大学英语四级阅读理解出题类型及做题方法

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大学英语四级阅读理解出题类型及做题方法2篇文章，每篇阅读量约250—350词左右。共计10个多项选择题。文章的题材：历史、文化、科技、地理、生物、化学、医学、文学、人物传记、电子、一般常识等文章的体裁：记叙文、议论文、说明文，其中说明文和议论文较为多见叙述文描述人或事的发生和发展经过，或者描述人或事及相关情景。说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论据与结论构成。考题类型：主旨题、细节题、词义题、推断题、观点态度题主要考察考生的以下能力：1．正确理解英文原文；2．掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；3．了解用于阐述主旨和大意的事实和有关细节；4．根据上下文判断词汇和短语的具体含义；5．既能理解单句的意思，也能理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；6．根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推理；7．领会作者的观点和态度。考生要在篇章阅读理解部分获得理想的分数，必须提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。具备一定词汇量、熟悉语法的基础上，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章。此外，还必须掌握有关阅读的基本技巧：1.通过上下文猜测词义是提高阅读速度的重要手段之一。2. 善于分析和理解句子的内在关系。分析和理解句子的内在关系，能准确判断句子的含意，提高阅读能力。遇到较长复合句时，首先要找出表达句子主要意思的部分，如：①逗号之后的句子像which,that,who等关系代词引导的从句通常是对前面的某个名词和句子作进一步解释和说明的。②在短语或句子前后都有逗号时，可以把这一部分遮盖起来不要管它，再来重读句子，句子主谓结构就会突然变得清楚而又明朗了。

1③另外在句子较长找不到主语时，可以先找出谓语来(句子中动词的时态、语态变化部分)，然后就可确定在谓语动词前和句子主语核心名词后面的部分为该核心名词的后置定语，这样问题就迎刃而解了。④利用句子中的标点符号和反映句子内在关系的关键词或词组来分析理解句子。如：notonly…but(also);from…to;asaresultof;instead等。3. 阅读过程中利用有用的语言信号进行预测要成为一个有效率的阅读者，我们还要善于发现和识别有用的语言信号，如：读到thus这个单词时，我们就会期待着一个“结果”或“结论”，而见到however、but时，我们就会知道随之而出现的必定是一种和上文不同的情况。because、result...from引导“原因”；ontheotherhand表示“对比”；suchas表示“举例”；consequently表示“结果”；furthermore表示提供进一步的信息；infact表示进一步地说明和解释；similarly表示“相似”；onthecontrary指一件事的相反方面；eventually表示“最终”的结果等。1.解题步骤关于阅读理解，应该先读问题还是先看文章一直存在着分歧。由于两者各有利弊，而且每个人的阅读习惯不同，因而我们可以针对不同的文章采取不同的解题步骤。通常有以下几种方法：1)先读懂全文，然后做题，做题时如遇到困难再重读有关的文字。这种方法的缺点在于第一遍阅读时，阅读目的性不明确，该记住的一些事实或细节未留心注意，答题时不得不再去查找。2)先读问题，然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点在于目的明确，知道考查重点所在，因此阅读时就有侧重点，能节省解题时间。缺点在于，由于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，因而可能不能很快找到所需信息。3)首先快速通读全文，对文章内容形成总体印象。然后读问题，再把全文认真读一遍，最后回答问题。这种方法避免了前两种方法的缺点，使考生在快速阅读的过程中了解了文章的题材、主要结构，并对细节有所了解，这样既提高了做题的准确率，又能有效地利用时间。但此种方法对考生要求很高，要求考生阅读速度要比较快。考题类型：第一类 主旨大意题 把握文章的主旨大意，有一个重要前提就是要通过略读了解文章的主题和行文结构。常见的英语文章有四种结构：一般特殊型或演绎型；问题解决型；匹配型；驳论型和劝说型。 主旨大意题的考查形式有：考查文章/段落的主题、考查文章的标题、考查文章的写作目的、考查文章的选材来源。 确定文章主旨或段落大意的提问方式主要有：

