谈到一个理论：“使役行为理论”。其主旨是：有些句子总有一些内含的“力量”，听者听了以后，觉得说话者间接地提出了某种要求，让听者去做某件事情。这种“力量”被称为“使役力”。例如：5.W:It'ssocold.Areyounearthedoor?M:Oh,Isee.I'mawfullysorry.Q:Whatwilltheman'sresponsebe?(D)Youwillread:5.A.Toopenthedoor.C.Toanswerthedoor.B.togetnearertothedoor.D.Toshutthedoor.在此对话中，女方的“使役力”是让男士关门，因为天太冷。若略为了解这两种理论，考生则可以“从录音的字缝里听出字”，加深理解录音内容，使解题变得容易些。（三）从问题和考卷上的选择项分析题目从众多CET考试模拟试题中可以发现“态度与反应”

17类型的听力题，在卷面的4个选择项中有时也可以辨别。例如：1.A.Theybothlikedit.C.Herfatherlikedit,butshedidn't.B.Neitherlikedit.D.Shedidn'tlikeitbecauseshedidn'tunderstandit.2.A.Shewasforit.C.Shewasindifferent.B.Shewasagainstit.D.Shedoubtedit.从这两题可以看出，我们可以根据选择项预知录音中第三人的提问。一旦预测出提问的内容，便可以缩小期待的范围。所以，要很好地预知第三个声音，这是正确解题的关键。我们从上面的两题可以预期第三个声音为：1.Q:What'stheirattitude?Whatdidshethinkofthat?Whatwasherfather'sresponsetoit?2.Q:Howdoesshethinkoftheidea?What'sherresponsetotheproposal?Howdoesshefeelabouttheplan?又如：3.A.Ittastesgood.C.It'sstale.B.Itsmellsdelicious.D.It'sfresh.遇到以上这些选择项，一般可以判断是谈及事物的，可能出现的第三个声音为：3.Q:Whatdotheythinkofthefood?What'stheirresponsetothefood?此外，我们必须熟记常见与态度与反应题中的有关名词：attitude态度agreement同意approval赞成response反应disagreement不同意disapproval不赞成belief相信complaint抱怨encouragement鼓励disbelief不相信disgust厌恶goodwishes祝愿gratitude感谢apology道歉annoyance恼怒optimism乐观sympathy同情curiosity好奇pessimism悲观compliment称赞congratulation祝贺dismay沮丧hesitation犹豫permission许可surprise惊奇warning警告excitement激动六、地点与方向（PlaceandDirection）此类题目的特点是：对话的男女双方在会话中直接或间接地提到某个地点或方向，要求考生根据对话内容，对对话者的相互关系进行推理，辨别出对话的场所或对话中提及的场所。第一，要根据书面选择项来预期录音内容；第二，要注意抓关键词。Youwillhear:1.W:IneedabookofstampsandI'dliketosendthisparcelbyurgentmail.M:Hereareyourstamps,butyouhavetotakethisparceltothenextwindow.Q:Wheredoesthisconversationmostprobablytakeplace?(C)

18Youwillread:1.A)Inarestaurant.C)Inthepostoffice.B)Attherailwaystation.D)Attheairport.与特定地点有关的常用词如下：1）Library:borrow,lend,due,over-due,renew,fine(罚款),card,catalogue,callnumber(索书号,图书编目号码),latestissue,etc.2）Hotel:reception接待处registrationform登记表singleroom单人房bookaroom订房间receipt收据doubleroom双人房informationdesk问讯处vacantbeds空铺attendant服务员bathroom浴室occupyaroom住房间wardrobe衣柜shower淋浴lavatory洗手间porter行李搬运工3）PostOffice:mail信件;邮寄airmail航空邮件stamp邮票post邮寄expressmail快件envelope信封postage邮资specialdelivery邮政快递postmark邮戳telegram电报registeredletter挂号信zip/postalcode邮政编码parcel邮包urgentmail/cable加急件,加急电报addressee收信人postcard明信片moneyorder汇款单,邮政汇票sender发信人printedmatter印刷品Telegraphicmoneyorder电汇汇单payee（汇单）收款人4）Bank:openanaccount（开户），fixeddeposit（定期存款），currentaccount（活期存款帐户），drawmoneyfromthebank（取款），interestrate（利率）,payintereston（付息）,etc.与方向有关的词和词组不多，但出现的题型不会简单涉及东、南、西、北，我们要仔细判断录音材料的细节，认真思考才能得出答案。听力测试中常出现的地名、国名如下：Africa，Alaska，Australia，Austria，Birmingham，Boston，Brazil，California，Canada，Chicago，Dallas，Denmark，Detroit(底特律)，Europe，Finland，Florida，Houston，Liverpool，London，LosAngeles，Madrid(马德里)，Manchester，Miami，Mississippi，NewYork，Norway，Poland，SanFrancisco，Seattle(西雅图)，Spain，Sweden，Texas，UK，USA，Washington，etc.七、比较与选择（ComparisonandChoice）此类试题，通常沿用语法上的分析法：1．相等比较，即语法上的同级比较，常用as…as或notso…as句型来表达；

192．不等比较，常用“比较级+than”来表达；3．最高级，又可分为两种类型：一是用形容词、副词的最高级形式，二是用“比较级+than+any+other”或“nothing(nobody,noone,etc.)+谓语+比较级+than”。Youwillhear:1.M:Whoisthebetterstudent?ImeanbetweenJohnandHisbrotherJames.W:Johnisthebetterstudent.Heisoneofthetopstudentsinclass,ashisteachersays.Q:Whoisthebetterstudentinstudies?(D)Youwillread:1.A)Jamesisalittlebetterthanhisbrother.B)JamesisasgoodasJohn.C)JohnisfarinferiortoJames.D)JohndoesbetterinhisstudiesthanJames.Youwillhear:2.M:Amongtheboys,whoisthetallestone?W:BillisshorterthanJackandTom,whoarebothshorterthanPaul.Q:Whoisthetallest?(C)Youwillread:2.A)Billisthetallest.C)Paulisthetallest.B)JackandTomarethesameheight.D)TomisshorterthanJack.Youwillhear:3.M:Sallyhasmanyhobbies,doesn'tshe?W:Actually,Sallylikesnothingbetterthantotalkonthetelephonewithherfriends.Q:WhatdoesSallyliketodomost?(A)Youwillread:3.A)Sallylikesbesttomakephonecalls.B)Sallylikestotalkwithherfriendsmost.C)Sallylikestovisitherfriendsmost.D)Sallylikesbesttotravelwithherfriends.Youwillhear:4.M:Whoisthebestswimmerinyourclass?W:Tomswimsverywell,andJohn'ssurelyexcellentinswimming.Q:Whoswimsbestintheclass?(B)Youwillread:4.A)Tom.B)John.C)Nobody.D)Thewholeclass.比较与选择类题目还可能出现在下列几种句型中：1．preferAtoBwouldlikeAratherthanBpreferAratherthanBwouldratherdoAthandoB

20Youwillhear:5.M:Whatwouldyouliketohavefordessert,applesororanges?W:Asfordessert,I'dliketohaveorangesratherthanapples.ButusuallyIpreferapricotstoanythingelse.Q:Whatdidthewomandisliketohavethistimefordessert?(A)Youwillread:5.A)Shedidn'tlikeapples.C)Shedidn'tlikeoranges.B)Shedidn'tlikeapricots.D)Shedidn'tlikedessert.2．notso…as…的句式虽为相等比较，但含否定词not，所以包含不等比较的含义，表示“不及，不如”。例如：TheexaminationisnotasdifficultastheoneItooklastyear.此句的含义为：TheexaminationismucheasierthantheoneItooklastyear.3．thelast=theleastlikely。这种句型实际上是最高级的一种特殊形式。如：Heisthelastpersontodothething.此句意为：Heisnotlikelytodoit.或：Heisleastlikelytodoit.4．notsomuchAasB=lessAthanB=moreBthanA=notA,butratherB，意为“宁愿为B而不为A”或“与其为A，也不为B”。如下列三句意思相同：Heisnotsomuchascholarasawriter.Heismoreofawriterthanascholar.Heisawriterratherthanascholar.特殊提问方式：Whichofthefollowingis(NOT)true/mentioned,accordingtotheconversation?Youwillhear:6.W:Didyougotothehorrormovielastnight?Itissaiditwasratherfrightening.M:Ithoughtthemoviewastoohorribletosee.Q:Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?(D)Youwillread:6.A)Themoviewasahorribleone.B)Themandidn'tseethemovieforfear.C)Themoviewasfearful.D)Thewomanwasbraveenoughtoseethemovie.八、内涵与推理（ImpliedmeaningandInference）此类试题难度较大，其特点是：男女双方在对话中表达意思的方式较为含蓄，往往不能为书面选择提供直接信息，而要求我们根据对话的内涵意义，利用逻辑推理的思维过程，去辨别说话人的意向、态度和要求等，然后选出正确答案。此类题型的书面选择项比较凌乱，涉及面较广，而所提问题较为集中，通常为：Whatdoestheman(woman)mean?或Whatdowelearnfromthisconversation?

21下面就几种情况稍作分析。（一）从语音、语调中辨别说话人的态度。Youwillhear:1.W:Wheredoyouwanttoeat?M:Isthereanythingwrongwiththe↘coffeeshop(咖啡馆)?Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?(D)Youwillread:1.A)Hewondersifanythinghappenedatthecoffeeshop.B)Hedoesn'tknowwhythecoffeetastesbad.C)Heonlywantscoffeebecauseheisnothungry.D)Hethinksthattheyoughttogotothecoffeeshop.（二）从与另一事物的联系中寻找内在含义。Youwillhear:2.W:Areyougoingwithmetotheconcert?M:I'vemyhandsfullwiththisreport.(haveone'shandsfullwith:手头正忙于…，没有空闲)Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?(A)Youwillread:2.A)Heistoobusytogoalong.B)Hemusthandinafullreportontheconcert.C)Hehastowashhishandsfirst.D)Hehasalreadyheardtheconcert.Youwillhear:3.W:WhenisJohncoming?M:Well,hesaidhewouldbehereat8:30,butifIknowhim,itwillbeatleast9o'clock.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?(C)Youwillread:3.A)Johnwillnotshowup.C)Johnisusuallylate.B)Johnisusuallyontime.D)Johnwillbethereat8:30.（三）虚拟语气的内涵意义。虚拟语气可以表示与事实相反的含义。掌握虚拟语气的结构形式对于做好这类听力试题大有帮助。有时从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，其谓语形式要根据表示的时间来调整。从句主句与过去事实相反haddonewouldhavedone与现在事实相反didwould+v.原形(should,could,might)与将来事实相反didweretodoshoulddoYouwillhear:

224.M:Ifthetrafficwasn'tsobad,Icouldhavebeenhomeby6o'clock.W:Whatapity.Janewasheretoseeyou.Q:Whathappenedtotheman?(B)Youwillread:4.A)Hehadtoworkovertime.C)Hiscarranoutofgas.B)Hewasheldupintraffic.D)Hehadatrafficaccident.（四）反义问句的否定含义。Youwillhear:5.M:Whatdoesthewordmean?W:Don'tyouhaveadictionary?Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?(D)Youwillread:5.A)Shewantstoborrowhisdictionary.C)Heshouldn'tusesuchaword.B)Shedoesn'tknowwhichwordhemeans.D)Heshouldlookupthewordinthedictionary.Youwillhear:6.M:DoIhavetotakethetest?W:Doyouwanttopassthecourse?Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?(C)Youwillread:6.A)Hemuststudyinordertopass.C)Hemusttakethetestinordertopass.B)Hemayskipthetest.D)Heshoulddecidebyhimself.（五）短语的内涵意义。此种题型最难掌握，因为对话中说话人常用一些短语、习语或惯用法来表明自己的观点和态度。如Wouldyoumindmydoingsth?等等。Youwillhear:7.M:Canyoupossiblylendme$10untilpay-day?W:It'soutofthequestion.Q:Whatdoyoulearnaboutthewoman?(C)Youwillread:7.A)Shedoesn'tunderstandtheman.C)Shewilldefinitelynotlendhimthemoney.B)Shewilllendhimthemoney.D)Shemightlendhimthemoney.此题解题关键是了解短语outofthequestion的含义及与outofquestion在意义上的区别。It'soutofthequestion.完全不可能的，办不到的。It'soutofquestion.=There'snodoubtaboutit.毫无疑问，可以办到的。若把两者的意义混淆，或在听音中漏听了冠词the，就会得到截然相反的结果。这就要求我们考生不仅要多掌握一些短语、习语和惯用法，注意近形短语的区别，而且在听音时必须全神贯注，就连象the这样的小词也不能轻易放过。下面是常用的、且在意义上容易弄错的一些短语、习语和惯用法。

23absenceofmind心不在焉backnumber（美）过期刊物backup支持；援助beyondcontrol无法控制beyonddescription无法形容beyonddoubt无疑的；不容怀疑beyondquestion毫无疑问；无可争辩burnone'sboats破釜沉舟burnthemidnightoil开夜车；工作到深夜callfor要求；需要；提倡callitaday今天到此为止；收工calloff取消callon号召；呼吁；拜访callone'sattentionto…叫某人注意…calltheroll点名cannothelpdoingsth不禁要（做某事）checkin登记；报到checkout结帐；付款退租旅馆房间comedownintheworld落魄comeforth出现；涌现；被公布comeintobeing形成；产生comeintoeffect开始生效comeintopower执政；掌权comeoffwithflyingcolors大功告成；凯旋cometo达到；苏醒cometoanagreement达成协议cometoanend结束；终止cometolight暴露；被发现cometoone'ssenses苏醒过来；醒悟cometooneself苏醒；醒悟；恢复知觉cometotermswith达成协议；妥协，让步cometothepoint到达要点comeupwith想出（计划等）；提出；赶上countforlittle无足轻重；不足取countformuch非常重要；关系重大countfornothing毫无价值countin把…计算在内counton/upon依靠；指望doawaywith废除dogoodto有益于doone'sbit尽自己的一份力量dosbafavor帮（某人）一个忙dosbwrong冤枉某人；委屈某人dowellin在…方面做得好；成绩好eatone'swords收回前言；认错道歉（cf.食言：breakone'spromise/word）fallasleep入睡fallbackonsb求助于（某人）fallbehind落后；跟不上fallill/sick生病fallintoasleep睡了一觉fillin/out填写forthetimebeing暂时；眼下getalong(with)相处；进展；设法生活下去getdowntoone'swork静下心来工作getinone'sway挡路；妨碍getintrouble惹上麻烦getintohotwater陷入困境getintothehabitof养成…的习惯getridof摆脱，除去getthewrongnumber号码错了givebirthto产生cf.giveriseto引起,使发生giveway(to)屈服（于）；让步（于）givein投降，屈服，让步giveoff发出，放出（蒸汽、气味、光等）cf.giveout分发；用尽；发出（声音、热）giveone'shandtosb答应和某人结婚cf.givesbahand帮助某人givesbalift让某人搭车，帮某人忙giveup放弃（念头、希望等）hardly/scarcely…when…刚…就…；一…就…leave…tosb由某人决定…loseheart灰心；泄气；丧失勇气loseone'shearttosb爱上某人；非常喜欢…makeapointofdoingsth决心做某事manofiron意志坚强的人misstheboat/bus错过机会；坐失良机outofquestion毫无疑问；一定outofthequestion不能考虑的；不可能的outoftune(with…)（与…）不一致，不协调playone'sbestcard使出绝招

24putallone'seggsinonebasket孤注一掷ringabell使想起…；听起来觉得耳熟sleeplikealog/top酣睡；睡得很熟takeashortcut走捷径takeFrenchleave不告而别throwcoldwateron对…泼冷水；不赞成turnablindeyeto…熟视无睹；假装未见turnadeafearto…对…充耳不闻；置若罔闻turndown减弱，降低（声音等）；拒绝解题步骤小结：1）迅速浏览4个书面选择项，找出与人的情绪或事物性质有联系的关键词（多为形容词）。2）听录音内容时注意语调变化，缩小期待的范围，提前预期第三人的问题。3）掌握与此类型有关的词汇，并了解第三个声音即所提问题的形式。

25阅读理解一、阅读理解测试的能力要求阅读理解在大学英语四、六级测试中占总分的40%，因此，这部分成绩的好坏在很大程度上影响到总成绩的高低。无论是四级还是六级，阅读理解在题型、题数、考试时间、计分等方面都一样，只是要求不同。这部分通常包括4篇短文。四级的总阅读量在工作上1200字左右。根据大学英语四级考试大纲，阅读理解部分文章的题材、体裁、语言难度以及所测试的能力要求是：题材广泛，包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识和科普常识等；体裁多样，包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；语言难度中等，要求掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；了解说明主旨和大意的事实及细节；既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；既理解个别句子的意义，也能理解上下文的逻辑关系。从考试大纲的要求可以看出阅读理解部分的目的是测试考生通过阅读获取信息的能力。既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。这个要求并不低。要提高阅读水平，提高阅读理解测试的成绩，除了进行一些应试技巧训练外，更重要的是扎扎实实地打好语言知识基本功，训练阅读技能，提高阅读速度。忽视基本功的片面训练，只从“技巧”出发，不但学不到技巧，阅读水平也难以提高。具体说来，阅读理解的能力包括三个方面，语言知识、知识面、以及阅读技能。从某种意义上说，阅读理解是一种综合性考试：它既是对语言因素包括词汇、语法结构、篇章知识和体裁等方面的考试，也是对非语言因素如考生的知识面的考试，同时，也是对运用这些知识的熟练程度的考试。（一）语言知识方面的能力语言知识首先是指词法、句法和篇章结构这些方面的知识。Computertechnologyenabledtheresearcherstoobtainprecisemeasurementsofthevolumeofthefrontandsidesectionsofthebrain,whichrelatetointellectandemotion,anddeterminethehumancharacter.(Therearsectionofthebrain,whichcontrolsfunctionslikeeatingandbreathing,doesnotcontractwithage,andonecancontinuelivingwithoutintellectualoremotionalfaculties（功能）.)Contractionoffrontandsideparts––ascellsdieoff––wasobservedinsomesubjectsintheirthirties,butitwasstillnotevidentinsomesixty-andseventy-year-olds[问题]Theword“subjects”inparagraph2means_______.A)somethingtobeconsideredB)branchesofknowledgestudiedC)personschosentobestudiedinanexperimentD)anymemberofastateexceptthesupremeruler

26在阅读理解中，把握篇章的能力是至关重要的。是否具有把握篇章的能力可以从几个方面来看：(1)考生对不同文体的特点的了解；(2)考生全面把握文章的能力（文章的观点、思路、结构、落脚点等）。熟悉不同文章的结构特点，有利于把握文章的目的和内容的具体分布。文体的不同还体现在谴词造句上。叙述文在用词上含蓄，寓意深刻，词语感情色彩浓。而在说明文与议论文中，因文章的目的关系，往往会使用不同的信号词，如：forexample/because/however/but/consequently/therefore/so/incontrast/onthecontrary/comparedwith/more…than/as…as等等。这些信号词对理解文章信息的布局，思维的发展和变化有很大的帮助。Chemistrydidnotemergeasascienceuntilafterthescientificrevolutionintheseventeenthcenturyandthenonlyratherslowlyandlaboriously.Butchemicalknowledgeisasoldashistory,beingalmostentirelyconcernedwiththepracticalartsofliving.Cookingisessentiallyachemicalprocess;soisthemeltingofmetalsandtheadministrationofdrugsandpotions(一剂).Thisbasicchemicalknowledge,whichwasappliedinmostcasesasaruleofthumb,wasneverthelessdependentonpreviousexperiment.Italsoservedtostimulateafundamentalcuriosityabouttheprocessesthemselves.Newinformationwasalwaysbeinggainedasartisans(工匠)improvedtechniquestogainbetterresults.Thedevelopmentofascientificapproachtochemistrywas,however,hamperedbyseveralfactors.Themostseriousproblemwasthevastrangeofmaterialavailableandtheconsequentdifficultyoforganizingitintosomesystem.Inaddition,thereweresocialandintellectualdifficulties,chemistryisnothingifnotpractical;thosewhopracticeitmustusetheirhands,theymusthaveacertainpracticalflair(才能).Yetinmanyancientcivilizations,practicaltaskswereprimarilytheprovinceofaslavepopulation.Thethinkerorphilosopherstoodapartfromthismundane(世俗的)world,wherethepracticalartsappearedtolackanyintellectualcontentorinterest.Thefinalproblemforearlychemicalsciencewastheelementofsecrecy.Expertsinspecifictradeshaddevelopedtheirowntechniquesandguardedtheirknowledgetopreventothersfromstealingtheirlivelihood.Anotherfactorthatcontributedtosecrecywastheesoteric(深奥的)natureoftheknowledgeofalchemists(炼金术士),whoweretryingtotransformbasemetalsintogoldorwereconcernedwiththehuntfortheelixir(长生不老药)thatwouldbestow(给予)theblessingofeternallife.Inonesense,thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpediment(障碍)becausetherecordsofthechemicalprocessesthatearlyalchemists(haddiscoveredwereoftenwrittendowninsymboliclanguageintelligibletoveryfeworinsymbolsthatwerepurposelyobscure.

271.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ThescientificrevolutionintheseventeenthcenturyB.ReasonsthatchemistrydevelopedslowlyasascienceC.ThepracticalaspectsofchemistryD.Difficultiesoforganizingknowledgesystematically2.Accordingtothepassage,howdidknowledgeaboutchemicalprocessesincreasebeforetheseventeenthcentury?A.Philosophersdevisedtheoriesaboutchemicalproperties.B.specialsymboliclanguagewasdeveloped.C.Experienceledworkerstorevisetheirtechniques.D.Expertssharedtheirdiscoverieswiththepublic.3.Theword“hampered"inLine1Para2isclosestinmeaningto_____.A.recognizedB.determinedC.solvedD.hindered4.Theword“it"inLine3Para2referstowhichofthefollowing?AproblemBmaterialCdifficultyDsystem5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainswhy“thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpediment"(Lines5-6Para3)?A.Chemicalknowledgewaslimitedtoasmallnumberofpeople.B.Thesymboliclanguageusedwasveryimprecise.C.Veryfewnewdiscoveriesweremadebyalchemists.D.Therecordsofthechemicalprocesseswerenotbasedonexperiments.（一）非语言因素的能力影响阅读理解效果除了词法、句法和章法这些语言因素以外还有一些非语言因素，如知识面和智力情况。知识面反映在阅读理解上也就是题材问题。考生在平时要注意阅读各种题材的文章，努力拓宽自己的知识面，消除不熟悉的题材所带来的陌生感。Manyofthemostdamagingandlife-threateningtypesofweather——torrentialrains(飘泼大雨),severethunderstorm,andtornadoes——beginquickly,strikesuddenly,anddissipate(消失)rapidly,devastating(彻底毁灭)smallregionswhileleavingneighboringareasuntouched.Onesuchevent,atornado,struckthenortheasternsectionofEdmonton,Alberta,inJuly1987.Totaldamagesfromthetornadoexceeded$250million,thehighesteverforanyCanadianstorm.Conventionalcomputermodelsoftheatmospherehavelimitedvalueinpredictingshort-livedlocalstormsliketheEdmontontornado,becausetheavailableweatherdataaregenerallynotdetailedenoughtoallowcomputerstodiscernthesubtle

28atmosphericchangesthatprecedethesestorms.Inmostnations,forexample,weather-balloonobservationsaretakenjustonceeverytwelvehoursatlocationstypicallyseparatedbyhundredsofmiles.Withsuchlimiteddata,conventionalforecastingmodelsdoamuchbetterjobpredictinggeneralweatherconditionsoverlargeregionsthantheydoforecastingspecificlocalevents.Untilrecently,theobservation——intensiveapproachneededforaccurate,veryshort-rangeforecasts,or“Nowcast",wasnotfeasible.Thecostofequippingandoperatingmanythousandsofconventionalweatherstationswasprohibitivelyhigh,andthedifficultiesinvolvedinrapidlycollectingandprocessingtherawweatherdatafromsuchanetworkwereinsurmountable(不可克服的).Fortunately,scientificandtechnologicaladvanceshaveovercomemostoftheseproblems.Radarsystems,automatedweatherinstruments,andsatellitesareallcapableofmakingdetailed,nearlycontinuousobservationsoverlargeregionsatarelativelylowcost.Communicationssatellitescantransmitdataaroundtheworldcheaplyandinstantaneously(瞬间的),andmoderncomputerscanquicklycompileandanalyzethislargevolumeofweatherinformation.Meteorologistsandcomputerscientistsnowworktogethertodesigncomputerprogramsandvideoequipmentcapableoftransformingrawweatherdataintowords,symbols,andvividgraphicdisplaysthatforecasterscaninterpreteasilyandquickly.Asmeteorologistshavebegunusingthesenewtechnologiesinweatherforecastingoffices,Nowcastingisbecomingareality.1.TheauthormentionsthetornadoinEdmonton,Canada,inorderto__________.A.indicatethattornadoesarecommoninthesummerB.giveanexampleofadamagingstormC.explaindifferenttypesofweatherD.showthattornadoesoccurfrequentlyinCanada2.Allthefollowingarementionedasanadvanceinshort-rangeweatherforecastingEXCEPT__________.A.weatherballoonsB.radarsystemsC.automatedinstrumentsD.satellites3.WithNowcasting,itfirstbecamepossibletoprovideinformationabout________.A.short-livedlocalstormsB.radarnetworksC.long-rangeweatherforecastsD．generalweatherconditions

294.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsistheauthormostlikelytoagree?A.Communicationssatellitescanpredictsevereweather.B.Meteorologistsshouldstandardizecomputerprograms.C.Theobservation-intensiveapproachisnolongeruseful.D.Weatherpredictionsarebecomingmoreaccurate.5.Nowcastingwouldbebestillustratedby_________.A.afive-dayforecastB.awarningaboutaseverethunder-stormontheradioC.theaveragerainfallforeachmonthD.alistoftemperaturesinmajorcities二．阅读理解的题型与解题技巧阅读理解测试的范围主要包括以下几个方面：（1）主旨和大意，在试卷上出现的形式便是主旨题；（2）说明主旨和大意的事实和细节，即细节题；（3）所读材料的字面理解，即词和句的释义，即释义题；（4）根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论，即推断题；（5）对文章的各个方面进行是非判断的是非题。阅读技巧，换句话说，就是使考生更好地将掌握的语言知识水平体现出来的一种本领。在学生中有时出现两个极端。有的考生语言知识掌握甚好，可是阅读理解的能力却很差。究其原因，大凡平时只注意语言知识的学习而忽略了阅读技巧的训练。另一种学生急功近利，带着投机的心理学习，以为阅读理解就是阅读技巧的考试，于是，对技巧死钻牛角尖，而在语言知识方面下苦功。如果要在阅读理解上真正体现出自己的语言水平，那么，两者缺一不可。（一）主旨题这类题主要对文章的中心思想（mainidea）、标题（titleortopic）、文章或作者的目的（purpose）以及结论（conclusion）进行提问。提问的方式是多种多样的，大学英语四、六级考试中常见的主旨题的提问方式有：Thepassageismainlyabout…Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith…Themainideaofthepassageisthat…Thebestsummaryofthepassageis…Thepassagetells/introduces/presents/expresses…Thepurposeofthisarticleisto…Atitlethatcouldbestexpressthemainideaofthepassagewouldbe…Thepossibletitleforthepassagemightbe…

30Thearticlewaswrittento…Theauthorholdstheviewthat…Fromthepassagewecanconclude…Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?Whatwillbethebesttitleofthepassage?Whatisthewriter’smainpurpose?等等。Notes:I.Tograspthemainideabyidentifyingthetopicsentence.Justrememberthis:thetopicsentenceshouldstatethemainideaoftheparagraph,andeveryidea,everydetail,intheparagraphshouldrelatetotheideasetforthinthetopicsentence.Example1AlfredNobel,thegreatSwedishinventorandindustrialist,wasamanofmanycontrasts.Hewasthesonofabankrupt,butbecameamillionaire;ascientistwithaloveofliterature,anindustrialistwhomanagedtoremainanidealist.Hemadeafortunebutlivedasimplelife,andalthoughcheerfulincompanyhewasoftensadinprivate.Aloverofmankind,heneverhadawifeorfamilytolovehim;apatrioticsonofhisnativeland,hediedaloneonforeignsoil.Heinventedanewexplosive,dynamite,toimprovethepeacetimeindustriesofminingandroadbuilding,butsawitusedasaweaponofwartokillandinjurehisfellowmen.Duringhisusefullifeheoftenfelthewasuseless:“AlfredNobel,”heoncewroteohimself,“oughttohavebeenputtodeathbyakinddoctorassoonas,withacry,heenteredlife.”World-famousforhisworkshewasneverpersonallywellknown,forthroughouthislifeheavoidedpublicity.“Idonotsee,”heoncesaid,“thatIhavedeservedanyfameandIhavenotasteforit.”Butsincehisdeath,hisnamehasbroughtfameandglorytoothers.Question:Thepassagechieflystates.A.thatAlfredNobelledausefullifeB.whyheactedcontrarytohisownwishesC.howhebroughtfameandglorytoothersD.thatallhislifewasfullofcontradictions

31Example2Mostpeopledonotthinkoffishesandothermarineanimalsashavingvoices,andofthosewhoareawareofthefactthatmanyofthemcan“speak”,fewunderstandthatthese“conversations”havesignificance.Actually,theirtalkmaybeasmeaningfulasmuchofourown.Forexample,someseaanimalsusetheir“voices”tolocatetheirfoodintheoceanexpanses;others,tolettheirfellowsknowoftheirwhere-abouts;andstillothers,asameansofobtainingmates.Sometimes,“speaking”mayevenmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathtoamarineanimal.Itappearsinsomecasesthatwhenapredator(捕食其他动物的动物)approaches,theprey(猎物)dependsonnomorethanthesoundsitmakestoescape.Question:ThemainthoughtoftheparagraphisthatA.fishsoundsareapparentlyrandomB.thenoisesproducedbyfishare“meaningful”C.“speaking”maymeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathtoaseaanimalD.“fishvoices”havenosignificanceExample3Theworldisfullofpoisonoussubstances.Manyofthemoccurquitenaturally,independentlyofanyactionofman.Thusthevaporfromanactivemaycontainsomuchsulphurthatplantscannotgrownearby.Riversflowingthroughforestsmaybecomedeoxygenatedbecausesomuchnaturalorganicmaterialisdepositedinthem.Mercury,occurringnaturallyintheocean,mayreachsuchhighlevelsthatlargenumbersoffisharekilled.Question:Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?A.Wecanseenaturalpoisonoussubstanceseverywhere.B.Manyofpoisonoussubstancesarenotman-made.C.Therearealwaysmassesofpoisonoussubstancesinriversandforests.D.Riversmaybedeoxygenated,andlargenumbersoffishmaybekilled.

32Example4MartinLutherKingwasanordainedministerfromAtlanta,Georgia.Hegainedprominenceasacivil-rightsleaderduringthe1950’s.In1956heledaboycott(抵制)byMontgomery,Alabama,blacksagainstsegregated(种族隔离)citybuslines.AfterhissuccessinMontgomery,hefoundedtheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference.Thisgavehimabasetoexpandthecivil-rightsmovementintheSouthandthroughoutthenation.In1963heorganizedamassivecivil-rightsmarchonWashington,D.C.,whichbroughttogethermorethan200,000people.Itwastherethathedeliveredhisfamous“IHaveaDream”speech.Intheyearsthatfollowed,Kingbroadenedhispoliticalinvolvement.Hecontinuedtoworkforcivilrights,buthealsobecameanoutspokencriticoftheVietnamwar.HiscriticismofthewarwasbasedonhisbeliefthatthewarwascontributingtopovertyinAmerica.Hearguedthatourvaluablenationalresourceswerebeingusedtofinancethewarratherthantofightpovertyathome.In1968heplannedanotherlarge-scalemarchtoWashington.ItwastocalledthePoorPeople’sMarch.Heneverfulfilledhiswishthough.InAprilof1968hewenttoMemphis,Tennessee,tohelpsettleastrikebysanitationworkers.Whiletherehewasassassinated(暗杀).Question:ThebesttitleforthepassagewouldbeA.AMassiveCivil-RightsMarchonWashingtonB.“IHaveaDream”C.MartinLutherKing’sAchievementsAsaCivil-RightLeaderD.MartinLutherKing’sCriticismoftheVietnamWarI.Tograspthemainideabywritingamentalheadlineortitle.Aquickwaytodothisis:(1)Decidetheperson,place,orthingwhichisthesubjectofthereadingpassage.Thesubjectcanbesomethingabstract,suchasanidea.Itcanbeaprocess,orsomethinginmotion,forwhichnosingleprocessthenbecomesthesubjectoftheheadlineortitle.(2)Decidethemostimportantthingthatisbeingsaidaboutthesubject.Eitherthesubjectmustbedoingsomething,orsomethingisbeingdonetoit.Thisactionbecomestheverbofthementalheadlineortitle.

33Example1Ifyouworkasasodajerker(冷饮店售货员)youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimportance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.Intheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.Question:Thetitlethatbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassageis.A.HowtoBeanEmployeeB.theLanguageCompetenceNeededintheJobsC.YourEffectivenessDependsonYourAbilityD.BeGoodatExpressingYourselfExample2Theaveragepopulationdensityoftheworldis47personspersquaremile.ContinentaldensitiesrangefromnopermanentinhabitantsinAntarcticato211persquaremileinEurope.Inthewesternhemisphere,populationdensitiesrangefromabout4persquaremileinCanadato675persquaremileinRuertoRico.InEuropetherangeisfrom4persquaremileinIcelandto331persquaremileintheNetherlands.Withincountriestherearewidevariationsofpopulationdensities.Forexample,inEgypt,theaverageis55personspersquaremile,but1300personsinhabiteachsquaremileinsettledportionswherethelandisarable(适宜耕种的).Question:Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassageis.A.TheAveragePopulationDensityoftheWorld

34B.WidevariationsoftheWorld’sPopulationDensityC.PopulationDistributionD.PopulationDensityRangesExample3Therewasthisyoungwaitressagain.Witheitherherboyfriendorsomeoneclose,becausetheywereinvolvedinconversation.Andtherewasthisfamiliarsignagain,butwepaidnoattentiontoit.Shelookedupatusandshesortof—itwasn’twhatshesaid,itwasjustagesture.Asortofgestureoftotalrejection.Herhand,youknow,andthewaysheturnedherfaceawayfromus.Shesaid:“Whattayawant?”SOwetoldherwe’dliketobuytwohamburgers.Shesortoflaughed,asarcastic(讽刺的)sortoflaugh.Andshesaid,“Oh,wedon’tselltoMexicans.Whydon’tyougoacrosstoMexicantown,youcanbuy’emoverthere.”Andthensheturnedaroundandcontinuedherconversation.Question:Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofthestory?A.TheyoungwaitressdiscriminatedagainstMexicans.B.Theyounggirlwasacoolwaitress.C.Thewaitresshadapleasantconversationwithherboyfriend.D.Theauthorwassofascinatedwiththewaitress’sbeautythathecouldn’thelpdescribinghereyes,face,laugh,andgesture.Example4Asworldpopulationbecomesdenser,wewillfeelgreaterpressurefromtheexpandingnumberofpeople.Someexpertsarguethatweareapproachingthelimitofthenumberofpeopletheearthcansupportadequately,andtheyfeelweshouldturntocompulsorybirthcontrol.Otherauthoritiesfeelthatifbirthcontrolisimposedonthepopulation,thefutureofmankindwouldbeseriouslyjeopardized(处于险境).Theythinkthatveryintelligentpeoplewouldbemorelikelytohavefewerchildren,andthiswouldbringaboutaloweringofthe

35generallevelofintelligenceinthepopulationasawhole.However,somecriticsseeafallacyinthisargument.Inadditiontogenetics，theysay,intelligencedependsonanadequatediet,agoodhomeenvironment,parentalattention,andeducation—allofwhichareincreasingintheworldasthegeneralpopulationbecomesmoreaffluent.Question:Thetitlethatbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassageis..A.TheBestWaytoSolvethePopulationProblemB.thefutureofMankindC.PopulationProblemandIntelligenceD.anArgumentaboutPopulation(二)细节题1.这类题是阅读理解中出现频率最高的题型。凡是涉及对文章主题进行烘托的内容的问题都是细节题。这类问题大都以who,what,when,where,which,how等疑问词引起的。当然，细节题的问题形式比较灵活，涉及的内容比较具体。解细节题必须在通读全文之后，也就是对全文的布局已经做到心中有数时，才可动手去解题。Example1Theverysuccessofcommunicationssatellitesystemshasraisedwidespreadconcernabouttheirfuture.Somecountriesarealreadyusingsatellitesfordomesticcommunicationsinplaceofconventionaltelephonelinesonland.Althoughthistechniqueisextremelyusefulforlinkingwidelyscatteredvillagesinremoteormountainousregions,inheavilybuilt-upareaswhereextensivetelephoneandtelegraphsystemsalreadyexistdomesticsatellites(or“domsats”)areseenbytheland-linenetworksasunfaircompetition.despitesuchoppositiondomsatsaregainingsupportfrommanybusinessesandpublicinterestgroupsintheUnitedStatesandseemlikelytobemorewidelyutilizedinthefuture.Questions:1.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasamajoradvantageofdomsats?A.Theyareinexpensivetooperate.

36B.Theyeasilyconnectdistantpoints.C.Theycanbedirectedbyremotecontrol.D.Theycanbebuilttobeverylight.2.Accordingtothepassage,theuseofdomsatsisespeciallyvaluableforwhichofthefollowing?A.MountainareasB.BusycitiesC.SmallcountriesD.privatebusinesses3.Whoobjectstotheuseofdomsats?A.ManagersofinternationalbusinessgroupsB.PeopleinsmallvillagesC.OperatorsofconventionalcommunicationssystemsD.LargepublicinterestgroupsExample2Beerisnearlyasoldasrecordedhistory.Manisbelievedtohavestartedbrewing(酿造)beerataboutthesametimehelearnedtomakebread.ArchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthatbeerwasproducedinMesopotamiaaround6000B.C.Intheearliestknowncivilization,ancientSummerintheNearEast,aboutfortypercentofthegraincropwenttomakebeer,anditwasapparentlyalsousedforcurrencybythelocalnobility.Beer,bread,andonionsprobablyformedthebasicdietoftheancientEgyptianpeople,andsomeoftheirbeerhadanalcoholiccontentofuptotwelvepercent.TheGreekscarriedtheartofbrewingfromEgyptintoEurope,andtheRomanslearnedaboutbeerdrinkingduringtheirconquestofGreece.BrewingrapidlytookholdinnorthernandwesternEuropewheregrape-growingwasimpracticalbecauseoftheweather.Questions:1.Whatdoesthearticlesayaboutbeer?A.TheEgyptianswerethefirstcivilizedpeopletodrinkbeer.B.Beerwassometimesusedforcurrency.C.Beerwasbrewedlongbeforemenlearnedtomakebread.D.TwentypercentofthegraincropinancientSumerwasusedtomakebeer.2.WhatissaidabouttheintroductionofbeerintoEurope?

37A.ThebeerinnorthernandwesternEuropewasbrewedfromgrapes.B.TheGreekslearnedtomakebeerfromtheRomans.C.TheGreekslearnedtheartofbrewingbeerfromEgypt.D.ItwasalongtimebeforebeerbecamepopularinEurope.2.指代(ReferenceWords)Example1Somestudentsreadslowlyandknowit;othersreadslowlyanddon’tknowit.othersformercanbehelpedeasilybecausetheyarealreadyawareoftheirproblem.Beforethelattercanbehelped,however,theymustbemadeawareoftheproblem.Questions:1.Inthispassage,“it”refersto.A.readingB.readingslowlyC.howtoreadD.thefactthattheyreadslowly2.“thelatter”refersto.A.thestudentswhoareawareoftheirproblemB.thestudentswhoreadslowlyandknowitC.thestudentswhoreadslowlybutarenotawareofitD.whatthestudentsread3.“theproblem”inthispassagerefersto.A.thefactthatsomestudentsmaybehelpedwithdifficultyB.thedifficultywithwhichsomestudentsmaybehelpedC.readingslowlyDhowtoimprovereadingExample2VeniceintheMiddleAgeswasasailor’stownthatheardmanystrangetales.butthose

38ofMarcoPolo,backfromhistravelstotheendsoftheearth,werestrangerthanallofthem.hetalkedofablackrockthatwasdugupandsetafire.Hesaidthatitgaveoffheatandburnedlongerthanwood.thepeopleofVeniceshoutedwithlaughter.Tothemcoalwasafairytale.Questions:1.“thoseofMarcoPolo”means.A.theMiddleAgesB.manystrangetalesC.thetalestoldbyMarcoPoloDthetalestoldaboutMarcoPolo2.“it”refersto.A.theblackrockB.asailor’stownC.afireD.thefairytaleExample3InMarcoPolo’stime,Venicewastheworld’sgreatesttradingport.Hershipsbroughtinpearls,diamonds,andsapphires(蓝宝石)formIndia;fursfromSiberia;spices(香料)andsilksfromChina.ButthesetreasureshadreachedtheVenetianshipsatotherports,broughttherebycamelsacrossdesertsoronChineseorArabboats.NoVenetianhadeverseenthefarawaylandsfromwhichtherichescame.Questions:1.“Thesetreasures”refersto.A.thetradingportandshipsB.spicesandsilksfromchinaC.pearls,diamonds,andsapphiresfromIndia;fursfromSiberia;spicesandsilksfromchinaD.thesailorsofVenice2.“there”means.A.“tootherports”

39B.“toIndia,Siberia,andChina”C.“toVenice”D.“toChineseorArabboats”3.“thefarawaylands”refersto.A.India,Siberia,andChinaBEuropeandAmericaC.ArabiandesertsD.ChinaandArabiancountries4.By“theriches”theauthorrefersto.A.therichinVeniceB.richshipownersC.thetreasuresmentionedD.ChineseorArabboatsExample4Amosquito,filleduponblood,managedtoflyoffcarryingtwiceitsownweight.Todothis,itbeatsitswingsmorethan300timesasecond.Question:Thephrase“Todothis”means.A.TobefilleduponbloodB.ToflyoffcarryingtwiceitsownweightC.TomanagetoflyoffD.TocarrytwiceitsownweightExample5Change—ortheabilitytoadaptoneselftoachangingenvironment—isessentialtoevolution.Thefarmerwhoselandisrequiredforhousingorindustrymustadapthimself:hecanmovetoanotherplaceandmastertheproblemspeculiartoit;hecanchangehisoccupation,perhapsafteraperiodoftraining;orhecanstarvetodeath.

40Question:Inthephrase“peculiartoit”,“it”refersto.A.evolutionB.changeC.masterD.anotherplaceExample6Well,goodafternoon,ladiesandgentlemen.It’sverynicetoseeall,thoughIcan’tseeyouverywell,becauseI’mabsolutelydazzledbythebrightlightsuphere.I’dliketowelcomeyouherethisafternoonand,particularlylookingstraightatthecameras,I’dliketoaddressthatlargerunseenaudienceintheotherauditoriumtosaythatI’mconscious-deeplyconsciousofyourlisteninginandlookingaswellandyou’reamuchlargeraudiencethanthisone,andIhopethatthesenseofdistancedoesn’tmakeyoufeelcutoff.Question:“thisone”refersto.A.theunseenaudienceB.theotherauditoriumC.thelistenersbeforethespeakerD.thesmallerauditorium2.数字题Example1Plateaustudiedtheso-calledinertiaoftheeye,whichmakesapictureremainontheretinaforaboutone-sixthofsecondafterithasdisappearedfromourvision.Question:Apictureremainsontheretinafor.A.6secondsB.1/6ofasecondC.1secondD.16seconds

41Example2TrinidadandTobagoisasinglecountrycomposedoftwoislands:Trinidad,withthemajorityofthecountry’s900,000inhabitants,isarectangleofroughlyfiftybyfortymiles;Tobago,nineteenmilestothenorth,issmallerandhasapopulationofabout35,000.Question:Tobago’sareais_____.A.approximately2,000squaremilesB.lessthan2,000squaremilesC.19milesfromTrinidadD.morethan2,000squaremilesExample3Allproblemsininterestmaybesolvedbytheuseofonegeneralequationwhichmaybestatedasfollows:Interest=PrincipalXRateXtimeAnyoneofthefourquantities,thatis,interest,principal,rateortime,maybefoundwhentheotherthreeareknown.Thetimeisexpressedinyears.Therateisexpressedasadecimalfraction.Thus,6percentinterestmeanssixcentschargedforuseof$1ofprincipalborrowedoneyear.Questions:1.At4percentinterestfortheuseof$1principal,onewouldpay.(A)sixcentpreyear(C)fourcentsperyear(B)twenty-fivecentsperyear(D)onecentperyear2.whichofthefollowingwouldbeacorrectexpressionofaninterestrateasstatedintheequationforcomputinginterest?

42(A)Four(C)4(B)0.04(D)4/100Example4Belize,capitalofBritishHonduras,hasalwaysbeenthecolony’sadministrative,cultural,andgeographiccenter.LocatedontheCaribbeancoastofCentralAmericaslightlymorethaneighthundredmilessouthofNewOrleansandaboutthesamedistancewestofJamaica,Belizehadapopulationofnearlysixthousandin1859,tenthousandin1900,andreachedthirtythousandinthe1960’s.Questions:1.Jamaicaislocated.(A)abouteighthundredmilessouthofNewOrleans(B)abouteighthundredmileseastofBelize.(C)abouteighthundredmileswestofBelize.(D)abouteighthundredmilesnorthofNewOrleans2.Between1900and1960thepopulationofBelize.(A)almostdoubled(B)increasedbyanunspecifiedamount(C)tripled(D)stayedaboutthesameExample5Accordingtothecensusof1800,theUnitedStatesofAmericacontained5,308,483persons.InthesameyeartheBritishIslandscontainedupwardsoffifteenmillion;theFrenchRepublic,morethantwentysevenmillion.Nearlyone–fifthoftheAmericanpeoplewereNegroslaves;thetruepoliticalpopulationconsistedoffourandahalfmillionfreewhites,orlessthanonemillionable-bodiedmales,onwhoseshouldersfelltheburdenofacontinent.Evenaftertwocenturiesofstrugglethelandwasstilluntamed(未被开垦的)；forestcovered

43everyportion,excepthereandthereastripofcultivatedsoil;themineralslayundisturbedintheirrockybeds,andmorethantwo-thirdsofthepeopleclungtotheseaboardwithinfiftymilesoftidewater,wherealonethewantsofcivilizedlifecouldbesupplied.Questions:1.IntheUnitedStatesofAmericain1800.(A)oneoutofeverytwenty-fiveAmericanswasaNegroslave(B)oneoutofeveryfourAmericanswasaNegroslave(C)twooutofeverythreeAmericanswereNegroslaves(D)oneoutofeveryfiveAmericanswasaNegroslave2.FreewhitemeninAmericanumbered.(A)aboutfour-fifthsofthepopulation.(B)aboutfourandone-halfmillion(C)5,308,483(D)lessthanonemillion3.Two-thirdsoftheAmericanpeople(A)livedwherethewantsofcivilizedlifecouldnotbesupplied(B)livedinWashington(C)livedontheseaboard(D)livedwithinfifteenmilesoftidewater.4.ThestruggletotametheAmericancontinenthadbeengoingon.(A)abouttwohundredyears(B)aboutfiftyyears(C)alittlemorethanacentury(D)since17505.In1800,thepopulationoftheUnitedStates.(A)approximatelyone-fifththesizeofthepopulationoftheFrenchRepublic.(B)approximatelyone-sevenththesizeofthepopulationoftheFrenchRepublic(C)approximatelyone-thirdthesizeofthepopulationoftheFrenchRepublic(D)approximatelytwenty-fivepercentofthesizeofthepopulationoftheFrenchRepublic（三）释义题

44释义题包括对文章中的关键词语、句子，以及（有时）一小段文字进行解释，题型也是较为多样化，应根据上下文的同义、对照、比喻、定义、重述等关系来判断词句的意义，并根据逻辑推理来确定某词语和句子的意义。常见的问题形式如：Accordingtothepassage,theword/phrase/sentence…means________.Theword/phrase…inthepassagerefersto________.Example1Dosage(剂量)：Adultstwelveyearsoldandovertaketwoteaspoonfulsasneeded,nottoexceedfifteenteaspoonfulsperday.Childrensixyearsoldtotwelveyearsoldtakehalfoftheadultdosage,nottoexceedseventeaspoonfulsperday.Warning:Donotexceedtherecommendeddosageunlessdirectedbyaphysician.donotadministertochildrenundersixyearsoldortoindividualswithhighbloodpressureorheartdisease.Thispreparationmaycausesleeping.Donotdriveoroperatemachinerywhiletakingthismedication.Ifreliefdoesnotoccurwithinthreedays,discontinueuseandconsultyourphysician.Question:Theword“preparation”inthisinstructionmeans.A.preparationofteaspoonfulsB.thepreparatorydosageC.themedicinementionedintheinstructionD.preparatorymeasuresagainstthisdiseaseExample2Hewasaprestidigitatorwhoentertainedthechildrenbypullingrabbitsoutofhishat,swallowingfire,andothersimilartricks.

