大学英语四级阅读试题汇总(含答案)

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大学英语四级阅读试题汇总(含答案)2000年1月大学英语四级考试试题Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Unlesswespendmoneytospotandpreventasteroids(小行星)now，onemightcrashintoEarthanddestroylifeasweknowit，saysomescientists.Asteroidsarebiggerversionsofthemeteoroids(流星)thatraceacrossthenightsky.MostorbitthesunfarfromEarthanddon'tthreatenus.ButtherearealsothousadswhoseorbitsputthemonacollisioncoursewithEarth.Buy$50millionworthofnewtelescopesrightnow.Thenspend$10millionayearforthenext25yearstolocatemostofthespacerocks.Bythetimewespotafatalone，thescientistssay，we'llhaveawaytochangeitscourse.Somescientistsfavorpushingasteroidsoffcoursewithnuclearweapons.Butthecostwouldn'tbecheap.Isitworthit?Twothingsexpertsconsiderwhenjudginganyriskare:1)Howlikelytheeventis;and2)Howbadtheconsequencesiftheeventoccurs.ExpertsthinkanasteroidbigenoughtodestroylotsoflifemightstrikeEarthonceevery500，000years.Soundsprettyrare-butifonedidfall，itwouldbetheendoftheworld.“Ifwedon'ttakecareofthesebigasteroids，they'lltakecareofus，”saysonescientist.“It'sthatsimple.”Thecure，though，mightbeworsethanthedisease.DowereallywantfleetsofnuclearweaponssittingaroundonEarth?“Theworldhaslesstofearfromdoomsday(毁灭性的)rocksthanfromagreatnuclearfleetsetagainstthem，”saidaNewYorkTimesarticle.21.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutasteroidsandmeteoroids?A)Theyareheavenlybodiesdifferentincomposition.B)Theyareheavenlybodiessimilarinnature.C)Therearemoreasteroidsthanmeteoroids.D)Asteroidsaremoremysteriousthanmeteoroids.22.WhatdoscientistssayaboutthecollisionofanasteroidwithEarth?A)Itisveryunlikelybutthedangerexists.B)Suchacollisionmightoccuronceevery25years.C)CollisionsofsmallerasteroidswithEarthoccurmoreoftenthanexpected.D)It'sstilltooearlytosaywhethersuchacollisionmightoccur..23.Whatdopeoplethinkofthesuggestionofusingnuclearweaponstoalterthecourseofasteroids?

1A)Itsoundspracticalbutitmaynotsolvetheproblem.B)Itmaycreatemoreproblemsthanitmightsolve.C)ItisawasteofmoneybecauseacollisionofasteroidswithEarthisveryunlikely.D)Furtherresearchshouldbedonebeforeitisprovedapplicable.24.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.A)whilepushingasteroidsoffcoursenuclearweaponswoulddestroytheworldB)asteroidsracingacrossthenightskyarelikelytohitEarthinthenearfutureC)theworryaboutasteroidscanbelefttofuturegenerationssinceitisunlikelytohappeninourlifetimeD)workablesolutionsstillhavetobefoundtopreventacollisionofasteroidswithEarth.25.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'stoneinthispassage?A)Optimistic.B)Critical.C)Objective.D)Arbitrary.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Believeitornot，opticalillusion(错觉)cancuthighwaycrashes.Japanisacaseinpoint.Ithasreducedautomobilecrashesonsomeroadsbynearly75percentusingasimpleopticalillusion.Bentstripes，calledchevrons(人字形)paintedontheroadsmakedriversthinkthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyare，andthusdriversslowdown.NowtheAmericanAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.isplanningtorepeatJapan'ssuccess.Startingnextyear,thefoundationwillpaintchevronsandotherpatternsofstripesonselectedroadsaroundthecountrytotesthowwellthepatternsreducehighwaycrashes.Excessivespeedplaysamajorroleroleinasmuchasonefifthofallfataltrafficaccidents,accordingtothefoundation.Tohelpreducethoseaccidents，thefoundationwillconductitstestsinareaswherespeed-relatedhazardsarethegreatest-curves，exitslopes，trafficcircles，andbridges.Somestudiessuggestthatstraight，horizontalbarspaintedacrossroadscaninitiallycuttheaveragespeedofdriversinhalf.However，trafficoftenreturnstofullspeedwithinmonthsasdriversbecomeusedtoseeingthepaintedbar.Chevrons，scientistssay，notonlygivedriverstheimpressionthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyarebutalsomakealanesppeartobenarrower.Theresultisalongerlastingreductioninhighwayspeedandthenumberoftrafficaccidents.26.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.

2A)anewwayofhighwayspeedcontrolB)anewpatternforpaintinghighwaysC)anewapproachtotrainingdriversD)anewtypeofopticalillusion27.Onroadspaintedwithchevronsdriverstendtofeelthat.A)theyshouldavoidspeed-relatedhazardsB)theyaredrivinginthewronglaneC)theyshouldslowdowntheirspeedD)theyareapproachingthespeedlimit28.Theadvantageofchevronsoverstraight，horizontalbarsisthattheformer.A)cankeepdriversawakeB)cancutroadaccidentsinhalfC)willhavealongereffectondriversD)willlookmoreattractive29.TheAmericanAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyplansto.A)tryouttheJapanesemethodincertainareasB)changetheroadsignsacrossthecountryC)replacestraight，horizontalbarswithchevronsD)repeattheJapaneseroadpatterns30.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutstraight，horizontalbarspaintedacrossroads?A)TheyarefallingoutofuseintheUnitedStates.B)Theytendtobeignoredbydriversinashortperiodoftime.C)Theyareapplicableonlyonbroadroads.D)Theycannotbeappliedsuccessfullytotrafficcircles..Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Amtrak(美国铁路客运公司)wasexperiencingadownswinginridership(客运量)alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham，werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.Atonetime，trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast，ver，'luxurious，andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However，timeschangeandtheautomolilebecameAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Also，airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore，thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthe

3west.Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers-thoseconcermedwithsafety，relaxation，andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers-thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed，casual，andinterestedinthetravelecperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom，escape，relaxation，andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder，etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder.Whichwasfocusedoninonead.enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.31.What'stheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.B)TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.C)Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.D)Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommuniationinchangingconsum-erattitudes.32.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedropinAmtrakridershipwasduetothefactthat______.A)trainswerenotsuitableforshortdistancepassengertransportationB)trainswerenotthefastestandmostconvenientformoftransportationC)trainswerenotasfastandconvenientastheyusedtobeD)trainscouldnotcompetewithplanesintermsofluxuryandconvenience33.Toencourageconsumerstotravelbytrain，DDBNeedhamemphasized______.A)thefreedomandconvenienceprovidedontrainsB)thepracticalaspestsoftravelC)theadventurousaspectsoftraintripsD)thesafetyandcleanlinessoftraintrips34.Thetrainadswereplacedamongfamily-orientedTVprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericabecause______.

4A)theycouldfocusonmeaningfultravelexperiencesB)theycouldincreasetheeffectivenessoftheTVprogramsC)theirprofitscouldbeincreasedbysome15percentD)mosttravel-loversandnervousflierswerebelievedtobeamongtheaudiences35.Accordingtothepassage，theEmpireBuilderenjoyedanincreaseinridershipandprofitsbecause______.A)theattractivenessofitsnameandroutewaseffectivelyadvertisedB)itprovidedanexcitingtravelexperienceC)itspassengerscouldenjoythegreatwesternoutdoorsD)itwaswidelyadvertisedinnewspapersandmagazinesinChicagoandSeattleQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whydoescreamgobadfasterthanbutter?Someresearchersthinktheytheanswer，anditcomesdowntothestructureofthefood，notitschemicalcomposition-afindingthatcouldhelpridsomeprocessedfoodsofchemicalpreservatives.Creamandbuttercontainprettymuchthesamesubstances，sowhycreamshouldsourmuchfasterhasbeenamystery.Bothareemulsions-tinyglobules(小球)ofoneliquidevenlydistributedthroughoutanother.Thedifferenceliesinwhat'sintheglobulesandwhat'sinthesurroundingliquid，saysBrocklehurst，wholedtheinvestigation.Incream，fattyglobulesandwhat'sinthesurroundingliquid，saysBrocklehurst，wholedtheinvestigation.Incream，fattyglobulesdriftaboutinaseaofwater.Inbutter，globulesofawaterysolutionarelockedawayinaseaoffat.Thebacteriawhichmakethefoodgobadprefertoliveinthewateryregionsofthemixture.”Thismeansthatincream，thebacteriaarefreetogrowthroughoutthemixture，”hesays.Whenthesituationisreversed，thebacteriaarelockedawayincompartments(密封仓)burieddeepintheseaoffat.Trappedinthisway，individualcoloniescannotspreadandrapidlyrunoutofnutrients.Theyalsoslowlypoisonthemselveswiththeirwasteproducts.”Inbutter，yougetaself-limitingsystemwhichstopsthebacteriagrowing，”saysBrocklehurst.Theresearchersarealreadyworkingwithfoodcompanieskeentoseeiftheirproductscanbemaderesistanttobacterialattackthroughalterationstothefood'sstructure.Brocklehurstbelievesitwillbepossibletomaketheemulsionsusedinsaladcream，forinstance，morelikethatinbutter.Thekeywillbetodothiswhilekeepingthesaladcreamliquidandnotturningitintoasolidlump.36.ThesignificanceofBrocklehurst'sresearchisthat______.A)itsuggestedawaytokeepsomefoodsfreshwithoutpreservativesB)itdiscoveredtinyglobulesinbothcreamandbutterC)itrevealedthesecretofhowbacteriamultiplyincreamandbutter

5D)itfoundthatcreamandbuttersharethesamechemicalcomposition37.Accordingtotheresearchers.creamsoursfasterthanbutterbecausebacteria_____.A)aremoreevenlydistributedincreamB)multiplymoreeasilyincreamthanisbutterC)liveonlessfatincreamthaninbutterD)producelesswasteincreamthaninbutter38.AccordingtoBrocklehurst，wecankeepcreamfreshby______.A)removingitsfatB)killingthebacteriaC)reducingitswatercontentD)alteringitsstructure39.Theword“colonies”(Line2，Para.4)refersto______.A)tinyglobulesB)wateryregionsC)bacteriacommunitiesD)littlecompartments40.Commercialapplicationoftheresearchfindingwillbepossibleifsaladcreamcanbemaderesistanttobacterialattack______.A)byvaryingitschemicalcompositionB)byturningitintoasolidlumpC)whilekeepingitsstructureunchangedD)whileretainingitsliquidform2000年6月大学英语四级考试试题Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Longafterthe1998WorldCupwaswon,disappointedfanswerestillcursingthedisputedrefereeing(裁判)decisionsthatdeniedvictorytotheirteam.Aresearcherwasappointedtostudytheperformanceofsometopreferees.Theresearcherorganizedanexperimentaltournament(锦标赛)involvingfouryouthteams.Eachmatchlastedanhour,dividedintothreeperiodsof20minutesduringwhichdifferentrefereeswereincharge.Observersnoteddownthereferees'errors,ofwhichtherewere61overthetournament.Convertedtoastandardmatchof90minutes,eachrefereemadealmost23mistakes,aremarkablyhighnumber.Theresearcherthenstudiedthevideotapestoanalysethematchesindetail.Surprisingly,hefoundthaterrorsweremorelikelywhentherefereeswereclosetotheincident.Whentheofficialsgotitright,theywere,onaverage,17metersawayfromtheaction.Theaveragedistanceinthecaseoferrorswas12meters.Theresearchshowstheoptimum(最佳的)distanceisabout20meters.Therealsoseemedtobeanoptimumspeed.Correctdecisionscamewhentherefereesweremovingataspeedofabout2meterspersecond.Theaveragespeedfor

6errorswas4meterspersecond.IfFIFA,football'sinternationalrulingbody,wantstoimprovethestandardofrefereeingatthenextWorldCup,itshouldencouragerefereestokeeptheireyesontheactionfromadistance,ratherthanrushingtokeepupwiththeball,theresearcherargues.HealsosaysthatFIFA'sinsistencethatrefereesshouldretireatage45maybemisguided.Ifkeepingupwiththeactionisnotsoimportant,theirphysicalconditionislesscritical.51.Theexperimentconductedbytheresearcherwasmeantto_______.A)reviewthedecisionsofrefereesatthe1998WorldCupB)analysethecausesoferrorsmadebyfootballrefereesC)setastandardforfootballrefereeing52.Thenumberofrefereeingerrorsintheexperimentalmatcheswas_______.A)slightlyaboveaverageB)higherthaninthe1998WorldCupC)quiteunexpectedD)ashighasinastandardmatch53.Thefindingsoftheexperimentshowthat_______.A)errorsaremorelikelywhenarefereekeepsclosetotheballB)thefarthertherefereeisfromtheincident,thefewertheerrorsC)themoreslowlytherefereeruns,themorelikelywillerrorsoccurD)errorsarelesslikelywhenarefereestaysinonespot54.Theword"officials"(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyrefersto_______.A)theresearchersinvolvedintheexperimentB)theinspectorsofthefootballtournamentC)therefereesofthefootballtournamentD)theobserversatthesiteoftheexperiment55.Whatisoneofthepossibleconclusionsoftheexperiment?A)Theidealretirementageforanexperiencedfootballrefereeis45.B)Ageshouldnotbethechiefconsiderationinchoosingafootballreferee.C)Afootballrefereeshouldbeasyoungandenergeticaspossible.D)Anexperiencedfootballrefereecandowellevenwheninpoorphysicalcondition.PassageTwoQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whilestillinitsearlystages,welfarereformhasalreadybeenjudgedagreatsuccessinmanystates?aatleastingettingpeopleoffwelfare.It'sestimated

7thatmorethan2millionpeoplehavelefttherollssince1994.Inthepastfouryears,welfarerollsinAthensCountyhavebeeneutinhalf.But70percentofthepeoplewholeftinthepasttwoyearstookjobsthatpaidlessthan$6anhour.Theresult:TheAthensCountypovertyratestillremainsatmorethan30percent--twicethenationalaverage.Foradvocates(代言人)forthepoor,that'sanindicationmuchmoreneedstobedone."Morepeoplearegettingjobs,butit'snotmakingtheirlivesanybetter,"saysKathyLairn，apolicyanalystattheCenteronBudgetandPolicyPricoritiesinWashington.AcenteranalysisofUSCensusdatanationwidefoundthatbetween1995and1996,agreaterpercentageofsingle,femalea2headedhouseholdswereearningmoneyontheirown,butthataverageincomeforthesehouseholdsactuallywentdown.butformany,thefactthatpoorpeopleareabletosupportthemselvesalmostaswellwithoutgovernmentaidastheydidwithitisinitselfahugevictory."Welfarewasapoison.Itwasatoxin(毒素)thatwaspoisoningthefamily,"saysRobertRector,awelfarea2reformpolicyanalyst."Thereformischangingthemoralclimateinlowa2incomecommunities.It'sbeginningtorebuildtheworkethic(道德观)，whichismuchmoreimportant."Mr.Rectorandothersarguedthatonce"thehabitofdependencyiscracked,"thenthecountrycanmakeotherpolicychangesaimedatimprovinglivingstandards.56.Fromthepassage,itcanbeseenthattheauthor_______.A)believesthereformhasreducedthegovernment'sburdenB)insiststhatwelfarereformisdoinglittlegoodforthepoorC)isoverenthusiasticaboutthesuccessofwelfarereformD)considerswelfarereformtobefundamentallysuccessful57.Whyaren'tpeopleenjoyingbetterliveswhentheyhavejobs?A)Becausemanyfamiliesaredivorced.B)Becausegovernmentaidisnowrare.C)Becausetheirwagesarelow.D)Becausethecostoflivingisrising.58.WhatisworthnotingfromtheexampleofAthensCountyisthat_______.A)greatereffortsshouldbemadetoimprovepeople'slivingstandardsB)70percentofthepeopletherehavebeenemployedfortwoyearsC)50percentofthepopulationnolongerreliesonwelfareD)thelivingstandardsofmostpeoplearegoingdown

859.Fromthepassageweknowthatwelfarereformaimsat_______.A)savingwelfarefundsB)rebuildingtheworkethicC)providingmorejobsD)cuttinggovernmentexpenses60.Accordingtothepassage,beforethewelfarereformwascarriedout,_______.A)thepovertyratewaslowerB)averagelivingstandardswerehigherC)theaverageworkerwaspaidhigherwagesD)thepoorusedtorelyongovernmentaidPassageThreeQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百姓的)Clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity(身份)thantostepoutofuniform?Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible(可减税的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.

961.ItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyandindividuality_______.A)stilljudgeamanbyhisclothesB)holdtheuniforminsuchhighregardC)enjoyhavingaprofessionalidentityD)willrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneralinuniform62.Peopleareaccustomedtothinkthatamaninuniform_______.A)suggestsqualityworkB)discardshissocialidentityC)appearstobemorepracticalD)lookssuperiortoapersonincivilianclothes63.Thechieffunctionofauniformisto_______.A)providepracticalbenefitstothewearerB)makethewearercatchthepubliceyeC)inspirethewearer'sconfidenceinhimselfD)providethewearerwithaprofessionalidentity64.Accordingtothepassage,peoplewearinguniforms_______.A)areusuallyhelpfulB)havelittleornoindividualfreedomC)tendtolosetheirindividualityD)enjoygreaterpopularity65.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.A)UniformsandSocietyB)TheImportanceofWearingaUniformC)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniformD)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniformsPassageFourQuestion66to70arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Sincewearesocialbeings,thequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles(困难).Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithousuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnesses,fromdepressiontoheartdisease,revealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefend

10off(挡开)illness,andtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.First,friends,relatives,andco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Second,otherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Third,wetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistracting(转移...注意力)usfromourworriesandtroubles.Finally,otherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport?afinancialaid,materialresources,andneededservices--thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.66.Interpersonalrelationshipsareimportantbecause_______.A)theyareindispensabletopeople'ssocialweel-beingB)theywakenpeople'sdesiretoexchangeresourcesC)theyhelppeopletocopewithlifeintheinformationeraD)theycancurearangeofillnessessuchasheartdisease,etc.67.Researchshowsthatpeople'sphysicalandmentalhealth_______.A)reliesonthesocialwelfaresystemswhichsupportthemB)hasmuchtodowiththeamountofsupporttheygetfromothersC)dependsontheirabilitytodealwithdailyworriesandtroublesD)iscloselyrelatedtotheirstrengthforcopingwithmajorchangesintheirlives68.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword"cushions"(Line1,Para.2)?A)Addsupto.B)Doesawaywith.C)Lessenstheeffectof.D)Laysthefoundationfor.69.Helpingasickneighborwithsomerepairworkisanexampleof_______.A)instrumentalsupportB)informationalsupportC)socialcompanionshipD)thestrengtheningofself-respect70.Socialcompanionshipisbeneficialinthat_______.A)ithelpsstrengthenourtieswithrelativesB)itenablesustoeliminateourfaultsandmistakesC)itmakesourleisure-timeactivitiesmoreenjoyableD)itdrawsourattentionawayfromourworriesandtroubles

112001年1月大学英语四级考试试题PassageOneDogsaresocialanimalsandwithoutpropertraining,theywillbehavelikewildanimals.Theywillspoilyourhouse,destroyyourbelongings,barkexcessively,fightotherdogsandevenbiteyou.Nearlyallbehaviorproblemsareperfectlynormaldogactivitiesthatoccuratthewrongtimeorplaceoraredirectedatthewrongthing.Thekeytopreventingortreatingbehaviorproblemsislearningtoteachthedogtoredirectitsnormalbehaviortooutletsthatareacceptableinthedomesticsetting.Oneofthebestthingsyoucandoforyourdogandyourselfistoobediencetrain(驯服)it.Obediencetrainingdoesn'tsolveallbehaviorproblems,butitisthefoundationforsolvingjustaboutanyproblem.Trainingopensupalineofcommunicationbetweenyouandyourdog.Effectivecommunicationisnecessarytoinstructyourdogaboutwhatyouwantittodo.Trainingisalsoaneasywaytoestablishthesocialrankorder.Whenyourdogobeysasimplerequestof“comehere,sit,”itisshowingobedienceandrespectforyou.Itisnotnecessarytoestablishyourselfastopdogorleaderofthedogpack(群)byusingextrememeasures.Youcanteachyourdogitssubordinate(从属的)rolebyteachingittoshowsubmissiontoyou.Mostdogsloveperformingtricksforyoutopleasantlyacceptthatyouareincharge.Trainingshouldbefunandrewardingforyouandyourdog.Itcanenrichyourrelationshipandmakelivingtogethermoreenjoyable.Awell-traineddogismoreconfidentandcanmoresafelybeallowedagreateramountoffreedomthananuntrainedanimal.21.Behaviorproblemsofdogsarebelievedto.［A］bejustpartoftheirnature［B］worseninmodernsociety［C］occurwhentheygowild［D］presentathreattothecommunity22.Theprimarypurposeofobediencetrainingisto.［A］teachthedogtoperformclevertricks［B］makethedogawaretoitsowner'sauthority［C］providethedogwithoutletsforitswildbehavior［D］enablethedogtoregainitsnormalbehavior23.Effectivecommunicationbetweenadoganditsowneris.［A］essentialtosolvingthedog'sbehaviorproblems［B］thefoundationfordogstoperformtasks［C］agoodwaytoteachthedognewtricks［D］anextrememeasureinobediencetraining

1224.Whydopetdogsloveperformingtricksfortheirmasters?［A］Toavoidbeingpunished.［B］Toshowtheiraffectionfortheirmasters.［C］Towinleadershipofthedogpack.［D］Toshowtheirwillingnesstoobey.25.Whenadoghasreceivedeffectiveobediencetraining,itsowner.［A］cangivethedogmorerewards［B］willenjoyabetterfamilylife［C］cangivethedogmorefreedom［D］willhavemoreconfidenceinhimselfPassageTwoEngineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexamplesofpracticalityandrationality,butwhenitcomestomycollegeeducationIamanidealistandafool.InhighschoolIwantedtobeanelectricalengineerand,ofcourse,anysensiblestudentwithmyaimswouldhavechosenacollegewithalargeengineeringdepartment,famousreputationandlotsofgoodlabsandresearchequipment.Butthat'snotwhatIdid.Ichosetostudyengineeringatasmallliberal\|arts(文科)universitythatdoesn'tevenofferamajorinelectricalengineering.Obviously,thiswasnotapracticalchoice;Icamehereformorenoblereasons.Iwantedabroadeducationthatwouldprovidemewithflexibilityandavaluesystemtoguidemeinmycareer.Iwantedtoopenmyeyesandexpandmyvisionbyinteractingwithpeoplewhoweren'tstudyingscienceorengineering.Myparents,teachersandotheradultspraisedmeforsuchasensiblechoice.TheytoldmeIwaswiseandmaturebeyondmy18years,andIbelievedthem.IheadedofftocollegesureIwasgoingtohaveanadvantageoverthosestudentswhowenttobigengineering“factories”wheretheydidn'tcareifyouhadvaluesorwereflexible.Iwasgoingtobeacompleteengineer:technicalgeniusandsensitivehumanist(人文学者)allinone.NowI'mnotsosure.Somewherealongthewaymynobleidealscrashedintoreality,asallnobleidealseventuallydo.Afterthreeyearsofstrugglingtobalancemaths,physicsandengineeringcourseswithliberalartscourses,Ihavelearnedtherearereasonswhyfewengineeringstudentstrytoreconcile(协调)engineeringwithliberal\|artscoursesincollege.Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomingthetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon'tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.

