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大学英语四级复习大全第一章听力理解第一节听力题型改革概述听力比例由原来的20%提升到35%:短对话部分由原来的10题减至8题;增加两篇长对话,题量在3至4题每篇,一共7题;短文(俗称“段子题”)仍为3篇,题量在3至4题每篇,一共10题;复合式听写保持不变。以上4个听力部分中,短对话和长对话的分值一共占15%,而短文和复合式听写的分值一共占20%。听力题材涉及的范围更加广泛,形式灵活多样,包括对话、讲座、广播电视节目等等。第二节听力题型概述及应试策略一、关于对话题(一)长短对话听力题改革与分析1.听力短对话部分虽然由原先的10题改为8题,但就其题目特点与解题思路而言与以往的老题型没有太大的差异。这些题目一如既往地贯彻了以往的几大常见考点:·转折引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变化;·对现象原因的阐述与补充;·反问句式、反意疑问句式的考察:反问和反意疑问在四级考试中永远以一种无疑而问的形式出现,这次依然用了这样的一个形式。因此,只要能很好把握其“无疑而问”的特点,就能方便解题。当然也应该注意到,反问句往往作为加强语气的建议句型出现的这一考点。·建议句型的考察:建议句型往往是比较复杂的考点之一,因为句型相对比较多,而且隐蔽性比较强。·场景、人物关系的推测;·语音语调的考察。综上所述,试点考试将依然遵循以往的考试规律和特点,一脉相承。但所谓的短对话却也越来越长,这也体现了现在考试在句型句式、言外之意和内容复杂化三个方面的发展趋势。2.听力长对话并不可怕,它结合了短对话对问答句式,建议请求,和关键场景赐予的考察和长段子对文章层次和理解能力的要求。所以做这样的题目往往需要具备综合的素质,既要注意其中的细节,又要注意整体的把握,还要能够应付7道题目的题量,这比以往的四级题目对综合能力的要求显著提高了。(二)长短对话听力技巧应注意以下几点:1.提前阅读选项,判断问题所属,从而集中精力于有关信息。2.注意根据信息词汇判断地点和说话人的身份职业等。当同学们看到四个地点和职业名词时,大脑中就应该马上出现与这些地点或职业相关的一系列词语,在听的过程中注意提到了什么信息词语,这样就可轻松地判断谈话发生的地点,说话人的职业或身份,以及谈话双方的关系。为此,同学们有必要了解与各种职业和地点行业有关的信息词汇,如:饭店:menu,order,waitress,waiter,takeorder,goDutch,It'smytreat等;旅馆:checkin/out,makeareservation,register,receptiondesk等;
1医院:physician,doctor,nurse,operation-room,emergencyroom,visitinghours,prescribe等;银行:openanaccount,withdraw,deposit,saving,cashacheck等;飞机/机场:safety-belt,boardingcard,captain,airhostess,airline,takeoff,land,crash等。3.注意加减运算,听到的不是答案在涉及时间、距离、金钱等数量概念的听力中,一般都要求同学们进行加减方面的运算,很少是听到什么就是什么。有时,计算可能会麻烦些,同学们可以先将听到的时间等记下,等有时间在计算。在计算题中应特别注意以下数字的读音差别:13---30;14-40;15---50;16---60;17-70;18-80;19-90选项中会有这种数字读音差别的考查。如:W:whendoesthenexttrainleave?M:Youhavejustmissedoneby5minutes.Trainsleaveevery50minutes,soyou'llhavetowaitforawhile.Q:Howlongdoesthewomanhavetowaitforthenexttrain?A.45minutesB.50minutesC.10minutesD.5minutes如果把50minutes听成了15minutes,就会误选C。4.注意记笔记,将人物、地点、时间等对号入座听力测试中的另外一种现象就是,四个选项中的人物、地点、时间或事件等在对话中可能都有提及。在这种情况下,同学们所需要的不是寻找信息词,而是注意将四个选项与对话中提及的信息对号入座。