大学英语四级课堂训练

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大学英语四级课堂训练目录词汇与结构讲义1词汇部分1一常考动词搭配用法1二介副词短语4三词义词形辨析7语法部分14一名词属格和定语14二限定词和代词15三比较级和最高级16四基本句型17五复合句19六时态和语态27七非谓语动词33八一致原则38九倒装结构4l十虚拟语气43听写填空文字材料48Passagel-548Passage6-1050复合式听写文字材料53Passagel-553Passage6-1058阅读技能训练63一、避免出声阅读和哑声阅读63二、避免返读现象65三、训练眼睛运动69

1四、阅读意群74五、避免使用词典78六、了解文章结构82七、快速浏览86八、快速扫描89阅读技能训练答案93阅读模拟练习解释95第一套95第二套98第三套100第四套103第五套106第六套109第七套111第八套114四级句子结构50句117完形填空126范例一126范例二128范例三130范例四132简短回答134范例一134范例二135范例三136模拟练习一138模拟练习二138模拟练习三139

2词汇与结构讲义词汇部分一　常考动词搭配用法1.Whodoyouthinkwill_____nowthatthemanagerhasbeendismissed?A)takeonB)takeupC)takeoverD)takein2.Itissometimesdifficultto______whatissaidoveranairportloudspeaker.A)makeoutB)makeupC)makeforD)makeover3.Weshould_______thereportthoroughlybeforewereachadecision.A)gowithB)goafterC)gointoD)goby4.It'sthesortofworkthat________ahighlevelofconcentration.A)callsonB)callsforC)callatD)callsupon5.Thesportsmeet,originallyduetobeheldlastFriday,wasfinally_______becauseofthebadweather.A)setoffB)brokenoffC)wornoffD)calledoff6.Theoldgovernmentwill________itspowernextweek.A)takeoverB)handoverC)thinkoverD)getover7.Ihopeyoucan______abetterplanthanthis.A)putupwithB)catchupwithC)comeupwithD)keepupwith8.Fuelsinengineswillnotburnifthesupplyofairis______.A)cutdownB)cutoffC)cutawayD)cutin

39.Thesoldier_____thesecretswhentheenemytorturedhim.A)gaveawayB)gaveinC)gaveupD)gaveout10.Freddidn'tmarry;henever____theshockoflosingJane.A)gotoutB)gotoverC)gotusedtoD)gotin11.Oursondoesn'tknowwhatto____attheuniversity;hecan'tmakeuphismindabouthisfuture.A)takeinB)takeupC)takeoverD)takeafter12.Thecar____halfwayfornoreason.A)brokeoffB)brokedownC)brokeupD)brokeout13.Whenafire____attheNationalExhibitioninLondon,atleasttenpricelesspaintingswerecompletelydestroyed.A)brokeoffB)brokeoutC)brokedownD)brokeup14.BecauseEdgarwasconvincedoftheaccuracyofthisfact,he_____hisopinion.A)struckatB)stroveforC)strucktoD)stoodfor15.Thedestructionofthesetreasureswasalossformankindthatnoamountofmoneycould______.A)standuptoB)makeupforC)comeupwithD)putupwith16.Thenthespeaker_______thevariousfactorsleadingtothepresenteconomiccrisis.A)wentafterB)wentforC)wentintoD)wenton17.Thestudentwasjustaboutto_____thequestion,whensuddenlyhe

4foundtheanswer.A)arriveatB)workoutC)submittoD)giveup18.Thenewappointmentofourpresident____fromtheverybeginningofnextsemester.A)takeseffectB)takespartC)takesplaceD)lakesturns19.Havingdecidedtorentaflat，we____________contactingalltheaccommodationagenciesinthecity.A)setaboutB)setdownC)setoutD)setup20.OnedayI____anewspaperarticleabouttheretirementofanEnglishprofessoratanearbystatecollege.A)cameacrossB)cameaboutC)comeafterD)cameat21.Themanagerneedsanassistantthathecan______totakecareofproblemsinhisabsence.A)countonB)countinC)countupD)countout22.Alorry____Jane'scatandspedaway.A)ranoverB)ranintoC)ranthroughD)randown23.InBritaintodaywomen___44%oftheworkhorse,andnearlyhalfthemotherswithchildrenareinpaidwork.A)buildupB)standforC)makeupD)conformto24.Awell-writtencomposition______goodchoiceofwordsandclearorganizationamongotherthings.A)callsonB)callsforC)callsupD)callsoff

525.Thestorehadto______anumberofclerksbecausesalesweredown.A)layoutB)layoffC)layasideD)laydown26.ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell,butifyou_____,youwillsucceedintheend.A)hangupB)hangaboutC)hangonD)hangonto27.Ican't______whatthatobjectis.A)makeupB)makeoverC)makeoutD)makefor28.Iwanttobuyanewtieto_____thisbrownsuit.A)gointoB)goafterC)gowithD)goby29.Ican______somenoisewhileI'mstudying,butIcan'tstandloudnoises.A)comeupwithB)catchupwithC)putupwithD)keepupwith30.Whenthewholeareawas______bytheflood,thegovernmentsentfoodtherebyhelicopter.A)cutawayB)cutdownC)cutupD)cutoff31.Theengine_______smokeandsteam.A)givesupB)givesinC)givesawayD)givesoff32.They_______inspiteoftheextremelydifficultconditions.A)carriedoutB)carriedoffC)carriedonD)carriedforward二介副词短语1.Sheisawomanwhothinksofeverything______money.

6A)intermsofB)intheformofC)inthecaseofD)inplaceof2.Hewillsurelysucceed_________hishardwork.A)inregardtoB)inrespectofC)inviewofD)inspiteof3.Ifyouact_______thedoctor'sadvice,youwon'tgetwellagain.A)duetoB)contrarytoC)accordingtoD)priorto4.Immediatelythosewhoare______theproposalblowtheirgoldentrumpets.A)inviewofB)inbehalfofC)inchargeofD)infavorof5.Thoughtsareexpressed_________words.A)bynomeansB)bymeansofC)bemeanofD)bywayof6.He'sagoodmanandisknown________toeveryone.A)assuchB)asmuchC)aswellD)asthat7.Hequotedafewparagraphsfromthisarticle_____furtherreference.A)becauseofB)forlackofC)forthesakeofD)inthelightof8.WhenMarylostherfavoritedog,shewas_______tears.A)atthepointofB)attheprospectofC)atthetopofD)attheendof9.Whenhearrived,hefound______theagedandthesickathome.A)nonebutB)noneotherthanC)nothingbutD)nootherthan10.Beingapopstarcanbequiteahardlife,withalotoftravelling______heavyschedules.A)withregardtoB)astoC)inrelationtoD)owingto11.______theirdifferences,thecoupleweredevelopinganobviousand

7genuineaffectionforeachother.(98-1-54)A)ButforB)ForallC)AboveallD)Exceptfor12.Innocountry__Britain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.A)otherthanB)morethanC)betterthanD)ratherthan13.Findingajobinsuchabigcompanyhasalwaysbeen_______hiswildestdreams.A)underB)overC)aboveD)beyond14.Everymaninthiscountryhastherighttolivewherehewantsto______thecolorofhisskin.A)withtheexceptionofB)inthelightofC)byvirtueofD)regardlessof15.Whichsporthasthemostexpenses______trainingequipment,players'personalequipmentanduniforms?A)inplaceofB)intermsofC)bymeansofD)bywayof16.Hewentahead______allwarningsaboutthedangerofhismission.A)incaseofB)becauseofC)regardlessofD)priorto17.Jackisgood,kind,hard-workingandintelligent;______,Ican'tspeaktoohighlyofhim.A)asaresultB)inawordC)bythewayD)onthecontrary18.Afteralongandexhaustingjourney,theyarrived_______A)tillthelastB)atlastC)bytheendD)attheend19.Willallthose_______theproposalraisetheirhands?A)inrelationtoB)incontrasttoC)inexcessofD)infavorof

820.Childrenareverycurious__________.A)atheartB)inpersonC)onpurposeD)bynature三　词义词形辨析1.Manydifficultieshave_____asaresultofthechangeovertoanewtypeoffuel.A)risenB)raisedC)arrivedD)arisen2.Football_____agooddealofpassionamongitsfans.A)risesB)raisesC)arousesD)arises3.Hisfearsaboutthetestwere_____afterhetalkedwiththeteacher.A)releasedB)relievedC)retainedD)realized4.Theintroductionofthetechnique_______alotofproblems.A)emergedB)carriedC)gaveD)created5.Humanbeingshave_____verydiverseenvironmentswiththehelpofhouses,clothes,fire,agriculture,-andthemachinestheyhaveinventedandbuilt.A)adaptedthemselvestoB)adoptedthemselvestoC)justifiedthemselvestoD)changedthemselvesto6.Theyear1949witnessedthe____ofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.A)foundationB)buildingC)foundingD)making7.Mygolfisnottoogood.I'vebeenbusyandoutof______foralongtime.A)workB)reachC)stockD)practice8.It's______forallchildrentohaveplaymates.A)applicableB)advisableC)availableD)considerable9.Thepolicehaddifficultyin_____thecrowdfromrushingintothestore.A)resistingB)retainingC)restrainingD)straining

910.Contributorstothemagazinearerequiredtowrite_____fortheirarticles.A)selectionsB)digestsC)sectionsD)abstracts11.Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeheldtoone-fifththetotal_____forlivingexpenses.A)acceptableB)availableC)advisableD)applicable12.Pleasebecarefulwhenyouaredrinkingcoffeeincaseyou____thenewcarpet.A)crashB)polluteC)spotD)stain13.Themanagerlosthis_______justbecausehissecretarywastenminuteslate.A)moodB)temperC)mindD)passion14.Conveniencefoodswhicharealreadypreparedforcookingare______ingrocerystores.A)readyB)approachableC)probableD)available15.Whentherearesmallchildrenaround,itisnecessarytoputbottlesofpillsoutof______.A)reachB)handC)holdD)place16.The______ofbloodalwaysmakeshimfeelsick.A)sightB)viewC)lookD)form17.AlthoughIliketheappearanceofthehouse,whatreallymademedecidetobuyitwasthebeautiful_____throughthewindow.A)visionB)lookC)pictureD)view18.InBritain,thebestseasonoftheyearisprobably_______spring.A)laterB)lastC)latterD)late19.Freemedicaltreatmentinthiscountrycoverssicknessofmindaswellas________sicknesses.A)normalB)regularC)averageD)ordinary

1020.Thishotel_____$60forasingleroomwithbath.A)claimsB)demandsC)pricesD)charges21.Althoughhehadlookedthroughallthereferencematerialonthesubject,hestillfoundithardtounderstandthispointandherexplanationonly______tohisconfusion.A)extendedB)mountedC)addedD)turned22.Acompletelynewsituationwill________whentheexaminationsystemcomesintoexistence.A)ariseB)riseC)raiseD)arouse23.Ittookhimseveralmonthsto_____thewildhorse.A)tendB)cultivateC)breedD)tame24.Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull______.A)capacityB)strengthC)lengthD)possibility25.Ihatepeoplewho_____theendofafilmthatyouhaven'tseenbefore.A)revealB)rewriteC)reviseD)reverse26.He'swatchingTV?He's_____tobecleaninghisroom.A)knownB)supposedC)regardedD)considered27.Theoldcoupledecidedto_____aboyandagirlthoughtheyhadthreeoftheirown.A)adaptB)bringC)receiveD)adopt28.Thegovernmentistryingtodosomethingto__________betterunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.A)raiseB)promoteC)heightenD)increase29.Thenewspaperdidnotmentionthe_____ofthedamagecausedbythefire.A)rangeB)levelC)extentD)quantity30.Thesoldierwas_____ofrunningawaywhentheenemyattacked.A)scoldedB)accusedC)chargedD)punished

1131.Althoughtheyplanttreesinthisareaeveryyear,thetopsofsomehillsarestill_________.A)blankB)hollowC)vacantD)bare32.Thenewcomersfounditimpossibleto_______themselvestotheclimatesufficientlytomakepermanenthomesinthenewcountry.A)suitB)adaptC)regulateD)coordinate33.A_____tothisproblemisexpectedtobefoundbeforelong.A)resultB)responseC)settlementD)solution34.Youhavenothingto_______byrefusingtolistentoouradvice.A)gainB)graspC)seizeD)earn35.Asaresultofcarelesswashing,thejacket_____toachild'ssize.A)compressedB)shrankC)droppedD)decreased36.Hehopedthefirmwould_______himtotheParisbranch.A)exchangeB)transmitC)transferD)remove37.Therelationshipbetweenemployersandemployeeshasbeenstudied________.A)originallyB)extremelyC)violentlyD)intensively38.Shewascomplainingthatthedoctorwas_______toomuchforthetreatmenthewasgivingher.A)expendingB)offeringC)costingD)charging39.Themanagerspokehighlyofsuch_______asloyalty,courageandtruthfulnessshownbyhisemployees.A)virtuesB)featuresC)propertiesD)characteristics40.Sincethematterwasextremely______,wedealtwithitimmediately,A)toughB)tenseC)urgentD)instant41.I'mverysorrytohave______youwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.A)interferedB)offendedC)impressedD)bothered

1242.Thepriceofbeer______from50centto$4perliterduringthesummerseason.A)alteredB)rangedC)separatedD)differed43.WilliamPenn,thefounderofPennsylvania,______defendedtherightofeverycitizentofreedomofchoiceinreligion.A)peculiarlyB)indifferentlyC)vigorouslyD)inevitably44.Whenpeoplebecomeunemployed,itis_____whichisoftenworsethanlackofwages.A)lazinessB)povertyC)idlenessD)inability45._____hissister,Jackisquietanddoesnoteasilymakefriendswiththem.A)DislikeB)UnlikeC)AlikeD)Liking46.SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpecttopickupwonderful______inthemarket.A)batteriesB)bargainsC)basketsD)barrels47.Inprevioustimes,whenfreshmeatwasinshort______,pigeonswerekeptbymanyhouseholdsasasourceoffood.A)storeB)provisionC)reserveD)supply48.Thosegiftsofrarebooksthatweregiventousweredeeply_____.A)appreciatedB)approvedC)appealedD)applied49.Themantowhomwehandedtheformspointedoutthattheyhadnotbeen______filledin.A)consequentlyB)regularlyC)comprehensivelyD)properly50.Ishallhaveacompanioninthehouseafterallthese____years.A)singleB)soleC)aloneD)lonely51.Noneoftheservantswere_______whenMr.smithwantedtosendamessage.

13A)availableB)approachableC)attainableD)applicable52.Iftheseshoesaretoobig,asktheclerktobringyouasmaller_____.A)suitB)setC)oneD)pair53.Mycameracanbe_______totakepicturesincloudyorsunnyconditions.A)treatedB)adjustedC)adoptedD)remedied54.Childrenwhoareoverprotectedbytheirparentsmaybecome_____.A)hurtB)damagedC)spoiledD)harmed55.Itwasdifficulttoguesswhather_______tothenewswouldbe.A)impressionB)reactionC)commentD)opinion56.WhenMr.Jonesgetsold,hewill________overhisbusinesstohisson.A)takeB)handC)thinkD)get57.Thereweresome__________flowersonthetable.A)artificialB)unnaturalC)falseD)unreal58.Hewas______ofhavingaskedsuchasillyquestion.A)sorryB)guiltyC)ashamedD)miserable59.Therainwasheavyand________thelandwasflooded.A)consequentlyB)continuouslyC)constantlyD)consistently60.Don't________thisnewstothepublicuntilwegiveyouthego-ahead.A)releaseB)relieveC)relateD)retain61.Icannotgiveyou_______forthetypeofcaryousellbecausethereisnodemandforitinthemarket.A)anexpenseB)achargeC)apurchaseD)anorder

1462.Intheadvancedcoursestudentsmusttakeperformancetestsatmonthly___________.A)gapsB)intervalsC)lengthD)distance63.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare_________.A)outofworkB)outofstockC)outofreachD)outofpractice64.Manydifficultieshave__________asaresultofthechangeovertoanewtypeoffuel.A)risenB)arisenC)raisedD)arrived65.Ourcompanydecidedto_______thecontractbecauseanumberoftheconditionsinithadnotbeenmet.A)destroyB)resistC)assumeD)cancel66.Hemadesucha_______contributiontotheuniversitythattheyarenamingoneofthenewbuildingsafterhim.A)genuineB)minimumC)modestD)generous67.Havingbeenfoundguilty,themanwasgivenasevere________bythejudge.A)serviceB)sentenceC)crimeD)crisis68.Youcan'taffordtoletthesituationgetworse,youmusttake__________toputitright.A)decisionsB)directionsC)sidesD)steps

15语法部分一　名词属格和定语l.TheSummerPalaceisabout_________drivefromhere.A)twenty-minuteB)twentyminutesC)twentyminute'sD)twentyminutes'2.Thecity'spopulationhasrisento________.A)threequartersofamillionB)threequarterofamillionC)amillion'sthreequartersD)amillion'sthreequarter3.Icouldn'tfind_______bag,andsoItookthisone.A)largeenoughaB)anenoughlargeC)alargeenoughD)enoughlargea4.Itis______pieceofinformationthattheearthgoesroundthesun.A)anexceptionallyelementaryB)exceptionallyelementaryaC)anelementaryexceptionallyD)exceptionallyanelementary5.Let'shavea_______break.A)tenminuteB)ten-minuteC)tenminute'sD)tenminutes'6.Radio,televisionandpress____ofconveyingnewsandinformation.A)arethemostthreecommonmeansB)arethemostcommonthreemeansC)arethethreemostcommonmeansD)arethreethemostcommonmeans7.Iwalkedtoomuchyesterdayand______arestillachingnow.A)myleg'smusclesB)mymusclesoflegC)mylegmusclesD)mymusclesoftheleg8.Theywillhaveitfinishedin____________.

16A)threequarterofanhourtimeB)threequartersofanhourtimeC)threequarterofanhour'stimeD)threequartersofanhour'stime二　限定词和代词1.Somechildrenlearnlanguageseasilyand________withdifficulty.A)theotherB)othersC)anotherD)other2.______statehastherighttolaydownitsownlaws.A)AnyB)CertainC)SomeD)Each3.Onethird_______inthatcountrycanneitherreadorwrite.A)populationB)ofpopulationC)ofthepopulationD)ofthepopulations4.Theidealstudentisconsideredtobe______whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeoflearning.A)suchB)someC)anyD)one5.Theforeignresearchscholarusuallyisolates____________inthelaboratoryasameansofprotection.A)himB)himselfC)oneselfD)one6.______whodevelopedmachinesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwereinventors,nottrainedscientists.A)MostofthescientistsB)MostscientistsC)MostofscientistsD)Themostofscientists7.________attempttoclimbthemountainwillbemadenextyear.A)TheotherB)AnotherC)SomeD)Any8.Themostcommonaccelerationis_____offreelyfallingbodies.A)whatB)whichC)somethingD)that9.Noagreementwasreachedinthediscussionasneithersidewouldgivewayto__________.

17A)theotherB)anyotherC)anotherD)other10.Ihavetwoboysbut_______ofthemlikessweets.A)bothB)neitherC)eitherD)none11.Wehadapartylastmonth,anditwasalotoffun,solet'shave_______onethismonth.A)anotherB)moreC)theotherD)other三　比较级和最高级一、同级的比较通常用as......as来表示如:Iamastallasyouare.Irunasfastasyou.二、比较级形容词的比较级+than三、最高级通常是在一个范围内而言。如：in+地域/机构，如：inourclass/inourcountryof+复数的人，如：ofallthepeople四、比较句的特殊表达方式1.Iprefertoworkratherthan___________idle.A)toremainB)remainingC)remainD)remained2.Peterhadmoretalentthananyonewho_______playedtennis.A)alwaysB)everC)onceD)still3.Nuclearscienceshouldbedevelopedtobenefitpeople_____harmthem.A)morethanB)otherthanC)betterthanD)ratherthan4.Childrenlikegoingtothecinema_________TV.A)morethantowatchB)morethanwatching

18C)thanwatchingD)ratherthantogo5.GeorgeWashington,AbrahamLincolnandFranklinRoothveltare______presidentsinAmericanhistory.A)thethreemostfamousB)themostfamousthreeC)themostthreefamousD)threemostfamous6.Youcannotbe_______carefulwhenyoudriveacar.A)veryB)soC)tooD)enough7.Hemovedawayfromhisparents,andmissedthem_______enjoytheexcitinglifeinNewYork.A)toomuchtoB)enoughtoC)verymuchtoD)muchsoasto8.Theyusuallyhavelessmoneyattheendofthemonththan______atthebeginning.A)whichisB)whichwasC)theyhaveD)itis9.Sheis______amusicianthanherbrother.A)muchofB)muchasC)moreofD)moreas四基本句型五种基本句型一、SVC(主十动十补)系表结构，即主语+系动词+表语例：FlorenceNightingalewasanurse．注意：这里的动词是连系动词1．简单连系动词：be动词(am，are，is)2．除be动词以外的连系动词，根据意思可以分为：第一组表示“变成，变得”的意思，become．come，fall，get，go，grow，run，turn第二组表示保持着某种状态：continue，keep，lie，remain，stand，stay第三组表示看起来，好像的意思：appear，look，seem

19第四组感官动词，表示感觉：feel，smell，sound，taste二、SV(主+动)句型关键：动词为不及物动词如：Springhascome．春天来了。三、SVO(主十谓+宾)句型关键：动词为及物动词如：Wallshaveears．四、SVOiOd(主+动+间宾十直宾)句型关键：动词是双宾语动词，如：Heboughtthegirlabunchofflowers．下面这些词都是双宾语动词(1)award，bring，feed，give，grant，hand，lend，offer，pass，promise，read，sell，send，serve，show，teach，take，tell，write，这些动词后面跟双宾语时，间接宾语在前面不用加介词，直间宾语放前面时，后面加上介词to,sth．tosb．(2)下面这组动词表示为某人做某事，所以直间宾语放前面时，后面要加上介词for(sth．forsb．)：buy，cook，find，fix，knit，order，post，book，reserve，save，spare五、SVOCo(主+动+宾+宾补)如：Theoldmanmadeeveryonehappy．后面跟宾补语的动词常见的有：appoint，make，elect，call，name，catch，choose，declare，fancy，feel，find，imagine，judge，keep，know，leave，prove，suppose，believe，consider，think例题：1.Youridea_______nice．A)hearsB)soundsC)listensD)appears2.Something_______wrongwithmybike．A)cameB)turnedC)wentD)grew

203.Hisdreamoftravellingaroundtheworldhas______true.A)comeB)runC)wentD)become4.Theroad______northtoChangpingCounty.A)growsB)continuesC)getsD)goes5.Thestudents______sleepy.A)sawB)viewedC)rightedD)looked6.Success_______inhardwork.A)laysB)laidsC)liesD)lains7.He____animportantquestionwhenhe______tospeak.A)rose...raisedB)arose...roseC)raised…roseD)arose...raised8.Theexplorerthoughtthehouse_______andmovedin.A)desertingB)desertedC)todesertD)desert五复合句一、并列复合旬复合句首先涉及到连词，两个简单句需要用连接词连起来。并列连词连接并列复合句，关系如下：1.1转折关系并列连词but，yet，and(表示委婉的转折，注意比较主从连词although，though)1、AlthoughIlikeEnglish，butIdon'thaveconfidenceinmasteringit.2、Idon'thaveconfidenceinmasteringEnglish．AlthoughIlikeit.3、Idon'thaveconfidenceinmasteringEnglish．ButIlikeit.4、Idon'thaveconfidenceinmasteringEnglish．Ilikeit,though．主从连词只能引导从句，句子后面只能打逗号；并列连词引导并列分句，可以用句号或者分号，往往是补充，通常放在后面，主从连词往往放在名首。1.2因果关系

21for补充说明原因，so，therefore，hence表示因此；(对比主从连词because，since，as，nowthat都表示原因)1.3相连关系either...or...，neither...nor...，both...and...，notonly...butalso...not...but..二、主从复合句主从复合句由从属连词连接，按照性质可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句(即定语从句)，副词性从句(即状语从句)2.1名词性从句2.1.1主语从句A)Thattheearthgoesaroundthesunisawell-knowntruth．B)Whetherhewillcometothemeetingisuptohisboss．C)Whowillcometothedinnerremainsaquestion．D)Whatyouhavesaidisconvincing．E)HowtheancientEgyptiansbuiltthepyramidspuzzledpeopleforcenturies．F)Whythemurderercamebacktothesceneofcrimeisapsychologicalproblem．2.1.2宾语从句A)Hebelievedthatwalkingunderaladderbringsbadluck．B)WecalllearnwhatwedonotknowfromTVprograms．C)Tellmewhichofthebooksistherightone．D)Yoursuccesswilldependonhowyoupresentyourself．E)Iwonderif／whetheryoucanhelpme．2.1.3表语从句be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。

22A)Theassumptionisthatthingswillimprove．B)Chinaisnotwhatitusedtobe．C)Thedoctor'sdilemmaiswhetherheshouldtellalietothepatient.2.1.4同位语从句同位语从句的特点是有一个抽象名词+that+从句构成，这些抽象名词有：news，idea，fact，doubt，evidence，promise，rumor，hope，truth，belief，message等，这些名词往往需要有一个从句对它进行说明和解释，也就是到底是什么消息、什么事实等，所以同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。同位语从句中一定由that引导，而且that在句子中不做任何成分。A)ThenewsthatourfootballteamatlastdefeatedKoreamadethefanswildwithjoy．Thenewsthatmadethefanswildwithjoywasfromtheradio.(比较)B)Thereismuchevidencethatthecrimerateinthiscityisontherise．C)Thedoctorwouldcomeonconditionthathewasreallyill．2.2定语从句2.2.1限制性A)Heisamanwhomeanswhathesays．B)I'llneverforgetthevillagewhereIspentmychildhood．C)Hegavenoreasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedtheoffer．D)Thechildthat(whom)theylosthasbeenfound．2.2.2非限制性(不能用that引导)A)Hisspeech，whichboredustodeath，wasoveratlast．B)Hersister，wholivedinanothercity，wascomingtovisither.注意：定语从句中关系词的词性由它在从句中所作的成分决定。

232.3状语从句2.3.1时间状语从句引导词:when,as,while,assoonas,theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,thedayA)Ashegotolder,hegotwiser.B)WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.C)Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchardthemomenttheysawtheguard.2.3.2条件状语从句引导词:if,unless,as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,suppose,that,incaseA)We'llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.B)Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.C)Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.2.3.3原因状语从句引导词:because,since,as,now(that),inthat,consideringthat,given,thatA)Nowthateverybodyhascome,let'sbeginourconference.B)Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.C)Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.2.3.4让步状语从句引导词:though,although,evenif,eventhough,as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装）,nomatter,inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whicheverA)Childasheis,hehasquiteanunusualexperience.B)Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.