13Thestruggletoreconcilethetwofieldsofstudyisdifficult.26.Theauthorchosetostudyengineeringatasmallliberalartsuniversitybecausehe.［A］wantedtobeanexampleofpracticalityandrationality［B］intendedtobeacombinationofengineerandhumanist［C］wantedtocoordinateengineeringwithliberalartscoursesincollege［D］intendedtobeasensiblestudentwithnobleideals27.Accordingtotheauthor,byinteractingwithpeoplewhostudyliberalarts,engineeringstudentscan.［A］balanceengineeringandtheliberalarts［B］receiveguidanceintheircareers［C］becomenobleidealists［D］broadentheirhorizons28.Intheeyesoftheauthor,asuccessfulengineeringstudentisexpected.［A］tohaveanexcellentacademicrecord［B］tobewiseandmature［C］tobeimaginativewithavaluesystemtoguidehim［D］tobeatechnicalgeniuswithawidevision29.Theauthor'sexperienceshowsthathewas.［A］creative［B］ambitious［C］unrealistic［D］irrational30.Theword“they”in“...togethertheythreatentoconfuse.”(Line3,Para.5)refersto.［A］engineeringandtheliberalarts［B］realityandnobleideals［C］flexibilityandavaluesystem［D］practicalityandrationalityPassageThreePriscillaOuchida's“energy-efficient”houseturnedouttobeahorribledream.Whensheandherengineerhusbandmarriedafewyearsago,theybuilta$100,000,three-bedroomhomeinCalifornia.Tightlysealedtopreventairleaks,thehousewasequippedwithsmalldouble-paned(双层玻璃的)windowsandseveralotherenergy-savingfeatures.Problemsbeganassoonasthecouplemovedin,however.Priscilla'seyesburned.Herthroatwasconstantlydry.Shesufferedfromheadachesandcouldhardlysleep.Itwasasthoughshehadsuddenlydevelopedastrangeillness.Expertsfinallytracedthecauseofherillness.Thelevelofformaldehyde(甲醛)gasinherkitchenwastwicethemaximumallowedbyfederalstandardsforchemicalworkers.Thesourceofthegas?Hernewkitchencabinetsandwall\|to\|wallcarpeting.

14TheOuchidasarevictimsofindoorairpollution,whichisnotgivensufficientattentionpartlybecauseofthenation'sdrivetosaveenergy.Theproblemitselfisn'tnew.“Theindoorenvironmentwasdirtylongbeforeenergyconservationcamealong,”saysMoschandreas,apollutionscientistatGeometTechnologiesinMaryland.“Energyconservationhastendedtoaccentuatethesituationinsomecases.”Theproblemappearstobemoretroublesomeinnewlyconstructedhomesratherthanoldones.Backinthedayswhenenergywascheap,homebuildersdidn'tworrymuchaboutunsealedcracks.Becauseofsuchleaks,theairinanaveragehomewasreplacedbyfreshoutdoorairaboutonceanhour.Asaresult,thepollutantsgeneratedinmosthouseholdsseldombuiltuptodangerouslevels.31.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethattheOuchidas'house.［A］iswellworththemoneyspentonitsconstruction［B］isalmostfaultlessfromthepointofenergyconservation［C］failedtomeetenergyconservationstandards［D］wasdesignedandconstructedinascientificway32.WhatmadetheOuchidas'newhouseahorribledream?［A］Lackoffreshair.［B］Poorqualityofbuildingmaterials.［C］Gasleakageinthekitchen.［D］Thenewlypaintedwalls33.Theword“accentuate”(Line4,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“”.［A］relieve［B］accelerate［C］worsen［D］improve34.Whywerecracksinoldhousesnotabigconcern?［A］Becauseindoorcleannesswasnotemphasized.［B］Becauseenergyusedtobeinexpensive.［C］Becauseenvironmentalprotectionwasgiventoppriority.［D］Becausetheyweretechnicallyunavoidable.35.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfromanarticleentitled“［A］EnergyConservation［B］HouseBuildingCrisis［C］AirPollutionIndoors［D］TrapsinBuildingConstructionPassageFourIn1993,NewYorkStateorderedstorestochargeadepositonbeverage(饮料)containers.Withinayear,consumershadreturnedmillionsofaluminumcansandglassandplasticbottles.Plentyofcompanieswereeagertoacceptthealuminumandglassasrawmaterialsfornewproducts,butbecausefewcouldfigureoutwhattodowiththeplastic,muchofitwoundupburiedinlandfills(垃圾填埋场).TheproblemwasnotlimitedtoNewYork.Unfortunately,thereweretoofewusesforsecond\|handplastic.

15Today,oneoutoffiveplasticsodabottlesisrecycled(回收利用)intheUnitedStates.Thereasonforthechangeisthatnowtherearedozensofcompaniesacrossthecountrybuyingdiscardedplasticsodabottlesandturningthemintofenceposts,paintbrushes,etc.\;AstheNewYorkexperienceshows,recyclinginvolvesmorethansimplyseparatingvaluablematerialsfromtherestoftherubbish.Adiscardremainsadiscarduntilsomebodyfiguresouthowtogiveitasecondlife—anduntileconomicarrangementsexisttogivethatsecondlifevalue.Withoutadequatemarketstoabsorbmaterialscollectedforrecycling,throwawaysactuallydepresspricesforusedmaterials.Shrinkinglandfillspace,andrisingcostsforburyingandburningrubbishareforcinglocalgovernmentstolookmorecloselyatrecycling.Inmanyareas,theEastCoastespecially,recyclingisalreadytheleastexpensivewaste\|managementoption.Foreverytonofwasterecycled,acityavoidspayingforitsdisposal,which,inpartsofNewYork,amountstosavingsofmorethan$100perton.Recyclingalsostimulatesthelocaleconomybycreatingjobsandtrimsthepollutioncontrolandenergycostsofindustriesthatmakerecycledproductsbygivingthemamorerefinedrawmaterial.36.WhatregulationwasissuedbyNewYorkStateconcerningbeveragecontainers?［A］Beveragecompaniesshouldberesponsibleforcollectingandreusingdiscardedplasticsodabottles.［B］Throwawaysshouldbecollectedbythestateforrecycling.［C］Afeeshouldbechargedonusedcontainersforrecycling.［D］Consumershadtopayforbeveragecontainersandcouldgettheirmoneybackonreturningthem.37.ThereturnedplasticbottlesinNewYorkusedto.［A］endupsomewhereunderground［B］beturnedintorawmaterials［C］haveasecond\|lifevalue［D］beseparatedfromotherrubbish38.Thekeyproblemindealingwithreturnedplasticbeveragecontainersis.［A］tosellthemataprofitableprice［B］howtoturnthemintousefulthings［C］howtoreducetheirrecyclingcosts［D］tolowerthepricesforusedmaterials39.Recyclinghasbecomethefirstchoiceforthedisposalofrubbishbecause.［A］localgovernmentsfinditeasytomanage［B］recyclinghasgreatappealforthejobless［C］recyclingcauseslittlepollution［D］othermethodsaremoreexpensive40.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

16［A］rubbishisapotentialremedyfortheshortageofrawmaterials［B］localgovernmentsintheU.S.canexpectbigprofitsfromrecycling［C］recyclingistoberecommendedbotheconomicallyandenvironmentally［D］landfillswillstillbewidelyusedforwastedisposal2001年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:PeoplelivingonpartsofthesouthcoastofEnglandfaceaseriousproblem.In1993,theownersofalargehotelandofseveralhousesdiscovered,totheirhorror,thattheirgardenshaddisappearedovernight.Theseahadeatenintothesoftlimestonecliffsonwhichtheyhadbeenbuilt.Whileexpertswerestudyingtheproblem,thehotelandseveralhousesdisappearedaltogether,slidingdownthecliffandintothesea.Erosion（侵蚀）ofthewhitecliffsalongthesouthcoastofEnglandhasalwaysbeenaproblembutithasbecomemoreseriousinrecentyears.Dozensofhomeshavehadtobeabandonedastheseahascreptfartherandfartherinland.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.AngryownershavecalledontheGovernmenttoerectseadefensestoprotecttheirhomes.Governmentsurveyorshavepointedoutthatinmostcases,thisisimpossible.Newseawallswouldcosthundredsofmillionsofpoundsandwouldmerelymakethewavesandcurrentsgofurtheralongthecoast,shiftingtheproblemfromoneareatoanother.Thedangerislikelytocontinue,theysay,untilthewavesreachaninlandareaofhardrockwhichwillnotbeeatenaslimestoneis.Meanwhile,ifyouwanttobuyacheaphousewithanuncertainfuture,applytoahouseagentinoneofthethreatenedareasonthesouthcoastofEngland.Youcangetahouseforaknockdownpricebutitmayturnouttobeaknockdownhome.11.WhatisthecauseoftheproblemthatpeoplelivingonpartsofthesouthcoastofEnglandface?A)Thedisappearanceofhotels,housesandgardens.B)Theexperts’lackofknowledge.C)Therisingofthesealevel.D)Thewashing-awayoflimestonecliffs.

1712.TheerosionofthewhitecliffsinthesouthofEngland___________________.A)willsoonbecomeaproblemforpeoplelivingincentralEnglandB)hasnowbecomeathreattothelocalresidentsC)isquicklychangingthemapofEnglandD)canbestoppedifpropermeasuresaretaken13.Theexperts’studyontheproblemoferosioncan_____________________.A)leadtoitseventualsolutionB)provideaneffectivewaytoslowitdownC)helptopreventitfromworseningD)warnpeoplewhosehomesareindanger14.Itisnotfeasibletobuildseadefensestoprotectagainsterosionbecause_____________.A)itistoocostlyandwillendangerneighbouringareasB)thegovernmentistooslowintakingactionC)theywillbeeasilyknockeddownbywavesandcurrentsD)houseagentsalongthecoastdonotsupporttheidea15.Accordingtotheauthor,whenbuyingahousealongthesouthcoastofEngland,peopleshould___________________.A)beawareofthepotentialdangerinvolvedB)guardagainstbeingcheatedbythehouseagentC)takethequalityofthehouseintoconsiderationD)examinethehousecarefullybeforemakingadecisionPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Sportisnotonlyphysicallychallenging,butitcanalsobementallychallenging.Criticismfromcoaches,parents,andotherteammates,aswellaspressuretowincancreateanexcessiveamountofanxietyorstressforyoungathletes（运动员）.Stresscanbephysical,emotional,orpsychological,andresearchhasindicatedthatitcanleadtoburnout.Burnouthasbeendescribedasdroppingorquittingofanactivitythatwasatonetimeenjoyable.Theearlyyearsofdevelopmentarecriticalyearsforlearningabutoneself.Thesportsettingisonewherevaluableexperiencescantakeplace.Youngathletescan,forexample,learnhowtocooperatewithothers,makefriends,andgainothersocialskills

18thatwillbeusedthroughouttheirlives.Coachesandparentsshouldbeaware,atalltimes,thattheirfeedbacktoyoungsterscangreatlyaffecttheirchildren.Youngstersmaytaketheirparents’andcoaches’criticismstoheartandfindaflaw（缺陷）inthemselves.Coachesandparentsshouldalsobecautiousthatyouthsportparticipationdoesnotbecomeworkforchildren.Theoutcomeofthegameshouldnotbemoreimportantthantheprocessoflearningthesportandotherlifelessons.Intoday’syouthsportsetting,youngathletesmaybeworryingmoreaboutwhowillwininsteadofenjoyingthemselvesandthesport.Followingagame,manyparentsandcoachesfocusontheoutcomeandfindfaultwithyoungsters’performances.Positivereinforcementshouldbeprovidedregardlessoftheoutcome.Researchindicatesthatpositivereinforcementmotivatesandhasagreatereffectonlearningthancriticism.Again,criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,whichcanleadtoburnout.16.Aneffectivewaytopreventtheburnoutofyoungathletesis__________________.A)tomakesportslesscompetitiveB)tomakesportsmorechallengingC)toreducetheirmentalstressD)toincreasetheirsenseofsuccess17.Accordingtothepassagesportispositiveforyoungpeopleinthat_____________.A)itcanhelpthemlearnmoreaboutsocietyB)itteachesthemhowtosetrealisticgoalsforthemselvesC)itenablesthemtofindflawsinthemselvesD)itcanprovidethemwithvaluableexperiences18.Manycoachesandparentsareinthehabitofcriticizingyoungathletes________.A)withoutrealizingcriticismmaydestroytheirselfconfidenceB)inordertomakethemrememberlife’slessonsC)believingthatcriticismisbeneficialfortheirearlydevelopmentD)soastoputmorepressureonthem19.Accordingtothepassageparentsandcoachesshould_______________.A)helpchildrentowineverygameB)paymoreattentiontolettingchildrenenjoysportsC)enablechildrentounderstandthepositiveaspectofsports

19D)trainchildrentocopewithstress10.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageis_________________.A)topersuadeyoungchildrennottoworryaboutcriticismB)tostresstheimportanceofpositivereinforcementtochildrenC)todiscusstheskillofcombiningcriticismwithencouragementD)toteachyoungathleteshowtoavoidburnoutPassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Humanityusesalittlelessthanhalfthewateravailableworldwide.Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughts（干旱）arecausingfamineanddistressinsomeareas,andindustrialandagriculturalby-productsarepollutingwatersupplies.Sincetheworld’populationisexpectedtodoubleinthenext50years,manyexpertsthinkweareontheedgeofawidespreadwatercrisis.Butthatdoesn’thavetobetheoutcome.Watershortagesdonothavetotroubletheworld—ifwestartvaluingwatermorethanwehaveinthepast.Justaswebegantoappreciatepetroleummoreafterthe1970soilcrises,todaywemuststartlookingatwaterfromafresheconomicperspective.Wecannolongeraffordtoconsiderwateravirtuallyfreeresourceofwhichwecanuseasmuchaswelikeinanywaywewant.Instead,forallusesexceptthedomesticdemandofthepoor,governmentsshouldpricewatertoreflectitsactualvalue.Thismeanschargingafeeforthewateritselfaswellasforthesupplycosts.Governmentsshouldalsoprotectthisresourcebyprovidingwaterinmoreeconomicallyandenvironmentallysoundways.Forexample.oftenthecheapestwaytoprovideirrigation（灌溉）waterinthedrytropicsisthroughsmall-scaleprojects,suchasgatheringrainfallindepressions（凹地）andpumpingittonearbycropland.Nomatterwhatstepsgovernmentstaketoprovidewatermoreefficiently,theymustchangetheirinstitutionalandlegalapproachestowatersue.Ratherthanspreadcontrolamonghundredsoreventhousandsoflocal,regional,andnationalagenciesthatwatchvariousaspectsofwateruse,countriesshouldsetupcentralauthoritiestocoordinatewaterpolicy.21.Whatistherealcauseofthepotentialwatercrisis?A)Theworldpopulationisincreasingfasterandfaster.

20B)Halfoftheworld’swaterresourceshavebeenseriouslypolluted.C)Humanityhasnotplacedsufficientvalueonwaterresources.D)Onlyhalfoftheworld’swatercanbeused.22.Asindicatedinthepassage,thewaterproblem__________.A)hasbeenexaggeratedbysomeexpertsinthefieldB)isunderestimatedbygovernmentorganizationsatdifferentlevelsC)posesachallengetothetechnologyofbuildingreservoirsD)isalreadyseriousincertainpartsoftheworld23.Accordingtotheauthor,thewaterpriceshould___________.A)correspondtoitsrealvalueB)bereducedtotheminimumC)stimulatedomesticdemandD)takeintoaccounttheoccurrencesofdroughts24.Theauthorsaysthatinsomehotanddryareasitisadvisableto__________.A)buildbiglakestostorewaterB)constructbigpumpingstationsC)channelwaterfromnearbyriverstocroplandD)buildsmallandcheapirrigationsystems25.Inordertoraisetheefficiencyofthewatersupply,measuresshouldbetakento_______.A)centralizethemanagementofwaterresourcesB)increasethesenseofresponsibilityofagenciesatalllevelsC)guaranteefullprotectionoftheenvironmentD)encouragelocalandregionalcontrolofwaterresourcesPassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Wecanseehowtheproductlifecycleworksbylookingattheintroductionofinstantcoffee.Whenitwasintroduced,mostpeopledidnotlikeitaswellas“regular”coffee,andittookseveralyearstogaingeneralacceptance(introductionstage).Atonepoint,though,instantcoffeegrewrapidlyinpopularity,andmanybrandswereintroduced(stageofrapidgrowth).Afterawhile,peoplebecameattachedtoonebrandandsalesleveledoff(stageofmaturity).Saleswentintoaslightdecline（衰退）whenfreeze-driedcoffeeswereintroduced(stageofdecline).