如:(1)W:DoyouenjoylifeinWashington?M:Yes,indeed.I'mplanningtomovetoNewYorkorBoston.Anyway,I'veneverregrettedmyearlierdecision.Q:Wheredoesthemanlivenow?A.InNewYorkB.InbostonC.InNewportD.InWashington四个地点对话中提到了三个,具体是哪一个,同学们在听的时候应注意分辨。(2)M:Pleasebuytwopacksofcigarettesformewhileyouareatthestore.W:Iamnotgoingtoanystore.I'mgoingtoseeAuntMary.ButIwillgetthemforyouatthegasstation.Q:Wherewillthewomanstoponherway?A.Atacigarettestore.B.Atabusstation.C.Atagasstation.D.AtAuntMary's如果地点不含职业性的对比,一般就很可能属于这里所介绍的类型,那么同学们所做的就是分别。5.从语法入手、从短语含义入手,判断隐含之意四级听力中常考查的语法是建议和虚拟语气。要求同学们判断建议是什么,虚拟中含义是什么。就建议而言,同学们只需注意建议的各种表达方式,就可解答这类听力题;至于虚拟语气,我想同学们可以记住这样一条规律:与所听到的相反的就是答案。6.概括与具体,具体与抽象相对,概括的、抽象的是解
2这类题主要是话题的选择,也包括一些对整个事件的评价等。如:(1)W:Wealltalkabouthowliberatedweare,butinfactwomanarestillnottreatedequally.M:Idon'tthinkso.You'vegotthevote,you'vegotyourcareersIthinkyou'vegoteverythingimportant.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?A.Thewoman'sjobasalibrarian.B.Woman'srightsinsociety.C.Animportantelection.D.Careerplanning.谈论的话题应是一个抽象的概括性的东西,所以答案是B。(2)M:Thishasbeentheworstfloodforthepast20years.Ithascausedmuchdamageanddestruction.W:Lookatthepriceoffruitsandvegetables.Nowondertheyareexpensive.Q:Whataretheytalkingabout?A.Theeffectsoftheflood.B.Theheroicfightagainstflood.C.Thecauseoftheflood.D.Floodsofthepasttwentyyears.能够概括对话中物价上涨的应该是A。7.肯定与不肯定相对,含义不肯定的是解这一技巧用于解答说话者言外之意的听力题。如:(1)W:Iintendtobuysomefruitsforthechildren.Theseapplesandpearsseemtobeinseason.I'llgettwodozenofeach.M:Ihopethey'reasgoodastheylook.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?A.Theapplesandpearsmightnobesogood.B.Theapplesarenotasgoodasthepears.C.Theapplesandpearsareverygood.D.Theapplesandpearsareasgoodastheylook.hope的使用说明答案应该是不太可能的选项,自然是A。(2)W:Ifthisweatherkeepsup,I'mgoingtohavetobuyawarmercoat.M:Soundslikeagoodidea.Springisstillalongwayoff,youknow.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?A.Thewomanshouldwaittobuynewclothes.B.Thecoldweatherwillprobablycontinue.C.Theweatherwillwarmupsoon.D.Healreadyhasawarmcoat.Soundslikeagoodidea说明了语气的不可能,答案应该是B。8.“同意”是解一般情况下,如果四个选项中有一个表示“同意”的概念,那么,此选项就是正确选项。如:(1)W:It'sawonderfulfilm,isn'tit?