45Question:Whatdoestheword“prestidigitator”referto?A.AnactorB.AmagicianC.AjoyfulfatherD.AjokerExample3Zipwasstoppedduringthewarandonlyafterthewardiditbecomepopular.Whatadifferenceithasmadetoourlives.Itkeepspeopleathomemuchmore.Ithasmadetheremotepartsoftheworldmorerealtous.Photographsshowacountry,butonlyzipmakesusfeelthataforeigncountryisreal.Alsowecanseescenesinthestreet,bigoccasionsarezipped,suchasthecoronation(加冕典礼)in1953andtheOpeningofParliament.Perhapsthesufferersfromziparethenotablepeople,who,astheystepoutofanaeroplane,havetofacethebatteryofzipcamerasandknowthateverymovement,everygesturewillbeseenbymillionsofpeople.Politiciansnotonlyhavetospeakwell,theynowhavetohavewhatiscalleda“Zippersonality”.PerhapswecansympathizewhenMembersofParliamentsaythattheydonotwantdebatestobezipped.Question:Zipmeans.A.cinemaB.photographyC.televisionD.telephoneExample4Thestreamissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.Question:Theword“turbid”isclosestto.A.muddyB.strongC.confusedD.poisonous

46Example5Youshouldcutoutthisparagraphinordertomaketheessaysuccinct.Question:Theword“succinct”couldbestbereplacedby.A.briefB.popularC.plainD.clearExample6Smith,whocamelatetoeverymeetingwehaveheld,surprisedustodaybybeingpunctual.Question:Bythephrase“bybeingpunctual”theauthormeansthat.A.Smithcametotoday’smeetinglateagainB.Smithattendedtoday’smeetingatthetimefixedC.Smithsuddenlyappearedattoday’smeetingD.Smithrefusedtobepresentattoday’smeetingExample7Whenyouleadadiscussion,itisunfairtocallonlyonyourfriends.Tobeequitable,youshouldcalloneveryonewhoraiseshishand.Question:Theword“equitable”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?A.honestB.fair

47C.politeD.friendlyExample8Weneverbelievedthathewouldresorttosubterfugeinordertoachievehisgoal;wealwaysregardedhimasanhonestman.Question:By“subterfuge”theauthormeans.A.anefficientwayB.strongmeasuresC.adishonestmeansD.others’helpExample9Despitethefactthatthefirstexperimentswereabortive,hepersistedinhisresearch.Question;Theword“abortive”isclosestto.A.inprogressB.unsuccessfulC.fruitfulD.underway（四）推断题在阅读理解中，推断题是较难的一种题型，也是考生失分率最高的题型。推断题中有些带有明显的deduce/infer/imply/suggest等常用于这种问题的词语，如：Fromthepassageitispossibletodeducethat…Wecandeducefromthepassagethat…Fromthepassagewecaninferthat…Whichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutnotstatedinthepassage?Thepassagesuggeststhat…有些推断题涉及文章的出处、计算以及作者态度、口吻，常见的提问方式有：Thisarticleisprobablyanexcerptfrom…Thepassagecouldmostprobablybefoundinatextbookon…

48Thepassagewouldmostlikelybeassignedreadingforcoursesinwhichofthefollowingsubjects?Theparagraphprecedingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses…Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses…Thewriterofthepassageis/seemsinfavorof…Inthepassagesthewriter’sattitudetowards…is…Theauthorprobablyfeelsthat…Thetoneofthispassageisoneof…等等。推断是对已知的事实或观点经过分析进行归纳或演绎。归纳是由具体到一般，即对已知的事实进行推断总结；而演绎的过程是由一般到具体。在阅读理解时，考生以文章所提供的事实或观点为推理的前提，进行演绎或归纳。在解题的过程中，应注意吃透题义，把握文章主题，进行合乎逻辑的推理。Example1Sometimescertainerasoreventsfromourpastreceivelittleornoattention.Thismightbebecausethereislittleinformationavailableonthesesubjects,orbecausethesubjectsarecontroversialorshameful,andwearereluctanttofacethem.Butwhenweignoreordenyapartofourpast,wefailtolearnthelessonsthathistorycanteachus,andweneglectpeoplewhoarepartofthathistory.Thesepeople—andtheirhistory–canbecome“invisible”,andintimewecanforgetthattheyoughttobepartofwhatwethinkofashistory.Questions:1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebestmotivationforstudyinghistoryisto.A.learnfromitspastlessonsB.appreciatetheperspectivesofwritersofhistoricaltextsC.becomemorewell-roundedstudentsD.comparethelife-stylesofmajorhistoricalcharacters2.Theauthorimpliesthattheworkofhistorianswouldbemorevaluableifthey.AaskedcurrentworldleaderstowritedowntheirviewsofhistoryB.includedaccountsofunpleasanteventsintheirtexts

49C.wrotepsychologicaldiscussionsaboutincidentsinhistoryD.emphasizedabiographicalviewpointinhistorybooksExample2Therailwayclerkdemandeda10plost-propertyfeefromsecretarySandraHeseldenbeforehewouldreturnherlosthandbag.Troublewas,allSandra’smoneywasinthebag.Theclerkwasadamant(坚持):nomoney,nobag.It’stherule,hesaid.SoSandraborrowed10pfromaporter,retrievedherbag,andrepaidtheporter.Question:Wecouldconcludefromthisstorythat.A.oneshouldnevergooutwithoutone’spurseB.someadministrativerulesarestupidC.wemustputsomemoneyinthepocketswhenreadytogooutD.youcangetintotroubleifyouloseyourpropertyExample3WorldwidefameburstuponAlbertEinsteinonNovember7,1919,whenBritishastronomersannouncedtheyhadfoundthefirstconfirmationofEinstein’sgeneralrelativitytheory.Einsteinhadalreadybecomeknowninscientificcirclesbecauseofhistwoastonishingtheories:thespecialtheoryofrelativity,publishedin1905whenhewasonlytwenty-sixandaminorclerkintheSwisspatentoffice,andthegeneraltheoryofrelativity,advancedbetween1913and1915.Hewasconsideredsobrilliantbyotherscientiststhatin1914hewasinvitedtojointheprestigiousRoyalPrussianAcademyofSciencesandtobecomeheadoftheresearchbranchattheKaiserWilhelmInstitute.HeacceptedtheofferandmovedtoBerlin.1.Thepassageimpliesthatbeforethespecialtheoryofrelativitywaspublished,Einsteinwas.A.partofthescientificcommunity

50B.consideredabrilliantscientistC.unknowninscientificcirclesD.stillauniversitystudent2.HowdoestheauthorseemtofeelaboutAlbertEinstein?(A)uninterested(B)Impressed(C)Critical(D)Over-praisedExample4ClaraLouiseMaasswasanursewhocontributedtotheresearchonyellowfeverattheturnofthecentury.ShewasworkingasaciviliannurseinCuba,whereArmyMajorsWillianGorgasandWalterReedwereconductingexperimentstoisolatethecauseofthedisease.Testsruledoutdirtandpoorsanitationascausesofyellowfever,andamosquitowasthesuspectedcarrier.Clarawasamongthegroupwhovolunteeredtobebittenbytheinsect.ShecontractedthediseasediedonAugust24,1901.shewastheonlywomantoparticipateintheexperimentandamongthefewvolunteerstodiefromit.Withherdeath,thestudyended;theresultsoftheexperimentprovidedconclusiveevidencethatmosquitoeswerethesourceofthedisease.1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheresearchwasprobablysupportedbythe.(A)hospital(C)volunteers(B)army(D)researchers2.Fromthepassagewemaylearnthatmanyofthevolunteers_________.(A)werenotmen(B)didnotdie(C)werenotbittenbytieinsect(D)didnotparticipateintheexperiment3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,asanurse,Maasswas.(A)ambitious(C)inexperienced(B)devoted(D)overworked

51（五）是非题是非题要求考生根据文章，对主题、中心思想、具体内容或词义作出是与非的判断。常见的句型是：Whichstatementistrue/NOTtrue?Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthewriterprobablyagree(disagree)with?WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTappearinthepassage?WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?Thepassage/writermentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT_________.（六）解题综述阅读理解是对一门语言的综合能力的考试。考生在具有相当的语言应用能力、对各类题型的特点有所把握之后，在解题时，还应注意以下几个方面。（1）避免主观判断；（2）避免以偏概全，混淆主次；（3）仔细阅读和比较问题中的四个选择项。Passage1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcostpercentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.

52AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowtelevisionpersonalitywants.1.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat_________.A)heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertisingB)everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsumingC)advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelseD)itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising2.Thephrase“liveupto"inLine3,Paragraph2canbereplacedby__________.A)surviveB)complementC)agreewithD)carryon3.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?A)Securinggreaterfame.B)Providingmorejobs.C)Enhancinglivingstandards.D)Reducingnewspapercost.4.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis___________.A)verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertisingB)interestedinnothingbutthebuyer'sattentionC)correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformationD)obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising5.Intheauthor'sopinion____________.A)advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformationB)advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemoverC)thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyerD)thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementPassage2Goodsenseisthemostequitablydistributedthingintheworld,foreachmanconsidershimselfsowellprovidedwithitthateventhosewhoaremostdifficulttosatisfyineverythingelsedonotusuallywishtohavemoreofitthantheyhavealready.Itisnotlikelythat

53everyoneismistakeninthis;itshows,rather,thattheabilitytojudgerightlyandseparatethetruefromthefalse,whichisessentiallywhatiscalledgoodsenseorreason,isbynatureequalinallmen,andthusthatouropinionsdiffernotbecausesomemenarebetterendowedwithreasonthanothers,butonlybecausewedirectourthoughtsalongdifferentpaths,anddonotconsiderthesamethings,foritisnotenoughtohaveagoodmind:whatismostimportantistoapplyitrightly.Thegreatestsoulsarecapableofthegreatestvices;andthosewhowalkveryslowlycanadvancemuchfurther,iftheyalwayskeeptothedirectroad,thanthosewhorunandgoastray.Formypart,Ihaveneverpresumedmymindtobemoreperfectthanaverageinanyway;Ihave,infact,oftenwishedthatmythoughtswereasquick,ormyimaginationaspreciseanddistinct,ormymemoryascapaciousorprompt,asthoseofsomeothermen.AndIknowofnootherqualitiesthanthesewhichmakefortheperfectionofthemind;forastoreason,orgoodsense,inasmuchasitalonemakesusmenanddistinguishesusfromthebeasts,Iamquitewillingtobelievethatitiswholeandentireineachofus,andtofollowinthecommonopinionofthephilosopherswhosaythattherearedifferencesofmoreorlessonlyamongtheaccidents,andnotamongtheforms,ornatures,oftheindividualsofasinglespecies.1.Accordingtotheauthor,thethreeelementsthatcompriseourmindare________.A.tenacityofthought,capaciousmemory,quicknessofmindB.preciseofwit,easeofconscience,quicknessofthoughtC.quicknessofwit,easeofconscience,quicknessofthoughtD.promptnessofmemory,distinctnessofimagination,quicknessofthought2.Thebasicideaofthefirstparagraphmaybestatedasfollows__________.A.allpersonshaveanequalportionofgoodwillwhentheyarebornB.greatsoulsarecapableofgreatevilC.goodsense,intermsofitsdistributionamongpersons,maybecalledcommonsenseD.goodsenseisthemarkofthetrulygoodperson3.Abouthimself,theauthorstatesthat______.A.hehadalwayssensedhismentalsuperiorityovermostpersonsB.hisawarenessofhismentalsuperiorityoverotherswassomethingthatgrewslowlywithexperienceC.heactuallyregardshisownmentalfacultiesasinferiorinmanywaystothoseofthegreatmajorityofpersonsD.hehasneverhadthefeelingthathismindwasmorethanaverageinanyway4.Theauthorclaimsthatwhatsetshumanbeingsapartfrombeasts

54is_____.A.asenseoforganizationcombinedwiththeabilitytocreateB.theabilitytoadapttothesurroundingsC.asenseofreasoncoupledwithastrongsenseofpracticalityD.asenseofreason5.Accordingtotheauthortheabilitytodistinguishbetweenthetrueandthefalseis_____.A.endowedbynaturetoallcreaturesB.endowedinequalmeasuretoallpersonsC.moreheavilypresentinsomepersonsthaninothersD.anunnatural,cultivatedtraitinallpersons.Passage3Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisaverycomplexnetworkcomposedofthepricesofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabor,professionaltransportation,andpublicutilityservices.Theinterrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthe“system”ofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,complicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythingseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine“price,”manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductofserviceor,inotherwords,thatpriceisthemoneyvalueofaproductofserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes.Foracompleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwiththeamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoneytobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatsupplytothetransaction,guaranteesontheproductorservice,deliveryterms,returnprivileges,andotherfactors.Inotherwords,bothbuyerandsellershouldbefullyawareofallthefactorsthatcomprisethetotal“package”beingexchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoneyinorderthattheymayevaluateagivenprice.1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A).TheInherentWeaknessesofthePriceSystem.B)TheComplexitiesofthePrice

55System.C)CreditTermsinTransactions.D)ResourceAllocationandthePublicSector.2.Accordingtothepassage,thepricesystemisrelatedprimarilyto_____.A)laborandeducationB)transportationandinsuranceC)utilitiesandrepairsD)productsandservices3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTafactorinthecompleteunderstandingofprice?A)Instructionsthatcomewithaproduct.B)Thequantityofaproduct.C)Thequalityofaproduct.D)Warrantiesthatcoveraproduct.4.Inthelastsentenceofthepassage,“they”refersto_____.A)returnprivilegesB)allthefactorsC)buyerandsellerD)money5.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscusses_____.A)unusualwaystoadvertiseproductsB)typesofpaymentplansforserviceC)theoriesabouthowproductsaffectdifferentlevelsofsocietyD)howcertainelementsofaprice“package”influenceitsmarketvaluePassage4Inthepastoysterswereraisedinmuchthesamewayasdirtfarmersraisedtomatoes—bytransplantingthem.First,farmersselectedtheoysterbed,clearedthebottomofoldshellsandotherdebris,andthenscatteredcleanshellsabout.Nextthey“planted”fertilizedoystereggs,whichwithintwoorthreeweekshatchedintolarvae.Thelarvaedrifteduntiltheyattachedthemselvestothecleanshellsonthebottom.Theretheyremainedandintimegrewintobabyoysterscalledseedorspat.Thespatgrewlargerbydrawinginseawaterfromwhichtheyderivedmicroscopic(显微镜下的)particlesoffood.Beforelong,farmersgatheredthebabyoysters,transplantedtheminotherwaterstospeeduptheirgrowth,andthentransplantedthemoncemoreintoanotherbodyofwatertofattenthemup.Untilrecentlythesupplyofwildoystersandthosecrudelyfarmedweremorethanenoughtosatisfypeople'sneeds.Buttodaythedelectable(美味的)seafoodisnolongeravailableinabundance.Theproblemhasbecomesoseriousthatsomeoysterbedshavevanishedentirely.Fortunately,asfarbackastheearly1900'smarinebiologistsrealizedthatifnewmeasureswerenottaken,oysterswouldbecomeextinctoratbestaluxuryfood.Sotheysetupwellequippedhatcheries(孵卵厂)andwenttowork.Buttheydidnothavetheproperequipmentortheskilltohandletheeggs.Theydidnotknowwhen,what,andhowtofeedthe

56larvae.Andtheyknewlittleaboutthepredators(食肉动物)thatattackedandatebabyoystersbythemillions.Theyfailed,buttheydoggedlykeptatit.Finally,inthe1940'sasignificantbreakthroughwasmade.Themarinebiologistsdiscoveredthatbyraisingthetemperatureofthewater,theycouldinduceoysterstospawn(产卵)notonlyinthesummerbutalsointhefall,winter,andspring.Latertheydevelopedatechniqueforfeedingthelarvaeandrearingthemtospat.Goingstillfurther,theysucceededinbreedingnewstrainsthatwereresistanttodiseases,grewfasterandlarger,andflourishedinwaterofdifferentsalinities(咸性)andtemperatures.Inaddition,thecultivatedoysterstastedbetter!1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A)TheThreatenedExtinctionofMarineLifeB)TheCultivationofOystersC)TheDiscoveriesMadebyMarineBiologistsD)TheVarietiesofWildOysters2.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasastageofanoyster'slife?A)DebrisB)EggC)LarvaeD)Spat3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribestheeffortsofthemarinebiologistsworkingwithoysters?A)Persistent.B)Intermittent.C)Traditional.D)Fruitless.4.Inthepassage,theauthormentionsthatthenewstrainsofoysterare______.A)cheaperB)shapeddifferentlyC)bettertexturedD)healthier5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?A)Stepbystepdescriptionoftheevolutionofmarinebiology.B)Discussionofchronologicaleventsconcerningoysterproduction.C)Randompresentationoffactsaboutoysters.D)Descriptionofoysterproductionatdifferentgeographiclocations.Passage5Peoplewithdisabilitiescomprisealargepartofthepopulation.Itisestimatedthatover35millionAmericanshavephysical,mental,orotherdisabilities.Abouthalfofthesedisabilitiesare“developmental”,i.e.,theyoccurpriortotheindividual’stwenty-secondbirthday,oftenfromgeneticconditions,andaresevereenoughtoaffectthreeormoreareasofdevelopment,suchasmobility,communication,employment,etc.Mostotherdisabilitiesareconsidered“adventitious”,i.e.,accidentalorcausedbyoutsideforces.Priortothe20thcentury,onlyasmallpercentageofpeoplewithdisabilities

57survivedforlong.Medicaltreatmentforthesedisabilitieswasunavailable.Advancementsinmedicineandsocialserviceshavecreatedaclimateinwhichpeoplewithdisabilitiescanexpecttohavesuchbasicneedsasfood,shelter,andmedicaltreatmentmet.Unfortunately,thesebasicsareoftenallthatisavailable.Civillibertiessuchastherighttovote,marry,getaneducation,andgainemploymenthavehistoricallybeendeniedonthebasisofdisability.Inrecentdecades,thedisabilityrightsmovementhasbeenorganizedtofightagainsttheseinfringements(侵犯)ofcivilrights.Congressrespondedbypassingmajorlegislationrecognizingpeoplewithdisabilitiesasaprotectedclassundercivilrightsstatutes.Stilltoday,peoplewithdisabilitiesmustfighttolivetheirlivesindependently.ItisestimatedthatmorethanhalfofqualifiedAmericanswithdisabilitiesareunemployed,andamajorityofthosewhodoworkareunderemployed.Abouttwo-thirdsliveatorbelowtheofficialpovertylevel.Significantbarriers,especiallyintransportationandpublicawareness,preventdisabledpeoplefromtakingpartinsociety.Forexample,whilenolongerprohibitedbylawfrommarrying,apersonwithnoaccesstotransportationiseffectivelyexcludedfromcommunityandsocialactivitieswhichmightleadtothedevelopmentoflong-termrelationships.Itwillonlybewhenpublicattitudesadvanceasfaraslawshavethatdisabledpeoplewillbefullyabletotaketheirrightfulplaceinsociety.1.A“developmental”disability_________.[C]A.developsveryslowlyovertimeB.iscausedbyoutsideforcesC.occursinyouthandaffectsdevelopmentD.isgettingmoreandmoresevere2.Mostdisabledpeopleusedtodieearlybecause__________.[C]A.disabilitiesdestroyedmajorbodilyfunctionsB.theywerenotverywelllookedafterC.medicaltechniqueswerenotavailableD.theyweretoopoortogetpropertreatment3.Intheauthor’sopinion,________toenablethedisabledpeopletotaketheirplaceinsociety.[B]A.morelawsshouldbepassed

58A.publicattitudesshouldbechangedB.governmentshouldprovidemoreaidsC.morepublicfacilitiesshouldbesetup4.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?[D]A.Manydisabledpeoplemayremainsinglefortheirwholelife.B.Thepublictendstolookdownuponthedisabledpeople.C.Thedisabledpeoplefeelinferiortothosesurroundingthem.D.Discriminatorylawspreventthedisabledfrommixingwithothers.5.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_________.[A]A.HandicapsofPeoplewithDisabilitiesB.TheDifficultiesoftheDisabledC.TheCausesforDisabilitiesD.MedicalTreatmentsforDisabilitiesPassage6Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.Wehaveprobablyallhadlecturespointingoutthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillneveramounttoanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthatanditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasonsthansimplewishtoavoidwork.Somepeoplewhoappeartobelazyaresufferingfrommuchmoreseriousproblems.Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorfearofhavingtheirideasstolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeparalyzedbyafearoffailurethatpreventsfruitfulwork.Orothersortsoffantasiesmaypreventwork;somepeoplearesobusyplanning,sometimesplanninggreatdealsorfantasticachievements,thattheyareunabletodealwithwhatever“less”workisonhand.Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyreschedulingtheirday.Lazinesscanactuallybehelpful.Likeprocrastinators,somepeoplemaylooklazywhentheyarereallythinking,planning,contemplating,researching.Weshouldallrememberthatsomegreatscientificdiscoveriesoccurredbychanceorwhilesomeonewas“goofingoff”.Newtonwasn’tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeone“lazy”buildthecarorstovewebuy,particularlyifthat“laziness”werecausedbytheworkerstakingtimetocheckeachstepofhisworkandtodohisjobright.Andsometimes,being“lazy”—thatis,takingtimeoffforarest—isgoodfortheoverworkedstudentorexecutive.Takingarestcanbeparticularlyhelpfultotheathletewhoistryingtoohardorthedoctorwho’ssimplyworkinghimselfovertimetoomanyevenings,attheclinic.Sobecarefulwhenyouaretemptedtocallsomebodylazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextwork.

591.Themainideaofthispassageisthat____.[C]A.lazinessisamoralsinB.thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesinbeinglazyC.lazinessisthesignofdeep-seatedemotionalproblemD.lazypeopledomorecarefulwork2.Thepassagestatesthat____.[D]A.lazinessisadiseaseB.somepeoplearelazybecausetheyareinsecureC.lazinessismorebeneficialthanharmfulD.agooddefinitionoflazinessisemotionalillness3.Whichofthefollowingconclusiondoesthepassagesupport?[A]A.Thewordlazinessissometimesappliedincorrectly.B.Mostofthetimelazinessisavirtue.C.Mostassemblylineworkersarelazy.D.Mostinsecurepeoplearelazy.4.Thewordprocrastinatemeans____.[B]A.overworkB.putthingsoffC.setprioritiesD.supervise5.Theworddevisedmeans____.[A]A.formulatedB.understoodC.wroteD.provedPassage7Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,aninteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeinagreatareaataglance,peoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralistandespeciallytheadministrator—dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinaparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.

60Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou—butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.1.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor____.[B]A.all-roundpeopleintheirownfieldsB.peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’sworkC.generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessionalD.specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers2.Thespecialistis____.[D]A.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeopleB.amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefieldC.amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetreesD.amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters3.Theadministratoris____.[C]A.a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralistB.amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforestC.amanwhoisverystronginthehumanitiesD.amanwhoisan“educated”specialist4.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant____.[D]A.totrytobeageneralistB.tochooseaprofitablejobC.tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyouD.todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist5.Aman’sfirstjob____.[B]A.isnevertherightjobforhimB.shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljobC.shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjobD.isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobPassage8AwomangoestoworkforalargecorporationlikeIBM.Sheisintelligent,ambitiousandhard-working.Sheisalsogoodatsolvingproblems.Shelikesthesecurityofadefinitesalaryandthesecurityofknowingthattherewillalwaysbeadefinedjobtobedone,adefinitedirectioninwhichtoexertherabilities.Perhapstheconsciousnessthatabilitywillberewardedisalsoimportant.Amangoestoworkforthegovernmentservice.Heiscompetentandhard-workingbutheisnotambitious.Hedoesnotliketoworkunderpressureorina

61competitiveenvironment.Hisrealinterestslieoutsideworkinhisloveofmusic.Abrashyoungmanwhowantsonlytoworkforhimselfproceedstosetuphisownbusiness,startingwithahamburgerfranchiseforwhichheborrowsmoney.Hissatisfactionistoseethingshappen.Hewantstobeabletomakethingshappen.Hewantstolookattheaccountsattheendofthemonthandseewhathashappened.Hewantsthemaximumresponsibilityandthemaximumreward;hedoesnotmindtherisk.Itistheurgetobringsomethingaboutthatdefinestheentrepreneur.Thisurgeisnotunlikethatofthepainterorwriter.Thereisanurgetomakesomethinghappen,somethingthatwasnottherebefore.Themediumchosenbytheentrepreneurisactionoroperation.Theaestheticsatisfactionisthatofseeingsomethinghappeningeffectively,ofseeingdecisionscorrectlymade.Thissatisfactionismadeconcretebymoney.Moneyistheindicatorofsuccessbutnotnecessarilythedrivingfactor.Thetestwouldbesimple:ifanentrepreneurwassuddenlygivenasmuchmoneyashewanted,wouldhestophisactivitiesorusethemoneytodevelopnewones?Historyisverymuchonthesideofthenewactivities.Theentrepreneurseeksoutopportunities;hetriesthingsout;hemakesdecisionsbasedasmuchonhunchasonanalysis.Quiteoftenhestartsupasuccessfulbusinesswhichgrowstosuchasizethathisentrepreneurialstyleofmanagementisnolongerthebest,andhehastoresignifthecompanyistosurvive.Entrepreneursaretheriskelementinsociety,theevolutionaryelementthatbringsaboutchangeasdistinctfromtheoperatingelementthatkeepsthingstickingover.Intoomanycountriestheyarediscouragedasbeinggreedyandselfish.1.Accordingtothepassage,thewomanworkinginIBMcanmostpossiblybecome____.[A]A.agooddepartmentheadinacompanyB.agoodsecretaryC.anentrepreneurD.agoodstaff2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingpersonscanmostlikelybecomeanentrepreneur?[D]A.Onewhoisintelligentandhard-working.B.Onewhoisambitiousandlikestodoadefinedjob.C.Onewhoiscompetitiveandgoodatsolvingproblems.D.Onewhoenjoysmakingandseeingthingshappen.3.Whatmostpossiblymakesanentrepreneurwork?[B]A.Money.B.Theurgetobringaboutchange.C.Ambitionforpower.D.Thepleasuretoseeworkdoneperfectly.

624.Inthepassage,“Entrepreneursaretheriskelementinsociety.”possiblymeansthat____.[C]A.entrepreneursliketoputthesocietytoriskB.entrepreneursliketotakeriskoftheirlivesC.entrepreneursliketomakethingshappenD.entrepreneursaretheelementsthatbringaboutrisk5.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanpossiblyrepresenttheauthor’sattitudetowardentrepreneurs?[C]A.Theyaregreedyandselfish.B.Theyshouldbediscouraged.C.It’sunfairtothemtobearanillfameinsomanycountries.D.Theauthordoesn’tshowitinthepassage.Passage9Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareaboutl05malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevo1utionhasgone.   Thisisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchi1dren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhavel5children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.  Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000yearseventhepastl00years-ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodies

63havenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they"lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension."Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflife'beyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.1.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmates.[B]Afiercecompetition.[C]Alowersurvivalrate.[D]Adefectivegene.2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?[A]Modernpeopletendtohavefewchildrenbecauseofirresponsibility[B]Womenreproducingfifteenchildrencanstillbefoundinsomereligiouscommunities[C]Upper-middleclassIndianwomenaremorefertilethantribalwomen[D]Everyyearthedeathageamountstothenumberofbirthnow.3.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A].Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.4.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause____.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance [B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendecliningIC]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowherePassage10Thesupplyoffooddependsonthreefactors:theamountthatisproducedbyfarmingandfishing,therateatwhichitisconsumed,andtheamountthatissafelystoredforfutureuse.Themostimportantproductsfortheworld’sfoodsupplyarecereals,pulsecrops,and,toalesserextent,animalproducts.Cereals—whichincludewheat,rice,corn,etc.,providenearlyallthefoodenergy(calories)andasignificantportionoftheproteinconsumedbytheworld’shumanpopulation.Theprincipal

64animalsourcesoffoodarebeefanddairycattle,pigs,poultry,sheep,andgoats.Animalproductsareanimportantsourceofproteininhumandiets,particularlyinrichernations.Pulses–theseedsofsuchlegumesasbeans,soybeansandpeanuts–areespeciallyimportantsourcesofproteininhumandietsinthepoornations.Inaddition,numerousfruits,grains,andvegetablesthatareunfamiliartoWesternagricultureserveasimportantlocalsourcesoffoodinthesenations.Mostofthegrainproducedintheworldisconsumedinthecountrywhereitisgrownwiththeexceptionofafewnations(UnitedStates,Canada,France,Australia,andArgentina),whereproductionconsistentlyexceedsdomesticneeds.Thesecountriesplayamajorroleinworldgraintrade.Mostoftheremainingcountriesdependoncerealimportstosupplementdomesticproductionandmeettheirfoodneeds.Someauthoritiespredictthatpopulationgrowthwilleventuallysurpassworldfoodproductionandthatmassivefaminewillresult–atheoryfirstproposedbytheBritishsocialphilosopherThomasMalthus.Otherauthorities,whociterecentdecreasesinpopulationgrowthratesaswellassubstantialgainsinagriculturalproduction,agreethatsuchafuturecanbepreventedbyacombinationofappropriateresearchandtechnology.1.Accordingtothepassage,cereals________.[B]A.includepeanuts,beans,wheat,etc.B.areanimportantsourceofenergyandproteinC.aremainlygrownindevelopingcountriesD.arethemainfoodstoredforfutureuse2.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat__________.[B]A.richercountrieswouldliketoachieveabalanceddietB.peopleindevelopingnationseatlessmeatthanthoseinrichercountriesC.proteinismoreimportantthancaloriesinmakingpeoplehealthyD.cerealscanservethefunctionofanimalproducts3.Accordingtotheauthor,_________.[C]A.thegrainproducedbythefivecountriescanmeettheneedsoftheworldpopulationB.somedevelopingcountriesexportpulsesinexchangeforgrainC.mostcountriesincludingsomedevelopedoneshavetoimportcerealsD.thefivecountriesexportgraintopoornationstoimportanimalproducts4.Theauthorofthispassage_______.[D]

65A.agreeswithThomasMalthus’spointofviewB.isveryworriedaboutthefutureoftheworldC.believesamassivefaminecouldbepreventedD.doesn’tgivehisownviewoftheworldfuture5.Areasonabletitleforthispassagemightbe__________.[C]A.AShockingPicture–FoodShortageB.FactorsAffectingtheSupplyofFoodC.TheFoodSupplyintheWorldD.Cereals,PulseCropsandAnimalProductsPassage11Ourteacheroncetoldme,“Doyouknowthatmostcollegestudentscan’tevenputsemi-colonsintherightplace?”Emphaticvoiceslikethishaverecentlymadewritingcoursespopular,strangelypopularbecauseoftheirhard-nosedattitudetowardcorrectwriting.Mostadministratorsandteachersextendthismedicinalmetaphor,theyagreethatstudentsaresufferingfromaseriousdisease.Manytestsidentifyincreasingnumbersofstudentwritersasskillscripples,andtheyneedtreatment.Remedialcoursesaregiveneverywhere.Morewritinglabsareappearingandexpanding.Manystudentsarewillingtobelievethatthereisreallysomethingwrongwiththem.Morestudentsthaneverbeforetellmeandmycolleaguesthattheyareindeedbadwritersandneedlotsofhelpwithgrammarandpunctuation.Ifeellikeadoctor,myjobistodiagnosethediseaseandprescribecureswheneverIreadstudentwriting.Itwouldbeeasyenoughformetocirclespellingerrors,crossoutunnecessarycommas,lineoutwordysentences.Andknowingthatthissortofmarkingcansting,Iwouldofcoursewrite,ontotheendofthepaper,somethingabouthowIknowthestudentreallytriedhard,somethingabouthisrichimaginationorhisclearpotentialfordoingwell.ButIwonderwhetherallthesewell-intentionedscrawlswoulddolittlemorethanconfirmmystudent’sfearabouthowcrippledheis.Ihavenoevidencethataskillscripplefacedwithathoroughlycorrectedpaperrespondswithaconfident,enthusiasticefforttofixuphiswork.Insteadhefeelshelpless,convincedthatonlyteacherscanspotshort-comingsinstandardEnglish.Ofcourse,he’swrong.1.Accordingtothepassage,a“skillscripple”issomeonewho____.[C]A.isseriouslyillB.hasarichimaginationC.isabadwriterD.hasaseriousinjurytotheleg2.Whichofthefollowingisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?[B]

66A.Todescribesomesuccessfuldoctors.B.Tocomparepoorwriterswithdiseasedpeople.C.Totelltheteacherswhysomestudentsarepoorinhealth.D.Toshowtheimportanceofateacher’sjob.3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmoststudents____.[A]A.recognizetheirincorrectwritingB.makeuseoftheirdictionariesinwritingC.cancorrecttheirownpapersD.helpeachotherintheirwritingclass4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofteacher’scorrectionofhisstudents’writingerrors?[D]A.Itisgoodtocorrectalltheerrors.B.Ateachershouldwritesomethingonthepaperstoencouragehisstudents.C.Ateacher’shandwritingmustbetidyandclear.D.Ateacherhadbetterpointoutthewayforeachstudenttoimprovehiswriting.5.Theauthorofthepassageisprobablya____.[D]A.doctorB.patientC.studentD.teacherPassage12SincethetimeoftheGreekscertainindividualshaveimpressedtheirfellowmenwiththemostamazingfeatsofmemory.Theyhavebeenabletorememberhundredsofitemsbackwardsandforwardsandinanyorder;datesandnumbers;namesandfaces;andhavebeenabletoperformspecialmemoryfeatssuchasmemorizingwholeareasofknowledgeperfectly,orrememberingdecksofcardsintheorderanyonechosetopresentthem.Inmostcasestheseindividualswereusingspecialmemorizingprinciplesknownasmnemonics.Traditionallytheseprincipleshavebeenscornedasmeretricks,butrecentlytheattitudetowardsthemhaschanged.Ithasbeenrealizedthatthemethodswhichinitiallyenablemindstoremembersomethingmoreeasilyandquickly,andthentorememberitformuchlongerafterwards,actuallyusethebrain’snaturalability.Currentknowledgeaboutthewaysinwhichourmindsworkshowthattheseprinciplesareindeedcloselyconnectedtothebasicwaysinwhichthebrainfunctions.Theuseofmnemonicprincipleshasconsequentlygainedrespectabilityandpopularity,andtheyarecurrentlybeingtaughtinuniversitiesandschoolsasadditionalaidsinthegenerallearningprocess.Theimprovementofmemoryperformancesthatcanbeachievedisquiteremarkable,andtherangeoftechniquesiswide.Instudyinghumanmentalperformanceithasbeenmistakenlyassumedthatthedecline

67inmemoryfoundwithageis“natural”andunavoidable.Butifthemindwerecontinuallyused,itscapacitieswouldbeexpanded.Thiscanbeseenbytakingnoteoftheolderpeoplewhohaveremainedactiveratherthanassumingthattheyweregoingtogetworseastheyearspassed.Veryoftentheirrecallisalmosttotal,andtheirabilitytounderstandandlearnnewareasofknowledgefarsurpassesthatofequallyenthusiasticbutyoungerandlessexperiencedpeople.1.Sinceancienttimes,someindividualshaveshownamazingmemorizingabilitybecause____________.A.theywerebornwithit.B.theywereplayingtricksonotherpeopleC.theywereusingparticulartechniquesD.theyweretrainedtodoso2.Accordingtothepassage,thesememorizingprinciplesusedtobe__________.A.verypopularB.lookeddownuponC.respectedD.admired3.Recentlytheattitudetotowardsmemorizingprinciples___________.A.haschangedinfavorofthemB.haschangedagainstthemC.hasremainedthesameD.hasbecomeworsethanever4.Currentknowledgeaboutthewayourmindsworkshowsmemorizingprinciples________.A.canbelearnedbyanybodyB.arebeingtaughtinschoolsandcollegesC.canbeusedasadditionalaidsinthelearningprocessD.areconnectedtothewaythebrainworks5.Intheauthor’sopinion,___________.A.theolderapersonis,thepoorerhismemorywillbeB.memorywon’tgetworseifmindsareactivelyusedC.olderpeoplehavegoodcomprehensionbutpoormemoryD.itisunavoidableforolderpeopletohavepoormemory

68Passage13OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarⅡandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(语言上的)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual(多语的)guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives¾usuallythericher¾whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.1.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably.A)StandstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback2.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir.A)culturalself-centerednessB)casualmannersC)indifferencetowardsforeignvisitors

69D)arrogancetowardsothercultures3.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants4.Accordingtotheauthor,American’sculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill______.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar5.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat________.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)ItistimetogetacquaintedwithotherculturesPassage14Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious”bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople’snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokin（亲戚）andneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifyouknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneelse.Eveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithkinthanarebig-cityresidents.Yetcitydwellerscompensatebydevelopingfriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsandactivities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnot

70belonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.However,citydwellersdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity(多样性).Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitan（见多识广者的）outlook,todisplaylessresponsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobeoutcomesoflargepopulationsize.1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?A)Twocontrastingviewsarepresented.B)Anargumentisexaminedandpossiblesolutionsgiven.C)Researchresultsconcerningthequalityofurbanlifeandpresentedinordertotime.D)Adetaileddescriptionofthedifferencebetweenurbanandsmall-townlifeisgiven.2.Accordingtothepassage,itwasonceacommonbeliefthaturbanresidents_____.A)didnothavethesameinterestsastheirneighborsB)couldnotdeveloplong-standingrelationshipsC)tendedtobeassociatedwithbadbehaviorD)usuallyhadmorefriends3.Oneoftheconsequencesofurbanlifeisthatimpersonalrelationshipsamongneighbors_____.A)disruptpeople’snaturalrelationsB)makethemworryaboutcrimeC)causethemnottoshowconcernforoneanotherD)causethemtobesuspiciousofeachother4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis,_____.A)thebetteritsqualityoflifeB)themoresimilaritsinterests

71A)themoretolerantandopen-mindeditisB)thelikelieritistodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstress5.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Similaritiesintheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenurbanitesandsmall-towndwellers.B)Advantagesoflivinginbigcitiesascomparedwithlivinginsmalltowns.C)Thepositiverolethaturbanismplaysinmodernlife.D)Thestrongfeelingofalienationofcityinhabitants.Passage15Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmericasliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering(闪烁)atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(独处)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(心理的),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.

721ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is______.A)ratherbleakC)veryImpressiveB)fairlybrightD)quiteencouraging2Theauthorsbiggestconcernis______.A)elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassics.B)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheUS.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass3Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis_______.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput4Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis______.A)tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue5Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels______.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimisticPassage16Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationingisvirtuallysuspended,andoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswide-spreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvestsin

73NorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofallwiththeresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhaveseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentaboveprewarlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956,butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell.1．Whyisthe“wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusion”aboutthefoodsituationinBritain?A．Theabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtolast.B．Britainisimportinglessfood.C．Despitetheabundance,foodpriceskeeprising.D．Britainwillcutbackonitsproductionoffood.2．Themainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat________.A．peoplearebuyinglessfoodB．thegovernmentisprovidinglesssupportforagricultureC．domesticfoodproductionhasdecreasedD．importedfoodisdrivingpriceshigher3．Whydidn’tthegovernment’sexpansionprogramworkverywell?A．Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthegovernmentguaranteed.B．Becausethefarmerswereuncertainwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduction.C．Becausethefarmerswereuncertainwhetherforgingmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduce.D．Becausetheoldergenerationoffarmerswerestronglyagainsttheprogramme.

744．Thedecreaseinworldfoodpriceswasaresultof________.A．asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheconsumersB．asharpfallinthecostoffoodproductionC．theoverproductionoffoodinthefood-exportingcountriesD．theoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingcountries5．WhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain’sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewaswritten?A．ThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodproducers.B．Anexpansionoffoodproductionwasathand.C．Britishfoodproducerswouldreceivemoregovernmentfinancialsupport.D．Itlooksdepressingdespitegovernmentguarantees.Passage17Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney,become‘better’people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon’tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon’tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother’sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout,oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators.Someobserverssaythatfaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves.Theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat’sacondemnationforthestudentsasawhole,anddon’texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We’vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan’tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-olds,either.Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticupsidedown,itseems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperience.Perhapscollegedoesn’tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthings——maybeit’sjusttheotherwayround,andintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,

75quick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresytothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.1．Accordingtotheauthor________.A．peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducationB．peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducationC．allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeD．veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege2．Inthe2ndparagraph,‘thosewhodon’tfitthepattern’refersto_________.A．highschoolgraduateswhoaren’tsuitableforcollegeeducationB．collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxisC．collegestudentswhoaren’tanybetterfortheirhighereducationD．highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtocollege3．Thedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause__________.A．youngpeoplearedisappointedwiththeconventionalwayofteachingatcollegeB．manyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointhearmyC．youngpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahighereducationD．youngpeopledon’tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool4．Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat_________.A．societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduatesB．highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducationC．toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownlivingD．collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropout5．Inthispassage,theauthorarguesthat_________.A．moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduatesB．collegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobesuccessfulC．collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeopleD．intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon’tgotocollegePassage18

76SomeeconomistshavesuggestedthattheU.S.distributionofincomeissomehownaturallymoreunequalthanthatofothercountries.Afterall,theU.S.isgeographicallyandraciallymorediversethanEurope.Neverthelessitisnotedthateventhehighest-incomeregionsoftheU.S.havesignificantlyhigherratesofpovertythanallbutthepoorestnationsofEurope;RomaniaorBulgariamighthaveasimilarpercentageofpoverty,buttheirsishardlyastandardfortheworld’srichestnationtoaspireto.Evenifblacks,theracialgroupwiththehighestpovertylevel,areeliminatedfromthecalculations,theU.S.stillhastwicetheEuro-rateofpoverty.AndAmericanpoorworkjustasmuchasthepoorofEuropeannations;ifnotmore.MoresinglemothersintheU.S.,forexample,thaninGreatBritain(althoughfewerthaninSweden,wheretocombinefamilyandemployment)Iftheexodus(退出)fromthebottomofthemiddleclasscanbetracedbacktoalackofgovernmentsupportfortheworkingpoor,thatstillleavesdeparturesatthetoptobeexplained.Althoughincomefromtwocareersispushinganincreasingnumberofhouseholdsoverthethresholdtotheupperclass,highersalariesearnedbymenaccountforthebulkofupwardmobility.Inaddition,manyaremovingupsimplybecausethesalaryofthetop10percentofwageearnersisnowatleast3.8timesthatofthebottom20percent,ascomparedwith2.6only25yearsago.WillthemiddleclasseventuallybecomeaminorityintheU.S.?Currentnumberssuggestthereisnodangerofthatbeforetheturnofthecenturyatleast.Nevertheless,thetrendseemsominous(不祥的).Aslongastheworkforceisincreasinglysegregatedintoprofessionalised,high-payingjobsandlessskilled,low-payingones,themiddlewillbethreatened.1.Thehighest-incomeregionsoftheU.S.havehigherratesofpovertythan_________.A.RomaniaandBulgariaB.thepoorestnationsofEuropeC.allEuropeannationsD.allexceptthepoorestEuropeannations2.TheU.S.distributionofincomeismoreunequalthanthatofEuropeancountriesbecause_______.A.theU.S.hastwicetheEuropeanrateofpovertyB.theU.S.isoneoftheworld'srichestnationsC.EuropeisgeographicallyandraciallylessdiversethantheU.S.D.thereisalackofgovernmentsupportfortheworkingpoorintheU.S.3.Bysaying"thesalaryofthetop10percentofwageearnersisnowatleast3.8timesthatofthebottom20percent,ascomparedwith2.6only25yearage"theauthormeans_________.

77A.thegapbetweentopearnersandbottomwageearnershasconsiderablywidenedin25yearsB.morepeopleareneitherrichnorpoornowC.thenumberofthetopl0percentofwageearnershasincreasedD.thesalaryofthe10percentofwageearnershas;increasedgreatly4.Fromthepassage,itcanbeconcludedthat________.A.themiddleclasswilleventuallycomeaminorityintheU.S.B.mostofthemiddleclasspeoplewillmoveintotheupperclassbeforetheendofthiscenturyC.ifthegapbetweentherichandthepoorfurtherwidens,theproportionofthemiddleclasspopulationwilldecreaseD.professionalized,high-payingjobswillcomprisethebulkoftheworkforceintheU.S.5."Twocareers"inPara.3refersto_________.A.themiddleandupperclassesB.high-payingandlow-payingjobsC.husband'sandwife'sjobsD.thetopandthebottomwagearnersPassage19Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit（诉讼）inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate’sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.(Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.)Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartially,hisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild’sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.

78Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearstosoage,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusinneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild’sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.1.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?A)Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B)Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.C)Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D)Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.2.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto_____.A)drawpublicattentiontoIQtestingC)removethestate’sbaninintelligencetest’sB)putanendtospecialeducationD)havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools3.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting_____.A)mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB)canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC)mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesD)canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren’seducation4.Theauthor’sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat_____.A)noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedB)whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC)adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD)cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated5.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat_____.A)goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB)socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenC)intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasD)AmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissuesPassage20Revengeisoneofthosethingsthateveryoneenjoys.Peopledon’tliketotalkaboutit,

79though.Justthesame,thereisnothingmoresatisfyingormorerewardingthanrevenge.Thepurposeisnottoharmyourvictimsbuttoletthemknowthatyouareupsetaboutsomethingthattheyaredoingtoyou.Careful,plottingcanprovideyouwithrelieffrombothersomecoworkers,gossipingfriends,ornaggingfamilymembers.Coworkerswhomakecommentsaboutthefactthatyouatealwaysfifteenminuteslateforworkcanbetakencareofverysimply.Allyouhavetodoisgetupextraearlyoneday.Beforethesuncomesup,drivetoeachcoworker’shouse.Reachunderthehoodofyourcoworker’scaranddisconnectthecenterwirethatleadstothedistributorcap,thecarwillbeunharmed,butitwillnotstart,andyourfriendsatworkwillallbelateforworkonthesameday.Ifyou’relucky,yourbossmightnoticethatyouaretheonlyonethereandwillgiveyouaraise.Gossipingfriendsatschoolarealsoperfecttargetsforasimpleactofrevenge.Awaytotrapeithermaleorfemalefriendsistoleavephonymessagesontheirlockers.Ifthefriendthatyouwanttogetismale,leaveamessagethatacertaingirlwouldlikehimtostopbyherhouselaterthatday.Withanyluck,herboyfriendwillbethere.Thegirlwon’tknowwhat’sgoingon,andthevictimwillbesoembarrassedthatheprobablywon’tleavehishomeforamonth.Whenmomanddadandyoursistersandbrothersreallybegintoannoyyou,harmlessrevengemaybejustthewaytomakethemquietdownforawhile.Thedinnertableisalikelyplace.Justbeforethemealbegins,throwahandfulofraisinsintothefood.Waitaboutfiveminutesand,aftereveryonehasbeguntoeat,coveryourmouthwithyourhandandbegintomakeoddnoises.Whentheyaskyouwhatthematteris,pointtoaraisinandyell,“Bugs!”They’lldumptheirfoodinthedisposal,jumpintothecar,andheadforMcDonald’s.Thatnight,you’llhaveyourfirstquiet,peacefulmealinalongtime.Awell-plannedrevengedoesnothavetohurtanyone.Theobjectissimplytoletotherpeopleknowthattheyarebeginningtobotheryou.1.themaintopicofthepassageishowto_______.A.avoidnaggingfamilyB.silencegossipingfriendsC.makeaharmlessrevengeD.dealwithbothersomecoworkers2.Accordingtothepassage,aharmlessrevengeis________.A.toreacttothosewhobotheryouB.toamusethevictimC.topreventonefromdisturbingothersD.tohurtnobodyemotionally3.Asaharmlessrevenge,youmightcomefirstandgetaraiseby________.

80A.pleasingyoubossB.gettingupearlierthanyourcolleaguesC.destroyingyourcolleagues’carsD.makingyourcolleaguescomelate2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothesecondexample?A.Thegirlreceivedaphonymessage.B.Thevictimwasinvitedbythegirl.C.Thegirlmanagedtorevengethevictimharmlessly.D.Thegirlwasn’texpectingthevictim.3.Thefamilymembersdumpedtheirfoodinthedisposalbecause________.A.theywantedtoeatoutB.theythoughttheirfoodhadbeenspoiledC.theywantedtohaveapeacefulmealD.theydidn’tlikethefoodwithraisins词汇近几年来六级词汇试题所设置的选择项有下面几类：1.根据词的固定搭配答题1)JustbecauseI’m______tohim,mybossthinkshecanordermearoundwithoutshowingmeanyrespect.A)redundantB)trivialC)versatileD)subordinate2).Theywere______intheirscientificresearch,notknowingwhathappenedjustoutsidetheirlab.A)submergedB)drownedC)immersedD)dipped3).Noonecanfunctionproperlyiftheyare______ofadequatesleep.A)deprivedB)rippedC)strippedD)contrived4).Thepoliticalfutureofthepresidentisnowhangingbya______.A)threadB)cordC)stringD)rope5).IamsureIcan______himintolettingusstayinthehotelforthenight.A)speakB)sayC)talkD)tell2.根据对词的定义、解释或说明猜测词义信号词：is,iscalled,means,thatis,i.e.,or,definedas,referto，1）Somepeoplethinkthata______translation,orword-for-wordtranslation,iseasierthanafreetranslation.A)literalB)literaryC)liberalD)linear

812）To______istosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.A)conserveB)conceiveC)convertD)contrive3．根据转折连词、反义词、近义词猜测词义信号词：incontrast,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,however,yet,although,while,unlike,but,whereas,asopposedto1)Thejobsofwildlifetechniciansandbiologistsseemed______tohim,butonedayhediscoveredtheirdifference.A)identicalB)verticalC)parallelD)specific2）MrBloomisnot_______now,buthewillbefamoussomeday.A)significantB)dominantC)magnificentD)prominent3）TheladydressedinthelatestParisfashionis_____inherappearancebutrudeinherspeech.A)elaborateB)excessiveC)elegantD)exaggerated4）Althoughhehashadnoformaleducation,heisoneofthe_______businessmeninthecompany.A)shrewdestB)sternestC)nastiestD)alertest5）Though______rich,hewasbetteroffthanatanyotherperiodinhislife.A)byanymeansC)byallmeansB)bysomemeansD)bynomeans6）______popularbeliefthatclassicalmusicistoocomplex,itachievesasimplicitythatonlyageniuscancreate.A)SubjecttoB)ContrarytoC)FamiliartoD)Similarto7）Ithinkshehurtmyfeelings______ratherthanbyaccidentassheclaimed.A)virtuallyB)deliberatelyC)literallyD)appropriately8）Whythisotherwiseexcellentnewspaperallowssuchanarticletobeprintedis______me.A)aboveB)outsideC)besideD)beyond9）Humanbehaviorismostlyaproductoflearning,whereasthebehaviorofananimaldependsmainlyon______.A)consciousnessB)impulseC)instinctD)response10）Rumorsareeverywhere,spreadingfear,damagingreputations,andturningcalmsituationsinto______ones.A)turbulentB)tragicC)vulnerableD)suspicious4．根据举例猜测词义1.Manypuremetalshavelittleusebecausetheyaretoosoft,rusttooeasily,orhavesome

82other_____.A)drawbacksB)handicapsC)bruisesD)blunders2.Fortune-tellersaregoodatmaking______statementssuchas“Yoursorrowswillchange.”A)philosophicalB)ambiguousC)literalD)invalid3.Asa______actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A)flexibleB)versatileC)sophisticatedD)productive4.TheChristmastreewasdecoratedwithshining______suchascoloredlightsandglassballs.A)ornamentsB)luxuriesC)exhibitsD)complements5．根据逻辑关系猜测词义1.Onceyougettoknowyourmistakes,youshould_______themassoonaspossible.A)rectifyB)reclaimC)refrainD)reckon2.Itis______thatwomenshouldbepaidlessthanmenfordoingthesamekindofwork.A)abruptB)absurdC)adverseD)addictive3.He_____hishead,wonderinghowtosolvetheproblem.A)scrappedB)screwedC)scrapedD)scratched4.Iamafraidthatyouhavetoalteryour_______viewinlightofthetragicnewsthathasjustarrived.A)indifferentB)distressingC)optimisticD)pessimistic5.Thetiesthatbindustogetherincommonactivityareso_______thattheycandisappearatanymoment.A)trivialB)fatalC)tentativeD)feeble6．根据常识猜测词义。1）Beingimpatientis______withbeingagoodteacher.A)intrinsicB)ingeniousC)incompatibleD)inherent2）Sadly,theGiantPandaisoneofthemanyspeciesnowindangerof______.A)migrationB)extinctionC)destructionD)extraction3.Abudgetoffivedollarsadayistotally_______foratriproundEurope.A)inadequateB)incapableC)incompatibleD)invalid4.Hisbodytemperaturehasbeen______for3days,thehighestpointreaching40.5degreecentigrade.A)uncommonB)disorderedC)abnormalD)extraordinary5.Asfarastherankofpositionisconcerned,anassociateprofessoris______toaprofessorthoughtheyarealmostequallyknowledgeable.

83A)attachedB)subsidiaryC)previousD)inferior7．根据句子的整体信息答题1.Theyhavealwaysregardedamanof_______andfairnessasareliablefriend.A)robustnessB)temperamentC)integrityD)compactness2.Thereisa______differenceinmeaningbetweenthewordssurroundingsandenvironment.A)gentleB)subtleC)feebleD)humble3.Thecourtconsidersafinancial_______tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.A)paymentB)obligationC)optionD)penalty4.Asanexcellentshooter,Peterpracticedaimingatboth_____targetandmovingtargets.A)standingB)stationaryC)stillD)stable5.Justasabookisoftenjudged_______bythequalityandappearanceofitscover,apersonisjudgedimmediatelybyhisappearance.A)previouslyB)uniquelyC)outwardlyD)initially8.根据标点提示6.Thismovieisnot_______forchildrentosee:itcontaintoomuchviolentandtoomanylovescenes.A)profoundB)validC)uprightD)decent7.Dogsareoftenpraisedfortheir_______;theyalmostneverabandontheirmasters.A)faithB)loyaltyC)trustD)truthfulness9.根据定语从句提示Ingeneral,matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe______concernofstategovernments.A)extinctB)excludingC)excessiveD)exclusiveClassifiedExercisesforBand6Vocabulary同义近义词1.Ifyouworkunderacarwhenrepairingit,youoftengetvery______.A.waxyB.slipperyC.stickyD.greasy2.Thepoliticalfutureofthepresidentisnowhangingbya______.A.threadB.cordC.stringD.rope3.Thefuelofthecontinentalmissileissupposedtobe____bythisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired4.The_____layermadeagreatimpressiononthejury.A.protectingB.guardingC.defendingD.shielding5.Stopshouting!Ican’thearthefootball_____.