21Theimportanceoftheproductlifecycletomarketersisthis:Differentstagesintheproductlifecyclecallfordifferentstrategies.Thegoalistoextendproductlifesothatsalesandprofitsdonotdecline.Onestrategyiscalledmarketmodification.Itmeansthatmarketingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections.Didyouknow,forexample,thatthebackpacksthatsomanystudentscarrytodaywereoriginallydesignedforthemilitary?Marketmodificationalsomeanssearchingforincreasedusageamongpresentcustomersorgoingforadifferentmarket,suchasseniorcitizens.Amarketermayre-positiontheproducttoappealtonewmarketsections.Anotherproductextensionstrategyiscalledproductmodification.Itinvolveschangingproductquality,features,orstyletoattractnewusersormoreusagefrompresentusers.Americanautomanufacturersareusingqualityimprovementasonewaytorecaptureworldmarkets.Note,also,howautomanufacturersoncechangedstylesdramaticallyfromyeartoyeartokeepdemandfromfalling.26.Accordingtothepassage,whenpeoplegrowfondofoneparticularbrandofaproduct,itssaleswill_________________.A)decreasegraduallyB)remainatthesamelevelC)becomeunstableD)improveenormously27.Thefirstparagraphtellsusthatanewproductis__________________.A)noteasilyacceptedbythepublicB)ofteninferiortooldonesatfirstC)oftenmoreexpensivethanoldonesD)usuallyintroducedtosatisfydifferenttastes28.Marketersneedtoknowwhichofthefourstagesaproductisinsoasto____________.A)promoteitsproductionB)workoutmarketingpoliciesC)speedupitslifecycleD)increaseitspopularity29.Theauthormentionstheexampleof“backpacks”(Line4,Para.2)toshowtheimportanceof_______________.A)pleasingtheyoungaswellastheold

22B)increasingusageamongstudentsC)exploringnewmarketsectionsD)servingbothmilitaryandcivilneeds30.Inordertorecovertheirshareoftheworldmarket,U.S.automakersare____________.A)improvingproductqualityB)increasingproductfeaturesC)modernizingproductstyleD)re-positioningtheirproductinthemarket2002年1月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.　　Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.　　Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion(拥挤).Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.　　Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable(可伸缩的)armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar'smovements.Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer(蜂鸣器)thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000

23vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.21.Onesignificantimprovementinthefuturecarwillprobablybe________.　　A)itspowersource　B)itsdrivingsystem　C)itsmonitoringsystem　　　　　　　　　D)itsseatingcapacity22.Whatistheauthor'smainconcern?　　A)Howtorenderautomobilespollution-free.　　B)Howtomakesmallerandsaferautomobiles.　　C)Howtosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.D)Howtodevelopanautomatedsubwaysystem.23.Whatprovidesautoswithelectricpowerinanautomatedhighwaysystem?　　A)Arail.B)Anengine.　C)Aretractablearm.　　　　　　　　　　　　D)Acomputercontroller.24.Inanautomatedhighwaysystem,allthedriverneedstodois_______.　　A)keepintherightlane　　B)waittoarriveathisdestination　　C)keepinconstanttouchwiththecomputercenterD)informthesystemofhisdestinationbyphone25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?　　A)Enthusiastic.　B)Pessimistic.C)Optimistic.D)Cautious.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Foxesandfarmershavenevergotonwell.Thesesmalldog-likeanimalshavelongbeenaccusedofkillingfarmanimals.Theyareofficiallyclassifiedasharmfulandfarmerstrytokeeptheirnumbersdownbyshootingorpoisoningthem.　　Farmerscanalsocallontheservicesoftheirlocalhunttocontrolthefoxpopulation.Huntingconsistsofpursuingafoxacrossthecountryside,withagroupofspeciallytraineddogs,followedbymenandwomenridinghorses.Whenthedogs

24eventuallycatchthefoxtheykillitorahuntershootsit.　　Peoplewhotakepartinhuntingthinkofitasasport;theywearaspecialuniformofredcoatsandwhitetrousers,andfollowstrictcodesofbehavior.Butowningahorseandhuntingregularlyisexpensive,somosthuntersarewealthy.　　Itisestimatedthatupto100,000peoplewatchortakepartinfoxhunting.Butoverthelastcoupleofdecadesthenumberofpeopleopposedtofoxhunting,becausetheythinkitisbrutal(残酷的),hasrisensharply.Nowadaysitisrareforahunttopassoffwithoutsomekindofconfrontation(冲突)betweenhuntersandhuntsaboteurs(阻拦者).Sometimestheseincidentsleadtoviolence,butmostlysaboteursinterferewiththehuntbymisleadingridersanddisturbingthetrailofthefox'ssmell,whichthedogsfollow.Noisyconfrontationsbetweenhuntersandsaboteurshavebecomesocommonthattheyarealmostasmuchapartofhuntingasthepursuitoffoxesitself.Butthisyearsupportersoffoxhuntingfaceamuchbiggerthreattotheirsport.ALabourPartyMemberoftheParliament,MikeFoster,istryingtogetParliamenttoapproveanewlawwhichwillmakethehuntingofwildanimalswithdogsillegal.Ifthelawispassed,wildanimalslikefoxeswillbeprotectedunderthebaninBritain.26.RichpeopleinBritainhavebeenhuntingfoxes_____.　　A)forrecreationB)intheinterestsofthefarmers　C)tolimitthefoxpopulation　D)toshowoftheirwealth27.WhatisspecialaboutfoxhuntinginBritain?　　A)Itinvolvestheuseofadeadlypoison.　　B)Itisacostlyeventwhichrarelyoccurs.　　C)Thehuntershavesetrulestofollow.D)Thehuntershavetogothroughstricttraining.28.Foxhuntingopponentsofteninterfereinthegame________.　　A)byresortingtoviolenceB)byconfusingthefoxhuntersC)bytakinglegalaction　D)bydemonstratingonthescene29.AnewlawmaybepassedbytheBritishParliamentto________.　　A)prohibitfarmersfromhuntingfoxes　　B)forbidhuntingfoxeswithdogs

25　　C)stophuntingwildanimalsinthecountrysideD)preventlarge-scalefoxhunting30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.　　A)killingfoxeswithpoisonisillegal　　B)limitingthefoxpopulationisunnecessary　　C)huntingfoxeswithdogsisconsideredcruelandviolentD)fox-huntingoftenleadstoconfrontationbetweenthepoorandtherichPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　ForanincreasingnumberofstudentsatAmericanuniversities,Oldissuddenlyin.Thereasonisobvious:thegrayingofAmericameansjobs.Coupledwiththeagingofthebaby-boom(生育高峰)generation,alongerlifespanmeansthatthenation'selderlypopulationisboundtoexpandsignificantlyoverthenext50years.By2050,25percentofallAmericanswillbeolderthan65,upfrom14percentin1995.Thechangeposesprofoundquestionsforgovernmentandsociety,ofcourse.Butitalsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessions,andinlawandbusinessaswell."Inadditiontothedoctors,we'regoingtoneedmoresociologists,biologists,urbanplannersandspecializedlawyers,"saysProfessorEdwardSchneideroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia's(USC)SchoolofGerontology(老年学).　　Lawyerscanspecializein"elderlaw,"whichcoverseverythingfromtrustsandestatestonursing-homeabuseandagediscrimination(歧视).Businessmenseehugeopportunitiesintheeldermarketbecausethebabyboomers,74millionstrong,arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory."Anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,anMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney,"oneprofessorsays.MargariteSantosisa21-year-oldsenioratUSC.Shebegancollegeasabiologymajorbutfoundshewas"reallyboredwithbacteria.”Soshetookaclassingerontologyanddiscoveredthatshelikedit.Shesays,"Ididvolunteerworkinretirementhomesanditwasverysatisfying."31."…oldissuddenlyin"(Line1,Para.1)mostprobablymeans"______".　　A)Americahassuddenlybecomeanationofoldpeople　　B)gerontologyhassuddenlybecomepopular　　C)moreelderlyprofessorsarefoundonAmericancampuses

26D)Americancollegeshaverealizedtheneedofenrollingolderstudents32.WiththeagingofAmerica,lawyerscanbenefit______.　　A)fromtheadoptionofthe"elderlaw"　　B)fromrenderingspecialservicestotheelderly　　C)byenrichingtheirprofessionalknowledgeD)bywinningthetrustoftheelderlytopromotetheirowninterests33.Whycanbusinessmenmakemoneyintheemergingeldermarket?　　A)Retireesaremoregenerousinspendingmoney.　　B)Theycanemploymoregerontologists.　　C)Theelderlypossessanenormouspurchasingpower.D)Therearemoreelderlypeopleworkingthanbefore.34.Whocanmakebigmoneyinthenewcenturyaccordingtothepassage?　　A)Retireeswhoarebusiness-minded.　　B)Thevolunteerworkersinretirementhomes.　　C)CollegegraduateswithanMBAorlawdegree.D)Professionalswithagoodknowledgeofgerontology.35.ItcanbeseenfromthepassagethattheexpansionofAmerica'selderlypopulation________.　　A)willprovidegoodjobopportunitiesinmanyareas　　B)willimposeanunbearableburdenonsociety　　C)mayleadtonursinghomeabuseandagediscriminationD)willcreatenewfieldsofstudyinuniversitiesPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thedeclineinmoralstandards-whichhaslongconcernedsocialanalysts-hasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans.AndJeanBethkeElshtain,forone,isglad.　　Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethics(伦理学)professorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.　　Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.MaterialismandindividualisminAmericansocietyarethebiggestobstacles."Thethoughtthat'I'minitforme'hasbecomedeeplyrootedinthenationalconsciousness,"Ms.Elshtainsays.　　Someofthiscanbeattributedtothedisintegrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother,shesays.Withtoday'sgreatermobilityand

27withsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself.　　Ina1996pollofAmericans,lossofmoralitytoppedthelistofthebiggestproblemsfacingtheU.S.AndElshtainsaysthepubliciscorrecttosensethat:DatashowthatAmericansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolenceandahighrateofbirthstounmarriedmothers.Thedesireforahighermoralstandardisnotalament(挽歌)forsomenonexistent"goldenage,"Elshtainsays,norisitawishful(一厢情愿的)longingforatimethatdeniedopportunitiestowomenandminorities.Mostpeople,infact,favorthelesseningofprejudice.Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety,shesays."Slowly,yourecognizethatthethingsthatmatterarethosethatcan'tbebought."36.ProfessorElshtainispleasedtoseethatAmericans________.　　A)haveadaptedtoanewsetofmoralstandards　　B)arelongingforthereturnofthegoodolddays　　C)haverealizedtheimportanceofmaterialthingsD)areawakeningtotheloweringoftheirmoralstandards37.ThemoraldeclineofAmericansocietyiscausedmainlyby______.　　A)itsgrowingwealth　　B)theself-centerednessofindividuals　　C)underestimatingtheimpactofsocialchangesD)theprejudiceagainstwomenandminorities38.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthetraditionalcommunities?　　A)Greatmobility.B)Concernforone'sneighbors.C)Emphasisonindividualeffort.　D)Ever-weakeningsocialbonds.39.Inthe1950s,classroomviolence_____.　　A)wassomethingunheardofB)wasbynomeansarareoccurrenceC)attractedalotofpublicattentionD)begantoappearinanalysts'data40.AccordingtoElshtain,thecurrentmoraldeclinemaybereversed______.

28　　A)ifpeoplecanreturntothe"goldenage"　　B)whenwomenandmenenjoyequalrights　　C)whenpeopleridthemselvesofprejudice　　D)iflessemphasisislaidonmaterialthings2002年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyouhandletheseeventsdramaticallyaffectsyourchancesofstayinghealthy.Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehow,theresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage.Women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness!”Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,thearticlessaid,avoidstressfulevents.Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerous,many—likethedeathofalovedone—areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescription(处方)forstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowantedtobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe’reallvulnerable(脆弱的)andpassiveinthefaceofadversity(逆境).Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity?Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredom,andphysicalandmetalstrain.21.TheresultofHolmes-Rahe’smedicalresearchtellsus__________.A)thewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausestressB)whatshouldbedonetoavoidstressC)whatkindofeventwouldcausestressD)howtocopewithsuddenchangesinlife

2922.Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sledto_________.A)widespreadconcernoveritsharmfuleffectsB)greatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldcauseC)anintensiveresearchintostress-relatedillnessesD)popularavoidanceofstressfuljobs23.ThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetestshows________.A)howmuchpressureyouareunderB)howpositiveeventscanchangeyourlifeC)howstressfulamajoreventcanbeD)howyoucandealwithlife-changingevents24.Whyis“suchsimplisticadvice”(Line1,Para.3)impossibletofollow?A)Noonecanstayonthesamejobforlong.B)Noprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingstress.C)Peoplehavetogetmarriedsomeday.D)Youcouldbemissingopportunitiesaswell.25.Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome________.A)nervouswhenfacedwithdifficultiesB)physicallyandmentallystrainedC)morecapableofcopingwithadversityD)indifferenttowardwhathappenstothemPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness—forgettingwhereyouleftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom—arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,saysSchacter.“You’resupposedtoremembersomething,butyouhaven’tencodeditdeeply.”Encoding,Schacterexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddon’tpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyou’reinvolvedinaconversation,you’llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyouwardrobe(衣柜).“Yourmemoryitselfisn’tfailingyou,”saysSchacter.“Rather,youdidn’tgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneeded.”Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesports

30statisticsfrom30yearsago,”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmen,possiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironment,andmemoryreliesonjustthat.Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindedness,saysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable,”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedication(药物)withlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable—don’tleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket.Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindedness:walkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou’rethere.Mostlikely,youwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime,”saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroom,andyou’lllikelyremember.26.Whydoestheauthorthinkthatencodingproperlyisveryimportant?A)Ithelpsusunderstandourmemorysystembetter.B)Itenablesustorecallsomethingformourmemory.C)Itexpandsourmemorycapacityconsiderably.D)itslowsdowntheprocessoflosingourmemory.27.Onepossiblereasonwhywomenhavebettermemoriesthanmenisthat________.A)theyhaveawiderrangeofinterestsB)theyaremorereliantontheenvironmentC)theyhaveanunusualpoweroffocusingtheirattentionD)theyaremoreinterestedinwhat’shappeningaroundthem28.Anoteinthepocketcanhardlyserveasareminderbecause_________.A)itwilleasilygetlostB)it’snotclearenoughforyoutoreadC)it’soutofyoursightD)itmightgetmixedupwithotherthings29.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Ifwefocusourattentionononething,wemightforgetanother.B)Memorydependstoacertainextentontheenvironment.C)Repetitionhelpsimproveourmemory.D)Ifwekeepforgettingthings,we’dbetterreturntowherewewere.30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Theprocessofgradualmemoryloss.

31B)Thecausesofabsent-mindedness.C)Theimpactoftheenvironmentonmemory.D)Awayifencodingandrecalling.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean’slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingandisnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogiverealinsightintoitsbehavior.Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhen,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43days,monitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy’sformerlytop-secretsystemofunderwaterlisteningdevicesspanningtheoceans.TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.Earthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemforcloselymonitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption(爆发)forthefirsttimeandthattheyplansimilarstudies.Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfortrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures.Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyonemileasecond—slowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope(听诊器)doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient’schesttoadoctor’sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasonthatevenrelativelyweaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyones,canoftentravelthousandsofmiles.31.Thepassageischieflyabout________.A)anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarinespeciesB)thecivilianuseofamilitarydetectionsystemC)theexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secretweaponD)anewwaytolookintothebehaviorofbluewhales

3232.Theunderwaterlisteningsystemwasoriginallydesigned________.A)totraceandlocateenemyvesselsB)tomonitordeep-seavolcaniceruptionsC)tostudythemovementofoceancurrentsD)toreplacetheglobalradiocommunicationsnetwork33.Thedeep-sealisteningsystemmakesuseof________.A)thesophisticatedtechnologyoffocusingsoundsunderwaterB)thecapabilityofsoundtotravelathighspeedC)theuniquepropertyoflayersofoceanwaterintransmittingsoundD)low-frequencysoundstravelingacrossdifferentlayersofwater34.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A)newradiodevicesshouldbedevelopedfortrackingtheendangeredbluewhalesB)bluewhalesarenolongerendangeredwiththeuseofthenewlisteningsystemC)opinionsdifferastowhethercivilianscientistsshouldbeallowedtousemilitarytechnologyD)militarytechnologyhasgreatpotentialincivilianuse35.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheU.S.Navyunderwaterlisteningnetwork?A)Itisnowpartlyaccessibletocivilianscientists.B)Ithasbeenreplacedbyamoreadvancedsystem.C)Itbecameuselesstothemilitaryafterthecoldwar.D)Itisindispensableinprotectingendangeredspecies.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thefitnessmovementthatbeganinthelate1960sandearly1970scenteredaroundaerobicexercise(有氧操).Millionsofindividualsbecameengagedinavarietyofaerobicactivities,andliterallythousandsofhealthspasdevelopedaroundthecountrytocapitalize(获利)onthisemerginginterestinfitness,particularlyaerobicdancingforfemales.Anumberoffitnessspasexistedpriortothisaerobicfitnessmovement,evenanationalchainwithspasinmostmajorcities.However,theirfocuswasnotonaerobics,butratheronweight-trainingprogramsdesignedtodevelopmuscularmass,strength,andenduranceintheirprimarilymaleenthusiasts.Thesefitnessspasdidnotseemtobenefitfinanciallyformtheaerobicfitnessmovementtobetterhealth,sincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthbenefits.Inrecentyears,however,weighttraininghasagainbecomeincreasinglypopularformalesandfor

33females.Manycurrentprogramsfocusnotonlyondevelopingmuscularstrengthandendurancebutonaerobicfitnessaswell.Historically,mostphysical-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics.However,inrecentyears,evidencehasshownthattrainingprogramsdesignedprimarilytoimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealthbenefitsaswell.TheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinenowrecommendsthatweighttrainingbepartofatotalfitnessprogramforhealthyAmericans.IncreasedparticipationinsuchtrainingisoneofthespecificphysicalactivityandfitnessobjectivesofHealthyPeople2000:NationalHealthPromotionandDiseasePreventionObjectives.36.Theword“spas”(Line3,Para.1)mostprobablyrefersto_________.A)sportsactivitiesB)placesforphysicalexerciseC)recreationcentersD)athletictrainingprograms37.Earlyfitnessspaswereintendedmainlyfor__________.A)thepromotionofaerobicexerciseB)enduranceandmusculardevelopmentC)theimprovementofwomen’sfiguresD)betterperformanceinaerobicdancing38.Whatwastheattitudeofdoctorstowardsweighttraininginhealthimprovement?A)Positive.B)Indifferent.C)Negative.D)Cautious.39.Peopleweregivenphysicalfitnesstestsinordertofindout________.A)howelltheycoulddoinathleticsB)whattheirhealthconditionwaslikeC)whatkindoffitnesscenterwassuitableforthemD)whethertheywerefitforaerobicexercise40.Recentstudieshavesuggestedthatweighttraining__________.A)hasbecomeanessentialpartofpeople’slifeB)maywellaffectthehealthofthetrainees

34C)willattractmorepeopleinthedaystocomeD)contributestohealthimprovementaswell2003年1月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Likemanyofmygeneration,Ihaveaweaknessforheroworship.Atsomepoint,however,weallbegintoquestionourheroesandourneedforthem.Thisleadsustoask:Whatisahero?Despiteimmensedifferencesincultures,heroesaroundtheworldgenerallyshareanumberofcharacteristicsthatinstructandinspirepeople.Aherodoessomethingworthtalkingabout.Aherohasastoryofadventuretotellandacommunitywhowilllisten.Butaherogoesbeyondmerefame.Heroesservepowersorprincipleslargerthanthemselves.Likehigh-voltagetransformers,heroestaketheenergyofhigherpowersandstepitdownsothatitcanbeusedbyordinarypeople.Theherolivesalifeworthyofimitation.Thosewhoimitateagenuineheroexperiencelifewithnewdepth,enthusiasm,andmeaning.Asuretestforwould-beheroesiswhatorwhomdotheyserve?Whataretheywillingtoliveanddiefor?Iftheanswerorevidencesuggeststheyserveonlytheirownfame,theymaybefamouspersonsbutnotheroes.MadonnaandMichaelJacksonarefamous,butwhowouldclaimthattheirfansfindlifemoreabundant?Heroesarecatalysts(催化剂)forchange.Theyhaveavisionfromthemountaintop.Theyhavetheskillandthecharmtomovethemasses.Theycreatenewpossibilities.WithoutGandhi,IndiamightstillbepartoftheBritishEmpire.WithoutRosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Jr.,wemightstillhavesegregated(隔离的)buses,restaurants,andparks.Itmaybepossibleforlarge-scalechangetooccurwithoutleaderswithmagneticpersonalities,butthepaceofchangewouldbeslow,thevisionuncertain,andthecommitteemeetingsendless.