24C)Nomatterhowhardhetried,hecouldnotchangehermind.D)Hewon'tlistenwhateveryoumaysay.2.3.5目的状语从句引导词:sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthatA)Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.B)Heranawaylestheshouldbecaught.2.3.6结果状语从句引导词:sothat,so...that(如此...以至于),such...that(如此...以至于)A)Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.B)It'ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.2.3.7方式状语从句引导词:as,asif,asthough,theway(以...方式),howA)DoasIsay.B)Shebehavedasifshewerethebess.C)Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.2.4.强调结构2.4.1Itis/was...that...Itismyunclethat/whoiscomingtovisitus,Itwasatmidnightthathecamebackhome.Itwasmidnightwhenhecamebackhome.Itwasintheparkthatthetwooldfriendsranintoeachother.2.4.2谓语动词前用do,does,did强调Shedoeslikeredroses.Hedidcalluswhenwewereout.例题：1.Hiswife'sassertionprovedfalse_______hispoemsweredestinednevertobepublished.

25A)nowthatB)asC)becauseD)that2.____I'veseenhowhelives,Iknowwhyheneedssomuchmoney.A)NowthatB)FornowC)EversinceD)Bynow3.Thetimeofday_____youfeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.A)thenB)asC)whenD)that4._____issaid,itisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.A)ItB)AsC)ThatD)Which5.Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyears________theyarefullyaccepted.A)beforeB)sinceC)untilD)after6.Thegoals_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.A)withwhichB)atwhichC)forwhichD)againstwhich7.Wehadjusthadourbreakfast____anoldmancametothedoor.A)thenB)thatC)sinceD)when8.All_____islikelytobequestionedisyouraccuracy.A)thatB)whatC)thethingD)ofwhich9.Thehouse______wasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.A)theroofofitB)theroofofwhichC)whoseroofD)itsroof10.Anelementisasubstance_____havethesameatomicnumber.A)allofwhoseatomsB)alloftheiratomsC)allwhoseatomsD)alltheiratoms11.Theexploringpartyfinallyreachedthesmallvillage_____theciteofanancientcityhadbeenfound.A)whereB)whichC)thereD)when12.Youshouldletyourchildrenplay______youcanseethem.A)whetherB)whenC)whereD)there13.Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,_________somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.

26A)unlessB)untilC)whenD)while14.Ihadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothes______Iheardvoices.A)asB)whenC)afterD)while15.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,_______obtainingwaterisnottheleast.(98-1-42)A)forwhichB)towhichC)ofwhichD)inwhich16.______thatmyheadhadcleared,mybrainwasalsobeginningtoworkmuchbetter.A)ForB)NowC)SinceD)Despite17.Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,from____tosuspendyourtent.A)thereB)themC)whichD)where18.________quiterecently,mostmothersinBritaindidnottakepaidworkoutsidethehome.A)BeforeB)UntilC)FromD)Since19.Scientistssayitmaybefiveortenyears______itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.A)sinceB)beforeC)afterD)when20.Insomecountries,______iscalled"equality"doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.A)whichB)whatC)thatD)one21.Liquidsarelikesolids______theyhaveadefinitevolume.A)inthatB)forthatC)withthatD)atthat22.Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but______haditactedresponsibly.A)neitherB)soC)eitherD)both23.Bicyclingisgoodexercise;______,itdoesnotpollutetheair.A)neverthelessB)stillC)moreoverD)but24.______alltheimprovements,hestillcomplainsabouttheworkingconditionsthere.

27A)AlthoughB)DespiteC)ThoughD)Concerning25.Ishouldliketorentaflat,modern,comfortableand________inaquietneighborhood.A)afterallB)allinallC)overallD)aboveall26.Theymightnothavemadetheirinventions____agroundworkhadnotbeenlaidbyscientistsyearsbefore.A)asB)ifC)whileD)because27.Itisunlikelythatenoughteacherswillbefound_______thereisasubstantialimprovementinsalariesandworkingconditions.A)ifB)orC)unlessD)until28.Carefulsurveyshaveindicatedthatasmanyas50percentofpatientsdonottakedrugs______directed.A)likeB)soC)whichD)as29.Youseethelightning__ithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.A)theinstantB)foraninstantC)ontheinstantD)inaninstant30.Themerefact______.mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A)whatB)whichC)thatD)why31._______thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint.(89)A)Duringthe1960'sB)Itwasinthe1960'sC)thatitwasinthe1960'sD)Itwasthe1960's32.Itwasn'tsuchagooddinner__________shehadpromisedus.A)thatB)whichC)asD)what33.Theydecidedtochasethecowaway______itdidmoredamage.A)unlessB)untilC)beforeD)although34.______withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.A)WhencomparedB)CompareC)WhilecomparingD)Comparing

2835._______shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.A)ThatwasfromStephenB)ItwasStephenwhomC)ItwasfromStephenthatD)ItwasStephenthat36.Nosoonerhadwereachedthetopofthehill_________weallsatdowntorest.A)whenB)thenC)thanD)until37.Evidencecameup_____specificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.A)whatB)whichC)thatD)whose38.Fiveminutesearlier,_________wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.A)andB)butC)orD)so39.Amanescapedfromtheprisonlastnight.Itwasalongtime_____theguardsdiscoveredwhathadhappened.A)beforeB)untilC)sinceD)when40.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestchildthanshewastotheothers,______,ofcourse,madetheothersjealous.A)whoB)thatC)whatD)which41.NotthatJohndoesn'twanttohelpyou.______it'sbeyondhispower.A)butthatB)forthatC)andthatD)inthat42.Theyareteachersanddon'trealize__________tostartandrunacompany.A)whatittakesB)whattakesitC)whattheytakeD)whatlakesthem43.Certainprogramsworkbetterforsome________forothers.A)andB)thanC)asD)but六　时态和语态英语中的时态有很明显的时间领域：过去、现在、将来。一、一般现在时

29表示一般状态、习惯动作、客观规律和永恒真理Heusuallygoestoworkat7o'clockeverymorning．ShehasabrotherwholivesinNewYork．Theearthgoesaroundthesun．这是永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool．二、现在进行时表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动；或表感情色彩，加强浯气。WearehavingEnglishclass．IamtakingeveningclassesofEngfish．Thelittleboyisalwaysmakingtrouble．三、现在完成时表目前已完成的动作，强调对现在的影响。时间是算到你说话的时候为止，而且现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：1．for+时间段；IhavelearnedEnglishfortenyears．2．常见的副词：lately；recently,just，uptonow,tillnow,sofar,thesedays，inthepastfewyears／months／weeks／days3．注意：for+时间段；since+时间点TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears．TheyhavelivedinBeijingsincel995．4．ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavewatchedstarsthroughatelescope．第几次做某事，后面跟现在完成时。四、一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday；lastweek；in1945，atthattime；once；duringthewar；before；afewdaysago；when，注意：1、usedto+动词原形，表过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。Heusedtosmoke．

302、be／become／getusedto+动名词doing，表习惯于Hehasgotusedtogettingupearly．Heusedtosmokealot.3、TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears．用现在完成时表示到目前是5年。HelivedinJapanforfiveyearsasamiddle-schoolstudent.用一般过去时则表示这个时间段和现在无关，只表示他过去在日本住了5年。五、过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。Theboywasdoinghishomeworkwhenhisfathercamebackfromwork．Hewastakingaleisurelywalkbythelakewhenheheardsomeoneshoutedforhelp．六、过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，句中有明显的参照动作或时间，before，after,by,uptillTherehadbeen25parksinourcityuptill2000．Bytheendoflasttermwehadfinishedthebook．Theyfinishedearlierthanwehadexpected．七、一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。Beijingwillhostthe29thOlympicGamesin2008．除此之外一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状浯从句的主句中：Wewillbeginourclassassoonastheteachercomes．(主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)在表示对将来的安排时，一般将来时与将来进行时的比较：一般将来时往往表示一种打算、情愿、愿意做某事，所以一般将来时表达的比较主观，而将来进行时表示将来的安排时是客观的、必

31然的，不强调主观愿望，只强调客观的安排ThePresidentwillbemeetingtheforeigndelegationattheairport．willbemeeting,将来进行时，是按照以计划一定会发生的事情。八、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，用by+将来的时间bythattime，bytheendofthisyearBytheendofnextmonth，hewillhavetraveled1000milesonfoot．Bythetimeyoureachthestation，thetrainwillhaveleft．九、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。I'llbedoingmyhomeworkthistimetomorrow．明天这会我正在写作业。ThePresidentwillbemeetingtheforeigndelegationattheairport．十、现在完成进行时表示从过去延续到现在并还将继续下去或刚刚还在进行的动作：IhavebeenlearningEnglishforsometenyears．我学英语快十年了。(表示我还要学下去)Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours．我在这里等你已经两个小时了。(强调刚刚还在等)十一、被动语态被动语态总是和时态结合在一起考的。被动语态最根本的是强调事情本身，而不考虑或强调这个行为者。如：Waterevaporateswhenitheated．一些常用句型：Itissaid...,Itisreported...，Itiswidelybelieved...，Itisexpected...，Itisestimated…，这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”。而以前人们认为……则这么说：Itwasbelieved...,Itwasthought…

32例题：1.Wewillcanceltheprojectunlessthey______init.A)willparticipateB)wouldparticipateC)participateD)participating2.GreatasNewtonwas,manyofhisideas______todayandarebeingmodifiedbytheworkofscientistsofourtime.A)aretochallengeB)maybechallengedC)havebeenchallengedD)arechallenging3.IdecidedtogotothebookstoreassoonasI______myclass.A)finishB)wouldfinishC)hadfinishedD)finished4.He_____fivearticlespublishedbythetimehegetshisPh.D.A)willhaveB)hashadC)willhavehadD)willbehaving5.Youmusttakethewholeprojectseriously,ifyou____succeed.A)willB)canC)aretoD)does6.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou________advertisementsshowinghappybalancedfamilies.A)areoftenseeingB)oftenseeC)willoftenseeD)haveoftenseen7.Untilthen,hisfamily_______fromhimforsixmonths.A)didn'thearB)hasn'tbeenhearingC)hasn'theardD)hadn'theard8.Theconference_________afullweekbythetimeitends.A)musthavelastedB)willhavelastedC)wouldlastD)haslasted9.Onceenvironmentaldamage______,ittakesmanyyearsforthesystemtorecover.A)hasdoneB)istodoC)doesD)isdone10.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection

33__________tothenation.A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft11.Beforethefirstnon-stopflightmadein1949,it____necessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling.A)wouldbeB)hasbeenC)hadbeenD)wouldhavebeen12.We______eachotherfortwentyyears.A)hadknownB)haveknownC)havebeenknowingD)know13.Aswe_______,BeijingwonthebidforOlympics.A)expectedB)haveexpectedC)hadexpectedD)expect14.Evenifit______snowstomorrow,Iwillgotothelighthouse.A)rainsB)willrainC)willberainingD)hasrained15.He_______inasmallworkshop,butnowheisthepresidentofamultinationalcompany.A)gotusedtoworkingB)usedtoworkC)wasusedtoworkD)usedtoworking16.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI______.A)finishwhatIdidB)finishedwhatIdidC)wouldfinishwhatIwasdoingD)finishedwhatIwasdoing17.What________wouldhappenifthedirectorknewyoufeltthatway?A)doyousupposeB)yousupposeC)willyousupposeD)youwouldsuppose18.Sincehe______fromcollege,hehasworkedasasalesmaninalocalcompany.A)hadgraduatedB)graduatedC)wasgraduatingD)wasgoingtograduate

3419.WhenJohnopenedhisbagontheplane，hefoundthathe_______toputhisfilesin．A)forgotB)hadforgotC)wouldforgetD)wasforgotten20.Theschoolinsistedthathe______untilhefinishedhisdegree．A)wouldstayB)stayC)stayedD)shallstay七非谓语动词一、不带(省略)to的不定式感官动词后面：feel，listen，hear,lookat，notice，see，watch如：Isawhimcomein．实意动词，让别人做某事：have，1et，make如：Ihadmychildpractisethepianolessonseveryday．一些情态动同，hadbetter,wouldrather,注意否定表示最好不做某事，例如：Youhadbetternotsmoke，不能用Youhadnotbettersmoke．except,but跟在否定的名词或否定句中时，后面加动词原形，例如：Icandonothingbutfollowyouradvice.二、动词+不定式，不定式直接做宾语这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等afford,agree,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,decide,demand,desire,endeavour,expect,fail,fear,hate,help,hesitate,intend,learn,manage,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,refuse,resolve,start,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,want,wish三、跟动名词的动词(动词+动词ing形式)admit,advise,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,delay,deny,dislike,dread,encourage,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,can'thelp,imagine,keep,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practise,prevent,propose,recall,recollect,resent,resist,risk,can'tstand,stop,suggest

35注意：demand，deserve，need，require，want等表示需要、值得的动词后面加动名词形式表示被动.用主动表示被动。Mysockswantmending．Thisgrammaticalruledeservesmentioning．四、既可跟不定式又可蹋动词-ing形式的动词第一类remember,forget,regret后不定式和动名词的区别:不定式表示要做、打算做，但这事还没有做：动名词表示做过的例如：Iforgettotellyou．Iremembertotellyou．Iremembermeetinghimsomewhere．Iforgetsweepingthefloor．regret后面跟动名词表示后悔做过某事，后面跟不定式表示遗憾要做某事。第二类、try,mean打算，企图：try表示打算、企图要做……事，用不定式例如：ItrytoimprovemyEnglish．后面跟动名词表示尝试一种方法，例如：Itrytakingaroadlesstrodon．Mean后面跟动名词表示意味着……，跟不定式表示打算……，例如：Imeantohelpyou．我本打算帮助你。Ididn'tmeantohurtyou．我本不打算伤害你第三类、goon，quit,stop表示过程的动词goondoingsth．继续做前面做的事goontodosth．继续做一件新的事五、独立主格结构(with+)名词(主格)+非谓语动词或介词短语或形容词短语l、Thestudentshavingfinishedreadingthetext，theteacherwentOnto

36askthemsomequestions.2.Janeranalongthetrack,herhairflowingintheair.3.Withherhairbeautifullydonethecustomerleftthehair-dresser'shappily.4.Marycameintothewardwithabunchofflowersinherrighthand.例题:1.Shehadherbag_____awayonherwayhome.A)snatchedB)snatchingC)snatchD)tobesnatched2.Ifyouwantthisthing_________well,doityourself.A)beingdoneB)doingC)havingdoneD)done3.Hertutorhadhe____herarticleseveraltimesbeforeshesentitofftoalearnedjournal.A)rewriteB)rewrittenC)rewritingD)torewrite4.MissSmithissupposed_______fortheStateslastmonth.A)toleaveB)tohaveleftC)tobeleavingD)tohavebeenleft5.________suchagoodchance,heplannedtolearnmore.A)TobegivenB)HavingbeengivenC)TohavebeengivenD)Havinggiven6.______,thenationalfootballmatcheswillstartfromnextweek.A)ConditionspermitB)ConditionspermittingC)ConditionsbeingpermittedD)Conditionshavingbeenpermitted7.Theearthquake____theirhouse,theyhadtoliveinafriend'shouse.A)havingbeendestroyingB)haddestroyedC)havingdestroyedD)destroyed8.Janeoftenwenttotheplaygroundtowatchtheboys____football.

37A)beplayingB)toplayC)playingD)played9.Johnwascaught____onhisscores.Afterthat,noonetrustedhim.A)cheatB)cheatingC)havingcheatedD)tocheat10.Jimwasfound______professionalvolleyballinJapanbeforehecametoEngland.A)tohaveplayedB)tobeplayingC)havingplayedD)playing11.IfIhadremembered_______thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)tocloseB)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed12.Yourhairwants______.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A)cutB)tocutC)cuttingD)beingcut13.Iwouldappreciate________itasecret.A)yourkeepingB)youtokeepC)thatyoukeepD)thatyouwillkeep14.Markoftenattemptstoescape______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A)havingbeenfinedB)tohavebeenfinedC)tobefinedD)beingfined15.He'sconsidering_______Johntojoinhiscompany.A)toaskB)askC)askingD)tohaveasked16.HowoftenIhaveregretted______hisoffer.A)notacceptingB)nottoacceptC)tohavenotacceptedD)nothaveaccepted17.Iregret______youthatweareunabletoofferyouemployment.A)informingB)havinginformedC)toinformD)tohaveinformed18.Manydoctorsconfessedto________mistakesintheirwork.A)havemadeB)makeC)beingmadeD)havingmade

3819.Thechairmansaidthatheappreciated______himatthemeeting.A)myhelpingB)IhelpingC)IhavehelpedD)tohavehelped20.There'samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans______trouble.A)makingB)tomakeC)tohavemadeD)havingmade21.AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys_____togotoschool.A)tobeencouragedB)beenencouragedC)beingencouragedD)beencouraged22._____theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.A)HavingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved23._____itornot,hisdiscoveryhascreatedastirinscientificcircles.A)BelieveB)TobelieveC)BelievingD)Believed24.Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper________itclosely.A)followedB)followingC)tofollowD)beingfollowed25.Mrs.Brownissupposed________forItalylastweek.A)tohaveleftB)tobeleavingC)toleaveD)tohavebeenleft26.Anewtechnique______,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.A)workingoutB)havingworkedoutC)havingbeenworkedoutD)tohavebeenworkedout

39八一致原则l主谓一致1.1学科名称，疾病名称+单数谓语Electronics，mechanics，classics，linguistics，economics，physics，mathematicsMeasles(麻疹)，mumps(流行性腮腺炎)，arthritis(关节炎)，appendicitis(盲肠炎)1.2专有名词+单数谓语NewYorkTimes，theUnitedStatesofAmericatheUnitedNations，TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn1.3时间，距离，价值，量度的复数名词+单数谓语Threehoursisnotenough.Tenmilesistoolong.Onehundreddollarsistoomuch.1.4主语+附件成分附加成分为with;alongwith；togetherwith；besides；aswellas；inadditionto；accompaniedby；ratherthan；but，此时谓语和前面的主语保持一致。1.5and连接两个名词做主语时，谓语用复数，除以下情况Warandpeace(Loveandhate)isaconstantthemeinliterature．战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。Warandpeace是一对概念，看作一个主题。1.6连词or，either...or...，neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...连接两个名词时，谓语与邻近的名词一致NotonlyhebutalsoIaminterestedinthelecture．1.7由neither,either修饰名词作主语，动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语1.8集体名词作主语时，如指概念，谓语用单数；如指其具体成员，

40谓语用复数Thepopulationinthepoorregionisincreasingveryfast．Onefourthofthepopulationherearefarmers．1.9manya+单数名词．后接单数谓语Manyastudenthasmadesuchamistake.2.时态一致讲过去的事情，那么这个过去的事情中出现的时态就是过去时态，除非作者发表评论可以用现在时态。在宾语从句中，如果主语是过去时，那么从句中也是过去的某种时态Hesaidthathewouldcometoday(thenextday)．3．肯定与否定一致主要指用so或者neither来附议前面的人。MyhusbandiskeenonfootballandsoamI.Hedoesn'tlikepopmusicandneitherdoI.Ilikeittoo．Idon'tlikeiteither．(rarely,seldom，never,hardly,scarcely,little)Irarelygotoafilm．Neitherdoesmywife．4.代词一致主要是后面的所有格或宾格与前面的代词一致。Westudentsmustspendmostoftheirtimestudying．5．平行结构平行结构主要指结构上的一致。比如都做宾语，不能一会是不定式，一会是动名词；必须要么全是不定式，要么全是动名词．当用and，but，both….and，neither...nor…,either…or…，notonly…butalso…..,than等并列连词时，其连接的成分是平行结构。语法结构和作用应相同。

41Heisalawyer,apoliticianandheteaches.Heisyoung,handsomeandmanypeoplelikehim.Helikestofish,swimandsurfing.Heiscriticizedforhiscarelessnessandbeingrude.例题:1.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,___impressedbytheexcellentperformanceoftheteam.A)wasB)hadC)wereD)be2.Thedisabled______taughttradesinspecialschools.A)isB)areC)hadD)has3.Anumberofforeigntourists__goingtovisitthevillagetomorrow.A)areB)isC)beD)was4.Thenumberofautomobiles_____tobelimitedlestthetrafficbecometoocrowded.A)isB)areC)haveD)be5.Neitheryou,norI,noranyoneelse______thetruthofthemurder.A)knowB)knowsC)isknowingD)areknowing6."Icanhardlystandtheairpollutioninthiscity.""________"A)SodoI.B)NeitherdoI.C)SocanI.D)NeithercanI.7."Doyouwanttohaveteaorcoffee?""Oh,______."A)eitherdoeswellB)eachisgoodC)eachwillbefineD)eitherwilldo8.HeisoneofthetennisplayersinChinawho___thischampionship.A)havewonB)haswonC)iswinningD)waswinning9.HeistheonlyoneofthetennisplayersinChinawho_______thischampionship.A)havewonB)haswonC)iswinningD)waswinning10.Manyastudentandteacher______makingeveryefforttoprepare

42forthecomingtest.A)wereB)areC)isD)has11.Onehundreddollars______abigsumofmoneyforaboyoften.A)seemsB)seemC)viewsD)view12.Aseriesofstampsinmemoryoftherevolutionarymartyrs_____bereleasedsoon.A)aregoingtoB)isgoingtoC)willgoingtoD)willto13.Myfamily________livedinthishouseeversinceIwasborn.A)hasB)haveC)isD)are14.Oneorperhapsmorebooks______missing.A)isB)areC)hasD)have15.Whatwehaveseenandheard_______consistenttothereport.A)areB)isC)hasD)have九倒装结构一、副词提前+谓语+主语Herecomesthebus．Thereontheroofofthehousestoodacock..二、否定的状语放句首要倒装never,rarely,seldom,little，hardly,notonly…butalso，notuntil，nosooner…than，scarcely…when，onnoaccount，bynomeans，innocase，undernocircumstances，atnotime，nowhereNotuntilmidnightdidtheyfinallycomebackhome．Undernocircumstanceswilltheycancelthefootballmatch．Nosooner(Scarcely)hadthebellrungthan(when)thearrivedattheclassroom．三、only强调状语放句首Onlythendidtheyrealizewhataterriblethinghadhappened．

43Onlybyluckdidtheyescapetheearthquake.四.虚拟语气中省略if则从句倒装HadIknownwhatwasgoingtohappen,Iwouldneverhavedonesuchathing.本来为：IfIhadknownwhat...Shoulditsnow,wewouldgoskiing.本来为:Ifitshouldsnow五.句首为so,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchapoint,表示“如此…”的状语，后面主谓倒装.Sofunnydidhelookthateveryonestaredatfilm.TosuchanextentwerepeopleexcitedthattheycelebratedthroughoutthenightthesuccessofBeijing'sbidforhostingthe2008'sOlympicGames.例题：1._______stresstheimportanceofthetestagain.A)LittleneedIB)LittleIneedC)LittledidIneedD)LittleneedIto2._____thetroublestarted.A)HardlyhadheleftthanB)NosoonerhadheleftwhenC)ScarcelyhadheleftwhenD)Nolongerhadheleftthan3.Theysearchedforhours,but_____befound.A)atnotimecouldthemissingchildB)nowherecouldthemissingchildC)nowherethemissingchildcouldD)innocasecouldthemissingchild4.Sobadlydidhewritetheletter______.A)whenIcouldn'treaditB)asIcouldn'treaditC)soIcouldn'treaditD)thatIcouldn'treadit

445.Notonly______whattodo,buthealsolentmethemoney.A)headvisedmeB)didheadvisemeC)doesheadvisemeD)headvisesme6.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoice______.A)washeabletomakehimselfhearB)hewasabletomakehimselfhearC)hewasabletomakehimselfheardD)washeabletomakehimselfheard十虚拟语气一、虚拟语气的基本构成虚拟语气在英文里表达：a.假设的事实就是反事实b.一种不可实现的愿望，也就是异想天开。c.强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。虚拟语气表现在动词上的基本形式：1.对过去事情的虚拟从句谓语主要形式：had+过去分词主句谓语主要形式：would，could，might+现在完成时IfIhadgonetoAmericawhenIgraduatedfrommiddleschool，IwouldhavegotmyPhDdegree．2.对现在情况的虚拟从句谓语主要形式：一般过去时主句谓语主要形式：would,could，might+动词原形IfIwereBillGates，Iwouldnotworkssohardeveryday．3.对将来情况的可能性的虚拟从句谓语主要形式：should(wereto)+动词原形主句谓语主要形式：would,could，might+动词原形Ifitshould/weretosnowtomorrow,Iwouldgoskiing．

45二、虚拟语气的考点1.Iwish表达我但愿，我要是多好ifonly…后面可以不加主句IfonlyIwereyou．wouldrather…宁可，但愿．Iwouldratherthatyoupaintedtheroomgreen．wouldassoon…用法与wouldrather相同。2.It's(about／high)timethat…，从句一般用一般过去时It'stimeyouwenttobed．It'shightimethatwetookaction．3.asif／asthough表示“似乎、好象”它有可能是真实的，也可能虚拟的，根据上下文来决定。Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain．看起来要下雨。(真实情况)Hetalksasifheweretheboss．他说起话来就象他是老板。(他实际上不是老板，虚拟)4.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等十that+(should)十动词原形advise(advice)，agree(agreement)，decide(decision)，decree，demand，determine(determination)，grant，indicate(indication)，insist(insistence)，order,prefer(preference),propose(proposal),request,require(requirement)，resolve(resolution)，stipulate(stipulation)，urge，vote,allow,arrange，ask，beg，concede，demonstrate，ensure，intend，move，pledge，pray5.Itis／was+形容词+that+(should)+V原形这些形容词表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory,crucial，desirable，eager,essential，fitting，imperative，impossible，improper,natural，necessary,obligatory,preferable，proper,urgent，vital，willing注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing，strange，odd,ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable等后的that从句中一般should不省略.