84A.judgementB.interpretationC.commentaryD.explanation6.Everymemberofsocietyhastomakea____tostruggleforthefreedomofthecountry.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee7.Weshouldmakeaclear____betweenthetwoscientifictermsforthepurposeofdiscussion.A.separationB.discriminationC.deviationD.distinction8.Theschoolmaster_____thegirl’sbraveryinhisopeningspeech.A.applaudedB.enhancedC.elevatedD.clapped9.Theplane____,itsbombsexplodingasithittheground.A.smashedB.crushedC.crashedD.plunged10.Hebelievedthatthegreatestofhis____wasthathe’dneverhadacollegeeducation.A.griefsB.misfortunesC.disastersD.sorrows11.Thetrafficpoliceweresearchingforevidencetoprovetheaccusedman’s____,butinvain.A.mistakeB.guiltC.faultD.defeat12.InScotland,asintherestoftheUnitedKingdom,_____schoolingbeginsatage5andendsatage16.A.compellingB.forcedC.obligedD.compulsory13.Heobviouslydisplaysagreat____forsomeofyourpoems.A.consentB.admirationC.respectD.pleasure14.Ifeachmanagermakeshisusualspeech,themeetingwillbe____forforty-fiveminutes.A.expandedB.prolongedC.delayedD.exceeded15.Theweathermanbroadcaststhe_____intemperaturetwiceaday.A.divisionB.variationC.varietyD.modification16.TheSpaceAge___inOct1957whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced17.Thefirehascausedgreatlosses,butthefactorytriedto____theconsequencesbysayingthatthedamagewasnotasseriousasreported.A.decreaseB.subtractC.minimizeD.degrade18.Iftheworldistoremainpeacefultheutmosteffortmustbemadebynationstolimitlocal____.A.collisionsB.combatsC.contradictionsD.conflicts

8519.Satellitecommunicationsaresoup-to-datethatevenwhen____inthemiddleofthepacific,businessmencancontacttheirofficesasiftheywerenextdoor.A.glidingB.cruisingC.pilotingD.patrolling20.Duringtheconstructionofskyscrapers,cranesareusedto___buildingmaterialstotheupperfloors.A.tossB.towC.hoistD.hurl21.Theystoodgazingatthehappy_____ofchildrenplayinginthepark.A.perspectiveB.viewC.landscapeD.scene22.Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual______manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.A.retainsB.gainsC.achievesD.acquires23.Duringtheirfirstteachertrainingyear,thestudentsoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe____oflessons.A.observationB.investigationC.inspectionD.examination24.Outof___revenge,hedidhisworsttoblackenhercharacterandruinherreputation.A.perfectB.totalC.sheerD.integral25.Thechildrencheeredupwhentheysawhundredsofcolorfulballoons____slowlyintothesky.A.floatingB.raisingC.heavingD.ascending26.Hiscareerwasnotnoticeably_____bythefactthathehadneverbeentocollege.A.preventedB.restrainedC.hinderedD.refrained27.Althoughhewasonadiet,thefood____himenormously.A.inspiresB.temptedC.overcameD.encouraged28.Thisisthe_____pianoonwhichthecomposercreatedsomeofhisgreatestworks.A.trueB.originalC.realD.genuine29.Hewas_____tostealthemoneywhenhesawitlyingonthetable.A.draggedB.temptedC.elicitedD.attracted30.Beingsomewhatshort-sighted,hehadthehabitof___atpeople.A.glancingB.peeringC.gazingD.scanning31.Ofthethousandsofknownvolcanoesintheworld,the____majorityareinactive.A.tremendousB.demandingC.intensiveD.overwhelming32.Themorningnewssaysaschoolbus_____withatrainatthejunctionandagroupofpolicemenweresentthereimmediately.A.bumpedB.collidedC.crashedD.struck

8633.By____computation,heestimatedthattherepairsonthehousewouldcosthimathousanddollars.A.coarseB.rudeC.crudeD.rough34.The___runnercanrun2milesinfifteenminutes.A.commonB.usualC.averageD.general35.Mostnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina_____.A.scarcityB.minorityC.minimumD.shortage36.IamsureIcan_____himintolettingusstayinthehotelforthenight.A.speakB.sayC.talkD.tell37.Lastyear,thecrimerateinChicagohassharply____.A.declinedB.lessenedC.descendedD.slipped38.Therepublicationofthepoet’smostrecentworkswillcertainly___hisnationalreputation.A.magnifyB.strengthenC.enlargeD.enhance39.Ifthefirealarmissounded,allresidentsarerequestedto____inthecourtyard.A.assembleB.convergeC.crowdD.accumulate40.Thecityhasdecidedto_____smoking.A.doawaywithB.takeawayC.getawaywithD.putaway形似音近词1.Thegirlwas_____ashopassistant,sheisnowamanagerinalargedepartmentstore.A.preliminarilyB.presumablyC.formallyD.formerly2.Werarelyperceivemorethanaminuteofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponoursenseorgans,thegreatmajoritypassusby________.A.fictionB.functionC.fractionD.friction3.Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’s____policies.A.economicalB.economyC.economicD.economics4.Thebranchescouldhardly____theweightofthefruit.A.retainB.sustainC.maintainD.remain5.Clarkfeltthathis____inoneofthemostdramaticmedicalexperimentsofalltimewasworththesufferingheunderwent.A.apprehensionB.appreciationC.presentationD.participation6.Sadly,theGiantPandaisoneofthemanyspeciesnowindangerof____.

87A.extinctionB.migrationC.destructionD.extraction7.Theoldgentlemanwasavery____lookingperson,withgrayhairandgoldspectacles.A.respectfulB.respectedC.respectiveD.respectable8.FranklinD.RooseveltarguedthatthedepressionstemmedfromtheAmericaneconomy’s_____flaw.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD.underlying9.Asyouhaveseen,thevaluesofanation’scurrencyisa_____ofitseconomy.A.reactionB.reflectionC.responseD.revelation10.Inthepasttenyearsskyscrapershavedeveloped____inChicagoandNewYorkCity.A.homogeneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.harmoniously11.Thechangingimageofthefamilyontelevisionprovides____intochangingattitudestowardthefamilyinsociety.A.insightsB.presentationsC.revelationsD.specifications12.Billisanexampleofaseverelydisabledpersonwhohasbecome____atmanysurvivalskills.A.proficientB.persistentC.consistentD.sufficient13.Whenherealizedhehadbeen____tosignthecontractbyintrigue,hethreatenedtostartlegalproceedingstocanceltheagreement.A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced14.Thedirectionswereso_____thatitwasimpossibletocompletetheassignment.A.ingeniousB.ambitiousC.notoriousD.ambiguous15.Moviedirectorsusemusicto___theactiononthescreen.A.contaminateB.complimentC.contemplateD.complement16.Aterribletrafficaccidenthappened;peopleweresaddenedwhentheywatchedthe___sightonTV.A.panicB.patrioticC.patheticD.periodic17.Somepeoplethinkthata_____translation,orword-for-wordtranslation,iseasierthanafreetranslation.A.literalB.literaryC.liberalD.linear18.Heattendstothe___ofimportantbusinesshimself.A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation19.It’sapleasureforhimto____hisenergyandevenhislifetoresearchwork.A.delicateB.dictateC.decorateD.direct20.Thereisa___differenceinmeaningbetweenthewordssurroundingsand

88environment.A.gentleB.subtleC.feebleD.humble21.Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill_____totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm22.Ifyouwantthispainkiller,you’llhavetoaskthedoctorfora___.A.receiptB.recipeC.subscriptionD.prescription23.Mr.Bloomisnot____now,buthewillbefamoussomeday.A.significantB.dominantC.magnificentD.prominent24.Somechildrendisplayan___curiosityabouteverynewthingtheyencounter.A.incredibleB.infectiousC.incompatibleD.inaccessible25.Itwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial____willbeconductedbycomputerA.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations26.The_____ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.A.implementationB.manifestationC.demonstrationD.expedition27.ThenewtechnologicalrevolutioninAmericannewspapershasbroughtincrease_____,awiderrangeofpublicationsandanexpansionofnewspaperjobs.A.manipulationB.reproductionC.circulationD.penetration28.Thepeoplelivingintheseapartmentshavefree___tothatswimmingpool.A.accessB.excessC.excursionD.recreation29.Ingeneral,matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe___concernofstategovernments.A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive30.Theproblemsrequiringimmediatesolutionwillbegiven_____atthemeeting.A.priorityB.urgencyC.superiorityD.emergency31.Yourexcusethatanelephantfellonyouandmadeyoulateisjust____.A.inevitableB.indispensableC.incredibleD.incurable32.Anotherbigissue______thenewrepublicistheproblemoftheeducationofitscitizens.A.confiningB.confirmingC.conformingD.confronting33.Radarisusedtoextendthe____ofman’ssensesforobservinghisenvironment,especiallythesenseofvision.A.validityB.liabilityC.capabilityD.intensity

8934.AlthoughAsiancountriesaregenerallymore______insocialcustomsthanWesterncountries,therehavebeenseveralnotableexamplesofwomenleadersinbothChinaandIndia.A.conservativeB.confidentialC.comprehensiveD.consistent35.Theeconomiccrisisinthatcountryhavethreatenedthe____ofthegovernment.A.stabilityB.capabilityC.persistenceD.permanence36.Communicationistheprocessof_____amessagefromasourcetoanaudienceviaachannel.A.transmittingB.submittingC.transformingD.switching37.Ofallthesoldierstheyhadthe____ofbeingthefiercest,themostpatriotic,thetoughest.A.recognitionB.reservationC.recreationD.reputation38.Onturningthecorner,wesawtheroad____steeply.A.departingB.descendingC.decreasingD.depressing39.Allourattemptsto______thechildfromdrowningwereinvain.A.regainB.recoverC.reserveD.rescue40.The_____offindinggoldinCaliforniaweregoodinthe1840s.A.proposalsB.promisesC.prospectsD.privileges词汇同现1.Parentsoftenfacedthe____betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.A.paradoxB.junctionC.dilemmaD.premise2.Thedamagetohiscarwas_____,therefore,hecouldrepairithimself.A.considerableB.appreciableC.negligibleD.invisible3.Mysisterisquite____andplanstogetanM.A.degreewithinoneyear.A.aggressiveB.enthusiasticC.consideredD.ambitious4.Veryfewpeopleunderstoodhislecture,thesubjectofwhichwasvery____.A.dimB.obscureC.conspicuousD.intelligible5.Thisbookisexpectedto____thebest-sellerlists.A.promoteB.prevailC.dominateD.exemplify6.Undertheguidanceoftheirteacher,thepupilsrebuildamodelboat____bysteam.A.towedB.pressedC.tossedD.propelled7.Ittookusonlyafewhoursto_____thepaperoffallfourwalls.A.shearB.scrapeC.strokeD.chip

908.Nowthecheersandapplause_____inasinglesustainedroar.A.mingledB.concentratedC.assembledD.permeated9.Whenpeopleareaskedwhatkindofhousingtheyneedorwant,thequestion_____avarietyofanswers.A.defiesB.magnifiesC.mediatesD.evokes10.Somestudiesconfirmedthatthiskindofeyediseasewas___intropicalcountries.A.prospectiveB.prevalentC.provocativeD.perpetual11.Althoughthereareoccasionaloutbreaksofgunfire,wecanreportthattherebellionhasinthemainbeen_____.A.canceledB.destroyedC.suppressedD.restrained12.Sincethetwocountriescouldn’t_____theirdifferences,theydecidedtostoptheirnegotiations.A.rectifyB.obligeC.reconcileD.obscure13.Mikejustdiscoveredthathispassporthad______threemonthsago.A.abolishedB.expiredC.amendedD.constrained14.Thepresidentialcandidate______hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections.A.enforcedB.enrichedC.intensifiedD.consolidated15.His______directionsconfusedus,wedidnotknowwhichofthetworoadstotake.A.ambiguousB.complicatedC.arbitraryD.intricate16.Whenhetriedtomakea____,hefoundthatthehotelthathewantedwascompletelyfilledbecauseofaconvention.A.complaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision17.Abudgetoffivedollarsadayistotally______foratriproundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid18.Thekitchenwassmalland______sothatthedisabledcouldreacheverythingwithoutdifficulty.A.conventionalB.compactC.compatibleD.concise19.Thecourtconsidersafinancial_____tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.A.optionB.dutyC.obligationD.penalty20.Theoriginalelectionsweredeclared______bytheformermilitaryruler.A.voidB.vulgarC.surplusD.extravagant21.Thetiesthatbindustogetherincommonactivityareso_____thattheycandisappearatanymoment.A.trivialB.fatalC.tentativeD.feeble22.Maryonce______withanothermusiciantocomposeapieceofpopmusic.

91A.mergedB.collaboratedC.coincidedD.constituted23.Manynovelsthatattempttomirrortheworldarereally____oftherealitythattheyrepresent.A.reflectionsB.demonstrationsC.illuminationsD.reproductions24.Ifwe___ourrelationswiththatcountry,we’llhavetofindanothersupplierofrawmaterials.A.diffuseB.diminishC.terminateD.preclude25.Overthelastfifteenyears,runninghasbecomeapopular______for30millionparticipantsofallages.A.fantasyB.pastimeC.symposiumD.penalty26.Hisbodytemperaturehasbeen____for3years,thehighestpointreaching40.5degreecentigrade.A.uncommonB.disorderedC.abnormalD.extraordinary27.Thecaptain___thehorizonforapproachingships.A.scannedB.scrutinizedC.exploredD.swept28.Thiskindofmaterialcan____heatandmoisture.AdeleteB.compelC.constrainD.repel29.Asanexcellentshooter,Peterpracticedaimingatboth____targetsandmovingtargets.A.standingB.stationaryC.stillD.stable30.Theinsurancecompanypaidhim$10,000in____afterhisaccident.A.compensationB.installmentC.substitutionD.commission31.Ithinkshehurtmyfeelings______ratherthanbyaccidentassheclaimed.A.virtuallyB.deliberatelyC.literallyD.appropriately32.Heisholdinga___positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.A.subordinateB.succeedingC.successiveD.subsequent33.Youneedtorewritethissentencebecauseitis_____;thereaderswillhavedifficultyinunderstandingit.A.comprehensiveB.alternativeC.deliberateD.ambiguous34.Dogsareoftenpraisedfortheir_____;theyalmostneverabandontheirmasters.A.faithB.loyaltyC.trustD.truthfulness35.Thepersonwho_____thistypeofresearchdeservesourpraise.A.originatedB.manufacturedC.generatedD.estimated36.Whenheappliedfora___intheofficeofthelocalnewspaperhewastoldtoseethemanager.

92A.locationB.professionC.careerDposition37.Thepeoplewhoobjectedtothenewapproachweretoldthatsinceworkhadalreadystartedtherewasnopointin_____.A.denyingB.upsettingC.protestingD.competing38.Justasabookisoftenjudged_____bythequalityandappearanceofitscover,apersonisjudgedimmediatelybyhisappearance.A.previouslyB.uniquelyC.outwardlyD.initially39.Mrs.Lackeywasawakenedbytheringingofthebedsidephone12hoursafterherhusband’sboathadbeen_____.A.wreckedB.collapsedC.decayedD.fired40.Theshop-assistantwasstraightwithhiscustomers.Ifanarticlewasof____qualityhe’dtellthemso.A.humbleB.inferiorC.minorD.awkward逻辑推断1.Thedoctordon’t_____thathewilllivemuchlonger.A.articulateB.anticipateC.manifestD.monitor2.Isuggestweputtheschemeintoeffect,foritisquite______.A.eligibleB.sustainableC.probableD.feasible3.Havingfinishedtheirmorningwork,theclerksstoodupbehindtheirdesks,____themselves.A.expandingB.stretchingC.prolongingD.extending4.England’steam,whoarenowsuperblyfit,willbedoingtheirbestnextweekto_____themselvesforlastyear’sdefeat.A.reviveB.retortC.revengeD.remedy5.Improvedconsumerconfidenceis______toaneconomicrecovery.A.crucialB.subordinateC.cumulativeD.satisfactory6.Althoughthebodyismadeupofmanydifferenttissues,thesetissuesarearrangedinan___andorderlyfashion.A.incredibleB.intricateC.internalD.initial7.His____wastellinghimthatsomethingwaswrong.A.intuitionB.hypothesisC.inspirationD.sentiment8.Asoneoftheyoungestprofessorsintheuniversity,MissKingiscertainlyonthe___ofabrilliantcareer.A.thresholdB.edgeC.porchD.course

939.Iamafraidthatyouhavetoalteryour___viewsinlightofthetragicnewsthathasjustarrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD.pessimistic10.Althoughhehashadnoformaleducation,heisoneofthe_____businessmeninthecompany.A.shrewdestB.sternestC.nastiestD.alertest11.Inourhighlytechnologicalsociety,thenumberofjobsforunskilledworkersis____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining12.IthinkthatIcommitteda_____inaskingherbecausesheseemedveryupsetbymyquestion.A.blunderB.revengeC.reproachD.scandal13.Evenwhentextbooksare______throughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmayvarygreatly.A.commonplaceB.standardizedC.competitiveD.generalized14.Theyhavealwaysregardedamanof____andfairnessasareliablefriend.A.robustnessB.temperamentC.integrityD.compactness15.ItisverystrangebutIhadan____thattheplanewouldcrash.A.inspirationB.intuitionC.imaginationD.incentive16.Hewill____resigninviewofthecompletefailureoftheresearchproject.A.doubtfullyB.adequatelyC.presumablyD.reasonably17.Herinterestsinredecoratingthebighousekepther_____forawholeweek.A.constrainedB.dominatedC.restrictedD.occupied18.Manytouristswere____bythecity’scomplicatedtrafficsystem.A.degradedB.bewilderedC.evokedD.diverted19.Generally,itisonlywhenanimalsaretrappedthatthey______toviolenceinordertoescape.A.proceedB.appealC.resortD.incline20.Parentstakeagreatinterestinthe____questionsraisedbytheirchildren.A.nastyB.naïveC.obscureD.offensive21.Althoughitwashisfirstexperienceaschairman,he______overthemeetingwithgreatskill.A.presidedB.administeredC.masteredD.executed22.Whentrappedindriftingsands,donotstruggle,oryouwillbe____indeeper.A.absorbedB.pushedC.heavedD.sucked23.Somefishhaveagreater___foracidwaterthanothers.

94A.toleranceB.resistanceC.dependenceD.persistence24.Itistruethat____awildplantintoamajorfoodcropsuchaswheatrequiresmuchresearchtime.A.multiplyingB.breedingC.magnifyingD.generating25.Thegovernmenthasdevotedalargesliceofitsnational____toagriculturethanmostothercountries.A.resourcesB.potentialC.budgetD.economy26.Inthispoorcountry,survivalisstilltheleadingindustry,allelseis_____.A.luxuryB.accommodationC.entertainmentD.refreshment27.Somecriminalswereprinting____dollarbillsuntiltheywerearrested.A.decentB.fakeC.patentD.suspicious28.InAmericanuniversities,classesareoftenarrangedinmoreflexible____andmanyjobsoncampusarereservedforstudents.A.scalesB.patternsC.gradesD.ranks29.Whyshouldanyonewanttoread____ofbookbygreatauthorswhentherealpleasurecomesfromreadingtheoriginals?A.themesB.insightsC.digestsD.leaflets30.Parentshavealegal____toensurethattheirchildrenareprovidedwithefficienteducationsuitabletotheirage.A.impulseB.influenceC.obligationD.sympathy31.Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren____aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.A.modifyingB.duplicatingC.acceleratingD.stimulating32.Reading_____themindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge;itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadours.A.rectifiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes33.Theworkintheofficewas_____byaconstantstreamofvisitors.A.confusedB.hamperedC.reversedD.perplexed34.Therearenotmanyteacherswhoarestrong____oftraditionalmethodsinEnglishteaching.A.sponsorsB.contributorsC.advocatesD.performers35.Wemanagedtoreachthetopofthemountain,andhalfanhourlaterwebeganto____.A.ascendB.descendC.declineD.plunge36.Everthoughhewasguilty,the______judgedidnotsendhimtoprison.

95A.mercifulB.impartialC.conscientiousD.conspicuous37.Scientistsfirst___theideaoftheatombombinthe1930s.A.imaginedB.conceivedC.consideredD.acknowledged38.Thesecretagentconcealedherrealmission,thereforemanylocalpeoplewere____intothinkingthatshewasagoodperson.A.betrayedB.drivenC.deceivedD.convinced39.Whenbusinessis____,thereisusuallyanobviousincreaseinunemployment.A.degradedB.depressedC.reducedD.lessened40.Althoughmostbirdshaveonlyasenseofsmell,theyhave_______vision.A.vigorousB.exactC.acuteD.vivid词的搭配1.Competitionwillenablecustomersto____thequalityofservicetheywhat.A.keeptoB.holdonC.insistonD.hangon2.TheUNbody_____governmentstoworktogethertoavertasocialdisaster.A.calledupB.calleddownC.calledonD.calledoff3.Youshouldnotrevealsomethingthathasbeentoldyou___.A.intearsB.inawordC.incaseD.insecret4.Thecountryhasto_____thenewestinformationandtechnologiestopushitseconomyforward.A.relyonB.applytoC.conformtoD.confineto5.Inthiswaypeoplewillgetthemselves_____talkingaboutcertainissues.A.involvedinB.takeninC.giveninD.goneinto6.Transportationofcement______isverypopularinmanycountriesbecauseitcanreducecost.A.insumB.inshapeC.inbulkD.instock7.Afterdinner,she___theradioandtelevisionsoastomissnothing.A.signedonB.reactedonC.switchedonD.tookon8.Badmannerscan____alostopportunitytodobusiness.A.renderB.resultfromC.considerD.resultin9.Thewaitressdidn’tbringmemyorder.Shehadtheorders____.A.cookedB.takenawayC.mixedawayD.filledout10.Bythetimethewar_____,mostofthepeoplehadalreadyleft.A.brokethroughB.brokeoutC.brokeawayD.brokewith11.Thenewmanagementhas____greatchangestothecompany.A.broughtaboutB.broughtoverC.broughtforwardD.broughtin

9612.Wehadto____Jim’spoortablemannersbecauseherefusedtochange.A.putinforB.putupwithC.putdownD.putacross13.Thedirector______trafficsafetyinhistalk.A.drewinB.settleddownC.feltlikeD.dwelton14.Thegovernmentthreatenedto_____thealreadyhugeUStradedeficit.A.addtoB.adduptoC.amounttoD.getto15.The15bankswerelikely_____about$500millionofthebadassets.A.turnoffB.writeoffC.takeoffD.showoff16.Smallpostofficeshaveincreasinglybecometargetsforrobberiesbecausetheyoftenhavelargeamountsofcash______.A.withhandB.byhandC.onhandD.inhand17.Theprincipleisthatcompetitionbetweencompanies,____governmentprotectionism,isthewaytofosterinnovation.A.ratherthanB.nolessthanC.otherthanD.morethan18.Youneedtobeclearaboutand______whatothersexpectofyou.A.faceuptoB.comeuptoC.liveuptoD.workupto19.Isupposeyouknowyoucan____superwomanorsupermaninanemergency.A.headforB.gointoC.comethroughD.turninto20.It’shardertolearnanewlanguageand____anewculturelaterinlife.A.judgetoB.adjusttoC.approachtoD.apologizeto21.Itriedtokeepthem,butIcould______offer2,000yuanpermonth.A.innowayB.innotimeC.inanywayD.onanyaccount22.____thestockandpropertymarkets,theaveragepersoninHongKonghasfewinvestmentoptions.A.AsidefromB.RegardlessofC.InthefaceofD.Sofaras23.Theyarenotsuretheyfeelequippedyetto____thefullresponsibilityofadulthood.A.takeupB.takeoutC.takeoverD.takeon24.Youmayfeelguiltyaboutthatifyouarestilllivingathomeandyou____parentsforsupportsandlove.A.countupB.countonC.setupD.setdown25.Theworldeconomyis____allthoseinteractionsamongpeople,businessandgovernmentsthatcrossinternationalborders.A.madeupforB.madeupofC.madeupwithD.madeupfrom易混近形词

971.aboardadv.,prep.在船(车/飞机)上,上船厂(车/飞机)abroadadv.国外,海外boardn.木板;董事会;(包饭的)伙食vt.上(船,车等)broadadj.宽的,广阔的,广泛的2.abstractadj.抽象的n.摘要,梗概attractvt.吸引beattractedto迷恋,喜欢subtractvt.减去(from)3.accentn.口音,重音accessn.接近(或进入)的机会;通道,入口assessvt.对…进行估价,评价excessn.超过,过量adj.过量的,额外的assetn.确定财产,资产exceptionn.例外4.accidentn.事故;意外,偶然之事incidentn.发生的事;事变,事件5.acquirevt.取得,获得,学得inquire询问,打听requirevt.需要;要求,规定requestn.要求,请求v.要求,请求6.adaptvt.使适应,使适合vi.适应(to)adoptvt.收养;采取,采用7.affectvt.影响;引起感情波动effectn.效果,影响vt.实现,产生…的结果infectvt.传染,感染defectn.缺点,缺陷effortn.努力,精力affordvt.负担得起,买得起,花得起(时间等);供给,给予8.aliveadj.活着的(作表语或后置定语);有活力的,有生气的

98liveadj.活的,有生命的(只用于物,放在名词前);现场直播的livelyadj.充满活力的,活泼的;栩栩如生的livingadj.活着的(可形容人或物,可作表语或定语)9.aloneadj.(作表语)(实际上的)独自一人,孤单一人adv.单独一个,只有lonelyadj.(心理上的)孤独的,寂寞的loneadj.(正式)孤单的,孤独lonesomeadj.寂寞的,冷清的10.amazevt.使惊愕amusevt.使…消遣、娱乐11.altituden.高度,海拔attituden.态度,看法12.amplifyvt.放大,增强magnifyvt.放大,扩大multiplyvt.使成倍增加;使相乘13.applicableadj.适用的;有效的,生效的applicantn.申请人appliedadj.实用的,应用的14.appreciatevt.感激;评价,欣赏appealn.呼吁;控拆;吸引力vi.呼吁,求助于,上诉;吸引approvev.批准;赞许applyv.申请;应用,运用;适用15.arisevi.出现,产生;站起来,起身arousevt.惊醒,叫醒;引起;唤起,唤醒raisevt.举起;使升起;增加,提高risevi.起身;起床;升起;上涨,增高16.ashamedadj.惭愧,害臊shamefuladj.可耻的,不道德的shamelessadj.无耻的,不要脸的

9917.assignmentn.(分派的)任务,作业;分配assessmentn.估价,评价18.assistv.帮助,协助consistvi.组成(of);在于(in)insistv.坚持观点,坚决主张(on)persistvi.坚持(做下去)resistv.抵抗,反抗;忍住,经受19.assumevt.假定,设想consumevt.消耗,花费resumev.(中断后)继续20.assurevt.向…保证;使有保证:~sb.of/thatensurevt.保证,保证有,使一定得到:~thatinsurevt.给…(经济意义上的)保险:~sth.againstreassurevt.使放心secureadj.安全的;可靠的;放心的21.attainvt.达到;获得vi.达到containvt.包容,容纳,装有maintainvt.维持;保养;坚持认为;赡养retainvt.保留,保持sustainvt.供养;支撑,承受;经受22.attractionn.吸引(力);有吸引力的人或事物attentionn.注意,注意力23.availableadj.(用于物)可利用的,可得到的;(用于人)可见到的acceptableadj.可接受的approachableadj.可接近,可处理的attainableadj.可达到的applicableadj.可应用的;适当的,合适的24.awakeadj.醒着的vt.唤醒,使觉醒vi.醒来,醒悟到

100awakenvt.使觉醒,唤醒wakevi.醒来~up唤醒;使觉悟wakenvi.醒来vt.弄醒,叫醒25.awardn.奖品,奖金vt.发给,给予(奖品等)rewardn.报答,报酬vt.酬报,酬谢26.blastv.炸毁n.爆炸;一阵,一股风burstn.爆烈;突发的一阵v.爆烈,爆炸;突然发生(或出现);(芽,蕾等)绽开;充满(with)27.bouncen.弹,反弹v.(使)弹起,(使)跳起boundn.边界,界限v.限定boundaryn.边界,界线28.confirmvt.使有效,批准;证实,确认confinevt.限制,使局限于;禁闭conformvi.遵守,符合confessv.承认,坦白;忏悔29.commentn.评论,意见v.评论commentaryn.解说(词)30.competev.竞赛,竞争completeadj.完整的;完成的vt.完成,(使)完整31.conceivev.设想,构思deceivev.欺骗,蒙骗perceivevt.觉察,感知;认识到,理解32.consciencen.良心consciousnessn.意识,知觉33.consequentlyadv.所以,因此subsequentlyadv.随后

10134.conservevt.节约,保护preservevt.保存;保护,维护;腌渍reservevt.保留,储备;预订(定)n.储备物,储备金,沉默寡言35.customn.习惯,风俗,惯例customsn.海关,关税costumen.服装36.continualadj.不断的;频繁的continuousadj.连续的,持续的37.contactn.vt.接触,联系contractn.合同,契约vi.订合同;缩小,收缩contrastn.对比,对照vt.vi.对比,对照contraryadj.相反的n.相反(的事物);对立面38.continuallyadv.老是,不断地(有短暂间隔的)continuouslyadv.连续不断地(不中断)39.continuancen.持续期间continuationn.继续,持续continuityn.连续性40.counseln.忠告,劝告;法律顾问,辩护人vt.忠告,劝告counciln.委员会,理事会41.dairyn.牛奶店,乳品店;乳制品adj.牛奶的,乳品的diaryn.日记,日记簿42.deadadj.死的;死寂的deadlyadj.致命的;像死了似的,极度的,非常的deathlikeadj.死一般的,可怕的deathlyadj.死一般的,致死的adv.死一般地43.decentadj.正派的,得体的;体面的;相当好的descentn.下降,降下;遗传,血统

102descendvi.下来,下降;遗传vt.沿着…走下去ascendvt.攀登vi.升,上升44.dedicatevt.奉献,供奉;献身,致力delicateadj.纤细的,娇嫩的45.defectn.缺点,缺陷defendvt.保卫,防卫;为…辩护46.definiteadj.明确的,确定的infiniteadj.无限的,无穷的,无边无际的definevt.解释,下定义;限定,规定47.destinationn.目的地,终点distinctionn.差别,不同;杰出48.deducevt.推论,演绎reducevt.缩小,减少;简化;使成为49.differentadj.差异的,不同的indifferentadj.冷漠的,不关心的(to)50.desertn.沙漠,不毛之地dessertn.甜食,点心51.distantadj.遥远的distinctadj.清楚的distinctiveadj.有区别的,有特色的52.economyn.经济;节约,节省economicsn.经济学economistn.经济学家53.economicadj.经济上的;经济学上的economicaladj.节约的,节省的54.efficientadj.效率高的;有能力的

103sufficientadj.充分的,足够的55.electricadj.电的,由电操纵的,由电产生的electricaladj.与电有关的56.emergevi.出现,涌现;冒出,(事实)暴露submergevi.潜入水中vt.淹没,浸没57.emergencen.出现←(emerge)emergencyn.紧急情况,不测之事58.emigrantn.移出之移民adj.移出国的migrantn.移民adj.移居的immigrantn.移入之移民,侨民adj.(从国外)移来的,移民的59.emigratev.移居国外immigratev.(从外国)移来,移居入境migratevi.移居(国外);(候鸟等的)迁徙60.employmentn.职业,工作;使用employeen.雇员employern.雇主61.especialadj.特别的,尤其的specialadj.特殊的,专门的;专用的specificadj.明确的,具体的;特定的;特效的(药)62.exceptionn.除外,例外expectationn.期待,期望;料想63.explorev.勘探,探险;探究,探索explodevt.使爆炸(裂)vi.爆发,爆炸exposevt.使暴露,揭露expandv.扩大,膨胀64.extensiveadj.广泛的,广阔的,深远的

104intensiveadj.集中的,深入的expansiveadj.扩张的,膨胀的expensiveadj.昂贵的,花钱多的65.extensionn.伸展,扩大;延长,延期;(电话的)分机expansionn.扩大,膨胀66.formaladj.外形的,形式的;正式的formern.前者adj.先前的67.generousadj.大方的,慷慨的genuineadj.真正的;真诚的68.honorableadj.光荣的;可尊敬的honoraryadj.名誉的69.idlenessn.闲散lazinessn.懒惰70.imaginableadj.可想象的imaginativeadj.想象力丰富的imaginaryadj.想象中存在的,虚构的71.imitatevt.模仿;仿造intimateadj.亲密的;私人的72.inferioradj.下等的,下级的;劣等的,次的superioradj.(职务等)上级的;优越的;优质的,较好的73.interpretv.解释,说明;翻译,口译interruptv.打断,打扰;中断74.lateadj.迟的,晚的;已故的adv.迟latteradj.后者的;后一半的,接近终了的n.后者lastadj.最后的

105lateradv.后来,过一会儿latestadj.最近的,最新的75.loyaladj.忠诚的,忠心的royaladj.王室的,皇家的76.mostadv.pron.大多数mostlyadv.大多数,大部分,主要地,在多数情况下77.noten.便条;笔记;注解;票据,钞票noticen.注意,察觉;通知,布告vt.注意到,察觉到78.nuisancen.令人讨厌的人或事nonsensen.废话,胡说79.presentvt.提供,赠送representvt.代表;表示;描绘80.optimisticadj.乐观的,乐观主义的optionaladj.选择性的;任选的,随意的81.perspectiven.视觉,观点,想法;远景prospectiveadj.未来的,预期的82.physiciann.内科医生physicistn.物理学家83.preciousadj.珍贵的,贵重的previousadj.先,前,以前的;在…之前(to)84.principaln.负责人,校长adj.最重要的,主要的principlen.原理,原则85.possessvt.占有,拥有processvt.加工,处理n.处理,进程

10686.precedev.先于,领先,先行proceedvi.进行,继续下去87.producev.制造,生产;引起,产生n.农产品(总称,不可数)productn.产品,产物,成果(可数)productionn.生产(不可数);产量(不可数);作品productivityn.生产率88.promotevt.促进;提拔progressn.进步,进展;前进vi.前进;进展proceedvi.继续前进;继续(做某事)proposevt.建议;打算vi.求婚89.protectvt.保护,保卫protestv.抗议,反对n.(against)抗议,反对90.releasevt.释放;发布,发行;放开,松开relievevt.解除,缓解;救济,解救;使…免除relatevi.有关,涉及vt.使有关联;叙述,讲述91.respectableadj.受人尊敬的,值得敬重的respectfuladj.对人尊敬的,恭敬的,礼貌的respectiveadj.各自的,分别的92.respectivelyadv.分别地,分别为respectfullyadv.恭敬地,尊敬地respectablyadv.可敬地93.revealvt.使露出,展现;透露,泄露revisevt.修订,修正;复习rewritevt.改写,重写reservevt.保留,储备;预订(定)reversev.颠倒;反转,倒退n.反转;反面;相反的情况adj.相反的;倒转的94.routen.路线,路程

107routinen.例行公事,惯例,惯常的程序adj.例行的,常规的95.samplen.样品,抽样vt.从…中抽样,取样specimenn.标本,样本96.scenen.(戏的)一场;(故事,事情)发生地;布景,舞台;风暴sceneryn.(全新的)风景,景色;舞台布景97.sensibleadj.感觉得到的;明知的,通情达理的sensitiveadj.敏感的;灵敏的(to)98.spitvi.吐唾沫(痰)vt.吐出n.唾液splitv.(使)裂开,劈开,撕开n.裂口;分裂99.stationaryadj.静止的,固定的stationeryn.纸张文具(总称)100.stripn.窄带vt.剥夺vi.脱衣stripen.条子,条纹101.successfuladj.成功的successiveadj.连续的,连接的102.staffn.全体职工,全体人员;参谋部stuffn.原料vt.填满,塞满103.statuen.塑像,雕像statusn.地位,身份staten.状态104.transformvt.改变,变形;改造transfervt.转移,调动;转让vi.迁移,调动transportvt.运输,运送n.运输,运送transmitvt.传送,传递;播送,发射transplantvt.移植(秧苗,器官等);移(民)

108105.trapn.陷井,圈套vt.诱捕trickn.诡计,花招;把戏;窍门v.欺骗106.trackn.跑道,小路;踪迹vt.追踪tracen.踪迹,痕迹vt.追踪107.unlikeadj.不同的,不相似的prep.不像disliken.不喜欢vt.不喜欢,厌恶alikeadj.相同的,想像的108.usagen.惯用语,惯用法;使用usevt.运用;使用n.运用,用途109.variableadj.易变的,可变的,变化的,不稳定的variantadj.变异的n.变体,变形variousadj.各种不同的,各式各样的;许多,很多110.variancen.不同:at~(with)与…不一致,意见不合variationn.变化,变动;变量varietyn.多样性;种种,种类111.wandervt.漫游,闲逛,走神,(神情)恍惚wondervi.感到惊讶(at)vt.想知道n.惊奇,奇迹常考易混近义词1.abilityn.能力,本领,技巧~todosth.capabilityn.才能,可能性,性能~todo/ofdoingsth.capacityn.容量,潜能,智能~todo/fordoingsth.2.ableadj.能干的,有能力的~todosth.capableadj.能胜任的,有可能的~ofdoingsth.competentadj.能胜任的,(知识技术)过硬的~todo/forsth.qualifiedadj.符合资格/条件的~forsth./indoingsth.

1093.absencen.缺席,不在,缺乏(证据,理由)lackn.缺少,没有(信心,经验)wantn.需要,缺乏(知识,关心)4.acceptvt.接受(可拒绝)receivevt.(无法拒绝地)收到5.accidentn.意外事故,灾祸incidentn.事件,事变,(政治)事端eventn.大事,重大事件occurrencen.偶然发生之事6.accomplishvt.完成achievevt.获得(成就)attainvt.达到(目标)7.accordinglyadv.(自然而平常的因果)于是,据此(←accordingtothis)consequentlyadv.(未必必然之)结果,因此(=asaresult)henceadv.(为强调前因之)因而,所以,这样(thus)thereforeadv.(作为必然结果/结论)因此(becauseofthis)8.accurateadj.（话、计算等）准确，精确的exactadj.（数字﹑细节）与事实／标准相符的，确切的preciseadj.精确严密的，严谨无误的9.accusev.控告(~sb.of…)chargev.控告(~sb.with…)scoldv.责备(~sb.for…)sentencev.判处徒刑(~sb.to…)10.acknowledgev.公开承认（本来否认之事）~asecretadmitv.不情愿﹑被迫承认（真实性）~astatementconfessv.认错，招供~(to);~acrime11.adaptvt.使（有能力）适应（新环境、条件）

110adjustvt.（调整以）适应，调节（机器、仪器）regulatevi.校正，调节（温度、速度）；控制12.adequateadj.（相对于某一标准的）足够的，适当的enoughadj.（相对于愿望、要求的）足够的sufficientadj.（相对于实际需要的）足够的，充分的13.adherevi.坚持（原则等~to）insistvi.坚持（观点等~on,~that）persistvi.坚持（行动等~in）perseverevi.持之以恒stickvi.坚持，粘着（原告的立场、主张、承诺等~to）14.advisev.建议，忠告counseln.v.（审慎而正式）忠告，顾问15.arean.（与面积相关的）地区，区域regionn.（与某天然特色、气候相关的）地区，大行政区zonen.（与地理上、军事、政治、商业等相关的）区districtn.行政划分的区（比region小），（市内的）区16.affectvt.（直接，有形的；不良的，情感的）影响influencevt.（潜移默化地）影响impactvt.冲击，（巨大地）影响　（…on）17.aidv.（急需的、经济等方面的）援助assistv.（辅助、次要的）协助，起助手作用helpv.（精神、物质上）帮助（以达到某种目的）18.aimn.（军事，体育）目的，目标，明确的奋斗目标goaln.（长期努力的）目标，终点objectiven.（具体、直接、很快可达到的）目标，目的purposen.意图，目的19.allowv.（不加阻止、默许）准许，许可~sb.todo,~forpermitv.（正式而严肃的）允许，准许~sb.todo,~doingsth.

11120.alterv.（局部、尺寸等）改变　~adress　改制衣服changev.(通用词)变化,改变　~adress　换衣服convertv.（本质、信仰等）转变　　~sb./sth.intoshiftvt.变换（档，速，位置）；（并非出于自愿的）改变，更换，转移transfervt.搬迁，调动；改转（车票等）varyvi.（一定范围内的）变动，变化21.amazev.(=surprisegreatly)使愕然astonishv.（对无法理解﹑解释之事的）震惊surprisev.使吃惊22.answerv.回答（问题），接（电话），（对敲门等的）答应replyv.（正式、书面的）答复~that…,~to…respondvi.（口头或行动上的）响应，反应~to23.apparatusn.（与某职业相关的）仪器﹑器械appliancen.（常~s）电器equipmentn.（不可数）设备，装备implementn.（大型）工具，（农）具，器具instrumentn.精密仪器，乐器24.apparentadj.表面的，明显的(←appear)distinctadj.与众不同的，清楚的(→distinctive)evidentadj.有证据表明的，显然的(←evidence)obviousadj.显而易见的25.appearvi.（事物）出现arisev.（问题等）出现emergevi.（从…）冒出~from…happenvi.发生，碰巧occurvi.发生，想起~todosth.takeplacevi.（依据安排等）进行，发生26.appropriateadj.非常匹配的，合适的~for…fitadj.（衣）合身的；恰当的be~todosth./forsb.

112properadj.适合（情理）的，适宜的suitableadj.与某场合相适应的，恰当的~for…27.arguev.（引经据典的）辩论，争论~for/against…debatev.n.（公开、正式的）论证，辩论disputev.n.(激烈、频繁的)争论,争执，争议discussv.讨论28.arisevi.（问题等）出现raisevt.提起，抬高，升起risevi.升起，上涨liftvt.提，举，抬起29.artificialadj.人造的，人工的（仿效自然物）syntheticadj.合成的（通过化学成分组合）falseadj.虚假的，错的（←true），代替真的unnaturaladj.不自然的（←natural），做作的unrealadj.不真实的，虚构的（←real）30.attemptv.企图，试用~todosth.endeavourv.努力，尽力~todosth.strivev.力争~for…,~todosth.31.attractvt.吸引，引起，使感兴趣drawvt.招引，吸住，故意引起注意32.attractvt.吸引，引诱charmvt.迷住，使陶醉fascinatev.使神往，使忘情33.averageadj.（通过数字统计而确定的）一般的，普通的normaladj.正常的，符合标准的（如体温等）ordinaryadj.普通的，平凡的regularadj.有规律的，经常的

11334.awareadj.~of知道，意识到→unaware不知道consciousadj.~of对…有意识到　→unconscious失去知觉的35.awfuladj.（情感上认为环境等的）可怕的dreadfuladj.（对鬼﹑死﹑恶梦等）可怕的fearfuladj.害怕的，担心的36.banv.严厉禁止，查禁forbidv.不许，禁止（做某事）~sb.todosth.prohibitv.（正式地）（为法律，规章制度所）禁止，制止~sb.fromdoingsth.37.bareadj.（表面）光秃的，赤裸的，无装饰的emptyadj.空的（里面没有东西）hollowadj.（中间／里面）空的，有洞的vacantadj.无人占用的，空着的38.basen.根基，基座　anairbase　空军基地basisn.基础，根据onthebasisoffoundationn.地基，（支持某事﹑理论的）基础39.basicadj.根本的，基础的elementaryadj.初步的，基础的（知识）fundamentaladj.根本的，首要的primaryadj.最初的，主要的40.beatv.击败；心跳knockvi.敲　~at;vt.（不小心）碰到hitv.击中strikev.打，敲击41.behaviourn.（有意或无意的）行为，举止conductn.（人的与道德责任相关的）品行，行为，表现mannern.举止，态度，礼貌42.beliefn.信仰，相信confidencen.信心，自信

114creditn.信誉，（商业）信用faithn.信任，信念trustn.信赖，信托43.careern.事业，（终生或作为事业的）职业occupationn.（训练有素的正式）工作，职业professionn.（经专门教育﹑训练﹑专业的）职业traden.手艺，（手工，简单技术的）职业44.casen.（需考虑，研究，调查，处理的）事例，实例，案例，病例instancen.（用作佐证的）例子，例证samplen.样品，（代表整体的）标本，抽样specimenn.（动植物）标本；（各自独立的）标本45.cautionvt.提醒（别人提高警惕，预防不测）warnvt.告诫，警告（别人有危险，或威胁要惩罚）46.certainadj.肯定的，确认的I’m~that/Itis~thatpositiveadj.确定的，确信的，肯定的(<—>negative)sureadj.一定的，有把握　I’m~　（不能说：Itis~）that47.certainlyadv.当然，无疑surelyadv.（我敢）肯定，定然会48.chancen.（幸运或偶然）机会　by~　偶然／意外地occasionn.时机，（某个时刻提供的）机会by~of由于opportunityn.（适合某人做某事的）良机，机遇49.charactern.（人、物由　characteristics　组成的）总特征featuren.（部分细节之形状、重要性）特征，脸面特征，五官characteristicn.（突出而稳定，区别于他人的本质）特征，特点propertyn.（物理）属性50.cheatv.（为私利﹑不诚实而）欺骗，骗取；作弊deceivev.（歪曲真相的）欺骗，诱骗foolv.愚弄，哄骗

11551.chiefadj.（顺序、等级等）首要的，主要的，地位最高的（人）mainadj.（只用于物）主要的　inthe~　基本上majoradj.（规模，数量等超出同类）重大的，较大的，更主要的（<—>　minor）principaladj.（力量、权力、规模等）居于首位的，最主要的，首要（人物）52.claimv.要求（得到），索取，要回（本来属于自己之物）demandv.（以断然之命令）坚决要求，需要requestv.请求，（礼貌﹑正式的）要求requirev.（作为条件﹑习惯﹑法令等的）要求，需要53.commentn.评论，批评make~soncommentaryn.实况解说词，（对文章、作品的）评语，解释remarkn.（口头﹑随意的）评论，看法pass/makea~on54.comparev.比较（相同之处）contrastv.对比（差异之处）55.compelv.强迫，使迫不得已~sb.todosth.obligev.（常用于因外因﹑道德﹑法律等而）不得不be~dtodo56.complexadj.复杂的，难理解的complicatedadj.结构错综的，复杂难懂的sophisticatedadj.（设备）复杂而技术含量高的，复杂高深的57.composevt.组成be~dofcomprisevt.由…组成comprise=becomprisedofconsistvi.由…组成~of58.conceivev.构思，想象出fancyv.（异想天开地）想象，梦想，遐想imaginev.随意设想，任意想象59.concludev.推断出（结论）deducev.（演绎式）推论inferv.（由事实证据）推论，推测

11660.conferencen.商讨会，研究会，记者招待会congressn.代表大会，国会gatheringn.聚会，集会meetingn.一般会议，碰头会61.considerableadj.相当（大、多）的，可观的considerateadj.（对他人感情、处境）考虑周到的，体贴的a~wifethoughtfuladj.（无私）关心他人的，体贴他人的a~gift62.constantadj.经常不变的，固定的；稳定的continualadj.不断的，频繁的，反复的（有间断）continuousadj.连续的，持续的（无间断）consistentadj.始终如一的，一致的63.containvt.包含，容纳（某些内容、细节→content）embracevt.囊括，包括（所有应包容之物）includevt.包括（要素）involvevt.（性质的）包括，涉及64.contemporaryadj.当代的，现代的（包括目前在内的历史时期）currentadj.现行的，当前的，目前的；流行的modernadj.时髦的，现代的（历史上的一个时期）65.continuallyadv.不断地，老是（但有间断）continuouslyadv.一直，连续不断地graduallyadv.逐渐地unceasinglyadv.无休止地66.controversialadj.有争议的contradictoryadj.相矛盾的，对立的contraryadj.（观点，说法等）相反的，对立的oppositeadj.（空间上，性质等）相对的，对面的67.convincevt.使信服，使相信~sb.ofpersuadevt.劝说，说服~sb.todo/into/outof

11768.criminaladj.犯罪的，应受刑法处罚的guiltyadj.犯有…罪的，自觉有罪的~of69.criticaladj.紧要的，危急的crucialadj.关键的，决定性的vitaladj.（与生命有关因而）极其重要的，不可缺少的70.curevt.治疗，治愈~sb.ofsth.healv.（使）（外伤等）痊愈remedyvt.治疗，纠正（身体／思想上的不健康）71.damagevt.损坏，毁坏（健康，财产等造成价值、功能的损坏）harmvt.伤害，损害（带来痛苦等）hurtvt.使（肉体）疼痛，伤害（感情）injurevt.使受伤；毁坏（健康、成就、道德、权威等）woundvt.使受（刀、枪）伤72.declinevt.谢绝，婉言拒绝（邀请等）~todosth.denyvt.拒绝给予，不给~sb.sth.(<—>give)refusevt.拒不，拒绝~todosth.rejectvt.拒绝接受（采纳，考虑等）~sth.73.decreasevi.（程度，数量）减少，减小(<—>increase)diminishv.使变小，缩小，缩减，减退lessenv.（程度）减轻（矛盾、冲击、负担、危险、分歧等）reducevt.降低（成本、数量、程度）74.faultn.（物）毛病，差错；（人）过错，（与责任相关的）过失mistaken.错误makea~,by~errorn.（背离标准模式的）错误，过失commitan~,in~75.defendvt.（相对于敌对势力而言的）保卫，捍卫~sb.againstguardvt.（相对于安全而言的）保卫，守卫~againstprotectvt.（相对于伤害而言的）保卫，守卫~against

11876.despairn.绝望→沮丧，失望in～处于绝望沮丧之中desperationn.绝望→孤注一掷in~孤注一掷的，不顾一切的hopelessnessn.绝望→丧失信心，失望in~失望地77.differentadj.不同的，有差异的（民族，颜色，地方…）~fromdiverseadj.截然不同的（观点、兴趣、发音等）~fromvariousadj.各种各样的（只作定语）78.ignorevt.（故意视而不见的）忽视（问题，危险等）neglectvt.（对工作、职责未予以适当关注而）疏忽，怠慢，玩忽（健康、学习、工作等）overlookvt.（匆忙、粗心而）忽略，疏忽（错误、要点等）79.distinguishedadj.(才华等众所公认的)卓著,杰出outstandingadj.（与环境、背景不同而）突出的，杰出的prominentadj.（人、物明显突出于周围环境而）显而易见的，显赫的，突出的80.dragvt.（吃力，缓慢的）拖，拽（笨重之物）drawvt.（轻轻的）拖，拉；（从银行）取（钱）pullvt.（朝自己方向）拖，拉；随手取（出）81.durableadj.（对破坏性因素、损耗有抗御的）耐久的(用品、友谊)enduringadj.(承受时间,环境考验而)持久的不朽的(记忆、作品)lastingadj.(能无限继续而)长久不消的,恒久的(兴趣、影响、友谊)permanentadj.(稳定不变、非暂时的)永久性的(地址、建筑物、工作、破坏)82.dutyn..(源于法律、伦理、道德而应尽的对他人的)义务,职责on/off~obligationn.(源于诺言、契约、习俗等观念压力而必须履行的)义务,责任fulfilan~responsibilityn.(源于法律、职业、道德而对后果必须承担)责任takethe~for83.endurevt.忍耐,忍受(长期的磨难)toleratevt.容忍,忍受(一时的无礼、分歧、不良环境等)standvi.(勇敢地)经受,经得起(攻击,考验等)84.enormousadj.(大小程度超越标准而)巨大的,过大的(量﹑尺寸﹑物体等)

119immenseadj.(非一般衡量单位所能测量的)极大的,广大的(海,天空,影响,力量等)tremendousadj.(规模﹑体积﹑程度不同寻常地)巨大的,大得惊人的(成就﹑速度等)85.entireadj.完整(无损)的,整个(地区﹑国家等)an~man完整的人completeadj.(一个整体之各组成要素全部具备而)完整不缺的,全部的~works全集totaladj.（数量全计入的）总的，全部的~area/populationwholeadj.（未经分割的）整个的，全部的（单位，国家）~number整数86.especialadj.（相当突出，更为重要而）特别的（理由，价值，爱好）particularadj.特殊的，尤其的，（意义﹑关注）独到的（观点﹑描述）specialadj.专门的，为某一目的﹑场合所特别安排的（饮食﹑味道﹑许可）specificadj.（独一无二而）独特的，特有的（美德﹑情况﹑个性等）87.essentialadj.（为事物之本质而）必不可少的，基本的~to/forindispensableadj.（由于强烈﹑迫切性而）必要的，需要的~fornecessaryadj.(因无法避免或比较迫切而)必要的,需要的88.estimatevt.（大抵的）评估，判断（可行性、价值、损失）assessvt.（确切的）评价，估价（成份、税收、量、形势）evaluatevt.（对物体、价值　value　即非货币性）评价，判断（人、工作等）89.eventualadj.（因果之）最终的，最后的　~success　必然成功terminaladj.（系列或周期的）终点的　a~disease　晚期病症ultimateadj.终极的，极限的　~success　最终成功90.eventuallyadv.（由必然原因而导致的）最终（死亡，成功，退休等）finallyadv.（序列之）最后(←first,second…)atlastadv.（期待已久而）终于（发生了）intheendadv.（过去或将来时间上）最后，最终91.excusevt.（对疏忽﹑失职行为的）原谅　~sb.for;~sb.from　免除forgivevt.（对罪恶，侮辱行为的内心深处的）宽恕~lie/injures/insultpardonvt.（法律等正式场合对过错责任的）赦免，宽恕~acriminal/fault92.exhaustedadj.精疲力尽的