3511.Althoughheroesmaycomefromdifferentcultures,they_______.A)generallypossesscertaininspiringcharacteristicsB)probablysharesomeweaknessesofordinarypeopleC)areofteninfluencedbypreviousgenerationsD)allunknowinglyattractalargenumberoffans12.Accordingtothepassage,heroesarecomparedtohigh-voltagetransformersinthat____.A)theyhaveavisionfromthemountaintopB)theyhavewarmfeelingsandemotionsC)theycanserveasconcreteexamplesofnobleprinciplesD)theycanmakepeoplefeelstrongerandmoreconfident13.MadonnaandMichaelJacksonarenotconsideredheroesbecause________.A)theyarepopularonlyamongcertaingroupsofpeopleB)theirperformancesdonotimprovetheirfansmorallyC)theirprimaryconcernistheirownfinancialinterestsD)theyarenotclearabouttheprinciplestheyshouldfollow14.GandhiandMartinLutherKingaretypicalexamplesofoutstandingleaderswho_____.A)aregoodatdemonstratingtheircharmingcharactersB)canmovethemasseswiththeirforcefulspeechesC)arecapableofmeetingallchallengesandhardshipsD)canprovideananswertotheproblemsoftheirpeople15.Theauthorconcludesthathistoricalchangeswould______.A)bedelayedwithoutleaderswithinspiringpersonalqualitiesB)nothappenwithoutheroesmakingthenecessarysacrificesC)takeplacefftherewereheroestoleadthepeopleD)produceleaderswithattractivepersonalitiesB)PassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

36Accordingtoasurvey,whichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188,000students,today’straditional-agecollegefreshmenare“morematerialisticandlessaltruistic(利他主义的)”thanatanytimeinthe17yearsofthepoll.Notsurprisinginthesehardtimes,thestudent’smajorobjective“istobefinanciallywelloff.Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.”Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteaching,socialserviceandthe“altruistic”fieldsisatalow.Ontheotherhand,enrollmentinbusinessprograms,engineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup.That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmine(asalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompany)wasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsherfirstyearonthejob—evenbeforeshecompletedhertwo-yearassociatedegree.Whileit’struethatweallneedacareer,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledgeinfieldsfarremovedfromourownandthatwearebetterforourunderstandingoftheseothercontributionsmbetheyscientificorartistic.Itisequallytruethat,instudyingthediversewisdomofothers,welearnhowtothink.Moreimportant,perhaps,educationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthings,aswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds.Weeklywereadofunionswhowentonstrikeforhigherwages,onlytodrivetheiremployeroutofbusiness.Nocompany;nojob.Howshortsightedinthelongrun!Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheages,weimproveourmoralsense.Isawacartoonrecentlywhichshowsagroupofbusinessmenlookingpuzzledastheysitaroundaconferencetable;oneofthemistalkingontheintercom(对讲机):“MissBaxter,”hesays,“couldyoupleasesendinsomeonewhocandistinguishrightfromwrong?”Fromthelong-termpointofview,that’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.16.Accordingtotheauthor’sobservation,collegestudents_______.A)haveneverbeensomaterialisticastoday

37B)haveneverbeensointerestedintheartsC)haveneverbeensofinanciallywelloffastodayD)haveneverattachedsomuchimportancetomoralsense17.Thestudents’criteriaforselectingmajorstodayhavemuchtodowith_______.A)theinfluencesoftheirinstructorsB)thefinancialgoalstheyseekinlifeC)theirowninterpretationsofthecoursesD)theirunderstandingofthecontributionsofothers18.Bysaying“Whileit’struethat...betheyscientificorartistic”(Lines1-3,Para.5),theauthormeansthat_______.A)businessmanagementshouldbeincludedineducationalprogramsB)humanwisdomhasaccumulatedatanextraordinarilyhighspeedC)humanintellectualdevelopmenthasreachednewheightsD)theimportanceofabroadeducationshouldnotbeoverlooked19.Studyingthediversewisdomofotherscan________.A)createvaryingartisticinterestsB)helppeopleseethingsintheirrightperspectiveC)helpimproveconnectionsamongpeopleD)regulatethebehaviorofmodernpeople20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?A)Businessmenabsorbedintheircareerarenarrow-minded.B)Managersoftenfindithardtotellrightfromwrong.C)Peopleengagedintechnicaljobsleadamorerewardinglife.D)Careerseekersshouldnotfocusonimmediateinterestsonly.PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Newtechnologylinkstheworldasneverbefore.Ourplanethasshrunk.It’snowa“globalvillage”wherecountriesareonlysecondsawaybyfaxorphoneorsatellitelink.And.ofcourse,ourabilitytobenefitfromthishigh-techcommunicationsequipmentis

38greatlyenhancedbyforeignlanguageskills.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.Inmodernmarkets,successoverseasoftenhelpssupportdomesticbusinessefforts.Overseasassignmentsarebecomingincreasinglyimportanttoadvancementwithinexecutiveranks.Theexecutivestationedinanothercountrynolongerneedfearbeing“outofsightandoutofmind.”Heorshecanbesurethattheoverseaseffortiscentraltothecompany’splanforsuccess,andthatpromotionsoftenfolloworaccompanyanassignmentabroad.Ifanemployeecansucceedinadifficultassignmentoverseas,superiorswillhavegreaterconfidenceinhisorherabilitytocopebackintheUnitedStateswherecross-culturalconsiderationsandforeignlanguageissuesarebecomingmoreandmoreprevalent(普遍的).Thankstoavarietyofrelativelyinexpensivecommunicationsdeviceswithbusinessapplications,evensmallbusinessesintheUnitedStatesareabletogetintointernationalmarkets.Englishisstilltheinternationallanguageofbusiness.Butthereisanever-growingneedforpeoplewhocanspeakanotherlanguage.Asecondlanguageisn’tgenerallyrequiredtogetajobinbusiness,buthavinglanguageskillsgivesacandidatetheedgewhenotherqualificationsappeartobeequalTheemployeepostedabroadwhospeaksthecountry’sprincipallanguagehasanopportunitytofast-forwardcertainnegotiations,andcamhavetheculturalinsighttoknowwhenitisbettertomovemoreslowly.Theemployeeatthehomeofficewhocancommunicatewellwithforeignclientsoverthetelephoneorbyfaxmachineisanobviousassettothefirm.21.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardhigh-techcommunicationsequipment?A)Critical.C)Indifferent.B)Prejudiced.D)Positive.22.Withtheincreaseduseofhigh-techcommunicationsequipment,businesspeople

39______.A)havetogetfamiliarwithmoderntechnologyB)aregainingmoreeconomicbenefitsfromdomesticoperationsC)areattachingmoreimportancetotheiroverseasbusinessD)areeagertoworkoverseas23.Inthispassage,“outofsightandoutofmind”(Lines2-3,Para.3)probablymeans____.A)beingunabletothinkproperlyforlackofinsightB)beingtotallyoutoftouchwithbusinessathomeC)missingopportunitiesforpromotionwhenabroadD)leavingallcareandworrybehind24.Accordingtothepassage,whatisanimportantconsiderationofinternationalcorporationsinemployingpeopletoday?A)Connectionswithbusinessesoverseas.B)Abilitytospeaktheclient’slanguage.C)Technicalknow-how.D)Businessexperience.25.Theadvantageofemployeeshavingforeignlanguageskillsisthattheycan_______.A)bettercontrolthewholenegotiationprocessB)easilyfindnewapproachestomeetmarketneedsC)fast-forwardtheirproposalstoheadquartersD)easilymakefriendswithbusinesspeopleabroadPassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inrecentyears,Israeliconsumershavegrownmoredemandingasthey’vebecomewealthierandmoreworldly-wise.Foreigntravelisanationalpassion;thissummeralone,onein10citizenswillgoabroad.Exposedtohigherstandardsofserviceelsewhere,Israelisarereturninghomeexpectingthesame.Americanfirmshavealsobegunarrivinginlargenumbers.ChainssuchasKFC,McDonald’sandPizzaHutaresettinganew

40standardofcustomerservice,usingstrictemployeetrainingandconstantmonitoringtoensurethefriendlinessoffrontlinestaff.EventheAmericanhabitoftellingdepartingcustomersto“Haveaniceday”hascaughtonalloverIsrael.“Nobodywakesupinthemorningandsays,‘Let’sbenicer,’”saysItsikCohen,directorofaconsultingfirm.“Nothinghappenswithoutcompetition.”Privatization,orthethreatofit,isamotivationaswell.Monopolies(垄断者)thatuntilrecentlyhavebeenfreetotaketheircustomersforgrantednowfearwhatMichaelPerry,amarketingprofessor,calls“therevengeful(报复的)consumer.”WhenthegovernmentopenedupcompetitionwithBezaq,thephonecompany,itsinternationalbranchlost40%ofitsmarketshare,evenwhileofferingcompetitiverates.SaysPerry,“Peoplewantedrevengeforalltheyearsofbadservice.”Theelectriccompany,whosemonopolymaybeshort-lived,hassuddenlymoppedrequiringuserstowaithalfadayforarepairman.Now,appointmentsarescheduledtothehalf-hour.ThegracelessElAlAirlines,whichisalreadyatauction(拍卖),hasretraineditsemployeestoemphasizeserviceandisboastingabouttheresultsinanadcampaignwiththeslogan,“Youcanfeelthechangeintheair.”Forthefirsttime,praiseoutnumberscomplaintsoncustomersurveysheets.26.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat_______.A)customerserviceinIsraelisnowimprovingB)wealthyIsraelicustomersarehardtopleaseC)thetouristindustryhasbroughtchainstorestoIsraelD)Israelicustomerspreferforeignproductstodomesticones27.Intheauthor’sview,higherservicestandardsareimpossibleinIsrael________.A)ifcustomercomplaintsgounnoticedbythemanagementB)unlessforeigncompaniesareintroducedingreaternumbersC)ifthere’snocompetitionamongcompaniesD)withoutstrictroutinetrainingofemployees28.IfsomeoneinIsraeltodayneedsarepairmanincaseofapowerfailure,________.A)theycanhaveitfixedinnotimeB)it’snolongernecessarytomakeanappointmentC)theappointmenttakesonlyhalfadaytomake

41D)theyonlyhavetowaithalfanhouratmost29.TheexampleofElA1Airlinesshowsthat_______.A)revengefulcustomersareathreattothemonopolyofenterprisesB)anadcampaignisawayoutforenterprisesinfinancialdifficultyC)agoodsloganhasgreatpotentialforimprovingserviceD)staffretrainingisessentialforbetterservice30.WhydidBezaq’sinternationalbranchlose40%ofitsmarketshare?A)Becausetheratesitofferedwerenotcompetitiveenough.B)Becausecustomersweredissatisfiedwithitspastservice.C)Becausetheserviceofferedbyitscompetitorswasfarbetter.D)Becauseitnolongerreceivedanysupportfromthegovernment.2003年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoreofsuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet(芭蕾舞).Involvementinsports,inparticular,rosealmost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspendanaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports;girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,children’sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthedayin1981to25%.“Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危机)thataffectstheirparents,”saysSandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudyofchildren’stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethehome.(Nevertheless,childreninbothdouble-incomeand“malebreadwinner”householdsspentcomparablemountsoftimeinteractingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspentonly9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsomeverymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerfulwayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabouthimself,”saysT.BerryBrazelton,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplayencouragesindependentthinkingandallowstheyoungtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeirpeers,butkidsages3to12

42spentonly12hoursaweekengagedinit.Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watchingtelevision.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneofthefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.Ifthey’respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTVset,however,kidsaren’treplacingitwithreading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmoreinterestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustoveranhouraweekreading.Let’sfaceit,who’sgotthetime?21.Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch”(Line1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans________.A)childrenhavelittletimetoplaywiththeirparentsB)childrenarenottakengoodcareofbytheirworkingparentsC)bothparentsandchildrensufferfromlackofleisuretimeD)bothparentsandchildrenhavetroublemanagingtheirtime22.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenbySandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis______.A)quiteconvincingB)partiallytrueC)totallygroundlessD)ratherconfusing23.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelopsbetterif______.A)hehasplentyoftimereadingandstudyingB)heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhisownwayC)hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschoolactivitiesD)heisfreetointeractwithhisworkingparents24.TheauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthatAmericankids______.A)areengagedinmoreandmorestructuredactivitiesB)areincreasinglyneglectedbytheirworkingmothersC)arespendingmoreandmoretimewatchingTVD)areinvolvedlessandlessinhouseholdwork25.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.

43A)extracurricularactivitiespromotechildren’sintelligenceB)mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwithTVsetsswitchedoffC)effortstogetkidsinterestedinreadinghavebeenfruitfulD)mostparentsbelievereadingtobebeneficialtochildrenPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:HenryFord,thefamousU.S.inventorandcarmanufacturer,oncesaid,‘ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness.”BythishemeantthattheU.S.wayoflifeisbasedonthevaluesofthebusinessworld.FewwouldarguewithFord’sstatement.AbriefglimpseatadailynewspapervividlyshowshowmuchpeopleintheUnitedStatesthinkaboutbusiness.Forexample,nearlyeverynewspaperhasabusinesssection,inwhichthedealsandprojects,financesandmanagement,stockpricesandlaborproblemsofcorporationsarereporteddaily.Inaddition,businessnewscanappearineveryothersection.Mostnationalnewshasanimportantfinancialaspecttoit.Welfare,foreignaid,thefederalbudget,andthepoliciesoftheFederalReserveBankareallheavilyaffectedbybusiness.Moreover,businessnewsappearsinsomeoftheunlikeliestplaces.Theworldofartsandentertainmentisoftenreferredtoas“theentertainmentindustry”or“showbusiness.”ThepositivesideofHenryFord’sstatementcanbeseenintheprosperitythatbusinesshasbroughttoU.S.life.OneofthemostimportantreasonssomanypeoplefromallovertheworldcometoliveintheUnitedStatesisthedreamofabetterjob.Jobsareproducedinabundance(大量地)becausetheU.S.economicsystemisdrivenbycompetition.Peoplebelievethatthissystemcreatesmorewealth,morejobs,andamateriallybetterwayoflife.ThenegativesideofHenryFord’sstatement,however,canbeseenwhenthewordbusinessistakentomeanbigbusiness.Andthetermbigbusiness—referringtothebiggestcompanies,isseeninoppositiontolabor.ThroughoutU.S.historyworkingpeoplehavehadtofighthardforhigherwages,betterworkingconditions,andtherighttoformunions.Today,manyoftheoldlabordisputesareover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.Downsizing—thelayingoffofthousandsofworkerstokeepexpenseslowand

44profitshigh--createsfeelingsofinsecurityformany.26.TheunitedStatesisatypicalcountry______.A)whichencouragesfreetradeathomesandabroadB)wherepeople’schiefconcernishowtomakemoneyC)whereallbusinessesaremanagedscientificallyD)whichnormallyworksaccordingtothefederalbudget27.TheinfluenceofbusinessintheU.S.isevidencedbythefactthat______.A)mostnewspapersarerunbybigbusinessesB)evenpublicorganizationsconcentrateonworkingforprofitsC)AmericansofallprofessionsknowhowtodobusinessD)evenartsandentertainmentareregardedasbusiness28.Accordingtothepassage,immigrantschoosetosettleintheU.S.,dreamingthat______.A)theycanstartprofitablebusinessesthereB)theycanbemorecompetitiveinbusinessC)theywillmakeafortuneovernightthereD)theywillfindbetterchancesofemployment29.HenryFord’sstatementscanbetakennegativelybecause______.A)workingpeoplearediscouragedtofightfortheirrightsB)therearemanyindustriescontrolledbyafewbigcapitalistsC)thereisaconflictingrelationshipbetweenbigcorporationsandlaborD)publicservicesarenotrunbythefederalgovernment30.Acompany’seffortstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshighmayresultin______.A)reductioninthenumberofemployeesB)improvementofworkingconditionsC)fewerdisputesbetweenlaborandmanagementD)ariseinworkers’wagesPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

45ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofalltheirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnight.Whenhecametoanalysetheirembarrassinglapses(差错)inascientificreport,hewassurprisedtofindthatnearlyallofthemfellintoafewgroupings.Nordidthelapsesappeartobeentirelyrandom(随机的).Oneofthewomen,forinstance,onleavingherhouseforworkonemorningthrewherdogherearringsandtriedtofixadogbiscuitonherear.“Theexplanationforthisisthatthebrainislikeacomputer,”explainstheprofessor.“Peopleprogrammethemselvestodocertainactivitiesregularly.Itwasthewoman’scustomeverymorningtothrowherdogtwobiscuitsandthenputonherearrings.Butsomehowtheactiongotreversedintheprogramme.”Aboutoneintwentyoftheincidentsthevolunteersreportedwerethese“programmeassemblyfailures.”Altogetherthevolunteerslogged433unintentionalactionsthattheyfoundthemselvesdoing–anaverageoftwelveeach.Thereappeartobepeakperiodsinthedaywhenweareatourzaniest(荒谬可笑的).Thesearetwohourssometimebetweeneighta.m.andnoon,betweenfourandsixp.m.withasmallerpeakbetweeneightandtenp.m.“Amongmenthepeakseemstobewhenachangeoverinbrain‘programmes’occurs,asforinstancebetweengoingtoandfromwork.”Womenonaveragereportedslightlymorelapses–12.5comparedwith10.9formen–probablybecausetheyweremorereliablereporters.Astartlingfindingoftheresearchisthattheabsent-mindedactivityisahazardofdoingthingsinwhichweareskilled.Normally,youwouldexpectthatskillreducesthenumberoferrorswemake.Buttryingtoavoidsillyslipsbyconcentratingmorecouldmakethingsalotworse–evendangerous.31.InhisstudyProfessorSmithaskedthesubjects______.A)tokeeptrackofpeoplewhotendtoforgetthingsB)toreporttheirembarrassinglapsesatrandomC)toanalysetheirawkwardexperiencesscientificallyD)tokeeparecordofwhattheydidunintentionally32.ProfessorSmithdiscoveredthat______.

46A)certainpatternscanbeidentifiedintherecordedincidentsB)manypeopleweretooembarrassedtoadmittheirabsent-mindednessC)mentendtobemoreabsent-mindedthanwomenD)absent-mindednessisanexcusablehumanweakness33.“Programmeassemblyfailures”(Line6,Para.2)referstothephenomenonthatpeople______.A)oftenfailtoprogrammetheirroutinesbeforehandB)tendtomakemistakeswhentheyareinahurryC)unconsciouslychangethesequenceofdoingthingsD)arelikelytomessthingsupiftheyaretootired34.Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat______.A)absent-mindednesstendstooccurduringcertainhoursofthedayB)womenareverycarefultoperformactionsduringpeakperiodsC)womenexperiencemorepeakperiodsofabsent-mindednessD)men’sabsent-mindednessoftenresultsinfunnysituations35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.A)peopleshouldavoiddoingimportantthingsduringpeakperiodsoflapsesB)hazardscanbeavoidedwhenpeopledothingstheyaregoodatC)peopleshouldbecarefulwhenprogrammingtheiractionsD)lapsescannotalwaysbeattributedtolackofconcentrationPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:It’snosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbehealthierandhappierwithadoptiveparentsthanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.That’sespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremaininabusivehomesbemusethelawblindlyfavorsbiologicalparents.It’salsotrueofchildrenwhosufferforyearsinfosterhomes(收养孩子的家庭)becauseofparentswhocan’torwon’tcareforthembutrefusetogiveupcustody(监护)rights.Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfitsneitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictorycouldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangrycustody

47battlebetweenthemanwhoraisedherandherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehasneverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthattheteenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe’severknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave“nolegalclaim”onher.Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyistheprimarydeterminantofparentage.That’sanimportantdevelopment,onethat’slongoverdue.ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantweremistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththewrongparents.Kimberly’sbiologicalparents,ErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwhodiedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltestsshowedthatthechildwasn’ttheTwiggs’owndaughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkingacustodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,thetwofamiliesagreedthatMr.MayswouldmaintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgettingvisitingrights.ThoserightswereendedwhenMr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeingharmed.ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.ButthejudgemadeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingtosue(起诉)onherownbehalf.Thushemadeclearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobehandledasadultssawfit.Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetweenparentandchildisfundamental.Butbiologicalparentsaren’talwayspreferabletoadoptiveones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconveyanabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherightsofchildren.36.WhatwastheprimaryconsiderationintheFloridajudge’sruling?A)Thebiologicallink.B)Thechild’sbenefits.C)Thetraditionalpractice.D)Theparents’feelings.37.WecanlearnfromtheKimberlycasethat______.A)childrenaremorethanjustpersonalpossessionsoftheirparentsB)thebiologicallinkbetweenparentsandchildshouldbeemphasizedC)fosterhomesbringchildrenmorepainandsufferingthancareD)biologicalparentsshouldn’tclaimcustodyrightsaftertheirchildisadopted

4838.TheTwiggsclaimedcustodyrightstoKimberlybecause______.A)theyfoundherunhappyinMr.Mays’custodyB)theyregardedherastheirpropertyC)theywereherbiologicalparentsD)theyfeltguiltyabouttheirpastmistake39.KimberlyhadbeengiventoMr.Mays________.A)bysheeraccidentB)outofcharityC)athisrequestD)forbettercare40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthejudge’srulingcouldbedescribedas______.A)doubtfulB)criticalC)cautiousD)supportive2003年9月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Arectalstudy,publishedinlastweek’sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver,Indeed,a16-year-olddriverwiththreeormorepassengersisthreetimesaslikelytohaveafatalaccidentasateenagerdrivingalone,Bycontrast,theriskofdeathfordriversbetween30and59decreaseswitheachadditionalpassenger.Theauthoralsofoundthatthedeathratesforteenagedriversincreaseddramaticallyafter10p.m.,andespeciallyaftermidnight,Withpassengersinthecar,thedriverwasevenmorelikelytodieinalate-nightaccident.RobertFoss,ascientistattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaHighwaySafetyResearchCenter,saysthehigherdeathratesforteenagedrivershavelesstodowith“reallystupidbehavior”thanwithjustalackofdrivingexperience.“Thebasicissue.”Besays,“isthatadultswhoareresponsibleforissuinglicensesfailtorecognizehowcomplexandskilledataskdrivingis.”Bothheandtheauthorofthestudybelievethatthewaytomitigate(使…缓解)the

49problemistohavestatesinstituteso-calledgraduatedlicensingsystems,inwhichgettingalicenseisamultistageprocess.Agraduatedlicenserequiresthatateenagerfirstprovehimselfcapableofdrivinginthepresenceofanadult,followedbyaperiodofdrivingwithnightofmassagerrestrictions,beforegraduatingtofulldrivingprivileges.Graduatedlicensingsystemshavereducedteenagedrivercrashes,accordingtorecentstudies,Abouthalfofthestatesnowhavesomesortofgraduatedlicensingsysteminplace,butonly10ofthosestateshaverestrictionsonpassengers,Californiaisthestrictest,withanovice(新手)driverprohibitedfromcarryinganypassengerunder20(withoutthepresenceofanadultover25)forthefirstsixmonths.21.Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostdangerousaccordingtothepassage?A)Adultsgivingalifttoteenagersonthehighwayafter10p.m.B)Ateenagerdrivingaftermidnightwithpassengersinthecar.C)Adultsdrivingwiththreeormoreteenagepassengerslateatnight.D)Ateenagergettingaliftfromastrangeronthehighwayatmidnight.22.AccordingtoRobertFoss.Thehighdeathrateofteenagedriversismainlydueto______.A)theirfrequentdrivingatnightB)theirimproperwayofdrivingC)theirlackofdrivingexperienceD)theirdrivingwithpassengers23.AccordingtoParagraph3.whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Teenagersshouldspendmoretimelearningtodrive.B)Drivingisaskilltoocomplicatedforteenagerstolearn.C)Restrictionsshouldbeimposedonteenagersapplyingtotakedrivinglessons.D)Thelicensingauthoritiesarepartlyresponsibleforteenagers'drivingaccidents.24.Asuggestedmeasuretobetakentoreduceteenagers'drivingaccidentsisthat________.A)drivinginthepresenceofanadultshouldbemadearuleB)theyshouldbeprohibitedfromtakingonpassengersC)theyshouldnotbeallowedtodriveafter10p.m.D)thelicensingsystemshouldbeimproved25.Thepresentsituationinabouthalfofthestatesisthatthegraduatedlicensingsystem________.A)isunderdiscussion

50B)isabouttobesetupC)hasbeenputintoeffectD)hasbeenperfectedPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.Arecentsurveyshowsthatcompaniesthegraduatesinsuchfieldsasbusinessandhealthcarewhocangotoworkimmediatelywithverylittleon-the-jobtraining.That'sespeciallytrueofbooingfieldsthatarechallengingforworkers.AtCornell'sSchoolofHotelAdministration,forexample,bachelor'sdegreegraduatesgetanaverageoffourorfivejobsofferswithsalariesrangingfromthehighteenstothelow20sandplentyofchancesforrapidadvancement.Largecompanies,especially,likeabackgroundofformaleducationcoupledwithworkexperience.Butinthelongrun,toomuchspecializationdoesn'tpayoff.Business,whichhasbeenfloodedwithMBAs,nolongerconsidersthedegreeanautomaticstampofapproval.TheMBAmayopendoorsandcommandahighersalaryinitially,buttheimpactofadegreewashesoutafterfiveyears.Asfurtherevidenceoftheerosion(销蚀)ofcorporate(公司的)faithinspecializeddegrees,MichiganState’sScheetzcitesapatternincorporatehiringpractices,Althoughcompaniestendtotakeonspecialistsasnewhires,theyoftenseekoutgeneralistsformiddleandupper-levelmanagement.“Theywantsomeonewhoisn’tconstrained(限制)bynutsandboltstolookatthebigpicture,”saysScheetz.Thissoundssuspiciouslylikeaformalstatementthatyouapproveoftheliberal-artsgraduate.Timeandagainlabor-marketanalystsmentionaneedfortalentsthatliberal-artsmajorsareassumedtohave:writingandcommunicationskills,organizationalskills,open-mindednessandadaptability,andtheabilitytoanalyzeandsolveproblems,DavidBirchclaimshedoesnothireanybodywithanMBAoranengineeringdegree,“Ihireonlyliberal-artspeoplebecausetheyhavealess-than-cannedwayofdoingthings,”saysBirch.Liberal-artsmeansanacademicallythoroughandstrictprogramthatincludesliterature,history,mathematics,economics,science,humanbehavior—plusacomputercourseortwo.Withthatunderyourbelt,youcanfeelfreetospecialize,“Aliberal-artsdegreecoupledwithanMBAorsomeothertechnicaltrainingisaverygoodcombinationinthemarketplace,”saysScheetz.