46例题：1.Wedemandedthatwe______ofanychangeintheplan.A)informedB)wouldbeinformedC)beinformedD)hadbeeninformed2.It'snecessarythathe_______arecognizedqualification.A)hasB)haveC)hadD)having3.It'shightimewe________ourattentiontothisproblem.A)turnedB)turnC)hadturnedD)wouldturn4.Ifonlyyou_____himwhatIsaid!Everythingwouldhavebeenallright.A)didn'ttoldB)hadn'ttoldC)wouldnottellD)wouldhavenottold5.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe_____herethen.A)wouldhavebeenB)hadbeenC)shouldhavebeenD)couldbe6.Muchlabourwouldhavebeensavediftheelectroniccomputers_____before.A)hadinventedB)wereinventedB)shouldhavebeeninventedD)hadbeeninvented7._____ceaseadvertising,priceswouldbesignificantlyreduced.A)WeretheytoB)CouldtheyC)IftheyD)Wouldthey8.Fiveminutesearlier,andwe________thelastbus.A)hadcaughtB)shouldhavecaughtC)couldhavecaughtD)caught9.You______theclothes!Wehaveawasherwomantodothatsortofthing.A)shouldn'thavewashedB)mustn'thavewashedC)cannothavewashedD)needn'thavewashed10.Jeandoesn'twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksthatifshe______ajobsheprobablywouldn'tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.

47A)hastogetB)weretogetC)hadgotD)couldhavegot11.Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllesthe____________himself.A)injureB)hadinjuredC)injuredD)wouldinjure12.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios______after11o'clockatnight.A)werenotplayedB)nottoplayC)notbeplayedD)didnotplay13.Youdon'thavetobeinsuchahurry.1wouldratheryou_______onbusinessfirst.(98-1-59)A)wouldgoB)willgoC)wentD)havegone14.Itisimportantthatenoughmoney_______tofundtheproject.A)becollectedB)mustbecollectedC)wascollectedD)canbecollected15.Ifonlythecommittee_______theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.A)approveB)willapproveC)canapproveD)wouldapprove16.Idon'tthinkitadvisablethatTom______tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.A)isassignedB)willbeassignedC)beassignedD)hasbeenassigned17.You_______herinherofficelastFriday;she'sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.A)needn'thaveseenB)musthaveseenC)mighthaveseenD)can'thaveseen18.Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe_______him.A)wouldhavetelephonedB)musthavetelephonedC)wouldtelephoneD)hadtelephoned19.Itisrecommendedthattheproject_______untilallthepreparations

48havebeenmade.A)isnotstartedB)willnotbestartedC)notbestartedD)isnottobestarted20.IwishI_____longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A)couldhavesleptB)sleptC)mighthavesleptD)haveslept21.I______hertothepartybutIdidn'tknowherwell.A)oughthaveinvitedB)wouldhaveinvitedC)shouldinviteD)mayhaveinvited22.You_________totowntoseethefilmlastweek.ItwillbeonTVtomorrow.A)needn'tgoB)shouldnotgoC)hadbetternotgoD)needn'tgone23.Withallthisworkonhand,he_______tothecinemalastnight.A)mustn'tgoB)wouldn'tgoC)oughtn'ttogoD)shouldn'thavegone24.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationforms________backbeforethedeadline(截止日期)A)mustbesentB)wouldbesentC)besentD)weresent

49听写填空文字材料Passage1Michaelconsideredhimselftobeamodeldriver.(1)Healwayskepthiscaringoodmechanicalconditionandhaditservicedregularly.(2)Whenontheroad,healwaysdroveverycarefullyandwithdueconsideration(3)fortheotherroadusers.Wheneverhewantedtochangedirectionheusedto(4)lookinhisdrivingmirrorandindicatehisintentionlongbeforeheturned.Oneday,however,hewas(5)drivingalongacountryroadwhenhecametoavillage.Hefailedtonoticethethirty-mile-limitsignanddrovethroughit(6)atfortymilesanhour.Whenhegottotheotherendofthevillagehewasstoppedbythelocalpoliceman(7)whohadbeenfollowinghiminhispatrolcar.Thepolicemantoldhimthat(8)hehadbeenexceedingthespeedlimitandaskedtoseehisdocuments.WhenMichaeltoldhimthat(9)hedidn'thavethemonhimhewasinstructedtoproducethematapolicestation(10)ofhisownchoicewithinfivedays.Passage2Iheardthestoryonceofamanwhowasveryproudofhimselfbecausehethought(1)hewasverygoodatfindingbargains.Heneverpaid(2)thefullpriceforanything.Onedayhewas(3)delightedtofindashoowhichwassellingtrousers(4)athalfthepricethatonewouldnormally(5)payforthecheapestpair.Thefirstdayheworethem,he(6)wascaughtinaveryheavyshowerofrain.Imaginehissurprise(7)whenthetrousersstartedtodisintegrateandhefoundhimself(8)eventuallywithouttrousers.Luckily,therewasnobodyabout.So(9)hefoundatelephoneboxandcalledhiswife(10)tobringhimanotherpairurgently.

50Passage3Igenerallygotoschoolbysubway.Thesubway(1)isalwayscrowdedandIdon'toften(2)getaseat.Inthesubway,onmywaytoschool,(3)Ilookatthesignsonthewallsofthecar,(4)watchthefacesoftheotherpassengers,andreadthenewspaperheadlinesoversomeone'sshoulder.It(5)takesmeabouthalfanhourtogettoschool.(6)Myfirstclassbeginsatnineo'clockandmylastclass(7)endsatthree.Afterschoolhours,Isometimes(8)gototheStudentCenterortoacoffeehouse(9)withmyfriendsforanhourorso.Afterwards,(10)Igohome.Passage4Booksare,inasense,oneofthenecessitiesofhumanbeings.Peopleoftensaythat(1)goldandsilverarethemostvaluablethingsintheworld.ButIbelievethatreadingbooksismorevaluablethananythingelse,(2)becausereadingbooksgivesusknowledge.Bookscanbroadenourminds,(3)enrichourthinkingandinformusofmanyofthethingswhich(4)can'tbelearnedfrompractice.Booksareourteachers.Theyteachus(5)truth,science,literatureandphilosophyoflife.Wehavetolearn(6)solongasourlifecontinues.Ourlifeislimited,and(7)theknowledgeisboundless.Therearealsomanywhichshouldbeavoided.(8)Bookstelluswhatisgoodandwhatisevil.Books(9)candistinguishbetweenthegoodandthebad.Soreadingmorebooksis(10)thebestpolicyforusyoungpeople.Passage5Tomostvisitors,NewYorkisbothafascinatingandfrighteningcity.Itisacity(1)ofgreatwealthandofgreatpoverty.Therearemanyrichpeople,(2)buttherearemanypoorpeople,too.Therearemanyluxuryapartmentbuildingsandtherearemanyslumtenements.Thereis

51(3)agreatdealofbeautyandagreatdealofugliness.Theparksandtheshopsarebeautiful,but(4)thedirtystreetsandthesubwaystationsareugly.Therearemany(5)tallskyscrapersabovegroundandmanywindingsubwaysunderground.(6)Mostthingsareexpensive,butsomethingsarefree.Thecostofentertainment(7)isgenerallyhigh,butthereareusually(8)manyfreelectures,concerts,andartexhibits.Thereisan"EastSide"anda"WestSide"andan"Uptown"anda"Downtown".Therearepeople(9)whoworkalldayandpeoplewhoworkallnight.(10)Thecityisneverasleep.NewYorkseemsunfriendlybutitreallyisn't.Passage6TheEnglishclassroomisonthetenthflooroftheCommerceBuilding.Itisalargeroom(1)abouttwentyfeetlongandtenfeetwide.Thewallsarelightgreenandbrown(2)andtheceilingiswhite.Underthewindowstherearetwopaintedradiatorsfor(3)heatingtheroominthewintertime.Ontheoppositewall,nearoneend,(4)thereisabrowndoorandnexttoitthereisathermostat.Thereisalargeblackboard(5)onthefrontwalloftheroomwithchalkanderasersontheledge.(6)Theteacher'sdeskisinfrontofthisblackboard.Inthebackoftheroomthereisarowofhooksinthewall(7)forthestudents'coatsandjackets.Thereareabout(8)twentylight-coloredchairsintheroomforthestudents.(9)Eachchairhasaflatrightarm.Thisarmisthestudent'sdesk.Onthewhole,itis(10)apleasantandcomfortableroom.Passage7Itisthreeo'clockintheafternoonnowandIamsittinginthelibraryandwritingyouthisletter.Itis(1)averypleasant,warmsummerdayandIamlookingoutthewindowatWashingtonSquarePark.Thereare(2)lotsofpeopleintheparktoday.Therearemanymothersandchildren(3)intheplayground.Thechildrenareplayinggamesand(4)

52chasingeachother.Themothersarestandingor(5)sittingingroupsandtalkingtoeachother.Somemothers(6)arerunningaftertheirchildren.Therearemanyoldpeopleintheparkthisafternoontoo.(7)Somearereadingnewspapersandsomearejustrestingonthebenches.Therearealsoalotofuniversitystudentsintheparktoday.Someofthecollegeboysandgirlsare(8)walkingintheparkandholdinghands,TherearelotsofprettygirlsintheparktodayalsoandIamverybusy"Girl-watching".Thisis(9)oneofmyfavoritepastimes.Itismoreinterestingthandoinghomework.However,Imustsay"Good-bye"and(10)getbacktomywork.Passage8Iusuallygotoworkbysubway.Igettoworkby8:00A.M.BeforeIstartmyjob,I(1)putonmyuniformandlookatmyselfinthemirrorand(2)makesurethatIlookneat.At8:30inthemorning,(3)Igoonduty.Iusuallyeatlunchfromtwelvetoone-andgenerally(4)takeaten-minutebreakinthemorningandintheafternoon.(5)At4:30intheafternoon,Igooffduty.(6)Ienjoymyjobverymuch.Imeetallkindsofpeopleandtalktoeveryone.(7)Manypeopleaskmequestions,andIgivethemthenecessaryinformation.(8)Itrytobeveryhelpful.Ineverstayinoneplacelong.Onthecontrary,Iamconstantlyonthemove.(9)Mostmentakeofftheirhatsinmycar.SometimesItellpassengerstoputouttheircigarettes.(10)Somepeoplesmileatmeandothersignoreme.Mylifeisaseriesof"ups"and"downs".Passage9VeryfewpeoplewerecomingtoeattheWhiteRuseRestaurant,anditsowner(1)didnotknowwhattodo.Thefoodinhisrestaurantwas(2)cheapandgood,butnobodyseemedtowanttoeatthere.Thenhedidsomething(3)thatchangedallthat,andinfewweeks

53hisrestaurant(4)wasalwaysfullofmenwiththeirladyfriends.Wheneveragentlemancameinwithalady,(5)asmilingwaitergaveeachofthemabeautifulmenu.Themenus(6)lookedexactlythesameontheoutside,buttherewas(7)animportantdifferenceinside.Themenuthatthewaitergavetothemangavethecorrectprice(8)foreachdishandeachbottleofwine,whilethemenuthathegavetothelady(9)gaveamuchhigherprice!Sowhenthemancalmlyordereddishafterdishandwineafterwine,theladythought(10)hewasmuchmoregenerousthanhereallywas!Passage10Duringthelastwar,mostofthemenwerefightingorworkinginfactories,soitwasverydifficult(1)tofindmentodootherwork.Theheadmasterofaschoolwantedagardener,but(2)theonlypersonhewasabletogetwasanoldretiredfarmer.Theoldman(3)workedsohardintheschoolgardenthat(4)theheadmasterbecameworried.Hethoughtthattheoldmanmight(5)getillordieifhecontinuedlikethat,sohesuggestedtohimthatheshould(6)workmoreslowlyandrestmore.Buttheoldmancontinued(7)toworkasbefore.Atlasttheheadmasterwenttotheman'swifeandaskedhertospeaktoherhusband."Allright."sheanswered,"butIdon'tthink(8)itwilldoanygood.Yousee,hehasworkedforhimself(9)allhislife,neverforanybodyelse,sohe(10)hasjustneverlearnttoworkslowly."

54复合式听写文字材料Passage1HenryThoreaua19thcenturywriterandnaturalist,believedinsimplelivingclosetonatureandinthefreedomoftheindividual.Althoughhewasimpressedwiththepowerandbeautyofthenewstreamtrains,heworriedaboutthepossibleeffectsofrapidtransportationonpeople'slives.Hewasalsoafraidthatmodernmachineswouldbecomethemastersratherthantheservantsofpeople.Inadditionheopposedtheexistinggovernmentbecauseitmightinterferewithpeople'sfreedom.Thoreautriedtoliveaccordingtohisownideas.Asaprotestagainstslavery,heactuallywenttoprisonratherthanpaytaxestoagovernmentthatallowedthem.Inhismostfamousbook,Waldenexplainsmanyofhisideas.Italsotellsabouthisdailylifeinasimplecabinwhichhehimselfbadbuiltnearapondinthewoods.Hehadlefttheconvenienceandpleasuresofhiscityhometolivealoneinnaturalsurrounding.Therehelivedsimply,providingmostofhisneedsfromwhathefoundaroundhim.FormanyyearstheideasofThoreauwereknowntoscholarsandtothinkersbutnottothegeneralpublic.However,inthemiddleyearsofthiscenturyhebecametheinspirationofmanyyoungpeopledissatisfiedwiththemachineageandwithmodemwaysoflife.Thesepeoplewereimpressedwithhiscourageinlivingaccordingtohisbeliefs.Theyalsowelcomedhisappreciationofnatureandofplainliving.ThusThoreauhasnowbecometheguideandidealofmanyyoungAmericansacenturyafterhisdeath.MainPoint:1.Hewenttoprisonbecauseherefusedtopaymoneytothegovernment.2.Helivedalonefarfromthecity.

553.Inthemiddleyearsofthiscenturyhebecametheinspirationofmanyyoungpeople.4.Thesepeoplehadthesamefeelingstowardthesocietyashis.Passage2WomenintheUnitedStatesandinmanyothercountriesparticipateinagrowingnumberofsportsandgames.Thishasnotalwaysbeenthecase,however.Infact,womenhavenotbeenasactiveinsportsasmen.Onlyinrecentyearshavewomenbeguntocatchupwithmeninthisarea.Untilthetwentiethcentury,womendidnotoftenparticipateinsports.Partoftheexplanationforthisisthatwomensimplydidnothavetime.Manywomencooked,cleaned,andtookcareofchildren.TheyweresobusythattheydidnothavetimeforsportsAsecondreason.especiallyinthelatenineteenthcenturyisthatawoman'simageattimewasoneoffrailty,illness,anddelicacy..IntheVictorianera,peoplethoughtthatitwasunladylikefor-awomantobeinvolvedinanysportsactivity.Therehavebeenchangesinboththeviewofwomeninthemodemworld,andalsochangeswithintheworldofsports.Thesechangeshaveallowedmanymorewomentoparticipateinsports.ThegeneralviewofwomenhaschangedsubstantiallysincetheVictorianera.Womenarenolongerconsidereddelicate.Peopledonotthinkitisunladylikeforawomantocompeteinsports.Womenwhowininsportsactivitiesarehighlyregarded.Manywomennowtakepartinsportsandgamesofmanydifferentkinds,andenjoydoingso.Thisdevelopmentispartlytheresultofachangeintheimageofwomeninthemodemworld.MainPoint:I.Womenusedtobecenteredonhousework.2.TheimageofwomeninVictorianerawasweak,illanddelicate.3.ThegeneralviewofwomenhaschangedgreatlysinceVictorianera.

564.Changeswithintheworldsportshavealsotakenplace.Passage3HawaiiisAmerica'sislandstatefaroutinthePacificOcean.ManyofHawaii'speoplearedescendants(后裔)ofimmigrantsfromdifferentpartsofAsia.MostoftheseAsiansareofJapaneseancestry.TheparentsandgrandparentsofotherHawaiianscamefromChina,thePhilippineIslands,andKorea.Inaddition,therearesomePolynesiansinHawaii.TheirancestorscametoHawaiithousandsofyearsbeforeanyotherpeople.Hawaiiisrichintraditions.HawaiiansareAmericans,buttheyhavepreservedtheceremoniesoftheirhomelands.PeoplefromalloverHawaiicometoseetheJapaneseO-bonFestivalinmemoryofdead,relativesandfriends.ThisisanimportantpartoftheBuddhistreligion.TheO-bonceremoniestakeplaceinJulyandAugustonOahu,themainislandofHawaii.ThereismusicofdrumsandflutesinthecourtyardsofBuddhisttemples.Menandwomen,wearingtraditionalclothingcalledkimonos,dethefolkdancesoftheirancestralland.Intheeveningthepeoplegototheseashore.Theyplacepaperlanternsonhundredsoftinywoodboats.Theselightsleadthesoulsofthedeadacrossthedarkwatertorestuntilthenextyear.ChineseHawaiianshavetheirownwayofcelebratingthepast.FortheMoon-Festivalinmid-August,Chinesestoresselldeliciousroundcakesfilledwithmeat.Onthenightofthefullmoon,familiesgettogetherinagardenoropen-airspacetoeatthesecakesanddrinktea.Thecakesarethesameshaveasthebrightmoontheyseeinthesky.Thenthepeoplerememberhowtheirancestorswonawarbysendingsecretmessagestoeachotherinroundcakes.TheMoonFestivalisimportantbecauseithelpsChinese-Hawaiianstorecallthestoryoftheirbraveancestors.MainPoint:

571.TheO-bonFestivalispartoftheBuddhistreligion.2.InJulyandAugustonOahuJapanesecelebratetheO-bonFestivalwithmusicandfolkdancing.3.TheChineseHawaiianscelebratetheMoon-Festivalwitheatingroundcakes.4.TheancientChinesewonthewarbyusingroundcakestosendmessages.Passage4Dr.Terrace'sape,achimpanzee(黑猩猩)namedNimChimpsky,wenttonurseryschoolatColumbiaUniversity.TherehehadspecialteacherswhotaughthimsignsforEnglishwords.TheseteachersworkedwithNimforfivehourseveryday.TheytreatedNimlovinglyandpatiently,hifourmonthsNimlearnedthesignsfor125words.ButduringthenexttwoyearsNim'slanguagedidnotimproveverymuch.Nimstillhadasmallvocabulary.MostofNim'swordswerenounsforvisiblethingssuchastableorapple.Nimlearnedafewactiveverbssuchasbitejump,andhurry.Healsolearnedsomebasiccolorssuchasblueandred.Nimwouldoftenusetwoorthreewordstogether.Hemightmakesignsthatsaid,"Nimeatapple."ThisseemedlikeanEnglishsentence.ButNimwouldalsousesignsmeaning"eatNimapple."ThisisnotacorrectEnglishsentence.Dr.TerracedecidedthatNimcouldnotreallylearnlanguageashumanscan.Forexample,Nimnevercreatednewwords.Heneveraddednewinformationtohissentences.Nimcouldn'tevenbeginsentences.Hewouldonlygiveresponsestohisteachers'questions.Willfutureexperimentsshowthatapescanlearnlanguage?Dr.Terracedoesn'tthinkso.MainPoint:1.Nim'svocabularywerelargelynounsforthingshesaw.

582.Nimalsolearnedsomebasiccolorssuchasblueandred.3.Apescanneverlearnlanguageinactiveandcreativeway.4.Apesdon'thavelanguageability.Passage5TheoldVolkswagenBeetle-"TheBug"-ismakingacomeback.Peoplewhoownthemareplanningtokeepthemforever.Peoplewhodon'townthemarepayinghighpriceswhentheycanfindoneforsale.It'smoreremarkablewhenyourealizethatVWdoesn'tmakethemanymore!AspokesmanforVolkswagenofAmericasaystherewereaboutfivemillion"Bugs"onAmericanroadsin1977.ThatwasthelastyeartheywereshippedtoAmerica.VWestimatesthataboutfourmillionofthemarestillrunning...andrunning...andrunning.Usedcardealerssaytheycan'tkeep"Bugs"ontheirlotsthesedays.Theyfeelit'sbecausethesecarshaveahistoryofreliable,inexpensivetransportation.Thecarsaverageabout30milespergallonofgas.Butallhasn'tbeensmoothgoingforthe"Bugs".Theheatingsystemispoor.Andsinceittravelsveryclosetheground,largecarstendtosplashitwithwinter'ssnowandmud.SomeinthesafetyfieldconsidertheBeetleasdefenselessagainstheaviercars.ButtheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationhasnothingthatshowsanyproblemwiththematall.MainPoint:1.1977wasthelastyear"Bugs"wereshippedtoAmerica.2."Bugs"haveahistoryofreliable,inexpensivetransportation.3.Theheatingsystemispoor.4.TheBeetlesareconsideredasdefenselessagainstheaviercars.

59Passage6NothinginrecentyearshassochangedtheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesasthedevelopmentofthesupermarket.Previously,peopleboughttheirfoodinsmallgrocerystores,generallylocatedonanearbycomer.Now,almosteveryoneshopsinlargesupermarkets.ThesmallindependentgrocerhaspracticallydisappearedfromtheAmericanscene.Whenasupermarketisestablishedinacertainsectionofacity,othersmallerstoresriseuparounditalmostimmediately.Theentiregroupofstoresbecomeswhatisknownasashoppingcenter.Theaveragesupermarketcoversabout35,000squarefeetofshoppingarea.Itshouldhaveoneparkingspaceforevery300squarefeetofshoppingarea.SixoutofeverytenAmericanshoppersdrivetothesupermarket.StatisticsshowthattheaverageAmericanhousewifegoestothesupermarkettwiceaweek.Ontheaverageshespendsfromonetotwohoursthereeachweek.Psychologistssaythatwomendon'tgotothesupermarketjusttobuyfood.Visitingthesupermarketisthehousewife'schancetogetawayfromhomeforawhile.Inthesupermarketshefeelsthatsheispartoftheoutsideworld.Shegetstoknowallthenewproducts.Frequentlyshemeetsanumberofherfriendsinthesupermarket.MainPoint:1.Asupermarketandothersmallerstoresarounditformashoppingcenter.2.Theaveragesupermarketshouldprovideparkingspacefor120cars.3.Theaveragehousewifespendsoneortwohoursthereeachweek.4.Visitingthesupermarketkeepshousewivesintouchwiththeoutsideworld.