120tiredadj.疲倦的awfully/dead~tiresomeadj.令人厌倦的，讨厌的93.extendv.（空间的）延伸，扩展　~one’sbody　伸展身子stretchv.（由曲而直的）伸展，拉长~oneself伸懒腰;(宽度上的)伸展lengthenv.(时间线向的)拉长,延伸,加长~acoatspreadv.（四面八方）展开，铺开；扩散，蔓延~arumor/ablanket94.fairlyadv.还算，相当~goodprettyadv.相当，非常~soon/well/certainratheradv.相当，颇~too…95.favorableadj.对…有利的favoriteadj.为…所最喜欢的96.firmadj.坚实的，牢固的，坚定的（<—>loose，肌肉、信仰、目光、支持）stableadj.稳定的，稳固的（政府，工作，性格）steadyadj.稳固而不可动摇，持续稳定的（<—>shaky,changeable，温度、速度、收入进步等）97.forecastvt.（依据计算、统计而作的）预测，预报（天气，选举，结果）foretellvt.（对未来凭感觉而作）预言；预示（死亡、将来）predictvt.（有一定科学依据的）预言，预测（地震、收成）98.graspvt.（紧紧）抓住；掌握，领会grabvt.（匆忙，粗鲁地）抓过，一把抓过seizevt.（突然）抓住（使不能逃脱），占领，夺取snatchvt.（迅速／出其不意地）抓取，抢夺99.hardlyadv.（能力等）几乎难以，几乎没／不can~/~everbarelyadv.勉强，刚刚，差一点~escapedscarcelyadv.（数量等）仅仅，几乎不／没~anynearlyadv.（肯定含义）几乎，差不多~always/finishedmerelyadv.仅仅，只是

121100.insignificantadj.（意义）不重要的，微不足虑的~differencestinyadj.（数量、尺寸）非常小的a~baby/~fractionofsumminoradj.（相比之下而）不太重要的，比较轻的／小的(of~importance)minuteadj.极小的，细微的，入微的（检查）trivialadj.（事情）小的，价值小的，鸡毛蒜皮的a~problem/sum101.materialn.（素）材，材料raw/building/fabric~mattern.（与精神相对具体或抽象的）物质living/historical~substancen.（具有某物理、化学特征的）物质，东西chemical/solid~stuffn.（口语）（各种）原料，素材，料子，物品，食品，货色，东西102.maybeadv.（用于委婉建议）也许，不妨(←may+be)possiblyadv.客观上有可能地　not~无论如何不可能perhapsadv.（建议，要求，命令；较正式）也许，大概probablyadv.理论上可能地，很可能likelyadj.adv.（从表面看来）似乎可能的103.pressuren.（源于外界的强制性）压力；（作用于物体表面的）压力exert/use~strainn.（非常强大而导致精神紧张的）压力，紧张；（导致物体变形的）张力，拉力bear/suffer~tensionn.（源于关系不和的）紧张（状态）create/feel/reduce~104.oddadj.反常、离奇的，古怪的（习俗、感受、地方）peculiaradj.罕见的，奇异的，独特的（兴趣、礼节、情趣）strangeadj.奇怪的，陌生的105.preciousadj.（无法用金钱衡量价值的）宝贵的，珍贵的（时间，记忆，知识，品质）valuableadj.（用途，作用，有丰厚利润回报而）有价值的，贵重的（发现，信息，建议，经验）106.questionn.（与＂？＂相关的）问题，疑问answera~problemn.（与麻烦相关的）问题，麻烦事solvea~issuen.（某时﹑某地为许多人关注的）热点问题，争议

122mattern.（供讨论，考虑的）一般问题；（在what’sthe~with中）麻烦，毛病107.rareadj.稀少（难得可贵），珍奇scarceadj.（原本充裕之物变得）稀少，缺乏108.rationaladj.（与逻辑思维相关的）合乎情理的，理性的~behavior/beingreasonableadj.（源于正当理由的）合理的，有理由的~price/question/demandsensibleadj.明智，明断的，切实可行而合理的109.replacev.取代，替换~Bwith/byA以A代Bsubstitutev.以…替代，代替~AforB→Ais~dforB以A代B110.rescuevt.（以迅速、果敢之紧急行为而）抢救，营救savevt.（以各种方式在任何场合的）救，挽救~one’sface111.reserven.保留，预订，保存（以留作后用）retainn.继续保存，保留，留下（免于损失）112.rigidadj.（不可弯折之）刚硬僵直的，固执（已见）的stiffadj.（不易弯曲之）刚直的，拘谨而固执呆板的；（肌肉）僵直的113.scattervt.（通过武力）驱散，抛洒　(~birds,poise,hope);　溃散dispersevt.vi.（以更彻底﹑广泛地）驱散，使散开(~smoke,attention)breakupvi.（聚会后）散开，各奔东西　Theschoolbreaksup.　学校放假．巧记词组about1.about表示“在周围”、“向各处”等意义。hangabout【vi./vt.】(在某处)闲荡,闲呆着2.about由“在...周围”、“围绕...(而论”引早为“关于”、“涉及”等意义。talkabout【vt.】谈论thinkabout【vt.】想,考虑3.about又由“涉及”引申为“引起”、“着手”等意义。bringabout【vt.】引起,造成seeabout【vt.】办理,安排setabout【vt.】开始,着手

123across1.across表示“通过”、“穿过”、“从一边到另一边”等原始意义。cutacross【vt.】抄近路穿过,对直通过2.across表示使(论点、想法等)“由言者一边传达至听者一边”从而使对方理解等比喻意义。getacross【vt./vi】(使)被了解putacross【vt.】解释清楚,说明3.across表示“在...对面”,与某些动词连用,引申为“与...对过相遇”。comeacross【vt.】偶然遇见,碰巧发现runacross【vt.】与(某人)不期而遇,偶然遇上after1.after表示“寻找”、“追求”、“追捕”等意义。chaseafter【vt.】追求goafter【vt.】追求runafter【vt.】追捕,追赶2.after表示“探问”、“问候”等意义。askafter【vt.】询问,问候inquireafter【vt.】询问,问候3.after表示“仿照”、“像”、“符合”等意义。nameafter【vt.】以...的名字来取名、命名takeafter【vt.】(在外貌、性格等方面)与（父、母）相像apart1.apart表示“分开”、“分离”等意义。takeapart【vt.】拆卸,拆开setapart【vt.】使分离,使分开使显得突出around/round1.around/round表示“围绕”、“回转”、“循环”等意义。comearound/round【vi.】来访前来苏醒,复原getaround/round【vi.】到处走动,旅行(消息)传开goaround/round【vi./vt.】流传足够分配(给每个人)showaround【vt.】带领...到处看看as

1241.as表示“看作”、“当作”、“用作”等意义。lookon...as把...看作是,以为...是referto...as把...称作,把...当作serveas担任(某职务),充任起...作用,充当take...as把...作为thinkof...as把...看作是,以为...是aside1.aside(置)于一边,或“贮存”待用,或“抛掉”不用layaside【vt.】把...搁置一边留存,储蓄抛掉putaside【vt.】[原义:放在一边à储存,保留(尤用于金钱)setaside【vt.】搁在一边留出,储存;拒绝,不理会away1.away表示“离开”、“逃脱”、“去掉”等意义。breakaway【vi.】(from)突然离开,强行逃脱getaway【vi.】(from)走开,离开逃脱passaway【vi.】去世,逝世(die的委婉语)giveaway【vt.】送掉,赠送泄露takeaway【vt.】减掉,减去throwaway【vt.】扔掉,抛弃浪费(金钱等)doawaywith【vt.】废除,去掉(abolish,getridof)runawaywith【vt.】(情感等)不受...约束,战胜2.away表示“存放起来”、“储存”等意义。表示持续不断的行为,有“不断...下去”等意义。putaway【vt.】放在一边burn/dance/dig/eat/talk/workaway【vi.】不断地燃烧(跳舞,挖掘,吃,谈,工作)back1.back表示“向后”等意义gobackon【vt.】违背lookback【vi.】回头看(on)回顾,回忆2.back表示“回来”、“归还”等意义。fallbackon【vt.】转而依靠,求助于giveback【vt.】(归)还

125payback【vt.】偿还,还钱给(某人)回报,向...报复haveback【vt.】要回,收回3.back表示“退缩不前”、“阻碍”、“抑制”、“隐瞒”等意义。hangback【vi.】犹豫,踌躇,畏缩holdback踌躇,退缩不前(from)阻挡,阻止...发展【vt.】(from)保守(秘密等),隐瞒keepback【vt.】(from)阻止,抑制隐瞒,保留setback【vt.】推迟,延缓,阻碍4.back表示“退缩”、“缩减”等意义。cutback【vt.】削减,缩减setback【vt.】使花费(主要用于setsb.backsth.的句型中)behind1.behind表示“在后、落后”或“落在人之后、落下”等意义。fallbehind【vi./vt.】落后(于)leavebehind【vt.】不带,忘了带遗留,留下by1.by表示“通过”、“经过”等意义。dropby【vi.】顺便来访,非正式访问getby【vi.】通过,过得去[喻](勉强)过活goby【vi.】(时间)过去2.by表示“在...旁边”、“在...一边”等意义standby【vt.】站在...的一边支持,帮助(tosidewith);【vi.】站在旁边袖手旁观(lookon)作好准备,严阵以待(getready)3.by表示“遵守、遵循”等意义。goby【vt.】遵守,遵循standby【vt.】遵守(诺言等),坚持(决议等)down1.down表示“倒下,倒塌,摧毁”等意义。knockdown击倒,撞倒downout表示“降低,削弱,缩减”等意义。cutdown【vt./vi.】削减,降低

126diedown【vi.】变弱,逐渐消失slowdown(使)放慢,减速2.down表示“记下”、“写下”等意义。getdown【vt.】写下setdown【vt.】写下,记下takedown【vt.】写下,记下down表示“传下去”、“做下去”的意义。handdown【vt.】把...传下去(尤指从上代往下代传)l下列短语因不同的使用域而有不同的意义。bringdown【vt.】打倒降低keepdown【vt.】压缩,控制压制,镇压laydown【vt.】放下规定,制订pulldown【vt.】拉下,降低拆毁,拉倒putdown【vt.】放下记下镇压,平定settledownvi.】定居,过安定的生活【vt./vi.】(使)平静下来【vi.】(to)静下心来takedown【vt.】拆,拆卸,拆除记下,写下getdownto开始,着手godown【vi.】下降,(with)被接受,受欢迎letdown【vt.】放下,降低使失望lookdownon/upon看不起,轻视turndown【vt.】关小,调低拒绝,摒斥for1.for表示“往、向”(目的地)headfor【vt.】(使)朝...行进,(使)走向makefor【vt.】[具体]走向,驶向[抽象]导致,有助于,有利于2.for表示“寻找”、“请求”等意义。askfor【vt.】请求,要求callfor【vt.】邀约(=gofor)要求,需要(=need,require)sendfor【vt.】派人去请,召唤函索feelfor【vt.】摸索,摸索着寻找lookfor【vt.】寻找,寻求惹起,招来longfor【vt.】渴望,渴求3.for表示“代表、替换、当作”等意义

127actfor【vt.】代理standfor【vt.】代替,代表,意味着take...for把...认为是,把...看成为mistake...for把...误认为exchange...for用...换取makeupfor【vt.】补偿,弥补4.for表示“因为”、“为了”等意义allowfor【vt.】考虑到,体谅answerfor【vt.】对...负责任goinfor【vt.】参加,从事,爱好runfor【vt.】竞选gofor【vt.】选择袭击适用于standfor【vt.】是...的缩写,代表,意味着主张,支持容忍,接受forward1.forward表示“向前”的朝向的行动等意义。lookforwardto【vt.】盼望,期待预期,预料2.forward表示“向外”、“由隐而显”的呈现行动等意义。bringforward【vt.】提出,提议putforward【vt.】提出in1.in与下列动词连用,表示“驶入、进站”等意义。drawin【vi.】(汽车或火车)到站pullin【vi.】(车)停下,进站,(船)到岸putin【vi.】(船)进港2.in与下列动词连用,表示“进门”、“访问”等意义。callin【vi.】顺便看望,串门dropin【vi.】顺便来访lookin【vi.】顺便访问,顺便看望3.in与下列动词连用,表示“交入”、“呈交”的意义givein【vt.】交上,呈上ßàgiveout分发handin【vt.】交上,呈上ßàhandout分发sendin【vt.】递送,呈送,提交与下列动词连用,in表示各种“进入”意义。

128turnin【vt.】上交,交还breakin【vi.】闯入插嘴,打断checkin【vt.】办理登记手续ßàcheckout办妥手续离去cutin【vt.】插嘴,打断超车抢档fallinwith符合,同意,依从getin【vt./vi】进入,参加【vt.】收(获),收回【vt.】插入(话)putin【vt.】花费,付出(时间、精力等)【vt./vi.(for)】正式提出,申请stepin【vi.】插入,介入takein【vt.】接受,吸收了解,理解欺骗tunein【vi.】(to)收听(某台节目)into1.into表示“由外向内进入”的意义breakinto【vt.】强行闯入getinto【vt.】(使)进入,卷入lookinto【vt.】调查,观察gointo【vt.】(详尽)叙述(详尽)调查,研究从事于,参加(钱、时间、精力等)被用于2.into表示“撞上、遇见”等意义。runinto【vt.】遇到(困难等);偶然碰见,撞上crashinto与...相撞3.into表示“进入另一状态”、“转化”等意义。turn(...)into变成talk...into说服off1.off表示“离开、离去、去掉”等意义。carryoff【vt.】拿走,夺去giveoff【vt.】放出,释入(尤指液体、气体、气味等)keepoff【vt.】(使)不接近,(使)让开layoff【vt.】(临时性)解雇pulloff【vt.】脱(帽、衣等)ßàpullon穿上putoff【vt.】推迟阻止seeoff【vt.】给...送行,送别shakeoff【vt.】摆脱,甩掉showoff【vt./vi】炫耀,卖弄

129wearoff【vi.】渐渐减少,逐渐消失2.off表示“中断”、“停止”的意义。breakoff【vt./vi】中止,中断calloff【vt.】取消,中止cutoff【vt.】切断,阻断leaveoff【vt./vi】停止,中断ringoff【vi.】挂断电话switchoff【vt.】(用开关)关掉(电器、电源)3.off表示动作的完成意义。comeoff【vi.】实现,成功,奏效payoff【vt.】还清(债)【vi.】得到好结果,取得成功(besuccessful)·下列短语结合不同的使用域而有不同的意义:comeoff【vi.】发生,举行【vt./vi.】(从...上)脱落,分开setoff【vi.】出发,动身【vt.】激起,引起getoff【vt./vi】(从...)下来逃脱惩罚letoff【vt.】排放宽恕,从宽处理,免除dropoff【vt./vi.】(让...)下车,把...放下下降,减少睡着,入睡gooff【vt.】不再喜欢【vi.】爆炸,响起【vi.】停止运行,断电turnoff【vt.】关掉,断开【vt./vi.】拐弯,叉开takeoff【vi.】匆匆离开【vi.】起飞【vt.】脱下on1.on表示“依靠”、“依赖”的意义。calculateon【vt.】依靠,指望counton【vt.】依靠,期待,指望dependon【vt.】依靠,指望取决于,依...而定hangon【vt.】有赖于,取决于,依...而定fallbackon【vt.】转而依靠,求助于liveon【vt.】靠...生活,以...为食2.on表示“穿上、穿着”衣服等意义。haveon【vt.】[状态]穿着,戴着pullon【vt.】[动作]穿,戴(尤指用力或匆忙穿上)puton【vt.】[动作]穿上,戴上tryon【vt.】[动作]试穿

1303.on表示(自来水龙头、煤气等)“开”(着)。与此相反,off表示(自来水龙头、煤气等)“关”(着)。turnon【vt.】接通,打开ßàturnoffswitchon接通,打开ßàswitchoff4.on由“在...上”引申为“保持接触”、“不脱离”等意义。hangon【vt.】等待片刻,(打电话时)不挂断坚持,抓紧不放hangonto【vt.】紧紧抓住,坚持下去holdon【vi.】握住不放等一会儿holdonto【vt.】紧紧抓抓住,坚持5.on表示“向前、继续”之义,与along,forward意义相仿。carryon【vt./vi】继续下去,坚持下去carryonwith【vt.】把...继续下去geton【vi.】有进展getonwith【vt.】继续干与...友好相处(getalongwith)getonto【vt.】接着干(某事),转入(另一话题或活动)同(某人)联系(尤指打电话或写信)goon【vt.】(with)继续进行,发生comeon【vi.】(with)进步,进展发生,开始handon【vt./vi.】把...传下去,依次传递passon【vt./vi】传授,传递keepon【vt./vi】继续,反复地做liveon【vi.】继续活着,留在人们记忆中6.与某些动词连用,on表示各种比喻性的接触意义。callon/upon【vt.】访问,拜访catchon【vi.】理解,明白drawon【vt.】提取,动用(金钱等)吸,抽(烟)dwellon【vt.】凝思,老是想着详述,强调lookon【vi.】旁观【vt.】(as)看待puton【vt.】上演增加(体重)takeon【vt.】呈现具有接纳,开始雇用承担,从事touchon【vt.】关系到,涉及(稍稍谈到)waiton【vt.】伺候out1.out表示“分发”、“传递”等意义。

131handout【vt.】分发,散发ßàhandingiveout【vt.】分发,放出ßàgivein2.out表示“处于无知觉状态”、“昏”等意义。knockout【vt.】击倒,击昏passout【vi.】失去知觉,昏倒3.out表示清除物体的内部等意义。sweepout【vt.】打扫干净wipeout【vt.】擦去,除去4.out表示“完全、尽”等意义。burnout【vt.】烧毁,烧光runout【vi.】(of)用完,用尽,耗尽tireout使精疲力尽wearout【vt.】(物)穿破,磨损,用坏(人)(使)疲乏,(使)厌倦,(使)耗尽5.out表示“熄灭”、“消灭”等意义。putout【vt.】熄灭(灯、火),消灭goout【vi.】(灯、火)熄灭dieout【vi.】消失,灭绝wipeout【vt.】彻底摧毁,消灭6.out表示“开始做并坚持到底”等意义。carryout【vt.】贯彻,执行stickout【vt./vi】坚持到底,继续7.out表示各种直接或间接的“出来”、“出去”、“在外”意义。checkout【vi.】结帐离去,办妥手续离去ßàcheckindropout【vi.】退出,退学leaveout【vt.】遗漏,略去standout【vi.】清晰地显出,引人注目杰出,出色stickout【vt./vi.】伸出,突出lookout【vi.】(for)注意,留神watchout【vi.】(for)密切注意,提防breakout【vi.】逃出,逃走爆发,突然发生bringout【vt.】出版,推出使...显出comeout【vi.】出现,显露出版,发表fallout【vi.】脱落,跌落吵架,不和figureout【vt.】计算出想出goout【vi.】熄灭,停止运转过时

132layout【vt.】摆出,展开安排,布置,设计letout【vt.】放走,释放发出makeout【vt.】辨认,区分理解,了解开列,书写pullout【vt./vi】拔出,抽出,取出(车、船等)驶出putout【vt.】熄灭,关(灯)公布,发布伸出生产setout【vt./vi】动身,启程开始摆出,陈列陈述,阐明turnout【vt./vi】结果是,(最后)证明是制造,生产驱逐,(使)离开关掉,旋熄workout【vt.】算出想出,制定出,解决over1.over表示“越过”等意义runover【vt.】溢出,满出碾过getover【vt.】从(疾病、失望、震惊等)中恢复过来克服(困难),解决(问题)2.over表示“从一方到另一方”、“传递”、“移交”等意义。putover【vt.】解释清楚,说明handover【vt.】交出,移交takeover【vt.】接收,接管借用,承袭turnover【vt.】交与,托给3.over表示“使某物翻倒或改变位置”等意义。turnover【vt./vi】翻过来,翻倒4.over表示“从头至尾”、“全部地”、“通读”等意义goover【vt.】把...看一遍,把...过目察看,参观over表示“反复”、“一再”等意义。thinkover【vt.】仔细考虑turnover【vt.】仔细考虑through1.through表示“穿过”、“通过”等意义。breakthrough【vi./vt】突围,突破fallthrough【vi.】落空,失败seethrough【vt.】看穿,识破comethrough【vi/vt.】经历...仍活着livethrough【vt.】渡过,经受过2.through表示“从头至尾”、“贯穿”等意义。lookthrough【vt.】(从头至尾)浏览详尽核查runthrough【vt.】浏览贯穿,普遍存在于

133getthrough【vt./vi】干完(工作),完成(任务)度过(时间)花光(金钱等)(讲话等)被理解用电话联系gothrough【vt./vi】遭受,经受,经历(苦难等)审查,检查,搜查(法案等)被通过,(计划等)被批准to1.to表示“复原、苏醒、醒悟”的意义。cometo【vi.】苏醒,复原bringto【vt.】使恢复知觉cometo总计,达到getto到达comeupto达到,符合liveupto遵守,实践(诺言、原则等),做到符合,不辜负(期望)2.to表示动作所及的事物adhereto坚持,保持keepto遵守,信守;坚持,坚守stickto坚持,忠于,信守leadto通向(某处)导致,引起seeto注意,负责,照料修理see(toit)that注意,务必做到,保证taketo开始喜欢,对...产生好感开始从事,形成...的习惯turnto变成求助于,借助于together1.together表示“在一起”等意义。gettogether【v.】开会,会面【vt.】装配,组织knittogether【vt./vi】使紧密地结合piecetogether【vt.】拼合,拼凑up1.up由“向上,起”引申为“不躺、不睡”等意义。situp【vi.】迟睡,熬夜waitup【vi.】(for)不睡觉等待着2.up由“向上”引申为“冒出、出现、露面”等意义。comeup【vi.】(事物等)出现,发生springup【vi.】涌现showup【vi.】来到,露面

134turnup【vi.】出现,来到3.远的看起来小,近的看起来大。up由表示“由低到高”引申为“由远及近”、“到...之前停下来”等意义。comeup【vi.】走上前来comeupagainst[与...相向走上前来à]偶然遇到drawup【vt./vi.】(使车辆)停住pullup【vt./vi.】(使)停下4.up表示“完全、彻底”(completely)等意义。dressup【vt./vi.】穿上盛装,精心打扮feedup(with)对...极其厌烦mixup【vt.】搅匀,拌和(with)混淆,弄乱useup【vt.】用完,耗尽breakup【vt./vi.】打碎,粉碎,碎开tearup【vt.】撕碎,撕毁burnup【vt.】烧毁,烧掉blowup【vt.】炸掉,炸毁goup【vi.】被烧毁,被炸毁5.up表示“起来”:位置由低到高:“升起,出现”数量由少到多:“增加”程度由弱到强:“激起,增强”addup【vt.】把...加起来countup【vt.】把...加起来,算出...总数bringup【vt.】使成长起来,教育,培养growup【vi.】成长起来,长大,成熟cheerup【vi.】高兴起来,振作起来coverup【vt./vi.】掩盖起来,掩饰hangup【vt./vi.】挂断(电话)hurryup【vt./vi.】(使)赶快,匆匆完成lineup【vt./vi.】(使)排成行,(使)排队lookup【vt.】(在词典等中)查找lookupto【vt.】尊敬,敬仰catchupwith赶上keepupwith跟上,向...看齐faceupto大胆地面对,正视standupto勇敢地面对,抵抗经得起,顶得住

135下列短语在不同的使用域而具有不同的意义:backup【vt./vi.】倒退,向后移【vt.】支持breakup【vt./vi.】打碎,粉碎终止,结束buildup【vt./vi.】积累,收集树立增进,锻炼clearup【vt./vi.】整理,收拾清除,澄清(天)变晴callup【vt.】召集起来,动员唤起(记忆),使人想起打电话comeupwith【vt.】提出提供drawup【vt./vi.】起草,制订(使)停住giveup【vt.】停止,放弃辞去holdup【vt.】举起,支承阻挡,延迟抢劫,拦截keepup【vt./vi.】(使)继续下去,(使)不停止坚持,保持跟上,向...看齐makeup【vt./vi.】组成,构成捏造,临时编造(为...)化妆补充,补足pickup【vt./vi.】拿起,捡起(车辆等中途停下来)把(人或东西)带走、取走(偶然)获得,(偶然或非正规地)学会putup【vt./vi.】建造,搭起,支起张贴提名提(价)为...提供食宿,投宿(with)容忍,忍受standup【vt./vi.】站起来(论点、证据等)站得住脚(for)支持,维护,保卫(to)勇敢地面对,顶得住takeup【vt.】开始从事接受(挑战等)采取,采纳占去,占据turnup【vi.】到来,出现开大,调大ßàturndownwindup【vt.】上发条结束,停止with1.with表示“和...、与...”等意义。reasonwith(sb.)理喻,劝告(某人)sidewith(sb.)支持(某人),站在(某人)的一边2.with由“与...”等意义引申为“关系”,表示“对付、处理”或“妨碍、干扰”等关系的意义。copewith对付,应付dealwith对付,处理论述,涉及interferewith妨碍,干扰withoutwithout表示“没有”、“缺少”等意义。dowithout【vt./vi.】不享受,没有...而将就对付

136gowithout【vt./vi.】没有...也行,将就常见动词、名词、形容词与介词的固定搭配常用的“动词+某人+of+某事（物）”词组：accusesb.ofsth.指责（控告）某人（做）某事assuresb.ofsth.使某人确信某事；向某人保证某事cheatsb.of(oroutof)sth.骗取某人的某物convictsb.ofsth.宣判某人犯有某咱罪convincesb.ofsth.使某人确信某事curesb.ofsth．治好某人的某种病deprivesb.ofsth.剥夺某人的某物informsb.of(orabout)sth.通知某人有某事relievesb.ofsth.解除（免除）某人的某事remindsb.ofsth.向某人提醒某事；使某人想起某事ridsb.ofsth.使某人摆脱某事robsb.ofsth.抢劫某人的某物tellsb.of（orabout）sth.给某人讲某事warnsb.of(orabout)sth.告试某人某事常用的“动词+某事（物）+of+某人”词组:这类词组常用于表示“对某人有某种要求（希望）”的词组中，如：asksth.ofsb.demandsth.ofsb.对某人提出某种要求requeststh.of(orfrom)sb.requiresth.ofsb.wantsth.of(orfrom)sb.expectsth.of(orfrom)sb.对某人寄予某种希望常用的＂动词＋宾词＋form”词组：choose...from把．．．从．．．中挑选出来delete…from把．．．从．．．中删去deter…from(doing)阻挡（妨碍）．．．（做）discern…from把．．．与．．．辨别出来distinguish…from(doing)把．．．与．．．辨别出来dissuade…from(doing)劝阻．．．（做）excuse…from(doing)使．．．免除（做）inherit…from…继承下来keep…from(doing)对．．．隐瞒；使．．．不（做）omit…from把．．．从．．．中删去prevent…from(doing)阻止．．．（做）protect…from(保护．．．免受)release…from把．．．从．．．释放出来；使．．．免除restrain…from(doing)约束．．．使不，阻止．save…from(doing)挽救．．．免遭

137select…from把．．．从．．．中挑选出来separate…from把．．．与．．．分开stop…from(doing)阻挡．．．（做）常用的＂动词+宾语＋for”词组：denounce…for(doing)因．．．痛斥（谴责）criticize…for(doing)因．．．批评forgive…for(doing)原谅．．．（做）praise…for(doing)因．．．赞扬punish…for(doing)因．．．惩罚reprove…for(doing)因．．．谴责（责备）scold…for(doing)因．．．责备thank…for(doing)感谢．．．（做）常用的“动词＋宾语＋with”词组：associate…with把．．．与．．．联想（联系）起来charge…with(doing)指控．．．（做）combine…with把．．．与．．．结合（联合）起来compare…with把．．．与．．．相比confuse…with把．．．与．．．混同起来connect…with把．．．与．．．连接（联想）起来fill…with用．．．装满furnish…with用．．．装备（供给）help…with帮助．．．做present…with以．．．赠送provide…with以．．．提供supply…with以．．．提供trouble…with以．．．麻烦常用的“动词＋宾语＋into”词组：argue…into(doing)说服．．．（做）change…into把．．．变为；把．．．换成cheat…into(doing)哄骗．．．（做）deceive…into(doing)哄骗．．．（做）force…into(doing)迫使．．．（做）frighten…into(doing)吓唬．．．（做）persuade…into(doing)说服．．．（做）reason…into(doing)劝说．．．（做）scare…into(doing)吓唬．．．（做）shock…into(doing)使．．．震惊得（做）talk…into(doing)说服．．．（做）terrify…into(doing)恐吓．．．（做）trick…into(doing)哄骗．．．（做）turn…into把．．．改变为常用的＂动词＋宾语＋to”词组：adapt…to使．．．适应于adjust…to使．．．调整到admit…to向．．．承认assign…to把．．．分配给attribute…to把．．．归因于compare…to把．．．比作confess…to向．．．坦白confine…to把．．．限制的dedicate…to把．．．专用于；把．．．奉献给devote…to把．．．专用于；把．．奉献给limit…to把．．．限制在owe…to把．．．归功于prefer…to宁愿．．．不愿restore…to使．．．恢复后接介词about的常用短语动词：argue(orquarrel)about(orover)为．．．而争论boast(orbrag)about(orof)以．．．自夸bringabout引起，产生comeabout发生，产生；改变方向careabout关心，对．．．感兴趣；为．．．担心；喜欢faceabout向后转；转过身来

138fussabout忙乱；大惊小怪hearabout听说inquireabout询问，探询knowabout知道关于．．．的情况lieabout到处散开；闲着不用；闲着不干事leaveabout乱放，乱丢moveabout走来走去；将．．．搬来搬去rollabout捧腹大笑seeabout照料；考虑setabout着手，开始，试图；攻击thinkabout思考；回想turnabout向后转，转过身来worryabout(orover)为．．．担忧后接介词for的常用短语动词：accountfor说明（帐目开支等）；说明．．．的原因；为．．．负责；共计达actfor作为．．．代理人，代理allowfor考虑到，顾及answerfor为．．．负责；保证；起．．．作用apologizefor因．．．而表示道歉applyfor申请，请求得到arrangefor为．．．作准备，安排askfor请求得到（见到）；需要callfor要求；需要carefor喜欢；为．．．操心；照料changefor转车到．．．去countfor有．．．价值；有．．．重要性cryfor喊着要；迫切需要enrollfor登记参加（课程学习）enterfor报名参加（竞赛，考试等）fallfor爱上；受．．．骗feelfor摸索；同情gofor去找；抨击；充作；喜欢headfor向．．．走去hopefor希望huntfor寻找inquirefor询问；要见leavefor动身去longfor渴望lookfor找makefor走向；向．．．猛扑；有助于passfor被看作；充作payfor为了得到．．．而付钱；因．．．而受罚（受苦）pressfor迫切要求providefor为．．．作适当准备；为．．．提供生计；规定reachfor伸出手脚等去拿取runfor竞选；匆匆去拿或去请searchfor寻找，搜寻seekfor寻找，寻求sendfor派人去请，派人去拿；定购servefor起．．．的作用，被用作speakfor代表．．．讲话；为．．．辩护；证明；预订standfor代表；支持strivefor争取；为．．．而奋斗substitutefor代替subscribefor预订（书刊等）；认购（证券等）waitfor等候，等待wantfor需要；缺乏wishfor想得到，渴望后接介词from的常用短语动词：abstainfrom戒除，弃权comefrom来自；生长于

139datefrom注明日期是；始于departfrom离开；偏离descendfrom从．．．下来；从．．．传下来diefrom因．．．而死differfrom与．．．不同emergefrom从．．．出来；出现hailfrom来自；出生于hearfrom收到．．．的信或电报等keepfrom抑制learnfrom向．．．学习；从．．．中吸取教训refrainfrom戒除；忍住resignfrom辞职；退出resultfrom由于．．．而发生，产生于shelterfrom躲避shrinkfrom回避，退缩sufferfrom患．．．病；受．．．苦后接介词in的常用短语动词：aboundin富于addin加进，插入breakin破门而入；插嘴callin叫．．．进来；邀请checkin报到，登记consistin包含在．．．中，表现为countin把．．．计算在内cutin插嘴，把．．．剁入，凹雕delightin喜欢dropin便中访问，塌下endin以．．．结尾；以．．．结局engagein从事，参加fallin跌进，塌下，到期，开始fillin填写，填充，真补gainin增长，改进getin进入，到达，收获，当选givein交进，投降，让步，凋谢goin进入，参加比赛，开始工作handin交进，提交indulgein沉溺于某事interferein干涉，干预joinin参加，加入liein在于originatein(orfrom)来源于，由．．引起participatein参加;分享perseverein坚持persistin坚持pourin在量地流入,大量地到达pullin拉进,(车)开进,到达resultin导致setin来临,流行,插嵌入sharein分享,分担sitin静坐示威,临时替代;替人临时照看婴儿specializein专门研究,专门从事于succeedin在…上获得成功takein接纳,领会,欺骗后接介词of的常用短语动词：approveof赞成availof利用becomeof发生于,结果是boastof自吹,夸耀complainof抱怨;诉苦conceiveof想象,考虑consistof由…组成dieof因…而死disapproveof不赞成doubtof对…怀疑disposeof随意分配,卖掉;处理;吃光;喝光dreamof梦见.渴望;策划

140hearof听到,听说admitof有…的可能,留有…的余地allowof有…的可能.留有…的余地.说过,同意learnof打听到,获悉permitof有…的可能,留有…的余地readof读到,阅悉smellof有…的气味speakof谈到,证明talkof谈到,考虑到tasteof吃(喝)一点,有…味道thinkof想到;考虑tireof厌倦,厌烦后接介词into的常用短语动词：bumpinto猛撞,偶然碰见burstinto突然开始,爆发出;闯入comeinto进入,继承,被卷入enterinto进入…状态;开始;参加fallinto陷入,分成,属于,偶然遇到fitinto适合,符合getinto进入,渗透进,参加,养成inquireinto调查,查问lookinto朝…里面看,浏览,调查plungeinto跳进,投入runinto与…相撞;偶然遇到,共计达seeinto看到…的内部,调查;识破turninto转变为;进入后接介词on(orupon)的常用短语动词：acton(orupon)对…产生作用,按照…行事agreeon(orupon)对…到得一致意见attendon(orupon)照料,服侍bankon(orupon)依靠,指望borderon(orupon)与..邻接,近似bringon使发作,使出现,使发展,使进步calculateon(orupon)指望callon访问;号召carryon继续;进行catchon抓住,理解,流行起来counton(orupon)数下去,指望,依靠decideon(orupon)考虑后决定dependon(orupon)依赖,取决于dwellon(orupon)老是想着;详细论述elaborateon(orupon)详细说明embarkon(orupon)登上(船,飞机);着手enlargeon(orupon)进一步详述enteron(orupon)进入;开始,着手处理fallon落在…上;攻击;开始交战(比赛);偶然遇到spuron鼓励figureon指望,预料;考虑到takeon穿上,戴上,呈现,具有,雇用,承担touchon(orupon)简略地论述,涉及frownon(orupon)不喜欢,不赞成geton进展,上年纪,登上(车),相处融洽goon继续下去,进行handon转交;传下去hiton(orupon)发现,想到imposeon(orupon)给…强烈印象,滥用,欺骗insiston(orupon)坚持keepon继续layon征(税);安装(煤气,水)夸大leadon率领…继续前进;走在前面leanon靠在…上,依赖liveon继续活着,以…为主食;靠…生活lookon旁观;看待operateon(orupon)给…开刀passon传递,传下去,转移,去世

141puton穿上,戴上;增加,演出reckonon(orupon)依靠,指望reston落在…上,信赖,以…为基础seton攻击;唆使;使开始工作,固定在speculateon(upon)思考;推测tryon试穿;耍弄turnon旋开,开动waiton(orupon)服侍,招待,拜访workon继续工作,从事于,影响后接介词to的常用短语动词：adaptto适应于adhereto坚持adjustto适应于admitto承认agreeto同意amountto共计达;意味着;发展成answerto适合于,符合assentto同意appealto向…呼吁,求助于,对…特别有吸引力approachto接近,几乎等于attachto属于,归于attendto致力于,注意到,照料belongto属于bringto使苏醒cometo苏醒,谈到,涉及,共计达confessto供认,坦白consentto同意,赞成contributeto捐助;促成happento发生于inclineto向…倾斜;倾向于keepto不偏离;坚守leadto通到,导致objectto反对occurto被…想到proceedto转到reactto对…作出反应referto提到,参考replyto回答,答复,回击resortto常去,求助于respondto答复,响应returnto回到,恢复revertto回到,重新采取seeto照料,修理,诊治stickto坚持,信守,粘在…上subscribeto对…捐款,订阅,同意succeedto继承taketo开始从事,喜欢,适应,照料testifyto证实,证明turnto着手工作,求助于,变成,转向yieldto对…让步;向…投降后接介词with的常用短语动词：agreewith同意(某人的意见等)associatewith与…交往beginwith从…开始combinewith与…结合,与…化合complywith遵守copewith妥善处理,有效对付correspondwith与…通信,与…相符合dealwith处理,论述,与…有生意来往disagreewith不同意,与…不一致,对…不适应finishwith用完,结束,与…断绝关系foolwith瞎弄,玩弄identifywith和…相同,同情interferewith打扰,妨碍meetwith偶然遇到,与…会合,符合

142pleadwith向…恳求proceedwith继续,重新开始registerwith向…登记startwith从…开始settlewith和…取得谅解,与…达成协议,向…付清债务talkwith与…交谈后接介词at的常用短语动词：getaimat对…瞄准,一心想要,以…为目的callat访问(某处)catchat试图抓住,渴望取得comeat及得,了解,攻击driveat凝视,注视gazeat凝视,注视getat获得,着手干,领会glanceat对…很快地看一下,顺便提到hintat暗示,暗指jumpat由于…而惊跳起来,欣然接受keepat坚持,继续做knockat(on)敲门laughat因…而发笑;嘲笑lookat朝…看;察看,考虑makeat攻击,扑向marvelat对…感到惊奇smileat对…微笑,对…冷笑stareat对…凝视wonderat对…感到惊讶workat从事于,致力于后接介词after的常用短语动词：askafter向某人问起另一人的(健康情况)goafter追逐,跟随inquireafter问起某人的健康或生活情况keepafter紧紧追赶,反复提醒lookafter照料,照顾makeafter追逐,跟随runafter追赶,追捕,追随,服侍takeafter(面貌,性格方面)像,仿效,追捕后接介词behind的常用短语动词：fallbehind落后,落后于,被甩在后面getbehind落后,支持,看穿,回避keepbehind留在…后面lagbehind落后,落后于leavebehind忘带,遗留,把…甩在后面,超过后接介词by的常用短语动词：abideby遵守,承受…的后果benefitby(orfrom)得益于comeby经过…的旁边,来访,得到dropby便中访问goby经过…旁边.(时间)过去,遵循,顺便走访passby经过…旁边,(时间)过去;不注意profitby(orfrom)得益于putby把…放在一边,故意不考虑,回避sitby袖手旁观,守护照料standby站在…旁边;袖手旁观,遵守常用的“动词+副词+介词”的短词动词：addupto加起来共计,意味着backonto背朝boildownto意味着,可归结为brushupagainst轻轻触到,遇到brushupon温习,复习catchupwith赶上checkupwith跟…相符合comedownon(orupon)斥责,惩罚

143comedownwith付出,被传染上comeinfor受到,继承comeinon加入,参加comenearto行近,近乎,几乎comeupagainst遭遇到comeupwith赶上,提供,制成,与…扯平doawaywith废除faceupto勇敢地应付,正视fallbackon撤退到,求助于falldownon失败,没有完成fallinwith偶然遇到,同意,符合getbackto回到getdownto认真处理getthroughwith完成,熬过gobackon不遵守,背叛,对…不适用goinfor参加,致力于,爱好,追求,支持goonwith继续进行gothroughwith把…坚持到底,完成hangonto紧紧抓住,保留holdonto紧紧抓住,克制,不放弃keepupwith和…并驾齐驱,跟上,熟悉,和...保持联系liveupto不辜负,与…相当lookdownon(orupon)轻视,看不起lookforwardto盼望lookoutfor照看,提防,寻找常与介词to搭配的名词：access(通道),answer（答案），appeal(呼吁)，approach(方法)，claim(要求)，contrast(对比)，clue(线索)，disgrace(耻辱)，exception（例外），guide(指南),indifference(冷漠)，invitation(邀请)，limit(局限)，objection(反对)，reference(参考)，solution(解决办法)，travel(旅行)，visit（参观）常与介词of搭配的名词：capability(能力),cause(原因)，care(注意)，correction（改正），doubt(怀疑)，description(描述)，expectation(预期)，example(例证)，feeling（感觉）,grasp（常握），habit(习惯)，horror（厌恶），impression（印象），lack(缺乏)，means(手段)，method（方法），observation(观察)，prevention(预防)，purpose(意图)，possibility(可能性)，proof(证据)，quality(品质)，shortage(短缺)，way(方法)。常与介词in搭配的名词：confidence(信任)，delight(欣喜)，degree(学位)，difficulty（困难），faith(信仰)，improvement(改进)，increase(增长)，point(意义)，progress(进步)，pride(骄傲)，skill（技能）,success(成功)，trust(信赖)，常与介词on搭配的名词：attack(攻击)，authority(权威)，dependence(依赖)，effect(效果)，emphasis(强调)，expert(专家)，impression(印象)，judgment(判断)，mercy(怜悯)，outlook(观点)，operation(手术)，revenge(报复)，stress(强调)。常与介词with搭配的名词:acquaintance（相识），agreement(协议)，business（事），communication(通讯)，connection(联系)，consultation(协商)，familiarity(熟悉)，talk(谈话)，trouble(烦恼)。

144常与介词for搭配的名词:affection(喜爱)，ambition(雄心)，anxiety(渴望)，cause(原因),consideration(体贴)，charge(收费)，demand(要求)，excuse(借口)，hope(希望)，need(需求)，preference(偏爱)，reputation(名望)，request(要求)，use（用处），provision(准备)，match(对手)，taste(爱好)，sympathy(同情)。常与介词from搭配的名词:absence(缺席)，dismissal(解职)，exemption(免除)，relief(解除)，recovery(恢复)，shelter(隐蔽处),protection(保护)。后接介词to的形容词：*accustomedto(习惯于)，adaptedto（适应于），addictedto（醉心于），adequateto(够作…之用),adjacentto(与…邻近),advantageousto(有利于),adverseto(与…相反),agreeableto(同意;适合),aliveto(意识到)，analogousto(类似于)，applicableto(适用于)，approximateto(接近于)，averseto(不乐意)；*beneficialto(有益于)，blindto(对．．．视而不见)；*closeto(接近于)，closedto(不开放，禁止)，commonto(共同的)，comparableto(比得上的)，constantto(忠贞于，不变的)，contiguous(邻近于)，contraryto(与．．．相反)；*deafto(对．．．听而不闻)，destinedto(注定要)，dedicatedto(奉献给；献身于)，disadvantageousto(不利的)，devotedto（献身于，专心于），doomedto(注定要)，dissimilarto(不同于)；*equivalentto(相当于)，equalto(等于，胜任)；essentialto(对．．．必不可少)；*faithfulto(忠实于，忠于)，favorableto(对．．．赞成)，familiarto(是．．．熟悉的)，foreignto(与．．．无关)，fundamentalto（对．．．十分重要）；*goodto(对．．．慈善)，indifferentto(对．．．漠不关心)，gratefulto(感谢某人)；*indulgentto(溺爱某人injuriousto(有害于)，inferiorto（次于），irrelevantto(与．．．不相干)，insensitiveto(对．．．不敏感的)；*loyalto(忠于)，liableto(应受到．．．；易于．．．的)；*nextto(贴近；几乎)，newto（对．．．不熟悉）；*opposedto(反对)，opento(对．．．开放)，parallelto(与．．．平行),peculiarto(…所特有的),politeto(对…有礼貌),preferableto(比…更可取),previousto(先于),priorto(先于),proneto(易于…的),proportionalto(与…成比例)；*relatedto(与…有关系),relevantto(与…有关)；*subjectto(易受…的),superiorto(忧于),susceptibleto(易受…影响),sympatheticto(对…

145有好感)；*trueto(忠实于),*unaccustomedto(不习惯于).后接介词for的形容词:*adaptedfor(适合于;为…改编的),adequatefor(足够…之用),answerablefor(应对…负责),anxiousfor(为…焦急;对…渴望),*competentfor(对…能胜任),concernedfor(对…关心),convenientfor(便利于),*desperatefor(渴望,极想),distinguishedfor(以…著名),*eagerfor(迫切要),eligiblefor(对…合格),eminentfor(因…著名),*famousfor(以…出名),favorablefor(有利于),fitfor(适合于),*goodfor(对…有用的),gratefulfor(因…感谢),greedyfor(渴望),*hungryfor(渴望),*inclinedfor(想要),*knownfor(因…出名),*latefor(迟到),liablefor(对…有责任),*necessaryfor(对…是必需的),notedfor(以…著名),notoriousfor(因…臭名昭著),*possiblefor(有可能),properfor(适合于),*qualifiedfor(有…资格),*readyfor(准备好),renownedfor(因…而著称)responsiblefor(应对…负责),ripefor(…的时机已成熟),*shortfor(是…的缩略),sorryfor(为…而惋惜),sufficientfor(足够…的),suitablefor(适合于),*thirstyfor(渴望).后接介词from的形容词:absentfrom(缺席,不在),differentfrom(与…不同),distantfrom(离…很远),distinctfrom(与…不同),exemptfrom(免除),farfrom(远离),freefrom(免受…,没有…),inseparablefrom(与不可分的),remotefrom(远离),safefrom(安全,不会受到),securefrom(不致受到).后接介词against 的形容词:prejudicedagainst(对…有偏见),proofagainst(能抵挡).后接介词on的形容词:conditionalon(以…为条件),dependenton(依赖于),determinedon(决心要),hardon(对…过分严厉), intenton(专心于;坚决要),keenon(喜爱;渴望),madon(迷恋于,热心于),severeon(对…严厉).后接介词in的形容词:absorbedin(专心于),abundantin(富有,富产),accuratein(精确),concernedin(和…有牵连),deficientin(缺乏),disappointedin(对…失望),engrossedin(全神贯注于),fortunatein(在…很幸运),generousin(在…很慷慨),interestedin(对…感兴趣),lackingin(缺乏),proficientin(精通),richin(富有,富产),successfulin(成功),wantingin(缺乏),weakin(在…方面差).