5126.Whatkindsofpeopleareinhighdemandonthejobmarket?A)Studentswithabachelor'sdegreeinhumanities.B)PeoplewithanMBAdegreefronttopuniversities.C)Peoplewithformalschoolingplusworkexperience.D)Peoplewithspecialtraininginengineering27.Bysaying“…buttheimpactofadegreewashesoutafterfiveyears”(Line3,Para,3),theauthormeans________.A)mostMBAprogramsfailtoprovidestudentswithasolidfoundationB)anMBAdegreedoesnothelppromotiontomanagerialpositionsC)MBAprogramswillnotbeaspopularinfiveyears'timeastheyarenowD)infivepeoplewillforgetaboutthedegreetheMBAgraduateshavegot28.AccordingtoScheetz'sstatement(Lines4-5.Para.4),companiesprefer________.A)peoplewhohaveastrategicmindB)peoplewhoaretalentedinfineartsC)peoplewhoareambitiousandaggressiveD)peoplewhohavereceivedtraininginmechanics29.DavidBirchclaimsthatheonlyhiresliberal-artspeoplebecause________.A)theyaremorecapableofhandlingchangingsituationsB)theycansticktoestablishedwaysofsolvingproblemsC)theyarethoroughlytrainedinavarietyofspecializedfieldsD)theyhaveattendedspecialprogramsinmanagement30.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorsupport?A)Specialistsaremoreexpensivetohirethangeneralists.B)Formalschoolingislessimportantthanjobtraining.C)On-the-jobtrainingis,inthelongrun,lesscostly.D)Generalistswilloutdospecialistsinmanagement.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AboutsixyearsagoIwaseatinglunchinarestaurantinNewYorkCitywhenawomanandayoungboysatdownatthenexttable,Icouldn’thelpoverhearingpartsoftheirconversation.Atonepointthewomanasked:"So,howhaveyoubeen?"Andtheboy—whocouldnothavebeenmorethansevenoreightyearsold—replied."Frankly,I'vebeenfeelingalittledepressedlately.''

52Thisincidentstuckinmymindbecauseitconfirmedmygrowingbeliefthatchildrenarechanging.AsfarasIcanremember,myfriendsandIdidn’tfindoutwewere“depressed”untilwewereinhighschool.Theevidenceofachangeinchildrenhasincreasedsteadilyinrecentyears.Childrendon’tseemchildlikeanymore.Childrenspeakmorelikeadults,dressmorelikeadultsandbehavemorelikeadultsthantheyusedto.Whetherthisisgoodorbadisdifficulttosay,butitcertainlyisdifferent.Childhoodasitoncewasnolongerexists,Why?Humandevelopmentisbasednotonlyoninnate(天生的)biologicalstates,butalsoonpatternsofaccesstosocialknowledge.Movementfromonesocialroletoanotherusuallyinvolveslearningthesecretsofthenewstatus.Childrenhavealwaysbeentaughtadultsecrets,butslowlyandinstages:traditionally,wetellsixthgradersthingswekeephiddenfromfifthgraders.Inthelast30years.however,asecret-revelation(揭示)machinehasbeeninstalledin98percentofAmericanhomes.Itiscalledtelevision,Televisionpassesinformation,andindiscriminately(不加区分地),toallviewersalike,betheychildrenoradults.Unabletoresistthetemptation,manychildrenturntheirattentionfromprintedtextstothelesschallenging,morevividmovingpictures.Communicationthroughprint,asamatteroffact,allowsforagreatdealofcontroloverthesocialinformationtowhichchildrenhaveaccess.Readingandwritinginvolveacomplexcodeofsymbolsthatmustbememorizedandpractices.Childrenmustreadsimplebooksbeforetheycanreadcomplexmaterials.31.Accordingtotheauthor,feelingdepressedis________.A)asuresignofapsychologicalprobleminachildB)somethinghardlytobeexpectedinayoungchildC)aninevitablehasofchildren'smentaldevelopmentD)amentalscalepresentinallhumans,includingchildren32.Traditionally,achildissupposedtolearnabouttheadultworld________.A)throughcontactwithsocietyB)graduallyandunderguidanceC)naturallyandbybiologicalinstinctD)throughexposuretosocialinformation33.Thephenomenonthattoday’schildrenseemadultlikeisattributedbytheauthorto________.

53A)thewidespreadinfluenceoftelevisionB)thepoorarrangementofteachingcontentC)thefastpaceofhumanintellectualdevelopmentD)theconstantlyrisingstandardofliving34.Whyistheauthorinfavorofcommunicationthroughprintforchildren?A)Itenableschildrentogainmoresocialinformation.B)Itdevelopschildren'sinterestinreadingandwriting.C)Ithelpschildrentomemorizeandpracticemore.D)Itcancontrolwhatchildrenaretolearn.35.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthechangeintoday’schildren?A)Hefeelsamusedbychairprematurebehavior.B)Hethinksitisaphenomenonworthyofnote.C)Heconsidersitapositivedevelopment.D)Heseemstobeupsetaboutit.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage."Opinion"isawordthatisusedcarelesslytoday.Itisusedtorefertomattersoftaste,belief,andjudgment.Thiscasualusewouldprobablycauselittleconfusionifpeopledidn’tattachtoomuchimportancetoopinion.Unfortunately,mosttoattachgreatimportancetoit."Ihaveasmuchrighttomyopinionasyoutoyours,''and''Everyone’sentitledtohisopinion,''arecommonexpressions.Infact,anyonewhowouldchallengeanother'sopinionislikelytobebrandedintolerant.Isthatlabelaccurate?Isitintoleranttochallengeanother'sopinion?Itdependsonwhatdefinitionofopinionyouhaveinmind.Forexample,youmayaskafriend,“WhatdoyouthinkofthenewFordcars?”Andhemayreply,"Inmyopinion,they'reugly."Inthiscase,itwouldnotonlybeintoleranttochallengehisstatement,butfoolish.Forit'sobviousthatbyopinionhemeanshispersonalpreference,amatteroftaste.Andastheoldsayinggoes,''It'spointlesstoargueaboutmattersoftaste."Butconsiderthisverydifferentuseoftheterm,anewspaperreportsthattheSupremeCourthasdelivereditsopinioninacontroversialcase.Obviouslythejusticesdidnotshaletheirpersonalpreferences,theirmerelikesanddislikes,theystatedtheirconsideredjudgment,painstakinglyarrivedatafterthoroughinquiryanddeliberation.Mostofwhatisreferredtoasopinionfallssomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Itisnotanexpressionoftaste.Norisitcarefuljudgment.Yetitmaycontainelementsof

54both.Itisavieworbeliefmoreorlesscasuallyarrivedat,withorwithoutexaminingtheevidence.Iseveryoneentitledtohisopinion?Ofcourse,thisisnotonlypermitted,butguaranteed.Wearefreetoactonouropinionsonlysolongas,indoingso,wedonotharmothers.36.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE,accordingtotheauthor?A)Everyonehasarighttoholdhisownopinion.B)Freeexpressionofopinionsoftenleadstoconfusion.C)Mostpeopletendtobecarelessinformingtheiropinions.D)Casualuseoftheword"opinion"oftenbringsaboutquarrels.37.Accordingtotheauthor,whoofthefollowingwouldbelaboredasintolerant?A)Someonewhoturnsadeafeartoothers'opinions.B)Someonewhocan'tputupwithothers'tastes.C)Someonewhovaluesonlytheirownopinions.D)Someonewhoseopinionharm.otherpeople.38.ThenewFordcarsarecitedasanexampletoshowthat________.A)itisfoolishtocriticizeafamousbrandB)oneshouldnotalwaysagreetoothers'opinionsC)personaltastesarenotsomethingtobechallengedD)itisunwisetoexpressone'slikesanddislikesinpublic39.Consideredjudgmentisdifferentfrompersonalpreferenceinthat________.A)itisstatedbyjudgesinthecourtB)itreflectspubliclikeanddislikesC)itisaresultofalotofcontroversyD)itisbasedoncarefulthought40.Asindicatedinthepassage,beingfreetoactonone'sopinion________.A)meansthatonecanignoreotherpeople'scriticismB)meansthatonecanimposehispre6ereaccsonothersC)doesn'tmeanthatonehastherighttodothingsatwillD)doesn'tmeanthatonehastherighttochargeotherswithoutevidence2003年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案A卷Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteron

55theAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I'musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscertainofthemselvesthantheywere50yearsago.Whileanyofthesestatementsmightbetrue,theyarepracticallyimpossibletoprovescientifically.Still,Iwasstruckbyareportwhichconcludedthattoday'schildrenaresignificantlymoreanxiousthanchildreninthe1950s.Infact,theanalysisshowed,normalchildrenages9to17exhibitahigherlevelofanxietytodaythanchildrenwhoweretreatedformentalillness50yearsago.WhyareAmerica'skidssostressed?Thereportcitestwomaincauses:increasingphysicalisolation--broughtonbyhighdivorceratesandlessinvolvementincommunity,amongotherthings--andagrowingperceptionthattheworldisamoredangerousplace.Giventhatwecan'tturntheclockback,adultscanstilldoplentytohelpthenextgenerationcope.Atthetopofthelistisnurturing(培育)abetterappreciationofthelimitsofindividualism.Nochildisanisland.Strengtheningsocialtieshelpsbuildcommunitiesandprotectindividualsagainststress.Tohelpkidsbuildstrongerconnectionswithothers,youcanpulltheplugonTVsandcomputers.Yourfamilywillthankyoulater.Theywillhavemoretimeforface-to-facerelationships,andtheywillgetmoresleep.Limittheamountofvirtual(虚拟的)violenceyourchildrenareexposedto.It'snotjustvideogamesandmovies;childrenseealotofmurderandcrimeonthelocalnews.Keepyourexpectationsforyourchildrenreasonable.ManyhighlysuccessfulpeopleneverattendedHarvardorYale.Makeexercisepartofyourdailyroutine.Itwillhelpyoucopewithyourownanxietiesandprovideagoodmodelforyourkids.Sometimesanxietyisunavoidable.Butitdoesn'thavetoruinyourlife.21.Theauthorthinksthattheconclusionsofanyresearchaboutpeople'sstateofmindare______.A)surprisingB)confusingC)illogicalD)questionable22.Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays,"wecan'tturntheclockback"(Line1,Para.3)?A)It'simpossibletoslowdownthepaceofchange.

56B)Thesocialrealitychildrenarefacingcannotbechanged.C)Lessonslearnedfromthepastshouldnotbeforgotten.D)It'simpossibletoforgetthepast.23.Accordingtoananalysis,comparedwithnormalchildrentoday,childrentreatedasmentallyill50yearsago____.A)werelessisolatedphysicallyB)wereprobablylessself-centeredC)probablysufferedlessfromanxietyD)wereconsideredlessindividualistic24.Thefirstandmostimportantthingparentsshoulddotohelptheirchildrenis____.A)toprovidethemwithasaferenvironmentB)tolowertheirexpectationsforthemC)togetthemmoreinvolvedsociallyD)tosetagoodmodelforthemtofollow25.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?A)Anxiety,thoughunavoidable,canbecopedwith.B)Children'sanxietyhasbeenenormouslyexaggerated.C)Children'sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.D)Anxiety,ifproperlycontrolled,mayhelpchildrenbecomemature.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itiseasiertonegotiateinitialsalaryrequirementbecauseonceyouareinside,theorganizationalconstraints(约束)influencewageincreases.Onething,however,iscertain:yourchancesofgettingtheraiseyoufeelyoudeservearelessifyoudon'tatleastaskforit.Mentendtoaskformore,andtheygetmore,andthisholdstruewithotherresources,notjustpayincreases.ConsiderBeth'sstory:IdidnotgetwhatIwantedwhenIdidnotaskforit.Wehadcubicle(小隔间)officesandwindowoffices.Isatinthecubicleswithseveralmalecolleagues.Onebyonetheyweremovedintowindowoffices,whileIremainedinthecubicles,severalmaleswhowerehiredaftermealsowenttooffices.Oneinparticulartoldmehewasnextinlineforanofficeandthatithadbeenpartofhisnegotiationsforthejob.IguesstheythoughtmecontenttostayinthecubiclessinceIdidnotvoicemyopinioneitherway.Itwouldbeniceifweallreceivedautomaticpayincreasesequaltoourmerit,but"nice"isn'taqualityattributedtomostorganizations.Ifyoufeelyoudeserveasignificant

57raiseinpay,you'llprobablyhavetoaskforit.Performanceisyourbestbargainingchip(筹码)whenyouareseekingaraise.Youmustbeabletodemonstratethatyoudeservearaise.Timingisalsoagoodbargainingchip.Ifyoucangiveyourbosssomethingheorsheneeds(anewclientorasizablecontract,forexample)justbeforemeritpaydecisionsarebeingmade,youaremorelikelytogettheraiseyouwant.Useinformationasabargainingchiptoo.Findoutwhatyouareworthontheopenmarket.Whatwillsomeoneelsepayforyourservices?Gointothenegotiationspreparedtoplaceyourchipsonthetableattheappropriatetimeandpreparedtousecommunicationstyletoguidethedirectionoftheinteraction.26.Accordingtothepassage,beforetakingajob,apersonshould_____.A)demonstratehiscapabilityB)givehisbossagoodimpressionC)askforasmuchmoneyashecanD)askforthesalaryhehopestoget27.WhatcanbeinferredfromBeth'sstory?A)Prejudiceagainstwomenstillexistsinsomeorganizations.B)Ifpeoplewantwhattheydeserve,theyhavetoaskforit.C)Peopleshouldnotbecontentwithwhattheyhavegot.D)Peopleshouldbecarefulwhennegotiatingforajob.28.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat____.A)unfairnessexistsinsalaryincreasesB)mostpeopleareoverworkedandunderpaidC)oneshouldavoidoverstatingone'sperformanceD)mostorganizationsgivetheirstaffautomaticpayraises29.Togetapayraise,apersonshould______.A)advertisehimselfonthejobmarketB)persuadehisbosstosignalong-termcontractC)trytogetinsideinformationabouttheorganizationD)dosomethingtoimpresshisbossjustbeforemeritpaydecisions30.Tobesuccessfulinnegotiations,onemust_____.A)meethisbossattheappropriatetimeB)arriveatthenegotiationtablepunctuallyC)begoodatinfluencingtheoutcomeoftheinteractionD)befamiliarwithwhatthebosslikesanddislikes

58PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformaltraditionsdatingbacktoGrandma'sgeneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesandsilver,andthedresscodewillbeSunday-best.Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silverelegancehasgivenwaytoastoneware(粗陶)-and-stainlessinformality,withdressesassuminganequallycasual-Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain,itspellseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-on-Trent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs--one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000thenumberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery(陶瓷)region.Wedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearlier.AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,thelayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.AspokesmanforRoyalDoultonadmittedthatthecompany"hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend"towardcasualdining.Familieseattogetherlessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,eitherbecausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontoftelevision;Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.Inatimeoflongworkhoursanddemandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,thatit'sbettertoshareatakeoutpizzaonpaperplatesinthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentora"real"dinnerparty.Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patternedtablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthesilver?Whohastime?Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsofetiquette(礼节)thatchildrenmightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparentsandgrandparents("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.""Keepyourelbowsoffthetable.")mustbepickedupelsewhere.Somecompaniesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswhomaybecompetentprofessionallybutcluelesssocially.31.Thetrendtowardcasualdininghasresultedin_____.A)bankruptcyoffinechinamanufacturersB)shrinkingofthepotteryindustryC)restructuringoflargeenterprisesD)economicrecessioninGreatBritain

5932.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonforcasualdining?A)Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.B)Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.C)Peoplewanttopracticeeconomyintimesofscarcity.D)Youngpeoplewon'tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.33.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatRoyalDoultonis_____.A)aretailerofstainlesssteeltablewareB)adealerinstonewareC)apotterychainstoreD)aproduceroffinechina34.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustryis_____.A)theincreasedvalueofthepoundB)theeconomicrecessioninAsiaC)thechangeinpeople'swayoflifeD)thefiercecompetitionathomeandabroad35.Refinedtablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrentsociallife_____.A)arestillamustoncertainoccasionsB)axeboundtoreturnsoonerorlaterC)arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsathomeD)canhelpimprovepersonalrelationshipsPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Somehousesaredesignedtobesmart.Othershavesmartdesigns.AnexampleofthesecondtypeofhousewonanAwardofExcellencefromtheAmericanInstituteofArchitects.LocatedontheshoreofSullivan'sIslandoffthecoastofSouthCarolina,theaward-winningcube-shapedbeachhousewasbuilttoreplaceonesmashedtopiecesbyHurricane(飓风)Hugo10yearsago.InSeptember1989,HugostruckSouthCarolina,killing18peopleanddamagingordestroying36,000homesinthestate.BeforeHugo,manynewhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina'sshorelinewerepoorlyconstructed,andenforcementofbuildingcodeswasn'tstrict,accordingtoarchitectRayHuff,whocreatedthecleverly-designedbeachhouse.InHugo'swake,allnewshorelinehousesarerequiredtomeetstricter,better-enforcedcodes.ThenewbeachhouseonSullivan'sIslandshouldbeabletowithstandaCategory3hurricanewithpeakwindsof179to209kilometersperhour.