60Passage7Manyofusstilltendtoregardemotionsasinter,ringwithrationalthought,andsometimeslandingusintrouble.ButinrecentyearsPsychologistshavetakenquiteadifferentview.KeithOatley,ProfessorofPsychology,isinvolvedinresearchwhichshowsthefundamentalimportanceofemotions.Hebelievesthatemotionsareessentialtobeinghuman.Forexample,MrSpock,acharacterinthetelevisionseriesStartrekissuper-intelligentandhehasnoemotionsatall!Howeverlieisnevermadecaptainofthespaceship.MaybethisisbecauseMrSpockisnotthekindofpersonyoucanidentifywith-apersonwhoshowshisemotions.AsProfessorOatleypointsout,ouremotionshaveveryimportantfunctions.Forexamplefear.Ifwecrosstheroadandacarapproachesusweusuallyfreeze,orstepback.Westopwhatweweredoing,checkwhatwehavedone-andpayverycarefulattentiontotheenvironment.Ontheotherhand,ifthingsaregoingwellandsmallproblemscomeup,wefindwecansolvethemwiththeresourceswehavetohand.Asaconsequence,wetendtofeelhappyandusuallycontinuedoingthejob.MainPoint:I.Mr.Spockisasupper-intelligentcharacterinthetelevisionseries.2.Mr.Spockisnotthekindofpersonwhoshowshisemotions.3.Emotionscanhelpuspayverycarefulattentiontotheenvironment.4.Ifweencountersmallproblemswecansolvethemwithouremotions.Passage8Eatingisusuallyagroupactivity.Differentracial,national,andreligiousgroupsdeveloptheirownfoodpreferences.Thesepreferencesarepassedontothechildren.Whenthechildrengrowup,theyusuallyfeelmostcomfortablewiththekindsoffoodtheyhadintheirown

61homes.Foodchoiceshavelittletodowithhunger.Youmayeatwhatyourfriendseat.Youmayusefoodtoidentifyyourselfasamemberofagroup.Somepeopleorderthemostexpensivedishesonamenujusttoshowthattheycanaffordthem.Expensivefood,likeanexpensivecar,canhelptomakesomepeoplefeelimportant.Low-costmenuchoicesmaybejustasnourishing.Yourfeelingsandyourappetiteworktogether.Youmayovereatwhenyouareworriedorlonely.Peoplesometimeseatwhentheyfeelinsecureorthinkthatnoonelikesthem.Ortheymayturntofoodtocalmthemselves.Emotionsmayalsocauseundereating.Peoplewhofeeldawnmayeatverylittle.Manypeopleworrysomuchaboutbeingoverweightthattheydon'teatenough.Theyseethemselvesasheavierthantheyreallyare.Ortheythinkthatskinnyisbeautiful.Theymayevenbecomeweakorsickfromnothavingenoughfood.MainPoint:1.Somepeopleorderthemostexpensivedishesonamenutoshowtheirpayingability.2.Expensivefoodmakessomepeoplefeelimportant.3.Peopleeatmuchwhentheyarewordedorlonely.4.Peopleeatlesswhentheyareinlowspiritsorworryaboutbeingoverweight.Passage9ForthosewhomovedtothedevelopingsuburbsaftertheSecondWorldWar,theyrepresentedanescapefromurbancongestiontoahomeofone'sown-preferablyonewithanattachedtwo-cargarage-onalittlehalf-acreoftreeshadedland.Italsomeantdailycommunicationtoworkbyrailroadorexpressway,alawntomow,andamortgagetopayoffoveryears.

62Nobodyapprovesoflifeinthesuburbsbutthepeoplewholivethere.Urbancriticsarguethatsuburbanitesenjoyallthecultural,educational,andcommercialadvantagesthatcitiesofferwithoutpagingforthem.Farmersworryaboutlosingtheirfarmstouncontrolledsuburbansprawl.Thesuburbshavealsobeencriticizedforthemonotonoussamenessoftheirdesignandfortheirabilitytoinsulatetheirinhabitantsfromtheproblemsofthelargesocietyinwhichtheylive.Ontheotherhand,defendersofthesuburbsarguethatthelife-stylethattheyofferismorevariedandmoreinclusivethancitiesadmit;Therearemanydifferentkindsofsuburbsandavarietyofpeoplelivinginthem.Whilethedevelopmentofthesuburbshascreatedproblems,ithasalsoprovidedsubstantialmodemhousingformillionsofpeople.Suburbanlivingoffersthebestoftwoworlds-thecityandthecountry-atapricethatmanyareabletoafford.MainPoint:1.Urbancriticsargueinfavorofsuburbanites.2.Peoplewhoareagainstsuburbsholdthatsuburbslackvariety.3.Defendersofthesuburbsarguethatthelife-stylethattheyofferismorevariedandmoreinclusive.4.Thedevelopmentofthesuburbshassolvedthehousingproblemformillionsofpeople.Passage10Suicidehasbeenacauseofconcerninmostsocietiesforalonglime.TheclassicalGreeks,forexample,requiredpeoplewhowantedtokillthemselvestogetpermissionfromthesenate.Whilethislawisnotwithouthumorbytoday'sstandards,itclearlyshowsanawarenessoftheproblemintimesgoneby.Intoday'ssociety,suicideismuchmoreprevalentthanwewanttoadmit.Whydopeopletrytotaketheirownlives?

63Themotivesforsuicidecanbecategorizedintoareassuchasfailure,wrath,theneedforattention,stress,andsoon.However,thequalitiesofapersonwhowantstotakehisownlifechangefrompersontoperson,makingitdifficulttodescribethetypicalvictim.Tomaketheproblemevenmorecomplicated,peoplewilloftenhidetheirtruefeelings,thusthiscausestheirfriendstodisregardproblemsthatshouldbeviewedasserious.IntheUnitedStates,anetworkofcentershasbeencreatedtoattempttopreventsuicides.Peoplewhoarebitter,worried,ordepressedareencouragedtocontactworkersatthesecenters.Theseworkersoftenadvicetothecallers,tryingmhelpthecallerstoseethatsuicideasasolutiontoproblemsisanillusion.Theyhavehelpedalotofpeoplewithwidevarietyofproblems.So,intheareaofmanhelpinghisfellowman,theyarecertainlyasuccess.MainPoint:1.Itisdifficulttodescribewhatkindofpeopletendtocommitsuicide.2.Peoplewhowanttotaketheirownlivesoftendisguisetheirfeelings.3.Peoplearemakingeffortstohelpthosewhotendtocommitsuicide.4.Inawaythearesuccessful.

64阅读技能训练一般说来，快速阅读的理解率为70％，如果理解率在80％-100％之间，那么你应该继续提高读速，使理解降至70％；如果理解的正确率只有50％，那么就应该在保持原有速度的前提下，设法使理解正确率达到70％。虽然这个理解率不算高，但你的速度却超过了常人。如果在考试中稍稍降低一下速度，你的理解就会轻松地达到90％—100％的正确。对于初次练习快速阅读者，加快速度阅读很可能会导致理解率的降低，这是一个非常普遍的现象，初学者一般都会经历这个阶段，所以没有必要担心。出现这种情况时，不要急急忙忙去迁就理解而放弃已达到的高速，而应保持你已经达到的阅读速度，同时逐渐把注意力转向对文章内容的理解上。只要这样反复多练，速度和理解一定会有很大提高。下面的技能可以帮助你尽快提高阅读速度：一、避免出声阅读和哑声阅读出声阅读和哑声阅读对于快速阅读来说是一个致命的弱点。它把阅读速度降低为讲话的速度。正常的语速约每分钟150个单词，而正常的读速几乎等于语速的两倍。出声阅读有时表现为只动嘴唇而不发音，有时表现为舌头和喉管运动。如果我们在阅读时把手指放在声带部位，不管我们是否发出声，都会感到声带的震动。这种发声现象称为“哑声阅读”。哑声阅读还有一种很难克服的表现，即在阅读时虽然没有任何身体的运动，但在意识中，读者是一个词一个词地发出声来，而且自己仿佛还听得到。实际上，获得文字所表达的意义并不一定要经过发音这个环节。快速阅读的做法是，直接从字形的认知中获取意义。那么怎样克服阅读中的出声和哑声阅读现象呢?这里提出建议两点：第一，阅读时在主观上应以弄清楚作者的思想为阅读目的，要不断地思考阅读材料：“这是什么意思?”“我不同意他的观点!”“这一点和另一点有什么联系？”读者应该积极地与作者交流，而不是简单地

65重复作者说过的话。　　第二，应该极力快读，使阅读的速度超过出声阅读的速度，尽量不给后者留下任何时间。下面5个句子每个只出现5秒钟，你需要在5秒钟内读完并回答后面的问题。(1)Wecommunicatethroughsymbols,bothaudibleandvisible,thatstandforsomethingwehaveexperienced.(15words)1:Whatarethetwokindsofsymbolswecommunicatethrough?2:Whatdothesymbolsstandfor?(2)Thedifferencebetweenlibelandslanderisthatlibelisprintedwhileslanderisspoken.(15words)3:Whatarethetwothingsthatthesentencetalksabout?4:What'sthedifferencebetweenthem?(3)Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg..(17words)5:Whichpartofthebodydoesthesentencetalkabout?6:Whereisitonabody?(4)Thechieffoodseateninanycountrydependlargelyonwhatgrowsbestinitsclimateandsoil.(18words)7:Whatdoesthesentencetalkabout?8:Onwhatdothefoodseateninanycountrydependlargely?(5)IntheeasternpartofNewJerseyliesthecityofElizabeth,amajorshippingandmanufacturingcenter.(18words)9:WhatisElizabethinthissentence?10:Whereisshelocated?

66练习六将出现15秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。Thesiliconchipsare,ofcourse,microprocessors,minutebuthighlysophisticatedelectroniccircuitssuitedtoanalmostinfinitevarietyofapplications,fromthehumblepocketcalculatortothecontrolofentireautomatedfactoriesandwarehouses.(35words)11.Whatdoesthepassagetalkabout?A.siliconchipsB.silverchipsC.electronicdevicesD.noneoftheabove.12.Whatisnotreferredtointhepassage?A.thehumblepocketcalculatorB.thecontrolofentireautomatedfactoriesandwarehousesC.themicroprocessorsD.thesiliconvalley二、避免返读现象返读现象是指在阅读过程中重新阅读刚刚读过的单词或句子来进一步确定读过的内容。返读是阅读能力低的一种表现。一般来说，任何读者都会有返读现象，但有时返读是因为读者遇到了生词或较难理解的句子，他希望通过返读来研究生词和难句，并加深记忆，这种情况自然无可非议：但低劣的读者把返读变成一种习惯，返读的次数远远超过了正常的阅读需要。如果在阅读中经常有返读现象，就会限制阅读速度，干扰注意力，并且影响对文章的理解。因此要想达到快速阅读，必须尽可能地减少返读的次数。那么如何避免返渎现象呢?首先选取生词较少、内容浅易的材料，进行大量的简单、轻松的阅读练习；其次在阅读时注意提醒自己不要往回看，把注意力集中在思考文章内容上面。久而久之，返读的次数必然会减少。下面的练习是专为克服返读现象而设计的，快速阅读这些文章，提醒自己直往前看，同时思考文章内容。练习一只出现25秒，快速读完并回答后面的问题。Onemorningmyteen-agedaughtersencounteredastraydoginourneighborhoodpark.Whentheyleft,hefollowed.Concernedforhissafety,

67theynotedtheowner'saddressonhislicensetagandtookhimtohishome.Nobodyansweredthedoor,sotheyranganeighbor'sbellandaskedwhenthedog'sownerswouldreturn."I'mnotsure,butprobablysoontheneighborreplied."Theyjustwenttothepark."(71words)1.Wheredidthegirlsfindthedog?2.Wheredidtheytakethedog?3.Wheredidthedog'sownersgo?练习二只出现30秒，快速读完并回答后面的问题NotlongagomyactorbrotherhadasmallpartasamailmaninamoviebeingfilmedonaNewYorkCitystreet.Sincetheareahadnotbeenropedoff,passers-bywerefreetoroamthroughuntilthecamerasstartedrolling.Whilemybrotherwaswaiting,awomanwalkedbyandstoppedtoaskhimdirectionstoacertainstreet.Hetoldherthathewasnotfamiliarwiththearea.Asshewalkedaway,hecouldhearhermutter,"Nowonderwenevergetourmail."(89words)4.Whatistheauthor'sbrother?A.AmailmanB.Apasser-byC.AfilmmakerD.Anactor5.Whydidthewomansay,"Nowonderwenevergetourmail"?A.Becausethemailmanwasnotfamiliarwiththearea.B.Becausethemailmandidn'ttellhertheway.C.Becauseshethoughttheauthor'sbrotherwasarealmailman.D.Noneoftheabove.从上面的两篇练习你可以看出这是发生在生活中的一些小幽默。它们的语言简单易懂。而且饶有趣味，在你读它们的时候，是否还需要不时地回头看呢？接着读下面一篇感人的短文，用最短的时间结束阅读，相信你一定会急于看到结尾而顾不上总是往回看了。练习三只出现5分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题：

68MyForeverValentineThetraditionalholidaysinourhousewhenIwasachildwerespenttimingelaboratemealsaroundfootballgames.Myfathertriedtomakepleasantchitchatandeatasmuchashecouldduringhalftime.AtChristmashefoundtimetohaveacuportwoofholidaycheeranddonhisholly-shapedbowtie.Buthedidn'ttrulyshineuntilValentine'sDay.Idon'tknowwhetheritwasbecauseworkattheofficeslowedduringFebruaryorbecausethefootballseasonwasover.ButValentine'sDaywasthetimemyfatherchosetoshowhisloveforthespecialpeopleinhislife.OvertheyearsIfondlythoughtofhimasmy"ValentineMan."MyfirstrecollectionofthemagichecouldbringtoValentine'sDaycamewhenIwassix.ForseveraldaysIhadbeencuttingoutvalentinesformyclassmates.Eachofuswastodecoratea"mailbox"andputitonourdeskforotherstogiveuscards.Thatboxanditscontentsusheredinasuccessionofbittersweetmemoriesofmyentranceintoaworldofpopularitycontestsmarkedbythenumberofcardsreceived,theteasingaboutboyfriends/girlfriendsandthetendercareIgavetothecardfromthecutestboyinclass.ThatmorningatthebreakfasttableIfoundacardandagift--wrappedpackageatmychair.Thecardwassigned"Love,Dad,"andthegiftwasaringwithasmallpieceofredglasstorepresentmybirthstone,aruby.Thereislittledifferencebetweenredglassandrubiestoachildofsix,andIrememberwearingthatringwithapridethatallthecardsintheworldcouldnotsurpass.AsIgrewolder,thegiftsgavewaytoheart-shapedboxesfilledwithmyfavoritechocolatesandalwaysincludedaspecialcardsigned"Love,Dad."Inthoseyearsmythank-yousbecamemoreofaperfunctoryresponse.Thecardsseemedlessimportant,andItookforgrantedthevalentinethatwouldalwaysbethere.Longpastthedaysofhavinga"mailbox"onmydesk,Ihadplacedmyhopesanddreamsinreceivingcardsandgiftsfrom"significantothers",and"Love,Dad"justdidn't

69seemquiteenough.Ifmyfatherknewthenthathehadbeenreplaced,heneverletitshow.Ifhesensedanydisappointmentovervalentinesthatdidn'tarriveforme,hejusttriedthatmuchhardertocreateapositiveatmosphere,givingmeanextrahuganddoingwhathecouldtomakemydayalittlebrighter.Mymailboxeventuallyhadaruraladdress,andthejobofand-deliveringcandyandcardswasrelegatedtotheU.S.PostalService.Neverintenyearswasmyfather'spackagelate－norwasitontheValentine'sDayeightyearsagowhenIreachedintothemailboxtofindacardaddressedtomeinmymother'shandwriting.Itwasthekindofcardthatcomesinaninexpensiveassortmentboxsoldbyachildgoingdoor-to-doortotrytoearnmoneyforaschoolproject.Itwasthekindofcardyouusedtogetfromagrandmotheroranagingauntor,inthiscase,adyingfather.Itwasthekindofcardthatputalumpinyourthroatandtearsinyoureyesbecauseyouknewthepersonnolongerwasabletogooutandbuyarealvalentine.Itwasacardthatsignaledthiswouldbethelastyouwouldreceivefromhim.Thecardhadaphotographoftulipsontheoutside,andontheinsidemymotherhadprinted"HappyValentine'sDay."Beneathit,scrawledinbarelylegiblehandwriting,was"Love,Dad."Hisfinalcardremainsonmybulletinboardtoday.It'sareminderofhowspecialfatherscanbeandhowimportantithasbeentomeovertheyearstoknowthatIhadafatherwhocontinuedatraditionoflovewithagenerosityofspirit,simpleactsofunderstandingandanabilitytoexpresshappinessoverthepeopleinhislife.Thosethingsneverdie,nordoesthememoryofamanwhoneverstoppedbeingmyvalentine.(700words)6.Whywerethechildrentodecoratea"mailbox"andputitontheirdesksonValentine'sDay?A.Toreceivelettersfromtheirteacher.

70B.Toreceivecardsfromtheirclassmates.C.Toreceivecardsfromtheirboyfriends.D.Toreceivelettersfromtheirgirlfriends.7.Whatdidtheauthor'sfatherdoeveryyearonValentine'sDaytoshowhisloveforhischild?A.Hetookhertotravelabroadeveryyear.B.Heonlygaveheraspecialcardsignedwith"Love,Dad"everyyear.C.Hegavehervariousgiftswithacardsignedwith"Love,Dad"everyyear.D.Hedidnothing.8.Whydidtheauthorknowherfatherwasdyingatthesightofthecardhehadsenther?A.Becausethecardwasthekindthatonebuysfromthechildgoingdoor-to-doorsellingcards,whichmeansherfatherwastooilltogooutandbuyacardforher.B.Becausethecardwasnotsogoodlooking,whichsignaledthatherfatherwasnotsogoodalso.C.Becausethecardwasnotsignedwith"Love,Dad"asusual.D.Becausethecardwasdeliveredlate.9.Whatdoesthepassagewanttotellusmainly?A.It'sgoodtogiveandreceivecardsonValentine'sDay.B.Therelationshipbetweenfatheranddaughterbecamenotsogoodasbeforewhentheauthorhasgrownup.C.Fathersalwayslovetheirchildrenandchildrenshouldcherishthefatherlylove.D.Noneoftheabove.三、训练眼睛运动在阅读过程中，眼睛的运动是跳跃式前进的，而不是像一般认为的那样扫过或略过字行。眼睛从一点移到另一点的时候，我们看不到任何东西。只有当眼睛固定或停顿时我们才能阅读。

71据统计，普通大学生的眼睛每秒钟停顿四次。阅读水平较高者，每秒钟可达五次。对于普通读者而言，每一次停顿，其视幅(eyespan)一般为1.1个单词，即每一次停顿可认出l.1个单词；优秀的读者，每次停顿的视幅约为2.7个单词。因此，理论上说普通读者的阅渎速度可达到每分钟264个单词，而优秀的读者可达到每分钟810个单词(此标准是对操本族语的读者而言的)。但在实际的阅读中，由于各种因素如语言水平、文章难度、理解能力、词汇量等的影响，一般读者达不到理论上的水平。但普通读者的阅读速度是一定能够通过自己的努力和有意识的训练而提高的。这里关于眼睛运动提高阅读速度方面有三点建议：一，扩大视幅。在目光盯住一个单词时，要注意用眼睛的余光延及中心词两边的单词：二，缩短停顿的时间，增多停顿的次数。三，当眼睛到达一行的末尾时，快速移到下一行的开始部分，这样也可以节约时间．提高速度。下面的文章用来帮助你提高眼睛移动的速度，如果你能在规定的时间内读完并回答后面的问题，那么说明你的阅读速度正在迅速提高。练习一将出现15秒，它是根据短语划分的段落，刚来训练快速移动你的眼睛。试着在眼睛停止一次时看完一个短语。眼睛快速地从上往下逐行移动，每行只停顿一次。阅读后回答后面的问题。(1)ThereisopportunitytonobetterwaytryouttotestthefishingboatfishingboatsunderthemostthanunderadverseweatheractualfishingconditionsandconditionsthemostrapidActualconditionsandunexpectedprovidethepassengermovements(39words)1:Question:Accordingtotheshortpassage,whichisthebestwaytotestfishingboats?

72练习二将出现20秒，要求同练习一(2)ThepurposeoflifeinsurancelifeinsurancebysimplyistopreventaskingyourselffinancialdifficultyifyourdeathforsomeoneelsewouldputsomeoneintheeventelseinatoughofyourdeathfinancialpositionWiththatinmind,Iftheansweryoucandetermineisyes,ifyouneedyouneedinsurance.(55words)2:Question:Accordingtotheshortpassage,howtodeterminewhetheryouneedlifeinsuranceornot?练习三将出现25秒，要求同练习一(3)Anytimeaskyouryou'retoldprimarycarephysicianthatyouforarecommendation,needsurgeryorcallandit'sthenearestnotanemergency,teachinghospitalit'sagoodideaoranaccreditedtogetasecondhospitalforopinionfromarecommendation.aqualifiedspecialistYoucanintheappropriatealsoconsultfield,theDirectoryTofindofMedicalSpecialists.thisspecialist(61words)3:Whatdoestheshortpassagesuggestyoutodowhenyou'retoldthatyouneedsurgeryandit'snotanemergency?A.Toaskafriendofyoursforasecondopinion.

73B.Toaskadoctorofanykindforasecondopinion.,C.Toaskaqualifiedspecialistintheappropriatefieldforasecondfield.D.Toaskateacherforasecondfield.4:Wherecan'tyoufindaspecialist,accordingtotheabovepassage?A.thenearestteachinghospitalB.theDirectoryofMedicalSpecialistsC.themedicalschoolD.anaccreditedhospital练习四将出现30秒，要求同练习一(4)Actually,mildfever,thecommoncoldnasalcongestion,isnotandcoughing.assimpleThusasitseems,thethinkingbehindItcan"combination"products:becausedtheybyanyofsupposedlycontain200differentviruses,littlesomethinganditcanforthebringmiserydifferentsymptoms.eightways:Onepillsorethroat,orcapsule,sneezing,theadvertiserssay+runnynose,handlesthewateryeyes,wholemalady.achesandpainsAlittlelikeone-stopshopping.(75words)5:Howmanyvirusescanthecommoncoldbecaused?A.100B.200C.300D.4006:Doestheauthoragreewiththeadvertisersthat"onepillorcapsulehandlesthewholemalady"?

74练习五只出现3分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题(5)Sometimewhenyoutakeacommondrug,youmayhaveasideeffect.Thatis,thedrugmaycausesomeeffectotherthanitsintendedone.Whenthesesideeffectsoccur,theyarecalledadversereactions.Wheneveryouhaveanadversereaction,youshouldstoptakingthedrugrightaway.Askyourpharmacistwhetherhecansuggestadrugthatwillrelievethesymptomsbutthatwillnotcausetheadversereaction.Ifanadversereactiontoadrugisserious,consultyourdoctorforadviceatonce.Drugsthataresafeinthedosagestatedonthelabelmaybeverydangerousinlargedoses.Forexample,aspirinisseldomthoughtofasdangerous,buttherearemanyreportsofaccidentalpoisoningofyoungchildrenwhoswallowtoomanyfortheiryoungbodiestohandle.Inadults,excessiveuseofsomepain-killingdrugsmaycauseseverekidneydamage.Somedrugsforreliefofstomachupsets,whentakeninexcess,cancauseanupsetinthebody'ssecretionofenzymes,perhapscausingseriousdigestiveproblems.Youshouldneveruseanyover-the-counterdrugonaregular,continuedbasis,orinlargequantifies,exceptonyourdoctor'sadvice.Youcouldbesufferingfromaseriousillnessthatneedsadoctor'scare.Eachdrugyoutakenotonlyactsonthebodybutmayalsoaltertheeffectofanyotherdrugyouaretaking.Sometimesthiscancausedangerousorevenfatalreactions.Forexample,aspirinincreasestheblood-thinningeffectofdrugsgiventopatientswithheartdisease.Therefore,apatientwhohasbeentakingsuchadrugmayriskhemorrhageifheusesaspirinwheneverhegetsaheadache.Beforeusingseveraldrugstogetheryoushouldaskyourdoctorandfollowhisadvice.Yourpharmacistcantellyouwhethercertaindrugscansafelybetakentogether.Alcoholmayincreasetheeffectofadrug.Sleepingpillsand

75antihistaminesaretwotypesofdrugsthatcombinewithalcoholtoproducedrowsiness.Whentakinganydrug,youshouldaskyourdoctorwhetherdrinkingalcoholcouldbedangerousincombinationwiththemedicine.Expertsbelievethereisarelationshipbetweenadultabuseoflegitimatemedicinesandthedrugculturethathassweptourcountry.Youcandoyoursharetoreducethechancesthatyourchildrenwillbecomepartofthedrugculturebytreatingallmedicineswithrespect.Alwaysletyourchildrenknowthatmedicinesanddrugsshouldnotbeusedcarelessly.(409words)7:TheauthoradvisesparentsA.Toavoidtakingdrugsinfrontofchildren.B.Toteachtheirchildrenaboutdrugs.C.Tothrowawayoldmedicines.D.Tousedrugswithouttellingtheirchildren.8:Whenaspirinisusedwithheartmedication,itcanA.Clotblood.B.Thinblood.C.Thickenblood.D.Raisethebloodpressure.9:TheauthorimpliesthatalcoholA.Canintensifytheeffectsofadrug.B.Canmakeadruguseless.C.Cancauseapersontoturntodrugs.D.Canproducedrowsiness.四、阅读意群阅读是寻找意义的过程．因此阅读应以表达一个完整意思的词组为基本单位进行。例如下面的句子.Whensuchstimuliareappliedtoanimalstheirpupilsdilate．在这个句子中，最小的单位是字母，但我们显然不能从字母开始寻找意义，因为字母只表示一个发音符号，它本身不包含任何意义。

76字母构成了单词，如t和o。构成了to，而to只是一个介词，表示一个方向，如果单独看这个单词，我们得不到任何具体的意义。而当它和apply合用为applyto时，我们就可以知道这个短语的意思是“作用于，应用于”。同样，当一个实词如stimuli被单独看待时，我们知道它的意思是“刺激”，但只能是一个抽象的不确定的意义。反之，如果我们把stimuli同such放在一起来看就会知道它们指上面提到过的刺激。因此，我们应该把“applyto”和“suchstimuli”分别作为一个意群来看待。调查表明阅读速度慢的人在阅读时每次摄取的文字单位非常小，甚至以单个的词为阅读单位；而优秀的读者快速扫过成行的内容，每一眼都获取一个完整的意义单位。下面的练习是专门针对培养阅读意群的习惯而设计的，阅读时力争一眼获取一个意群，并快速移动眼睛。练习一将出现15秒，它是根据短语划分的段落，用来训练培养阅读意群的习惯。试着在眼睛停止一次时看完一个短语。眼睛快速地从上往下逐行移动，每行只停顿一次。读后回答后面的问题。(1)Whenyouorfixatesphrasereaditshouldseeitshouldfeelameaningfulphrase.likethis.PhrasereadingYoureyeshouldwillimprovemoveandstop,Yourcomprehensionmoveandstop.andhelpyouEachtimereadfaster.youreyesstops,(42words)1.Whatkindofmovementdoesyoureyedowhenreadingsomething?2.What'stheadvantageofphrasereading?A.Itcanhelpyoureadfasterandcomprehendmore.B.Ittellsyoumorethings.C.Itmakesthepassagesmoreinteresting.