3M:Youcansaythatagain.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?A.Heagreeswiththewoman.B.Hedidn'thearwhatthewomansaid.C.Heissurprisedbyheropinion.D.Hethinkssheshouldlookatitagain.请同学们注意以下表示同意对方观点的常用语。如果听到这些,就可以选择含有“同意”的选项:Yousaidit.Youcansaythatagain.Youaretellingme.Youmay/mightwellsayso.I'llsay.Icouldn'tagreemore.二、关于段子题改革与分析:从出题的形式,考察的重点,以及题目的数量来看都和原来考察的题目一模一样。(一)短文听力的体裁和题材 从历年四级听力短文题材体裁分布情况看,四级听力短文的体裁主要是记叙文和说明文,而题材出现频率最高的是小故事,几乎每年都有一篇。幽默小故事一般以记叙文的方式出现,这类文章有一定的情节,比较有趣,浅显易懂。应该特别注意人物的语言,同时捕捉并记录可以回答who,what,when,where,howandwhy等问题的有关信息,从而抓住故事发展的脉络,理解全文。人物传记属于记叙文,一般是对真人真事的记叙,大多记叙中外历史上一些杰出的政治家、科学家、文艺家的生平事迹或事业上的成就,也可以继续普通人物的特殊经历和业绩。应该特别注意人物的生卒年月地点、主要业绩年代,以及对人物的社会评价,这些一般都是明显的考点。 说明文也是常见的体裁。它通常是用来说明一些科普知识、生活常识或社会问题。说明文中科普短文比较多,不像小故事,缺乏趣味性,一般比较难懂。有时短文的句子结构较为复杂,有时会夹杂一些专业术语,这都增添了短文的难度。 风土人情类文章包括对英美等西方国家的机构设施介绍以及西方文学艺术的说明,真题中涉及过的主题多种多样,如英国监狱介绍、伦敦出租车司机情况、吉普赛人的历史、美洲农作物历史、著名作家及其作品等。而学校教育类文章也着重于英美教育体系的介绍,如英语学习和教育情况、美国学校教育制度、图书馆使用介绍等。日常生活类文章包括以说明文形式描述的日常使用的生活用品,如电脑、服饰、书籍等,以及以议论文形式表述的日常生活中经常谈论的话题和活动,如家庭生活、独生子女、税收等。(二)短文听力提问方式及应试策略短文听力的提问方式最常见的有4种类型。1.中心思想题。这类问题主要是测试文章的主题思想。提问方式有:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?Whatis
4thebesttitleforthispassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whatisthespeakertalkingabout?等等。 做这一类题时一定要注意集中精力听好短文的开头,因为四级听力短文一般会开门见山,把中心思想置于文章的开头。另外,如果文中反复出现同一词汇或同一类词汇,同样也值得我们特别注意,因为包含有这类词汇的选项能较好地体现中心思想,通常就是正确答案。2.事实细节题。所考察的细节包括具体时间、地点、主要人物或事件、各种数字等,问题一般为wh-question的形式。这类题要求我们听到文中出现时间、数字时一定要特别敏感,及时做好笔记;另外,文中一旦出现以因果连词(如because,so,dueto等)和转折连词(如but,however,though等)引导的句子也要格外留心,这些地方往往就是考点。3.对错判断题。这类题常用以下提问方式:Whichofthefollowingistrue/nottrue,accordingtothepassage?Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?等等。听到这类题时,一定要听清提问,对于有没有not一词要弄清楚。一般情况下,not一词会重读。4.推理推测题。这类题需要对文中的信息进行分析推断,才能做出正确的选择。提问方式有:Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Whatdoesthespeakerthinkabouttheproblem…?Whatdoesthespeakermostconcernedabout?Howdoesthewriterfeelabout…?等等。