2a.Themainpointofthepassageis….b.Thepassagedealsmainlywith….c.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis….d.Themainideaofthepassagemaybebestexpressedas….e.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith….f.Thepassageillustrates….g.Thepassagemakesclearthat….h.Themainsubjectofthepassageisthat….j.What'sthemainidea/subject/purpose/topicofthepassage?k.Thepassageisabout….l.Themostaccurateofthefollowingstatements,onthebasisoftheaboveparagraph,isthat….m.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis….n.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled….中心思想或主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心。但是不同作者表现主题思想的手法也不尽相同。为使读者能够直接了解文章的主要内容，作者通常采用主题句的写作手法，即用一句或几句话来直接表达主题。因此正确把握文章的主题句(topsentence)是解答这类问题的关键。主题句一般结构简单而且完整，一般不采用长句子的形式，在句法上简洁明了。主题句意思完整、概括段中其他句子起解释、支持或扩展主题句所表述的中心思想的作用，这些句子叫做阐述句(supportingsentences)。一个段落由一个主题句和几个阐述句构成，所有阐述句必须紧密围绕主题句展开。如果一篇短文包括几个段落，那么每个段落的主题句都必须围绕短文的主题句展开。主题句在文中出现的位置不尽相同。在演绎性文章中，主题句一般位于开头部分，一开始就明确主题，然后展开讨论和说明。而在归纳性文章中，主题句常位于文章末尾，以加强文章的说服力。还有的主题句位于中间部分，这种段落开头的一、两句或几句都是铺叙，进而引出主题。主题句之后仍有一定数量的句子陈述、论述或引申这一主题句。例文:（2006年6月17日大学英语四级阅读真题）这是一篇关于对女性教育问题的论说文。Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.And

3economics,withitsemphasisonincentives(激励),providesguidepostthatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworker.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.25.Thepassagemainlydiscuses________.A)unequaltreatmentofboysandgirlsindevelopingcountriesB)themajorcontributionsofeducatedwomentosocietyC)theeconomicandsocialbenefitsofeducatingwomenD)thepotentialearningpowerofwell-educatedwomen文章第一句指出“让女孩受教育在发展中国家比其他任何投资所产生的回报率都要高”，最后一段为结论段，本段第一句“女性受教育不仅有社会效益，而且产生经济效益。故答案为C。有的文章没有主题句，他的主旨(中心思想)是通过文章中各部分内容及其内在联系体现出来的，主要考查考生能否通过理解、分析全文，区分主要信息和次要信息，进而总结归纳文章的大意。如：（2002年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean’slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingandisnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogiverealinsightintoitsbehavior.Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhen,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43days,monitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy’sformerlytop-secretsystemofunderwaterlisteningdevicesspanningtheoceans.TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.Earthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemfor

4closelymonitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption(爆发)forthefirsttimeandthattheyplansimilarstudies.Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfortrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures.Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyonemileasecondslowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope(听诊器)doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient’schesttoadoctor’sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasonthatevenrelativelyweaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyones,canoftentravelthousandsofmiles.31.Thepassageischieflyabout_______.A)anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarinespeciesB)thecivilianuseofamilitarydetectionsystemC)theexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secretweaponD)anewwaytolookintothebehaviorofbluewhales第1，2段以追踪蓝鲸为例引出话题，水下监听技术在非军事领域的应用，第3段加以明确，第4，5段是说水下监听技术在monitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption及trackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures方面的应用，各段要点经归纳，得出答案为B第二类 事实细节题 事实细节题所考查的主要是考生对于文章信息的识别能力。所以掌握词句转换的技能和归纳概括的能力对于事实细节题有着关键作用。实际上，这些题目很多时候都会涉及逻辑关系、比较关系等的明暗转换，又常常涉及存在于段落与段落之间的这些逻辑关系。这是需要通过仔细理解原文才能识别的信息。 考生需要重点掌握的逻辑关系有：因果、转折、举例等。需要重点掌握的从句有：主语从句、定语从句、原因/条件状语从句、结果/目的状语从句等。需要重点掌握的结构有：强调结构、倒装结构、双重否定、分词结构等。 例文:（2007年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）I’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting(稍纵即逝的)thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.

5Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouavailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.58.Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis________.A)puttingtheirideasinrawformB)attemptingtoeditastheywriteC)ignoringgrammaticalsoundnessD)tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts原文句子较长，句子包含一个定语从句和表语从句，Thepractice即“freewriting.”canhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabits，而badhabits即tryingtoedit，反过来preventspeoplefromwritingonisattemptingtoedit，故选B.又如：（2005年1月大学英语四级阅读真题）InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonpreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonpreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents(答问卷者)listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.

6IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twoper-centofthemoreindividuallyoriented(强调个性发展的)Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschools.SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.18.InJapan’spreschooleducation,thefocusison________.A)preparingchildrenacademicallyB)developingchildren’sartisticinterestsC)tappingchildren’spotentialD)shapingchildren’scharacter日本学校donotteachreading,writing,andmathematics，而是教persistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup，这几点可归纳为“性格塑造。”故选D.（B）第三类 语义理解题 语义理解题的形式如下：在题干中明确给出了某个单词、短语或句子在文中的具体位置，要求考生理解这些内容的意思或所指。 语义理解题考查的内容包括：熟词在语境中的具体意思；生词的意思；代词指代的内容；词或词组的比喻义；词句的言外之意。 语义理解题的解题关键在于在把握文章主题的情况下，弄清所问词句所在段落的作用，进而弄清词句本身的作用。 1.句义类句子通常有以下特点：①与文章主题密切相关；②相对于文中其他句子而言，语言难度大，不容易理解；③有时为多义句，可以从不同角度来理解，但是文中的意思必须根据上下文来判定，这也是其难点所在。出题方式主要有：A)Thesentence“…”(Line…)meansthat….B)Thesentence“…”impliesthat….

7C)Thesentence“…”canbeparaphrasedas….D)Whatdoesthesentence“…”mean?E)Whatdoesthesentence“…”imply?F)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothesentence“…”?回答这类问题时，可以采用以下几种方法：a.先弄清文章的主题，将文章主题同要求理解的句子内容联系起来，并参考上下文的内容恰当地进行推理。b.可以通过篇章知识和连接词来根据上下文进行推断，如onthecontrary表示下面一句话和上面的意思相反；however,but,although表示转折；furthermore,notonly…butalso表示递进；hence,asaresult,therefore、so等表示对上文的归纳、总结，或者是上文提到内容引起的后果。c.通过句子中的代词(如it,they,those,this,he,she等)的指代关系及句子的时态等，将该句子内容与上下句联系起来，对理解句子会有很大的帮助。d.通过标点符号，如破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等，以及提示词or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.e.等引出同位语或加以解释。e.如果句子很长，就要对句子进行结构分析。例文：（2006年6月24日大学英语四级阅读真题）Inacountrythatdefinesitselfbyideals,notbysharedblood,whoshouldbeallowedtocome,workandlivehere?InthewakeoftheSept.11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing.OnDec.11,2001,aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurity,federalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged“OperationSafeTravel”–raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification（身份证明）.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.Butthosecapturedwereanythingbutterrorists,mostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralofSouthAmerica,Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworkers’illegalstatusmadethemopentoblackmail(讹诈)byterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent.“We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces,we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare,and

8thenwhenit’sconvenientforus,orwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurity,especiallyafterSept.11,thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons,”Andersonsaid.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.AnaCastro,amanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairport,hadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation(驱逐出境).Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.Whilesheawaitstheoutcome,thegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s65.Bysaying“…we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare”(Line2.Para.4),MayorAndersonmeans“______”.A)wewillturnablindeyetoyourillegalstatusB)wewillexaminethelawsinadifferentwayC)thereareotherwaysofenforcingthelawD)theexistinglawsmustnotbeignoredAnderson市长说，移民们感到愤怒从某种程度来说是有道理的，接着一句引文补充此句，引文很长，由and连接，前后为转折关系，后半部意为：当我们方便的时候，或者当我们证明加强国防安全的必要的时候，……，你们可以打发掉。……由此推断出前半部分意思，我们需要你们工作的时候，你们即使是非法移民，也不会按法规驱逐他们。故答案为A。（2006年6月17日大学英语四级阅读真题）Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsemphasisonincentives(激励),providesguidepostthatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworker.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsare

9impressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.22.Bysaying“…theprophecybecomesself-fulfilling…”(Lines4-5,Para.2),theauthormeansthat________.A)girlswilleventuallyfindtheirgoalsinlifebeyondreachB)girlswillbeincreasinglydiscontentedwiththeirlifeathomeC)girlswillbecapableofrealizingtheirowndreamsD)girlswillturnouttobelessvaluablethanboys破折号后的theprophecy即指Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool，破折号后的句子是对前句加以解释。父母从小就预测女孩不如男孩有价值，故不让女孩有受教育的机会，预测也就成为事实，故选D.2.词义型这种题型的常见提问方式有：a.Inline…theword“…”means….b.Theword“…”inthepassagemeans….c.Theword“…”(line…)couldbestbereplacedby….d.Accordingtothepassage,theword“…”isknownas….e.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword“…”means….f.Whichofthefollowingpairsaresynonyms?g.Asusedinthepassage,thephrase“…”suggests….h.Theword“…”roughlyrefersto….i.Theword“…”nearlymeans….j.Theexpression“…”isclosestto….k.Thedefinition“…”appliestowhatkeywordinthepassage?l.Thewriterusedtheword“…”toindicatethat….m.Theword“…”inthecontextmeans….

10n.Thepassageusedtheword“…”toreferto….做这类题时，需要考生掌握很大的词汇量。但是仅仅拥有很大的词汇量不够，还需要考生有利用语法知识和根据上下文推测词义的能力。因为阅读理解体裁多样，题材广泛，同一单词可能在不同的语言环境中或上下文中含义不同，所以在阅读时一定要注意上下文，在理解上下文的基础上，对词义进行推测。考生可以采取以下方法解此类题：①利用上下文进行推理。在有生僻词出现时，作者往往在上下文，尤其在下文进一步进行解释或下定义，或用一个较简单的单词来代替该词。例如：Johnisalwayspunctual,thatis,everydayhecomeshereontime.punctual这个词的意思在后面comeshereontime进行了解释，“他每天准时到这儿”。这句话实际上是对punctual下了一个定义，由此我们可以推测出punctual是“守时、准时的意思。”（2004年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）AssoonasitwasrevealedthatareporterforProgressivemagazinehaddiscoveredhoetomakeahydrogenbomb,agroupoffirearm(火器)fansformedtheNationalHydrogenBombAssociation,andtheyarenowlobbyingagainstanylegislationtostopAmericansfromowningone.“TheConstitution,”saidtheassociation’sspokesman,“giveseveryonetherighttoownarms.Itdoesn’tspelloutwhatkindofarms.Butsinceanyonecannowmakeahydrogenbomb,thepublicshouldbeabletobuyittoprotectthemselves.”“Don’tyouthinkit’sdangeroustohaveoneinthehouse,particularlywheretherearechildrenaround?”“TheNationalHydrogenBombAssociationhopestoeducatepeopleinthesafehandlingofthistypeofweapon.Weareinstructingownerstokeepthebombinalookedcabinetandthefuse(导火索)separatelyinadrawer.”“Somepeopleconsiderthehydrogenbombaveryfatalweaponwhichcouldkillsomebody.”Thespokesmansaid,“Hydrogenbombsdon’tkillpeople-peoplekillpeople.Thebombisforself-protectionanditalsohasadeterrenteffect.Ifsomebodyknowsyouhaveanuclearweaponinyourhouse,they’regoingtothinktwiceaboutbreakingin.”“ButthosewhowanttobanthebombforAmericancitizensclaimthatifyouhaveonelockedinthecabinet,withthefuseinadrawer,youwouldneverbeabletoassembleitintimetostopanintruder(侵入者).”“Anotherargumentagainstallowingpeopletoownabombisthatatthemomentitisveryexpensivetobuildone.Sowhatyourassociationisbackingisaprogramwhichwouldallowthemiddleandupperclassestoacquireabombwhilepoorpeoplewillbeleftdefenselesswithjusthandguns.”18.Bysayingthatthebombalsohasadeterrenteffectthespokesmanmeansthatit________.A)willfrightenawayanypossibleintruders