77D.Youcanseemorephrasesbyusingit.练习二将出现35秒，要求同练习一(2)Asawhenyouusedcarshopper,seeone.yourfirstYoucantaskisalsochecktodecidetheNationalwhatkindAutomobileDealersofcarAssociationUsedCarGuideisgoingandthetofillKellyBlueBookyourneeds,forpricesThenofusedcars.shoparoundThey'llgiveuntilyouyoupriceshaveatoworkwith,goodfeelbutthey'reforthemarketvalueonlyguides.ofthatcar.ConditionandmileageThiswaywilladjustyou'llknowthepriceupabargainordown.(91words)3:What'sthefirsttaskofausedcarshopper?A.Toshoparoundandtrytofindagoodcar.B.Toknowthegeneralpricesforausedcar.C.Toaskotherpeopleforadvice.D.Todeterminewhatkindofcarheneeds.4:Whichoneinthefollowingdoesnotaffectthepriceofausedcar?A.Condition.B.Mileage.C.Marketvalue.D.Howmanypeoplehaveusedthecar.

78练习三将出现40秒，要求同练习一(3)Thebestexerciseisbeneficial.istheendurancetypeTheexerciseshouldbecardiovascularactivitiesvigorousenoughthatmakeyoutoproducebreathedeeply,atemporaryfeelingelevateyourpulse,offatigue.Andmakeyousweat,AtthislevelDr.KennethCooper,ofintensity,expertonfitness,itstrengthenstheheartliststhefollowingandothermusclesasthebestactivitiesandincreasescirculation.forphysicalfitness:Strenuousactivityrunning,swimming,shouldbescheduledcycling,walkingorstriding,atleasttwostationaryrunning,tothreetimeshandball,basketball,squash,aweekAnyactivitythatelevatesforatleasttheheart'srateahalfhoureachtime.(106words)5:Whichistheeffectthatyoudonotfeelwhenyoudothebestexercise?A.Youbreathedeeply.B.Youfeellight-hearted.C.Yourpulseiselevated.D.Yousweatallover.6:Strenuousactivityshouldbescheduleatleasttimesaweekforatleasteachtime.A.twotothree;ahalfhourB.onetotwo;anhourandahalfC.twotothree;anhourandahalfD.onetotwo;ahalfhour练习四将出现30秒，要求同练习一(4)Violin,thesmallestofdifferentthicknessesandhighest-pitchedarestretchedacross

79ofoneofthemostabridgeimportantfamiliesstandingontheboxofstringedinsuchawaymusicalinstruments,thatthetensionofthestringstowhichcanbeadjusteditgivesitsname.bymeansofItconsistsrevolvingpegs,Essentiallytowhichofaresonantboxtheyareofpeculiarform,severallyattachedoverwhichatoneend.fourstrings(75words)7:Whatisnotonaviolin?A.aresonantboxB.abridgestandingontheboxC.fourstringsofdifferentthicknessesD.akeyboard8:Howcanweadjustthetensionofthestrings?A.byshorteningthelengthofthestringsB.byrevolvingthepegsontheviolinC.bymakethestringslongerD.byremovingthestrings'position五、避免使用词典避免使用词典是指在阅读文章的过程中，即使遇到生词，也不要停下来查词典。如果一碰到生词就查词典就会大大减慢阅读速度，而且不利于思路的连贯。当遇到生僻词汇时，我们可以通过生词本身的构造或者上下文来推测它的意义。利用生词本身的构造，即构词法来判断词义是一个基本的方法：英语中的许多词都由若干不同的部分构成：词根、前缀、后缀。如果了解一个词的词根，一般说就可以推断出该词的意义。例如，reprocess，如果认识词根process，知道re是前缀，有“再，又”的意思，那么，这个词就不难猗测，是“再加工，再处理”的意思。但是使用这种方法的

80前提是读者必须预先知道词根和词缀的意义。因此，读者在平常阅读和学习当中，应该注意记忆一些词根和词缀。另外一种方法就是利用生词和上下文的关系推测其意义。生词不是孤立的、封闭的，它所在的句子、段落都会提供出很多暗示和线索，其中最常见的有如下五种:1．定义线索，即作者自己定义或解释一个生词，如：A．Horologyisthescienceofmeasuringtime．B．Folkwaysareinformalcustomsregardingthecorrectwaytobehave．　　从上面的例子可以看出，划线的单词都有比较清楚、直接的定义或解释。这是上下文中最为明显的线索类型。2．同义词或复述线索，即作者在同一个句子中使用另外一·个词，该词与生词具有基本相同的意义；或者，作者使用几个词来复述生词的意义。如：A.Childrenoftentrytoemulateorcopythebehaviorthattheyseeontelevision．B.Mr．Keladawasincrediblycocksure．Itwasthisexcessiveself-confidencethatmadeyouwanttoprovehimwrongwheneverhegaveanopinion．从上面的句子中我们可以很容易得出emulate的意思与copy是差不多的，而copythebehavior意思是“模仿行为”，因此emulate即“模仿”。同样，cocksure也就是excessiveself-confidence的意思，即“过分自信的，独断的”。3．例释线索，即作者举出一些例子来解释或进一步说明生词的意思。如：A．Therewasakindofdetachmentabouttheoldman'sbehavior．Itappearedasifhedidn'tcarewhatyouweresayingtohim，asifwhatyouweresayingwereofnointeresttohim．B．Orthopterans，suchascrickets，grasshoppers，andcockroaches，thriveindampconditions．从上面句子可以看出,"Itappearedasifhedidn'tcarewhatyouweresayingtohim，asifwhatyouweresayingwereofnointeresttohim．"这句话是用来解释说明detachment的，因此我们不难得出detachment是

81“超然、独立、分离”的意思。而orthopteran包括crickets，grasshoppers和cockroaches等带翅的昆虫，因此也可以大致得出orthopteran的意思，从而不妨碍对整个句子的理解。在带有例释的句子中，通常会有一些单词或短语来表示举例，如"suchas","including"，“forexample”，“toillustrate”，“forinstance”等。4．比较／对照线索，即有些句子中可能会包含与生词具有相反或近似意义的词，读者可以通过这些词来推测生词的意思。这种情况下，作者有时会使用像Ontheotherhand，however，although，unlike，yet，but，like，while，despite和eventhough等词，来提醒读者语气的变化和与前面表达相反的意义。如：A.LikebrightDavid，Richardwasveryintelligent．B.Duringtheconcerttheaudiencewasquiet，butafterwardthecrowdbecameboisterous．从上面句子中可以看出，intelligent和bright是同义词，有“聪明的”意思。而boisterous很明显与quiet“安静的”是反义词，因此boisterous应该是“吵闹的，喧哗的”意思。5．经验线索或情境线索，即有些生词可以根据它们出现的情境去理解；也可以通过读者的经验或常识去推断生词的意思。如：A．InspiteOfthefactthatthefishermanwerewearingsou'westers，thestormwassoheavytheywerewetthrough．B.ANeastornorth-eastwindbringscold,dryweathertoEngland，butasou’westerusuallybringsrain.从上面两个句子可以看出，sou'wester在英语中有两个意思：一是指—种防水的衣服，而且很可能又厚又重，因为渔民们在风暴里穿着这种衣服：二是，很明显，指一种从西南方向吹来的风。在推测第二种意思时，我们还需要知道，‘SOU'’指“南面的，南方的”。尽管运用上下文线索推测生词的意思非常有用，但必须指出这种方法也有一定的局限。第一，用这种方法得到的生词意思通常都是比较模糊、一般性的，不是非常精确的含义。第二，用这种方法不—定每次都能得出生词的意思。有的时候，我们无法从上下文中得出生词意义，在这种情况下，读者需要运用其他的技巧来判断词的意思。下面的练习是为训练你从上下文中推断词义的能力而设计的，阅

82读短文并回答问题：(l)TheJewshavearecordedhistorybeginningover4,000yearsago.Thishistory,andsomeofthetraditionsandteachingswhichdevelopedduringthisperiod,havehadaprofoundeffectuponmodemcivilization.TheJewsgavetheworldtheOldTestamentandtheywerethefirstmonotheisticpeopleintheworld.Biblicallawsofmoralandethicalconducthavebecomethebasisoflegalsystemseverywhere.ItisinterestingtonotethattheJewsaretheonlycivilizationwhichsurvivedinitsoriginalformfromancienttomodemtimes;allothercivilizationsofantiquityhavelongsincedisappeared.1.Whatdoestheword"monotheistic"meaninthepassage?A.thepracticeofhavingmorethanonewifeB.qualityorstateofbeingcruelC.beliefintheTrinityD.beliefthatthereisonlyonedeity2."antiquity"meansA.finishedorrefinishedinantiquestyleB.relicsofancienttimes,greatageC.achronologicalrecordofsignificanteventsD.lawsofmoralandethicalconduct(2)Iwasamusedwiththedesultory,haphazardkindoflifeweled:heretodayandgonetomorrow,sometimesrevelinginale-houses,sometimesfeastingunderhedgesingreenfields.Whenaudienceswerecrowdedandbusinessprofitable,wefaredwell;whenotherwise,wefaredscantilyandconsoledourselveswithanticipationsofthenextday'ssuccess.3.Whatdoestheword"desultory"mean?A.lackingindefiniteplan,regularityorpurposeB.improper;immodestC.secret;privateD.mentaldisturbancemarkedbyconfusionandspeechdisorder4:Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheword"scantily"?A.ingreatcomfort

83B.astonishinglyC.withoutmuchfoodornecessitiesD.frightened下面短文将出现15秒，快速阅读并回答后面问题。(3)Althoughnumbersofanimalsinagivenregionmayfluctuatefromyeartoyear,thefluctuationsareoftentemporaryand,overlongperiods,trivial.Scientistshaveadvancedthreetheoriesofpopulationcontroltoaccountforthisrelativeconstancy.(38words)5.Whatdoestheword"fluctuate"mean?A.moveupanddownB.staythesameC.reduceD.increase6.Fromyeartoyear,thenumbersofanimalsinaplaceA.Donotchange.B.Changedramatically.C.Havenosignificantchange.D.Noneoftheabove.7.Howmanytheorieshavethescientistsproposedtoaccountforthisphenomenon?A.6B.3C.2D.4六、了解文章结构了解文章结构，即分析文章和段落的组织结构，更好更快地理解文章。作者在写文章时通常按照一定的组织结构来表达他们的思想和观点，在阅读过程中判断文章的组织结构能够帮助我们跟上作者的思路，加快阅读速度，理解作品并在读完后回忆作品。每篇文章都是由段落组成的，而每一个段落又是由句子组成的。

84句子可以分作两类：一类是中心句，一类是辅助句。段落是思想的单位，每一段落通常都有一个中心大意，而表达这中心大意的句子称为“中心句”。除“中心句”外，段落中的大部分句子就是所谓的“辅助句”，它以各种方式阐述、论证中心句，如例释、比较、类比、或定义等。中心句在段落的位置主要有五种：1、演绎型：即一开始就出现中心句，例如：Theartofwritingitselfisagoodexampleofwhatstudentsofthepastcallindependentinventionsincesystemsofwritinghaveevolvedinisolationatdifferenttimesindifferentpartsoftheworld.Forexample,onesystemtheChineseideogram--canbetracedtoitsorigininarchaicsignsengravedonthescapulabonesofsheeportheshellsofturtlesinthesecondmillenniumB.C.asameansofaskingquestionsofheaven.Roughly1,000yearslateranentirelyindependentsystemofwritingarosehalfwayaroundtheworldinMesoamerica.Itcombinedasimplesystemofnumericalnotationwithcomplexhieroglyphsandwasprincipallyusedtoindicatethedatesofvariouseventsaccordingtoanelaboratecalendricalsystem.2、归纳型：即中心句出现在段落的结尾，例如：TheyweredesertnomadswhosettledontheeasternedgeoftheMediterraneanSea.Theylivedoffthesea,firstbuildingsmallfishingboats,thenlargerones.SoontheyweresailingupanddowntheMediterranean,tradingvigorouslywithothercountries.Theyevensailedtheirseventy-fivefootcraftintotheAtlantic.TheywerethePhoenicians.3、居中型：即中心句出现在段落中间，例如：Aboutthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury,EuropeanscholarsbeganagaintostudythewritingsoftheancientGreeksandRomans.Interestgraduallyspreadintomanyfields,likeart,music,science,andexploration.Thisperiod,coveringmanycenturies,iscalledtheRenaissance,meaning"rebirth".SomeofthegreatestfiguresinWesternhistorylivedduringthistime:daVince,Michelangelo,Copernicus,Columbus,Shakespeare,tonamejustafew.4、混合型：即中心思想在段落开始时被讲述一遍，末尾又重复一遍，

85例如：Wheneverpossible，thegoodlistenerpreparesinadvanceforthespeechorlectureheorsheplanstoattend.Heorshestudiesthetopictobediscussedandfindsoutaboutthespeakerandhisorherbeliefs.Onarrivingattheplacewherethespeechistobegiven,heorshechoosesaseatwhereseeing,hearingandremainingalertareeasy.And,whenthespeechisover,heorshereviewswhatwassaidandreactstoandevaluatestheideaexpressed.Thus.aneffectivelistener,inordertoachievethepurposeofacquiringinformation,takesspecificstepstoachieveaccurateunderstanding.5．描述型：即段落中没有直接出现中心句，主要描述某一人物、场景、或事件，例如：Lookingdowntherunway,thepiloteasestheplane'sthrottleforwardandfeelstheenginerespond.Atfirstthesmallplanemovesslowlybutthenquicklygathersspeed.Whentheairspeedindicatorshows55milesperhour,thepilotgentlypullsbackwardonthecontrolyoke,liftingthenosewheelofftheground.Aninstantlatertheplaneisbuoyedbysolidair.掌握了段落的结构规律，我们就可以分析文章结构，从而提高阅、读速度，同时期J深对文章内容的理解。下面的练习是针对文章结构而设计的，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。练习一将出现20秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题:(1)Inthepasttwodecades,anumberofstudieshaveconfirmedalinkbetweencertainfoodsandourabilitytofeelmorealert,calm－evenupbeat."We'vefoundthatsomefoodsinfluencetheproductionofbrainchemicalsthataredirectlyinvolvedindeterminingourmood,mentalenergy,performancemidbehavior."saysJudithWurtman,anutritionresearcherattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.(62words)1.Betweenwhatdoesalinkhavebeenconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesinthepasttwodecades?A.Betweencertainfoodsandourhealth

86B.BetweencertainfoodsandcertainhabitsC.BetweenourmoodandourhealthD.Betweencertainfoodsandourmood2:WhatisJudithWurtman?A.She'saresearcheronchemicals.B.She'sapsychiatrist.C.She'saresearcheronnutrition.D.She'sanurse.3:Whereisthemainideaofthepassage?A.thefirstsentenceB.thesecondsentenceC.thethirdsentenceD.Nowherecanwefindthemainidea.练习二只出现1.5分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题4:What'sthepercentageofwaterinthepaperbeforeitispolishedandreeled?A.70%B.30%C.8%D.10%5:Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Thevarietiesofpaper.B.Themakingofpaper.C.Thecomponentsofpaper.D.Thequalityofpaper.6:ThebasicprocessofpapermakingisA.toreassemblethesuspendedfibersintothinsheets.B.tomixthefiberstogetherwithwater.C.tosuckthewateroutofthemixtureoffibersandwater.D.topolishandreelthewater-drainedpaper.练习三将出现35秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。(3)ToalotofAmericans,itnowseemsthatprosperitycanbebought

87likeinsurance,ffyouloseyourjobyoucansueforthementaldistressofbeingfired.Ifyourbankgoesbroke,thegovernmenthasinsuredyourdeposits.Ifyourmarriagegoeswrongyoucandivorce..,andthensueforashareofmoneyyourspousewouldhaveearned,hadheorshegiveupalucrativejob.ffyoudrivedrunkandcrashyoucansuesomebodyforfailingtowarnyoutostopdrinking.Thereisalwayssomebodyelsetoblame.(96words)7:ItisveryeasytofindsomeonetoblameA.ifsomethinggoeswrongB.whenyouareinabadmoodC.whenyougetadivorcefromyourspouseD.ifyousufferfromamentaldistress8:AccordingtothearticleA.itissafetodepositmoneyinbankB.ifyourbankfails,thegovernmentwillmakecompensationC.youmaysuesomebodyforyourdrunknessD.allabove9:Whatisimpliedfromthepassage?A.ifyouhaveacaraccident,youwillloseyourmoneyB.onecanbecomerichbysuingsomeoneelseC.onecangetnothingfromhisspousewhenhegetsdivorcedD.ifyouloseyourjob,noonecares10:Whichofthefollowingcanberegardedasthetopicsentence?A.thefirstsentenceB.thelastsentenceC.thesecondsentenceD.thelastbutonesentence七、快速浏览快速浏览是一种选择阅渎法，因为在实际的阅读中，并不是所有的材料都同样重要，都需要一字不漏的读完，因此，我们可以略掉一些内容来节省时间。快速浏览法就是针对这种情况而产生的一种阅读方法：它有两个特点：第一，它有意忽略掉—些字词、句子或段落,

88有时读者以为他抓住了某—段的大意时，他甚至可以不再理会该段的一半或四分之三的内容。第二，它有意地不求甚解。在正常的快速阅读中，理解率应达到70-80％，但在skimming阅读中，读者自愿地接受低水平理解，即理解率达到50％即可。Skimming阅读的基本任务是找到文章的大意。Skimming一般有三种用途：第一，用于仔细阅读前的预读，这样可以大概熟悉材料的组织结构和内容，知道其重点的位置和分布，使仔细阅读时不至于轻重不分，主次不辨。第二，用于浏览。当读者认为以后不会再读这些材料，而又需要了解一下里面的主要观点和结构框架，就可以使用这种方法。第三，用于复习。对于已经读过的材料，为了加深记忆，就需要复习。用skimming方法进行复习，可以迅速地熟悉已读材料的主要内容.一般来说用skimming阅读来找出文章大意的步骤主要有下面几点：一．阅读题目；二．阅读介绍：三．阅读所有的标题和次标题：四.注意文章中的所有插图和图表；五．阅读每段的第一句话；六．快速扫描该段的剩余部分：七．阅读总述或文章最后一段。下面的练习是专门为训练你快速浏览文章的技能而设计的：练习一只出现10秒钟，快速浏览并回答后面的问题。(l)TherearelawsofnaturethatIdoubtweshalleverunderstand.Takesuchasimplematterasthetwiningofvinesthatclimbbytwistingtheirstemsaroundastrongersupport.Theytwist,withfewexceptions,counterclockwise.Smokerisingfromachimneyalsotwistscounterclockwise.HurricanesmoveinthesamedirectionastheycomewhirlingupthecoastfromtheCaribbean.Andwaterwhirlpoolingdownthekitchensinkmakesthesamecounterclockwisemotion.Whyisthisso?(79words)1:Whatisthepassagetalkingabout'?.A.Vinestwistaroundastrongersupport.B.Smokerisingfromachimneytwistscounterclockwise.C.HurricanescomewhirlingupthecoastfromtheCaribbean.D.Therearelawsofnaturethattheauthordoubtsweshalleverunderstand.2:Howmanyexamplestheauthorgivesinthepassageinorderto

89supporthispoint?A.4B.5C.3D.6练习二只出现25秒，快速浏览并回答后面的问题：(2)Inmarinehabitats,anumberofsmallcreaturesareinvolvedina"cleaningsymbiosis".Atleastsixspeciesofsmallshrimp,frequentlybrightlycolored,crawloverfish,pickingoffparasitesandcleaninginjuredareas.Thisisnotanaccidentaloccurrence,becausefishareobservedtocongregatearoundtheseshrimpandstaymotionlesswhilebeinginspected.Severalspeciesofsmallfish(wrasses)arealsocleaners,nearlyallofthemhavingappropriateadaptationssuchaslongsnouts,tweezer-liketeeth,andbrightcoloration.Conspicuouscolorationprobablycommunicatesthattheseanimalsarenotprey.(90words)3:ThispassageismainlyconcernedaboutA.aprocessofmarinelifeB.aplaceintheseaC.aspeciesofmarinelifeD.amysteryofmarinelife4:WhichofthefollowingisthehabitatdescribedinthisreadingsectionA.anaquariumB.anislandC.theoceanD.alaboratory5:The"cleaningsymbiosis"discussedintheselectionisregardedasA.unimportantB.harmfulC.predatoryD.beneficial练习三只出现35秒，快速浏览并回答后面的问题：(3)Today,goingtothebeachisnotassimpleasitusedtobe.Ourshorelinesarebecominganenvironmentalist'snightmare—andathreatto

90lookforhelpisthelocalhealthdepartmentofacoastalcommunity.Itoftenmonitorschemicalandbacteriallevelsinwaterwhichareusuallyundetectabletothenakedeye.Also,considerthemountandtypeofbeachdebris.Althoughthere'snoevidencelinkingdebriswithwaterpollutionthatcouldharmhumans,thousandsofmarineanimalsdieeveryyearaftereatingorbecomingtangledinplasticsix-packcontainers,fishnet,andothersyntheticmatter.Plasticsonthebeachmeanyoumayfinddeadmarinelifeinthewater.(124words)6:ThebesttopicofthepassageisA.beachesB.waterpollutionC.deadmarinelifeD.decidingifabeachisclean7:Whichofthefollowingcanberegardedasthemainideaofthepassage?A.Beachdebrisisharmfultomarinelife.B.Therearetwowaystodecideifabeachisclean.C.Thecountry'sshoresareinenvironmentaldanger.D.Thelocalhealthdepartmentmonitorsacommunity'sbeaches.8:Ofthefollowingchoices,whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.ADayattheBeachB.CleaningOurBeachesC.BeachDebris:ASwimmer'sHazardD.Caution!DangersattheBeach八、快速扫描快速扫描是一种迅速寻找某一种特殊信息的阅读方法，即在正式阅读之前，你脑中对于寻找的内容已有明确的目标，也就是说，即将进行的阅读过程旨在发现文章中某一个具体信息。在有了明确目标的前提下，你要做的就是将目光逐字逐行快速移动－即扫描－直到搜索到目标为止－即定位，这一方法使用于某一个具体事实、词或其他细

91节的搜寻。但是有时你要寻找的信息爿：没有一个先在的意象，即我们从来没见过。在这种情况下，有三种方法可以作为参考：第一，读者须把要求回答的问题牢记在心，如“作者是否提到了叶绿素的附着问题?”“这篇文章是否解答了地震产生的原因”等。第二，读者还必须预测他所寻找的信息最可能隐藏在哪里。他可以借助目录找出可能的章节，借助索引找出可能的页码。在一篇文章里，有时要通过skim-reading找到进行扫描的大致区域。第三，读者还要牢记与所需信息有关的单词。例如，如果寻找的是某地区农业发展的信息，他就需要特别注意landuse，soilerosion，Fertilizertrials和improvedyields等词，以及与这些词连在—起的该地区的地名。下面的练习是针对快速扫描而设计的，尽量用最短的时间找出问题的答案。(1)Questions:1.ThefollowingpassagestatesthattheabilityofchimpanzeestolearnsymboliclanguageincertainsituationsisduetoA.theirterritorialityB.theiruseofgesturesandvoicesoundsinthewildC.theirnaturaltalentD.theiruseoftheAmericanSignLanguage2.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueofthechimpanzeecommunicationexceptA.itislesssophisticatedthanhumanlanguageB.itisobservableinthewildC.itusesgesturesD.itisasversatileashumancommunication下面短文只出现40秒，快速扫描并找出上面问题的答案：Onlyhumanshaveaspoken,symboliclanguage;scientistshavelongthoughtthatnonhumanprimateshadmuchlesssophisticatedcommunicationsystems.True,butchimpanzeesusegesturesandmanyvoicesoundsinthewild,whileotherapesusesoundstocommunicateterritorialinformation.Chimpanzeesseemtohaveanaturaltalentforlearningsymboliclanguageundercontrolledconditions.Afamous