做这类题时一定要注意与短文内容一样的不是推断,而且一定要根据短文的观点而不是根据自己的观点来推断。(三)短文听力答题步骤先浏览分析选择项,在此基础上猜测测试的内容及题型;然后带着问题去认真聆听材料,并有针对性地记录题目中涉及到的信息点;最后根据所给的提问,快速选择答案,其中考生一定要注意跟上录音节奏,决不可出现为了某一个词而停下来揣摩许久的情况。因此听的时候,即使遇到生词听不懂意思,或者是“似曾相识”但一时想不起来的词,一定不要停下来,而是必须继续往后听,或许听到后面,一下会恍然大悟,即使某一个或几个词听不懂,大多数情况也无大碍。下面以实例具体说明做题步骤:第一步:浏览分析选项,抓住高频词,概括文章梗概。(预测法)1.A.ThesilkT-shirtinwhitecolorB.ThecottonT-shirtwithasloganonpictureC.ThenylonT-shirtwornonplaygroundD.ThewoolT-shirtwornforwork2.A.T-shirtsfeelsoftandwashwellB.T-shirtsaresmartandcomfortableC.T-shirtsgowellwithtrousersD.T-shirtsaresuitableforevening3.A.NewtechnologyisbeingemployedB.AdvertisementsarebeingwidelyusedC.NewdesignsarebeingadoptedD.Moresyntheticmaterialsarebeingintroduced
5我们可以在听录音读SectionB前一大段答题要求时快速浏览一下此题各选项。很显然,T-shirt是出现最多的一个词,这样我们就能大致预测出短文的大意:介绍T恤衫。再具体地看各题的选项。第一题的四个选择项分别是“白色丝织T恤”,“有文字和图案的棉T恤”,“运动场上穿的尼龙T恤”,“工作时穿的羊毛面料的T恤”。说的是各种T恤的质地,材料,图案及用途。因此,听材料时需要留意相关部分。第二题四个选项都说的是T恤的特点,如“感觉柔软,洗涤方便”,“美观舒适”,“便于搭配裤装”,“适于晚上穿着”。那么材料中究竟提到哪几项或者会在怎样的情况下提到哪几项呢,需要到时仔细听并稍作归纳和总结。另外,可能还要特别注意一下提问,因为提问方式也许会是:“WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?”第三题四个选项分别是“采用了新技术”,“大量的广告宣传”,“采用新的设计”,“引入更多的合成材料”,对于这些选项,较为合理的提问方式也许是:T恤的发展状况如何,为什么T恤会更受欢迎等。这样我们就基本能预测出文章大致讲了哪几部分内容了。第二步:仔细听录音,注意记录相关信息。(笔记法+模糊法)下面是原文材料:FormanyyearsT-shirtsweresimpleshort-sleevedundershirtsformenandboys.T-shirtsusedtobeofonecolor—white.TodaytheT-shirthasbecomefashionable.Itcanbeseeneverywhereandonanyone.WomenandlittlechildrenwearT-shirts,sodoteenagers,universitystudentsandmenfromallwalksoflife.T-shirtsarewornontheplayground,atthebeachorintown.Theycanalsobewornforwork.Yet,T-shirtsremainrelativelyinexpensiveandlongwearingaswellaseasytocarefor:smartbutcomfortableandconvenienttowear,theyhavebecomeoneofAmerica’snewestideasonfashion.AlthoughT-shirtsarenowavailableinwidevarietyofbrightmaterialsandstyles,themostpopularkindisthetraditionalcottonT-shirtswithasloganonpictureprintedonthefront.AT-shirtmaybearasimpleword,apopularphrase,andpicturesofpopularsingersoranadvertisement.AsT-shirtsarebecomingmoreandmorepopular,newdesignsarecomingupallthetime.