146后接介词at的形容词:amazedat(对…吃惊),angryat(对…生气),aptat(善于),busyat(忙于),cleverat(擅长于),goodat(善于),handyat(擅长于),overjoyedat(因…而高兴),madat(对…恼火),quickat(敏捷做某事),skilfulat(善于),slowat(缓慢做某事),surprisedat(对…感到惊奇).后接介词at的形容词:anxiousabout(为…担心),carefulabout(对…关心),carelessabout(对…不关心),certainabout(对…有把握),concernedabout(关心;担心),crazyabout(对…挑剔(讲究),seriousabout(对…认真),sureabout(对…有把握),uneasyabout(对…担心),worriedabout(担心),后接介词at的形容词:*afraidof(害怕),appreciativeof(对…表示感谢),ashamedof(对…感到惭愧),awareof(意识到),*bareof(缺乏,没有),*capableof(有…的能力,能够),carefulof(对…要小心),certainof(确信),characteristicof(是…的特征),clearof(清除),confidentof(确信),consciousof(意识到),considerateof(体贴),*deprivedof(剥夺),deservingof(值得), desirousof(想要),devoidof(缺乏,没有),disappointedof(因…而失望),disregardfulof(不顾),doubtfulof(orabout)(对…有怀疑),*economicalof(节省),emptyof(缺乏),enviousof(羡慕,妒忌),*fondof(喜欢),fullof(充满),*gladof(为…而高兴),greedyof(贪婪),guiltyof(犯…罪),*hopefulof(对…抱有希望),*ignorantof(对…无知),incapableof(没有…的能力),independentof(不受…支配,不依赖),innocentof(无…罪,缺乏),insensibleof(不知道),irrespectiveof(不顾,不论),*jealousof(妒忌),*liberalof(对…慷慨),*negligentof(疏忽),nervousof(胆怯,紧张),*obliviousof(忘却;不在意),*profuseof(对…不吝惜),*recklessof(不在乎;不顾),regardlessof(不顾,不管),*shortof(短缺,不足),shyof(对…怕羞),sickof(对…厌倦),sureof(确信),suspiciousof(对…有怀疑),*thoughtfulof(体贴),tiredof(对…厌倦),*tolerantof(容忍),trueof(适合于),typicalof(是…的典型),*unmindfulof(对…漫不经心),worthyof(值得).后接介词with的形容词:

147*acquaintedwith(对…熟悉),angrywith(对…生气),annoyedwith(对…厌烦),*comparablewith(可与…比较),concernedwith(与…有关),confrontedwith(面临),consistentwith(与…相一致),contentwith(对…感到满足),coveredwith(被…覆盖),rowedwith(被…挤满),*delightedwith(对…感到高兴),disappointedwith(对…感到失望),disgustedwith(对…讨厌),*familiarwith(熟悉某物),filledwith(充满),frankwith(对…坦诚),friendlywith(与某人友好),furiouswith(对某人大发雷霆),*generouswith(对…大方),goodwith善于使用(对待)),*handywith(善于使用),* identicalwith(跟…相同),illwith(患…病),infectedwith(传染上…病),*linedwith(由…排列着),*madwith(因…发狂),*patientwith(对…耐心),pleasedwith(对…满意),popularwith(受…欢迎),preoccupiedwith(全神贯注于),*satisfiedwith(对…满意),severewith(对…严格),sickwith(患…病),strictwith(对…严格),*thickwith(密布),tiredwith(因…而疲劳),*wrongwith(出…毛病).表示＂因为,由于＂的短语介词:becauseofonaccountofowingtoduetothankstoasaresultofin(orasa)consequenceofbyreasonofby(orin)virtueofbydintofinconsiderationofinviewofonthescoreofbyrightofonthegroundof(=on(the)groundsof)表示＂关于＂的短语介词：in(orwith)relationtoasregardsin(orwith)referencetoasconcernsin(orwith)regardtoasforin(orwith)respecttoastoinconnationwith表示＂根据，按照＂的短语介词：

148accordingtoinconformitywith(orto)inaccordancewithpursuanttointhelightofagreeablytointermsofinlinewithincompliancewith表示＂与．．．一致＂的短语介词：inaccordwithinlinewithinaccordancewithinagreementwithinconformitywithinkeepingwith表示“代表，以．．．名义（资格）＂的短语介词：on(orin)behalfofinthenameofinthepersonofinthecharacterofastherepresentativeof表示＂为了．．．利益＂的短语介词：forthesakeofforthewelfareofforthebenefitofintheinterest(s)of表示＂以．．．为代价（牺牲）＂的短语介词：attheexpenseofatthepriceofatthecostofat(orby)thesacrificeof表示“为答复．．．，为响应．．．＂的短语介词：inanswertoinresponsetoinreplyto表示＂为报答（报复）．．．，为酬谢．．．＂的短语介词：inreturnforinrecognitionof表示＂为了证明．．．＂的短语介词：inproofofinjustificationofinsupportof表示＂为．．．辩解（辩护）＂的短语介词：inexplanationofindefenseof表示＂怀着．．．的希望，指望＂的短语介词：inhopesof(=inthehopeof)inexpectationof表示＂代替＂的短语介词：inplaceofinlieuofinsteadofinsubstitutionfor表示＂借助于＂的短语介词：

149bymeansofwiththeaidofwiththehelpofbytheuseof表示＂为向．．．表示敬意，为纪念（庆祝）．．．＂的短语介词：inhonorofinmemoryof(=tothememoryof)intributeto表示＂为了．．．目的表示＂的短语介词：withtheaimofforthepurposeof表示＂受．．．支配（摆布），在．．．控制下＂的短语介词：atthemercyunderthethumbofunderthecontrolof表示＂在．．．附近，接近于（大约）＂的短语介词：intheneighborhoodofclosetointhevicinityofonthebrinkofonthevergeofwithinastone’sthrowofon(orupon)thepointofwithinaninchof表示时间，位置或次序＂在．．．之前＂的短语介词：previous(时间)infrontof(位置)priorto（时间）in(the)faceor(位置)inadvanceto(位置)表示＂不顾，虽然＂的短语介词：regardlessofinspiteofin(the)faceof表示＂在．．．幌子（伪装，掩护）下，以．．．为借口＂的短语介词：in(orunder)theguiseofunderthepretenceofunderthemaskofunderthecloakof表示＂紧跟．．．之后＂的短语介词：ontheheelsofinthewakeof表示＂掌握在．．．手中＂的短语介词：inthehandsofinthepossessionof表示＂需要．．．＂的短语介词：inwantofinneedof表示＂居．．．的首位，在．．．的最前面＂的短语介词：ontheheadofonthetopof表示＂与．．．关系好（融洽），与．．．友好＂的短语介词：ongood(friendly,speaking)termswith

150infriendshipwithinharmonywith表示＂在．．．开头＂的短语介词：atthebeginningofatthestartof表示＂在．．．结束时，在．．．末端＂的短语介词：attheconclusionofattheendof表示＂在．．．中间＂的短语介词：atthemidstof(古语)atthemiddleof表示＂应．．．之请求，应．．．之邀请＂的短语介词：attherequestofattheinvitationofattheinstanceof表示＂以．．．形式（形状，状态）＂的短语介词：intheformofintheshapeof表示＂以．．．的速度（率）＂的短语介词ataspeedofatthe(ora)rateof表示＂在．．．过程中＂的短语介词：incourseofin(the)processof表示＂万一＂的短语介词：incaseofintheeventof表示＂和．．．一起＂的短语介词：incompanywithtogetherwithalongwith表示＂在．．．的面前＂的短语介词：inthepresenceofunderthenoseofinthecompanyoftoone’sface表示＂与．．．有联系＂的短语介语：inassociationwithincontactwithinconnationwithintouchwith表示“按照．．．的观点＂看法＂的短语介语：intheeyesoftoone’smine(只用于第一人称)intheviewofinone‘sopinionfromtheviewpointof=fromthepointofviewofinthesightofinone’sjudgment=inthejudgmentofsb.表示＂在．．．照料下＂的短语介词：in(orunder)thechargeofinsb’schargein(orunder)thecareofinsb’scare

151表示＂简言之，总之＂的短语介词：inbriefinafewwordsinshortinanutshellinawordinsuminoneword表示＂在某种程度上，在某种意义上说＂的短语介词：tosomeextenttoacertaindegreetoacertainextentinasensetosomedegreeina(orone,some)wayinsomedegreeinamannertoadegreeinpart表示＂毫无疑问＂的短语介词：beyondquestionbeyonddoubtwithoutquestionwithoutdoubtoutofquestion表示＂疑问，有怀疑＂的短语介词：indoubtinquestion表示＂肯定地，确切地＂的短语介词：forcertainforacertaintyforsuretoacertainty表示＂在适当的时候＂的短语介词：induecourse(time,season)ingoodtime(season)attheproper(right)timeinthenickoftime表示＂连续不断地＂的短语介词：onendatastretchinsuccession表示＂难以形容，无法表达＂的短语介词：beyonddescriptionbeyond(orpast)expressionbeyondwords表示＂详细地＂的短语介词：indetailatlengthatlarge表示＂出于自愿地，主动地＂的短语介词：ofone’sownaccordofone’sfreewillofone’sownwillofone’sownfreewill表示＂无论如何＂的短语介词：atanyrateonany(orevery)accountatanypriceonallaccountsatallcostsbyanymeansinanycasebyallmeans

152inanyeventatalleventsbyallmannerofmeansonnoaccountinnocasebynomeansin(orunder)nocircumstancesatnotimeinnowaybynomannerofmeansnotfortheworld(ornotforworlds)表示＇事实上，实际上＂的短语介词：asamatteroffactinrealityinfactinpracticeinpointoffactintruthineffect表示＂当众，公开地＂的短语介词：inpublicincompany表示＂私下，秘密地＂的短语介词：inprivateonthequietinsecret表示＂故意地＂的短语介词：onpurposebydesign表示＂凭猜测，照估计＂的短评介词：ataguessbyguessbyestimate表示＂匆忙地＂的短语介词：inahurryinhaste表示＂不知所措，茫然无知＂的短语介词：atalossatsea以介词at开头的短语介词：attheageof(在．．．岁时)atthe(bare)ideaof(一想到．．．)atthetopeof(在．．．顶部)atthemoment(当．．．时)atintervalsof(每隔．．．时间；每隔．．．距离)atthebottomof(在．．．的底部)atthementionof(一提到．．．)attheriskof(冒．．．的危险)at(the)sightof(一看到．．．)atoddswith(与．．．有争执；与．．．不一致)atthethoughtof(一想到．．．)atpeacewith(与．．．和睦相处)以介词in开头的短语介词：incomparisonwith（与．．．比较）incontrastwith(orto)（与．．．形成对照）indangerof(在．．．的危险中)inthedirectionof(朝．．．的方向)inexchangefor（交换）inexpectationof(因期望．．．)

153infavorof(赞同．．．，有利于．．．)inignoranceof(不知．．．)inillustrationof(为说明．．．)inimitationof(为模仿．．．)injusticeto(为了对．．．公正起见)inleaguewith(与．．．相勾结)inlovewith(跟．．．恋爱)inthenatureof(具有．．．的性质；类似)inthepayof(受．．．雇用；被．．．收买)inapositionto(do)(能够（做）inpraiseof(do)(为颂扬)inpreparationfor(作为．．．的准备)in(orwithin)sightof(在见得到．．．的地方)inproportionto(与．．．成比例)instepwith(与．．．步调一致)inthethickof(在．．．最激烈的时刻)以介词under开头的短语介词：under(oron)penaltyof(违者以．．．论处)undertheguidanceof（在．．．的指导下）undertheinfluenceof(在．．．的影响之下)undertheleadershipof(在．．．的领导下)undertheprotectionof(在．．．的保护下)nderthepressureof(在…的压力下)六级重复出现率较高的词abnormal异常的，反常的，indignation愤慨，愤怒acute敏锐的，急性的intuition直觉，本能acknowledge承认，致谢initiate开始，发动；启蒙aggressive好斗的；有进取心的incompatible性质相反的，矛盾的alternate可替代的magnify放大，扩大；夸大ambiguous*模棱两可的，暧昧的notorious臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的amplify扩大；增强，放大；详述obscure*偏僻的；阴暗的；含糊的；anticipate预期overwhelm征服，制服；使受不了assurance*承诺；保证；担保；自信penalty惩罚assemble结合，组合；收集，装配perplex使困惑，使费解，使复杂bewilder迷惑，使糊涂perpetual永久的，永恒的；终身的confidential秘密的；表信任的permanent长期不变的，耐久的comply*依从，顺从，听从，服从prescription处方，药方contrive谋划，策划；设计，想出priority优先（权），重点conform*遵守，顺从；符合，类似primitive原始的，早期的compensate补偿；弥补；赔偿；抵消provoke激怒；招惹；引起；驱使coincide同时发生；意见一致revenge报复，复仇considerable相当的，巨大的restrain阻止；抑制；约束compatible相容的，和谐的，一致的rectify纠正，整顿；调整，矫正confirm证实；确认；批准refute反驳，驳斥

154capacity能力，才能reconcile*调停；使相容；使调和consolidate巩固；使结实；统一reckon计算；评价；断定collide碰撞，互撞respective各自的，分别的deviate背离，偏离respectable可敬的;高尚的decorate装饰respectful恭敬的；礼貌的；殷勤的deprive取走；剥夺；使丧失respected受人尊敬的decline下降reserve*保留，预订discrimination区别，辨别；歧视reservation预订，保留地dilemma(进退两难的)窘境，困境reflection反射，反映；映像distinction差别，不同；区分，辨别sensible明智的，合情理的dominate统治，占支配、主导地位sensitive敏感的，易受伤害的enhance增加；提高；放大；夸张skeptical表示怀疑的，不相信的enroll*招收，吸收simultaneously同时的enforce强迫，迫使spontaneously自发的evoke唤起，引起；使人想起speculate深思；推测exclusive独有的，仅仅的；排他的subordinate*下级的，附属的extinction灭绝，绝种submergevi.潜入水中vt.浸没，淹没feasible可行的succession继续，连续；继承gloomy阴暗的，沮丧的，superiority优越（性）；优等identical相同的，相等的；同一的suspicious可疑的identify识别，鉴定sustain保持；供养，维持；支持identification身份证明；鉴定，认出tedious单调的，乏味的ignite点燃，使着火，使灼热transmission*播送;传递;传导;传染increasingly日益，越来越多地transformation改变，转变；改造，改革inspiration灵感，鼓励transition:转变；过度；迁移intrinsic实在的，本身的，本质的transfer:传递；迁移；让渡；调职incredible令人难以置信的transaction:办理，处理；事项，事物inevitable不可避免的trivial*琐碎的，不重要的intensify使强烈，增加强度virtually实际上六级重复考过的固定搭配accessto进入的道路，进入derivefrom衍生，起源bynomeans决不，一点也不goinfor从事，酷爱conformto遵守，服从Inaccordwith根据，与…一致complywith顺从，服从Intermsof根据，按照

155coincidewith与…相符，与…一致Regardlessof不管，不顾collidedwith与…相撞talksb.into…说服…做…devoteto献身于，为…奉献六级考试中的四级高频词汇alert警觉的arbitrary随意的；任意的behalf利益，方面bulk大小，体积chip屑片，碎片collapse倒塌，塌下competition竞争，竞赛decline下降，减少develop生长，发育elaborate精心计划的，复杂的excite使兴奋，使激动fatal致使的，灾难性的formal正规的，正式的gaze凝视，注视guard警戒，警备hostile敌对的，敌意的identical相同的，同等的inferior下级，下属；下级的internal内的，内部的；国内的launch发射；投产；发起（运动）mechanism机械装置；机制match比赛（竞赛）；相配negative负数；负片，底片obligation义务，责任panic惊慌，恐慌peer同龄人；仔细看press压，按；出版社rarely不常，难得scandal丑事，丑闻thread线，细丝；线索abandon离弃，丢弃acknowledge承认，承认……的权威bump碰，撞；隆起物circuit电路，线路complain抱怨，诉苦；投诉conventional普通的；常规的destruction毁灭，破坏，消灭emergency紧急情况，不测事件fantasy想象，幻想function功能，作用；运行heave举起，拉动，扔identify认出，鉴定jail监狱，看守所line使排成一行；线路master掌握；男主人；硕士notion概念，观念option选择；选择自由pay付钱给，支付rare稀有的，罕见的reflection映像，倒映；深思satisfactory令人满意的shame使蒙受羞辱superficial肤浅的，浅薄的sympathize同情，怜悯treaty条约，协定undertake

156承担，着手做；保证unusual不平常的，少有的violate违反，违背wage工资，报酬accelerate使加快advocate拥护，提倡budget预算capable有能力的，有技能的combat战斗comprehensive广泛的convince使确信，使信服defeat击败，战胜deserve应受，应得economical节约的，节省的evaluate评价，估计fantastic极好的，极出色的frontier边界guarantee保证，保证书honor光荣，荣誉illegal不合法的invisible看不见的，无形的manage管理，经营mess凌乱状态moderate中等的，一般的notify通知，告知，报告odd古怪的；临时的parade游行，检阅peculiar奇怪的，古怪的personality个性，人格prevail流行，盛行quality质，质量reckon认为，估计scale大小，规模wealthy富裕的abundant大量的advise劝告，忠告boring令人厌烦的，乏味的clap拍，击；鼓掌conceal隐藏，掩盖contribute捐，捐献；作出贡献critical关键性的；批评的deposit使沉淀；存款distress使痛苦；痛苦due应给的；预定的；到期的error错误，差错fault缺点，毛病gentle和蔼的，温和的ideal理想的，圆满的；理想incredible不能相信的；难以置信的landscape风景，景色mercy慈悲，仁慈multiply（使）增加；（使）相乘partner配偶，搭档persist坚持不懈，执意precise精确的，准确的prospect勘探；前景recover恢复，痊愈restrain阻止，控制scarce缺乏的，不足的shield防护物succeed成功；接着发生treasure金银财宝variation变化，变动worth价值；值得……的accident意外遭遇，事故announce宣布，宣告candidate

157申请求职者；后选人clash发生冲突；撞击声compromise妥协，折衷办法contradiction矛盾，不一致court法庭，法院delicate脆弱的；精致的distinction差别，不同economic经济的，经济学的ensure保证，担保，确保feasible可行的，可能的gear齿轮；使适合grip紧握，握牢honorable荣誉的，光荣的imagination想像，想像力interior内部；内地的manufacture（大量）制造，加工mobile运动的，可移动的overcome战胜，克服permanent永久性的predict预言；预测proposal提议，建议；求婚recreation消遣，娱乐resume继续；简历segment部分；片段shortage不足，缺乏subtract减去，减total总的，全部的；总数underline在…下面划线accidental意外的，偶尔发生的alternative两者择一的career生涯，职业collision碰撞；冲突concede让步，认输contribution贡献，促成作用custom习俗；风俗devote把…专用于donation捐赠品，捐款embarrass使窘，使不好意思exclusive独有的；排它的fiction小说general将军；总的，大体的humble使谦虚；谦逊的infinite无穷的，无限的judgment看法，评价；判断（力）miss小姐；未赶上；惦念opposite在对面；对立的performance演出，表演pledge保证，誓言profit利润，收益recognition认出，识别reflect反射；反省，考虑sacrifice牺牲，舍身shock震动，冲击talk讲话，谈论true真实的，确信的unique唯一的，独特的variety品种，种类watch表；看管accommodation住处，膳宿alliance结盟，联盟coarse粗的，粗糙的concern关切的事，有关的事crucial至关重要的事defend保卫，保护dominant占优势的，支配的emphasize强调，着重execute处死，处决；执行

158file档案，卷宗，文件glance看一眼；一瞥humor幽默，诙谐influence影响（力）lease租借，租约offense犯规，违法行为；冒犯penalty处罚，惩罚position位置，方位promise承诺，诺言reference提到；参考；推荐信resource(pl.)资源，财力scan浏览；扫描sheer完全的，十足的；垂直的state状态，情况succession连续；继承tolerance宽容，容忍tremendous巨大的；精彩的trend倾向，趋向，趋势unexpected想不到的，意外的virtually实际上，事实上weakness虚弱，衰弱，软弱accord一致，符合anticipate预期，期望bore使厌烦，使厌倦combine结合，联合conclusion结论，推论contest竞赛，比赛crowd人群，群众delete删除；擦掉disorder混乱，凌乱drain排走；逐渐耗尽enforce实施，生效exhibit展出，展览；陈列品format格式，版式grade等级，级别imagine想像，设想interpret口译，翻译literary文学（上）的；文人的minor较小的，较少的offensive冒犯的，无力的perfect完美的；完全的pilot飞行员previous先，前，以前的prosperous繁荣的，兴旺的refresh（使）振作精神risk危险，风险sense官能，感觉，判断力sheet被单；薄板string线，弦，细绳theme（写作等的）题目，主题vital生命攸关的accordance一致，和谐appropriate适当的，恰当的blame指责，责怪challenge艰巨的任务；挑战commission委员会；佣金condemn谴责convenience方便，合宜cruise航游，巡航direct直接的；坦率的doubtful怀疑的engage占用；使从事faith信任，信赖force军队，部队；力量habit习惯，习性implement

159使生效，履行；用具inherit继承investigate调查，调查研究legislation法律，法规；立法mislead使误入歧途operation操作，运转pension养老金，抚恤金potential潜在的，可能的protect保护，保卫recognize认出，识别reproduce复制，再现rotate（使）旋转slap拍，掌击stroke中风；一次努力；击tradition传统，惯例wire金属丝，电线achieve完成，实现allowance津贴，补贴commitment承诺，许诺condense（使）冷凝contemporary当代的，同时代的cope（成功地）应付decay腐烂，腐朽depress使沮丧，使消沉drag拖，拉economy经济，经济制度enhance提高，增加exclude把…排斥在外fill装满，充满glow光亮，光辉；发光historic历史的incident发生的事；事件limitation限制，限度massive大量的，大而重的modify更改，修改opponent敌手，对手penetrate透入，渗入，进入precious珍贵的，贵重的priority优先，优先权，重点receipt发票，收据reservation（住处等）预订reward报答，奖赏sequence连续，接续，一连串slip滑倒，滑落suck吸，吮，吸取vivid生动的，鲜明的，鲜艳的acute敏锐的；（疾病）急性的appliance器具，器械companion同伴，侣伴confine限制，使局限consist组成，构成deceive欺骗，蒙蔽discard丢弃，抛弃drift漂流，漂encourage鼓励，激励exclaim呼喊，惊叫finance财政，金融gross总的，毛的historical历史（上）的indispensable必不可少的，必需的instinct本能，直觉interest兴趣，关注monitor（学校的）班长；显示器obey服从，听从particular特定的，特别的perform做，履行，完成preliminary预备的，初步的

160protest抗议，反对readily乐意地，欣然地relevant有关的，切题的resistance反抗，抵制rough粗糙的；粗暴的satisfy满足，使…满意smash粗碎，打烂strengthen加强，巩固subsequent随后的，后来的address地址，住址assign指派，选派attribute把…归因于compel强迫，迫使complaint抱怨，诉苦confirm证实，肯定consideration考虑；体贴constitute组成，构成convey表达，传达crush压碎，碾碎decent像样的，体面的deliberate故意的，蓄意的dominate处于支配地位duty责任，义务elegant优美的，文雅的enlarge扩大，扩展exceed超过，越出exploit开拓，开发fire火；火灾fraction小部分，片断harness马具，挽具；利用initial开始的，最初的locate探明，找出objective目标，目的pattern型，模式，样式performer表演者，执行者preserve保护，维持profession职业，自由职业push推，按resign辞职admit承认，供认assistance帮助，援助behavior行为，举止，表现competitive竞争的，比赛的comprehension理解（力）conservation保存；保护courage勇气，胆量current现时的，当前的descend下来，下降digest消化；吸收drive驾驶，开动entertainment娱乐examination考试，考查，试题flexible易弯曲的inspire鼓舞，激起prescribe开（处方），吩咐采用presumably大概，可能primitive原始的，早期的prompt推动；迅速的receive收到，接到reputation名声，声誉resort求助，诉诸revenue收入，收益routine例行公事，惯例ruin（使）毁灭solemn严肃的，庄严的sorrow悲哀，悲痛steer驾驶，为…操舵supplement增补物，补充物

161thoughtful沉思的，思考的attach系，贴，连接compete竞争，比赛confront迎面遇到，遭遇consent准许，同意consultant会诊医生crude天然的；粗俗的disguise假扮，化装eliminate排除，消除estimate估计，估量extraordinary不寻常的fortune（大量）财产intensity强烈，剧烈pessimistic悲观主义的prevent预防，防止privilege特权，优惠provoke对…挑衅renew重新开始resolve解决，解答restore恢复，使回复rival竞争对手，敌手rude粗鲁的，不礼貌的settle解决，调停sophisticated老于世故的，老练的speculate推测stretch伸展，延续surplus剩余，过剩sweep扫，打扫sympathy同情，同情心sympathetic同情的，体谅的tackle对付，处理；与…交涉六级考试中的高频词汇absurd荒谬的，荒唐的ambitious有抱负的，雄心勃勃的avail使…效用collide碰撞，互撞conceive（构）想出，认为constituent选民，选区居民；构成的dedicate把（一生等）献给diffuse扩散，（使）弥漫divert使转向，使改道enrich充实，使丰富extinct灭绝的，灭种的flush脸红；红光heighten（使）提高，加强illusion幻想，错误的观念induce引诱，劝intelligible可理解的，明白易懂的invariably不变地，始终如一地magnify放大，扩大morality道德，（行为等）道德性orient使适应；东方pathetic差劲的，令人生厌的porch门廊prey被捕食的动物quantitative（数）量的regime政治制度，政权robust强健的，健康的spontaneous自发的，无意识的subtle微妙的terminate停止void无效的；没有的，缺乏的

162abolish彻底废除，废止amend修改，修订；改进betray背叛，出卖commence开始conception思想，观念constrain限制，约束deduce推论，推断，演绎dilemma（进退两难的）窘境doubtless无疑的，告示的enthusiastic满腔热情地，热心的extinguish熄灭，扑灭formidable可怕的，令人生畏的hinder阻碍，妨碍imaginative富有想像力的indulge沉溺，纵容自己intensify（使）增强irritate使恼怒，使烦躁manifest明显的，显然的naïve幼稚的oriental东方的，东方人的patriotic爱国的precede在…之前，先于probability可能性，可能发生的事quest寻求，搜索，追求repel驱逐；使厌恶scorn轻蔑，鄙视stability稳定，稳固summon召唤，传唤testify作证，证明texture质地trivial琐碎的，不重要的abnormal反常的，异常的amplify放大，增强bewilder使迷惑commentary实况报道concise简明的，简要的contaminate弄脏，污染defy违抗，藐视diminish变小，变少duplicate完全一样的东西entrepreneur企业家extravagant奢侈的，铺张的foster收养，养育；促进immerse使浸没，使沉浸在hoist举起，升起；吊起infectious传染的，有传染性的intent意图，意向jeopardize危及，损害manipulate操纵，控制nasty令人讨厌的orientation方向，目标，方位patrol在…巡逻；巡逻preclude阻止，排除，妨碍probe探索，探测器radiant容光焕发的；光芒四射的radiate发出（光或热）reproach责备，批评scrap废弃，抛弃；碎片startle使吃惊，使惊吓suppress压制，镇压warehouse仓库，货栈accessory附件，配件；帮凶applaud鼓掌，喝彩blunder错误commonplace平庸的，普通的confidential机密的；秘密的

163contemplate注视；凝视degenerate衰退，堕落disable丧失能力，伤残elevate提升…的职位；提高essence本质，实质fabricate捏造，伪造glare怒目而视homogeneous同种类的impart告知，透露；赋予ingenious设计独特的；巧妙的intervene干涉，干预junction连接点；枢纽mediate经调解解决；调解negligible可以忽略不计的originate创造，创始，开创periodical期刊；周期的predominant占主导地位的，显著的proclaim宣告，宣布，声明retort反驳，回嘴seemingly表面上，看上去stationary固定的；静止不动的superiority优越（性），优等threshold门槛；门口turbulent动荡的，混乱的underlying含蓄的，潜在的acquaint使认识，使了解array排队，队形capsule胶囊；航天舱compact紧密的；合同configuration构造，结构contrive谋划；策划degrade降低…身份discern看出，察觉出elicit诱出，探出eternal永久的，永世的facet一个方面glide滑行，滑动hospitality友人款待，好客impulse冲动，一时的念头inherent内在的，固有的intimidate恐吓，威胁justification正当的理由；借口merge结合，合并notable值得注意的ornament装饰品，点缀品permeate透入；弥漫premise房屋及基地；前提productive多产的，富饶的random随意的，随机的retrieve重新得到；取回sentiment意见；感情，情绪strive努力，奋斗suspicious猜疑的，疑心的tiresome令人疲劳的uphold支持，维护adhere粘附，附着；支持articulate善于表达的；清晰地发音chronic慢性的，久病的compatible兼容的；合得来的conform遵守，适应converge会合，互相靠扰deprive剥夺；使丧失disperse分散，散开distribute分发，分配eligible有条件被选中的；合适的evoke唤起，引起fake假货，赝品；伪造的gloomy忧郁的

164humanity人类，人incentive刺激，鼓励initiate开始，创始intricate错综复杂的，复杂精细的leaflet传单，散叶印刷品migrate迁徙，移栖notorious臭名昭著的overlap与…部分重叠perpetual永久的；无休止的prescription处方，药方profitable有利可图的recipe烹饪法，食谱revelation被揭示的真相shrewd机灵的，敏锐的subjective主观上的，个人的symposium讨论会，专题报告会toss掷，翻来覆去verdict裁定；定论administer掌管；实施ascend渐渐上升circulation循环，流通compensate偿还，补偿conscientious认真的，勤勤恳恳的culminate（以…）告终dissipate消散，消失embark上船；着手，开始exemplify举例证明feeble虚弱的，衰弱的grief悲伤，悲痛hurl猛投，力掷incidentally顺便说及地inspiration灵感，鼓舞人心的人intrinsic固有的，本质的liability责任；(pl.)负债mingle使混合，使相混nutrition营养overwhelming势不可挡的perplex使困惑；使费解preside主持，主管profound深度的，深切的reconcile使协调，使和解revenge报仇，复仇signify表示…的意思，意味subordinate下级的；下属tangle（使）缠结tragic悲惨的，可悲的versatile多才多艺的allege断言，宣称ascribe把…归因于cling紧紧抓住；坚持complement补充，与…相配conserve保护，保藏cumulative累积的；渐增的destiny命运；定数，天命distort歪曲，曲解empirical以经验为依据的expedition旅行；远征flap片状垂悬物；摆动hamper妨碍，束缚hypothesis假设，假说，前提indefinite无限期的；不确定的installment分期付款intuition直觉linear线的，线性的miniature缩小的模型，缩影obedient服从的，顺从的paradox自相矛盾的人（或事物）persistent坚持不懈的prestige声望，威望prolong延长，拖延

165refrain抑制，克制revision修订，修改；修订版skeptical表示怀疑的subscribe订阅，订购temperament气质，性格transaction交易，业务veto否决vulgar粗野的，下流的alternate交换的，轮流的assurance把握，信心；保证coincide同时发生，相符comply遵从，依从consolidate巩固，加强dazzle（使）眩目destructive破坏（性）的distract转移（注意力）energetic精力充沛的expenditure经费，费用flaw缺点，瑕疵hatch（小鸡等的）孵出ignite点燃，引发indignant愤怒的，愤慨的instantaneous瞬间的invalid无效的；残疾者minimize（使）减少到最低限度obscure不著名的；模糊不清的participant参与者，参加者persuasion说服，劝说pretext借口，托辞propel推进，推动refreshment茶点，点心revive（使）复苏snatch夺，夺走；片段subsidiary辅助的，次要的tempt引起…的兴趣；诱惑transition过渡，转变vicinity周围地区，邻近地区vulnerable易受伤的，脆弱的warrant授权令warranty担保书，保单ambiguous引起歧义的authentic直的，真正的compulsory强制性的，必修的conspicuous显眼的，明显的decisive决定性的deteriorate恶化，变坏diversion转移，转向engagement订婚，婚约；约会expire期满，（期限）终止fluctuate波动，涨落haul（用力）拖、拉illuminate照明，照亮indignation愤怒，愤慨，义愤integrity正直，诚实invaluable非常宝贵的literal照字面上的，原义的literally逐字地，照原文misfortune不幸，厄运oppress压迫，压制pastime消谴，娱乐ponder思索，考虑，沉思provocative挑衅的，煽动的prevalent流行的，普遍的refute驳斥，驳倒rip扯破；撕坏；裂口specification规格，规范

166subsidy补助金，津贴tentative试探性的，实验性的transplant移载，移种virgin处女；未经开发的简短回答题英语四、六级考试的简答题通常是一篇文章，要求读后回答5个所提的问题或补足不完整的句子。全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会有关专家提醒考生注意，在答题时应把握几个要点：　　1.明确题目要求　　作题前先审题。虽然这是老生常谈，但却是关键的一环。考试时应注意以下两点：　　(1)回答时要简短。顾名思义，简短回答题即简答题。因此考生没有必要展开回答。这样既节省时间，又避免出错，当然回答必须正确、全面。　　(2)最好使用最短表达法。题目要求“answer...inthefewestpossiblewords”，这就意味着回答时能用单词就不用短语，能用短语就不用句子。做到这一点便能赢得时间，防止笔误和其他错误，如语法错误等。　　2.了解评分原则和标准　　(1)本题要求读后回答5个所提的问题或补足不完整的句子。每题2分，共十分。　　(2)本题虽为简答题，但回答不全面者扣分。

167　　(3)有自相矛盾之处扣分。　　(4)照抄原文者扣分，照抄一句扣半分，照抄两句和两句以上零分。　　(5)答非所问者扣分。　　(6)答多者扣分。　　(7)正确的回答里有语法错误部分扣分。　　(8)回答多余部分如有语法错误的同样扣分。　　3.掌握问题的类型　　简短回答题的类型通常有两种：　　(1)主题概括性这类问题通常考查学生对语篇的整体理解能力以及分析、推理、归纳等逻辑能力。　　(2)具体细节型　　这类问题通常考查学生对具体事实、时间、地点、人物、同义词、反义词、目的、内容、区别等细节问题的确切理解能力。　　4.时间安排　　考试时间为十五分钟，建议考生做题大体时间采取“7-5-3"制，即7分钟阅读文章，5分钟答题，3分钟核对，这个建议仅供考生参考。　　5.其他注意事项　　(1)答题时注意上下文联系。　　(2)答题字迹工整，卷面保持干净。解题技巧导引

168考生在做简答题时所出现的问题，有许多类似于在阅读理解中所出现的问题，比如阅读速度慢，方法不当，对生词的恐惧，句子与句子、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系不够清楚。但简答题也还有它的特殊问题，如对问题及问题所涉及的内容和范围不明确。有的考生甚至是以文章-问题-文章-问题的顺序来做简答题。那样，很难在15分钟之内完成所有的问题。考生的问题主要在于把握不住短文的主旨，用词不当，或语法结构有问题，或给出了2个或2个以上的答案，针对这些问题，可以参考以下的策略：首先，将文章的问题看懂，了解问题所涉及的范围，包括主旨、细节、观点、语气等；带着问题阅读文章，阅读过程中，理清文章的脉络层次，准确理解文章的中心思想，从文章本身去找主题句和关键词；看完文章后，开始做后面的简答题；问题涉及到某个部分时，根据阅读时对文章层次的理解，总结出这部分的大意，然后找出关键词来回答问题；当问题涉及到某个句子时，一定要找到它的准确出处，这类问题往往以补充句子的形式出现，一定要与问题形成一个整体。在做简答题时，一定要注意以下问题：一定要确切理解短文的内涵，考生平时就要养成积极思考和推敲的习惯。回答问题时，能用短语不用句子，能用短句不用长句，能用简单句不用复合句，能用主动语态，不用被动语态；在时态上，要遵照问题的时态；无论用短语和句子回答问题，最重要的是选词，关键词最好用文章中的；只能写一个有把握的答案，因为两个不同的答案，即使其中有一个正确答案，也不会得分。ShortAnswerQuestions(SAQ)“简短回答题”安排在“阅读理解”部分之后。每次考试为一篇文章，文章后有5个问题或不完整的句子。要求在阅读文章之后用简短的英语（可以是句子，也可以是单词或短语）回答所提的问题或补足不完整的句子。考试时间为15分钟。“简短回答题”主要考核考生对英语书面材料的确切理解能力。简答题评分原则及标准一．简答题要求学生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低分为0分。二．给分标准：2分－答出全部内容，语言正确；1分－答出部分内容，语言正确；0分－没有答对问题。三．扣分标准：1．语言错误扣0.5分，每题语言错误扣分不超过0.5分（标点符号和大小写错误忽略不计）；2．涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；若答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容相互矛盾的部分皆不得分；

1691．整句原封不动照搬，扣0.5分；2．考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。如答案涵盖两个方面，而考生只答对其中一个方面时，答错的一方面则在扣除1分后不再以多余信息另外扣分，但其中如有语言错误则再扣0.5分。Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher?Ithinkthefollowingwouldbegenerallyaccepted.First,theteacher’spersonalityshouldbelivelyandattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoareplain-looking,orevenugly,becausemanysuchpeoplehavegreatpersonalcharm.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesastheover-excitable,sad,cold,andfrustrated.Secondly,itisnotmerelydesirablebutessentialforateachertohaveagenuinecapacityforsympathy,acapacitytounderstandthemindsandfeelingsofotherpeople,especially,sincemostteachersareschoolteachers,themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerant-not,indeed,ofwhatiswrong,butoftheweaknessesandimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinduce(诱导)people,andagainespeciallychildren,tomakemistakes.Thirdly,Iholditessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thismeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthsandlimitations,andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbeguided.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbeabitofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteaching,whichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeabletoputonanact-toenliven(使生动)alesson,correctafault,orawardpraise.Children,especiallyyoungchildren,liveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife.Ateachermustbecapableofinfinitepatience.This,Imaysay,islargelyamatterofself-disciplineandself-training,forwearenoneofusbornlikethat.Finally,Ithinkateachershouldhavethekindofmindwhichalwayswantstogoonlearning.Teachingisajobatwhichonewillneverbeperfect;thereisalwayssomethingmoretolearnaboutit.Therearethreeprincipalobjectsofstudy:thesubjectswhichtheteacheristeaching;themethodsbywhichthesubjectscanbestbetaughttotheparticularpupilsintheclassesheisteaching;and-byfarthemostimportant-thechildren,youngpeople,oradultstowhomthesubjectsaretobetaught.ThetwofundamentalprinciplesofBritisheducationtodayarethateducationiseducationofthewholeperson,andthatitisbestacquiredthroughfullandactivecooperationbetweentwopersons,theteacherandthelearner.S1

170Plain-lookingteacherscanalsobeadmiredbytheirstudentsiftheyhavepersonalcharm.(1point)S2Theauthorsaysitisessentialthatteachersbesympatheticwiththeirstudents.(1point)S3Ateachershouldbetolerantbecausehumanstendtohaveweaknesses(1point)andtobeimmature.(1point)S4Ateacherwhoisgoodatacting(1point)willbeabletomakehislessonsmorelively.S5Howcanateacheracquireinfinitepatience?Byself-disciplineandself-training.(2points)S6Sinceteachingisajobnoonecanbeperfectat,itisnecessaryforteacherstokeepimprovingtheirknowledgeofthesubjectstheyteachandtheirteachingmethods.(1point)S7Teachers’mostimportantobjectofstudyisthestudentstheyteach/theirstudents.(1point)S8Educationcannotbebestacquiredwithoutfullandactivecooperation(1point)betweentheteacherandthelearner.SampleCET-49906PartⅣShortAnswerQuestionsDirections:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).Formanywomenchoosingwhethertoworkornottoworkoutsidetheirhomeisaluxury:theymustworktosurvive.Othersfaceaharddecision.Perhapstheeasiestchoicehastodowitheconomics.Onehusbandsaid,“MargeandIdecidedaftercarefulconsiderationthatforhertogobacktoworkatthismomentwasanextravagance（奢侈）wecouldn’tafford.”Withtwopreschoolchildren,itsoonbecameclearintheirfiguringthatwithbabysitters（临时照看小孩的人）,transportation,andincreasedtaxes,ratherthanhavingmoremoney,theymightactuallyendupwithless.Economicfactorsareusuallythefirsttobeconsidered,buttheyarenotthemostimportant.Themostimportantaspectsofthedecisionhavetodowiththeemotionalneedsofeachmemberofthefamily.Itisinthisareathathusbandsandwivesfindthemselveshavingtofacemanyconfusingandconflictingfeelings.Therearemanywomenwhofindthathomemakingisboringorwhofeelimprisoned

171（被囚禁）iftheyhavetostayhomewithayoungchildorseveralchildren.Ontheotherhand,therearewomenwhothinkthathomemakinggivesthemthedeepestsatisfaction.Frommyownexperience,Iwouldliketosuggestthatsometimesthedecisiontogobacktoworkismadeintoomuchhaste.TherearefewdecisionsthatInowregretmore.Iwasn’tmatureenoughtoseehowmuchIcouldhavegainedathome.Iregretmyimpatiencetogetonwithmycareer.IwishIhadallowedmyselftheluxuryofwatchingtheworldthroughmylittlegirl’seyes.Questions:（注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。）S1.Whichwordinthefirsttwoparagraphsbestexplainswhymanywomenhavetowork?____________________________________________________________.S2.WhydidMargeandherhusbandthinkitanextravaganceforMargetogobacktowork?____________________________________________________________.S3.Whatarethetwomajorconsiderationsindecidingwhetherwomenshouldgoouttowork?____________________________________________________________.S4.Somewomenwouldratherdohouseworkandtakecareoftheirchildrenthanpursueacareerbecausetheyfeel____________________________________________________________.S5.Ifgivenagoodchance,thewriterwouldprobablychooseto____________________________________________________________.99.6CET-4SAQRange-findersQuestion12points1survive/surviving/survival2economics3money4Theword(is)“survive”5(Theword)“Survive”bestexplainswhymanywomenmustwork.

172Question22points1Theymightendupwithlessmoney.2Becauseitwouldcostthemmoremoney.3Becausegoingbacktoworkmightcostmoremoney.4Itwouldcostthemmoremoneythantheycouldearn.5Becausetheyhadtospendmoremoneythantheyearned.6Theymightpaymorethan(what)theyearned.7Theywantedmoneybutmayactuallyendupwithless.8Theywouldspendmoremoney.Question32points1Economicfactorsandemotionalneeds.2Economicfactorsandtheemotionalneedsoffamilymembers.3Economicandemotionalneedsoffamilymembers.4Economicsandtheemotionalneedsofmembersofthefamily.5Oneismoney/economicfactors,theotherisemotionalneeds.6economicandemotional.7Oneismoney,theotherisboringhomemaking.8Economicfactorsandtheemotionalneedsofwives.Question42points1deeplysatisfied2thedeepestsatisfaction3deepestsatisfaction4thedeepestsatisfactionfromthem5homemakinggivesthemthedeepestsatisfaction6deeplysatisfiedwithhomemaking7satisfied8houseworkandtheirchildrengivethemsatisfactionQuestion52points

1731stayhome(athome)2takecareofherdaughterathome3stayathomewithherdaughter(child)4stayathomeasahousewife5beahousewife6stayathomeandtakecareof(lookafter)herfamily7stayathomeandnot(to)workoutside8stayathometobeagoodwifeandmother9beathome10actasahousewifeathomePracticeDirections:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).(4-样题)Passage1Inmanybusinesses,computershavelargelyreplacedpaperwork,becausetheyarefast,flexible,anddonotmakemistakes.Asonebankersaid,“unlikehumans,computersneverhavebadday.”Andtheyarehonest.Manybanksadvertisethattheirtransactions(业务往来)are“untouchedbyhumanhands”andthereforesafefromhumantemptation.Obviously,computershavenoreasontostealmoney.Buttheyalsohavenoconscience,andthegrowingnumberofcomputercrimesshowstheycanbeusedtosteal.Computercriminalsdon’tuseguns.Andeveniftheyarecaught,itishardtopunishthembecausetherearenowitnessandoftennoevidence.Acomputercannotrememberwhousedit:itsimplydoeswhatitistold.TheheadtellerataNewYorkCitybankusedacomputertostealmorethanoneandahalfbilliondollarsinjustfouryears.Noonenoticedthistheftbecausehemovedthemoneyfromoneaccounttoanother.Eachtimeacustomerhehadrobbedquestionedthebalanceinhisaccount,thetellerclaimedacomputererror,thenreplacedthemissingmoneyfromsomeoneelse’saccount.Thismanwascaughtonlybecausehewasagambler(赌徒).Whenthepolicebrokeupanillegalgamblingoperation,hisnamewasintherecords.Someemployeesusethecomputer’spowertogetrevenge(报复)onemployerstheyconsiderunfair.Recently,alargeinsurancecompanyfireditscomputer-tapelibrarianforreasonsthatinvolvedherpersonalratherthanherprofessionallife.Shewasgiventhirtydays’notice.Inthosethirtydays,sheerasedallthecompany’scomputerizedrecords.

174Mostcomputercriminalshavebeenminoremployees.Nowpolicewonderifthisis“thetipoftheiceberg.”Asoneofficialsays,“Ihavethefeelingthatthereismorecrimeouttherethanwearecatching.Whatweareseeingnowisallsopoorlydone.Iwonderwhattherealexpertsaredoing—theoneswhoreallyknowhowacomputerworks.”S1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S2.Transactionsinmanybanksareclaimedtobesafebecausethey_____.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S3.Thebanktellercovereduphiscrimeby_____.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S4.Whatmustthelibrariandothirtydaysaftershereceivedthenotice?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatkindofcriminalsarethepoliceunabletocatch?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage2InBritain,theoldRoadTrafficActrestrictedspeedsto2m.p.h.(milesperhour)intownsand4m.p.h.inthecountry.LaterParliamentincreasedthespeedlimitto14m.p.h.Butby1903thedevelopmentofthecarindustryhadmadeitnecessarytoraisethelimitto20m.p.h.By1930,however,thelawwassowidelyignoredthatspeedingrestrictionsweredoneawaywithaltogether.Forfiveyearsmotoristswerefreetodriveatwhateverspeedstheyliked.Thenin1935theRoadTrafficActimposeda30m.p.h.speedlimitinbuilt-upareas,alongwiththeintroductionofdrivingtestsandpedestrian(行路人)crossings.SpeedingisnowthemostcommonmotoringoffenceinBritain.Offencesforspeedingfallintothreeclasses:exceedingthelimitonarestrictedroad,exceedingonanyroadthelimitforthevehicleyouaredriving,andexceedingthe70m.p.h.limitonanyroad.Arestrictedroadisonewherethestreetlampsare200yardsapart,ormore.Themaincontroversy(争论)surroundingspeedinglawsistheextentoftheirsafetyvalue.TheMinistryofTransportmaintainsthatspeedlimitsreduceaccidents.Itclaimsthatwhen

175the30m.p.h.limitwasintroducedin1935therewasafallof15percentinfatalaccidents.Likewise,whenthe40m.p.h.speedlimitwasimposedonanumberofroadsinLondoninthelatefifties,therewasa28percentreductioninseriousaccidents.Therewerealsofewercasualties(伤亡)intheyearafterthe70m.p.h.motorwaylimitwasimposedin1966.InAmerica,however,itisthoughtthatthereducedaccidentfiguresareduerathertotheincreaseintrafficdensity.Thisiswhyithasevenbeensuggestedthatthepresentspeedlimitsshouldbedoneawaywithcompletely,orthataguideshouldbegiventoinexperienceddriversandthespeedlimitsmakeadvisory,asisdoneinpartsoftheUSA.Questions:（注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。）S1.DuringwhichperiodcouldBritishmotoristsdrivewithoutspeedlimits?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S2.Whatmeasureswereadoptedin1935inadditiontothespeedingrestrictions?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S3.Speedingisamotoringoffenceadrivercommitswhenhe____________.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S4.WhatistheopinionofBritishauthoritiesconcerningspeedinglaws?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________S5.WhatreasondoAmericansgiveforthereductionintrafficaccidents?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage3Would-belanguageteacherseverywherehaveonethingincommon:theyallwantsomerecognitionoftheirprofessionalstatusandskills,andajob.Theformerrequirementisobviouslyimportantonapersonallevel,butitisvitalifyouaretohaveanychanceoffindingwork.Tenyearsago,thesituationwasverydifferent.Invirtuallyeverydevelopingcountry,andinmanydevelopedcountriesaswell,beinganativeEnglishspeakerwasenoughtogetyouemployedasanEnglishteacher.Nowemployerswillonlylookatteacherswhohavetheknowledge,theskillsand

176attitudestoteachEnglisheffectively.Theresultofthishasbeentoraisenon-nativeEnglishteacherstothesamestatusastheirnativecounterparts(相对应的人)—somethingtheyhavealwaysdeservedbutseldomenjoyed.Non-nativesarenowhappy—linguisticdiscrimination(语言上的歧视)isathingofthepast.Anongoingresearchproject,fundedbytheUniversityofCambridge,askedasampleofteachers,teachereducatorsandemployersinmorethan40countrieswhethertheyregardthenative/non-nativespeakersdistinctionasbeingatallimportant.“No”wastheanswer.AslongascandidatescouldteachandhadtherequiredlevelofEnglish,itdidn’tmatterwhotheywereandwheretheycamefrom.Thus,anewformofdiscrimination—thistimejustifiedbecauseitsingledouttheunqualified—liberatedthelinguisticallyoppressed(受压迫的).ButtheCambridgeprojectdidmorethanjustthat:itconfirmedthattheneedsofnativeandnon-nativeteachersareextremelysimilar.Questions:S1.TheselectionofEnglishteachersusedtobemainlybasedon______.S2.Whatdidnon-nativeEnglishteachersdeservebutseldomenjoy?S3.WhatkindofpeoplecannowfindajobasanEnglishteacher?S4.Whatistheresultofthe“newformofdiscrimination”(Line5,Para.4)?S5.Thephrase“thelinguisticallyoppressed”(Line8,Para.4)referstothosewhowere____.Passage4Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermay

177knowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoice.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice.FriesandCrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.Questions:S1.Whyistheconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthimportant?S2.Whatdoes“liveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Para1,Line,7)inthepassagemean?S3.Whyisitdifficulttomakesoundpersonalhealthchoice?S4.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopursueunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriesandCrapoto_________.S5.AccordingtoFriesandCrapo,whatshouldsoundhealthchoicesbebasedon?Passage5JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeauto-insurancecompany,Itwon’thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataself-servicegasstation.Butmomentslater,ashewaspayingthemoney,hesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates—oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisa

178majormoney-makerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductin-depthauto-investigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfull-timeonthestate’s65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate’sauto-theftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahigh-theftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomatically—simplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyone-third.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:S1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?S2.WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?S3.HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldbeintheUnitedStatesin1989?S4.Whatarethetwowaysthievessellthestolencars?S5.Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?Passage6MostAmericansspendfarmoreoftheirleisuretimewiththemassmediathaninanyotheroccupation.Inaddition,mostofushear,see,orreadsomeofthemediawhileengagedinotheractivities.Thusanextremelylargenumberofourwakinghoursarespentwiththemassmedia.Ofallthemedia,televisionisclearlydominant,withnewspapersaclosesecond,atleastasasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Ourexposuretoallmediaisimportant,however,becauseallofthemcontributematerialsfortheconstructionofthatworldinour

179heads.Formostpeople,increaseduseofonemediumdoesnotdecreaseuseofanother.Infact,incertaincases,andespeciallyforcertainpurposes,themoreoneusesonemedium,themorelikelyoneistouseothers.Therearevariousfactorsthatcancauseyoutoexposeyourselftothemediaselectively,avoidingmuchofthematerialwithwhichyoudisagree.Someofthatselectiveexposureisprobablyduetothepsychologicalpressureyoufeeltoavoidthediscomfortcausedbyconfrontationwithfactsandideascontrarytoyourbeliefs,attitudes,orbehavior.However,someselectiveexposureisnotduetothepressureforconsistencybuttootherfactors,suchasyourage,education,andeventheareainwhichyouliveandthepeoplewithwhomyouassociate.Quiteadifferentsortoffactorthataffectsyourmediaexperiencesisthesocialcontextofexposure,whetheryouarealoneorwithotherswhenyouareexposedtoamedium:whetheryouareathome,attheoffice,inatheater,andsoon.Thesecontextsareasmuchasapotentialpartofthemessageyouwillformasfilmimagesonthescreenorwordsonthepage.Inaddition,thatsocialcontextaffects––bothdirectlyandindirectly––themediaandthemediacontenttowhichyoubecomeexposed.Newfriendsorcolleaguesgetyouinterestedindifferentthings.Othermembersofthefamilyoftenselectmediacontentthatyouwouldnothaveselected,andyoubecomeexposedtoit.Thesevariousfactorshavesomuchinfluenceonyourmediaexposurethatsolittleofthatexposureisplanned.Questions:S1.Exposuretoallmediaisimportantandpeoplesometimestendtousemoremediaif_______.S2.Whyarenewspapersconsideredasanimportantmediumaccordingtothepassage?S3.Foronereasonoranother,people’sexposuretothemediaisoften_________.S4.Apartfrompersonalpreferences,whatdeterminesone’schoiceofthemediaandmediacontent?S5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageindicatesthatone’sexposuretothemediais_________.完形填空（ClozeTest）1．检测阅读理解能力

180标题或副标题（titleorsubtitle）文章的写作方式（themodeofwriting）上下文（context）是最主要的依据。1．检测学生遣词造句的能力（sentence-makingability）。2．检测学生结构知识的能力（structuralknowledge）。3．检测学生判断句子中逻辑关系（logicalconnection）的能力。完型填空主要有以下四种考点：semanticgapatsentencelevelsemanticgapatdiscourselevelstructuralgapatsentencelevelstructuralgapatdiscourselevel1．语义考点（semanticgaps）2．功能考点（functionalgaps）主要考逻辑功能（logicalfunction）PartIVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blankinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Cloze1Thehorseandcarriageisthingofthepast.Butloveandmarriagearestillwithusandstillcloselyinterrelated.MostAmericanmarriages,particularlyfirstmarriages1youngcouples,aretheresultof2attractionandaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations.IntheUnitedStates,parentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren.Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmatesthroughtheirownacademicandsocial5.Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriendsfrom7groups,mostchooseamateofsimilarbackground.Thisis8inparttoparentalguidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildren,buttheycanusually9choicesby10disapprovalofsomeonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11,marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroups(interclass,interfaith,andinterracialmarriages)areincreasing,probablybecauseofthegreater12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestrictedby13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeopleleavetheirhometownstoattendcollege,14inthearmedforces.15pursueacareerinabiggercity.Onceawayfromhomeandfamily,theyaremore16todateandmarryoutsidetheir

181ownsocialgroup.InmobileAmericansociety,interclassmarriagesareneither17norshocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18theriseparticularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhand,interracialmarriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplestofindaplacetolive,maintainfriendships,and19afamily.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20(butthesameraceandreligion)havebeencommonplaceheresincecolonialtimes.1.A.linkingB.involvingC.connectingD.correlating2.A.personalB.emotionalC.mutualD.magnetic3.A.moreB.lessC.ratherD.other4.A.datingB.appointmentC.engagementD.matching5.A.positionB.associationC.contactsD.contract6.A.certainB.embarrassedC.hesitatedD.free7.A.similarB.identicalC.differentialD.diverse8.A.forB.likelyC.dueD.because9.A.influenceB.giveC.makeD.offer10.A.soundingB.avoidingC.expectingD.voicing11.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.ThereforeD.Furthermore12.A.mobilityB.motiveC.moralD.mission13.A.lessB.ratherC.fewerD.many14.A.workB.serveC.stayD.remain15.A.butB.otherwiseC.likewiseD.or16.A.probableB.likelyC.reluctantD.readily17.A.rareB.scarceC.scaredD.relieved18.A.inB.atC.onD.for19.A.raiseB.obtainC.growD.unite20.A.originB.sourceC.resourceD.baseCloze2Businessandgovernmentleadersalsoconsidertheinflationratetobeanimportantgeneralindicator.Inflationisaperiodofincreased1thatcausesrapidrisesinprices.2yourmoneybuysfewergoodssothatyouget3forthesameamountofmoneyasbefore,inflationistheproblem.Thereisageneralrise4thepriceofgoodsandservices.Yourmoneybuysless.Sometimespeopledescribeinflationasa(n)5when“adollarisnotworthadollaranymore.”Inflationisaproblemforallconsumers.Peoplewholiveonafixedincomearehurtthe6.Retiredpeople,forinstance,cannot7onanincreaseinincomeaspricesrise.Elderlypeoplewhodonotworkfaceserousproblemsinstretchingtheirincomesto8theirneedsintimeofinflation.Retirementincome9anyfixedincomeusuallydoesnotriseasfastas

182prices.Manyretiredpeoplemustcuttheirspendingto10risingprices.Inmanycasestheymuststop11somenecessaryitems,suchasfoodandclothing.Even12workingpeoplewhoseincomesaregoingup,inflationcanbeaproblem.The13oflivinggoesup,too.Peoplewhoworkmusthaveevenmoremoneytokeepuptheirstandardofliving.Justbuyingthethingstheyneedcostsmore.Whenincomesdonotkeep14withrisingprices,thestandardoflivinggoesdown.Peoplemaybeearningthesameamountofmoney,buttheyarenotliving15becausetheyarenotabletobuyasmanygoodsandservices.Governmentunitsgatherinformationaboutpricesinoureconomyandpublishitaspriceindexes16therateofchangecanbedetermined.Apriceindexmeasureschangesinpricesusingthepricefora17yearasthebase.Thebasepriceisset18100,andtheotherpricesarereportedasa19ofthebaseprice.Apriceindexmakes20possibletocomparecurrentpricesoftypicalconsumergoods,forexample,withpricesofthesamegoodsinpreviousyears.1.A.spendingB.demandingC.consumingD.saving2.A.BecauseB.WhileC.SinceD.When3.A.muchB.littleC.moreD.less4.A.inB.onC.atD.to5.A.chanceB.timeC.momentD.occasion6.A.bestB.leastC.mostD.worst7.A.relyB.restC.dependD.count8.A.meetB.obtainC.careD.acquire9.A.orB.andC.excludingD.including10.A.liveuptoB.catchuponC.putupwithD.keepupwith11.A.tobuyB.buyingC.havingboughtD.frombuying12.A.forB.toC.ofD.if13.A.priceB.levelC.costD.standard14.A.raceB.paceC.speedD.step15.A.asusualB.aswellC.asbeforeD.assuch16.A.inwhichB.fromwhichC.ofwhichD.bywhich17.A.lastB.givenC.fixedD.definite18.A.onB.byC.atD.against19.A.portionB.percentageC.proportionD.fraction20.A.itB.usC.oneD.youCloze3Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoods1largelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceof2wealreadyknowabout.3youwantedtobuyawashing-machine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregarding4,price,etc,fromanadvertisement.