92chimpanzeenamedWashoewastrainedtocommunicatewithhumans,usingnolessthan175signlanguagegesturessimilartothoseoftheAmericanSignLanguage.AftermorethanayearWashoecouldassociateparticularsignswithactivities,suchaseatinganddrinking.AnotherchimpanzeenamedSarahwastaughttoreadandwritewithplasticsymbolsandacquiredavocabularyof130differentwords,totheextentthatsheobeyedsequencesofwritteninstructionsgivenwiththesymbols.Butsuchexperimentsincommunicationwithprimatesareafarcryfromtheversatilityandgraceofhumanspeech.　　(153words)(2)Questions:3:ThesegregatedslumwillcrushthehopeofA.theblackB.thedisplacedfarmerC.theshoppingcentersD.bothAandB4:ThecoreofAmericangiantcitiesareshownbyA.streetdrugsB.toweringbuildingsC.homeless"streetpeople"D.deterioratingphysicalenvironment5:America'scitiesarebarrenA.economicallyB.recreationallyC.politicallyD.militarily6:America'scitiesareA.thenucleusofeconomicactivityandopportunityB.thesourceofabundantincomesC.thedepositoriesofgreatwealthD.alloftheabove下面短文将只出现1分钟，快速扫描并找出上面问题的答案：America'scitiesareacuriousparadox.Theyarethedepositoriesof

93greatwealthandthesourceofabundantincomes;theyarethenucleusofeconomicactivityandopportunity.Yetthesesamecitiessimultaneouslyembodyblightedneighborhoods,homeless"streetpeople,"falteringschoolsystems,streetdrugsandhighcrimerates,anaccuratelydeterioratingphysicalenvironment,asenseofsocialunrestandalienation,andperhapstheevolutionofasocial"underclass."FlyoverManhattanorNobHillortheChicagoLoopandthebreathtakingskylinewillexciteyourpridewiththeeverygrandeuroftheAmericanachievement.Thesetoweringsymbolsgivedramaticcharactertothecoreofourgiantcities.Buttheirshadowscannothidethedisgraceattheirfeet.Therewefindthedecayedanddecayingcentercities,traffic-clogged,smoke-polluted,crime-ridden,recreationallybarren.Itistherewefindthesegregatedslumwithitscrumblingtenementhouse.waitingtocrushthehopeoftheblackandthedisplacedfarmerwhohaspursuedhisdreamintothecity.Theretoowefindthesuburbsringingthecitiesintheirrapid,undisciplinedgrowthwithugly,congestedwebsofticky-tackyhousesandmacadam-burstshoppingcenters.Howhavewebuilt,orletbuild,thissomewhatlacking,somehowdefective,maculatehomeforman?　　　(205words)(3)Questions:7:EachmoonfellfromorbitA.crashingintothelunarsurfaceB.crashingintotheearth'ssurfaceC.crashingintothesolarsurfaceD.crashingintotheMartiansurface8:ThetumblesofthemoonletsoccurredA.afewbillionyearsagoB.afewmillionyearsagoC.afewcenturiesagoD.afewmillenniaago9:ThelunarbasinsarescatteredacrossthemoonA.incirclesB.inbandsC.intriangles

94D.inquadrangles下面短文将只出现1分钟，快速扫描并找出上面问题的答案：Onceuponatime,theEarth'smoonhaddozensofmoons.Butonebyone,eachfellfromorbit,crashingintothelunarsurface,smashingitselfintodustandcarvinganotherlunarsea.Eachofthemoon'smoonswasatleast60milesacross,severaltimesbiggerthanthemoonsofMars.Theirtumblesoccurredbetween4.2and3.8billionyearsago.Themoonletsfellbecausetheirorbitsaroundthemoon'sequatorwereunstable.Eachimpactblewawesomeamountofrockfromthesurface,unbalancingthespinningmoon.Asthemoonwobbled,tryingtoregaintheequilibriumofitsspin,itslopsidedcrustshiftedslowoveritsthenliquidcore.Eventually,thenewlyscooped-outbasinsettledatoneofthepoles.Thistheoryfitstheevidence:MagnetisminmoonrocksretrievedbyApolloastronautsimpliesthatthemoon'spolesdiddriftby90degreesseveraltimes,billionsofyearsago--justthedistanceabasinwouldhavehadtomovetogetfromequatortopole.Thelunarbasinsarescatteredacrossthemooninbands,suggestingthattheycouldoncehavebeenlinealupbeneaththeequatoriallyorbitingmoonlets.Ifthebasinshadbeencarvedoutbyfallingmeteoritesorasteroids,theywouldbepepperedatrandom.(208words)阅读技能训练答案一、避免出声阅读和哑声阅读1.(Audibleandvisiblesymbols)2.(Somethingwehaveexperienced.)3.(Libelandslander.)4.(Libelisprintedwhileslanderisspoken.)5.(Theknee.)6.(Thejointofthethighboneandthelargeboneofthelowerleg.)7.(Foods)8.(Onwhatgrowsbestintheclimateandsoilofthecountry.)9.(Itisamajorshippingandmanufacturingcenter.)10.(IntheeasternpartofNewJersey.)

9511．A12．D二、避免返读现象1．(Intheirneighborhoodpark．)2．(Tothedog'sowners’house)3．(Totheparkalso．)4．D5．C6．B7．C8．A9．C三、训练眼睛运动1．(Underactualconditions.)2．(Askyourselfifyourdeathwouldputsomeoneelseinathoughfinancialposition．)3．C4．C5．B6．(no)7．B8．B9．A四、阅读意群1．(Moveandstop．)2．(A)3．D4．D5．B6．A7．D8．B五、避免使用词典1．D2．B3．A4．C5．A6．C6．B六、了解文章结构1．D2．C3．A4．C5．B6．A7．A8．D9．B10．A七、快速浏览1．D2．A3．A4．C5．D6．D7B8．D八、快速扫描1．C2．D3．D4．B5．B6．D7．A8．A9.B

96阅读模拟练习解释第一套1．正确答案是c。这是一道推理题。根据短文内容推断前一部分的大意，可以从文章大意和文章首句着手。文章讲的是关于另一种常见推理方式，并在首句提出anothercommontypeofreasoningis...。所以，短文前一部分应该是关于其它几种常见推理方式C)someothercommontypesofreasoning。2．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。可定位于第二段Thiskindofreasoningiscalled，forshort，effecttoeffect．而thiskindofreasoning所指向的是句子前一句wefirstrelatetheeffect(lightsout)tothecause(poweroff)andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect...整个思路可以概括为结果—原因—结果。D)正确。3．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。定位于第三段第二句，Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur...与之表达意思相同的是A)“是某种如果缺少，结果就不可能产生的原因”。4．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。首先要理解必要原因、充分原因以及附带原因之间的区别。(具体区别见上面“内容大意”)电冰箱不工作，除了可能断电外，还有其它原因，比如电冰箱本身有故障等。类比文章中给出的例子，可知“断电”只是一个充分条件。D)正确。5．正确答案是A。主旨题。短文的大意是什么?根据第一题的分析，可知短文主要分析一种常见推理方式：因果原因推理，为A)causalreasoning之意。由于本短文只涉及到一种推理方式，所以C)“多种推理方式”不正确。6．正确答案是B。主旨题。作者行文的目的是什么?作者在首段赞同青少年应该逐渐独立自主，然后指出现在的青少年并没有形成自己的格调，而是追随流行，最后告诉他们如何去体现自我，寻找自我。所以，文章的大意就是B)“告诉青少年如何自我独立自主”。A)C)D)分别和作者意思没有什么联系。

977．正确答案是B。这是一道词义题。定位于首段末句。Insteadofstrikingoutboldlyontheirown．mostofthemareclutchingat(attemptingtoseize)oneanother'shandsofreassurance．对于strikeout和clinch，reassurance的意思，可以参考上面“语言注释”(3)。所以，他们紧密团结，相互依赖的原因就是因为他们缺乏信心。B)正确。8，正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。A)“没有真正有价值的流行”。和文章最后一句矛盾That'stheonlykindofpopularitythatreallycounts．B)“许多父母所做的，实际上是在阻止他们的孩子找到自己的道路”。正确，文章第三段末句指出Allthisaddsuptoagreatbarrierfortheteen-agerwhowantstofindhisorherownpath．根据文章，allthis包括前面所提到的“来自父母的赞扬”。C)“青少年与同学们持不同主见并非坏事”。正确，文章末段中提到youmayhavesomethoughtsthatyoudon'tcaretoshareatoncewithyourclassmates．D)“大多数青少年宣称他们想随心所欲，但实际上他们做着同样的事”。正确。作者在第二段提到Theyclaimtheywanttodressastheyplease，buttheyallwearthesameclothes．9．正确答案是B。作者对广告的态度是怎样的?文章只有在第三段中提及到广告。定位Thesedayseveryteen-agercanlearnfromtheadvertisementswhatateen-agershouldhaveandbe．可知，广告能影响孩子们的判断力。B)正确。10．正确答案是c。主旨题。作者认为青少年应该持有怎样的态度。文章第一段首句和第二句中指出Iwishit(＝beingrebelling)wereso．Atyourageyououghttobegrowingawayfromyourparents．并且在末段指出Findyourself.Beyourself．可知作者认为青少年应该持有的态度是C)“寻找真正的自我”。11.正确答案是B。作者行文的目的是什么?这是一篇说明文，向读者介绍了学习的两种方式，并在首段中提出了该主题Psychologistshavefoundthattherearetwobasicprocessesbywhichlearningtakesplace．然后分别进行论述Onekindoflearningis…．Thesecondkindoflearningis…。所以B)为正确选项。12．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。首先理解“古典式条件反应”与“可控行为调节”的区别：前者行为伴随有奖励和惩罚：后者行为的目的是为了追求奖励和惩罚。如果别人欣赏你所讲的笑话，你会更加

98努力地在他面前变得幽默，这也就是一个“可控行为调节”的例子。13．正确答案是A。这是一道推理题。根据上题的分析可知该题中的情形是一个“古典式条件反应”的例子。14．正确答案是D。第三段的大意。第三段中指出Weconstantlylearnbyreading，watchingtelevision，interactingwithsomepeople，andsoforth．然后通过“好感”和“反感”两方面加以例证。这是一个“古典式条件反应”的例子。所以D)正确。B)错误地认为这是一个“可控行为调节”例子。A)C)在文中找不到支持。15．正确答案是C。主旨题。文章以下的内容可能讨论什么?需要明确整篇文章的整体结构：总(1，2)－分(1，2)－例证1。所以，文章以下的内容就是给出第二种学习的例证。B)中的第三种学习在文中无法找到依据。16．正确答案是C。这是一道推理题。定位于首段Thereisnobetterillustrationofthisideathanthesonarsystemofbats．这里所说的thisidea就是指代前面的livingmechanismsareoftenincomparablymoreefficientthantheirartificialimitations。所以，C)正确。17．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。要求对文章第二段正确理解。“蝙蝠经历了5千万年的进化来增强它们的声纳系统，在进化中发展而成的回声定位机制值得我们研究、分析”。所以，B)正确。A)D)与原文意思相反。C)在原文找不到根据。18．正确答案是D。这是一道推理题。要求对文章第三段内容正确理解。第三段指出Thankstosonar,aninsect-eatingbatcangetalongperfectlywellwithouteyesight，并且在最后强调thebatseasilyfindinsectsinthedarkofnight,evenwhentheinsectsmakenosoundthatcanbeheardbyhumanears．所以D)正确。19．正确答案是D。主旨题。该篇文章的目的是要阐述什么?文章在首段就提出了主旨livingmechanismsareoftenincomparablymoreefficientthantheirartificialimitations．然后通过蝙蝠的回声定位声纳系统来加以例证。所以，文章的目的也就是要阐述D)。A)B)C)与原文意思不符合。

9920．正确答案是B。主旨题。根据上题的分析，B）为正确选项，D）中的意思是首段的细节内容，非文章主要阐述的大意。第二套1．正确答案是D。主旨题。要求用一个短语来总结文章的大意。文章首段提出“科学家用科学的方法来研究问题”；然后指出主旨scienceanditsmethodaremisunderstood，并从正反两方面进行了论证。所以，D)“对科学的误解”符合文章大意。A)只是第一段内容；B)表达意思与原文相反。2．正确答案是C。词义题。对该句中besubjectto的意思理解，参考“语言注释”(3)。A)中subject的意思是“主题，题材”。3．正确答案是B。词义题。对debase的意思理解，参考“语言注释”(5)。c)的意思使“消灭人类”：D)的意思使“与人类竞争”。4．正确答案是B。作者在第三段中的态度。该段中表明作者态度的句子出现在最后两句，认为“是社会，决定了科学成就的社会性或反社会性；而科学自身并没有好坏之分”。所以，B)正确。A)D)和句子意思矛盾。C)在原文中找不到根据。5．正确答案是A。这是一道推理题。ontheothersideofthecoin的意思是“(事情等的)反面，反面意见”，分析上下文．文章在提出主题“scienceanditsmethodaremisunderstood”之后，从正反两方面进行阐述，所以该“事情”指示的就是文章的主题。6．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。文章第二段开始指出ThemeansOfsendingcommunicationsaretoonumerousandvariedforsystematicclassification；therefore，theanalysismustbeginwiththemeansofreceivingcommunications．(发送信息的方式数不胜举，很难对之加以系统分类；因此，应该从接收信息的方式开始进行分析。)所以，D)正确。B)意思与原句相反。A)和该问题没有任何联系。7．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。文章第三段中指出althoughahighlydevelopedsystemofhandstrokinghasenabledblind，deaf，anddumbpersonstocommunicateintelligently,所以，D)正确.8．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。文章第三段首句就提到

100Examplesofvisualcommunicationaregestureandmimicry．对应所给四个选项，A)“手势”是其中一个例子。而B)C)D)均不属于“视觉通讯”，只是传递感情的方式。9．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。定位于文章第三段末句Themostfullydevelopedformofauditorycommunicationis，ofcourse，thespokenlanguage．所以，D)正确。10．正确答案是C。这是一道细节题。定位于文章第三段，“虽然感情可以简单地通过触觉，进行传递，但一种高度发达的击掌系统让盲人和聋、哑人也能巧妙地进行交流。”A)B)与句子原意相反；D)过于绝对化，比如对于盲人和聋哑人就不符合。11．这是一道细节题。定位于Theymeasurethevibrationsoftheearthwithseismographs．whichrecordonroilsOfpaperallmovements，<他们使用地震仪测量该地区的震动，在卷纸上记录板块的大小运动)，所以B)正确。12．正确答案是C。这是一道细节题。文章在第一段末句提到Whenthesmallquakesstop，thenpressurebuildsandastrongquakeismorelikely．(如果小地震停止，内部压力蓄积，有可能发生强烈的大地震。)对于选项B)的后半部分butdoesnotseeanyvibrationoftheearth(测量不到该地区的震动)在文中无法找到依据。13．正确答案是B。这是一道细节题。需要理解文章第二段。该段首先是一句主题句，然后分别列举几种方式：1)检测土地倾斜变化；2)某些物质含量变化：3)一些动物的异常行为。对比各选项，只有B)在原文没有列举出。14．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。定位于第三段。“1975年，他们分别提前1个月和1个小时预测到在中国辽宁省发生的地震”，所以，只有A)正确。B)C)D)均在文中找不到依据。15．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。需要正确理解第三段中however,notallearthquakesarepredictable，andasystemforpredictingisnotyetperfected．(并非所有的地震都可预测，而且地震预测系统尚需完善。)所以，A)正确。B)C)D)均和句子意思相反。16．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。文中指出whichwasingoodshape，butwhichhadseenmanywintersbeforethisone．对于winter的

101解释，参考“语言注释”(3)。17，正确答案是A。这是一道细节题，要求对文章首句正确理解。对该句的结构分析参考“语言注释”(1)。18．正确答案是C。这是一道推理题。定位于句子..hisstockingsofblueyarnmusthavebeentheworkofamotherorsister,从而可知C)“手工制作的”为正确答案。B)D)在原文中找不到支持。19．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。文章在前一部分提到“itseemed，onhisfirstvisittotown．(似乎这是他第一次来城里)，然后在文章最后两句中，用一些短语(如：轻快的步子、不停地环顾)表现出罗宾的高兴心情，所以B)正确。C)中后半部分inseveralyears(几年后)、以及A)D)均从文中找不到支持。20．正确答案是A。这是一道推理题。文章在最后两句中，用一些正面色彩的短语(如：轻快的步子、不停地环顾)表现出罗宾的高兴心情。选项中只有A)“高兴而兴奋”为正面色彩，B)c)D)均表示负面心情。第三套1．正确答案是C。词义题。根据上面的“语言注释”(2)，isboundto是“一定的，必然的”意思。A)是的情况；B)和相等；C)肯定；D)此外。所以C)正确。2．正确答案是C。这是一道细节题。定位于第二段therewillbenew,dangerouswastestobedisposedof,forexample，thewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations．所以，C)正确。3．正确答案是C。这是一道细节题。定位于第二段倒数第二句Othersagainseetheproblemmainlyinconnectionwithagriculture，wherenewmethodsarehelpingfarmersgrowmoreandmoreOntheirlandtofeedourever-increasingpopulations．句中不定式表示目的，与原文“满足我们日益增长的人口”意思相近的是C)meettheneedsofthepeople。A)B)D)均在原文中找不到根据。4．正确答案是A。词义题。根据上面的“语言注释”(6)，underlying的意思是“含蓄的，隐晦的”。A)潜在的，可能的；B)下划线的；

102C)好的：D)跟随的。所以A)正确。5．正确答案是A。作者对广告的态度是怎样的。文章只有在末段后半部分提到了广告，作者认为“广告不仅说服我们大多人去购买我们并不想要或者并不需要的东西，而且说服我们要扔掉我们所买的东西”。也就是说，作者认为广告在一定程度上导致了垃圾。6．正确答案是C。这是一道推理题。首先定位于第三段首句Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideOftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors．换一种说法，“先天”理论的支持者们同意“生物和遗传因素主要影响行为”，所以c)正确。B)为“先天”理论的支持者所反对的内容。D)中behaviorist为“后天”理论的支持者。A)在文中找不到根据。7．正确答案是A。这是一道推理题。要求正确理解第四段内容。“后天”理论的支持者们，即“行为主义者”认为环境比生理本能在决定行为时更为重要，并且一名行为主义者认为人类的行为完全决定与周围环境。所以A)正确。B)中behavioristtheory即为“后天”理论。C)D)表达意思与原文相反。8．正确答案是c。这是一道细节题。根据上题的定位和分析，我们可知行为主义者认为人类的行为完全决定与周围环境。所以c)正确。A)B)D)均为“先天”理论支持者所同意的观点。9．正确答案是D。主旨题，就作者态度提出问题。定位于末段末句Infact，itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes．可见作者并不同意这两种观点，而是认为应该折衷来看待。10．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。首先理解“允天”理论和“后天”理论的支持者们所赞同的观点，以及他们认为行为与环境的关系；然后再根据选项来判断。B)“先天”理论支持者们认为白人成绩好是因为他们的环境优越。而文中提到“先天”理论支持者们认为行为和环境没有联系，所以B)不对。11．正确答案是C。这是一道细节题，定位于第一段Doyouprefergreysandblues?Thenyouareprobablyquiet,shy,andyouwouldratherfollowthanlead．所以，喜欢灰色和蓝色的可能是一名跟随者C)a

103follower。A)B)是指喜欢“黄色、橙色、红色”的人。12．正确答案是B。这是一道细节题，定位于第二段末句及前一句。untilitwasrepaintedgreen．Thenumberofsuicideattemptsimmediatelyfellsharply；perhapsitwouldhavefallenevenmoreifthebridgehadbeendoneinpinkorbabyblue．分号之后的句子为一虚拟语气句，if引导虚拟条件从句。A)c)只是虚拟语气句中的虚拟情况：B)正确。13．正确答案是D。这是一道推理题。首先定位于第四段aFrenchpoetwrotethatforhimtheletterAwasalwaysblack；Ewaswhite，Iread，Oblue，andUgreen，这里诗人是用字母来表示心情，而不是在说字母的颜色。另外，在第二段中，作者提出Ontheotherhand，blackisdepressing．因此，综合而言，可知正确选项为D)“他说字母A对他来说意味着抑郁”。A)的意思为“他总是用黑色笔来写字母A”。c)错误理解了原句子意思。14．正确答案是C。这是一道推理题。本题定位于第四段AndwhydidtheblackAmericancomposersOfsadjazzmusiccallhesongs“blues”?(为什么创作悲伤爵士音乐的美国黑人作曲家把这些歌称为“布鲁斯”?)所以，正确答案为C)。D)的意思为“蓝色是悲伤的”，不符和逻辑。15．正确答案是D。主旨题。先来看文章结构：文章首先根据颜色对性格分类，然后在第二段首句提出主要意思Coloursdoinfluenceourmoods,接着在第三段、第四段举例说明各种颜色对心情的影响。A)theassociationbetweencolourandmood(颜色和心情之间的联系)，不准确，文章所说的是颜色影响心情，而不是两者之间的相关联系。16．正确答案是B。词义题。题干中dependon的意思为“视而定，决定(于)”，和文章首句的isalwaysatthemercyof意思相同。根据该句，只有B)正确。17．正确答案是D。这是一道推理题。文章在第二段指出…atomicclocksthatdependonvariousvibratingatomsormoleculesto…，另外也指出eachkindOfatomormoleculehasitsowncharacteristicrateofvibration．所以综合两者可知，正确答案为D)。B)C)均不全面。A)在原文中找不到根据。

10418．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。原文提到itwillbeofgreatimportanceinfieldssuchasastronomicalobservationandlong-rangenavigation，指出原子钟的两种用途，A)为其中之一。B)C)分别涉及到第四段和第二段的内容，与原子钟的用途没有联系。19，正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。根据题干假设temperaturechanges，可以定位于第三段末句thatvibrates9.2billiontimesasecondwhenheatedtothetemperatureOfboilingwater。在该句中由when引导的过去分词短语相当于一个条件状语从句，即thatvibrates9.2billiontimesasecondifitisheatedtothetemperatureofboilingwater。从而可知，温度与原子的震动频率有关，因此B)正确。20．正确答案是A。主旨题。要求用一个短浯来概括整段文章的主旨。分析文章大意可知讲的是关于原子或分子在科学汁时上的应用，所以A)正确，C)只涉及到文章第四段中的部分内容。B)D)和文章大意不符。第四套1．正确答案是C。这是一道推理题。文章首句提到wind，waveandtidesallsufferfromthefactthattheyarevariablesourcesOfpoweroutput，并且在后面提到theyareproducinglittleofnopower．综合第一段的大意，可知c)为正确答案。A)B)D)在原文中找不到依据。2．正确答案是B。这是一道细节题。该题关键在于理解题干中的alternativesourcesofenergy指的也就是thesenewerenergysources，即wind，waveandtides.定位于第二段thesenewerenergysourceswouldnotnecessarilyreducetheinstalledcapacityofsuchconventionalstationsneededtomeetthetotaldemandonwindlessorcalmdays．分析该句子，neededto为过去分词短语做定语，修饰suchconventionalstations。所以只有B)正确。3．正确答案是A。这是—道细节题。在第二段末句提到Whatthenewersourceswilldoistosavefuelthatwouldotherwisebeburnedinconventionalpowerstations．对该句的分析可参考“语言注释”第四点。B)C)D)在原文中均找不到依据。4．正确答案是B。这是一道细节题。在第三段中作者提到we

105thereforefacethesametypeofstorageproblemasinsolarenergy．这里需要理解thesameas结构，表示“同样的，相同的”。把该意思转换一下就是本题问题“太阳能和其它较新能源面临同样的问题”。A)C)在原文中找不到依据。5．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。在文章末尾提到orunlesswemovetothewidespreaduseofafuellikehydrogen这里要理解unless“除非，如果不”表示一种假设情况，其反面情况就是现状，所以B)为正确答案。6．正确答案是A。这是一道主旨题。文章的总体结构为总分式。首句提出主题thedevelopmentofJamestownclose…relatedtothemakinganduseofbricks。然后从两方面提出解释：1)practicalreasons；2)ideologicalreason.因此，文章的主旨应该是“解释詹姆斯敦制砖业的原因”。7，正确答案是C。这是一道推理题。文章首句提到ThedevelopmentofJamestownduringthesecondhalfoftheseventeenthcenturywascloselyrelatedtothemakinganduseofbricks；文章第二段中也提到In1662，theTownAct…prohibitedtheuseofwoodasaconstructionmaterial。另外，第一段中还有许多关于木材作为建筑材料的内容。，由此可知，在17世纪上半叶，Jamestown的大多建筑是用木材作为建筑材料的。8．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。文章在第一段从Althoughtheforestscouldinitiallysupplysufficienttimber开始直到该段结束，是从“实际原因”方面说明为什么詹姆斯敦用砖，而不是木材作为主要建筑材料。在四个选项中，只有D)不是原文所提到的原因。9．正确答案是D。詹姆斯敦的地理环境是怎样的。对于这道推理题，需要把握全篇文章的思路以及一些细节地方。在第—·段中分析为什么用砖作为建筑材料时，作者提到Althoughtheforestscouldinitiallysupplysufficienttimber….，laterwhenthetimberOnthepeninsulahadbeendepleted…..并且However,asclaywasplentiful…..因此，D)为正确答案.A)中rocky‘多岩石的’与原文中Buildingstonewasalsoinshortsupply矛盾：B)C)中with之后的名词结构在原文中均找不到支持。