60Atfirstsight,thehouseonSullivan'sIslandlooksanythingbuthurricane-proof.Itsredwoodshellmakesitresemble"alargepartylantern(灯笼)"atnight,accordingtooneobserver.Butlookscanbedeceiving.Thehouse'swoodenframeisreinforcedwithlongsteelrodstogiveitextrastrength.Tofurtherprotectthehousefromhurricanedamage,Huffraisedit2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilings--long,slendercolumnsofwoodanchoreddeepinthesand.Pilingsmightappearinsecure,buttheyarestrongenoughtosupporttheweightofthehouse.Theyalsoelevatethehouseabovestormsurges.Thepilingsallowthesurgestorununderthehouseinsteadofrunningintoit."Theseswellsofwatercomeashoreattremendousspeedsandcausemostofthedamagedonetobeach-frontbuildings,"saidHuff.Huffdesignedthetimberpilingstobepartiallyconcealedbythehouse'sground-to-roofshell."Theshellmasksthepilingssothatthehousedoesn'tlooklikeit'sstandingwithitspantlegspulledup,"saidHuff.Intheeventofastormsurge,theshellshouldbreakapartandletthewavesrushunderthehouse,thearchitectexplained.36.AfterthetragedycausedbyHurricaneHugo,newhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina'sshorelinearerequired_____.A)tobeeasilyreinforcedB)tolooksmarterindesignC)tomeetstricterbuildingstandardsD)tobedesignedintheshapeofcubes37.Theaward-winningbeachhouseisquitestrongbecause____.A)itisstrengthenedbysteelrodsB)itismadeofredwoodC)itisintheshapeofashellD)itisbuiltwithtimberandconcrete38.Huffraisedthehouse2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilingsinorderto_____.A)withstandpeakwindsofabout200km/hrB)anchorstrongerpilingsdeepinthesandC)breakhugeseawavesintosmalleronesD)preventwaterfromrushingintothehouse39.ThemainfunctionoftheshellisA)tostrengthenthepilingsofthehouseB)togivethehouseabetterappearanceC)toprotectthewoodenframeofthehouseD)toslowdownthespeedoftheswellingwater40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheshellshouldbe____.A)fancy-lookingB)waterproofC)easilybreakableD)extremelystrong

612003年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案B卷PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.21.Accordingtothepassage,beforetakingajob,apersonshould.A)givehisbossagoodimpressionB)askforasmuchmoneyashecanC)askforthesalaryhehopestogetD)demonstratehiscapability22.WhatCanbeinferredfromBeth'sstory?A)Ifpeoplewantwhattheydeserve,theyhavetoaskforit.B)Peopleshouldbecarefulwhennegotiatingforajob.C)Peopleshouldnotbecontentwithwhattheyhavegot.D)Prejudiceagainstwomenstillexistsinsomeorganizations.23.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.A)oneshouldavoidoverstatingone'sperformanceB)unfairnessexistsinsalaryincreasesC)mostpeopleareoverworkedandunderpaidD)mostorganizationsgivetheirstaffautomaticpayraises24.Togetapayraise,apersonshould.A)besomethingtoimpresshisbossjustbeforemeritpaydecisionsB)trytogetinsideinformationabouttheorganizationC)persuadehisbosstosignalong-termcontractD)advertisehimselfonthejobmarket25.Tobesuccessfulinnegotiations,onemust.A)befamiliarwithwhatthebosslikesanddislikesB)meethisbossattheappropriatetimeC)arriveatthenegotiationtablepunctuallyD)begoodatinfluencingtheoutcomeoftheinteraction

62PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.26.AfterthetragedycausedbyHurricaneHugo,newhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina'sshorelinearerequired.A)tolooksmarterindesignB)tobedesignedintheshapeofcubesC)tomeetstricterbuildingstandardsD)tobeeasilyreinforced27.Theaward-winningbeachhouseisquitestrongbecause.A)itismadeofredwoodB)itisintheshapeofashellC)isstrengthenedbysteelrodsD)itisbuiltwithtimberandconcrete28.Huffraisedthehouse2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilingsinordertoA)anchorstrongerpilingsdeepinthesandB)preventwaterfromrushingintothehouseC)withstandpeakwindsofabout200km/hrD)breakhugeseawavesintosmallerones29.Themainfunctionoftheshellis.A)toslowdownthespeedoftheswellingwaterB)toprotectthewoodenframeofthehouseC)tostrengthenthepilingsofthehouseD)togivethehouseabetterappearance30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheshellshouldbe.A)easilybreakableB)extremelystrongC)waterproofD)fancy-looking

63PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.3l.Theauthorthinksthattheconclusionsofanyresearchaboutpeople'sstateofmindare.A)illogicalB)questionableC)surprisingD)confusing32.Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays,"wecan'tturntheclockback"(Line1,Para.3)?A)It'simpossibletoforgetthepast.B)It'simpossibletoslowdownthepaceofchange.C)Lessonslearnedfromthepastshouldnotbeforgotten.D)Thesocialrealitychildrenarefacingcannotbechanged.33.Accordingtoananalysis,comparedwithnormalchildrentoday,childrentreatedasmentallyill50yearsago.A)probablysufferedlessfromanxietyB)werelessisolatedphysicallyC)wereprobablylessself-centeredD)wereconsideredlessindividualistic34.ThefirstandmostimportantthingparentsshoulddotohelptheirchildrenisA)tolowertheirexpectationsforthemB)togetthemmoreinvolvedsociallyC)tosetagoodmodelforthemtofollowD)toprovidethemwithasaferenvironment35.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?A)Children'sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.B)Children'sanxietyhasbeenenormouslyexaggerated.C)Anxiety,thoughunavoidable,canbecopedwith.

64D)Anxiety,ifproperlycontrolled,mayhelpchildrenbecomemature.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.36.Thetrendtowardcasualdininghasresultedin.A)shrinkingofthepotteryindustryB)restructuringoflargeenterprisesC)economicrecessioninGreatBritainD)bankruptcyoffinechinamanufacturers37.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonforcasualdining?A)Youngpeoplewon'tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.B)Peoplewanttopracticeeconomyintimesofscarcity.C)Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.D)Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.38.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatRoyalDoultonis.A)aretailerofstainlesssteeltablewareB)produceroffinechinaC)adealerinstonewareD)apotterychainstore39.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustryis.A)thechangeinpeople'swayoflifeB)theincreasedvalueofthepoundC)theeconomicrecessioninAsiaD)thefiercecompetitionatHomeandabroad40.Refinedtablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrentsociallife,.A)areboundtoreturnsoonerorlaterB)arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsatHomeC)canhelpimprovepersonalrelationshipsD)arestillamustoncertainoccasions

652004年1月大学英语四级全真试题及参考答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I'musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscertainofthemselvesthantheywere50yearsago.Whileanyofthesestatementsmightbetrue,theyarepracticallyimpossibletoprovescientifically.Still,Iwasstruckbyareportwhichconcludedthattoday'schildrenaresignificantlymoreanxiousthanchildreninthe1950s.Infact,theanalysisshowed,normalchildrenages9to17exhibitahigherlevelofanxietytodaythanchildrenwhoweretreatedformentalillness50yearsago.WhyareAmerica'skidssostressed?Thereportcitestwomaincauses:increasingphysicalisolation--broughtonbyhighdivorceratesandlessinvolvementincommunity,amongotherthings--andagrowingperceptionthattheworldisamoredangerousplace.Giventhatwecan'tturntheclockback,adultscanstilldoplentytohelpthenextgenerationcope.Atthetopofthelistisnurturing(培育)abetterappreciationofthelimitsofindividualism.Nochildisanisland.Strengtheningsocialtieshelpsbuildcommunitiesandprotectindividualsagainststress.Tohelpkidsbuildstrongerconnectionswithothers,youcanpulltheplugonTVsandcomputers.Yourfamilywillthankyoulater.Theywillhavemoretimeforface-to-facerelationships,andtheywillgetmoresleep.Limittheamountofvirtual(虚拟的)violenceyourchildrenareexposedto.It'snotjustvideogamesandmovies;childrenseealotofmurderandcrimeonthelocalnews.Keepyourexpectationsforyourchildrenreasonable.ManyhighlysuccessfulpeopleneverattendedHarvardorYale.Makeexercisepartofyourdailyroutine.Itwillhelpyoucopewithyourownanxietiesandprovideagoodmodelforyourkids.Sometimesanxietyisunavoidable.Butitdoesn'thavetoruinyourlife.21.Theauthorthinksthattheconclusionsofanyresearchaboutpeople'sstateofmindare______.A)surprisingB)confusingC)illogicalD)questionable22.Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays,"wecan'tturntheclockback"(Line1,Para.3)?

66A)It'simpossibletoslowdownthepaceofchange.B)Thesocialrealitychildrenarefacingcannotbechanged.C)Lessonslearnedfromthepastshouldnotbeforgotten.D)It'simpossibletoforgetthepast.23.Accordingtoananalysis,comparedwithnormalchildrentoday,childrentreatedasmentallyill50yearsago____.A)werelessisolatedphysicallyB)wereprobablylessself-centeredC)probablysufferedlessfromanxietyD)wereconsideredlessindividualistic24.Thefirstandmostimportantthingparentsshoulddotohelptheirchildrenis____.A)toprovidethemwithasaferenvironmentB)tolowertheirexpectationsforthemC)togetthemmoreinvolvedsociallyD)tosetagoodmodelforthemtofollow25.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?A)Anxiety,thoughunavoidable,canbecopedwith.B)Children'sanxietyhasbeenenormouslyexaggerated.C)Children'sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.D)Anxiety,ifproperlycontrolled,mayhelpchildrenbecomemature.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itiseasiertonegotiateinitialsalaryrequirementbecauseonceyouareinside,theorganizationalconstraints(约束)influencewageincreases.Onething,however,iscertain:yourchancesofgettingtheraiseyoufeelyoudeservearelessifyoudon'tatleastaskforit.Mentendtoaskformore,andtheygetmore,andthisholdstruewithotherresources,notjustpayincreases.ConsiderBeth'sstory:IdidnotgetwhatIwantedwhenIdidnotaskforit.Wehadcubicle(小隔间)officesandwindowoffices.Isatinthecubicleswithseveralmalecolleagues.Onebyonetheyweremovedintowindowoffices,whileIremainedinthecubicles,severalmaleswhowerehiredaftermealsowenttooffices.Oneinparticulartoldmehewasnextinlineforanofficeandthatithadbeenpartofhisnegotiationsforthejob.IguesstheythoughtmecontenttostayinthecubiclessinceIdidnotvoicemyopinioneitherway.Itwouldbeniceifweallreceivedautomaticpayincreasesequaltoourmerit,but

67"nice"isn'taqualityattributedtomostorganizations.Ifyoufeelyoudeserveasignificantraiseinpay,you'llprobablyhavetoaskforit.Performanceisyourbestbargainingchip(筹码)whenyouareseekingaraise.Youmustbeabletodemonstratethatyoudeservearaise.Timingisalsoagoodbargainingchip.Ifyoucangiveyourbosssomethingheorsheneeds(anewclientorasizablecontract,forexample)justbeforemeritpaydecisionsarebeingmade,youaremorelikelytogettheraiseyouwant.Useinformationasabargainingchiptoo.Findoutwhatyouareworthontheopenmarket.Whatwillsomeoneelsepayforyourservices?Gointothenegotiationspreparedtoplaceyourchipsonthetableattheappropriatetimeandpreparedtousecommunicationstyletoguidethedirectionoftheinteraction.26.Accordingtothepassage,beforetakingajob,apersonshould_____.A)demonstratehiscapabilityB)givehisbossagoodimpressionC)askforasmuchmoneyashecanD)askforthesalaryhehopestoget27.WhatcanbeinferredfromBeth'sstory?A)Prejudiceagainstwomenstillexistsinsomeorganizations.B)Ifpeoplewantwhattheydeserve,theyhavetoaskforit.C)Peopleshouldnotbecontentwithwhattheyhavegot.D)Peopleshouldbecarefulwhennegotiatingforajob.28.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat____.A)unfairnessexistsinsalaryincreasesB)mostpeopleareoverworkedandunderpaidC)oneshouldavoidoverstatingone'sperformanceD)mostorganizationsgivetheirstaffautomaticpayraises29.Togetapayraise,apersonshould______.A)advertisehimselfonthejobmarketB)persuadehisbosstosignalong-termcontractC)trytogetinsideinformationabouttheorganizationD)dosomethingtoimpresshisbossjustbeforemeritpaydecisions30.Tobesuccessfulinnegotiations,onemust_____.

68A)meethisbossattheappropriatetimeB)arriveatthenegotiationtablepunctuallyC)begoodatinfluencingtheoutcomeoftheinteractionD)befamiliarwithwhatthebosslikesanddislikesPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformaltraditionsdatingbacktoGrandma'sgeneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesandsilver,andthedresscodewillbeSunday-best.Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silverelegancehasgivenwaytoastoneware(粗陶)-and-stainlessinformality,withdressesassuminganequallycasual-Fridaylook.Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.FormakersoffinechinainBritain,itspellseconomichardtimes.LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-on-Trent,announcedthatitiseliminating1,000jobs--one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,000thenumberofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery(陶瓷)region.Wedgwoodandotherpotteryfactoriesmadecutsearlier.AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayaroleinthedownsizing,thelayoffsinStokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.AspokesmanforRoyalDoultonadmittedthatthecompany"hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend"towardcasualdining.Familieseattogetherlessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,eitherbecausetheyaresingleortheyeatinfrontoftelevision;Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.Inatimeoflongworkhoursanddemandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,thatit'sbettertoshareatakeoutpizzaonpaperplatesinthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentora"real"dinnerparty.Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patternedtablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthesilver?Whohastime?Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsofetiquette(礼节)thatchildrenmightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfromparentsandgrandparents("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.""Keepyourelbowsoffthetable.")mustbepickedupelsewhere.Somecompaniesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswhomaybecompetentprofessionallybutcluelesssocially.

6931.Thetrendtowardcasualdininghasresultedin_____.A)bankruptcyoffinechinamanufacturersB)shrinkingofthepotteryindustryC)restructuringoflargeenterprisesD)economicrecessioninGreatBritain32.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebestreasonforcasualdining?A)Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.B)Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.C)Peoplewanttopracticeeconomyintimesofscarcity.D)Youngpeoplewon'tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.33.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatRoyalDoultonis_____.A)aretailerofstainlesssteeltablewareB)adealerinstonewareC)apotterychainstoreD)aproduceroffinechina34.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustryis_____.A)theincreasedvalueofthepoundB)theeconomicrecessioninAsiaC)thechangeinpeople'swayoflifeD)thefiercecompetitionathomeandabroad35.Refinedtablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrentsociallife_____.A)arestillamustoncertainoccasionsB)axeboundtoreturnsoonerorlaterC)arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsathomeD)canhelpimprovepersonalrelationshipsPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Somehousesaredesignedtobesmart.Othershavesmartdesigns.AnexampleofthesecondtypeofhousewonanAwardofExcellencefromtheAmericanInstituteofArchitects.LocatedontheshoreofSullivan'sIslandoffthecoastofSouthCarolina,theaward-winningcube-shapedbeachhousewasbuilttoreplaceonesmashedtopiecesbyHurricane(飓风)Hugo10yearsago.InSeptember1989,HugostruckSouthCarolina,

70killing18peopleanddamagingordestroying36,000homesinthestate.BeforeHugo,manynewhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina'sshorelinewerepoorlyconstructed,andenforcementofbuildingcodeswasn'tstrict,accordingtoarchitectRayHuff,whocreatedthecleverly-designedbeachhouse.InHugo'swake,allnewshorelinehousesarerequiredtomeetstricter,better-enforcedcodes.ThenewbeachhouseonSullivan'sIslandshouldbeabletowithstandaCategory3hurricanewithpeakwindsof179to209kilometersperhour.Atfirstsight,thehouseonSullivan'sIslandlooksanythingbuthurricane-proof.Itsredwoodshellmakesitresemble"alargepartylantern(灯笼)"atnight,accordingtooneobserver.Butlookscanbedeceiving.Thehouse'swoodenframeisreinforcedwithlongsteelrodstogiveitextrastrength.Tofurtherprotectthehousefromhurricanedamage,Huffraisedit2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilings--long,slendercolumnsofwoodanchoreddeepinthesand.Pilingsmightappearinsecure,buttheyarestrongenoughtosupporttheweightofthehouse.Theyalsoelevatethehouseabovestormsurges.Thepilingsallowthesurgestorununderthehouseinsteadofrunningintoit."Theseswellsofwatercomeashoreattremendousspeedsandcausemostofthedamagedonetobeach-frontbuildings,"saidHuff.Huffdesignedthetimberpilingstobepartiallyconcealedbythehouse'sground-to-roofshell."Theshellmasksthepilingssothatthehousedoesn'tlooklikeit'sstandingwithitspantlegspulledup,"saidHuff.Intheeventofastormsurge,theshellshouldbreakapartandletthewavesrushunderthehouse,thearchitectexplained.36.AfterthetragedycausedbyHurricaneHugo,newhousesbuiltalongSouthCarolina'sshorelinearerequired_____.A)tobeeasilyreinforcedB)tolooksmarterindesignC)tomeetstricterbuildingstandardsD)tobedesignedintheshapeofcubes37.Theaward-winningbeachhouseisquitestrongbecause____.A)itisstrengthenedbysteelrodsB)itismadeofredwoodC)itisintheshapeofashellD)itisbuiltwithtimberandconcrete38.Huffraisedthehouse2.7metersoffthegroundontimberpilingsinorderto

71_____.A)withstandpeakwindsofabout200km/hrB)anchorstrongerpilingsdeepinthesandC)breakhugeseawavesintosmalleronesD)preventwaterfromrushingintothehouse39.Themainfunctionoftheshellis______.A)tostrengthenthepilingsofthehouseB)togivethehouseabetterappearanceC)toprotectthewoodenframeofthehouseD)toslowdownthespeedoftheswellingwater40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheshellshouldbe____.A)fancy-lookingB)waterproofC)easilybreakableD)extremelystrong2004年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aisforalwaysgettingtoworkontime.Bisforbeingextremelybusy.Cisfortheconscientious(勤勤恳恳的)wayyoudoyourjob.Youmaybeallthesethingsattheoffice,andmore.Butwhenitcomestogettingahead,expertssay,theABCsofbusinessshouldincludeaP,forpolitics,asinofficepolitics.DaleCarnegiesuggestedasmuchmorethan50yearsago:Hardworkalonedoesn'tensurecareeradvancement.Youhavetobeabletosellyourselfandyourideas,bothpubliclyandbehindthescenes.Yet,despitetheobviousrewardsofengaginginofficepolitics—abetterjob,araise,praise—manypeoplearestillunable—orunwilling—to"playthegame.""Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative(工于心计的)behavior,"saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity."Butpoliticsderivesfromtheword'polite'.Itcanmeanlobbyingandformingassociations.Itcanmeanbeingkindandhelpful,oreventryingtopleaseyoursuperior,andthenexpectingsomethinginreturn."Infact,today,expertsdefineofficepoliticsasproperbehaviorusedtopursueone'sownself-interestintheworkplace.Inmanycases,thisinvolvessomeformofsocializingwithintheofficeenvironment—notjustinlargecompanies,butinsmallworkplacesaswell.

72"Thefirstthingpeopleareusuallyjudgedonistheirabilitytoperformwellonaconsistentbasis,"saysNeilP.Lewis,amanagementpsychologist."Butiftwoorthreecandidatesareupforapromotion,eachofwhomhasreasonablysimilarability,amanagerisgoingtopromotethepersonheorshelikesbest.It'ssimplehumannature."Yet,psychologistssay,manyemployeesandemployershavetroublewiththeconceptofpoliticsintheoffice.Somepeople,theysay,haveanidealisticvisionofworkandwhatittakestosucceed.Stillothersassociatepoliticswithflattery(奉承),fearfulthat,iftheyspeakupforthemselves,theymayappeartobeflatteringtheirbossforfavors.Expertssuggestalteringthisnegativepicturebyrecognizingtheneedforsomeself-promotion.11."Officepolitics"(Line2,Para.4)isusedinthepassagetoreferto.A)thecodeofbehaviorforcompanystaffB)thepoliticalviewsandbeliefsofofficeworkersC)theinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompanyD)thevariousqualitiesrequiredforasuccessfulcareer12.Togetpromoted,onemustnotonlybecompetentbut.A)givehisbossagoodimpressionB)honestandloyaltohiscompanyC)getalongwellwithhiscolleaguesD)avoidbeingtoooutstanding13.Whyaremanypeopleunwillingto"playthegame"(Line4,Para.5)?A)Theybelievethatdoingsoisimpractical.B)Theyfeelthatsuchbehaviorisunprincipled.C)Theyarenotgoodatmanipulatingcolleagues.D)Theythinktheeffortwillgetthemnowhere.14.Theauthorconsidersofficepoliticstobe.A)unwelcomeattheworkplaceB)badforinterpersonalrelationshipsC)indispensabletothedevelopmentofcompanycultureD)animportantfactorforpersonaladvancement

7315.Itistheauthor'sviewthat.A)speakingupforoneselfispartofhumannatureB)self-promotiondoesnotnecessarilymeanflatteryC)hardworkcontributesverylittletoone'spromotionD)manyemployeesfailtorecognizetheneedofflatteryPassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AssoonasitwasrevealedthatareporterforProgressivemagazinehaddiscoveredhowtomakeahydrogenbomb,agroupoffirearm(火器)fansformedtheNationalHydrogenBombAssociation,andtheyarenowlobbyingagainstanylegislationtostopAmericansfromowningone."TheConstitution,"saidtheassociation'sspokesman,"giveseveryonetherighttoownarms.Itdoesn'tspelloutwhatkindofarms.Butsinceanyonecannowmakeahydrogenbomb,thepublicshouldbeabletobuyittoprotectthemselves.""Don'tyouthinkit'sdangeroustohaveoneinthehouse,particularlywheretherearechildrenaround?""TheNationalHydrogenBombAssociationhopestoeducatepeopleinthesafehandlingofthistypeofweapon.Weareinstructingownerstokeepthebombinalockedcabinetandthefuse(导火索)separatelyinadrawer.""Somepeopleconsiderthehydrogenbombaveryfatalweaponwhichcouldkillsomebody."Thespokesmansaid,"Hydrogenbombsdon'tkillpeople—peoplekillpeople.Thebombisforself-protectionanditalsohasadeterrenteffect.Ifsomebodyknowsyouhaveanuclearweaponinyourhouse,they'regoingtothinktwiceaboutbreakingin.""ButthosewhowanttobanthebombforAmericancitizensclaimthatifyouhaveonelockedinthecabinet,withthefuseinadrawer,youwouldneverbeabletoassembleitintimetostopanintruder(侵入者).""Anotherargumentagainstallowingpeopletoownabombisthatatthemomentitisveryexpensivetobuildone.Sowhatyourassociationisbackingisaprogramwhichwouldallowthemiddleandupperclassestoacquireabombwhilepoorpeoplewillbeleftdefenselesswithjusthandguns."16.Accordingtothepassage,somepeoplestartedanationalassociationsoasto.A)blockanylegislationtobantheprivatepossessionofthebomb