11B)canshowthespecialstatusofitsownersC)willthreatenthesafetyoftheownersaswellD)cankillthoseenteringothers’housesbyforce第二句Ifsomebody…….是对deterrenteffect具体解释，即炸弹可让入侵者有所顾忌，故选A。②利用对比关系。所谓利用对比关系，就是利用相邻两句意义上或结构上的对比来猜测词义。例如：Themodestreceivebenefit,whiletheconceitedreapfailure.这句话的前后两部分构成对比关系，前半部分为谦受益，那么后半部分则为满招损。由此可以推出conceited意为骄傲的，自满的。③利用构词法，推断单词的意思。有些词可以通过前缀、后缀、合成等形式来判断其意思。如：read(v.读);reread(v.重读);reader(n.读者，读物);readable(adj.易读的);reading(n.读，读物)。4.通过表因果关系,对比关系的信号词来推断。例文：（2002年1月大学英语四级阅读真题）ForanincreasingnumberofstudentsatAmericanuniversities,Oldissuddenlyin.thereasonisobvious:thegrayingofAmericameansjobs.Coupledwiththeagingofthebaby-boom(生育高峰)generation,alongerlifespanmeansthatthenation’selderlypopulationisboundtoexpandsignificantlyoverthenext50years.By2050,25percentofallAmericanswillbeolderthan65,upfrom14percentin1995.Thechangeposesprofoundquestionsforgovernmentandsociety,ofcourse.Butitalsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessions,andinlawandbusinessaswell.“Inadditiontothedoctors,we’regoingtoneedmoresociologists,biologists,urbanplannersandspecializedlawyers,”saysProfessorEdwardSchneideroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia’s(USC)SchoolofGerontology(老年学).Lawyerscanspecializein“elderlaw”,whichcoverseverythingfromtrustsandestatestonursing-homeabuseandagediscrimination(歧视).Businessmenseehugeopportunitiesintheeldermarketbecausethebabyboomers,74millionstrong,arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory.“Anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,andMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney,”oneprofessorsays.MargariteSantosisa21-year-oldsenioratUSC.Shebegancollegeasabiologymajorbutfoundshewas“reallyboredwithbacteria.”Soshetookaclassingerontologyanddiscoveredthatshelikedit.Shesays,“Ididvolunteerworkinretirementhomesanditwasverysatisfying.”

1231.“…Oldissuddenlyin”(Line1,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“________”.A)AmericahassuddenlybecomeanationofoldpeopleB)gerontologyhassuddenlybecomepopularC)moreelderlyprofessorsarefoundonAmericacampusesD)Americancollegeshaverealizedtheneedofenrollingolderstudents两个句子间由Thereasonis连接，后一句是解释大学里Oldissuddenlyin的原因：研究老年学意味着容易找到工作，因此可推断Oldissuddenlyin意为老年学受欢迎,故选B.（2004年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）Aisforalwaysgettingtoworkontime.Bisforbeingextremelybusy.Cisfortheconscientious(勤勤恳恳)wayyoudoyourjob.Youmaybeallthesethingsattheoffice,andmore.Butwhenitcomestogettingahead,expertssay,theABCsofbusinessshouldincludeaP,forpolitics,asinofficepolitics.DaleCarnegiesuggestedasmuchthan50yearsago:Hardworkalonedoesn’tensurecareeradvancement.Youhavetobeabletosellyourselfandyourideas,bothpubliclyandbehindthescenes.Yet,despitetheobviousrewardsofengaginginofficepoliticsabetterjob,araise,praise--manypeoplearestillunable--orunwilling--to“playthegame.”“Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative(工于心计的)behavior,”saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.“Butpoliticsderivesfromtheword‘polite’.Itcanmeanlobbyingandformingassociations.Itcanmeanbeingkindandhelpful,oreventryingtopleaseyoursuperior,andthenexpectingsomethinginreturn.”Infact,today,expertsdefineofficepoliticsasproperbehaviorusedtopursueone’sownself-interestintheworkplace.Inmanycases,thisinvolvessomeformofsocializingwithintheofficeenvironmentnotjustinlargecompanies,butinsmallworkplacesaswell.“Thefirstthingpeopleareusuallyjudgedonistheirabilitytoperformwellonaconsistentbasis.”saysNeilP.Lewis,amanagementpsychologist.“Butiftwoorthreecandidatesareupforapromotion,eachofwhomhasreasonablysimilarability,amanagerisgoingtopromotethepersonheorshelikesbest.It’ssimplehumannature.”Yet,psychologistssay,manyemployeesandemployershavetroublewiththeconceptofpoliticsintheoffice.Somepeople,theysay,haveanidealisticvisionofworkandwhatittakestosucceed.Stillothersassociatepoliticswithflattery(奉承),fearfulthat,iftheyspeakupforthemselves,theymayappeartobeflatteringtheirbossforfavors.Expertssuggestalteringthisnegativepicturebyrecognizingtheneedforsomeself-promotion.11.“Officepolitics”(Line2,Para.4)isusedinthepassagetoreferto________.A)thecodeofbehaviorforcompanystaffB)thepoliticalviewsandbeliefsofofficeworkersC)theinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompanyD)thevariousqualitiesrequiredforasuccessfulcareer题目针对的是文章的一个核心概念，选项B是字面意思，A,D不符合文章意思，故选C.