183Lotsofpeople5thattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthis6maybeseriouslydoubted.Itis7possiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhat8theyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaper9belikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoy10atablankwallorreadingrailwaybye-lawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessucha11toadrabwalloranewspaper12ofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,13,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoour14.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsurvivewithoutthis15ofrevenue.Thefactthatwepayso16forourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogrammesisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe“smallads.”17areinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyuseful18theyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Nootheriteminnewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeep19intohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertising20is!1.A.obtainsB.requiresC.gainsD.derives2.A.theseB.thatC.onesD.one3.A.GrantedB.ProvidedC.SupposingD.Given4.A.performanceB.actC.characterD.organ5.A.suspectB.pretendC.denyD.doubt6.A.announcementB.anxietyC.noticeD.claim7.A.nearlyB.probablyC.hardlyD.positively8.A.interestingB.attractingC.pleasingD.fun9.A.willB.shouldC.canD.would10.A.gazingB.glancingC.peeringD.staring11.A.similarityB.distinctionC.differenceD.mark12.A.lackB.fullC.shortD.free13.A.tooB.howeverC.eitherD.therefore14.A.clothesB.attitudeC.judgementD.pockets15.A.sourceB.originC.resourceD.project16.A.muchB.littleC.moreD.few17.A.asB.whatC.thatD.which18.A.operationB.responsibilityC.serviceD.courage19.A.personalityB.intelligenceC.senseD.insight20.A.itB.thereC.whatD.thatCloze4

184Wewerelateas1.Myhusbandhadinsistedondoinghis2byhimself.Andwhenhediscoveredthathecouldn’t3heaskedmeforhelpatthelast4.Sonowwehadanhourtogettotheairport.Luckily,therewasn’tmuch5ontheroadandwewereabletogettherejustintime.We6inandwentstraighttothedeparturehalltowaitforourflighttobe7.Wewaitedandwaitedbutno8wasmade.Weaskedattheinformationdeskandthegirltheretoldusthattheplanehadn’t9arrivedyet.IntheendtherewasanannouncementtellingusthatpassengerswaitingforFlightLJ108couldcollecta10mealticketandthattheplanehadn’tleftSpainbecauseof11problems.Wethoughtthatitwasn’t12fortheplanetofly.Wewaitedagainfor13untillateeveningwhenwewereaskedto14totheinformationdeskagain.Thistimeweweregiventicketstospendthenightattheairline’s15inanearbyhotel.Thenextmorningaftera16nightbecauseofalltheplanestakingoffandlanding,wereportedbacktotheairport.Guesswhathadhappenedwhilewewere17!Ourplanehadarrivedandtakenoffagain.Alltheotherpassengershadbeen18inthenightto19theplane,butforsomereasonor20wehadbeenforgotten.Youcanimaginehowwefelt!1.A.alwaysB.usualC.beforeD.yet2.A.packingB.wrappingC.bindingD.filling3.A.succeedB.manageC.handleD.deal4.A.timeB.endC.bitD.moment5.A.vehicleB.transportationC.trafficD.passengers6.A.checkedB.registeredC.enteredD.appeared7.A.namedB.toldC.calledD.made8.A.statementB.declarationC.announcementD.arrangement9.A.everB.evenC.howeverD.forever10.A.chargedB.paidC.costlyD.free11.A.scientificB.mechanicC.technologicalD.technical12.A.safeB.certainC.reliableD.right13.A.lengthB.agesC.timesC.minutes14.A.reportB.contactC.touchD.request15.A.moneyB.expenseC.kindnessD.concern16.A.soundB.deepC.sleeplessD.poor17.A.oversleptB.oversleepingC.sleepyD.asleep18.A.wokenB.awakeC.awokenD.woke19.A.seizeB.graspC.aboardD.catch20.A.anotherB.otherC.elseD.moreCloze5Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit’spainful?This1calledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadaily

185energy2.Duringthehourswhenyou3yourworkyoumaysaythatyou’re‘hot’.That’strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmost4iswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureis5itspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.For6itcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butit7suchfamiliarmonologues(自言自语)as:GetupJohn!You’llbelateforworkagain!ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathis8andenergypeakintheevening,9familyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealize10theseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthe11has.Youcan’tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlife12itbetter.13canhelp,Dr.Kieitmanbelieves.Maybeyou’resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumust14lateanyway.Counteract(对换)yourcycle15byhabituallystayinguplatethanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodo16intheday,17beforeyourusualhour.Thiswon’tchangeyourcycle,butyou’llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Wheneverpossible,do18workintheafternoonand19tasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyou20hours.1.A.mightbeB.mustbeC.needbeD.canbe2.A.circleB.recycleC.cycleD.crisis3.A.gothroughB.seethroughC.breakthroughD.labourthrough4.A.energeticB.activeC.strenuousD.idle5.A.onB.atC.overD.in6.A.otherB.anotherC.oneanotherD.others7.A.owestoB.leadstoC.leadsintoD.attributesto8.A.temperB.thoughtC.temperatureD.mood9.A.MuchB.ManyC.SuchD.More10.A.howB.thatC.whichD.what11.A.houseB.familyC.homeD.room12.A.fitB.adoptC.likeD.look13.A.HobbyB.CharacteristicC.InterestD.Habit14.A.stayawayB.stayoutC.stayatD.stayup15.A.toextentB.tosomeextentC.totheextentD.toanextent16.A.earlyB.dailyC.yearlyD.monthly17.A.riseB.raiseC.ariseD.arisen18.A.usualB.routineC.normalD.average19.A.KeepB.maintainC.saveD.hold20.A.clearerB.harderC.sharperD.easierCloze6Accidentsarecaused;theydon’tjusthappen.Thereasonmaybeeasytosee:an1

186tray,ashelfoutofreach,apatchoficeontheroad.Butmore2thannotthereisa3ofeventsleadinguptothemisfortune—4,tirednessorjustbadtemper—thatshowwhattheaccidentreallyis,asortofattackon5.Roadaccidents,forexample,happen6afterafamilyquarrel,andweallknowpeoplewhoareaccident-prone,sooften7withthemselvesandtheworld8theyseemtocauseaccidentsforthemselvesandothers.9definition,anaccidentis10youcannotpredicttoavoid,Mostaccidents11ordinarymotoristsinamomentofcarelessnessorthoughtlessness.Itisnotalwaysclear,either,whatsortofconditionsmadepeoplemore12tohaveanaccident.Forinstance,thelaw13allfactoriestotakesafety14,andmostcompanieshavesafetycommitteestomakesuretheregulationsare15,butstill,everydayinBritain,somefiftythousandmenandwomenare16workduetoaccident.Theseaccidentsare17theresultofhumanerrorormisjudgement—noiseandfatigue,18orworryarepossiblefactorswhich19this.Doctorswhoworkinfactorieshavefoundthatthosewhodrinktoomuch,usuallypeoplewhohaveahighanxietylevel,20threetimesthenormalriskofaccidentsatwork.1.A.overchargedB.overloadedC.overburdenedD.overborne2.A.usualB.seldomC.alwaysD.often3.A.chainB.clusterC.bunchD.bar4.A.destructionB.disappointmentC.satisfactionD.frustration5.A.oneselfB.itselfC.himselfD.herself6.A.oftenB.alwaysC.frequentlyD.never7.A.atoddsB.ofoddsC.inoddsD.onodds8.A.soB.thereforeC.thatD.as9.A.ToB.ByC.InD.For10.A.anythingB.everythingC.nothingD.something11.A.motivateB.involveC.relateD.imterfere12.A.likelyB.necessaryC.dispensableD.easily13.A.enquiresB.acquiresC.requiresD.demands14.A.methodsB.waysC.responsibilitiesD.precautions15.A.seenB.observedC.obeyedD.noticed16.A.firedfromB.absentfromC.dismissedfromD.finedfrom17.A.greatlyB.highlyC.largelyD.directly18.A.boredomB.excitementC.enjoymentD.contentment19.A.attributetoB.owetoC.contributetoD.dueto20.A.takeB.runC.makeD.getCloze7Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideye

187movementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.1kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis2toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore3.Thenewexperiments,suchasthose4forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations5ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep6is100percentfataltorats,yet,7examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow8themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats9bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,10theirimmunesystems–theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,11dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor12foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif13ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes14.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements–usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and15nitrogen.Theyaredifferent16theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin17oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.18enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor19vitamins.Manypeople,20,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”ad.thustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.1.A.EitherB.NeitherC.EachD.Any2.A.intendedB.requiredC.assumedD.inferred3.A.subtleB.obviousC.mysteriousD.doubtful4.A.maintainedB.describedC.settledD.afforded5.A.inthelightB.byvirtueC.withtheexceptionD.forthepurpose6.A.reductionB.destructionC.deprivationD.restriction7.A.uponB.byC.throughD.with8.A.paidattentiontoB.caughtsightofC.laidemphasisonD.castlighton9.A.developB.produceC.stimulateD.induce10.A.ifB.asifC.onlyifD.ifonly11.A.eitherB.soC.norD.never12.A.shiftingB.transferringC.alteringD.transforming13.A.anyB.someC.anythingD.something14.A.seriousB.apparentC.severeD.fatal15.A.mostlyB.partiallyC.sometimesD.rarely16.A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthat

18817.A.undertakesB.holdsC.playsD.performs18.A.SupplyingB.GettingC.ProvidingD.Furnishing19.A.exceptionalB.exceedingC.excessD.external20.A.neverthelessB.thereforeC.moreoverD.meanwhileCloze8Towardstheendofthelastcentury,thereemergedaworldlanguageknownasEsperanto.Itwassaidthiswasan1ofsomeidealistswhowishedto2thelanguagetopromotehumansolidarity.However,likecrops,3cannotbemanufacturedinalaboratory,itmust4innationallife.Admittedlytheloftyidealwas5ofrespect,andhadbeeninvogueforquiteawhile,6,notmanynowknowthelanguageandveryfewuseit.Dueto7andgeographicalreasons,theEnglishlanguageisstillthemostextensivelyusedlanguagetoday,Thisisdue8tothefactthatGreatBritainhadoncebeenanEmpirewherethesunneversets,atthesametime,itmustbe9thatamongthedifferentwesternlanguages,Englishiscomparativelyeasiertolearn.Forexample,Englishnounsmakenostress10sexualdistinction,thereforethereisnoflexionofadjectivesforadifferenceinthesexofthenoun.11isthereanasalsoundinpronunciation.ButEnglishasalanguagealsohasitspeculiardifficulties.First,itisnotquiteregular,ithas12manyidiomsbornofhabitualuse.Thereforewhenyou13adictionary,youcannotdwellonthewordsonly,14equalimportanceisthatyouneedtograsptheirus-ages.15,therearesomeverbswhosemeaningschangewhentheprepositionsfollowingthemchange.IbeganlearningEnglishfromanAmericansister-in-lawof16whenIwasnineyearsofage.LateronbothintheAmericanmissionaryhighschoolanduniversitywhichI17,IwastaughtEnglishbydirectmethod.18IhadneverstudiedEnglishgrammarseriously.However,itwasmybeliefthatinordertogainaquick19oftheEnglishlanguage,itisnecessarytolearngrammar.Itislikeatouristwhocan20thepatterneasierwithamapinhishand.1.A.discoveryB.inventionC.restorationD.creation2.A.makeuseofB.makeusageofC.maketheuseofD.maketheusageof3.A.EsperantoB.EnglishC.worldD.language4.A.takerootB.developrootC.haverootD.getroot5.A.worthofB.worthwhileC.worthyofD.worth6.A.moreoverB.unfortunatelyC.thereforeD.furthermore7.A.historicB.historianC.historicalD.history8.A.onhandB.onotherhandC.onthehandD.ononehand9.A.reasonedB.receivedC.acknowledgedD.expressed10.A.onB.inC.toD.with

18911.A.NeitherB.EitherC.NoD.Not12.A.quiteB.veryC.tooD.rather13.A.readB.studyC.referD.consult14.A.withB.ofC.byD.as15.A.ForaninstanceB.SuchasC.ForinstanceD.Foranexample16.A.mineB.myC.meD.I17.A.wentB.tookC.studiedD.attended18.A.InadditionB.InbriefC.AsaresultD.Inshort19.A.understandingB.masteryC.learningD.remembering20.A.formB.trackC.followD.catch大学六级考试改错练习综合改错题是大学英语六级考试中一个重要的题型，它要求考生在15分钟内找出在一篇200—250词的短文内的10处错误（每行不超过一处错误，但不包括拼写或标点的错误），并根据上下文，在错误的地方增、删、改正、替换某一个词或词组，使短文语意连贯，结构正确。　综合改错题的难度较大，它主要测试考生的英语综合理解与表达能力。它不但要求考生有扎实的语言基础知识（如词汇、语法等），而且要求考生有较强的语篇理解能力与表达能力，以及利用上下文进行逻辑推理的能力。　综合改错题是六级考试中独有的题型，其他题型在四级考试中都出现过，大多数学生已掌握了一定的解题技巧，可谓“熟门熟路”，而综合改错题的解题技巧则有待摸索、掌握；同时综合改错题的内容比较广泛，无论是语法、词汇、篇章理解、逻辑判断等都可能成为改错的对象；与完形填空及词汇题相比，后者有明确的目标与给定的选项，而改错题右边虽有标志行，却仍需考生去捕捉错误，并纠正过来，给出正确的形式，这些都为综合改错题增加了难度。　总体而言，综合改错题的命题内容有如下三大方面：（1）词汇用法（2）篇章理解（3）语法知识。以下摘录历年六级考试综合改错题中出现的有关词汇用法和篇章理解方面的错误进行具体地分析。　一、词汇用法错误　固定搭配错误：主要是一些常用介词短语、动词短语、形容词短语的误用，另外，一些固定句型中词汇的搭配也容易出错。对付此类错误的方法是大量记忆，熟悉这些固定的搭配。　

190二、篇章理解错误语意的颠倒：这类错误多指在语意表达上用了相反的词，造成上下文逻辑推理上的自相矛盾。做题前如先阅读全文，领会上下文承接关系与语意关系将裨益无穷。　e.g.：If　he　was　present　because　of　sickness，　there　was　often　no　job　for　him　when　hereturned．（1994年1月第76题）　指代关系的错误：这类错误主要指由于人称代词、物主代词及指示代词的误用，导致指示不清、逻辑混乱，甚至前后矛盾。细心推敲和全局观念是破解此类错误的杀手锏。　e.g.：A　break　in　their　employment，or　a　decision　to　work　part　time，will　slow　its　raises　andpromotions．（1996年1月第75题）　连接词与关系词的错误：这类错误主要出现在定语从句与状语从句中，正确地分析句与句之间的逻辑关系，才能选择合适的连接词与关系词。　e.g.：It　appears　that　we　all　find　company　in　sound，if　we　all　demand　a　little　quiet　fromtime　to　time．（1995年6月第80题）一般而言，做综合改错题可遵循以下步骤：速读，把握主旨,看标志行，找词汇错误,找语法错误,分析逻辑，推理错误的可能性重读全文，检查复核文字是否正确、合理。　　　　　总之，要想从根本上提高做综合改错题的能力，考生就要打好扎实的英语基础，有丰富的词汇用法、固定搭配及句式结构知识等。同时，在平日英语学习的过程中，要多多阅读，培养英语的语感，提高语篇理解能力，增强自己辨错、纠错的能力。　错误类型分析不管什么样的改错题,其错误形式总超不出语言的两个基本范围-----词汇和语法1.词汇型错误(4种)1)短语动词错误短语动词有四种种类:verb+prep.eg:insiston,dealwith,etc.verb+adv.eg:putout,giveup,setoff,etc.verb+adv+prep.eg:putupwith,lookdownon,etc.verb+n+prep.eg:putanendto,giveriseto,etc.短语动词的错误主要出现在介词或副词上,也可能会出现动词用错的情况.2)词性用错该用名词的地方而用了形容词,或反之;该用副词的地方而用了形容词,或反之.

1913)介词用错能否准确地使用介词可直接反映学生语言功底的好坏.一般来说,改错类型的考题都会包括这种类型的错误.介词用错也包括短语介词(如insteadof,owingto,etc)用错;另外,为了避免复杂性,我们将形容词和动词后所搭配的介词也归入此类.e.g.ataspeedofatarateofatapriceof4)单词用错单词用错是指:针对单句所表达的意义来说,该句用了一个不正确的单词;而这种被错用的单词往往同正确的词有各种联系或相似之处.e.g.imaginative有想象力的----imaginary假想的comparative比较的----comparable(+to=可与…相比)effectn.影响,v.产生,实现----affect,v.影响2.语法型错误:(大体可归纳为11种)1)语法用法错误:是外国人学习英语过程中最易犯的错误之一:如thesameas,suchas,mostofthe+n这可能被错写成thesamelike,suchlike,themostofthe+n,这些错误单独放在一边很可能一目了然,但是如果把它们编排到一篇文章中,学生就会感到,要找出这些错误并非易事.出现这种情况有多方面的原因,如考试时间紧,但是主要原因是很明显的,那就是学生未能完全掌握这些用法.实际上,如果应试者的语言基本功比较扎实,对这些基础只是的相当熟悉,想找出这些错误并不难.2)时态,语态和语气错误这三种错误者涉及到动词的形式,想比较容易的发现这些错误需要扎实的语法知识.其错误形式是:(1)时态用错或主语、从句时态不一致;(2)语态错误主要指该用被动式的地方而用了主动式,或反之;(3)语气这里主要指虚拟语气.Subjunctive这种错误一般以三种形式出现条件式虚拟中,if引导的从句中谓语动词形式和主句中的谓语动词形式不相配.命令式虚拟句的that引导的从句中谓语动词不符合语法要求.eg:Hissuggestionisthattheplanbeaccusedrightnewatthemeeting.(should+动词原型,在当代美式英语中更倾向于单用动词原型)

192该用虚拟语气的地方没有用虚拟语气首先要确定基本时态.3)现在分词和过去分词用错:两种形式:(1)该用现在分词的地方用了过去分词,或反之(2)该用现在分词短语作后置定语的地方而故意用了动词,使该句结构混乱,出现两个谓语部分4)主谓不一致:三种较常见的错误形式句子的主语和谓语在单、复数上未保持一致,这时该句的主语和谓语往往被修饰成份隔得很远.定语从句的谓语动词和前面的先行词antecedent未在单、复数上保持一致.有些代词,在语法上要求用单数或复数谓语形式,而这种错误恰恰是违反了这种语法远规则,譬如eithere和neither须用单数谓语动词,其错误就可能是它后面的谓语用了复数形式.5)肯定和否定之错:这方面的错误主要是看上、下文内容确定的.其表现形式一般有两种:根据上下文内容,单句应该用否定形式而用了肯定形式或反之.根据上下文内容,单个词用否定意义的形式而用了肯定意义的词,或反之.根据上、下文内容的限定,单句中该用harmless而用了harmful,实际上也就是词义的相对或反义.为了方便起见,我们将其归入肯定和否定的错误类型.*六级考试的改错题一般没有同时改动两处的错误.6)关系词用错这里所指的关系词就是连接先行词和定语从句的词,包括关系代词和关系副词.这方面的错误一般来说不是很难.其错误形式主要就是关系词用错或单个关系词前加错了介词.另外还有what从句,我们也将其归入这种错误类型,如what—从句应该是以what开头,其错误形式是该用what开头的从句而用了that开头.eg:whathecoulddo---thathecoulddo另外还有两种常见错误(1)所饰事物或前面整句内容的非限定性定语从句关系代词必须用which,而错误就是用了that.强调句型中的that容易出错,eg,当强调的是时间状语或地点状语时,其后面用that,而错用了关系副词when或where.因为这种句子看上去象定语从句,所以有的学生就发现不了这类错误.7)连接词用错:

193同其它类型的错误相比,这种错误有难度,它同肯定与否定类型的错误一样,是严格针对上下文内容而定的,要找出这种错误,必须仔细地斟酌上下文内容.8)指代错误:这里所说的错误是指指示代词和人称代词用错,也就是指示代词或人称代词同它所指代的词在单复数或人称上不一致.如:前面某个名词是复数形式,而后面用的是单数指示代词或人称代词eg.them---itits---theiryou---heus---them9)冠词和形式定语遗漏:所谓冠词遗漏就是指文句中单个名词前应该用不定冠词或定冠词而没有用;形式宾语(也称逻辑宾语)的遗漏就是指该用形式宾语it的地方而没有用.Eg.Ｔhatmakes–possibleforpeopletogothere.10)平行结构错误:指按英语语法及句子结构的要求,句中有些并列、对等的部分一般须保持形式上的对称一致.11)语序错误在英语中,一些表达方式在句子结构中已形成了各种习惯的固定的先后顺序,这种先后顺序出现了错误,就是我们这里所说的语序错误.(六级考试中少,TOFELEPT中多)能否在六级考试的改错部分获得高分重要还是取决于学生的语言功底,如果学生对这些错误类型有一明确概念,他们对错误的敏感性就会大为增强.辩认改错分类训练辩认改错为本套试题唯一专考语法的部分，为paper2第1大题。根据新的全国考试大纲要求，考试题型分两种，单句改错或文章改错，考试为其中一种，占整个试卷的比例在10-15分之间。但由于明确规定了试卷2的分数不得低于18分，我们要力求大家本题多拿分，至少不要失分太多。又因为根据以往标准，选对错误即有半分，因此，关键要找出错误。本题拿分只要达到以下要求：有基础语法知识能看懂句子或文章意思能大致分析出句子成份，如主谓宾、状、定语等相比文章类改错和找错，单句类改错要容易一点。

194以下给出几道样题，让大家对此种考题有一个大致认识。SampleI.Youneedn’twakemeup.Ididn’thavetogotoworkyesterday.ABCDA错。应改为needn’thavewaken因为needn’t+havedonesth表不必要做，但已经做了某事。ArrivingfortheconcertearlyisbetterthantotakethechanceofbeingABClate.DB错。改为taking.SampleIIAnotherpossiblesourceofloansarealifeinsurancepolicy.1.______Whenyoustudyinsurance,youwilllearnthatsometypesoflifeinsurancehavecashorloanvalue.Anyonewhoownsthistypeof2.______insurancemayborrowuptothenumberofitscashvalue.3.______Lifeinsuranceloansareeasytoobtain.Theratechargedislessthanthatforalmostanyothertypeofloanavailablefor4.______consumers.Thisisbecausethelendertakesnonerisk.5.______Also,borrowersmaytakeaslongastheywanttorepaytheirloans.Althoughthatmayseemlikeanadvantage,butitcanalsobeadisadvantage.Whenaborrowerisnot6.______requiredtorepayaloanwithincertaintime,itiseasyto7.______letitrunonandon.Thisincreasesthedollarcostofa8.______loanbecauseinterestmustbepaidforaslongastheloancontinues.Also,theamountofthisinsurancecompanywillpayforcashofdeathisreducedbytheamountofthe9.______loan.Forexample,supposethatsomeonewith$10000ofinsuranceborrows$2000anddiesleavingtheloanunpaying.10._____Theinsurancecompanywouldpayonly$8000tothepersonentitletoreceivethemoney.Ofcourse,ifthe$2000loanhadbeenobtainedfromanothersource,itwouldstillhavetobepaid.are——is

195havecash——haveacashthenumberof——theamountofthatforalmost——thattoalmostnonerisk——noriskbutitcan——itcanwithincertain——withinacertaincostofaloan——costoftheloanpayforcash——payincashunpaying——unpaid以下以第一种题型为范例，就改错在历年考试中出现的错误进行分析和总结，单句改错，根据划线部分所属类型，套用或排除，找出错误。语法类错误平行结构，一致性错误此类错误较明显，一般容易挑出来。如能先辩出此类错误，就不必耗时耗力去考虑其它类错误。平行结构并列的成分、结构、位置、搭配等要完全一致。eg1.Atschoolhefoundthathehatedeatinginthedinningroom,studiedforABCDhischemistryclass,anddoinghislaundry.(95年考题)eg2.ReligiousceremonieswereperformedtomarkimportantstagesoflifeAB(births,marriages,deaths)andtoaskthespiritsforhelporthankingthem.(97年考题)CDeg3.Towinabigrace,arunnermustbeinperfectshape,havefullself-ABconfidenceandmostimportantofallknowinghowtopacehimself.CDeg4.Usuallyyouwillbemorelikelytofindinsectsifyouexaminefiner

196ABtwigsratherthanthecoarsepartsoftrees.（96年考题）CDex1JimspenthisvacationgoingtoMexico,flyingtoHawaii,andthenheABCvisitedCanada.Dex2.Encyclopedias,maybeusedtoanswerquestion,tosolveproblems,orABCtoobtaininformationonaparticulartopic.D某些连词必须成对出现而不能混用。eg5.Clearly,Japanisstillnotverywellunderstoodinthewest;whatAwesternersdoknowseemstobeeitherextremelynegativenorextremelyBCDpositive.(95年考题)牢记以下必须成对搭配使用的连词，混淆换用均为错。either…or…,neither…nor…,both…and…notonly…but(also)…,between…and…,nosooner…than…,hardly(scarcely)...when…so…that…,too…to…,whether…or…not…but…,prefer…to…等。eg6FailuretoadvertisecouldresultineitherreducedsalesandlessprofitABCnorlegalaction.(96年考题)Deg7.RubbercanbemadetooelasticthatitwillstretchmorethanninetimesABCitsnormallength.Deg8.Eitherhumansandanimalslearnedbyexperience,andwhatislearned

197ABinfluencestheplanningandcarryingoutofsimpleactions.CDex3.NosoonerhadthesunshownitselfabovethehorizonwhenhegotoutABCDofbedtocommercework.ex4.ManufacturersusebothchemicalormechanicalmethodstoobtainABCclearglue.D成对出现的关联词也出现在并列的成份之前，即分别放在两个（或多个）谓语、两个宾语或两个句子（主语）之前。eg9.OfficerevolutionnotonlyhaschangedhowworkisdonebutredefinedABCthefunctionofeveryonewhoworksinanoffice.（96年考题）Deg10.Thevalueofradarliesinnotbeingasubstitutefortheeye,butinABCdoingwhattheeyecannotdo.Deg11.ThequestionoftheoriginoftheMoonisinterestingnotonlyinitself,ABbutalsoitisasapartofthelargergenesisoftheEarthandthesolarCDsystem.ex5.Tenantfarmersareeitherthoserentafarmandworkitforthemselves,ABorworkthefarmfortheownerandreceivepayment.CD主谓一致主语为单数，动词谓语也采用单数形式；主语为复数，动词谓语则采用复数形式。eg12.OneachsideofthehighwaywashundredsofbillboardsadvertisingABCeverythingfrommodernmotelstoroadsidestandsthatsellfreshfruit

198Dandbedspreads.(95年考题)eg13.Thereplacementofshopssuchasthegrocer’sandthechemist’sbyABcafeshaveleftthehousewiveswithinsufficientfacilitiesforCshopping.（97年考题）Deg14.Inthepast,someofthemosthighlystressedareasineducationwasABCthemoralimprovementofstudents.Deg15.Warm,shallow,clearseawater,freefromsiltsorclays,arerequiredABCDforcoral-reefdevelopment.ex6.Nowthestressofexaminationsareover,wecanallrelaxforawhile.ABCDex7.Theaudienceistakingtheirseatsinthemusichall.ABCD对句子主语为单数或复数进行判断的几点说明：eg16.Thefamilyistalkingabouttheirplansforthefuture.ABCDeg17.PhysicistandastronomerSarahFranceswerefascinatingwithABexperimentalsciencebeganinhischildhood.CDeg18.NeitherXiaoMingnorhisroommatesisgoingtoattendthelectureonABCDmodernarts.eg19.Oneoftheworld’slargestcitieslieattheeastcoastofChina.ABCDeg20.ItisestimatedthatthemajorityofthehousesattheBadlandsNationalABC

199Monumentisdevoidoffuel.Deg21.Thenumberofwatermoleculespresentinagivenwaterarefixed.ABCDeg22.ManyaproblemconcerningtheagriculturalproductionhavebeenABCsolvedthisway.Dex6.Studyingthescienceofmathematicsareonewaytocultivateone’sABCreasoningskills.Dex7.ManyoftheearlyworksofT.S.EliotexpressestheanguishandABbarrennessofmodernlifeandtheisolationoftheindividual.CD代词一致代词与所指代的名词不一致的错误表现为性、数不一致：单数的人或物以复数代词指代，或反之。人称不一致：表“我们”的代词以“you”代，或物的代词its与it’s不分等等。eg23.Withitscompoundeyes,dragonflies(蜻蜓)canseemovinginsectsABapproximately18feetaway.CDeg24.SomestudiesshowthatyoungbabiespreferthesmellofmilktothoseABCofotherliquids.Deg25.Nomatterwhatlanguageheislearning,childrenallseemtofollowABCthesameorderintheacquisitionofsounds.Deg26.Tothefinalists,PeterandI,thelasthighjumpwasthemostexcitingABCaswellasthemostdifficult.（97年考题）

200Deg27.Duetothefactthatthiscountryhasnotenoughnaturalresources,itABhastoimportmostofit’senergyneedsfromabroad.CDex8.WomenhavealwaysworkedintheUnitedStates,andherworkhasABbeenindispensableintheexpansionofAmericanindustry.CDex9.EachmanandwomanmustsigntheirfullnamebeforehandingintheABCDexaminationpaper.副词、形容词英语里只有副词才可修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中作状语，形容词则不能修饰形容词，只用于修饰名词或跟在系动词后作表语或宾语补足语。eg29.Ifyouwantarealeffectivestereothatplaysmusicclearly,you’dABCbetterbuyagraphicequalizer.(95年考题)Deg30.SogreatisourpassionfordoingthingsforourselvesthatweareABbecomingincreasinglessdependentonspecializedlabor.CDeg30.GeorgeisnotenoughintelligenttopassthisEnglishclasswithoutABCDhelp.eg31.HeimmediatelygotangrilyaboutLinus’ssuccess.ABCDeg32.ThesaladtastedsowellthatmybrotherreturnedtothesaladjarforABCanotherhelping.Deg33.Thescientists,concernedaboutthepotentialhazards,wantedthe

201ABlatestresearchfindingmadepublicly.（96年考题）CDex10.Flightisaverydifficultyactivityformostlivingthings.ABCDex11.IntheUnitedStates,sledsforrecreationwerefirstproducedABcommercialinthe1870’sorthereabout.CD比较结构比较结构在历届考试中连续考到，其中96年改错题中有三道与此有关，可见我们在考试中遇到比较句型时要特别留意。前后一致是任何比较结构的原则，即只有相同的事物才可比。eg34.Despitethissimilaritywithothercreatures,theevolutionofABhumankinddiffersfromotherspeciesinoneimportantanduniqueCDway.(96年考题)eg35.Tothebestofmyknowledge,theclimateinArizonaisbetteryear-ABroundthananyotherstate.（95年考题）CDeg36.VenusapproachestheEarthmorecloselythananyotherplanetis.ABCDex12.Youmaynotrealizeit,buttheweatherinBarbadosduringChristmasABCislikeNewYorkinJune.Dex13.TemperaturemeasurementdevelopedmuchmorelaterthanotherABCkindsofmeasurementdid.D比较结构的形式还需一致，即同级比较as…as…在一起用，比较级与than一起用。eg37.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikelytosucceedintheirAB

202studiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.CDeg38.ThemorefearsomeofalltheanimalsintheWesternHemisphereisABCDthegrizzlybear.ex14.FluorinecombineswithotherelementssoreadilythananyotherABCDchemicalelement.ex15.JupiteristhefifthplanetfromtheSunandthebiggerplanetoftheABsolarsystem,withadiameterapproximatelyeleventimesthatoftheCDEarth.我们要特别留意，在同级比较中，as…as…用于肯定，notso…as…用于否定。eg39.OneexpertremarksthatacomputerwithsomanytubesasthebrainABhasneuronswouldrequiretheEmpireStateBuildingtocontainit.(96CD年考题)ex16.ThetidesoftheIndianOceanvarygreatly,butnottoomuchasthoseABCDintheAtlanticorPacific.非谓语动词：非谓语动词类错误是历届考试也是各种语法考试中必考的项目。错误种类多，所占比重也相当高。现将其分为三类，逐一详解。现在分词与过去分词。eg40.Annoyingatthelongcheck-outlines,theshopperbegantosighABloudly,taphisfoot,andglanceathiswatch.（95年考题）CDeg41.Lookingthroughthewindowatallthecarsontheroad,thetrafficwasABgettingheavierthanithadbeenanhourago.CD

203eg42.TheStatueofLibertyinNewYorkHarborissymbolicoftheABwelcominghandextendtoallimmigrantstoAmerica.CDex17.Findinginallpartsofthestate,pinesarethemostcommontreesinABCDGeorgia.ex18.TheaverageageoftheMediterraneanolivetreesgrowtodayistwoABChundredyears.D主动态与被动态在考试中我们首先要看懂句子，弄清动作与主语之间到底是被动还是主动的关系。eg43.Nottoomanyyearsago,mymotherjoggedinthealleybehindourABhousebecauseshewasembarrassedtoseejogginginpublic.CDeg44.Thosepart-timestudentsexpectedtooffersomejobsoncampusABduringthecomingsummervacation.CDex19.CertainmineralsaremagneticandareabletodetectbymagneticABCDinstruments.eg45.Suddenlythereenteredastrangefiguredressallinwhite.ABCD动名词与不定式在英语中某些动词后只能跟动名词（动词的ing形式），某些动词只能跟不定式。这些词一般没什么规律，只有靠大家用心记和背，用时才不会出错。eg46.YouwillalmostalwaysfindCarolineplayingavideogamebecauseABCsheenjoystobechallenged.(95年考题)D后面只能跟动名词作宾语的动词有：acknowledge,admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,detest,dislike,deny,enjoy,

204encourage,escape,excuse,fancy,favour,finish,include,resent,quit,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practise,resist,stand,risk,dread,giveup,image,keepfrom,putoff等。以下习惯用法或短语后必须跟动名词useA.It’snogooddoingfunpicnicB.feellikedoingeg47.You’dbetteraskPetertodoitforyoubecauseIdon’tfeelliketodoitABCrightnow.Dnouse/uselessC.Itisnosense/senselessdoingnoharmadifficultahardtimeagoodD.sbhave/hastrouble/difficultydoingproblemE.sbbebusydoingF.sthbeworthdoingG.spendtimedoingwasteH.can’thelpdoing但是以下习惯用语中，后面要接原形动词：can’thelpbutcandonothingbutcatnotbutdocannotchoosebutcan’tdoanythingbut注意：havenochoicebuttodo在介词词组后，特别要注意的是某些带to的短语，to为介词，后面也必须跟动名词，这些短语包括：bedevotedto,bededicatedto,objectto,resortto,devoteto,contributeto,lookforwardto,

205becommittedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto,apposeto,becontraryto,incontrastto,with/inregardto,withaviewto,asto等。ex48.Thepresidentdevotedhisenergiestoupdatethecurricula,makingtheABCeducationofferedatWashingtoncollegeasmeaningfulandusefulasDpossible.(96年考题)ex20.Doyoufeelliketohaveawalkwithusinawoodsbythesea?ABCDex21.MyupbringingwasfairlystrictwithregardtobeobedientandABCDtruthful.以下动词后只能跟动词不定式作宾语（to+动词原形）afford,allow,agree,attemp,decide,fail,forbid,manage,expect,hesitate,intend,tend,hope,plan,promise,refuse,pretend,ask,claim,offer,determine,arrange,beforced,want,wish,warn.以下动词一般接不带to的不定式：makesbdo,havesbdo,letsbdo,helpsb(to)do.某些表感觉的动词后接省去to的不定式，接动名词则表示感觉（觉察到）还在进行或发生的动作，如notice,see,hear,smell,feel,find等。某些动词后即可接不定式，又可接动名词，但意义不同，我们要特别注意：remember(recall)/forgettodosth记得/忘记将要做的事remember(recall)/forgetdoingsth记得/忘记已经做的事stoptodo停下开始做stopdoing停下来正在做的某事trytodo努力去做（困难的事情）trydoing尝试着做meantodo打算做某事meandoing意味着usedto过去常常beusedtodoing习惯于做…事beusedtodo被用来做…regrettodo对将要做的事感到抱歉、内疚regretdoing后悔、遗憾已经做了某事

206eg49.Mr.Jankinregrettedtoblamehissecretaryforthemistakes,forheABClaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Dex22.WhenCliffwassick,hismothermadehimtoeatchickensoupandABCrestinbed.Dex23.Afarmworker,whostayedupallnight,claimedhavingseenaABCfigurecuttingcorninthemoonlight.Dex24.Iwasaccustomedtoarriveatthetowninthesummer,whenholidayABCmakersthrongcoastalresorts.D倒装句在英语里某些词或词组放在句首的句子，或省略if的虚拟句，要求句中的谓语动词或助动词放在主语之前，称之为倒装。句首为否定词或具否定意义的词组作状语，修饰全句，句子要倒装。eg50.Suddenly,Gallup’snamewasoneveryonelips;notonlyhewastheABprophetofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadCfoundanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.(96年考题)Deg51.NeverbeforeinthehistoryofthiscountryanyonehasseengreaterABprosperityinthesecuritiesmarketsthanin1993.CDeg52.NotonlyinobvioussituationssuchaswarsandrevolutionsenemiesABarenecessaryandveryusefulasawaytofocustheattentionandCenergyofourfriendsandfollowers,butinoureverydayactivitiesas

207Dwell.(97年考题)在带疑问词的宾语从句中，必须采用正常语序，不能倒装。eg53.WhyshouldhehavegonetothefreetradezoneIdon’tknow;butheABdiddo,remainingawaythewholeday.CDeg54.WhoamongushasnotwonderedwhetheristhereintelligentlifeinABgalaxiesbeyondourown?CD在以only+副词、连词表时间、方式的短语开头的句中，要倒装。以so+形容词开始的句子要倒装。在省略if的虚拟句中（非真实条件句）要倒装。eg55.Nationswouldhavebeenmorehomogeneousthantheyaretoday,ABCtelevisionhadbeeninvestedathousandyearsago.D地点状语放在句首的存在句不倒装。eg56.AlongbothsidesoftheriveraretherethousandsandmillionstreesABextendingforseveralhundredmiles.CD关系代词、关系副词eg57.ThepolicefinallycaughtupwiththemanwhomtheythoughtwastheABCescapedprisoner.(97考题)D定语从句分限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句不能由that引导。eg58.Inspiteoftheever-increasingexploitationofnaturalresources,thatABhasnowreacheddangerousproportion,littlehasbeendoneonaCworld-widescaletoslowdownorstopthisprocess.（95年考题）

208Deg59.Yesterday,KaryandTomaccompaniedbysomeChinesestudents,AwenttotheSummerPalace,thatisoneofthemostfamousscenicBCDspotsinBeijing.定语从句凡是nothing,anything,everything,none,all,one,those,none等不定代词，或者much,little,afew,few等表数量的名词，紧跟其后用以修饰的关系代词必须用that而不用which或who.先行词受only,some,every,all,any,very,thesame等修饰，或受序数词，形容词最高级形式修饰时，关系代词无论人或物，都用that,或不用which或who引导。eg60.PeterisoneofthegreatestfootballplayerswhohadledhisteamtoABCwintheWorldCup.D如果定语从句中的介词提前，置于引导词之前，或引导词受介词修饰，则不能用that.eg61.ThesearethehousesinthatallourproductsareproducedandthenABCDexportedtosomewesterncountries.eg62.InternetprovidesasaconvenientwindowwhichwegainallkindsofABCDinformation.ex27.Chickensareraisedforbothmeatandeggs,thatmakesthemthemostABCimportantdomesticatedbirdsintheworld.Dex28.Crowsbuildtheirnestsindeuceleaves,amongthattheycanhidetheirABCyoung.D介词错误。考试中我们要警惕把不该省略的介词省掉这种出题形式。eg64.ThenewtenantintheapartmentwasobviouslybothsuspiciousandABC

209interestedinhisneighbors.(95年考题)Deg64.Thisyoungman,however,isoneofthosewhoneverseemcontentABCDandadapttoanewenvironment.eg65.FromwhatIknowhim,Idon’tthinkheisthesortofmantochangeABChismindatthelastminute.D注意among与of的区别eg66.AmongallthepoemsIhavereadrecently,ThomasHardy’s“TheADarkingThrust”seemsthemostrelevanttoourtimes.(96年考题)BCDeg67.ThedrawingsoftheoldmastersareofthemosttreasuredworkinABCDmuseums.ex29.Ofthemostversatileofthecommonmetals,leadwaswidelyvaluedABCandusedinancienttimes.DVIII.虚拟语气在表主张、要求、命令等动词后接that引导的宾语从句，必须用(should)+动词原形表虚拟，这些动词包括：suggest,propose,recommend,advise,insist,urge,require,ask,demand,order,command,intend,decide,request,advocate,desire,maintain等。eg68.SogreatwastheinfluenceofThomasPaineonhisowntimethatJohnABCAdamssuggestedthattheerawascalled“TheAgeofPaine”.(95年考题)Deg69.Itwasthegovernment’sorderthattheshopstoppeditsbusinessonABCandafterSeptember1,1997.D

210eg70.Afterthemanlookingforworkcompletedtheapplication,hewastoldABthatitwasnecessarythatheincludedaresume.CDex31.ItisdesirablethatarewardwillbeofferedtothemanwhosavedtheABCboyfromtheriver.D非真实条件句（虚拟语气）的基本形式：假设类型主句谓语形式条件句（从句）谓语形式与现在事实相反Would+动词原形(v.)动词过去式（bewere）与过去事实相反Wouldhave+p.p.Had+p.p与将来事实相反Would+v.(should)(could)Should+v.Were+动词原形eg71.Hadtheyknownthesnowstormwouldbesoterrible,theydidn’tABCventureintoitwithoutproperequipment.D在wish+宾语从句表达不能实现的愿望，或ifonly引导的感叹句中。wouldrather表现在不能实现的愿望，从句用一般过去时，bewere表过去不能实现的愿望，从句用had+p.p.或wouldhave+p.p.(could)表将来不能实现的愿望，从句用could+v.wouldeg72.I’dratheryoudon’tdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.ABCD以下为固定句型Itishigh/abouttimethat+过去式eg73.Marymustbeover30now;it’sabouttimesheshouldgetmarried.ABCD表推测must+havedone表对过去的推测

211must+一般现在时对现在情况的推测eg74.Thatsmallcountryatonetimemustbeprosperous,foritenjoyedaABChighlevelofcivilization.Deg75.Hesaidthatthepassagermusthavehadanaccident;otherwiseheABwouldarrivebythattime.CDneedn’t+不定式完成时，表不必要做却做了的事。SampleI.–1ex32.IoftenwonderwhatmylifewouldbeifIdidn’tgotothebeachthatABCafternoonwhenIwas14.(97年考题)D词汇类错误以上错误类型都有可能出现在单句改错考题中，但在文章类考题中，则出现词汇类错误的机率更大，我们将其分为五大类，逐一分析讲解：词性用错。eg1.Ifyouaregivingalectureorexplaininganideagatherasmanyfactsasyoucanonyoursubject…Thenspendplentyoftimeorganizingyourmaterialsothatyourspeechisclearandeasilytofollow.Use1._______asmanyexamplesaspossible,andusecharts,pictures,andgraphsiftheywillhelpyouexplainyourpointsmoreclear.Neverforgetyouraudience.Don’ttalkovertheir2._______heads,anddon’ttalkdowntothem.Treatyouraudiencewithrespectable.3._______eg2.Mandiffersmostfromallotheranimalsinhisabilitytolearnanduselanguage,butwestilldon’tknowexacthowthisisdone…Ithasbeenfoundthatanold1._______person,whohasalwaysbeenmentalactivehasaquick2._______

212mindthanayoungpersonwhohasdoneonlyphysicalwork.用词错误。此处用词错误是指从整句所表达的意义来讲，该句使用了不正确的单词，造成错误的意思，因此要用另一个来替换，正确的词与错误的词之间多少有点联系，譬如拼写类似，意义不同，意思容易被混淆。eg3.FatherChristmasisapurelyimaginativefigure,but1.________nearlyallthechildrenintheWesternworldbelieveofhim….2.________eg4.ElectricpowerhasbecomeasoimportantpartofAmericanlifethataABcompleteshutdownforevenafewsecondswouldcreatechaos.CDeg5.Intoday’ssociety,“Smokingeffectsyourhealth”1.________hasbecomeawarningwhichisknowntoalmosteveryhousehold…下面区分几组词义及用法容易混淆的词：worthadj.be~doing值得做…worthyadj.be~ofworthwhileadj.修饰名词:I’dratherthemoneywenttoa~cause.respectfuladj.恭敬的、充满敬意的（尊敬他人）respectableadj.可敬的、体面的、令人尊敬的（受到尊敬）anice~marriedwomanchildrenfrom~homesrespectedadj.已受到尊敬的（表被动性）ahighly~journalistrespectiveadj.各自的productn.产品productionn.生产（过程）；作品，成果~line,~areas,~costproductivityn.生产率Managementisalwaysseekingwaystoincreaseworker~.producen.农产品

213productivenessn.多产性、有生产性proceduren.工序、步骤、程序、流程等legal~processn.进行、（加工处理）方法、过程the~ofgrowthfilm~影片加工proceedingsn.进行、做法、手段suspicious~鬼鬼祟祟行径Hewatchedthe~inthestreetfromthewindows.processionn.行列、队伍、游行forma~.parade~considerateadj.对…关心的，体谅的，考虑周全的considerableadj.大量的consideringprep.&conj.就…而言consideredadj.被考虑过的，被尊重的exhaustedadj.耗尽的、枯竭的、筋疲力尽的exhaustingadj.使耗尽的、筋疲力尽的exhaustibleadj.可耗尽的、用得尽的exhaustiveadj.详尽的、无遗漏的、彻底的介词错误此处把短语类介词暂排除，非短语（固定搭配）类介词。eg6.Thesafetyofshipsatseadoesnotdependonlyonthearrangementsmadeintheshipsthemselves.Dangerouscoastandrockmaybeseeinthedaytime,buttheyareathreatofsafenavigationatnight,…1.______beathreatto对…构成威胁beathreatof威胁来自于eg7.Intelligentparents,however,realizethattheparticularsettingofeachfamilyisunique.Theyusegeneralinformationonlylikeaguideinmakingdecisionand…Thefirstnecessity1.______ofchildupbringingisasecureemotionalbackgroundwithparents

214whoareunitedintheirattitudewiththeirchildren.2.______与介词、副词搭配短语错误动词与介词或副词的搭配，如：accountfor,applyfor,amountto,contributeto,resortto,rob…of…,concentrateon,engagein,lookforwardto,putupwith,lookdownon,putout,giveup,setoff,persistin,agreeto,agreewith,informof/about,depriveof.区分：compare…to/comparewith,correspondwith/correspondtohearabout/of&hearfrom,resultfrom/resultinstandby/standfor,thinkof/thinkover,lookfor/lookup/lookafter/lookat/lookthroughturndown/turnoff/turnon/turnover等等。形容词与介、副搭配usedto,accustomedto,indifferentto,beneficialto,astonishedat,contentwith,consistentwith,experiencedin,famousfor,goodat,familiarto(sb),familiarwith(sth),worriedabout,anxiousfor/at/about,predominantover名词与介词、副词的搭配一般与同源动词或同源形容词后所跟的介词或副词相同。eg.Johnhasappliedforthejob.Hisapplicationforthejobhasbeenturneddown.类似的有：tointerferwith/interferencewith,tocomplainabout/complaintabout,becertainof/certaintyof其它的名词+介词搭配还有：attemptat,attitudeto/towards,influenceon,hungerfor,controlover,等。介词短语如：bychance,byaccident,bymeansof,bywayof,onthecontrary,onthewhole,on(the)average,onearth,ineffect,infavorof,intermsof,onbehalfof,inchargeof,withrespectto,

215等等。eg8.Manyyoungconsumersdonothavesteadyincomes,sotheymightABhavedifficultytoborrowmoneyfromanagencyinbusinesstomakeCDloans.eg9.Duringthesterilizationprocess,thecansaresubjectforsteamorABboilingwater,withthetemperaturevaryingaccordingtothetypeofCDfood.eg10.InsuchalargecrowdthepolicemenhadconsiderabledifficultytoABlocatethewomanwhohadcalledforhelp.CDeg11.Whenyoureadacomprehensiontext,youwillinevitablyfindsomewordsyoudon’tknowsometimesyoutaketimeouttolookdownanewwordinthedictionary,butdoingthattoo1.______manytimesslowsdownyourreading.Infact,youcanfigureaboutmeaningsofnewwordsandexpressionswithoutusingthe2.______dictionary.eg12.ThechannelTunnelbetweenBritainandFrance,adreamnearlytwocenturiesold,istobecomerealityinlast.And1.______thisismostwarmlytobewelcomedbyallthosewhocareofthefutureofEurope,forinallkindsofways—economic,2.______touristic,political—itwillservetostrengthenBritain’slinksoftheContinent,andespeciallywithFrance.Thejoint3.______decisiontobuildtheTunnelwasannouncedoutbyPresident4.______MitterandandPrinceMinisterThatcherinaceremonyatLilleat21January.5.______

216冠词错误英语里习惯在名词前加冠词，但有一些情况下不用，如某些专有名词名称、地点；有数量词修饰（thirty-fivestudents）,或前面有some,no,those,that等修饰，或一些固定搭配（gotoschool;inclass）;或某些抽象名词、概念等，如果某个名称首次提及或泛指，用a(an)，如特指用the,短文类改错中容易考冠词的题型就是冠词遗漏错误；定冠词与不定冠词混淆错误；多用冠词错误。eg13.Scientistshavesuggestedthatsupersonicaircraftmaydisturbtheupperatmospheretosuchextentthatdangerous1.______radiationfromthesunmightreachearth.2.______eg14.Owingto“Telstar”,astronautscirclingtheearthareabletokeepinABtouchwithCivilizationbythemeansofradio.CD六级改错综合训练Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblankprovided.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertionmark(^)intherightplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandbesuretoputaslash(/)intheblank.Example:Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiods.Manyofthearguments1.time/times/periodhavingusedforthestudyofliteratureas2./aschoolsubjectarevalidfor^studyoftelevision.3.thePassage1Moststudiessuggestthatwhenwomenandmendothesamejobandhavethesameexperience,payratestendtobe

217similar.Mostofthedollardifferencesstemfromfactthat71.womentendtobemorerecentlyemployedandhavemore72.yearsonthejob.Whetherwomenwhohavestartedacareerwillattainpayequalitywithmenrestonatleasttwofactors.73.First,willmostofthemcontinueparttimeattheirjobsafter74.theyhavechildren?Abreakintheiremployment,oradeci-siontoworkparttime,willslowitsraisesandpromotions¾75.becauseitwouldformen.Second,willmale-dominat-76.edcompanieselevatewomentohigher-paidjobsatthedif-77.ferentrateastheyelevatemen?Onsomefields,thisclearly78.nothappened.Manymen,forexample,havecommitted79.theirlivestoteachingcareers,yetrelativefewhavebecome80.principalsorheadmasters.Passage2Morepeopledieoftuberculosis(结核病)thanofanyotherdiseasecausedbyasingleagent.Thishasprobablybeenthecaseinquiteawhile.Duringtheearlystagesof71.theindustrialrevolution,perhapsoneineveryseventh72.deathsinEurope’scrowdedcitieswerecausedbythe73.disease.Fromnowon,though,westerneyes,missingthe74.globalpicture,sawthetroublegoingintodecline.Withoccasionalbreaksforwar,theratesofdeathandinfectionintheEuropeandAmericadroppedsteadily75.throughthe19thand20thcenturies.Inthe1950s,theintroductionofantibiotics(抗菌素)strengthenedthetrendinrichcountries,andtheantibioticswereallowedtobeimportedtopoorcountries.Medicalresearchers76.declaredvictoryandwithdrew.Theyarewrong.Inthemid-1980sthefrequencyof77.infectionsanddeathsstartedtopickupagainaroundtheworld.Wheretuberculosisvanished,itcameback;in78.manyplaceswhereithadneverbeenaway,itgrewbetter.79.TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthat1.7billionpeople(athirdoftheearth’spopulation)sufferfromtuberculosis.Evenwhentheinfectionratewas

218falling,populationgrowthkeptthenumberofclinicalcasesmoreorlessconstantlyat8millionayear.Around80.3millionofthosepeopledied,nearlyalloftheminpoorcountries.Passage3Whenyoustarttalkingaboutgoodandbadmannersyouimmediatelystartmeetingdifficulties.Manypeoplejustcannotagreewhattheymean.Weaskedalady,whorepliedthatshethoughtyoucouldtellawell-manneredpersonontheway71.theyoccupiedthespacearoundthem¾forexample,whensuchapersonwalksdownastreetheorsheisconstantlyunawareof72.others.Suchpeopleneverbumpintootherpeople.However,asecondpersonthoughtthatthiswasmoreaques-tionofcivilizedbehaviorasgoodmanners.Instead,thisother73.persontoldusastory,ithesaidwasquitewellknown,aboutan74.AmericanwhohadbeeninvitedtoanArabmealatoneofthe75.countriesoftheMiddleEast.TheAmericanhasn’tbeentoldvery76.muchaboutthekindoffoodhemightexpect.IfhehadknownaboutAmericanfood,hemighthavebehavedbetter.77.Immediatelybeforehimwasaveryflatpieceofbreadthatlooked,tohim,verymuchasanapkin(餐巾).Pickingitup,he78.putitintohiscollar,sothatitfallsacrosshisshirt.HisArabhost,79.whohadbeenwatching,saidofnothing,butimmediatelycopied80.theactionofhisguest.Andthat,saidthissecondperson,wasafineexampleofgoodmanners.Passage4Untiltheverylatestmomentofhisexistence,manhasbeenboundtotheplanetonwhichheoriginatedanddeveloped.Nowhehadthecapabilitytoleavethatplanetandmove71.outintotheuniversetothoseworldswhichhehasknownpreviouslyonlydirectly.Menhaveexploredpartsofthemoon,72.putspaceshipsinorbitaroundanotherplanetandpossiblywithinthedecadewilllandintoanotherplanetandexploreit.Canwebe73.tooboldastosuggestthatwemaybeabletocolonizeother74.