10610．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。原文提到In1662，theTownActofVirginiaAssemblyprovidedfortheconstructionorthirty-two；brickbuildingsandprohibitedtheuseofwood所以，对于1660's的砖结构建筑，应该是遵守法律的。B)为正确答案。C)中notconcernedaboutdurability与原文意思相反。11．正确答案是A。本题问的是全文大意，属于全局题。全文结构属于总分式，首段提出主题(即三种基本方式)，2，3，4段分别从该三种基本方式方面进行比较说明。所以，A)为正确选项。B)C)在原文中找不到根据，而D)只是第一种基本方式中的内容。12．正确答案是B。词义题。四个选项的意思分别为A)highquality高品质的；B)utter完全的，彻底的：C)concrete有形的，实在的：D)authentic真正的，逼真的。根据上下文：realgoodsSuchasautomobiles，shoes，andpizzasaretraded作者对realgoods给出了例子，我们从而可知real的意思就相当于C)concrete.13．正确答案是D。这是一道推理题。在第二段中，作者提到maynotalwaysbeaneasytask．Hence，theintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably．从而可推知D)正确。A)B)C)均无法从原文中找到根据。14．正确答案是D。这是一道推理题。题干中给出了内容的具体范围，即inanadministrativesystem，因此可以从第三段中找出对应内容。文章提到Thecentralplan，drawnupbythegovernment,showtheamountsbyvariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption．正确理解这句话就可以得出正确答案。drawnup为过去分词短语，作非限制定语修饰thecentralplan，而其后的by短语引出动作执行者thegovernment，后面句子中的thefirms和thedifferenthouseholds为thegovernment的管理对象。15。正确答案是B。这是一道细节题。文章第四段首句，作者指出everyperson'splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyparentage,religion，andcustom，因此对比选项可知只有B)age在传统社会中不是决定一个人地位的标准。16．正确答案是D。计算机的作用有哪些。作者在第一段开头第一句Acomputerisamachinedesignedtoperformworkmathematically

107andtostoreandselectinformation．和第三句Thesemachinescandoagreatdealofcomplicatedwork中分别提到了这些作用。因此，总结这些作用，可知选项D)为正确答案。17．正确答案是A。这是一道推理题。文章在第一段提到doagreatdealofcomplicatedworkinaveryshorttime可知A)为正确答案。D)与第一段中Itspercentageoferrorisaboutoneinabilliondigits相矛盾；而B)C)两项在原文中找不到依据。18．正确答案是D。这是一道细节题。在文章第二段首句提到Theheartofanelectroniccomputerliesinitsvacuumtubes，因此D)正确。19．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题。在文章第三段首句提到Computerscanbedesignedformanyspecializedpurposes可知A)正确。选项B)C)D)均在原文中找不到根据。20．正确答案是B。这是一道推理题。文章在第二段末句指出inordertoworkproperly,acomputermustbegiveninstructions-itmustbeprogrammed．而人类并无这—特殊要求。因此，B)为正确选项分别根据第一段末两句内容和第三段第三句可知，A)c)表达的意思与原文相反。D)在原文中找不到依据。第五套1．正确答案是B。本题要求从全文中抽象出主题，这类题目可以先总结出每段的中心句或重点句，然后再把这些句子归纳在一起。第一段是关于讲大学应该做些什么，从关系上讲，第2段是第1段的延续和补充，而第3段的中心句是“，Thetaskofuniversityisto”，所以综合而言，选项B)最能概括全文的内容。2．正确答案是C。在文中第1句“isthatitpreservestheconnectionbetweenknowledgeandthezestoflife”，所以比较而言，选项c)的内容与原文的表述最为接近。3．正确答案是c。题目要求根据上下文推出单词的意思，这类题目通常都是将给出的选项代人到原文中，看能否维持句意的连贯性。选项A)“应用”，选项B)“照亮，点亮”，选项c)“提出，引出”，选项

108D)"保护"。代入原文，只有选项c)最能保持上下文的一致。4．正确答案是D。本题要求找出不符合原文表述的一项，选项A)的内容与原文第2段最后一句“itpreservesthezestoflife相接近：选项B)的内容参见文章第2段第1句“itisawayofilluminatingthefact---;选项C)参见第2段最后一句“Itenablesmentoconstructanintellectualvisionofanewworld”。所以，只有选项D)的意思在原文中没有出现。5．正确答案是D。本题要求根据作者的表达作出一定的推断，虽然四个选项都不是原文直接给出的答案，但最后一段中，作者说“世界的悲剧在于想象力和经验的分离”，在后文中又分别指出fools和pedants是这种分离的具体体现，所以D)选项正确。6．正确答案是c。本题可以采用排除法。选项A)两种不同的社会，明显不是本文重点讲述的内容。选项B)社会变革的必要性，也不是本文的中心。选项c)决定社会变革难易程度的某些因素，选项D)促进社会变革的某些因素。C)和D)选项相比较，C)更为全面和确切，所以c)选项正确。7．正确答案是D。文中第l段第2句“Thesimplereasonforthisisthattherearemoredifferentwaysoflookingatthingspresentinthefirstkindofsociety”，其中得“differentwaysoflookingatthings”也就是选项D)中的“Differentpointsofview”，所以选项D)正确。8．正确答案是C。联系“greatertolerance”所在句子的上下文，可知在多民族的社会里，各民族之间彼此相容。比较4个选项，A)接收社会变革的强烈愿意，B)对迅速适应变化的环境，c)对不同的信仰和举止的尊重，D)同意不同的观念，可知选项C)最恰当。9．正确答案是B。本题采用排除法。文章第2段“socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadilyinthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material，inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly；inthelessbasicandlessemotionalaspectsofsociety”选项A)C)D)的内容都有所述。另外，文章第1段中间提到“Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchange’，所以可见B)选项的内容与原文相反。B)为正确答案。

10910．正确答案是A。本题采用排除法。文中第1段中指出“Inasocialwherepeoplearequitesimilarinmanyways，thereunityforchangebecauseeverythingseemstobethesame．”所以，选项C)D)被排除。第1段最后一句“Andalthoughconditionsmaynotbesatisfactory,theyareatleastcustomaryandundisputed．”，可见B)选项的表述也不正确，所以A)选项正确。11．正确答案是D。题目要求判断文章的阅读对象。纵览全文，文章的语言是通俗易懂的，‘没有特别的专业术语，因此A)选项“心理学家”不合适。另外，原文中不断地使用we，us等词来寻求读者的认同，而这些we或者us在文章中是针对所有人的情况，所以选项D)(一般大众)较为合适。12．正确答案是B。本题要求把握文章的主题，参见上题的总述可知，选项c)“人们为什么笑”最为合适，其它各项与原文的主要内容有明显的差距。13：正确答案是D。这是一道细节题，见原文第1段最后一句“thechildlaughsbecausehehasmasteredananxiety．”可知婴儿笑是因为克服了紧张，所以选项D)正确。14．正确答案是A。作者认为人们笑是因为克服了焦虑(或恐惧、紧张)。选项A)意为“学生在考试之后笑”，B)意为“学生对老师犯的错误发笑”，C)意为“足球运动员在比赛开始之前的笑”，D)意为“客人因主人讲的笑话而发笑’：所以只有选项A)符合作者的观点。15．正确答案是C。题目要求正确理解作者的观点，在文章最后一句“Therestofusrequirescompanyandareasontolaugh．”，可知，这只是针对一部分人而言，因此A)选项错误。在该句之前，精神病人自己发笑的事实证明了选项B)错误。从全文来看，作者一直强调笑是因为克服了焦虑(恐惧、紧张等)，这是一种心理因素，而不是选项D)中所说的physicalsensations，采用排除法，只有选项C)符合作者观点。16．正确答案是B。从第1段的一系列问句中町看出，作者要讨论的问题是一些人不敢为自己的权利站起来说话。选项A)只是其中的一个表现形式，选项c)和D)在文中并没有提到，所以B)选项正确。

11017．正确答案是A。文章第2段第2句“it'sbecausetheirserf-respectislow”，所以，选项A)正确。选项B)与问题无关，选项c)只是其中一个现象的原因之—，并非本质，选项D)是下文所述，与problem无关。18．正确答案是A。文章第2段第3句“Ourwholeset　upisdesignedtomakepeopledistrustthemselves”，所以选项A)为正确答案。19．正确答案是D。本题可采用排除法来做。选项A)见第4段第3句，选项B)见第3段第3句，选项C)见第4段第2句，只有选项D)在文章中没有提及，所以D)为正确答案。20．正确答案是A。从全文可以看出，B)C)D)选项均为文章某一部分的内容，不能用来作为文章的题目，本文中心为“AssertivenessTraining”，用其来做题目最合适，所以选项A)正确。第六套1．正确答案是A。通读全文可以看出本文主要讨论了语言对数学能力的冲击作用，所以正确答案为选项A)。2，正确答案是A。本题为细节题，文中第2句指出“itreachesoutandbeginsgraspingvariouskindsofobjects”所以A)选项最符合文章的内容。而B)选项是对数字的认识，C)选项是对语言的学习，D)选项与原文不符。3．正确答案是C。本题为细节题，文章第3句指出“fromperhapsninetofifteenmonthsthatconceptsOfsetsandnumbersareformed．”，所以，正确答案为选项C)。4．正确答案是D。在文章中间部分，作者提出“Fromthispointonitisusuallydownhillallthewayformathematics．”可见，孩子害怕听见某些声古会促使他们对语言的认知，但却会相应地是数学能力下降．所以选项D)正确。5．正确答案是A。采用排除法。首先选项B)有逻辑错误，原文

111中并无此意，选项c)与原文意思正好相反，选项D)本身正确，但这个结论不是文中的主要结论，所以选项A)才是符合文章内容的。6．正确答案是D，选项A)在文中第1段第2句有述，选项B)在文中第2段第1句有述，选项C)在文中第3段第1句有述，因此应该选D)选项“alloftheabove”。7．正确答案是D。这篇文章主要是讲影响潮汐运动的因素，选项A)仅仅指出了太阳和月亮的引力，概括不全面。选项B)仅指明了“变化的潮水”，与本文的中心内容有所脱节，而选项c)只是陈列了几个因素，没有指明它们与潮汐的关系，给人不着边际的感觉，只有选项D)概括的最为准确，全面。8．正确答案是A。这是一道细节题，文中第2段第1句指出“itseffectbeingalittlelessthanhalfasmuchasthemoon”，即指太阳的影响力比月亮对潮汐影响力的一半还要小，因而只有选项A)的说法符合文章的内容。9．正确答案是c。本题要求根据文章的内容做出简单的推断。由原文第1段最后一句的意思可知：涨潮和落潮只相隔大约6个钟头，因而两个hightide之间的时间间隔大约12小时，所以若第一次涨潮发生在1：00a．m。第二次大约发生在1：00p．m．左右，只有选项C)与这个时间最为接近，为正确答案。10．正确答案是c。本题可以根据文章的内容逐项排除，由第1段第2句“ismainlycausedbytheattractiveforceofthemoonalone”，可知海水的涨落主要是月亮的吸引力引起的，选项c)符合文章的原意。11.正确答案是B。本题为细节题，文中第1段第2句“Oilandnaturalresourceswillstillbeimportant，buttheynolongerwilldetermineanation'seconomicstrength．”可见石油和自然资源曾经被作为衡量一个国家经济能力的标准，正确答案为选项B)。12．正确答案是C。本题为细节题，文中第2段第2句“Today'scompetitionrendersoutofdatealotofwhatweknowandforcesustoinnovate．”可见，选项C)最符合原文。13．正确答案是D。本题可采用排除法。选项A)见第l段第2、

1123句，选项B)见第l段第]句，选项C)见第3段第1句，只有选项D)与原文第4段首句不符合，所以D)叙述不正确。14．正确答案是A。因为文中第3段第3句指出“Thecomputerasittakes"，可见这种机器的功能非常强大。选项A)符合文章的意思，文中并没有提到选项B)C)D)三项中所叙述的作用。15．正确答案是B。选项A)参见文章第1段最后一句“Thiswillnowbeamatterofthewaypeopleorganizethemselves”，选项C)参见文章最后一句，选项D)参见第3段第l句，只有选项B)是通过原文最后一段推断出来的，选项A)C)D)均是文章的原话。16．正确答案是B。本题是细节题，答案很明显。．根据第l段最后一句“thesumofthedotsonasideandtheoppositeequals7”，可知当一面是3点时，另一面当然是7-3二4点。选项B)正确。17．正确答案是A。本题考察对文章部分细节的判断。在原文中，各项都有其特定的意义，如选项c)参见第2段第4句；选项D)参见第2段倒数第3句，选项B)显然错误，只有选项A)正确。18．正确答案是C。该题考察对文章内容的理解，参考第2段，当player第1次掷出5点时，只有当他再次掷出5点时游戏才结束。因此，如果它第2次掷出3点，player必须继续掷骰子，19．正确答案是A。根据第2段的内容，player第1次掷出6点，因此他必须“tomakehispoint"，按照掷骰子的顺序，在第5次时他再次掷出了6点，他赢了一次，在第3次他掷出了11点，即makeanatural，他又赢了一次，共赢了2次，所以应选A)选项。20．正确答案是C。根据文章第2段第4句butifheshoots2，3or12(craps)onthefirstthrow,heloses，所以，选项C)正确。第七套1．正确答案是B。选项A)是人名，选项C)是地名，选项D)是小男孩的名字，只有选项B)才是夫妇的姓。2．正确答案是B。本题为细节题，文中第1段第2句指出“Hehadbeenrejectedformisbehaviorby10fosterhomesthepreviousyear．”

113可知，“problemchild”是指他经常惹麻烦。3．正确答案是D。参见文章第2段第2句“Donnylearnedtoswimandrideabike”，在第2段最后一句中也指出“Ihadareallygoodchance”，所以可见安那第尔夫妇二人对东尼很好，见第2段倒数第3句“Donwasboardedatacenterfortroubledadolescent”，可见，夫妇二人无法再继续管教东尼了：第2段最后一句“Ihadareallygoodchance，butIblewit”，可见，东尼确实有后悔之意，所以答案为选项D)。4．正确答案是B。见文章第1段第2句“Hehadbeenrejectedformisbehaviorby10fosterhome”，misbehavior明显指东尼调皮，很难管教。5．正确答案是A。本题可采用排除法。选项B)不符合原文，C)D)在文中没有提到过。在最后部分通过东尼和Delores所说的话，我们可得出结论，东尼对安那第尔夫妇含有感激之情。6．正确答案是C。本题考查文章的细节。见文中第2段第1句，故应该选C)选项。7．正确答案是A。见原文第2段倒数第3句“achangeindirectioninvolvedacceleration,justasdidachangeinspeed”，由此判断，只有选项A)的表述符合原文。8，正确答案是D。本题为细节题，文中第2段第2句“Galileohadsucceededincorrectlydescribingthebehavioroffallingobjects”，因此正确答案为D)选项。9．正确答案是D。奉题考查文章的细节，在原文的最后一句，作者指出“ItWasprimarilyfromGalileoandKeplerthatNewtonborrowed”，因此选项D)正确。10．正确答案是A。根据文章的内容，在第1段中作者说“Basedinlargerpartontheworkofhispredecessors(前人)，Newton”．在文章的最后一句，作者又指出牛顿主要是从Galileo和Kepler的理论中得到借鉴，据此可以推断，这些人应该是在牛顿之前，即“priorto”意为“before”，选项A)正确。11．正确答案是B。本题作者将home比喻成workshop，那是由

114于workshop是生产产品的，而原来的home，由于父母们必须“….makefoodandnecessitythemselves”，因此如同workshop。所以选项B)正确。12．正确答案是A。如同上题分析，由于在过去“homewasmorelikeaworkshop”，因而随着各种生活必需品已经不用在自己家里制作，那么“homehasbecomemuchlessofaworkshop”。选项A)正确。13．正确答案是A。文中第2段开头“Itisunusual…andhischildrenrarelyifever,seehimathisplaceofwork．”说明了选项A)中的原因是导致此结果的主要原因，本题中选项c)是容易选错的项，但“widechoiceofemploymentforchildren”是结果而不是原因，所以答案为A)。14．正确答案是A。文中最后“withmotherearningandhisolderchildrendrawingsubstantialwages，fatherisseldom”，说明了导致父亲不再是家里唯一“主人”的根本原因是“经济独立”，因此选项A)正确。15．正确答案是D。本题可采用排除法。此题中B)选项易于排除，选项A)C)之所以不能选的原因是由于文中已经是明确提出而非暗示的。只有选项D)“Mother'spositioninafamilyhasbeenraised”是暗示的现象，所以正确答案为D)。16．正确答案是B。文中第2段开头讲到“Memorycallbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse”，说明选项B)“anabilitytostoreexperiencesforfutureuse”是正确的。17．正确答案是C。文中最后“However,thisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored．”说明了选项c)是正确的，“大型计算机甚至比一个普通少年的记忆量都要少许多”。18．正确答案是c。文中列举了“老鼠”使用记忆解决问题的一个实例，可以暗示出动物是有解决简单问题能力的。因此选项A)B)D)在本题中都是不恰当的。19．正确答案是D。选项A)“inconnectionwith”意为“与…………..

115联系”：选项B)“expressedby”意为“被表示为……”：选项C)“consisting”意为“包括”：可以看出选项A)B)C)都不太恰当。因为文中的“intermsof”是“用什么方式”的意思，因此，只有选项D)“bymeansof”正确。20．正确答案是B。本题可采用排除法。选项C)D)容易排除，但选项A)比较迷惑，因为文中开头有“Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory”，但全文并没有就此而展开说明，而是集中于“memory'simportance”，因此选项B)正确。第八套1．正确答案是C。在文中第3句中“Evenhisconversationisingreatmeasureadesperateattempttopreventadreadfulsilence”。因此选项c)正是人们无奈心绪的恰当体现。2．正确答案是C。此题可采用排除法。选项A)是错误的，“交谈”固然无意义，但对多数人来说并不讨厌；选项D)违背原文的意思，作者还是承认“交谈”的重要性的，选项B)不够准确，因为并不是“交流”无主题，而是通常的主题投有意义，因此选项c)正确。3．正确答案是A。这是具体体现整篇文章含义的一个例子。在宴会中“嗡嗡”要好于“沉默”，这是一般情况卜的行为准则。此例从侧面证明了全文的中心。4．正确答案是B。文章第2段中间提出“Thosewhodespisetheweatherasaconversationalopeningseemtometobeignorant…wishtotalk"，这说明了作者是赞成以天气等作为谈话开端的。5．正确答案是B。全文的中心不是想责怪人类的交淡是多么无聊，而是想说明沉默许多时候对人类是无法容忍的。选项B)侧重于这一方面的说明。6。正确答案足C。参见文章第1段首句“ForanyEnglishman，greatestdramatist．”，选项C)表达了这句话的含义：即英国人都知道莎翁是最伟大的诗人与剧作家，而选项A)B)D)都是字面意思，并非本意。

1167．正确答案是A。此题主要考察对文中第1段第3句中“hassomeknowledge”的理解。选项A)是此短语的正确解释，选项B)D)是歧义，选项C)为偏题。8．正确答案是C。判断正误题，通常采用排除法。选项A)D)过于绝对化，而选项B)与文中第2段括号内的内容“itisnot，ofcourse，recommendedtobeginners”相矛盾。9．正确答案是A。选项B)C)是普通常识错误，选项D)则是此题的陷阱，稍做分析即可辨析，选项A)的内容在第1段第4句中有述。此题正确答案很明显，为选项A)。10．正确答案是B。见文中第2段第3句“ThereisprobablynobetterwaywhichShakespeareusedit”，很明显选项B)符合文章的意思。11．正确答案是B。见文中第2段中间“…owingtothegreenhouseeffectin…”，可见选项B)为正确答案。12．正确答案是A。此题有一定难度。仔细分析一下选项B)C)D)，会发现它们的共同特点是：均包含了两种事物。选项A)是指一种事物--白蚁，所以被排除。13．正确答案是B。本题采用排除法。选项A)与原文第2段中间叙述的内容相反，而选项B)恰好符合原文内容，选项c)D)在原文中并没有提到，所以正确答案为B)。14．正确答案是D：采用排除法。选项A)在文中第2段第2句有述，选项B)c)在文中第3段第1句有述，选项D)与原文最后一句“Productionbytermites，Ontheotherhand…”相矛盾，所以答案为D)。15．正确答案是D。尽管选项A)B)c)在文中都有涉及，但选项D)是作者希望主要介绍的新观点，全文也是围绕这一观点展开的，因此选项D)正确。16．正确答案是B。选项A)的意思为“喷泉喷发的必要条件是热的岩石必须上升至地表”，显然错了：选项c)D)两项提出的条件分别是“天气温度”和“地面必须没有裂缝”，前者在文中没有提及，后者与事实不符合，所以选项B)正确。

11717．正确答案是C。这是一道细节题。参见文章第2段第2句“isOldFmthfulinYellowstonePark”，而在该段首句中又提到了“theYellowstonePinkAeaoftheUnitedStates”，通过简单地推理就可以得出OldFaithful是在美国的结论，因此应选C)。18．正确答案是B。参见文章第2段最后一句“…eruptsalmosteveryhour"，因此答案很显然是B)。19．正确答案是A。参见文章第]段倒数第2句“it…intheformofsteamandhotwater”，因此应选A)，其它各项在文中都不是geyser的定义，故不能选。20．正确答案是C。参见文章第1段中间部分“temperaturerises…andpressureincreasewithdepth”。所以可以判断出温度和压力随着深度的增加都将上升，因此选项c)为正确答案。

118四级句子结构50句(请所有的四级软件用户熟记以下的50个句子。熟记这些句子能极大的帮助提高阅读、写作和翻译能力)1.TypicalofthegrasslanddwellersofthecontinentistheAmericanantelope,orpronghorn.2.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplewilllivelongenoughtoseeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury.3.Anthropologistshavediscoveredthatfear,happiness,sadness,andsurpriseareuniversallyreflectedinfacialexpressions.4.Becauseofitsirritatingeffectonhumans,theuseofphenolasageneralantiseptichasbeenlargelydiscontinued.5.Inordertoremaininexistence,aprofit-makingorganizationmust,inthelongrun,producesomethingconsumersconsiderusefulordesirable.6.Thegreaterthepopulationthereisinalocality,thegreatertheneedthereisforwater,transportation,anddisposalofrefuse.7.Itismoredifficulttowritesimply,directly,andeffectivelythantoemployflowerybutvagueexpressionsthatonlyobscureone'smeaning.8.Withmodemofficesbecomingmoremechanized,designersareattemptingtopersonalizethemwithwarmer,lesssevereinteriors.9.Thedifferencebetweenlibelandslanderisthatlibelisprintedwhileslanderisspoken.10.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.

11911.Acidsarechemicalcompoundsthat,inwatersolution,haveasharptaste,acorrosiveactiononmetals,andtheabilitytoturncertainbluevegetabledyesred.12.BillieHoliday'sreputationasagreatjazzbluessingerrestsonherabilitytogiveemotionaldepthtohersong.13.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationofwhatisconceivedtobereality.14.Longbeforechildrenareabletospeakorunderstandalanguage,theycommunicatethroughfacialexpressionsandbymakingnoises.15.Thankstomodernirrigation,cropsnowgrowabundantlyinareaswhereoncenothingbutcactiandsagebrushcouldlive.16.Thedevelopmentofmechanicaltimepiecesspurredthesearchformoreaccuratesundialswithwhichtoregulatethem.17.Anthropologyisascienceinthatanthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.18.Fungiareimportantintheprocessofdecay,whichreturnsingredientstothesoil,enhancessoilfertility,anddecomposesanimaldebris.19.Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.20.AlthoughpecansaremostplentifulinthesoutheasternpartoftheUnitedStates,theyarefoundasfarnorthasOhioandIllinois.21.Eliminatingproblemsbytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalledscapegoating.22.Thechieffoodseateninanycountrydependlargelyonwhatgrowsbestinitsclimateandsoil.23.Overaverylargenumberoftrials,theprobabilityofanevent's

120occurringisequaltotheprobabilitythatitwillnotoccur.24.Mostsubstancescontractwhentheyfreezesothatthedensityofasubstance'ssolidishigherthanthedensityofitsliquid.25.Themechanismbywhichbraincellsstorememoriesisnotclearlyunderstood.26.Bythemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,paintersandsculptorsintheUnitedStateshadbeguntoexertagreatworldwideinfluenceoverart.27.IntheeasternpartofNewJerseyliesthecityofElizabeth,amajorshippingandmanufacturingcenter.28.ElizabethBlackwell,thefirstwomanmedicaldoctorintheUnitedStates,foundedtheNewYorkInfirmary,aninstitutionthathasalwayshadacompletelyfemalemedicalstaff:29.AlexanderGrahamBelloncetoldhisfamilythathewouldratherberememberedasateacherofthedeafthanastheinventorofthetelephone.30.Becauseitsleavesremaingreenlongafterbeingpicked,rosemarybecameassociatedwiththeideaofremembrance.31.Althoughapparentlyrigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.32.Thatxenoncouldnotformchemicalcompoundswasoncebelievedbyscientists.33.Researchintothedynamicsofstormsisdirectedtowardimprovingtheabilitytopredicttheseeventsandthusminimizedamageandavoidlossoflife.34.Theeliminationofinflationwouldensurethattheamountofmoneyusedinrepayingaloanwouldhavethesamevalueastheamountof

121moneyborrowed.35.Futurism,anearlytwentieth--centurymovementinart,rejectedalltraditionsandattemptedtoglorifycontemporarylifebyemphasizingthemachineandmotion.36.OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewildlifeisabundantandlargelyprotected.37.LucretiaMott'sinfluencewassosignificantthatshehasbeencreditedbysomeauthoritiesastheoriginatoroffeminismintheUnitedStates.38.Theactivitiesoftheinternationalmarketingresearcherarefrequentlymuchbroaderthanthoseofthedomesticmarketer.39.ThecontinentaldividereferstoanimaginarylineintheNorthAmericanRockiesthatdividesthewatersflowingintotheAtlanticOceanfromthoseflowingintothePacific.40.Studiesofthegravity'fieldoftheEarthindicatethatitscrustandmantleyieldwhenunusualweightisplacedonthem.41.AridregionsinthesouthwesternUnitedStateshavebecomeincreasinglyinvitingplaygroundsforthegrowingnumberofrecreationseekerswhoownvehiclessuchasmotorcyclesorpoweredtrailbikesandindulgeinhill-climbingcontestsorincarvingnewtrailsinthedesert.42.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.43.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustofiveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.44.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesand

122dangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodemclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.45.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.46.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting:Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.47.IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.48.Itisimpossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:assoonasthequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.49.Ithasbeenfoundthatcertainbatsemitsqueaksandbyreceivingtheechoes,theycanlocateandsteerclearofobstacles--orlocateflyinginsectsonwhichtheyfeed.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,theprincipleofwhichissimilar.50.Asthetimeandcostofmakingachipdroptoafewdaysandafewhundreddollars,engineersmaysoonbefreetolettheirimaginationssoarwithoutbeingpenalizedbyexpensivefailure.