74B)coordinatethemassproductionofthedestructiveweaponC)instructpeoplehowtokeepthebombsafeathomeD)promotethelarge-scalesaleofthisnewlyinventedweapon17.SomepeopleopposetheownershipofH-bombsbyindividualsonthegroundsthat.A)thesizeofthebombmakesitdifficulttokeepinadrawerB)mostpeopledon'tknowhowtohandletheweaponC)people'sliveswillbethreatenedbytheweaponD)theymayfallintothehandsofcriminals18.Bysayingthatthebombalsohasadeterrenteffectthespokesmanmeansthatit.A)willfrightenawayanypossibleintrudersB)canshowthespecialstatusofitsownersC)willthreatenthesafetyoftheownersaswellD)cankillthoseenteringothers'housesbyforce19.Accordingtothepassage,opponentsoftheprivateownershipofH-bombsareverymuchworriedthat.A)theinfluenceoftheassociationistoopowerfulforthelessprivilegedtoovercomeB)poorly-educatedAmericanswillfinditdifficulttomakeuseoftheweaponC)thewideuseoftheweaponwillpushuplivingexpensestremendouslyD)thecostoftheweaponwillputcitizensonanunequalbasis20.Fromthetoneofthepassageweknowthattheauthoris.A)doubtfulaboutthenecessityofkeepingH-bombsathomeforsafetyB)unhappywiththosewhovoteagainsttheownershipofH-bombsC)notseriousabouttheprivateownershipofH-bombsD)concernedaboutthespreadofnuclearweaponsPassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Signhasbecomeascientifichotbutton.Onlyinthepast20yearshavespecialistsinlanguagestudyrealizedthatsignedlanguagesareunique—aspeechofthe

75hand.Theyofferanewwaytoprobehowthebraingeneratesandunderstandslanguage,andthrownewlightonanoldscientificcontroversy:whetherlanguage,completewithgrammar,issomethingthatwearebornwith,orwhetheritisalearnedbehavior.ThecurrentinterestinsignlanguagehasrootsinthepioneeringworkofonerebelteacheratGallaudetUniversityinWashington,D.C.,theworld'sonlyliberalartsuniversityfordeafpeople.WhenBillStokoewenttoGallaudettoteachEnglish,theschoolenrolledhiminacourseinsigning.ButStokoenoticedsomethingodd:amongthemselves,studentssigneddifferentlyfromhisclassroomteacher.Stokoehadbeentaughtasortofgesturalcode,eachmovementofthehandsrepresentingawordinEnglish.Atthetime,AmericanSignLanguage(ASL)wasthoughttobenomorethanaformofpidginEnglish(混杂英语).ButStokoebelievedthe"handtalk"hisstudentsusedlookedricher.Hewondered:Mightdeafpeopleactuallyhaveagenuinelanguage?AndcouldthatlanguagebeunlikeanyotheronEarth?Itwas1955,whenevendeafpeopledismissedtheirsigningas"substandard".Stokoe'sideawasacademicheresy(异端邪说).Itis37yearslater.Stokoe—nowdevotinghistimetowritingandeditingbooksandjournalsandtoproducingvideomaterialsonASLandthedeafculture—ishavinglunchatacaféneartheGallaudetcampusandexplaininghowhestartedarevolution.FordecadeseducatorsfoughthisideathatsignedlanguagesarenaturallanguageslikeEnglish,FrenchandJapanese.Theyassumedlanguagemustbebasedonspeech,themodulation(调节)ofsound.Butsignlanguageisbasedonthemovementofhands,themodulationofspace."WhatIsaid,"Stokoeexplains,"isthatlanguageisnotmouthstuff—it'sbrainstuff."21.Thestudyofsignlanguageisthoughttobe.A)anewwaytolookatthelearningoflanguageB)achallengetotraditionalviewsonthenatureoflanguageC)anapproachtosimplifyingthegrammaticalstructureofalanguageD)anattempttoclarifymisunderstandingabouttheoriginoflanguage22.Thepresentgrowinginterestinsignlanguagewasstimulatedby.A)afamousscholarinthestudyofthehumanbrainB)aleadingspecialistinthestudyofliberalartsC)anEnglishteacherinauniversityforthedeaf

76D)someseniorexpertsinAmericanSignLanguage23.AccordingtoStokoe,signlanguageis.A)asubstandardlanguageB)agenuinelanguageC)anartificiallanguageD)aninternationallanguage24.MosteducatorsobjectedtoStokoe'sideabecausetheythought.A)signlanguagewasnotextensivelyusedevenbydeafpeopleB)signlanguagewastooartificialtobewidelyacceptedC)alanguageshouldbeeasytouseandunderstandD)alanguagecouldonlyexistintheformofspeechsounds25.Stokoe'sargumentisbasedonhisbeliefthat.A)signlanguageisasefficientasanyotherlanguageB)signlanguageisderivedfromnaturallanguageC)languageisasystemofmeaningfulcodesD)languageisaproductofthebrainPassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ItcameassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana,PrincessofWales,madeatripcoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross'scampaignforatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines.WithinhoursofarrivinginAngola,televisionscreensaroundtheworldwerefilledwithimagesofhercomfortingvictimsinjuredinexplosionscausedbylandmines."Iknewthestatistics,"shesaid."Butputtingafacetothosefiguresbroughttherealityhometome;likewhenImetSandra,a13-year-oldgirlwhohadlostherleg,andpeoplelikeher."ThePrincessconcludedwithasimplemessage:"Wemuststoplandmines".Andsheusedeveryopportunityduringhervisittorepeatthismessage.But,backinLondon,herviewswerenotsharedbysomemembersoftheBritishgovernment,whichrefusedtosupportabanontheseweapons.AngrypoliticianslaunchedanattackonthePrincessinthepress.Theydescribedheras"veryill-informed"anda"loosecannon(乱放炮的人).”

77ThePrincessrespondedbybrushingasidethecriticisms:"Thisisadistraction(干扰)wedonotneed.AllI'mtryingtodoishelp."Oppositionparties,themediaandthepublicimmediatelyvoicedtheirsupportforthePrincess.Tomakemattersworseforthegovernment,itsoonemergedthatthePrincess'striphadbeenapprovedbytheForeignOffice,andthatshewasinfactverywell-informedaboutboththesituationinAngolaandtheBritishgovernment'spolicyregardinglandmines.Theresultwasasevereembarrassmentforthegovernment.Totryandlimitthedamage,theForeignSecretary,MalcolmRifkidnd,claimedthatthePrincess'sviewsonlandmineswerenotverydifferentfromgovernmentpolicy,andthatitwas"workingtowards"aworldwideban.TheDefenceSecretary,MichaelPortillo,claimedthematterwas"amisinterpretationormisunderstanding."ForthePrincess,thetriptothiswar-torncountrywasanexcellentopportunitytouseherpopularitytoshowtheworldhowmuchdestructionandsufferinglandminescancause.Shesaidthattheexperiencehadalsogivenherthechancetogetclosertopeopleandtheirproblems.26.PrincessDianapaidavisittoAngolain1997.A)tovoicehersupportforatotalbanoflandminesB)toclarifytheBritishgovernment'sstandonlandminesC)toinvestigatethesufferingsoflandminevictimsthereD)toestablishherimageasafriendoflandminevictims27.WhatdidDianameanwhenshesaid"...puttingafacetothosefiguresbroughttherealityhometome"(Line5,Para.1)?A)Shejustcouldn'tbeartomeetthelandminevictimsfacetoface.B)TheactualsituationinAngolamadeherfeellikegoingbackhome.C)Meetingthelandminevictimsinpersonmadeherbelievethestatistics.D)Seeingthepainofthevictimsmadeherrealizetheseriousnessofthesituation.28.SomemembersoftheBritishgovernmentcriticizedDianabecause.A)shewasill-informedofthegovernment'spolicyB)theywereactuallyopposedtobanninglandminesC)shehadnotconsultedthegovernmentbeforethevisitD)theybelievedthatshehadmisinterpretedthesituationinAngola

7829.HowdidDianarespondtothecriticisms?A)Shepaidnoattentiontothem.B)ShemademoreappearancesonTV.C)Shemetthe13-year-oldgirlasplanned.D)Sherosetoarguewithheropponents.30.WhatdidPrincessDianathinkofhervisittoAngola?A)IthadcausedembarrassmenttotheBritishgovernment.B)Ithadbroughtherclosertotheordinarypeople.C)Ithadgreatlypromotedherpopularity.D)IthadaffectedherrelationswiththeBritishgovernment.

79网址http://www.exam8.com/english/CET46/linianshiti/CET4/List_1.html2000年1月大学英语四级考试试题21.B22.A23.B24.D25.C26.A27.C28.C29.A30.B31.D32.B33.C34.D35.A36.A37.B38.D39.C40.D2000年6月大学英语四级考试试题51.A52.C53.A54.C55.B56.D57.C58.A59.B60.D61.B62.A63.D64.C65.D66.A67.B68.C69.A70.D2001年1月大学英语四级考试试题PartⅡReadingComprehension这这是一篇说明文。说明经过恰当的训练，狗和主人之间可以形成和谐的主、从属关系。当然训练有素的狗也可以给予更多的自由。21．答案为A要点判断题。关键依据为第一段第3行始"Nearlyallbehaviorproblemsareperfectlynormaldogactivitiesthat．．．"22．答案为C细节理解推断题。该题中有一关键词"primary"，考生必须把文章第一段后半部分和第二段开头结合起来理解，方可选对。具体须正确理解的句子为第一段最后一句和第二段第1句。选项B具有一定干扰度，但它是“obediencetraining"的第二目的，这一点可以从第三段第1句判断出来。23．答案为B辨别事实题。该题较简单。问及狗与主人之间有效的交流的作用，只要参阅第二段最后一句即可，即“Effectivecommunicationisnecessarytoinstructyourdogaboutwhatyouwantit24．答案为D辨别事实题。该题也简单。依据为第三段最后一句Mostdogsloveperformingtricksforyoutopleasantlyacceptthatyouareincharge．”关键是理解对“acceptthatyou

80areincharge"即可选出正确答案D项。25．答案为C推理应用题。文章最后两行说明：一只训练有素的狗更自信，所以较未受训练的狗而言，可以给予更多的自由。故选项C正确。这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历说明engineering和liberalarts是不那么容易调和的。因而要成为一个具有人文学者素质的工科学生也是不切实际的。26．答案为B细节归纳题。选择项A只是一般工科学生的做法，选择项D只谈及了一方面，C项有一定的干扰度，但只是表层。根据文章第二段，第三段，应选择B项。27．答案为D要点理解题。文章第二段第4行“Iwantedtoopenmyeyesandexpandmyvisionbyinteractingwithpeoplewho…”正是D项(拓展视野)的意思。28．答案为D细节归纳题。该题问：在作者眼里，一个成功或完美的工科学生应该如何?最直接的提示应该在第三段第2行“IwasgoingtObeacompleteengineer：technicalgeniusandsensitivehumanistallinone．”所以答案当选D。选择项A、C只分别涉及了其中的一方面，选择项B与问题无关，均应排除。29．答案为C推论题。四选项的意思分别为：A)“创造性的”，B)“雄心勃勃的”，C)“不切实际的”，D)“非理性的”。作者由雄心勃勃，与众不同，理想化的选择开始，发现现实中并不容易实现，并不成功。可见这种做法是不切实际的，C项正确。30．答案为A词语理解题。该题实际上测试考生判断指代关系。文章第五段第2行、第3行的“they”都是指代前文的“engineeringandtheliberalarts．”这是一篇科普说明文。作者通过PriscillaOuchida’s“energy—efficient"house到头来变成了恶梦这一事例，分析了原因，说明室内空气污染应该引起高度重视。31．答案为B细节推论题。依据为文章第一段第2行始“…，theybuilta$100，000,three-bedroomhomeinCalifornia．Tightlysealedtopreventairleaks，thehousewasequippedwithsmalldouble-panedwindowsandseveralotherenergy-savingfeatures．"32．答案为A细节判断题。依据为第二段第1行始“Thelevelofformaldehydegasinherkitchenwastwicethemaximumallowedbyfederalstandardsforchemicalworkers．”33．答案为C语意理解题。根据该词出现的上文“TheindoorenvironmentWasdirtylongbeforeenergyconservationcamealong，...”可以判断该词应是“恶化，加剧，变得更糟”之意。34．答案为B辨别事实题。该题较简单。只要看清第四段第2行“Backinthedayswhenenergywascheap，homebuildersdidn'tworrymuchaboutunsealedcracks．”就可选对答案。35．答案为C主旨题。文章主要谈及室内污染问题。当然最明显的提示为第三段第1行“TheOuchidasarevictimsofindoorairpollution，...”。这是一篇科技说明文。通过纽约州的做法，作者探讨了如何解决废物回收利用这一问题，进而说明无论从经济角度，还是环境保护角度来看，recycling都是值得推广的。

8136．答案为D细节理解题。依据为文章开头第1句“In1993，NewYorkstateorderedstorestochargeadepositonbeveragecontainers．"意思为买饮料的顾客应该交付定金，返回空瓶交给商店时再领回。故D项正确。37。答案为A细节理解题。依据为第一段第4行始“...muchofitwoundupburiedinlandfills．”38．答案为B事实归纳题。依据为第三段第2行始“Adiscardremainsadiscarduntilsomebodyfiguresouthowtogiveasecondlife——anduntileconomicarrangementsexisttogivethatsecondlifevalue."39．答案为D辨别事实题。依据为第四段“Shrinkinglandfillspace，andrisingcostsforburyingandburningrubbishareforcing...recyclingisalreadytheleastexpensivewaste-managementoption．"40。答案为C主旨题。文章的主题通常出现在文章的开头或者结尾。该篇的主题在第四段最后四行。2001年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案11.D12.B13.D14.A15.A16.C17.D18.A19.B20.B21.C22.D23.A24.D25.A26.B27.A28.B29.C30.A2002年1月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PassageOne译文一些悲观的专家感到汽车注定要被废弃。他们看到不久的将来有一天所有的汽车都会被抛弃，任其生锈。然而，别的权威们认为汽车还会存在。他们认为在可预见的未来的汽车仍将是城市交通的主要手段。在以后30年中汽车毫无疑问会有重大变化。它应该变得更小、更安全和更经济，而且不应当由汽油发动机驱动。未来的汽车应当比现在的汽车更无污染。无论用什么能源，将来的汽车都将依然是城市交通拥挤的主要问题。对这个问题提出的一个解决办法就是自动公路系统。当汽车进入公路系统，一支伸缩臂从车上落下与铁轨接触，这种铁轨同给地下列车供电的铁轨相似。一旦与铁轨连接，汽车就由系统供电，汽车的操纵交给中心计算机。然后计算机将监控汽车的一切状况。驾驶员将用电话将目的地的指令拨入监控系统。计算机将计算出最佳线路并且为汽车预留通道，使它一路畅通直达正确的公路出口。然后司机可以自由休息，只等蜂鸣器提醒他到了出口。估计自动公路每小时能够运送一万辆车，而现在的公路每小时只能运送一千五百到两千辆。

8221.[C]从本题的题干来看，未来汽车比较显著的一种变化应该是不同一般的，也应该是文章所着重要介绍的。文章大部分篇幅所介绍的是未来监控系统，所以本题答案应该是C。22.[C]从文章第三段theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion来看，作者主要关心的还是如何解决交通堵塞的问题，即C。23.[A]根据常识来判断，"可伸缩得手臂"只是用来连接汽车与铁轨的工具，是能源的传导器，也就是说，提供能源的不是"可伸缩的手臂"，而"铁轨"，所以答案为A。24.[D]文章的最后一段thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintosystem说明本题的答案为D，即在计算机监控系统下，司机所做的不过是通过电话告诉系统自己的目的地而已。25.[C]从作者对计算机监控系统的使用来看，作者对自行车的前景是抱乐观态度的，所以答案为C。PassageTwo译文狐狸和农场主从来就不能和睦相处。这些小的象狗的动物一直因为咬死农场动物而受到谴责。狐狸被正式划为有害动物，农场主通过枪死和毒杀减少它们的数目。农场主还可以要求当地人帮助追猎以控制狐狸的数目。追猎就是用一群经专门训练的狗在乡村追杀狐狸，后面跟着骑马的男人和女人。当狗终于抓住狐狸的时候。狗咬死它或者猎人枪杀它。参加追猎的人把它看成是一项运动，他们穿着红上衣白裤子的特别制服，严格遵守一些规则行动。但拥有一匹马和定期追猎很昂贵，所以大多数猎手都是有钱人。据估计高达十万人观看或者参加与追猎狐狸。但是最近几十年反对猎杀狐狸的人数急剧上升，因为他们认为这样做很残酷。现在几乎没有哪一次狩猎不因狩猎者和阻拦者之间发生某种冲突而告终。有时这些事件导致暴力，但大多数阻拦者都是通过误导骑马的或打乱猎犬跟踪的狐狸嗅迹来干预狩猎。狩猎者和阻拦者之间发生的喧嚣冲突很寻常，几乎成为整个狩猎过程中与追捕狐狸本身同等重要的一部分。但是今年猎狐支持者面对这项运动的更大威胁。议会工党员迈克•福斯特力图让议会批准一项使用狗来猎取野生动物为非法的新法律。如果这项法律通过获得，像狐狸这样的野生动物将在英国禁止令下得到保护。26.[A]从短文第三段Peoplewhotakepartinhuntingthinkofitasasport可以判断，英国人猎狐是作为一种娱乐和消遣，所以答案为A。27.[C]从文章第三段andfollowstrictcodesofbehavior来看，英国人猎狐是又严格规定的，从而说明答案为C。文章第一段虽然提到orpoisoning

83them但下毒却不属于猎狐的范畴，所以A不对。28.[B]本题为细节判断题，文章第四段interferewiththehuntbymisleadingridersanddisturbingthetrailofthefox'ssmell说明答案为B。29.[B]本题也是细节理解题，文章最后提到anewlawwhichwillmakehuntingofwildanimalswithdogsillegal说明法律禁止带狗狩猎。30.[C]文章倒数第二段叙述了带狗狩猎被禁止的原因，becausetheythinkitisbrutal可以判断，带着狗狩猎被认为是一种很残酷的行为。译文对越来越多的美国大学生来说，老年学突然时髦起来。理由很明显：美国的人口老龄化意味一些就业机会。随着生育高峰一代的老龄化，人的寿命延长就意味着全国老年人口在今后50年内必然有相当大的增长。到2050年，65岁以上的美国人将从1995年的14%增长到25%。当然，这种变化给政府和社会提出一些深刻的问题。但是这也在医药卫生界以及法律和商业界创造了就业机会。南加利弗尼亚大学老年学学院的爱德华•施奈德说：“除了大夫，我们将迫切需要有更多的社会学家、生物学家、城市规划人员和专业律师。”律师可以成为“老年人法”专家，“老年人法”包括从财产委托、房地产到敬老院虐待和年龄歧视。商人在老年人市场看到巨大的商机，因为生育高峰期人数高达七千四百万的产儿很可能将成为人类历史上最富有的退休群体。一位教授说：“任何学生只要有老年学的专门知识，又有一个学位，例如工商管理学硕士或法律学位，就如同有印制钞票的许可证一般”。玛格丽特•桑托斯是南加利弗尼亚大学的一名21岁的四年级学生。她上大学时是个生物学学生，但是她发现“实在厌烦细菌”。所以她上一堂老年学课程，发现很喜欢这门课程。她说：“我在退休老人福利院做志愿者，这使我非常满意。”31.[B]本题的理解要结合上下文，从全文来看，本篇文章所介绍的是老年学的问题，所以Oldissuddenlyin指的是老年学突然流行起来。32.[A]文章的细节都应该与文章的主题有关，从Lawyerscanspecializein"elderlaw"来看，本题答案为A，即律师可以从老年法律中获益。33.[A]文章第二段中arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory说明了商人之所以能从老年市场获益的原因，是因为这部分退休的老年都十分富有，并且肯为下一代花钱。34.[D]文章提到anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,andMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney，但是C只说是拥有MBA或法律学位证书的毕业生，而文章说这些资格应该与老年学专业知识结合，D符合这一点，professionals可以指在在MBA或律师专业比较优秀的人士，所以答案为D。

8435.[A]从文章第一段italsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessionals,andinlawandbusinessaswell说明美国老龄人口的增加会在很过领域提供就业机会。选项D是事实，不属于推理的结论，不符合题意。PassageFour译文社会分析家关注很久的道德水准下降问题终于引起了普通美国人的注意。作为一名社会分析家，简•比思克•艾尔顿很高兴。普通美国公民现在已经开始严肃思考国民道德风气问题，这使我们有理由希望会产生新思想以改进这种状况，芝加哥大学伦理教授说。但是不要低估这种挑战。美国社会的功利主义者是两个最大的障碍。艾尔斯顿女士说：“‘我干这事是为自己的’的思想深深植根于民族意识之中。”她说：其中某些方面应归咎于邻里之间的互相关照的传统社区的解体。由于当今流动性更大，很多夫妻都工作，这种联系已经被削弱，取而代之的是更加强调自我。1996年的一项美国民意测验中，道德沦丧名列美国所面临的是最大问题的榜首。艾尔斯顿说，公众认识到这点是正确的：资料表明美国人正在与50年代从未听到过的问题作斗争，如：教室暴力、未婚母亲生育率。艾尔斯顿说，提高道德水准的愿望不是对某个并不存在的“黄金时代”的挽歌，也不是对一个曾拒绝给妇女和少数民族以机会的时代一厢情愿的愿望。实际上，大多数人赞成减少歧视。她说，直到人们克服社会上功利主义的办法时，道德沦丧才能扭转。“慢慢地你会认识到：要紧的东西是那些买不到的。”36.[D]问题为细节理解题，文章第一段thedeclineinmoralstandardshasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans说明Elshtain教授看到美国人开始意识到道德标准的下降而感到高兴。37.[B]文章第三段Withtoday'sgreatermobilityandwithsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself说明美国社会道德下降的原因是因为人们太以自我为中心了，即选项B。38.[B]本题为细节判断题。文章第四段thedisintergrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother，非限制性定语从句解释了传统社区的特点，即邻里之间能相互关照。39.[A]本题为细节辨认题。文章倒数第三段unheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolence说明在20世纪50年代，教室暴力是闻所未闻之事。