219planetwithinthenot-too-distantfuture?Somehaveadvocated75.suchaprocedureasasolutiontothepopulationproblem:shiptheexcesspeopleofftothemoon.Butwemustkeepinheadthe76.billionsofdollarswemightspendincarryingouttheproject.Tomaintaintheearth’spopulationatitspresentlevel.Wewouldhavetoblastoffintospace7,500peopleeveryhourofeverydayoftheyear.Whyarewespendingsolittlemoneyonspace77.exploration?Considerthegreatneedforimprovingmanyaspects78.oftheglobalenvironment,oneissurelyjustifiedinhisconcernforthemoneyandresourcesthattheyarepouredinto79.thespaceexplorationefforts.Butperhapsweshouldlookatbothsidesofthecoinbeforearrivinghastyconclusions.80.Passage5Ifindeedsilenceisgolden,itisalsobecomingasrareasgold.Itseemsthattheprogressesofmanincludesarising71.volumeofnoise.Ineveryhomeastereoortelevisionwillfilltheroomssound.Betweensunriseandsunset,streetsand72.highwaysareaconstantsourceofvoicefromcars,buses,73.andtrucks.Youcanpassanyfactoryorconstructionareaandtheroaroftheirmachinerywillmakeyourears74.ringing.Musicisplayedineverysupermarket,mostrestau-75.rants,andmanyoffices.Bigcitiesoftheworldarewell-knownbytheirnoisiness.Noisepollutionisthenewside-ef-76.fectofourtechnologicalage.Dayornight,thesoundoftheworkfillstheair.Itseemsthatthesmoothingeffectsofsi-77.lencearenowheretobefound.Eventhequietofourcareful78.protectedwildernessareascanbeinvadedatanymomentbyapassedjet.Wearelearning,finally,thatsilenceisanatural79.resourceandmustbeprotectedbylaw.Itappearsthatweallfindcompanyinsound,ifwealldemandalittlequietfrom80.timetotime.Passage6Livingisrisky.Crossingtheroad,drivingacar,flying,swallowinganaspirintabletoreatingachickensandwich-

220theycanallbefatal.Clearlysomerisksworthtaking,espe-71.ciallywhentherewardsarehigh:amansurroundedbyflamesandsmokegenerallyconsidersthatjumpingoutofasecond-floorwindowisanacceptablerisktosaveitslife.Butin72.medicineafewprocedures,drugs,operationsortestsarereal-73.lyamatteroflifeanddeath.Theremaybesoundmedicine74.reasonsforacceptingelectricalshocktreatment,butsuchreal-sonsaretotallydependentinthebalanceofrisksandbenefits75.forthepatients.Surgeryforcancermaycureorprolongalife,buttheremovaloftonsils(扁桃体)cannotsaveanythinga76.sorethroat.Bloodpressuredrugsdefinitelyhelpsomepeopleliveafteraheartattack,butthesesamedrugsmaybebothnecessaryandharmfulforthosewithonlymildbloodpressure77.problems.Decidinghowmuchdiscomfortandriskwearepreparing78.toputupwithinthenameofbetterhealthisahighpersonal79.matter,notadecisionweshouldremaintodoctorsalone.80.Passage7Traditionally,theAmericanfarmerhasalwaysbeenin-dependentandhard-working.Inthelateeighteenthcenturyfarmerswerequiteself-sufficient.Thefarmfamilygrewandmadealmostnothingitneeded.Thesurpluscropwouldbe71.soldtobuyafewitemsinthelocalgeneralstore.In1860,becausesomeofthefarmpopulationhad72.movedtothecity,yeteightypercentoftheAmericanpopula-tionwasstillinthecountry.Inthenineteen.century,farm73.workandlifewerenotmuchchangedfromthattheyhadbeen74.intheolddays.Thefarmerarousedatdawnorbeforeand75.hadmuchworktodo,withhisownmuscleslikehischief76.sourceofpower.Heusedaxes,spadesandothercomplicated77.tools.Inhishousecookingwasdoneinwood-burningstoves,andthed\kerosenelampwastheonlyimprovementonthecandle.Thefamily’srecreationandsociallifechieflyconsistedadriveinthewagontothenearbysmalltownorvil-78.lagetotransactsomebusinessaswellastochatwithneigh-

221borswhohadalsocometotown.Thechildrenattendedasmallelementaryschool(oftenofjustoneroom)tothatthey79.hadtowalkeveryday,possiblyforafewmiles.(Theschooltermwasshortsothatthechildrencouldnothelp)onthe80.farm.Althoughthewholefamilyworded,andlifewasnoteasy,farmersasaclasswereself-reliantandindependent.Passage8Changesinthewaypeoplelivebringaboutchangesinthejobsthattheydo.Moreandmorepeopleliveintownsandcitiesinsteadonfarmsandinvillages.Citiesandstates71.havetoprovideservicescitypeoplewant,suchlikemorepo-72.liceprotection,morehospitals,andmoreschools.Thismeansthatmorepolicemen,morenursesandtechnicians,andmoreteachersmustbehired.Advancesintechnologyhas73.alsochangedpeople’slives.Dishwashersandwashingma-chinesdojobsthatwereoncedonebythehand.The74.widespreaduseofsuchelectricalappliancesmeansthatthereisaneedforservicementokeepitrunningproperly.75.Peopleareearninghigherwagesandsalaries.Thisleadschangesinthewayoflife.Asincomegoes76.down,peoplemaynotwantmorefoodtoeatormoreclothes77.towear.Buttheymaywantmorefoodandbettercarefromdoctors,dentistsandhospitals.Theyarelikelytotravelmoreandtowantmoreeducation.Nevertheless,manymorejobs78.areavailableintheseservices.Thegovernmentalsoaffectsthekindofworkspeople79.do.Thegovernmentsofmostcountriesspendhugesumsofmoneyforinternationaldefence.Theyhirethousandsofengi-80.neers,scientists,clerks,typistsandsecretariestoworkonthemanydifferentaspectsofdefence.Passage9Technologyisanothergreatforceforchange.inpart,technologyhascausedthepopulationexplosion;manyofuswon’tnowbealiveifitweren’tforadvancesinhealth,agri-71.

222cultureandindustry.Butinpart,technologyhelpsresolvethepopulationproblem,either.It’saneverendingcycle.72.Theneedformorefooddiscouragesdevelopmentofbetter73.technologywhichnaturallykeepsmorepeoplealive.Andtherearenogoingbacktoasimple,lesstechnologicallycom-74.plextime.We’reborn.We’rehere.We’rehungry.Whiletechnologymakesthispossibleforfourorevensixbil-75.lionofustoexist,italsoeliminatesourjobopportunities.Intheory,itisimpossiblethatallthegoodsandservicesthe76.worldneedscouldbeproducedbyonly2percentofthepopu-lation.Thistendencyoftechnologytomakeworkerssuperflu-ous(过剩)butatsametimeallowingtheirnumbertogrow77.upsolargeiscreatingpsychologicaltensions.Traditionally,78.workdeterminesourwayoflife.Butif98percentofusdoesn’tneedtowork,whatarewegoingtodowith79.oneself?Somethingmorethanworkmustbefoundtodeter-80.minebothincomeandmeaninginlifeotherwise98percentofuscouldbebothhungryandfrustrated(沮丧的).Passage10Sportingactivitiesareessentiallymodifiedformsofhuntingbehavior.Viewingbiologically,themodernS1.__________footballerisrevealedasamemberofadisguisedhuntingpack.Hiskillingweaponhasturnedintoaharmlessfootballandhispreyintoagoal-mouth.IfhisaimisinaccurateandheS2._________scoresagoal,enjoysthehunter’striumphofkillinghisprey.S3._________Tounderstandhowthistransformationhastakenplacewemustbrieflylookupatourancientancestors.TheyspentoveraS4._________millionyearevolvingasco-operativehunters.TheirverysurvivalS5._________dependedonsuccessinthehunting-field.Underthispressuretheirwholewayoflife,eveniftheirbodies,becameradicallyS6.__________changed.Theybecamechasers,runners,jumpers,aimers,throwersandprey-killers.Theyco-operateasskillfulmale-groupS7.__________attackers.Then,abouttenthousandyearsago,whenthisimmenselyS8.__________longformativeperiodofhuntingforfood,wheybecamefarmers.

223Theirimprovedintelligence,sovitaltotheiroldhuntinglife,wereputtoanewuse—thatofpenning(把……关在圈中),S9.__________controllinganddomesticatingtheirprey.Thefoodwasthereonthefarms,awaitingtheirneeds.Therisksanduncertaintiesoffarmingwerenolongeressentialforsurvival.S10._________Passage11Somepeopleseemtobebetterinlearninglanguages.1.Theycanpicknewvocabulary,masterrulesorgrammars,and2.learntowriteinthenewlanguagequickerthanothers.Theydonotseemtobeanymorebrighterthanothers,sowhat3.makeslanguagesucheasierforthem?Perhapsifwetakea4.closelookatthesesuccessfullanguagelearnerswemaydis-coverafewofthetechniqueswhichmakelanguagelearningeasierforthem.Firstofall,successfullearnersareindependent.Theydonotdependonthebookandtheteacher;theydiscovertheir5.ownwaytolearnthelanguage.Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain,theytrytounderstandthepatternsandtherulesforthemselves.Theyaregoodguessersfindingclues6.hardandformtheirownconclusions.Whentheyguesswrong,theyguessotherstime.Theytrytolearnfromtheirmistakes.7.Successfullanguagelearningisactive.Therefore,suc-cessfullearnerslookforchancestousethelanguageactively.Theyfindpeoplespeakthelanguageandaskthemtocorrect8.themwhentheymakeamistake.Theyarenotafraidtorepeatwhattheyhearorsaystrangethings.Theycanalsoreceive9.informationthatisinexactorincompleteifacommunicationis10.difficult.Passage12Eachstatehassomelocalschooldistrictswithextensiveauthorityandresponsibilityforestablishingandregulatepub-1.licelementaryandsecondaryschools.Eachlocalschooldis-tricthasaboardofeducation,usuallymadeof5to7mem-2.bers,whohavebeenappointedbyhigherofficersorelected3.bycitizensoftheschooldistrict.WithinthelimitsofState

224policy,theboardoperatethelocalpublicschoolsystem4.throughtheschoolsuperintendentandhisorherstaff.Thefunctionsoftheboardofeducationindeterminingeducationpolicies,andthesuperintendentofschoolsinexe-5.cuttingthesepolicies,includeabroadrangeofdutiesandre-sponsibilities.Together,theboardandthesuperintendentareresponsibleforpreparingtheschoolbudget.TheyusuallyhaveconsideratefreedomwithinbroadStatepolicytodeter-6.minemostaspectsofthecurriculum.Theyareresponsibleforhiringteachersandschoolpersonnel,providingandmaintain-7.ingschoolbuildings,purchasingschoolequipmentandsup-plies,and,inmostcases,providingtransportationfacilitiesforpupilswholivewithinareasonablewalkingdistancefrom8.school.Theirdutiesalsoincludeestablishingrulesandregula-tionsconsistentStatelawandregulationsintheStateDepart-9.mentofEducationgovernedoperationoftheschools.10.四六级写作I.大纲要求：众所周知，大学英语写作已越来越受到重视。1996年国家教委考试中心发布规定：在今后的大学英语四、六级考试中，四、六级考试作文部分设立最低分（至少6分）制度。考生作文若低于6分，则从客观题分数中扣除少掉的部分。因此，写作的重要性是显而易见的。大学英语教学大纲六级对学生写的能力有明确的规定：能在半小时内写出120词左右的短文，包括书信、文章摘要等。文理基本通顺。2002年6月词数增至150词。具体地说，六级写作一般是要求学生运用学到的语言知识，按规定的题目和提示，在半小时内写出150词的短文，内容连贯，无重大语法错误。II.大学英语四、六级考试作文评分原则及标准一、评分原则：

2251.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2.CET作文采用总体评分（GlobalScoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（RewardScores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3.从内容和语言对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括O分。一名阅卷人员在评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。二、评分标准1.本题满分为15分。2.阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照RangeFinders评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。4.评分标准：2分--条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分--基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分--基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分--切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分--切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。[注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分]5.字数不足应酌情扣分：III.主要命题类型：（一）段首句作文(inEnglishandinChinese)(二)提纲式作文(bothinChineseandinEnglish)（三）命题作文（只给出作文题目）（四）看图作文(Band6--89.1;90.6;96.6;2002.6)（五）根据所规定的情景作文(2003.6)（六）用所给的关键词作文（七）根据要求写信（2001.6；2002.1）

226（八）根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意2003年6月RANGE-FINDERS(6QSH2)定稿OwnershipofHousesinaBigCityinChina14pointsFrom1990to2000,greatchangeshavetakenplaceontheownershipofhousesincitiesinChina.Whilethenumberofstate-ownedhousesdecreased,thatofprivatehousesincreased.In1990,therewereseventy-fivepercentstate-ownedhousesandonlytwenty-fivepercentprivatehouses.However,in2000,theproportionofstate-ownedhousesreducedtotwentypercentandthatofprivatehousesincreasedtoeightypercent.Therearesomereasonsforthegreatchanges.Firstly,Ithinkthedevelopmentoftheeconomyisonereason.Thankstothedevelopmentoftheeconomy,peopleearnmoremoneythanbefore.Sotheycansetasidesomemoneytobuyhouses.Secondly,themeasuresthegovernmentadoptshaveencouragedpeopletoconsume.Nowadays,peoplecanbuynewhouseswiththehelpofloansfrombanks.Theremaybesomeotherreasons.Thesechangesreflecttherisinglivingstandardofthepeople,whichwill,inturn,bringaboutchangesinpeople’sconsumptionidea—toconsumeoncredit.11pointsFromthechartwecanfindsomechangesintheownershipofhousesobviously.Theproportionofprivate-ownedhousesisincreasingfrom25%in1990to40%in1995and80%in2000.Incontrast,thestate-ownedhousesarebecomingasmallerpartofallhouses.Thechangesintheownershipofhousesreflectthechangesofgovernmentpolicyindeed.Thegovernmentusedtoprovidehousesformanypeople,andithasbecomeaheavyburden.Sincethelivingstandardofcommonpeopleisimprovingandalotofpeopleareableofaffordtobuyhousesoftheirownaccordingtotheirindividualneed,thegovernmenttakessomemeasurestoencouragepeopletobuyhouses.Thechangesreflectedbythechartcertainlyhaveaninfluenceoneveryoneandthewholesociety.Wenolongerrelyonthegovernmenttobuildhousesforus,insteadwehavetoworkhardtoearnmoney.Andtosomeextentit’sbeneficialtothedevelopmentoftheeconomic.Thegovernmentcanalsosavesomeenergytodomoreotherthingsforthepublic.8pointsFirstletusseethechanges.In1990,75percentofthehousesarestate-owned,theother

22725percenthousesareprivate.In1995,thehouseswhichareownedbytheStatereducedto60percent,andin2000,thisnumberreducedto20percentwhilethehouseswhichareprivatereachedto80percent.Asweallknow,ourcountryistryinghardtomakethehousebeownedbyeveryone.Beforewetakethechange,anythingbelongstoourcountry,especiallythehouse.Inordertoencouragecitizenstoownhousesofthemselves,thecountryconstruturedmanyhousesforsale.Thericherandricherpeoplebegantobuyhousesofthemselves.Sountilnow,thehouseswhichareprivateisfarmorethanwhicharestateowned.Ithinkthesechangesaregood.Itcanmakepeopleworkmorehard,andthecountydon’tneedtocostmuchforthepeople’shouseproblem.Thiscanhelpthecountrytodomoreotherusefulthingssuchassolveunemploymentproblems.Andwhenthehousesareprivate,peoplecanbehappiertoliveinbecauseitbelongstohimself.5pointsFromthechat,weknowthatstate-ownedhousesare75percentoftheownershipofhousesin1990,butin2000,itisonly20percent.Andtheprivatehousesareincreasingeveryyear.Whatleadstheresult?Astheeconomicydeveloping,theincomeofpeoplearehigherandhigher.Peoplehaveabilitytobuyhouses.Foranotherreason,theindustryofhousesaredevelopingquickly.Itsurlysmoreandmorehouses.Sotheprivatehousesaremoreandmore.Theincreasingofprivatehousesmakepeoplehavemuchmoreroomdoingtheirownthings.Andthenumberoffamiliesisbiggerthanbefore.Thoughitmakestheindustryofhousesdevelopquickly,butithasmanydisadvantages.Forexample,manyforestsandfieldsareinsteadedbybuildings.Itmakesmanywildanimalshavenohome.Andthepopulationislargerandlarger.Inanotherword,moreprivatehousesmeanmorepopulation.2pointsFrom1990to2000Chinasocialhadtakengreatchangesinthat10years.ChangesintheOwnershipofhousesisincludedinthose.Fristin1990insbigcityinChina75presentofpeoplehousesOwnershipwasstate-owned,just25presenthousesOwnershipwasprivate.In1995,situationofhousesOwnershipchanged.InsamebigcityofChina,housesOwnershipwhichwasstate-ownedwasdown60prensent,onotherhandstheragewhichhouseowershipwasprivatewasupto40prensent.Atnextfiveyears,itchangedgreat.Houseswhichwasstate-ownershipdowntojust20present,ontheotherhandsprivateownershiphousesragewasupto80present.Whytheowershipofhouseschanged.Firstthestateneverhavepeoplehousesassome4ofadditionalsalary,ifyouwanttoahouses,youmusttobuyit,notwaitstatetogiveyou.

228Secondrisonispeoplehavebeenmoreandmorerish.Theyhaveenoughmoneytobuyhouses.Thirde,bankbegantoallowpeoplelendmenoyfrombanktopayforhouses.peoplecanretunitinalongtime.Onetime,peoplecanjustretunpartofmoney.2003年1月RANGE-FINDERS定稿(4QSH1,6QSH1)ItPaystoBeHonest当前社会上有许多不诚实的现象。诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。14pointsAlthoughhonestyisbelievedtobeavirtue,therearestilldishonestpeopleinoursociety.Forexample,somebusinessmensellfakeproducttotheirconsumers;somestudentscheatintheexams.Dishonestpeopleareshort-sighted.Thosewhosellfakeproductsmaymakemoneyatfirst,butconsumerswon’tbuytheirproductsanymore.Asaresult,theywilllosetheirfortuneorevenbesenttoprison.Bycontrast,honestpeoplegainalot.Thosewhoalwaystelltruthorkeeptotheirpromisenotonlyletotherstrustthembutgainrespectfromotherpeopleaswell.Suchpersonsaresuretohavealotofgoodfriends.Becausetheyaretrustableandrespectable,everyoneiseagertomakefriendswiththem.Besides,itiseasierforapersonwithagoodrecordtogetagoodjob.Generallyspeaking,everyemployerwantshisemployeestobehonest.Sowecansaythatanyonewhoishonestwillbepaidbacklater.Inaword,honestywinstrust,respectandhonour.Soitisimportantthatweshouldbehonest.11pointsNowadays,manypeoplechoosenottobehonestinourmodernsociety.Wealmostcanfindsuchthingseverydayofourlife:somestudentscheatintheexamforhighermarks;somecorporationstellwrongdatatothepublicinordertogetmoreinvestment;andsomedoctorstreattheirpatientswithunnecessaryandexpensivemedicinesinordertomakemoney,sometimesdamagedthepatients’health,eventheirlife.Seeingthissituation,Ithinkitmustbechanged.Beinghonestwillbenefitnotonlyothers,butalsoourselves.First,yourhonestywillmakeotherswillingtotrustyou.Second,beinghonestcanleadyoutofaceyourproblembravely,whichhelpstosolveit.Andthelast,honestysurelyhelpstomakethesocietymoreharmony.So,Ithinkeveryoneshouldstarttobehonestandeveryoneshouldhavetheideathatour

229societycannotdowithouthonesty.8pointsInourmodernsociallife,therearemanyexamplesaroundusshowmanypeoplearecheated.Advertisementscheatpeople,salesmencheatpeople,evenone’sclosestfriendscheathimorher.Somanyheartbreaksareheardeverydaythatwecannothelpasking:whereisourhonestexist?Everybodyistaughthonestintheprimaryschooloreveninthekindergarten.Honestydoesgoodnotonlytoourselves,bottoothersaswell.Ifwearehonesttoothers,wewillbehappierandbeinabettermood.Otherwise,we’llfeelguiltatlast.Toacompanyanditsadvertisement,honestywillbringitmoreconsumerandmoreprofit.Ifwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyoualone.Toacompany,noconsumerwillbuyyourproductagain!So,astheaboveissaid,itpaystobehonest.Let’screateamorallyoutstandingsocial.5pointsWiththedevelopmentofmoderneconomicandindustry,competitiveisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.Atthesametime,theperformanceofdishonestisbecomingmoreandmoreclearly.Nowadays,therearemanydishonestperformanceinoursociety.Forexample,somepeoplefoundthathesaledgoodshadpastthepreservationdate.Notthrowthemaway,theyrevisedthepreservationdate,andsaledthemagainafterseveraldays.Anothercaseinthepoint,apairofshoeswasmadefromgoat.However,inordertosaleatahighprice,thesalerswouldsaytheyweremadefromcowwhichhasgoodquality.Fromtheforegoing,wecanseethatdishonestdoesnotonlyharmtoyourselvesbutalsoharmtoothers.Anditisnouseonlyrealizetheharmnessofdishonest.Weshouldbehonestfromnowonandbehonestinourdailylife.Itisonlythatpeopleallovertheworldarehonestthenourcountrywillbebeautifulandwealthy.2pointsNowinoursociety,manypeoplearenothonestindoingsoming.Weoftencanmeetwithsominghappenedcausebypeoplewhoarenothonest.Forexample,Nowwetakethebusneedcarrycentsown,andwhenyouupstairsthebus,youshouldputthecentintothemoneybox.Everypeopledothat,butsomeofthepeopleputtheotherthingsinsteadthecents.Foranotherexample,itismorenormalthatintheexamswecanalwaysfindsomestudentsseeothers.

230Iconsiderthateverypeopleshouldbehonest.Asapeople,honestshouldbefirst,becauseitcanmakeustobeincreaseandmakeoursocitydevelop.Indoingeverythingweshouldbehonestall,study,work,lifeandsoon.Ifyouarehonest,everypeoplewillbefriendtoyou,andwhowillregardyouaregoodpeople.Butifyoudon’tbehonest,peoplemustunwillingtotrathwithyou.Soifyouarewanttobeagoodpeoplerememberhonestfirst.2002年6月RANGE-FINDERS定稿StudentUseofComputers14pointsStudentstendtousecomputersmoreandmorenowadays.Readingthischart,wecanfindthattheaveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek,hasincreasedsharply.In1990,itwaslessthan2hours;andin1995,itincreasedtoalmost4hours,andin2000,thenumbersoaredto20hours.Obviouslycomputersarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.First,computersfacsilitateusinmoreaspectsoflife.Also,thefastcontactwithfriendsinremoteplacesthroughtheInternet.Besides,thepricesofcomputersaregettinglowerandlower,whichenablesmorestudentstopurchasethem.However,therestillexistsomeproblems,suchas,poorquality,out-of-datedesignsandsoon.Andhowtobalancethetimebetweenusingcomputersandstudyingisalsoaseriousproblem.Anyhow,wewillbenefitalotfromcomputersaslongasweusethemproperly.2002年1月写作试题ALettertotheUniversitypresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量，价格，环境，服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，还可以兼而有之。14pointsJanuary12th，2002DearMr.President,I’mveryluckytoattendthisworld-famousuniversity,butI’mafraidI’mnotcontentwiththecanteenserviceoncampus.Firstly,thequalityofthedishesshouldbeimproved.Undoutedly,therearealotofdeliciousdishesbutalltheyear,theyarethesame.Moreandmorestudentsarecomplaining

231abouteatingthesameroundfoodeachday.SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.Secondly.Thepriceisabittoohigh.Manyofushopethatthecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheaperfood.Finally,theenvironmentissonoisythatwecan’tenjoyourmealsingoodmood.Isuggestthattherebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.Thosepresentedsuggestionsarenotjustofmyown,butalsoofmanyotherstudents.Wehopeourrespectablepresidentwillpayattentiontooursuggestions.Bytheway,thecanteenworkersareverypatientandalwayssmiling.SoIthinkifouruniversityoffersthembetterconditions,theywillofferusbetterservice.2001年1月写作试题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Youshouldwriteatleast100(Band4)/120(Band6)words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.面试在求职过程中的作用2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……Interview.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.RemembertowriteryourcompositionneatlyOutline:现在找工作一般都要进行面试，通过面试，面试者和应试者可以互相了解情况。面试者可以向应试者介绍，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。应试者也可以有机会给对方留下一个好印象，如可以表现出自信，可以介绍教育背景，工作能力等。Nowadays,therearemanybookstellingpeoplehowtobehaveinajobinterview.Peoplelookingforajobusuallyattachgreatimportancetojobinterviews.Anddoingwellinajobinterviewmeansagoodchanceofbeingemployed.Toleaveadeepimpressionontheinterviewer,thefirstthingyouhavetodoisdressingyourselfproperlysothatyoumaylookmatureandconfident.Payattentiontothewayyoutalkandbehave,forsuchlittlethingsareoftenignored.Whatismore,youshouldprepareabriefself-introductionincludingyourworkingexperiencesandspecialabilities.Ifyoufollowtheadvice,youwillmostprobablysucceedinajobinterviewandinmostcases,youwillgetthejobyouaredreamingof.V.四种主要写作文体

2321）记叙文（Narration）2)描写文（Description）3)说明文（Exposition）4)议论文（Argumentation）VI．写作技巧指导（一）句子层1.什么是句子?句子就是能表达单一的完整的意思或相关意思的一组词。（Asentenceisagroupofwordswhichexpressesasingle,completethought,oragroupofverycloselyrelatedthoughts.）好的句子应具备什么样的特性?1)统一（Unity）一个句子应该只包含一个思想或一组相关的思想。（Asentenceshouldcontainonethoughtoragroupofcloselyrelatedthoughts.）Note:Combiningunrelatedideasviolatessentenceunity.Wrong:HeisthebeststudentinourclassandhehaslivedinShanghaiforseveralyears.Right:Heisthebeststudentinourclass.2)完整（Completeness）一个句子必须是一个语法结构完整的句子。（Asentenceshouldcontainastatementwhichcanstandbyitselfand“makesense”.Inotherwords,acompletesentencemustcontaingrammaticalessentials.）Note:Theomissionofwordsnecessaryforfullexpressionbreakssentencecompleteness.Wrong:HestudiedEnglishhard.Hopedtopasstheexam.Right:HestudiedEnglishhard,hopingtopasstheexam.3)简洁（Clarity）句子必须清楚而连贯地表达思想。（Asentenceshouldbesoconstructedthatitisimmediatelyunderstandable.Itmustbeclearandcoherent.）Note:Asentencelosesitsclaritythroughwordiness--lackofeconomyintheuseofwords.Wordy:Itwasblueincolor.

233HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Clear:Itwasblue.HereturnedinearlyAugust.4)多样（Variety）句子结构必须多样化。太多同一类型的句子出现在一个段落或主题中必然显得及其单调，没有说服力。当然，不要只是为了多样化而频繁变换句型，句子的结构和长度首先要由所表达的思想来决定，只有恰当地表达思想时多样化才可取。（Sentencesshouldhavevariedstructure.Toomanysentencesofonekindinaparagraphorthemebecomemonotonousandineffective.）Note:Lossofsentencevarietyisusuallycausedbychoppy（不连贯的）sentences.Poor:Shewenttotown.Shestayedallday.Shecamehome.Shewastired.Itwasdark.Shewasafraidtoentertheroom.Shecalledherbrother.Hedidnothearher.Thisterrifiedhermorethanever.Better:Aftershehadspentthedayintown,shecamebadlytired.Becauseitwasdark,shewasafraidtoentertheroom.Whenshecalledherbrother,hedidnothearher,andthusshewasmoreterrifiedthanever.5)强调或有效（Effectiveness）句子不仅应该正确而清楚，而且应有所强调。（Asentenceshouldbesowordedandconstructedthatitisnotonlycorrectandclear,butalsoemphatic,meaningful.）Note:Arrangingideasintheorderofdescendingimportancedestroyssentenceeffectiveness.Poor:Floodhasbroughtthesepeopledeath,hunger,disease.Better:Floodhasbroughtthesepeoplehunger,disease,death.2．如何造好句?第一，要解决句子问题。Avoidsentencefragment（断裂句）:Wrong:EverydayIspendonehourwatchingTVintheevening,Becauseithelpsmerelax.Right:EverydayIspendonehourwatchingTVintheeveningbecauseithelpsmerelax.Avoidrun-onsentence:

234Wrong:WespendthesummerinWuhanwehadabadtime.Right:WespentthesummerinWuhan,andwehadabadtime.AvoidAnd-AndConstruction:Poor:Wefinishedourwork,andwewentfishing,andwehadawonderfultime.Better:Afterwehadfinishedourwork,wewentfishingandhadawonderfultime.Avoidtheuseofsubordinateformforacoordinateidea:Wrong:Icalledtoher,thoughsherefusedtoanswer.Right:Icalledtoher,butsherefusedtoanswer.Avoidputtingthemainideaofasentenceintoasubordinateconstruction（从属结构）:Wrong:Isawacarheadingstraighttowardme,whenIwasunabletomovefromfear.Right:WhenIsawacarheadingstraighttowardme,Iwasunabletomovefromfear.第二，要解决句子各元素间的问题。1)Avoidaverb-disagreementinnumberwithitssubject:Wrong:Anexhibitofstudentdrawingsandphotographsareondisplayinthemainhall.Right:Anexhibitofstudentdrawingsandphotographsisondisplayinthemainhall.Avoiddanglingverbalphrases:Wrong:Afterrehearsingforweeks,theplaywasasuccess.Right:Afterrehearsingforweeks,wehadasuccessfulplay.Avoidmisleadingparallelism:Wrong:Helikedtorunandplayingtennis.Right:Helikedtorunandtoplaytennis.第三，要解决动词问题。避免不必要时态转换（Avoidneedlessshiftintense）:Wrong:Mybrothergoesintothewoodsandtherehesawalittlegirl.Right:Mybrotherwentintothewoodsandtherehesawalittlegirl.避免不必要语态转换（Avoidneedlessshiftinvoice）:Wrong:Aswewentupthepath,asnakewasseen.Right:Aswewentupthepath,wesawasnake.避免不必要语气转换（Avoidneedlessshiftinmood）:

235Wrong:IfIaminyourposition,Ishouldcertainlydoit.Right:IfIwereinyourposition,Ishouldcertainlydoit.第四，要解决代词问题。Avoidimpliedreferenceforapronoun:Wrong:Hisbrotherisadentist.Thisistheprofessionheintendstoenter.Right:Hisbrotherisadentist.Dentistryistheprofessionheintendstoenter.Avoidtheindefiniteuseof“it”:Wrong:Inthismovieitshowedthatwarishorrible.Right:Thismovieshowedthatwarishorrible.Avoidneedlessshiftinnumber:Wrong:Noweachofushastheirownspecialgift.Right:Noweachofushashisownspecialgift.（二）段落层段落就是围绕同一个中心或主题而发展的一组句子。其目的是为了更清楚地交流思想。（Aparagraphisagroupofsentencesdevelopingonesingletopicoraspecificpartofalargertopic.Thepurposeoftheparagraphistoaidincommunicatingideasbyprovidingcleardistinctionsbetweentheseparatepartsofalongercomposition.）理想的段落要求是什么?统一（Unity）一个段落，正如一个句子一样，不须只讨论一个主题或一个主题的某个方面。所有的用于发展主题的事实，例证和原因都必须相关。（Aparagraph,likeasentence,shoulddiscussonlyonetopicoroneaspectofatopic.Allfacts,examples,andreasonsusedtodevelopthetopicmustberelevant.）Example:Therealproblemwithpollutionispeople.Itispeoplewhothrowmillionsoftonsofwastesintorivers,lakesandseaseveryday,dischargespoisonousgasesintotheair.Itisalsopeoplewhodestroythebiologicalbalanceofnature.Ironically,itisthepeoplethemselveswhomustbreathe,eat,anddrinktheirownpollutants.Isthisparagraphunified?Yes.Thepurposeoftheparagraphistoexplainthatpeopleshouldberesponsiblefortheproblemofpollution.Allthesentencesarerelatedtothispurpose.连贯（Coherence）

236连贯是指段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落中的句子应该条理清晰，层次分明，衔接自然流畅。（Aparagraphshouldcontainaproperarrangementofsentences.Goodarrangementofideasimplieslogicalthinking.）Example:Inordertoknowwhattheweatherwillbe,specialpeoplearehiredtoprovidethisinformation.Thesespecialpeoplearecalledtheweatherman.Theyworkinaweatherstationeveryday.Someofthemobservetheweather;theothersanalyzeweatherinformation;andstillothersmakeforecastabouttheweather.Itisknownthattheirworkcansavethousandsoflivesandmillionsofdollarsinpropertydamage.Isthisparagraphcoherent?Yes.Thisparagraphrevealsaplannedcoherencebymovingfromdefinitionthroughweatherman’sworktotheprotectionofpropertydamage.3）主题句（TopicSentence）一个段落一般包含一个代表中心主题的中心句，即所谓的主题句。中心句或主题句一般置于短首，也可置于短中或段末以免单调。（Aparagraphshouldcontainatopicsentencetopresentthecontrollingidea.Normallythetopicsentenceisplacedatthebeginningoftheparagraph-butitspositionmaybevariedtoavoidmonotony.）Example:Peopleenjoypaintingsformanydifferentreasons.Somepeoplemightthinkthatapaintingisbeautiful.Theymaylikethecolorsthatartistsused,orthewaythatthesubjectsarearrangedonthesurface.Apaintingcanalsobeinterestingbecauseofthewaytheartistexpressedanemotion.Manypeoplelikepaintingsinwhichtheartistpaintedthingsdifferentlythanthewaytheyreallyappear.Doesthisparagraphhaveitstopicsentenceandcontrollingidea?Yes.Thefirstsentenceclearlyannouncesthetopicas“peopleenjoypaintings”;thentheparagraphisdevelopedfromthecontrollingidea“formanydifferentreasons”.4）过渡（Transitions）在一个段落里，如果要使所有的句子意思清楚并且逻辑顺序排列正确，一般要使用恰当的过渡。（Aparagraphshouldmakeorderly,clearprogressbytheuseoftransitionaldevices.Usually,themoreideasofaparagraphcontains,themoreexplicitandextensivetransitionsneedtobe.）Example:Menhavetraveledeversincetheyfirstappearedontheearth.But,atthattime,thepurposeofdoingitwasmainlytolookforabetterplacetosurvive.Asweknow,peopleintheearlypastdidnothaveagriculture.Theyhadtokeepmovingfromoneplacetoanotherinsearchofdifferentsourcesoffood.Inotherwords,theymusttraveltothespotswherewater,

237fruitsoranimalswereavailable.Itthissense,travellingwasawayofhumanlifeinancienttimes.Doesthisparagraphhaveitstransitions?Yes.Inthisparagraph,theprogressionofideasisclarifiedbythetransitionalword“but”“this”;andtransitionalphrases“asweknow”,“inotherwords”.2.MethodsofParagraphDevelopment(Howtodevelopaparagraph):DescriptionOnemorningIgotupveryearly,andeverythingaroundwasveryquiet.WhenIopenedthewindow,thegentlesunlightrushedinwiththesweetsmellofflowersandthecleanmoistureofthefreshair.Almostatthesametime,theechoingofthelovelybirds’singingcameintomyearsasifsaying“Whataniceday,myfriend!Whynottakeawalkintheparkandenjoythebeautyofthenature?”“Yes,goodidea”Isaidtomyself.“AndIcanreadmyEnglishtextbookthere.”Aminutelater,Iwasonmywaytothepark.ExemplificationTelevisioncanalsoplayaneducationalroleinourdailylife.InChina,forexample,therearemanyeducationalTVstationsinlargecities.Theprogramstheyofferrangefromcollegecoursestocookingskills.Owingtotheseprograms,thousandsofChinesecanobtainacollegedegreeoutsideuniversities.Moreandmorehousewivesor“househusbands”couldcookaswellasprofessionals,which,infact,makesourlifemoreinterestingandenjoyable.IllustrationBooksareourgoodfriends.Theyalwaysplayanimportantroleatdifferentstagesofourlife.Duringourchildhood,theyintroducedusawonderfulworldfilledwithinterestingstories.Inouradolescence,theyhelpedusgainknowledgeandteachushowtodistinguishbetweenthegoodandevil.Whenwehavecomeintoadult,theyprovideuswithgoodopportunitiestolearnfromeachotherandsharedifferentkindoffeelings.Theyalsogiveusthewisdomtotacklewithvariousproblemsinourworkandstudyandenableustoobtainentertainmentinourleisuretime.DefinitionGenerationgapisatermwhichmeansthe“difference”betweentheoldandyoung.Inlikesanddislikes,forexample,mostoftheyoungpeopleinthepresentChinaarefondofwearingfashionablejeans,listeningtothepopmusicanddancingdisco.Onthecontrary,fewoldpeopleenjoythesethings.Inmarriageandengagement,moreover,theyoungprefertohavetheirownrightandfreedomtochoosetheirpartners.Theold,however,donotwanttheirchildrentomaketheirdecisionwithouttheirpermissions.

238ClassificationTaperecorderisusefulinmanyways.Asameansofeducation,itcanbeusedinlanguageteachingandlearning.Asatoolofcommunication,itcanbeappliedtorecordimportantspeechesorreports.Asaninstrumentforentertainment,itcanbeutilizedtoplaymusicathomeorinthepublicplaceslikerestaurants,departmentstoresandrailwaystations.CauseandEffectExample:Formanyyears,theworldpopulationincreasedslowly.Becauseofpoorhealthcare,deathrateswereveryhigh.Then,duringtheeighteenthcentury,livingconditionsbegantoimproveandpeoplelearnedtocontrolmanydiseases.Asaresult,thedeathratebegantodropandthepopulationgrewquickly.ComparisonandContrastDifferentpeoplelikedifferentsports.Thosewhoprefertobeoutdoorsusuallytakeagreatinterestinhiking,swimming,skiingormountainclimbing.However,theindooractivities,suchaschess,card-playinganddancing,areoftenenjoyedbythosewhowanttoberelaxedinthesparetime.Itseemsnaturalthattheyouthfavourthefastandstrenuousgameslikebaseball,basketballandfootball;whereastheagedpreferslowandlightexerciseslikejogging,walkingandfishing.Free-writingSomepeoplesimplyneedtostartwritingtofindafocus.Takeoutseveralsheetsofblankpaper,giveyourselfatleasttentofifteenminutes,andbeginwritingwhatevercomestomindonyoursubject.Don’tchange,correct,ordeleteanything.Ifyourunoutofthingstosay,write“Ican’tthinkofanythingtosay”untilyoucanfindanewthought.Attheendofthetimeperiodyoumaydiscoverthatbycontinuouslywritingyouwillhavewrittenyourselfintoaninterestingtopic.BrainstormingBrainstormingisaprewritingactivityinwhichtwoormorepeoplegettogethertoexchangeideasonagiventopic.Duringthebrainstorming,thereisusuallyonepersonwhotakesnotesasothersareengagedinconversation.Brainstormingcanbedonealoneifnootherpersonisavailablefordiscussion.Inthiscase,apersonmakesfreeassociationsaroundthegiventopic,i.e.makesarandomlistof

239ideasassociatedwiththetopicastheyspeedthroughhismind.Inmanywaysbrainstormingisverysimilartofree-writingbecausebothenablewriterstoexplorewhattheytrulyfeelaboutatopic.However,whenseveralpeoplecometogethertodobrainstorming,ideasoftencomeoutmuchfasterthananypencanwrite,sothenotestakenorthelistmadecanonlybeverysketchy.Thenote-takermayonlyhavetimetojotdownsinglewordsorphrasessummarizingfacts,statistics,episodes,descriptions,feelings,attitudesandopinionsrelatedtothesubject.Forexample,thefollowinglististheoutcomeofabrainstormingsessionthatdiscussesChina’seducationalsystem:HowtoachievecoherenceInordertohavecoherenceinwritinganargumentativeessay,themovementfromonesentencetothenextmustbelogicalandsmooth.TheremustNOsuddenjumps.Sincethiscoherencedoesnotoccurnaturally,youshouldtakepainstoestablishit.Oneofthemainwaystoachievecoherenceistousetransitionsignalstoshowhowoneideaisrelatedtothenext.Thefollowingarethemostcommontransitionsignalsgroupedaccordingtothekindsconnectionstheyestablish.Introducinganadditionalpointoridea:furthermoremoreoverinadditionbesidessimilarlywhat’smorealsothenIntroducinganoppositepointoridea:ontheotherhandhoweverincontrastbycontrastonthecontraryinspiteofbutneverthelessMovingfromgeneraltospecific:forexampleforinstanceinfactspecificallyinparticularEmphasizingapoint:especiallyaboveallprimarilychieflyinfactmoreimportantmostimportantindeedcertainlyRestatingapoint:

240inotherwordsinsimplertermsineffectthatistosayinshortinbriefShowingsequence:firstsecondthirdfourthetc.firstlysecondlythirdlyinthefirstplaceinthesecondplaceetc.atfirsttobeginwithnextalsothenatlastfinallyintheendShowingcauseandeffect:asaresultconsequentlybecausesinceaccordinglyhencesothusthereforeShowingconnectionsintime:atthesametimenowadaysmeanwhileinthemeantimeatpresentpreviouslyinthefuturethereafterlatelyatlastIntroducingaconclusionorsummary:inconclusioninsummaryonthewholetoconcludealtogetherinawordtosumupatlargeingeneralgenerallygenerallyspeakinginshortinbrief开篇的写法写好文章或段落的开头很重要。一般来讲，文章开头既要写出文章的主题，又要能够引起读者阅读的兴趣。不同的文章开头的方式不同，常见的有以下八种：引语法(Quotation)、设问法(Questions)、数据法(Figuresandstatistics)、背景法(Relevantbackgroundinformation)、定义法(Definition)、主题句法(Topicsentence)、比拟法(Analogy)、列举法(Listingthemainitems)。一、引语法（Quotation）：指通过在开头段引用一些与主题相关的名人名言、成语或谚语等来开始一篇文章。引语法可应用于各种文体。

241E.g.:Astheproverbsays,“Nooneknowsthevalueofhealthuntilhelosesit.”Inotherwords/Inmyopinion,nothingismorevaluablethanhealth.Itisclearthathealthisthefoundationofone’sfuturesuccess.…Nowthatweknowthathealthistheresourceofourenergy,whatshouldwedotomaintainandenhanceourhealth?…Inconclusion,healthismoreimportantthanwealth.(Health)Itisknowntoallthatlifeisshort.Schoollifeisstillshorter.Wecanobtainmanyathingmorethanonce,butwecannotgetbackthelosttimeevenonce.Anoldsayinggoes,“Artislong,butlifeisshort.”Wehaveonlylimitedtimetolearnunlimitedknowledge.(MaketheMostofOurSchoolDays)Aproverbsays,“Timeismoney.”Butinmyopinion,timeisevenmorepreciousthanmoney.Becausewhenmoneyisspent,wecanearnitback;butwhentimeisgone,itwillneverreturn.Thuswemustvaluetime.(TheValueoftime)二、设问法（Questions）:只用提出问题的方法来引出文章的主题，以激起读者的兴趣。设问法可用于各种文体。WhatIsSuccessWhatissuccess?Differentpeoplemightgivedifferentanswerstothisquestion.Somepeoplethinkthatoneissuccessfulifhecanmakeagreatdealofmoney.Otherpeoplethinkthatsuccessmeansholdinganimportantgovernmentpost.Stillothersconsideronewhohasgotahighacademictitleassuccess.However,Idonotthinkthatmoney,power,orstatusisthesymbolofsuccess.Inmyopinion,successmeansachievingbrilliantresultsinone’sspeciality,makingcontributionstothedevelopmentofthecountryandbringinghappinesstothepeople.Tobecomesuccessfulmeninthetruesense,weshouldbebothperseverantandindustrious.Weshouldkeepinmindthatperseveranceisthemotherofsuccessandindustryisthekeytosuccess.Ifwefollowtheseprinciples,wecancertainlyachievesuccessinthefuture.三、数据法(Figuresandstatistics)数据法就是用数字或数据开头来引出文章的主题。数据法多用于描写文、说明文和议论文。

242Honesty:IsItGoingoutofStyle?Accordingtoarecentpoll,61%ofAmericanhighschoolstudentshaveadmittedtocheatingonexamsatleastonce.Itcannotbearguedthatsucharesponsemaynotmeanmuch.Childrentodayseemtobegluedtothesilvertubecalledtelevision.Bykindergartenage(fiveyearsold),theaveragechildwhostartedwatchingtelevisionatagethreewillhaveconsumed5,000to8,000hoursoftelevisionayear,andwatchedmorethan30,000commercialsperyear.四、背景法（RelevantbackgroundInformation）Forsolongastherehavebeenliars,therehavebeenattemptstofindthetruth.ThoseontrialinancientChinaweremadetochewricepowderwhiletestifying.Ifthepowderwasdrywhenthesuspectspatitout,hewasjudgedguiltybecauseitwasassumedthatnervousnessovertellinglieshaddriedthatsalivainthesuspect’smouth.五、定义法（Definition)Self-confidenceSelf-confidencemeanstrustinone’sownability.Asaveryimportantpsychologicalquality,itbringsyourcreativepowertoplay,arousesyourenthusiasmforworkandhelpsyouovercomedifficulties.Whenaskedforthesecretofhersuccess,Mme.Curieanswered:“Mysuccessliesinperseveranceandself-confidence,thelatterinparticular.”Self-confidencegivesyoulightwhenyouareindarkandencouragementwhenyouaredismayed.Itisself-confidence,ratherthangeniusandextraordinaryability,thatinspiresyoutocopewithanyarduoustask.Withself-confidence,thegoalyouintendcanbereached,andsocanthehardnutbecracked.Somepeoplefindmostofthingsimpossible,saying:“Itisbeyondmyabilitytodothetask.”or“Iamnotcutoutforit.”Inmanycases,thereareonlylameexcuses.Whenourheartisvoidofself-confidence,everyhopeisgone,andeverythingwearelayingourhandsonisspoilt.