第三步:听清提问,确定答案。(预测法+排除法)以下是三个问题:1.What’sthemostpopularkindofT-shirt?2.WhydopeopleliketowearT-shirtssomuchtoday?3.What’sbeingdonetomakeT-shirtsmoreattractive?在听的过程中通过不数地核实信息,再根据后面的提问,我们就能很快地选出各题正确答案,文章倒数第3句是与第1个问题直接对应的信息,并且还有很明显的mostpopularkind语句,只要在听的过程中听懂了这一句,就能马上选出B为正确答案。而且,倒数第2句还具体讲了这种T恤的款式,可以帮助确认信息。smartbutcomfortableandconvenienttowear,theyhavebecomeoneofAmerica’snewestideasonfashion是对第2个问题的直接回答,听清了这一句,就能选出B为正确答案。第3题,文章最后一句直接与提问对应。正确答案为C。(四)短文听力备考训练方法一般说来,短文听力备考训练必须抓住竖听和横听两点结合来进行。所谓竖听,是指一套题目从头听到尾,从第一题听到最后一题。所谓横听,是指把相同题材和体裁的文章放在一块对照比较着听,从而迅速抓住同类型文章的规律,真正做到以不变应万变。
6考生可以在历年考题中选取10-20篇不同题材和不同体裁的文章,依据以下几个步骤,横竖结合来进行精听训练。Step1:第一遍听磁带时认真做题,对所选取的每段文章都认真仔细,注意时间,模拟考场氛围。做完以后还需注意统计对错个数,并分析选项设置特点,练习快速扫描选项的能力。Step2:脱离文字材料再听4-5遍磁带。此时绝对不允许照着文字材料听,应该反复使用录音机上的重复键,尽最大努力听懂全文内容。听第5遍或第6遍的时候,可以一边听一边将全文笔录下来,然后对照文字材料,看看笔录有什么问题,分析听不懂的原因,是语音、词汇还是语法?然后有的放矢地加以解决。Step3:在足够熟悉此段落中的内容后,打开文字材料,一边听录音一边看,并在段落中相应考点和问题答案,仔细体会,分析自己为什么被某些干扰项误导。Step4:跟着磁带大声朗读,以提高自己的语速。如果自己的语速能基本跟上听力材料的语速,再做同类型题目,困难就不大了。另外,大家在练习中一定要养成良好的习惯,尽量避免:1.鸵鸟式听法。很多同学听力过程中没有动手的习惯,听就是听,在做题时才努力回忆与该题有关的信息。甚至有同学喜欢闭着眼睛听或者把头低下来,伏在桌子上听,并认为这样注意力更集中,但这样往往容易走神,听的效率非常低。2.多而不精。对于已经听过的材料,很多同学都很少再听,这是一个错误的观念。片面追求练习的量,并不能有效提高做听力题时的悟性,必须用心去感受才能收到显著的效果。3.不愿对着文字材料大声朗读,认为听力就是听力,没有必要和朗读口语联系起来。其实听力考的是口头语言,口语提高了,听力也就自然而然上去了。同时朗读可以培养正确的语音语调,可以加强我们对文章的领悟力。4.训练时间安排不得当。听力训练需要思想高度集中,故时间安排以每天精神最佳时候为宜。时间不宜过长,每次连续听半小时到一小时就可。另外,由于听力是一种习惯成自然的技巧训练,所以最好每天安排一段时间,切忌三天打鱼,两天晒网。总之,四级短文听力并不可怕,如果我们能够宏观把握,平时坚持"用心去听",我们肯定能够从不同角度、不同层次提高自己的英语语言能力。 三、关于复合式听写(一)改革与分析复合式听写就其本身形式与考点而言没有作太大改变,尤其是词汇听写部分,秉承了以往一贯的考试特点与出题作风: ·词汇类型: 历年来复合式听写中词汇部分基本为实词。除1998年1月考过一个despite以外到目前为止都是对实词的考察。·名词的单复数:名词的单复数问题一直是复合式听写考察名词的一个重点。其问题不仅出现在听力上,也考察考生的语法功底,因为单复数问题往往是听写检查工作中至关重要的一个部分,语法功底薄弱的考生往往在检查时将正确答案改错,这样的例子屡见不鲜。·同音、近音词分辨:同音词一直是听写部分最大的障碍