123译文：1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。2.1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢?3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧、快乐、悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用防腐剂了。5.任何赢利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水、交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。7.简明、直接和有力的写作难于花哨、含混而意义模糊的表达。8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖和不太严峻的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。9.诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的而后者是口头的。10.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。11.酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。12.BillieHolidays作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的功力。13.理论在本质上是对认知了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。14.儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。15.受当代灌溉(技术，设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属植物才能生存的地方旺盛地生长。

12416.机械记时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日规，以便校准机械记时器。17.人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是可供他人核查的。18.真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并且分解动物粪便。19.音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。20.虽然美洲山核桃树最集中于美国的东南部，但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。21.用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。22.一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。23.在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。24.大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以它们的浓度在固态时高于液态。25.大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。26.到了二十世纪中叶，美国的画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术发生重大影响。27.依丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。28.ElizabethBlackwell，美国的第一个女医生，创建了员工一直全为女性的纽约诊所。29.AlexanderGrahamBell曾告诉他的家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。30.采摘下的迷迭香树叶长绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在

125一起。31.骨头看起来是脆硬的.但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。32.科学家曾经相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。33.对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测，以尽量减少损失、避免人员伤亡。34.消除通货膨涨就能确保还贷的钱与所贷款的价值相同。35.未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮，拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化现代生活。36.Everglades是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一。此处有大量野生动植物而且大多受(法律)保护。37.LucretiaMott的影响巨人，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。38.国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。39.大陆分水岭是指北美罗基山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域分隔开来。40.对地球引力场的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下，地壳和地幔会发生位移。41.美国西南部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多的拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的、喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。42.石头不会腐烂，所以很久以前的(石器)工具能够保存下来，虽然它们的制造者已经消失得无影无踪了。43.昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住：如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护，昆虫就会吞噬掉我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们

126饲养的禽兽。44.确实，他们在探险途中，遇到了极具威胁性的困难和危险，而他们的装备会让一个现代登山者想一想都会浑身战栗。不过，他们并不是去刻意追求刺激的。45.老人和年轻人之间只有一个区别：年轻人的前面有辉煌的未来，老年人灿烂的未来却已在他们身后。这也许就是困难之所在。46.我认为年轻人令人振奋。他们带有自由的气息，他们不会为狭隘野心和贪爱享受而孜孜以求。他们不是焦虑的向上爬的人，他们不会对物质性的东西难舍难分。47.每次我听人说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界各地的普遍人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话时，我都倍感诧异。48.没有可能仅仅为了娱乐或锻炼而运动：一旦有了名声问题，一旦你觉得如果你输了你和你所属的团体会有失体面时，你最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。49.人们已经发现，某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接收回响来锁定和避免障碍物一或者找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠的这种回响定位法常被拿来和原理与之很相似的雷达相比。50.随着芯片制造的时间和费用降低到几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任由他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂贵的失败所惩罚。

127完型填空范例一Today,airtravelisfarsaferthandrivingacaronabusymotorway.__1.Thereisadangerthat2everyyear.Fromthemomentanairplane3tothemomentitlands,every_4iswatchedonradarscreens.Airtrafficcontrollers5thepilotexactlywhentoturn,whento6andwhentocomedown.Theairtrafficcontrollersaroundabusyairportmay71,000planesaday.Anyplanethat8neartheairportcomesundertheordersofthecontrollersthere.Evenasmallmistake9theirpartcouldcauseadisaster.Recentlysuchadisasteralmosthappened.Twolargejetswereflying10theairport.Onewascarrying69passengersandhadcomefromToronto.The11wascarrying176passengersfromChicago.Anairtrafficcontroller12onhisradarscreenthatthetwoplaneswere__13closetoeachother.He14onetoturntotherightandtoclimb.Buthemadeamistake.Heorderedthe15planetodothis.So,insteadofturningaway16thesecondplane,thefirstplaneturnedtowardsit.Fifteensecondslateritflewdirectlyinfrontofthe____17plane.Theyavoidedeachotherbythesmallestpartofa18.Thedistancebetweenthemwaslessthan19ofalargeswimmingpool.Thisisanexampleofthe20thatgrowseveryyear.

1281.A.SoB.AndC.ButD.therefore2.A.growsBrisesC.happensD.appears3.A.leavesB.takesoffC.arrivesD.setsoff4.A.timeB.actionC.movementD)moment5.A.tellB.confirmC.makeD.notice6.A.fallB.climbC.landD.arise7.A.handleB.dealC.encounterD.settle8.A.fliesB.comesC.staysD.stops9.A.inB.onC.forD.with10.A.atB.overC.onD.towards11.A.anotherB.othersC.oneD.other12.A.mentionedB.noticedC.informedD.showed13.A.tooB.veryC.SoD.rather14.A.madeB.orderedC.requestedD.forced15.A.WrongB.rightC.firstD.second16.A.toB.fromC.offD.at17.A.firstB.oneC.secondD.other18.A.minuteB.secondC.hourD.day19.A.thoseB.thatC.onesD.one20.A.dangerB.aircrushC.mistakeD.safety

129范例二Alandfreefromdestruction,pluswealth,naturalresources,andlaborsupply-allthesewereimportant1inhelpingEnglandtobecomethecenterfortheIndustrialRevolution.2theywerenotenough.Something3wasneededtostarttheindustrialprocess.That"somethingspecial"wasmen--4individualswhocouldinventmachines,findnew5ofpower,andestablishbusinessorganizationstoreshapesociety.Themenwho6themachinesoftheIndustrialrevolution7frommanybackgroundsandmanyoccupations.Manyofthemwere8inventorsthanscientists,amanwhoisa9scientistisprimarilyinterestedindoinghisresearch10.Heisnotnecessarilyworking__11thathisfindingscanbeused.Aninventororoneinterestedinappliedscienceis12tryingtomakesomethingthathasaconcrete13.Hemaytrytosolveaproblembyusingthetheories14scienceorbyexperimentingthoroughtrialanderror.Regardlessofhismethod,heisworkingtoobtaina15result:theconstructionofaharvestingmachine,theburningofalightbulb,oroneof16otherobjectives.Mostofthepeoplewho17themachinesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwereinventors,nottrainedscientists.Afewwerebothscientistsandinventors.Eventhosewhohad18ornotraininginsciencemightnothavemadetheirinventions19agroundworkhadnotbeenlaidbyscientistsyears20.

1301.A)casesB)reasonsC)factorsD)situations2.A)ButB)AndC)BesidesD)Even3.A)elseB)nearC)extraD)similar4.A)generatingB)effectiveC)motivationD)creative5.A)originsB)sourcesC)basesD)discoveries6.A)employedB)createdC)operatedD)controlled7.A)cameB)arrivedC)stemmedD)appeared8.A)lessB)betterC)moreD)worse9.A)genuineB)practicalC)pureD)clever10.A)happilyB)occasionallyC)reluctantlyD)accurately11.A)nowB)andC)allD)so12.A)seldomB)sometimesC)usuallyD)never13.A)planB)useC)ideaD)means14.A)ofB)withC)toD)as15.A)singleB)soleC)specializedD)specific16.A)fewB)thoseC)manyD)all17.A)proposedB)developedC)suppliedD)offered18.A)littleB)muchC)someD)any19.A)asB)ifC)becauseD)while20.A)agoB)pastC)aheadD)before

131范例三Thetaskofbeingacceptedandenrolled(招收)inauniversitybeginsearlyforsomestudents.Long1theygraduatefromhighschool.Thesestudentstakespecial2toprepareforadvancedstudy.Theymayalsotakeoneormoreexaminationsthattesthow3preparedtheyarefortheuniversity.Inthefinalyearofhighschool,they4applicationsandsendthem,withtheirstudentsrecords,totheuniversitieswhichtheyhopeto5.Somehighschoolstudentsmaybe6tohaveaninterviewwithrepresentativesoftheuniversity.Neatly,7,andusuallyveryfrightened,theyare8toshowthattheyhaveagoodattitudeandthe9tosucceed.Whenthenewstudentsarefinally10,theremaybeonemoresteptheyhaveto11beforeregisteringforclassesand12towork.Manycollegesanduniversities13anorientation(情况介绍)programfornewstudents.14theseprograms,theyoungpeoplegettoknowthe15forregistrationandstudentadvising,universityrules,the16ofthelibraryandalltheother17servicesofthecollegeoruniversity.Beginninganewlifeinanewplacecanbevery18.Themoreknowledgestudentshave19theschool,theeasieritwillbeforthemto20tothenewenvironment.However,ittakestimetogetusedtocollegelife.

1321.A)asB)afterC)sinceD)before2.A)coursesB)disciplinesC)majorsD)subjects3.A)deeplyB)widelyC)wellD)much4.A)fulfillB)finishC)completeD)accomplish5.A)attendB)participateC)studyD)belong6.A)acquiredB)consideredC)orderedD)required7.A)decoratedB)dressedC)coatedD)worn8.A)decidedB)intendedC)settledD)determined9.A)powerB)abilityC)possibilityD)quality10.A)adoptedB)acceptedC)receivedD)permitted11.A)makeB)undergoC)takeD)pass12.A)gettingB)puttingC)fallingD)sitting13.A)offerB)affordC)grantD)supply14.A)ForB)AmongC)InD)On15.A)processesB)proceduresC)projectsD)provisions16.A)applicationB)usageC)useD)utility17.A)majorB)prominentC)keyD)great18.A)amusingB)misleadingC)alarmingD)confusing19.A)beforeB)aboutC)onD)at20.A)fitB)suitC)yieldD)adapt

133范例四Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yet,the1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications.Wejudgeraceusually2thecolouringoftheskin:awhiterace,abrownrace,ayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructure,thebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference.Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryrace,andnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswill9insize,butthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrainllexaminedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhand,someofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains.Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantages,therewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandings,eitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofagroupofpeople,17enablethemtobehaveina18way.Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstances,buttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast.

1341.A)completeB)fullC)totalD)whole2.A)inB)fromC)atD)on3.A)sinceB)ifC)asD)while4.A)speakB)talkC)tellD)mention5.A)somethingB)everythingC)nothingD)anything6.A)displayB)indicateC)demonstrateD)appear7.A)AllB)MostC)NoD)Some8.A)sameB)identicalC)similarD)alike9.A)remainB)increaseC)decreaseD)vary10.A)OnlyB)OrC)NorD)So11.A)everB)thenC)neverD)once12.A)healthB)bodyC)mindD)thought13.A)bigB)smallC)minorD)major14.A)trueB)exactC)certainD)accurate15.A)ProvidedB)ConcerningC)GivenD)Following16.A)makeB)causeC)moveD)turn17.A)andB)butC)thoughD)so18.A)ordinaryB)peculiarC)usualD)common19.A)thatB)whatC)whicheverD)whatever20.A)forB)toC)withinD)inAnswer:范例一:CABCABAABDDBABABCBBA范例二:CAADBBACCDDCBADCBABD范例三:DACCADBDBBCAACBCADBD范例四:DBBCCBAADCDCBDCBABAD

135简单问答范例一：Formanywomenchoosingwhethertoworkornottoworkoutsidetheirhomeisaluxury;theymustworktosurvive.Othersfaceaharddecision.Perhapstheeasiestchoicehastodowitheconomics.Onehusbandsaid,"MargeandIdecidedaftercarefulconsiderationthatforhertogobacktoworkatthismomentwasanextravagance(奢侈)wecouldn'tafford."Withtwopreschoolchildren,itsoonbecameclearintheirfiguringthatwithbabysitters(临时照看小孩的人),transportation,andincreasedtaxes,ratherthanhavingmoremoney,theymightactuallyendupwithless.Economicfactorsareusuallythefirsttobeconsidered,buttheyarenotthemostimportant.ThemostimportantaspectsofthedecisionhavetodowiththeemotionalneedsofEachmemberofthefamily.Itisinthisareathathusbandsandwivesfindthemselveshavingtofacemanyconfusingandconflictingfeelings.Therearemanywomenwhofindthathomemakingisboringorwhofeelimprisoned(被囚禁)iftheyhavetostayhomewithayoungchildorseveralchildren.Ontheotherhand,therearewomenwhothinkthathomemakinggivesthemthedeepestsatisfaction.Frommyownexperience,Iwouldliketosuggestthatsometimesthedecisiontogobacktoismadeintoomuchhaste.TherearefewdecisionsthatInowregretmore.Iwasn'tmatureenoughtoseehowmuchIcouldhavegainedathome.Iregretmyimpatiencetogetonwithmycareer.IwishIhadallowedmyselftheluxuryofwatchingtheworldthroughmylittlegirl'seyes.S1.Whichwordinthefirsttwoparagraphsbestexplainswhymanywomenhavetowork?S2.WhydidMargeandherhusbandthinkitanextravaganceforMargeto

136gobacktowork?S3.Whatarethetwomajorconsiderationsindecidingwhetherwomenshouldgoouttowork?S4.Somewomenwouldratherdohouseworkandtakecareoftheirchildrenthanpursueacareerbecausetheyfeel_____.S5.Ifgivenasecondchance,thewriterwouldprobablychooseto______.范例二：InBritain,theoldRoadTrafficActrestrictedspeedsto2m.p.h.(milesperhour)intownsand4m.p.h.inthecountry.Laterparliamentincreasedthespeedlimitto14m.p.h.Butby1903thedevelopmentofthecarindustryhadmadeitnecessarytoraisethelimitto20m.p.h.By1930,however,thelawwassowidelyignoredthatspeedingrestrictionsweredoneawaywithaltogether.Forfiveyearsmotoristswerefreetodriveatwhateverspeedstheyliked.Thenin1935theRoadTrafficActimposeda30m.p.h.speedlimitinbuilt-upareas,alongwiththeintroductionofdrivingtestsandpedestriancrossings.SpeedingisnowthemostcommonmotoringoffenceinBritain.Offencesforspeedingfallintothreeclasses:exceedingthelimitonrestrictedroad,exceedingonanyroad.Arestrictedroadisonewherethestreetlampsare200yardsapart,ormore.Themaincontroversy（争论）surroundingspeedinglawsistheextentoftheirsafetyvalue.TheMinistryofTransportmaintainsthatspeedlimitsreduceaccidents.Itclaimsthatwhenthe30m.p.h.limitwasintroducedin1935therewasafallof15percentinfatalaccidents.Likewise,whenthe40m.p.h.speedlimitwasimposedonanumberofroadsinLondoninthelatefifties,therewasa28percentreductioninseriousaccidents.Therewerealsofewercasualties(伤亡)intheyearafterthe70m.p.h,motorwaylimitwasimposedin1966.

137InAmerica,however,itisthoughtthatthereducedaccidentfiguresareduerathertotheincreaseintrafficdensity.Thisiswhyithasevenbeensuggestedthatthepresentspeedlimitsshouldbedoneawaywithcompletely,orthataguideshouldbegiventoinexperienceddriversandthespeedlimitsmadeadvisory,asisdoneinpartsoftheUSA.71.DuringwhichperiodcouldBritishmotoristsdrivewithoutspeedlimits?72.Whatmeasureswereadoptedin1935inadditiontothespeedingrestrictions?73.Speedingisamotoringoffenceadrivercommitswhenhe74.WhatistheopinionofBritishauthoritiesconcerningspeedinglaws?75.WhatreasondoAmericansgiveforthereductionintrafficaccidents?范例三Would-belanguageteacherseverywherehaveonethingincommon;theyallwantsomerecognitionoftheirprofessionalstatusandskills,andajob.Theformerrequirementisobviouslyimportantonapersonallevel,butitisvitalifyouaretohaveanychanceoffindingwork.Tenyearsago,thesituationwasverydifferent.Invirtuallyeverydevelopingcountry,andinmanydevelopedcountriesaswell,beinganativeEnglishspeakerwasenoughtogetyouemployedasanEnglishteacher.Nowemployerswillonlylookatteacherswhohavetheknowledge,theskillsandattitudestoteachEnglisheffectively.Theresultofthishasbeentoraisenon-nativeEnglishteacherstothesamestatusastheirnativecounterparts(相对应的人)--somethingtheyhavealwaysdeservedbutseldomenjoyed.Non-nativesarenowhappy-linguisticdiscrimination(语言上的歧视)isathingofthepast.Anongoingresearchproject,fundedbytheUniversityofCambridge,askedasampleofteachers,teachereducatorsandemployersinmorethan

13840countrieswhethertheyregardthenative/non-nativespeakersdistinctionasbeingatallimportant."NO"wastheanswer.AslongascandidatescouldteachandhadtherequiredlevelofEnglish,itdidn'tmatterwhotheywereandwheretheycamefrom.Thus,anewformofdiscrimination-thistimejustifiedbecauseitsingledouttheunqualified-liberatedthelinguisticallyoppressed(受压迫的).ButtheCambridgeprojectdidmorethanjustthat:itconfirmedthattheneedsofnativeandnon-nativeteachersareextremelysimilar.S1.TheselectionofEnglishteachersusedtobemainlybasedon______S2.Whatdidnon-nativeEnglishteachersdeservebutseldomenjoy?S3.WhatkindofpeoplecannowfindajobasanEnglishteacher?S4.Whatistheresultofthe"newformofdiscrimination"(Line5,Para.4)?S5.Thephrase"thelinguisticallyoppressed"(Line6,Para.4)referstothosewhowere_____.Answer:范例一：S1.Economics.S2.BecausetheincreasedcostwillbemorethanMarge'sincome.S3.EconomicfactorsandemotionalneedsS4.thathomemakinggivesthemthedeepestsatisfaction.S5.stayhome.范例二：71.From1930to1934.72.Theintroductionofdrivingtestsandpedestriancrossings.73.exceedsthespeedlimitsindifferentsituations.74.Speedlimitsreduceaccidents.75.Theincreaseintrafficdensity.范例三：S1.whetherornotonewasanativeEnglishspeaker.S2.Thesamestatusastheirnativecounterparts.S3.OneswhocanteachandhavetherequiredEnglishlevel.S4.Non-nativeEnglishteachershavebeenliberated.

139Or:Itsingledouttheunqualified.S5.qualifiedEnglishteachersbecausetheywerenon-nativespeakers.模拟练习一Morethan30,000driversandfrontseatpassengersarekilledorseriouslyinjuredeachyear.Ataspeedofonly30milesperhouritisthesameasfallingfromathird-floorwindow.Wearingaseatbeltsaveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.Thereforedriversorfrontseatpassengersover14inmostvehiclesmustwearaseatbelt.Ifyoudonot,youcouldbefinedupto￡50.Itwillnotbeuptothedriverstomakesureyouwearyourbelt.Butitwillbethedriver'sresponsibilitytomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingaseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversingyourvehicle;oryouaremakingalocaldeliveryorcollectionusingaspecialvehicle;orifyouhaveavalidmedicalcertificatewhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Makesurethesecircumstancesapplytoyoubeforeyoudecidenottowearyourseatbelt.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.S1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?S2.Wearingaseatbeltinavehiclecan__S3.Itisthedriver'sresponsibilityto__S4.Whatcanpeoplewithavalidmedicalcertificatedo?S5.Whatmayhappentoyoufornotwearingaseatbeltasrequired?模拟练习二Inwhatnowseemsliketheprehistorictimesofcomputerhistory,the

140earth'spostwarera,therewasquiteawide-spreadconcernthatcomputerswouldtakeovertheworldfromnumoneday.Alreadytoday,lessthanfortyyearslater,ascomputersarerelievingusofmoreandmoreoftheroutinetasksinbusinessandinourpersonallives,wearefacedwithalessdramaticbutalsolessforeseenproblem.Peopletendtobeover-trustingofcomputersandarereluctanttochallengetheirauthority.Indeed,theybehaveasiftheywerehardlyawarethatwrongbuttonsmaybepushed,orthatacomputermaysimplymalfunction(失误).Obviously,therewouldbenopointininvestinginacomputerifyouhadtocheckallitsanswers,butpeopleshouldalsorelyontheirowninternalcomputersandcheckthemachinewhentheyhavethefeelingthatsomethinghasgonewrong.Questioningandroutinedouble-checksmustcontinuetobeasmuchapartofgoodbusinessastheywereinpre-computerdays.Maybeeachcomputershouldcomewiththewarning:forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.S1.Whatwastheinitialconcernaboutcomputers?S2.What'sthelessdramaticandlessforeseenproblem?S3.Whatdoes"theirowninternalcomputers"referto?S4.What'soneofthereasonswhyquestioningandroutinedouble-checksmustcontinuetobeasmuchapartofgoodbusinessastheywereinpre-computerdays?S5.Theauthorwoulddisapproveof_________.模拟练习三：Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas'rileapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoretical

141aspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctant(不愿意)togotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravellersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.ThefirsttimethatthequestionWhatisatthebottomoftheoceans?'hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofile(起伏形状)oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(测深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition(考察),whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.S1.Earlyintercontinentaltravelers_______.S2.WhatdidtheAtlanticTelegraphCompanydoin18537S3.WhatdidMaurydointhe1840s?S4.Whenwastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable?

142S5．WhatwastheachievementofThomsonandhiscolleagues?Answer：模拟练习一S1.Wearingaseatbelt．第一段提出系安全带的理由二段指出什么人必须系安全带三段指出什么人可以不系安全带以及应该系安全带但不这么做所带来的后果。由此可见，全文的中心与系安全带有关。S2.savelives或reducethedeathrateintrafficaccidents．或reducetherateofseriousinjuryintrafficaccidents．答案可以从第一段末句找到。S3.makefront-seatchildrenunder14wearaseatbelt．答案可以从第三段末句找到。S4.Theydonothavetowearaseatbelt．第三段第一句指出不必系安全带的三种情况，这道题问的是第三种情况。S5.Youmaybesued．答案可以由第三段第三句“Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso...”推出。模拟练习二S1.Theymighttakecontroloftheworld．文章第一段第一句说:...therewasquiteawide-spreadconcernthatcomputerswouldtakeovertheworldfrommanoneday．这里的普遍担忧就是问题中所说的最初担忧(initialconcern)，为本题答案的依据。S2.Peoplearehesitanttochallengeauthorityofcomputers．问题中的关键词lessdramatic和lessforeseen出现在文章第一段第二句，而答案的依据就在第三句：Peopletendtobeover-trustingofcomputersandarereluctanttochallegetheirauthority．S3.People'sbasicthinkingandreasoningskills．答案可以由文章末句推出：Maybeeachcomputershouldcomewiththewarning：forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide，itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills．S4.Wrongbuttonsmaybepressed．或Acomputermayfunctionina

143wrongway．答案可以在一段末句找到。S4.Wrongbuttonsmaybepressed．或Acomputermayfunctioninawrongway．答案可以在一段末句找到，S5.completedependenceoncomputersfordecision-making这道题相信计算机，第二段和第三段指出计算机不能代替人自身计算能力。由此可见，作者反对人们完全依赖计算机。模拟练习三S1.hadreasontoinquireaboutthesea．由第三段第一句可推出答案。S2askedMauryforinformation．由第四段第一句或以推出答案。S3.Hehadbeenencouragingpeopletomakevoyages．答案可以由第四向侧面第二句推出。S4.1866．答案在第五段第一句。S5.Afive-volumereport．答案在最后一段末句。