243OnPatriotismPatriotismmeanstheloveofone’scountry.Itmakesonereadytosacrificeone’slifeforone’scountryandtodomanyotherdeedswhichcanbringbenefitstothepeople.Theeffectisverygreatwhenitisexercisedbyallthepeopleofacountry.Itmakesacountrystrong,andherhistoryglorious.Italsoimprovesaman’scharacterandsecuresforhimawidespreadfame.Toloveourcountry,toworksoastomakeherstrongandrich,tosupporthergovernment,toobeyherlaws,topayfairtaxesintohertreasure,totreatourfellow-citizensaswewishtobetreatedourselves-thisistobearealChinesepatriot.Ifthepeopleofacountryarenotpatriotic,thecountrymustbeveryweak.Historytellsushowsomecountriesofancienttimeswere,owingtoalackofpatriotism,conqueredbyotherpeoplesandhowthepeoplesoftheconqueredcountriesweremadeslavesundertheyokeoftheirvictoriousmasters.六、主题句法（Topicsentence)OnHappinessHappinessiseasytofindandeasytomiss.Itdependsonthewayyoulookatlife.Itistrueformostpeoplethat,formostoflife,nothingwonderfulhappens.Ifyoudonotenjoygettingupandstudying,andfinishingyourworkandsittingdowntoamealwithfamilyorfriends,thenthechancesareyouarenotgoingtobeveryhappy.Ifsomeonebaseshishappinessorunhappinessonmajoreventslikeagreatnewjob,hugeamountofmoney,aflawlessloverorspouseoranAmericanpassport,thatpersonisnotgoingtobehappymuchofthetime.If,ontheotherhand,happinessdependsonagoodbreakfast,flowersinthegarden,adrinkoranap,thenwearemorelikelytolivewithquiteabitofhappiness.七、比拟法（Analogy)Atraditionalstorydescribesafoolishmanliftingarocktooheavyforhimandhavinghisownfeetsquashed.Hitlerwaslikethatfoolishman,buthewasdifferentinthat,beforehedestroyedhimself,hedestroyedmillionsofotherpeople.Haveyouevercrossedasteambysteppingonthestones?Itsurelyisawonderfulexperiencetowalkacrossasteamofturbulentcurrentwithoutgettingwet.Indoingso,however,itisimportanttochoosethesteppingstones.Ifthereareenoughstonesandthe

244distancebetweeneachtwostonesisnotlongerthanaman’sstride,youcanbesureofyoursteps.Ifthegapsaretoowide,orifsomeofthestonesdonothaveasolidfoundation,youshouldlookbeforeyouleap,oryouwouldfallintothewater.Puttingyourideasacrosstootherpeopleisjustlikesteppingacrossthestream.Thewords,idiomsandgrammarpointsarethesteppingstones.Ifyouhaveasolidfoundationofeverything,itwouldnotbedifficulttoputyourideasacross,andyouwouldappreciateyourownideasbeingunderstoodandacceptedbyyouraudience.Ontheotherhand,thedeficienciesinyourlanguagelearningarethebiggapsbetweenthestones.Yourhavetobeverycarefulifyoudon’twanttofallintothewaterofineffectivenessorofbeingmisunderstoodbyyouraudience.八、列出文中要讨论的主要内容法（Listingthemainitems）简单列出扩展段要论述的主要内容，使读者对整篇文章有个概括的了解。例如：LearnerDifferencesAlthoughlanguagelearnerssharesomecommonlanguagelearningprinciples,individualvariationscanneverbeignored.Infact,itistheseindividualvariationsthatmaybeabletoexplainthephenomenonthatsomelanguagelearnersareverysuccessfulintheirlearning,whileotherscannevermanagetograspwhattheyshouldgrasp.Theinfluentialfactorsintermsoflearnerdifferencescanbemanifold.Amongthem,Iwouldliketodiscuss,inthispaper,thefactorsassociatedwithpersonality,cognitivestyle,age,andlearnerstrategies.Thesefactors,Ithink,havesignificantimplicationsforsecondandforeignlanguagelearning.扩展段的写法扩展段是一篇文章的主体段。文章的主题在扩展段展开，常用的展开段落的方法有下面九种：列举法（Listing）举例说明法（Examples）因果关系法（Causeandeffect）定义法（Definition）分类法（Classification）比较对照法（Comparisonandcontrast）时间顺序记叙法（Timeorder）空间顺序描述法（Spaceorder）过程描述法（Processdescription）

245一、列举法（Listing）列举法列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲，所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。列举法常用的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相对呼应，不混用。1.First,second,third,…last2.firstly,secondly,thirdly,…finally3.thefirst…,thesecond…,thethird…,…thelast4.tobeginwith/tostartwith/inthefirstplace,then,next,inaddition(to),besides,also,moreover,furthermore,whatismore,finally运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下：TopicsentenceDetail1Detail2Detail3,…ConcludingsentenceWatchTVFootballWatchingafootballgameontelevisionmayseemliketheeasiestthingintheworld.However,likethegameoffootballitself,watchingagamecorrectlyisfarmorecomplicatedthanitappears.Firstisthematterofthecompany.Theidealnumberofpeopledependsonthesizeofyourlivingroom.Also,atleastoneofyourcompanionsshouldberootingfortheoppositeteam.There’snothinglikealittlerivalrytoincreasetheenjoymentofafootballgame.Next,youmustattendtotherefreshments.Makesuretohaveonhandplentyofeveryone’sfavoritedrinks,alongwiththeessentialchips,dips,andpretzels.Youmayevenwantsomethingmoresubstantialonhand,likesandwichesorpizza.Ifyoudo,makeeveryonewaituntilthemomentofkickoffbeforeeating.Waitingwillmakeeverythingtastemuchbetter.Finally,thereisonelastpieceofequipmentyoushouldhaveonhand:afootball.Thepurposeofthisobjectisnottosendlampshurtingfromtablesortosmashthetelevisionscreen,buttotossaroundoutsideduringhalf-time.Ifyourteamhappenstobegettingtrounced,youmaydecidenottowaituntilhalf-time.二、举例说明法（Examples）

246举例说明法是指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的中心思想，举例说明法常与列举法结合使用。使用这种写作方法要注意所选事例应与文章主题密切相关，具有典型性和代表性。举例法常用的句型句式和词语有：Thiscanbeillustratedby…Anexampleofthisis/involves……canbeillustrated/shownbythefollowingexamples/instances.Therearemanyexamplestoshowthat…Oneexampleis….Anotherexampleis…The…shows/illustrates…Forexample,forinstance,say,suppose,suchas,such…as,toprovideaspecificexample,asanillustration运用举例法展开段落常用的模式如下：TopicsentenceExample1Example2,…ConcludingsentenceTheBalanceofNatureItisonlyduringthelastfewyearsthatmanhasbecomegenerallyawarethatintheworldofnatureamostdelicatebalanceexistsbetweenallformsoflife.Nolivingthingscanexistbyitself:itispartofasysteminwhichallformsoflifearejoinedtogether.Ifwechangeonepartofthenaturalorder,thiswillinitsturnalmostcertainlybringaboutchangesinsomeotherpart.Thecuttingdownofforestsreducesthesupplyofoxygen.Thekillingofweedsandinsectsbychemicalsleadstothewidespreadpoisoningofanimalsandbirds.Thethrowingofwasteproductsintotheoceandamageslifeinthesea,whileexhaustfumeschangethechemicalbalanceoftheatmosphereandshutoutsomeofthesun’sessentiallife-givingrays.Andsowecouldgoon,addingmoreexamples,untilindespairwemightfeellikegivingupthestruggletocontrolandkeepwithinlimitstheseharmfulhumanactivities.Manisverycleveratchangingtheworldaroundhimtosatisfyhisimmediateneeds,butheisnotsocleveratlookingfarahead,oratthinkingaboutwhatthefutureresultsofhisactionsmightbe.Manmaywell,inhisattempttobetooambitious,destroyhimself.三、分类法（Classification）当要说明的事物比较复杂或包括的内容比较多时，常常将其分成更小的类别，

247这便是分类法。使用这种写作方法要注意分类的标准一定要明确，而且标准只有一个。分类法常用的句型句式有：1.…maybeclassifiedintoseveraltypesaccordingto…dividedthefollowingkindsonthebasisof…categorizedtwocategoriesdependingupon…putthreemaingroups2.…consistsof…comprises…3.Theclassificationisbasedupon…4.…maybedivided…sub-divided…furthersub-divided分类法的写作模式如下：主题句+所分类别+各个类别的具体事例+结束句WaysofcommunicationWecancommunicateinthreebasicways.Eachwayhasitsadvantages.Onewayisspeaking.Whenwespeak,wehaveachancetojudgeouraudience’sreactions.Iftheydon’tunderstand,wecanrepeatasnecessarytomakeourpoints.Wecanalsoinviteadditionalquestionsandclarifyadditionalaspectsforourlisteners.Anotherwayofcommunicatingisbywriting.Wecanthinkofoursubjectthoroughly.Wecanmodifyourdevelopmentandpolishourphraseologyuntilwegetitthewaywewantit.Thethirdwayofcommunicatingisnonverbal.Communicationcanbequiteeffectiveinaverynoisyatmosphere,orwhenwedon’twanttodignifyaresponsewithactualwords.四、比较对照法（Comparisonandcontrast）比较法是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其相似之处，比较的目的在于表现不同事物的相似之处；对照法则是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其不同之处，其目的在于表现同类事物的不同方面。两者强调的重点不同，但结构相似。常用的结构有两种：第一种称之为块式结构，假如比较的事物为A和B，文章首先把有关事物A的全部要讨论的内容讨论完，再转入B事物。第二种结构称之为点式结构，即首先就事物A和事物B的要比较的内容的第一方面进行比较或对照，然后在比较或对照A和B的第二个方面，比较：BothAandBare…

248AandBseemtohavemuchincommon.AandBseemtohavesomefeaturesincommon.AissimilartoBin…TherearealotofsimilaritiesbetweenAandB.AhassomethingincommonwithB.AandBsharesimilar…AsharessomecommonfeatureswithB.AislikeBin…AisthesameasBin…Both,too,comparewith,similarly,likewise,also,incomparison,justlike,justas,also,both…and,similarto对照：AisdifferentfromBin…AdiffersfromBin…TherearemanydifferencesbetweenAandB.Ahasnothing(little)incommonwithB.ThedifferencebetweenAandBliesin…ComparedwithA,B…Unlike,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand,while,whereas,however,althoughProfessorWrightandProfessorHunterProfessorWright,whoteachesEnglishpoetry,isaboutforty.Hehasaneasy-goingpersonality.Heislivelyandfriendly.Hemixesmorewiththestudents.However,hedoesn’tworkhard.ProfessorHunter,ontheotherhand,isalsoaboutforty.Heteachesmanagement.Hehasadignifiedpersonalityandisalwaysserious-looking.Ineverseehimsmile.Thereisalwaysasorelookonhisfacewhenastudentislateorwhenastudentmakesamistake.Butheworkslikeabeaver.（块式结构）块式结构模式：TopicsentenceSubjectAFeature1Feature2,…SubjectBFeature1

249Feature2,…ConcludingsentenceProfessorWrightandProfessorHunterProfessorWright,whoteachesEnglishpoetry,isaboutthesameageasProfessorHunter,theteacherofmanagement.ProfessorWright’spersonalityisquitedifferentfromHunter’s.ProfessorHunterismuchmoreserious-lookingthanProfessorWright.Ineverseehimsmile.Thereisalwaysasorelookonhisfacewhenastudentislateorwhenastudentmakesamistake.ProfessorWrightismorelivelyandfriendly.HemixesmorewiththestudentsthanProfessorHunter.Buthedoesn’tworkashardasProfessorHunter.ProfessorHunterworkslikeabeaver.（点式结构）点式结构模式：TopicsentenceFeature1SubjectASubjectBFeature2SubjectASubjectBFeature3,…SubjectASubjectBConcludingsentence五、因果关系法因果关系法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。如果是一果多因的情况，一般先写结果后分析多种原因；如果是一因多果，一般实现写原因后写结果。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在开头，这种段落展开方法的结构常见的有两种：即分块法和连环法。分块法指的是先说原因后说结果（一个原因引起一个或多个结果）；或者先说结果后说原因（多个原因引起一个结果）。连环法指的是先叙述的一个原因及结果，再叙述第二个原因及结果，以此类推。形象一点表示，运用因果关系法展开段落常见的模式有3种：模式1TopicsentenceEffect1Effect2,…

250Concludingsentence模式2TopicsentenceCause1Cause2,…Concludingsentence模式3ACauseBEffectC(Cause)EffectD(Cause)EffectE(Cause)Effect因果关系常用的句型句式和词语有：原因：Theexplanationisthat…Thereareseveralreasonswhy/for…Thecauseof…is…Thereasonsfor…are……istheresultof……iscausedby/dueto/becauseof…because,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfrom结果：Theresult/effect/consequenceof…is……willresultin…Therefore,…Asaresult(of),…Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof…AdvertisementsonTelevisionToday,moreandmoreadvertisementsareseenontelevision.WheneverweturnonTV,wewillseeadvertisements.Everyfifteenminuteswewillbeinterruptedbycommercials.Advertisementsareoneofthemostfrustratingpartsofwatchingtelevision.Inthefirstplace,theadvertisementswastetime.Forinstance,inordertoseea90-minutemovie,wehavetospendanother20to30moreminuteswatchingadvertisements.

251Inthesecondplace,theadvertisementsinterrupttheviewers.Forexample,theviewersmayforgettheplotofashowduringtheadvertisements.Evenworse,thefrequentappearancesofadsmaymakewatcherslosetheirappetitesforagoodmovie.Thatisthebadpsychologicalinfluenceofads.Inthethirdplace,theymakepeopleunderconstanteconomicpressure.Theadsmakemanyproductslookmoreattractivethantheyreallyare.Theyalwaysaskthosethattheiryoungparentscannotpossiblyafford.Butlifeshouldnotbecontrolledbyadvertisements.SinceadscouldnotdisappearfromTVscreen,thetelevisionviewersmustbeawareandcriticaloftheadvertisementsinordertoendurethem.（第一种模式）SmokingSmokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoyourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,highqualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmokingisagoodwaytomakeyouandyourfamilyhappy.（第二种模式）Supermarkets,aWaytoImproveServiceWiththedevelopmentofcommercialnetwork,anumberofsupermarketshavebeenspringingupinbigcitiesinourcountry.Itisahopefulsignalofcommercialmodernization.Supermarketsonanaveragehaveincreasedtheirsalesmuchmorethanthoseofferingtraditionalbehind-the-counterservices.Thereasonsfortheincreasearediverse.First,self-servicerequiresfewersalespeoplethanthetraditionalcounterservice.Thereducednumberofemployeesmeansanincreaseinprofits.Second,insupermarkets,customersoftenbuythingstheyhaven’tplannedtobuy,astheyhavehadthechancetolookatthingsclosely.Moreover,goodsinsupermarketsareallconvenientlyandattractivelypacked,addingtothetemptation.Thecustomersreallyenjoytheirshoppinginthesupermarkets.However,supermarketsinsomecitiesarestillfairlysmall.Moreandlargeronesareneeded.Ithinkthatsupportingthedevelopmentofsuchmarketsisanimportantstepto

252commercialreform,andpeoplewillfeelmuchmoreconvenienttobuythingsthaneverbefore.（第三种式）VI.出题范围根据学生要求掌握的词汇量，根据他们的知识结构，根据他们的年龄特征和文化背景，出题范围大致如下：1.Scienceandtechnology(e.g.Computer,internet,cloning,television,automobile,etc.)anditseffectsonthesocietyandpeople’slife;2.Socialproblems(e.g.Housing,transport,employment,unemployment,reemployment,crime,marriage,environmentprotection,energycrisis,pollution,advertisement);3.Universitylife(e.g.thewayoflearning,extracurriculaactivities,physicaltraining,communicationbetweenpeople,hobbiesandinterests,tuition,heavyburdenofstudy,doingparttimejobs,etc.)Juvenileproblem(e.g.generationgap,smoking,takingdrugs,personalambition,playingcomputergames,jobselection,cultureandeducation,successandfailure,etc.)常用句型：一般来说，四，六级作文可分为三段：问题(what)，原因(why)，对策(how)。/现象(what)，利弊(advantagesanddisadvantages)，个人看法（观点）(personalopinion).Herearesomesamplesentences:第一段：Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,…isbecomingmoreandmoreimportanttopeople.Withthedevelopmentofoursociety,…isbeginningtoplayamajor/importantpart/roleinthefieldof……Whenitcomesto…Intermsofstudentpopulation,…Noonecandenythefactthat…Wemustfacethefactthat…Itisreportedthat…Gonearethedayswhen…Personalexperienceteachesme…Withregardto/withrespecttotherecentflood…第二段：However,everythinghastwosides.Itcanbebestillustratedinthefollowingthreeaspects.

253Someotherpeopledonotthinkso.Thereasonwhy…areasfollows:First,Second,Last.Somearguethat…whileothersmaintainthat…Manyfactorsareresponsiblefortheproblem.First,…Second,…Last.并列词语：Inthefirstplace/Firstofall/Tobeginwith.Secondly/Next/InadditionFinally/Atlast/Ultimately对比词语：Ononehand,……Ontheotherhand……Foronething……Foranother……Onthecontrary,……Unlikely,……However,But,让步和转折词组：Although;evenwith;evenif;providedthat…Despite;Inspiteof;Forallthedifficulty/problem/cost/pressure…分析和推理词组:Itisclearthat…Itseemsquitelikely…Nomatterhow…Manypositivetrendsappeartobeassociatedwith…Therearereasonstomaintainacautiousoptimismthat…willcontinue..Itisamistaketoequatewealthwithhappiness.Themore…themore..Differencesin….and…maybethereasonswhy…第三段：Tosumup/Toconclude/Inaword,/Inmyopinion,/Tome/Itishightimethateffectivemeasuresbetakento……Wehavetheresponsibility/obligationto……Weareobligedto……Onlybydoingthiscanwe…Facingsuchagravesituationof…peopleshouldhaveastrongawarenessof…

254Aboveall,…作文填空法模式对比式模式1Someparentsareinclinedtobestrictwiththeirchildrenforthefollowingreasons.Firstly,childrenarelackoftheabilityofselfcontrol.Secondly,aswecanoftenobserve,childrenareeasilyinfluencedbyotherpeople,especiallybytheirclassmatesandplaymates.Iftheybecomeaddictedtosomething,theywillbecrazyaboutit,thustheymayneglecttheirstudies.Otherparents,however,prefergivingchildrensomefreedomintheirdailylife.Theythinkthatchildrenhaveheavyburdenofstudyatschool.Afteraday’shardwork,theyshouldhavesometimetorelaxforawhileandtopursueordeveloptheirinterestsandhobbies.What’smore,theultimategoalofeducationistodevelopchildren’sabilitytosolveproblemsafterall.Tome,beingstrictwithchildrenismoreattractive.Clearly,childrenneedtheirparents’guidanceandhelp,especiallyschoolstudentsinthepresentChina.Beinglenientwithchildrenmayleadtosomenegativeeffects.Andmypersonalexperiencecertainlydrivesmetochoosebeingstrictwithchildrenalthoughgivingthemsomefreetimetodootherthingsisalsoimportant.模式1Thetopicofwheretoliveisbecomingthemostpopularonerecently.Therearetwosidesofopinionsaboutit.Somepeoplesaylivinginthecityistheirfavorite.Theyholdtheirviewthatlivinginthecityismoreconvenient.What’more,therearemorethingsgoingoninthecity.Moreovercitylifeismoreenjoyableandmorecolorful.Forexample,peoplecanalwaysfindaplacetoentertain,andshoppingfordifferentthingsismucheasierthanthatinthecountry.Whileothersthinkthatlivinginthecountrysideisabetterchoiceinthefollowingthreereasons.Firstly,peoplecanbeclosertonature,whichcontributemuchtoahealthierlife.Secondly,comparativelyspeaking,theairismorefresh.Whentakingawalk,youcandevelopafeelingofpeaceandquietandspaciousness.Thirdly,thereislesstrafficinthecountryside,thusfewertrafficaccidents.Frommypointofview,Ithinkwhetherlivinginthecityorlivinginthecountryside

255dependsonyourattitudestowardslife.Asforme,Ipreferlivinginthecity.ThereasonisthatI’mworkinginthecityandhasbeenaccustomedtocitylife.Despiteitsadvantagesitisdirtierlivinginthecountry.解决办法式模式2Nowadays,energycrisishasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.Thoughit’seasiersaidthandone,withthehelpofmoderntechnology,wenowhavemanymeanstosolveit.Inordertosolvethisproblem,wecannotonlypassnewlawstoplacestrictcontroloverenergycrisis,butalsoeducatepeopletorealizetheseverefactthatournaturalresourceshavebeenlimited.Inaddition,wecanhopescientiststoworkoutmoreefficientmethodsofsolvingfuelsandtoseeknewsourcesofenergy.Third,whatisthemostimportantisthatwemustbeawareofthenecessityandimportanceofenergysaving.Onlywhenwerealizetheimportanceofenergysavingcanweknowourresponsibility.模式2Therearemanywaystosolvetheproblemoftuition.First,studentscanmanagetoobtainscholarshipbystudyinghard.Second,theycanfindapartjobtodointheirsparetime.Third,theycantakeoutloansfromthebank..Astome,thesecondwayfitsme,andthereasonsareasfollows:Foronething,itoffersmeanopportunitytoknowthesociety.Foranotherthing,thischoicebenefitsmeinawaythatIcaneasetheburdenofmyfamily.Asstudentsinthemodernsociety,weshouldgetaglimpseoftheworldoutsidecampusinordertoprepareourselvesforfuturelifeorfuturecareers..Inconclusion,aboveallthereasons,mywaytoobtaintuitionistodoaparttimejob.利弊式模式3Nowadaysmanypeopleprefersurfingtheinternetbecauseithasasignificantroleinourdailylife.Generally,itsadvantagescanbeseenasfollows.First,informationofvariouskindscanbeobtainedthisway.Besides,it’samazingandentertainingtoexchangeopinionswithourfriendsbysendinge-mailstothemorbychattingwiththemontheinternet.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Oneoftheimportantdisadvantagesisthatitencouragespassivenessandidleness.Tomakemattersworse,ithasbadeffectsonoureyesight.

256Throughtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethatthepositiveaspectsoverweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iwouldliketochoosetosurfontheinternet.图表式模式4ChangesinPeople’sDietStatethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;drawyourownconclusions.Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.YearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitandvegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainisdecreasingyearbyyear,whilethatofsomehigh-energyfood,suchasmilkandmeat,inincreasingsteadily.Therearetwomainreasonsforthechangesinpeople’sdiet.First,economyhasdevelopedveryfastrecently.Todaypeoplearewellpaidandhaveearnedmoremoney,thustheycanaffordtobuymoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutrition.Second,nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplerealizethatdietisveryimportanttotheirhealth.Sotheytrytoimprovethestructureoftheirfood.Fromtheabove,wearegladtoseethatthelivingstandardsofourpeoplearebeingimproved.Butontheotherhand,ifpeopleeattoomuchrichfood,someproblemswillarise.Inmyopinion,theyshouldkeepbalanceintheirdiet.Theyshouldnotonlyconsumealotofmeatandmilkbutalsoenoughgrain,fruitandvegetable.历年四六级写作范文Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?(98年6月)有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。

257有些人认为数字与运气无关。试说明你的看法。14pointsSomepeoplethinkthatcertainnumberswillbringgoodlucktothem.Numberssuchassix,eight,sixteenandeighteenareregardedasluckynumbers.Therearealsopeoplewhothinkthattheirsuccessisrelatedtocertainnumbers.Howeversomeotherpeoplethinknumbershavenothingtodowiththeirluck.Theybelieveintheirownabilitiesratherthan“luckynumbers”.Theydon’tdothingsaccordingtocertainnumbers.Ithinkitisaperson’sownbusinesswhetherhebelievesinacertainnumberornot.Themostimportantthingisthathehasdonetheworkbyhimselfandhasdoneitquitewell.Astothebeliefofnumbers,it’stheirpersonalchoice.PositiveAndNegativeAspectsofSports运动的有利因素运动的不利因素你的看法14points:Sportsbenefitusmanyrespects.Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmostallpartsofourbodies.Thereisnodoubtthatpropersportsactivitieskeetourphysicalfitness.Furthermore,sportscanenrichourlifeandmaintainourpsychologicalhealth.Throughparticipation,everyonecanlearnthatontheplaygroundhenotonlystrugglesforhimselfbutalsofightsforhisteam.Sportsteachusaboutconsideration,cooperationandoptimismtofailure.Butsportscandosomeharmtothosepeoplewhocannotplantheiractivtiesproperly.Toohardtrainingmayhurttheirbodies,exhausttheirvigor,andevencausethemtobesick.Ingenerally,Ilovesports,Ienjoysports.IfeelthatInotonlygainawell-balancedlifethroughgoinginforsports,butalsogetmorechancestomoveclosertonature.SportsaddhappinesstomyeverydaylifewhenIperforminadecentway.MyMostFavouriteProgram我喜欢的电视或无线电节目是这类节目的内容和特点我喜欢它的原因14points:NowadaysradiosandTVsplayamoreandmoreimprotantroleinourdailylife.Therearemanyprogrammesshowneveryday.Someofthemareverygood.Mymostfavouriteprogrammeiscalled“TheAnimalWorld”,whichisprovidedbyCCTVeverySundaynight.Bornandbredinthecity,wecannotseeanywildanimals,andtheprogrammejustcompensatesforit.itprovidesuswithnaturalscenesandthelifeofallkindsofwildanimals

258withtheexplanationofthenarrator.Wealsolearnsomeknowledgeaboutanimals,evensomeplants,so,inmyopinion,itisaninterestingaswellasinstructiveprogramme.Bessides,thepicturesareverybeautifullysomeofthemarealsoveryvaluable.It’sreallyagreatjoytowatch.Ifyoudon’tbelieveit,justwatchityourself.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositionontheto“PracticemakesPerfect”（1997.1.四级）.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheOutline(giveninChinese)below:怎样理解“熟能生巧”？例如：在英语学习中……又如……14pointsItisafamoussayingthatpracticemakesperfect.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Themoreyoupractise,themoreskillfulyouwillbe.Moreover,youwillfindbetterwaysofdoingthings.Aseveryonecansee,practicehelpsustobeefficient.WhenwestudyEnglish,wehavesomuchtolearn,suchasgrammar,vocabulary.Inordertolearnitwell,weneedmuchpractice.Wemustreadalot,writealotandlistentoalot.Onlythroughpracticecanwehaveagoodcommandofit.DoremembertopracticeifyouwanttospeakEnglishfluentlyandexpressyourselffreely.Anothercaseinpointistyping.Agoodtypistcantypefastandaccurately.Butyouwillnotbesurprisedatherperformanceifyouknowhowmuchtimeshehasspentpractising.Throughpractice,shehasbothhertypingspeedandaccuracytobeimproved.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatpracticemakesperfect.Sinceallofushaverealizedtheimportanceofpractice,whynotputitintopractice?14pointsPracticeMakesPerfectThereisapopularsaying“practicemakesperfect”.Thisproverbtellsusthatconsistentpracticecanresultinperfectperformance.Practiceisofvitalimportanceindoingeverything.LetmetakeasanexamplemypersonalexperienceinlearningEnglish.WhenIcametotheuniversitytwoyearsago,Ihadgreattroublewithlisteningcomprehension.Ihaddifficultyinunderstandingwhattheteachersaid,letalonefollowingthetapes.ThiswasobviouslyduetothelackofpracticewhenIwasatmiddleschool.Withthedeterminationtoimprovemylisteningability,IstartedtoreadEnglishaloudeverymorningandlistentotapesandradioprogrammeseveryevening.MyeffortspaidoffandinthefinalexaminationofthefirsttermIgothighmarksinlistening.Thisproverbisalsoapplicableinotherfields.Itisimpossibleforanathletetobreaktheworldrecordwithouthundredsandthousandsoftimesofexercise.Adancer’sgracefulmovementsareattributedtoconstantpractice.Therefore,whateverwedo,weshouldpersistinitandkeeponworkinguntilwearesuccessful.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositioninnolessthan

259100words,onthetopic:ISFAILUREABADTHING?失败乃常事。人们对失败有不同的态度。我对失败的态度。Youshouldbaseyoucompositionontheaboveoutline(giveninChinese)inthreeparagraphs.Remembertowriteyourcompositioninreadablehandwriting.14points:ISFAILUREABADTHINGDuringthelongperiodofone’slife,it’scommontomeetwithfailures.Whateverthethingsareandwhoeveryouare,meetingwithfailuresisunavoided.However,differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardfailures.Somepeoplebelieve“Failureisthemotherofsuccess”.Theywon’tbediscouragedbecauseofthosefailuresandjustgoovertowhathehaddone,thenfindthemistakesandcorrectthem.Finally,theyachivesuccess.Onthecontrary,thosepeoplewhodon’tbelieveinthemselvesarelikelytogiveupwhattheyaredoingandhideinheshallowofthefailures.Maybetheyareoncegeniuses,butitisjustthewrongattitudefacingfailuresthatmakethemdonothingallovertheirlives.Ibelongtotheformertypeofpeople.Inmyopinion,failureisnotfearful,itisfearfultoloseyourcouragewhenfacingthem.Ifyoucankeepourheartandmind,successisnotsofarfromyou.Thedeeperyoucancheerupyourselfthemoresuccessyouwillget!Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDon’tHesitatetoSay“No”.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:别人请求帮助时，我们什么情况下会说“不”。为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。14points:Inoureverydaylife,weoftenmeetsomepeoplewhoaskusforhelp.Whatshallwedo?Ofcourse,helpingothersisavirtue,butinsomecases,wewillhavetosay“no”.Forexample,ifwhatotherswantyoutodoisunreasonableorevenillegal,youshouldsay“no”withouthesitation.Everyonehashisownprincipleofdoingthings,andwewon’tdoanythingoppositetotherightprinciple.Iftherequestfromothersisreasonablebutbeyondyourability,whatyoushoulddoisjusttosay“no”.Neverpromiseotherswhatyoucan’tdo.Ifyoucan’tkeepyourpromise,youwillbeconsidereddishonestanditwilldoyounogoodwhendealingwithotherpeople.Inaword,ifwedon’twanttogetintounnecessarytrouble,justsay“no”withouthesitationwhenitisquitenecessary.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicWeNeedtoBroadenOurKnowledge.Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan100

260wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:科学技术是社会发展不可缺少的。社会科学和自然科学相互渗透。现代大学生需要广博的知识。14points:Ourcivilizationismainlyattributedtothefruitsofscienceandtechnology.Inthehistory,everyscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionsetupanimmensesurgeinthesociety,pumpingtheproductiveforcetoahigherlevel.Atpresentwearelivingintheepochofinformation,whichisaddressedas‘theFourthWave’.Thedevelopmentofoursocietyismuchmoredependentonnewscienceandtechnologythaneverbefore,anditishardtoimaginewhatourwayoflifewouldbelikewithoutthem.Socialscience,ontheotherhand,constructsthespiritualbuildingsofhumanbeings.Itmakesourlifemorediverseandmeaningful.Naturalscience,nomatterhowadvanced,cannotdevelopfurtherwithoutthedirectionofphilosophyandethics,twochiefbranchesofsocialscience.Inmodernsociety,therelationshipbetweennaturalscienceandsocialsciencehasbecomemoreandmoreclose.Agreatdealofnewsubjects,whichareactuallyderivedfrombothnaturalandsocialscience,hadcomeintoexistenceandenrichtheseaofhumanknowledgegreatly.Therefore,ascollegestudents,weshouldlearnanykindofknowledgeasmuchaspossible,notonlyinordertowidenourhorizonbuttomeettherequirementsofmodernsociety.Weshouldmakeeveryefforttobecomeeruditeandversatilestudents,sothatwecanachieveourgoalsfullyandmakeasmanycontributionstoourdevelopingcountryandtheprogressofthecivilizationofhumanbeings.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHarmfulnessofFakeCommodities.Yourshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveinChinese)below:目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fakecommodities）。为什么会有这种现象？举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。15points:Today,fakecommoditiesarequitecommoninthesociety.Inordertoseekhighprofits,somefactoriesorcompaniesproducefakecommoditiesevenattheriskofbeingfoundandfined.Anothercauseofthisphenomenonisthatthelawsofprohibitingfakecommoditiesarenotstrictlyenforced.Thereisnodoubtthatfakecommoditiesdoharmtopeopleinmanyways.Theycanbringaboutgreatlossinbothstatepropertiesandprivateproperties,andtheycanevenclaimhumanlives.Acaseinpointisthatifaconsumerbuyssomefakemedicines,hewillinevitablysuffermuchpain.Thefakemedicinewillevencosthimhislife.What’smore,theproductionoffakecommoditiesisagreatdangertosociety.Soeveryoneofushasthedutytofightagainstfakecommoditiesforoursocietyandforourselves.条理清楚，用词准确，过渡自然，尤其是第二段有理有据，说服力强。

26113points:HarmfulnessofFakeCommoditiesMoreandmorecommoditiesaremanufacturedtomeettheneedsofoursocietywiththedevelopmentofmarketeconomics.However,everythinghastwosidesasitissaid.Therearealsolotsoffakecommoditieswhichareenteringourmarket.Youmayaskwhy?Ithinkoneprobablereasonisthatsomeproducerstrytomakegreatprofitsbytakingadvantageofothersuccessfulbrandswithoutconsideringtheharmnesstheydotothepeople.Anotheronemaybethataeconomiccompetitorsusethefakecommoditiestokeepdownothercompetitors’reputation.Hetriestodiscouragethecustomersbydisguisingthattherivals’goodsareworseinqualitycomparedtohis.It’sharmfultothesocietyifwebuyfakecommodities.Wemayspendbothmoneyandtimebuyingsomethingwhichturnsouttobebadinquality.SuchaTVsetmayunexpectedlybreaksdownduringyourappreciatingafootballgame.Andsucharefigeratormaynotkeepyourfoodfreshforseveraldays.Maybeitisadvisableforustokeepcarefulbeforewemakeahastedecisiontobuyacommodity.MyIdealJob人们对职业各有不同的理想我理想的职业是什么我怎样为我理想的职业作准备14points:Whenweareaskedaboutwhatwewanttobeinthefuture,wehavedifferentanswers.Wemaywanttobeadoctor,alawyer,apolitician,ascientistoraworkerandsoon.Myidealjobistobeanexcellentteacher.ThisideacameintobeingwhenIwasveryyoung.Nooneisbornwithknowledge.IfIamateacher,Iwillbeabletoturnanignorantmanintoalearnedperson.IwillteachwhatIknowtomystudents.SometimesIwillbeabletolearnsomethingfromthembecausestudentsarealwaysactiveandcreative.Solifewillbeinterestingandmeaningful.ButIknowitisn’teasyformetobeagoodteacher.Beingagoodteacherneedsknowledge,patience,skillsetc.First,ImuststudyveryhardsothatIwillbepatient.Ishalltoleratestudents’slownessinacceptingnewknowledge.Ishallnotberudetothem.Third,Ishallhavegoodskills.Itdoesn’tfollowthatateacherwithgreatknowledgecanmakehimselfunderstoodquicklyandclearly.Perhaps,studentsmaystillbepuzzledbecausetheydonotunderstandwhathesaysatall.So,yousee,differentjobsrequiredifferenttalents.Iwillliveuptothenameofateacher.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsidetheCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:大学生了解社会的必要性。

262了解社会的途径。我打算怎么做。14pointsWiththerapiddevelopmentofoursociety,thecampusisnolongeran“IvoryTower”.Studentsmustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampussothattheycanadaptthemselvestothesocietymorequicklywhentheygraduate.AlmostallthestudentskeepthemselvesinformedbyTV,radiobroadcastsandnewspapers.Someofthemeventakeupapart-timejobintheirsparetime.Workingastutors,servinginsomefast-foodrestaurants…Allthesehavekeptthestudentsgetintouchwiththesociety.NowthesummervacationwillcomeandI’vealreadyfoundmyselfajob—workingasatypistinanoffice.I’velearnedtypingformanyyearsandIthinkIcandoitwell.It’sagoodchanceformetogettoknowthesociety,tolearnhowtogetalongwithmycolleguesandtoseehowmyknowledgeisputintopractise.Whenthenextsemesterbegins,I’llstilltrytogetthiskindoflittlejob.Regardlessofthepay,IthinkthemostimportantthingisthatIcanreallyknowalotaboutthesociety.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“FamilyandPersonalDevelopment”.Youshouldwriteatleast100words(notincludingthewordsgiven)andcontinuetowritefollowingthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph.Familyhasagreatinfluenceonourpersonaldevelopment._________.Anidealfamilyshouldbe_________.Sincefamilyplaysaveryimportantroleinourlife,________.15pointsFamilyandPersonalDevelopmentFamilyhasagreatinfluenceonourpersonaldevelopment.Ifwearefromahappyfamily,wetendtobecheerfulandoptimistic.Ifwearebroughtupinanunhappyfamily,wemaygrowupmiserableandpessimistic.Ifwearenotlovedbyourfamily,wemaynotlearntoloveothers.Anidealfamilyshouldbeaplacewherewecangetwarmth,help,comfortandstrength.Itshouldalsobeasourceoflaughter,aslaughterisagoodmeanstolessenthetensionandpressureweallfaceeveryday.Afamilyshouldbewherewecultivateourself-confidence,whichiscrucialtoourfurtherdevelopmentandtoourmentalhealth.Sincefamilyplaysaveryimportantroleinourlife,itisuptoeveryfamilymembertocontributetothebuildingofsuchafamily.Weshouldbeconsiderateandunderstanding.Weshouldloveandshowconcernforeachother.Weshouldstrivetoestablishahappyfamily.Afterall,ifeveryfamilyishappy,thewholesocietywillbestable.Directions:Forpart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetitle:Advertisement.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.

263处处可见到广告。广告的好处。广告的问题。14points:AdvertisementNowadaysadvertisementscanbeseeneverywhere:inpubsandbuses,innewspapersandmagazines,onTVscreensandplaygrounds.It’smoreandmoredifficultforyoutoresisttheattractionofcolorfuladvertisements.Thereisagreatdealtobesaidinfavorofadvertising.First,itprovidesinformation.Thecustomeristoldwhatisavailableonthemarketandhowoneproductdiffersfromanother.Secondly,awiderangeofactivitiesandinstitutionsreceivefinancialsupportthroughadvertising.Withoutthissupportwewouldhavetopaymuchmorefornewspapersandsportsgames.Thirdly,thewell-madeadvertisementscanevenofferusentertainment.Aconsiderableamountofeffortgoesintotheirproduction.Soinmostcasesthephotographyistrulyartistic,theslogansaregenuinelywitty,andthesituationsaredecidedlyfunny.However,therearedangersinvolved.Thecommoditiesarenotalwaysasgoodastheyareadvertised.Bewareofbeinginfluencedcompletelybyadvertisementsandputtingtoomuchtrustinthem.14points:AdvertisementWiththedevelopmentofsociety,advertisementhasbecomeapartofourlives.AdvertisementscanbeseenonTV,onthebulletinboards,inthedinninghallsandsoon.Theyalmostscattereverywhereinthesociety.Butwhat’stheadvantagesofadvertisement?Advertisementscouldintroducethebestgoodsandthebestservicestoyouandtellyouwhereyoucanbeprovidedthegoodsandservicesthatyouwant.Forexample,ifyouwanttobuyanewcomputeranddon’tknowwhichisthemostconvenienttypetobuy,youcouldgetsomeadvertisementsofcomputerandmakeyourdeterminationfromthem.Ontheotherhand,toomanyadvertisementsmaybotherourcalmlives.Everyfactoryclaimsitsproductsarethebestandhopesthecustomersbuyitsproducts.Thismakesuspuzzled:whichonearthisthebestandwhichproductweshouldbuy?It’sreallyatroublesomeproblem.GlobalShortageofFreshWater人们以为淡水是取之不尽的（提示：雨水、河水、井水……）实际上淡水是非常紧缺的（提示：人口增加、工业用水增加、污染……）我们应该怎么办？GlobalShortageofFreshWater14points:

264Manypeoplebelievethatfreshwaterwillneverbeusedup.Theythinkthatfreshwatercomesfromsuchvarietiesofsourcesthatitisalwayssufficientforuse.Suchopinionleadstosurprisingwasteofwater.Asamatteroffact,theearthisshortoffreshwater.Furthermore,withtherapidgrowthiftheworld’spopulation,therisingdemandofwaterbyindustry,andtheseriouspollutionofoursurroundings,theworldisfacingthedangerofrunningoutoffreshwater.Actually,insomebigcities,freshwatercannotmeetthedailyneeds.Therefore,itisuptoustofindnewwaystosavewater.First,weshouldmakethebestuseofwater,andnotwasteit.Second,scientistsmustworkevenhardertopurifyseawaterpollutedwaterandtrytofindsubstitutesinindustrytoreducetheuseoffreshwater.Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutExaminationinthreeparagraphs.Youaregiventhefirstsentenceofeachparagraphandarerequiredtodevelopitsideaincompletingtheparagraph.Writingabout35wordsforeachparagraph,notincludingthewordsgiven.Therefore,yourpartofthecompositionshouldbeabout100words.Remembertowriteclearly.ExaminationTherearemanyargumentsabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexamination….Forbothexaminersandexaminees,theexaminationcanshowwhatandhowmuchtheexamineeshavemastered….Insum,theexaminationdoesmoregoodthanharmforbothexaminersandexaminees….14points:Therearemanyargumentsabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexamination.Somepeoplethinkexaminationistheonlybestwaytotesthowexamineeshavemasteredwhattheyhavestudiedanditistheonlymeasurementforexaminerstoselectwhichpersonstheyneed.While,ontheotherhand,someobjectthatexaminationcan’tmeasurehowthestudentshavereallystudied.Theysayitcandonothingbutburdenthestudents.Asforme,Ithinkforbothexaminersandexaminees,theexaminationcanshowwhatandhowmuchtheexamineeshavemastered.Theresultsofexaminationsarejustlikemirrorsforbothexaminersandexaminees.Throughexaminationtheexaminerscanchecktheirworkandgetawareofwhichaspectstheyhavenotdonewell,sothatthey’llmakemuchimprovementintheirwork.Asfarasexamineesareconcerned,theycannotonlyknowhowtheyhavestudiedbutalsofindoutwhattheyarestillunknownorwhattheyhaven’tmasteredwell.Thus,theywillbeinspiredtogreatereffortstoimprovetheirstudyingmethodsoastomakegreaterprogress.Ofcoursetoomanyexaminationareburdenstobothexaminersandexaminees.Insum,theexaminationdoesmoregoodthanharmforbothexaminersandexaminees.Wemusttakeacorrectattitudetowardsexamination.Weshouldtakefulladvantageofitandavoiditsdisadvantage.

265Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:Automobiles.Youshouldwritenolessthan100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingtopicsentences.Automobiles,astheproductsofmoderncivilization,havebeenplayingavitalpartinthedailyactivitiesofhumanbeing.Butautomobileshavealsogivenrisetoaseriesofproblems.Obviously,automobiles,likeanythingelse,havemorethanoneface.14points:AutomobilesAutomobiles,astheproductsofmoderncivilization,havebeenplayingavitalpartinthedailyactivitiesofhumanbeing.Theymakeitmoreconvenientforpeopletogettoanyplacearoundtheworld.Inasense,theworldseemedtobesmallerwhenthefirstautomobilewasinvented.Itisbeyondimaginationthatwhatourlifewillbewithoutautomobiles.Sometimes,theyareonlytraffictools,butmanypeoplewouldliketolookthemasfriends.Butautomobileshavealsogivenrisetoaseriesofproblems.First,theymakeourairworseandworse.Theygiveoffpoisonousgaswhichdoharmforourhealth.Second.Theyalsomaketoomuchnoise.Thenoisepollutionmakesusnolongerliveaquietlife.Last,automobilesbringlotsoftrafficproblems.Everyyearthousandsofpeoplearekilledorhurtbythem.Obviously,automobiles,likeanythingelse,havemorethanoneface.Weshouldtrytoavoidtheirdisadvantages.Ithinkitcanbedonewiththedevelopmentofscience.Afterall,automobilesareessentialtooureverydaylife.Wecant’slivebetterwithoutthem.14points:AutomobilesNowadays,automobilescanbeseeneverywhere.Youcanmovetoanothercityinashorttimebydrivingautomobiles.Itisveryconvinenceforourdailylife.InAmerica,automobileshavebeenplayingaveryimportantpartinAmericandailyactivities,soAmericaiscalled“TheKingdomofAutomobiles”.Ontheotherhand,automobilesalsobringusalotofproblems.Theymakethetrafficheavierandmanyaccidentshappen.Whenautomobileswork,theyoftengiveoutpoisonousgases.Thesegasesnotonlypollutetheairbutalsodogreatharmtopeople,especiallychildren.Likeanythingelse,automobilesarenotperfect.Theycanbringusconvinence,andtheyalsodoharmtous.Weshouldmakethebestuseofautomobilesandreducetheirharmness.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,wewilldoitbetterthanbefore.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“ComputersandProgramming”.Youshouldwriteatleast100words(notincludingthewordsgiven)andcontinuetowritefollowingthefirstoneortwosentencesofeachparagraph.Computersaffectalmosteveryoneinthemodernworld.

266Computersareveryusefulbecausetheyhavethepowertocalculateathighspeedandtheyhavememoryforstoringinformationthatisfarmorereliablethanahumanmemory.Butwhatmattersmostinacomputerisitsprogram.Youmayaskiftheprogrammerknowstheanswers,whythemanagementdon’taskhim,insteadofacomputer.Theansweris…14points:ComputersandProgrammingComputersaffectalmosteveryoneinthemodernworld.Forinstance,scientistsusecomputerstocalculatequicklyandsolveproblemsthatwouldtakeanyhumanbeingyearsofwork.Businessmendependoncomputerstogettheinformationabouthowwellheirproductssellonthemarket.Evenschoolchildrenneedcomputerstoassistthemintheirsubjectslearning.Computersareveryusefulbecausetheyhavethepowertocalculateathighspeedandtheyhaveamemoryforstoringinformationthatisfarmorereliablethanahumanmemory.Butwhatmattersmostinacomputerisitsprogram.Programmingacomputerforuseinafactory,forexample,maymeanworkingoutalltheproblemsthatmaycomeupandthewaytosolvethem.Theprogrammermustforeseeeveryimaginableproblemandgivethemachineappropriateinstructions.Youmayaskiftheprogrammerknowstheanswers,whythemanagementdon’taskhim,insteadofacomputer.Theansweristhatconditionsareconstantlychanginginamodernfactory.Insomecases,thefactoryissocomplexthatnoindividualcandetecttheproblemsandputthemright.Butthiscanbedoneeasilywithacomputer.Ifthecomputerisconnectedtodifferentprocessesitcanwarnthemanagerofanypotentialtrouble.Themanagercantaketimelymeasurestomakeremedies.Thecomputerhasthecapacitytosolvecomplicatedproblemsbutitistheprogrammerthatenablesittodoso.Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:“MyOpinionsofStudents’TakingupaPart-timeJob”.Usethekeywordsandphrasegivenbelowtowriteapassage.Youshouldwriteatleast100words.disadvantageenableserveindependentinawordfailpersonallyupto15points:MyOpinionofStudents’TakingupaPart-timeJobEverythinghastwosidestoit.Collegestudents’takingupapart-timejobisnotanexception.Ithasadvantagesanddisadvantages.Therearemanyadvantagesforastudenttohaveapart-timejob.Forinstance,ithelpshimtorealizethatmoneydoesnotcomeeasily.Itenableshimtobemoreindependenteconomically.Italsooffershimanopportunitytoputintopracticewhathehaslearned.Inaword,apart-timejobmaymakeastudentmoreawareofhimselfandofhispersonalvalueinsociety.Ofcourse,thedisadvantagescannotbeignored.Asiswellknownaperson’senergyis

267limited.Asastudent,hismaintaskistostudy.Ifhespendstoomuchtimeonhispart-timejob,hemayhavedifficultymanagingtosucceedinboth.Notonlymayhefailinhispart-timejob,buthemayevenbeunabletocontinuewithhisstudy.Personally,Idon’tthinkweshouldencourageastudenttotakeupapart-timejobordiscouragehimfromdoingso.Itisuptoeachindividualtodecide.Themostimportantthingisforhimtokeepagoodbalance,puthisstudyontopofthelistandassignanadequateamountoftimetoit.常用单词与表达1社会热点after-saleservice售后服务collectively-ownedenterprise集体所有制企业comprehensiveforceofthecountry综合国力copy-rightlaw版权法corruptedbureaucrats贪污腐化分子crimerate犯罪率degradation,corruptionandcrime堕落、贪污、犯罪economicgrowth经济增长economicreform经济改革exteriorenvironment外部环境fakecommodities假货financialaid财政资助financialcrisis金融危机governmentatalllevels各级政府high-techproducts高科技产品internalaffair内部事务jobvacancy工作空缺jointdeclaration联合声明jointventure合资企业laid-offworkers下岗工人marketeconomy市场经济medicalcare医疗migrantworkers外来打工者peaceandstabilityofsociety社会安定poverty-riddenprovinces贫困省份

268problemofpiracy盗版问题re-employment再就业shareholdingenterprise股份制企业socialsecurity社会保障specialeconomiczones经济特区state-ownedenterprise国有企业todoawaywithsuperstitions破除迷信toeliminatecorruption消灭腐败togobankrupt破产2.学习与考试adaptoneselftosociety适应社会anopen-bookexamination开卷考试collegeentranceexamination大学入学考试compulsorycourses必修课程compulsoryeducation义务教育coursesofliberalarts文科课程diploma文凭educationforquality素质教育educationfortest应试教育extracurricularactivities课外活动graduation毕业graduationpaper毕业论文ivorytowel象牙塔major主修oncampus在校园optionalcourses选修课passivememory&creativethinking被动记忆和主动思考post-graduateeducation研究生教育practicalcourses实践课toacquire(gain,get)knowledge获得知识tocherishpreciouscollegelife珍惜宝贵的学校生活toenrichexperience充实生活tofosteragoodhabitoflearning养成良好的学习习惯togetintouchwiththeworldoutside和外界世界接触

269togettheall-roundmoral,intellectual,physicaldevelopment德、智、体全面发展togiveprioritytostudy学习优先tohaveagoodcommandofEnglish学好英语tohaveaworkingknowledgeofEnglish基本掌握英语tokeepabreastofthenewestdevelopment和最新发展保持同步toreceivefurthereducation进修totakepainstolearn刻苦学习totakepart-timejobs业余打工towidenknowledge扩大知识面toworkastutors家教mentor良师益友qualitiesthatgotothemakingofacollegestudent大学生必须具备的素质loangivenflattosb.无息贷款给某人Topopularizethe9-yearcompulsoryEducation普及九年义务教育Academician院士3.工作与生活abalanceddiet平衡饮食astaplefood主食alocal(long-distance)call本地/长途电话on-the-job在职的advertiseajob招聘广告busyandnoisycity喧闹繁忙的城市decentdwellingplaces优美的住宅equalpayforequalwork同工同酬leisuretime休闲时间lastresort万不得已的方法massmedium大众媒体onadiet进规定的饮食outdoorsports户外运动aquaticsports水上运动personneladministration人事部phonebooth电话亭pressconference记者招待会

270publicopinion公众舆论putsomebodyonanequalfooting设身处地scenicspots风景区spiritualandmateriallife精神和物质生活summerresort避暑胜地therootofallevil罪恶之源tobooktickets订票todosight-seeing观光todresssimply衣着朴素togetenjoyment,knowledgeandrelaxationfromhobbies从爱好中获得享受、知识和轻松tohaveanouting远足tokeepfit/healthy保持身体健康tomakelifecolorful使生活丰富多彩tomakeeachdaycount享受每一天toobservetrafficregulations遵守交通规则toplaymusicalinstrument玩乐器toputon/loseweight增加/减轻体重tospendmoneylikewater花钱如流水tousemanpowersparingly节约人力trafficjam交通拥挤weekdays&weekend工作日和周末4.环境与资源automobileexhaust汽车尾气babyboom出生高峰birthcontrol计划生育causetheextinctionofplantsandanimals引起动植物灭绝deathrate死亡率disturbthebalanceofnature破坏自然平衡energycrisis能源危机fireprevention防火foodchain食物链foodshortage食物短缺freshwater淡水greenhouseeffect温室效应

271naturalresources自然资源ozonosphere臭氧层populationexplosion人口爆炸putpoisonousproductsintorivers将有毒产品倒入江河topreservetheenvironment保护环境tothreatenman’ssurvival威胁人类生存ultravioletrays紫外线5.科学与技术computergames电子游戏computervirus电脑病毒cosmicspace宇宙空间internet互联网Internet英特网Cyberspace网络空间logon上网informationhighway信息高速公路todoon-line在线todoscientificresearch从事科学研究todospaceexploration从事空间探索tolaunchrocketsandspaceships发射火箭和宇宙飞船toprogramthecomputer编程torevitalizethecountrythroughscienceandeducation科教兴国Conclusion:I.IntroductionParagraph(开头段)1.应避免的问题a.离题太远b.内容空泛无物c.不言自明的陈述2．开头段的表达方法II.Body(中间段)1.中间段的特征a.篇幅通常较introduction和conclusion长b.有恰当的主题句

272含有解释、定义、描写及说明controllingidea的扩展句（可引用事实、例子、数据或个人经历）。2.需注意问题a.所写内容是否准确、清楚，具有说明力；b.段落中有没有主题句c.段落内容是否完整、统一，有无说明不足之处或包括多余细节；d.所组织的材料是否以适当的顺序合理安排并表现出逻辑思维；所运用的扩展方法是否得当，是否做到主次分明，所用材料比例是否合适。III.Conclusion（结尾段）1.作用a.概括总结全文，强调文章要点；b.表明观点，做出评论建议，发出号召，提出解决问题方法。2.注意问题a.与开头段照应，且语气一致；b.不要在结尾段出现新观点；c.用连接手段，将尾段与中间段连接起来；d.不要用道歉式的句子；e.不要用“…”来表示；几点建议：多读，多想，多练，多模仿；背诵好文章和句子，记一些好的句型；根据功能意念，归纳各种表现方法；要用规范的句型，不要生造，要注意中英表达方式的差别；记一些名人名言；学会提出问题，分析问题，归纳总结；关心社会热点问题，对问题有自己见解；表达自己的思想和观点注意逻辑性和条理性；了解自己的不足，并注意改正；形成自己的方法和策略。