13第四类 推理判断题 推理判断题比事实细节题更难。两种题目可能都需要考生在归纳总结后才能确定在原文中的出处，或者能非常明确地找到这个出处，但是事实细节题的答案只是对原文信息的一定程度上的转换，而推理判断题的答案则肯定需要考生在根据原文信息进行推理判断后才能得出，其核心意思在原文中找不到原词句。 推理判断题要求考生对上下文有透彻的理解。一道推理判断题的答案，经常需要综合理解整个段落的内容才能推断得出，同时还必须兼顾全文的主旨。 阅读的目的不仅在于只读懂原文，还要求考生在理解原文直接陈述观点的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意。这种题的答案一般不能直接在短文中找到。阅读时要理解字里行间的含义，分析文章的大意和细节，注意作者的措词。根据提问中的关键字眼和短文中相应的有关内容进行分析、归纳和逻辑推理，从而得出作者未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思和观点。推理型试题常见提问方式有：a.Theauthorimpliesthat….b.Itcanbeeasilyguessedthat….c.Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof(against)….d.Wecaninfer(assume)that….e.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat….f.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat….g.Whichofthefollowingcan(not)beinferredfromthepassage?h.Whatdoesthearticle(passage)sayabout…?i.Thepassagesuggeststhat….j.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyimply….k.Theauthormayprobablyagreewith(support)….l.Aninferencewhichmay(not)bemadefromthepassageis….m.Fromthelastsentenceweguessthat….n.Itcanbeconcludedthat….

14推理型问题主要包括以下几大类：对作者态度、语气、风格、倾向的推理，对作者意图、主题思想的推理，对数字的推断，对文中细节的推断等。①针对作者态度、语气、风格、倾向的推理。作者写文章时，经常持有某种态度或倾向。作者的语气和态度往往并不直接在文章中写出来。有时通过全文的叙述，考生可以从文章中领悟作者的观点；有时可以通过对作者使用的词汇(多为形容词和副词)的分析，来推断出作者的态度和感情，例如作者对某一观点是赞成还是反对，是批评还是客观陈述。②对作者意图、主题思想的推理。考生可以利用确定中心思想(主旨)的方法先确定短文的主题和大意，然后分析句子之间的关系，在全面理解原文的基础上，推测出作者的写作意图和目的。③对数字的推断考生要先在短文中找出问题所涉及的数字和文字，然后根据题目要求对各数字进行推算。考生应注意，有的题目只要求找出相关的数字，有些题目则要做简单的计算。④对文中细节的推断。作者为了说明一个主题或者观点，肯定会做出一系列论述或解释，采用方式可能是举例、论证、摆事实或讲道理、提出问题或者指出事件的原因等。这种题型常常集中对文章中某一点或几点、某一方面或几方面、某一部分或几部分提出问题。回答这类问题时，考生应首先仔细阅读原文以确定推理依据的范围，然后按题意进行推断。例文：（2006年6月24日大学英语四级阅读真题）Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwiceaslikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded—andcancomebacktohaunt(困扰)you—appearstobethekeytothefinding.JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca,NewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationforeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface—to–faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.Hisresults,tobepresentedattheconferenceonhuman–computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectedemailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachment(非直接接触)of

15emailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to–faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone..Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime—inaninstantmessageorphonecall,say—thaniftheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefoundmanyliesarespontaneous(脱口而出的)responsestoanunexpecteddemand,suchas:“Doyoulikemydress?”Hancockhopeshisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.Butgivenhisresults,workassessment,wherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.61.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____.A)honestyshouldbeencouragedininterpersonalcommunicationsB)moreemployerswilluseemailstocommunicatewiththeiremployeesC)suitablemediashouldbechosenfordifferentcommunicationpurposesD)emailisnowthedominantmediumofcommunicationwithinacompany原文最后一段谈到，电话交流适合销售，电子邮件适合工作评价，由此推断不同的媒介来满足不同的交际目的，故选C。（2005年12月大学英语四级阅读真题）Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.Buthowyousayitcanbequitetricky.Ifyousaytoyourchildren“I’msorryIgotangrywithyou,but…”,whatfollowsthat“but”canrendertheapologyineffective:“Ihadabadday”or“yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache”leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshouldbeapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology.Anothermethodbywhichpeopleappeartoapologizewithoutactuallydoingsoistosay“I’msorryyou’reupset”;thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone.Thenthereisthegeneral,all-coveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.Saying“I’muselessasaparent”doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement.Thesepseudo-apologiesareusedbypeoplewhobelievesayingsorryshowsweakness.Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition(悔悟),childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildrenfeelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoiling

16otherchildren’sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-oldmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent’sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.38.Itisnotadvisabletousethegeneral,all-coveringapologybecause________.A)itgetsoneintothehabitofmakingemptypromisesB)itmaymaketheotherpersonfeelguiltyC)itisvagueandineffectiveD)itishurtfulandinsulting文章第四段末句用了一个例子说明空泛的道歉无助于在某个方面做出改进，故推断答案为C.39.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry_________.A)thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignoredB)theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccountC)parentsneedtosetthemagoodexampleD)parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant最后一段列举了三种不同年龄段的孩子需要不同帮助，根据例子推断作者的观点，即年龄不同，情况便不同，故答案为B.第五类 观点态度题 体裁为议论文的文章中，所有的内容都可以归入三类：论点、论据和论证。作者的观点就是文章的核心。当文章有总论点和分论点时，论据和论证会围绕各个分论点展开，所有的分论点则在整体上构成对总论点的证明。在议论性的说明文中，也会存在这种现象。 作者或文中人物的观点，多数情况下文中都有明确说明，题目只是对原文内容进行了一定程度的转换，考生需要做的只是辨别。作者或文章人物的态度，多数情况下只是在字里行间流露出来，考生需要从原文的用词和句式中判断其中蕴涵的感情色彩，特别注意动词，形容词等暗示观点态度的地方。 这类题目的题干中一般有the author argues，according to the author，Professor Linton believes that，the passage decribes … in a tone of等明显标志。 其考查点可以分为：考查作者对某人/事物的观点；考查作者对某人/事物的态度；考查作者的行文态度；考查文中人物的观点或态度；考查例子所支持的观点。 例文：（2002年12月大学英语四级阅读真题）Newtechnologylinkstheworldasneverbefore.Ourplanethasshrunk.It’snowa“globalvillage”wherecountriesareonlysecondsawaybyfaxorphoneorsatellitelink.And,ofcourse,ourabilitytobenefitfromthishigh-techcommunicationsequipmentisgreatlyenhancedbyforeignlanguageskills.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohavea

17growingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.Inmodernmarkets,successoverseasoftenhelpssupportdomesticbusinessefforts.Overseasassignmentsarebecomingincreasinglyimportanttoadvancementwithinexecutiveranks.Theexecutivestationedinanothercountrynolongerneedfearbeing“outofsightandoutofmind.”Heorshecanbesurethattheoverseaseffortiscentraltothecompany’splanforsuccess,andthatpromotionsoftenfolloworaccompanyanassignmentabroad.Ifanemployeecansucceedinadifficultassignmentoverseas,superiorswillhavegreaterconfidenceinhisorherabilitytocopebackintheUnitedStateswherecross-culturalconsiderationsandforeignlanguageissuesarebecomingmoreandmoreprevalent(普遍的).Thankstoavarietyofrelativelyinexpensivecommunicationsdeviceswithbusinessapplications,evensmallbusinessesintheUnitedStatesareabletogetintointernationalmarkets.Englishisstilltheinternationallanguageofbusiness.Butthereisanever-growingneedforpeoplewhocanspeakanotherlanguage.Asecondlanguageisn’tgenerallyrequiredtogetajobinbusiness,buthavinglanguageskillsgivesacandidatetheedgewhenotherqualificationsappeartobeequal.Theemployeepostedabroadwhospeaksthecountry’sprincipallanguagehasanopportunitytofast-forwardcertainnegotiations,andcanhavetheculturalinsighttoknowwhenitisbettertomovemoreslowly.Theemployeeatthehomeofficewhocancommunicatewellwithforeignclientsoverthetelephoneorbyfaxmachineisanobviousassettothefirm.21.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardhigh-techcommunicationsequipment?A)Critical.B)Indifferent.C)Prejudiced.D)Positive.从首段首句及首段末句中的benefit一词，可以判断作者持肯定态度的，故答案为D.（2003年12月大学英语四级阅读真题）I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappierorunhappierormoreorlesscertainofthemselvesthantheywere50yearsago.Whileanyofthesestatementsmightbetrue,theyarepracticallyimpossibletoprovescientifically.Still,Iwasstruckbyareportwhichconcludedthattoday’schildrenaresignificantlymoreanxiousthanchildreninthe1950s.Infact,theanalysisshowed,normalchildrenages9to17exhibitahigherlevelofanxietytodaythanchildrenwhoweretreatedformentalillness50yearsago.WhyareAmerica’skidssostressed?Thereportcitestwomaincauses:increasingphysicalisolationbroughtonbyhighdivorceratesandlessinvolvementincommunity,amongotherthingsandagrowingperceptionthattheworldisamoredangerousplace.Giventhatwecan’tturntheclockback,adultscanstilldoplentytohelpthenextgenerationcope.Atthetopofthelistisnurturing(培育)abetterappreciationofthelimitsofindividualism.Nochildisanisland.Strengtheningsocialtieshelpsbuildcommunitiesandprotectindividualsagainststress.Tohelpkidsbuildstrongerconnectionswithothers,youcanpulltheplugonTVsandcomputers.Yourfamilywilltankyoulater.Theywillhavemoretimeforface-to-face

18relationships,andtheywillgetmoresleep.Limittheamountofvirtual(虚拟的)violenceyourchildrenareexposedto.It’snotjustvideogamesandmovies;childrenseealotofmurderandcrimeonthelocalnews.Keepyourexpectationsforyourchildrenreasonable.ManyhighlysuccessfulpeopleneverattendedHarvardorYale.Makeexercisepartofyourdailyroutine.Itwillhelpyoucopewithyourownanxietiesandprovideagoodmodelforyourkids.Sometimesanxietyisunavoidable.Butitdoesn’thavetoruinyourlife.21.Theauthorthinksthattheconclusionsofanyresearchaboutpeople’sstateofmindare______.A)surprisingB)confusingC)illogicalD)questionable文章第一句中的I’musuallyfairlyskepticalabout….表明了作者的态度，只要理解skeptical就能确定答案为D.通过上面例子,可了解到，在进行阅读理解作答时，一定要将题目中的信息关键词语找到，同时认真地到原文中去进行回归定位；利用文章提供的信息，尊重作者的观点，才能作出正确选择。总之，阅读理解是英语四级考试的关键。考生除了具备丰富的词汇、固定短语以及实际应用它们的能力、熟练的语法知识及其综合应用的能力外，平时要多做阅读练习。阅读题材要广泛，如人物传记、科普知识、社会文化背景、新闻广告、英文报刊杂志等。阅读的体裁也要泛，如说明文、议论文、叙述文、应用文等，同时也要注意阅读速度。在此基础上，如能掌握科学的解题思路与分析方法，即阅读技巧，必将提高阅读水平，加快解题速度，为考生获得优异的成绩打下良好的基础。