8540.[D]本题为细节变向表达。文章最后一段Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety说明如果想改变目前道德标准下降的状况就应该改变物欲太重的现象，即D。2002年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PartⅡReadingComprehension21.C22.A23.A24.D25.C26.B27.D28.C29.A30.B31.B32.A33.C34.D35.A36.B37.B38.C39.A40.DPassageOne译文在20世纪60年代，医学研究人员ThomasHolmes和RichrdRahe对造成压力的事情整理出了一份清单。他们欣赏这一令人迷惑的观点：任何大的改变都会带来压力。类似于“家庭成员患严重疾病”等具有消极影响的事情高居榜首，但像“结婚”等具有积极意义的转折性事情也榜上有名。当你接受Holmes-Rahe测试时你必须牢记：分数并不反映你如何处理压力，而只是反映你必须处理的程度。我们现在知道，处理这些事件的方式在很大程度上能影响你保持健康的可能性。在20世纪70年代初期，数百项类似的研究继Holmes和Rahe之后展开。几百万在压力下生活工作的美国人对研究报告非常担心。不知是什么原因，这项研究被归结为难忘的启示。例如，妇女杂志登出大标题：压力导致疾病！文章说，如果你想保持身心健康，就必须避免造成压的事情。但是采纳这种过分简单化的建议是不可能的。尽管造成压力的事情对健康有害，比如说至爱亲朋的死亡，但许多是无法避免的。而且，任何能够避开所有压力的警告其实都是避开麻烦也失去机会的处方。既然任何改变都会带来压力，那么一个想完全摆脱压力的人就得永远也不结婚、不生子、不选择新的工作或不搬家了。压力会使人生病的观念也忽视了我们对人的许多了解。它认为面对逆境都是脆弱和被动的。那么如何看待人的主动性和创造力呢？经过压力后许多人无论在体力还是在精神上都比过去更有活力。同时，我们也知道：长期没有任何变化或挑战的生活可能会导致乏味和身心疲劳。PassageTwo译文Schacter解释说，大部分心不在焉都是因精力不集中造成的，如记不清把东西放在哪里，或者进了房间却忘了想干什么等等。“你本应该记住某事，但并没有把它认真编码”。

86Schacte解释说，编码是集中注意力于某一件事的特殊方式，它对于以后回忆有重要影响。不恰当地编码会造成令人非常烦心的状况。比如说你把手机放在上衣口袋里，但因为你正在谈话，所以并没有注意到这一动作，很可能忘记了手机在衣橱里的茄克衫呢。Schacte说：“你的记忆力本身没有问题而是你没有给记忆系统提供它所需的信息。”另外，缺乏兴趣也会导致心不在焉。Zelinski说：“一个能背诵三十年前的体育统计数据的人，很可能会记不住要把信息投进邮筒。”女性的记忆力略强于男性，很可能是因为女性更注意周围环境，而这正是记忆所依赖的。Schacter说，视觉提示可以帮助避免心不在焉。他提醒说：“但要保证是清楚且能看到的提示。”如果你想记住吃午饭时服药，就把药瓶放在餐桌上，千万别把药瓶放在药柜里，然后再写一张纸条放在衣兜里。另一种心不在焉的现象是进了房间却忘了想干什么。极有可能你正在想别的事情。Zelinski说：“每个人都常会有这种情况。”最好的办法是返回到你进房间以前的地方，这样你很可能就会想起来了。PassageThree译文现在已经很难找到海洋中最大的动物蓝鲸的踪迹了。商业捕鲸几乎将它们灭杀殆尽，因而现在蓝鲸被列为濒危动物类。很难为蓝鲸安装无线电装置，而肉眼观测不可靠，不能对蓝鲸的行为进行仔细观察。今年早些时候，生物学家们非常高兴。因为在海军的帮助下，通过监测蓝鲸的声音，他们能够跟踪一条蓝鲸长达四十三天。这之所以可能，是因为海军从前绝密的海底监听系统横跨了海洋。冷战结束后，海军对几十年来为跟踪潜在敌舰而建立的全球海底监听系统作了部分解密，并开始同他人分享。追踪蓝鲸只不过是令人激动的新世界向民用科学家开放的一个例子。在最近的记者招待会上地球科学家宣布：他们首次利用这一系统对深海火山爆发进行了仔细的观测并计划做类似的研究。另一些科学家建议利用这一网络跟踪洋流、预测海洋变化和全球温度。声音在水中的传播速度大约是每秒一英里，比在陆地中的传播速度慢，但比在空气中要快。最为重要的是，不同层面的海水都可以成为声道，如同听诊器一样把声音汇聚在一起，把病人胸腔的微弱的声音传到医生的耳机里。声音的这种汇聚就可以解释为什么在海洋里，即使是相对微弱的声音（特别是低频声音）也可以传播几千英里了。PassageFour译文

87起源于20世纪60年代后期至70年代早期的健身运动主要是增氧锻炼。数百万人参加各种增氧锻炼，为了利用人们对这种新出现的健身运动的兴趣，尤其是女子对有氧健美操的兴趣，确实有数千家健身中心在全国出现。很多健身中心在增氧健身运动兴起前就出现了，甚至在大多数大城市出现了全国连锁健身中心。但是它们的重点不在于有氧运动，而在于举重，这些活动主要是对加强肌肉健美、增强体质、提高耐力的男性爱好者而设计的。这些健身中心似乎并没有从促进健康的增氧运动活动中获得经济利益，因为当时医学上的看法是：举重对健康几乎没有什么促进作用，即使有也是微乎其微。但是最近几年来，健美训练在男男女女中又越来越流行起来。目前许多项目的重点不光是锻炼肌肉和耐力，还将重点放在增氧健身上。历史上，绝大多数体能测试通常包括肌肉力量和耐力，这并不是为了健康，而主要是因为这些健康指标与体育成绩有关。但是最近有证据表明：主要是为强健肌肉力量和加强耐力而设计的训练项目对人体健康也有益。美国体育运动医学院建议，举重训练应当成为健康美国人健身项目的一部分。2000年越来越多的人参加这种训练，这是2000全民健康年——促进全民健康、实现预防疾病目标——这个特定体育活动和健身目标之一。2003年1月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案11.A12.C13.B14.B15.A16.A17.B18.D19.B20.D21.D22.C23.C24.B25.A26.A27.C28.D29.D30.B2003年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案21.D22.B23.D24.A25.C26.D27.C28.B29.C30.D31.B32.D33.D34.A35.A36.B37.D38.C39.C40.A2003年9月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案21---25BCDDC26---30CBAAD31---35BBADB36---40ABCDC2003年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案A卷21-25DBCCA26-30DBADC31-35BBDCA36-40CADBC2003年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案B卷21-30CABABCCBDA31-40BDABCACBAD2004年1月大学英语四级全真试题及参考答案21-25DBCCA26-30DBADC31-35BBDCA36-40CADBC2004年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案Passage1全文翻译A.总是准时上班B.总是非常忙碌C.勤勤恳恳做自己的工作

88也许在办公室里你符合上述的所有情况，甚至有过之而无不及。但是当谈及获得成功时，专家们认为，在事业上除了要做到ABC三条以外，还应该具备一个P，即是政治，也就是办公室政治学。戴尔•卡内基早在50多年前，就提出只靠努力工作并不能确保事业上的进步。你必须能够公开地和私下地推销自己和自己的观点，然而，尽管采用办公室政治策略所得到的好处是显而易见的——好的工作，升职，奖励——许多人还是不能或不愿去“玩这场游戏”。“人们认为办公室政治是一种工于心计的行为，”德勃拉•卡门——霍夫斯特拉大学管理学的一名助教——这样说。“但事实上政治起源于‘礼貌’。这个词它可以意味着游说和形成联合，也能代表善良和有益，甚至力图取悦你的上司，然后期望一定回报。”事实上，现如今，专家们将办公室政治学定义为在工作场合为追求个人利益而采取的适当行为。大多数情况下，这一行为包括在办公环境里的某种社会化的形式——不仅在大公司里是这样，在小公司里也不例外。“通常评价一个人时，首先看的是他们在同样的基础上是否能够表现出色，”尼尔•刘易斯，一位管理心理学家这样说。“但是当一次晋升的机会有两三个候选人，每一个都有相当的能力时，经理自然会选择他最喜欢的那个人。这是人之常情。”然而，心理学家说，许多老板与员工之间就办公室政治学的概念的理解有所不同。有些人认为，对工作充满理想就能成功。而另外一些人则将政治联想为阿谀奉承。他们担心如果大声为自己说话，可能表现得像是在刻意取悦老板以求欢心。专家建议通过认识自我完善的需求来改变这些负面描述。试题详解11．D)。推断题。依据第四段第二句话。该句指出：专家说，要想在事业上取得成功，除了具有A(按时上班)、B(勤奋)、C(踏实)等品质外，还应该包括P(权术polities)。文章后面的部分就是对“officepolitics”的进一步解释说明。由此可知，officepolitics指的就是事业成功所需要的各种品质，故选项D)正确。12．A)。推断题。依据第八段内容。在该段中，管理心理学家NeilP.Lewis说：“通常情况下，首先衡量人们的标准就是在相同的情况下看他们完成工作的能力。但是，如果提升的候选人有两个或者三个，其能力又相同，经理通常会提升他所喜欢的人。这是一般的人性。”由此可以推断出：得到老板的喜欢，给老板留下一个好的印象，这也是提升所必须的一个方面。故选项A)正确。13．B)。语义题。从第五段内容可知，playthegame指的就是“玩权术”，善于“玩权术”的人可能会得到提升、加薪、表扬等，但是很多人仍然不能够或不愿意这么做。第六段解释了许多人不愿“玩权术”的原因。首先通过构词法可知，选项B)中的unprincipled是由“un-(不，不会)+principled(讲究原则的)”构成，故该词的意思应为“不讲究原则的，不讲道德的；不正直的”，这与文章中的manipulative(工于心计的)相对应，故B)项为正确答案。另外，也可用排除法；A)项(他们认为玩权术不切实际)与文中内容相悖；C)项(不擅长操纵支配同事)文中并没提到；D)项(这种努力使他们一无所获)与文中作者表达的意思相反。所以，A)，C)，D)都可排除。14．D)。推断题。实际上作者在第四段就说明了polities在个人事业成功中的重要性。在第八段中，作者又引用管理心理学家Neil只Lewis的话，说明“officepolitics”在个人升职当中的重要性。由此可见，选项D)正确。

8915．B)。主旨题。倒数第二段说：许多人不能够很好地领会权术的概念，有些人太理想化，认为付出很多就会成功(whattakestosucceed)，而另一些人却把权术与奉承联系起来，担心如果为自己讲话，好像他们是为了得到恩惠在奉承老板。接着在最后一段作者指出：通过认识到自我推荐是个人发展所必须的这一事实来改变这种消极的看法。显然，作者认为自我推荐并不意味着奉承。故B)项为正确答案。11.Ctheinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompany12.Agivehisbossagoodimpression13.BTheyfeelthatsuchbehaviorisunprincipled14.Danimportantfactorforpersonaladvancement15.Bself－promotiondoesnotnecessarilymeanflatteryPassage2全文翻译一个杂志记者发现制造氢弹的方法的消息一经披露，一群火器迷就组成了国家氢弹协会并为反对禁止公民拥有氢弹的立法而游说。这一协会的发言人说：“议会给予每个人拥有武器的权利，它并没指出是何种武器，但由于现在每个人都可以制造氢弹，公众应该可以购买氢弹用来防身。”“你不认为把氢弹放在家里很危险吗?尤其是有孩子的家庭?”“国际轻弹协会希望教育人们安全使用氢弹，我们告诉使用者把它锁在柜子里，导火索单独放在抽屉里。”“有人认为氢弹是一种极度危险的可以杀死人的武器。”发言人说：“氢弹不会杀人——人才会杀人。氢弹是用来自我保护的，同时它还有威慑作用，当别人知道你家里有氢弹时，在强行闯入前会仔细考虑。”“但是那些反对公民拥有炸弹的人认为如果氢弹锁在柜子里而导火索在抽屉里，就不可能有足够的时间阻止入侵者。”“另一种反对的观点认为眼下制造氢弹的费用还很昂贵，因此你们协会促成的是中上阶层拥有氢弹，而只买得起手枪的贫民则完全不能自卫。”试题详解16．A)。细节题．依据文章第一段。该文指出：进步杂志的一名记者发现如何制造氢弹的消息一经披露，一批爱好者就形成了全国氢弹协会，他们现在正在游说反对形成这样的立法，即阻止美国人拥有氢弹。由此可知，选项A)为正确答案。17．C)。细节题。依据文章第三段和第五段内容，尤其是第五段内容，即“Somepeopleconsiderthehydrogenbombaveryfatalweaponwhichcouldkillsomebody．”。由此可知，选项C)为正确答案。18．A)。推断题。依据第六段第三句话。该句指出：如果有人知道你家有一核武器，在破门而人的时候，他会三思的。也就是说这会吓跑闯入者。故选项A)为正确答案。”

9019．D)。推断题。依据文章最后一段。该段指出：反对私人拥有氢弹的人认为氢弹造价高，支持这样的计划也就等于让中产阶级和上层阶级拥有氢弹，而穷人则没有防卫能力，只能依靠手枪。这也就是说，氢弹昂贵的价格使得人们处于不平等的地位。故选项D)为正确答案。20．A)。主旨题．作者在本文中陈述了支持私人拥有氢弹和反对私人拥有氢弹的两种观点。但针对协会发育人的每一种观点，作者都提出了疑点。显然作者对靠拥有氢弹来保证家庭安全的做法是持怀疑态度的。故选项A)为正确答案。16.Ablockanylegislationtobantheprivatepossessionofthebomb17.Cpeople’sliveswillbethreatenedbytheweapon18.Awillfrightenawayanypossibleintruders19.Dthecostoftheweaponwillputcitizensonanunequalbasis20.DconcernedaboutthespreadofnuclearweaponsPassage3全文翻译符号已经成为科学的一个热点。仅仅是在过去的20年里，致力于语言学研究的专家才意识到符号语言的独特性——一种手语。他们提供了一条新的途径来探究大脑如何产生与领悟语言，并就一个长期以来存在争议的科学问题阐明了新的观点：任何一种语言，连同它的语法，究竟是我们与生俱来的，还是一种后天学习的结果。当前对符号语言的兴趣始于华盛顿哥罗地大学(世界上惟一一所专为聋哑人开设的文科院校)一位叛逆老师的首创。最初比尔•斯托克去哥罗地大学教英语时，学校给他登记开设的课程是符号学。但是斯托克注意到一些奇怪的现象：学生们画的符号跟课堂上老师所教授的符号有所不同。斯托克学习过一种手语，手的每一个动作都代表了英语的一个单词。那时，美国符号语言被认为只是一种混杂的英语。但是斯托克认为他的学生们所使用的手语更为丰富。他很奇怪：难道聋哑人实际上有一种天生的语言，而这种语言跟地球上的其他语言都不相同?在1955年，即使聋哑人们也认为自己使用的语言不符合标准而废弃不用，斯托克的这一想法被认为是异端邪说。37年后的今天，斯托克正投人大量的时间就美国符号语言和聋哑文化编写书籍和杂志，并制作影音材料。他一边在哥罗地校园附近的一家小饭馆里享用午餐，一边描述自己如何发动了一场革命。数十年来，他认为符号语言像英语、法语、日语一样是自然语言的观点广直遭到教育家们的攻击。这些教育家们认为语言必须以言语和声调的调节为基础。但符号语言确是以手的动作和在空间的调节为基础。“我想说的是”，斯托克解释道：“语言不是关于嘴巴的东西——它是关于大脑的产物。试题详解

9121．B)。推断题。依据第一段第三句话．该句指出：手势语提供了一种新的方法来探讨大脑是如何产生语言和理解语言的，并对—个古老的科学争论提供了新的线索：人的语言连同语法到底是生来就有的还是后天习得的，由此可知，这是对传统的语言性质的观点的挑战，故选项B)为正确答案。22．C)。细节题．根据第—段倒数第一句“ThecurrentinterestinsignlanguagehasrootsinthepioneeringworkofonerebelteacheratGallaudetUniversityinWashington，DC，theworld'sonlyliberalartsuniversityfordeafpeople．”可知，选项C)为正确答案。23．B)。细节题．依据第三段第二、第三以及第四句内容“Atthetime，AmericanSignLanguage(ASL)wasthoughttobenomorethanaformofpidginEnglish(混杂英语)。ButStokoebelievedthe“handtalk”hisstudentsusedlookedricher。Hewondered；Mightdeafpeopleusuallyhaveagenuinelanguage?”可知，手势语是一种真正的语言。故选项B)为正确答案。24，D)。细节题。依据最后一段第三、第四句内容。该文指出：几十年来，教育家都在与手势语盲就像英语、法语和日语一样是自然语言这样的观点进行着斗争，他们认为语言必须以言语(即声音的调节)为基础。由此可知，选项D)为正确答案。25．D)。细节题。依据最后一段最后一句话(“Whatisaid，”Stokoeexplains，“isthatlanguageisnotmouthstuff—it’sbrainstuff”)。由此可知，选项D)为正确答案。21.Bachallengetotraditionalviewsonthenatureoflanguage22.CanEnglishteacherinauniversityforthedeaf23.Bagenuinelanguage24.Dalanguagecouldonlyexistintheformofspeechsounds25.DlanguageisaproductofthebrainPassage4全文翻译1997年，英国戴安娜王妃访问了安哥拉，以此来支持红十字会的全面禁止杀伤性地雷的活动。这可算是惊人之举。在她到达安哥拉后的数小时之内，全世界的电视屏幕都播出了她安抚在地雷爆炸中受伤的受害者的情形。她说：“我知道一些数字，但是看到受害者所遭受的痛苦，就像我遇到的在地雷爆炸中失去一条腿的叫桑德拉的十三岁女孩以及同她有相似遭遇的人使我意识到事态的严峻。”“我们必须禁止使用地雷。”王妃用简短的话总结说，并且利用她访问中的每个机会来重申这一观点。•但当她回到伦敦时，一些不支持禁止武器的英国政府成员不赞成她的主张。愤怒的政治家们在媒体上大肆攻击戴安娜王妃，他们形容她“孤陋寡闻”、“到处乱跑”。•王妃对这些批评不屑一顾：“这是没有必要的干扰，我想做的全部事情就是去帮助别人。”反对党、媒体和公众立即宣布支持王妃。对政府更加不利的是，很快一些事实都浮出水面——王妃此次访问是得到外交部的同意的，而且她对安哥拉和英国政府对地雷事件的政策两方面的情况都很了解。英国政府因此陷入尴尬的境地。

92为了试着减少造成的损害，外交部长马尔柯姆•里夫克顿德宣称王妃的观点并非与英国政府的政策大相径庭，英国政府要朝着全球禁雷的目标“努力”。国防部长迈克尔•波提罗说这一事件是“曲解和误会”。对于王妃来说，对这一饱受战争之苦的国家的访问是利用她的影响力向全世界展示地雷引起的危害的绝好机会。她说这次访问也给了她接触民众、了解民生的机会。试题详解26．A)。细节题。依据第一段第一句话。该句指出：……戴安娜王妃于1997年去安哥拉的目的是为了支持红十字会发起的一场全面禁止使用杀伤性地雷的运动(．．．PrincessofWales，madeatriptoAngolainl997，tosupporttheredCross'scampaignforatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines)。由此可知选项A)为正确答案。27．D)。推断题．依据第一段最后一句话。该句引用戴安娜的话说：仔细看看这些数字使我充分认识到现实的严重性。在第二段又讲到：在她访问期间反复说，我们必须停止使用地雷。由此可知，选项D)为正确答案。28．B)。推断题。依据第三段内容。该段指出：在戴安娜(Diana)回到伦敦后，英国政府内的部分成员不赞成戴安娜的观点，他们拒绝支持禁止使用地雷这项运动。这些愤怒的政客开始在媒体上向Diana发起攻击。由此可见，这些政客实际是反对禁止使用地雷。故选项B)为正确答案。29．A)。细节题。依据第四段第一句话的内容“ThePrincessrespondedbybrushingasidethecriticisms(王妃不理睬这些批评)”可知，选项A)正确。句中的brushaside意思为“无视(反对意见等)，对……置之不理”，和选项A)中的paynoattention同义。30．B)。细节题。依据文章最后一句话“Shesaidthattheexperiencehadalsogivenherthechancetogetclosertopeopleandtheirproblems”可知，选项B)为正确答案。26.Atovoicehersupportforatotalbanoflandmines27.DSeeingthepainofthevictimsmadeherrealizetheseriousnessofthesituation28.Btheywereactuallyopposedtobanninglandmines29.AShepaidnoattentiontothem30.BIthadbroughtherclosertotheordinarypeople