7之一。同音词涉及的范围很广,很多时候是考生无法想象得到的。·难词考察:四级词汇从广义上来说包括了四级本身以及四级前所有词汇,所谓难词一般是指在四级内而不属于四级前的词汇或四级考生一般不太熟悉的词汇,这些词往往是四级考试词汇部分的重点考察对象,而听力中也时不时涉及一些来考察考生对这些单词的掌握能力,当然,这里所说的掌握是从听力角度而言的,而不是仅仅停留在认知或理解层面的,至少是在听到后第一时间能反应出该词的一种能力的体现。·容易拼写错误的单词:拼写错误在复合式听写中自然是不被允许的,所以一些拼写比较奇怪,或者容易拼写错误的词汇也常常成为我们的考点,虽然不是很突出,但也不容忽视。·词性变换使用:利用考生对词汇使用和理解的片面性,考察考生对词汇的全面运用的把握。这类词往往以考生所不熟悉的用法出现,从而体现考生的真实能力。复合式听写的句子部分仍为3句,长度仍然没有超过25词,样卷中最长一句为23词,而最短一句为16词,可以说与以往考试相仿,但句子本身难度有所提升,当然,这与文章本身难度的提升是不可分割的。总之,复合式听写完全是体现考生真实水平的一个项目,需通过广泛涉猎各类体裁内容文章(以说明、议论文为主,记叙文为辅,结合新闻题材)经过日积月累的听写训练后方可收放自如,VOA、BBC、VOASpecial甚至历年考题中的短文和复合式听写内容都不失为相当优秀的训练素材。(二)“复合式听写”应试方法1.通过卷面文字捕捉信息,找出线索、了解大意“复合式听写”材料多为说明文(Exposition),这一体裁的文章具有主题突出,条理分明,层次清楚、语言简洁、逻辑性强的特点。文章的开头或段首多半有主题句(topicsentence),之后的段、句进一步具体扩展、说明或论证主题句。根据“复合式听写”样题,听写第二部分二、三自然段首和段尾均有完整的主题句。考生应利用一切机会,如考前空隙或播放考试指令时间,浏览试卷该项下文字部分,尤其是主题句,根据主题句预测文章发展线索和大意。以四级改革样题为例,根据第二段未题句“Oftenpeopleliketotakewiththemagiftforthehost'swifeofapartytheyhavebeeninvitedto.”及"Again,youmaychoosesomethingforthehost'swifealoneorfortheentirefamily."考生不难推测所记要点应是做客时,客人应带些什么礼品及所赠对象,而决不会涉及做客时应穿什么样的服装或到、离主人家时间等方面的内容,这样便增强了考生对文章的认知度)熟悉感。缩小了内容范围,考生听音时更具针对性和准确性,心理放松,更为自信,使自己在考试中处于主动地位。即使“复合式听写”材料为其它体裁的文章,听音前浏览下试题也大大有裨益。因为文章具有一致性和连贯性的特点,从试题中我们总会搜索到一些有参考价值的材料。2、听写结合,双管齐下根据“复合式听写”新题型通知说明,第一遍是全文朗读,要求考生注意听懂全文内容。由于听音前考生已浏览了卷面文字,对听力材料有了大致的了解,因此听读第一遍时,考生可以适当地填写些单词和做些笔记,听为主,记为辅。要做好“复合式听写”
8,考生需多多实践,获取较强的边听边记能力。听音贯穿着期待、预知、分析、综合、推理和判断等一系列过程,考生应同时快速记下几个关键词,专注地去听,获取信息理解全文。听写中边听边记具有必要性;听和记两种不同的语言技能在“复合式听写”中有着紧密的联系,相互促进。第一遍记下关键词有助于第二遍听写时启发记忆,提示要点,同时也减轻了第二遍笔记的任务,使笔记更加充实、完整,依次与出的内容要点才会更加全面、准确。另一方面,边听边记也具有可行性。只要多加练习,其实也不难做到。3.提高记笔记的效率一般考生听完两遍基本可听懂句意;但只凭记忆写要点,往往容易有疏漏和错误。足够信息量的笔记是写好要点的重要条件;如何在有限的时间内记下更多的内容?首先,使用缩略语。如,用esp.代especially,sth代something,apprec代appreciation等。没有缩略语的词汇,如字母较少的单词,可完整写出该词,如gift,take,字母较多的单词(只写该词前几个字母)。缩略语不一定要求规范,甚至可用些符号,所记内容不一定要求完整,只要能起到提示的作用,自己能看懂就行。其次,由于“复合式听写”第二部分朗读时没有停顿,即使用缩略语也难记下全文,因此考生应有选择地记笔记。英语中实词具有表意功能,所记词应以实词为主。另外,因为“复合式听写”第二部分只要求写出内容要点,这样考生应重点记下句中的中心词。(同样以样题为例)短语athank-yougift,greatlyappreciated和quiteacceptable中的定、状语便可略去不记。通过这几种方法,考生压缩了所记的词语,赢得了时间,精练了内容,增大了笔记的信息量,为写好内容要点创造了条件。4.书面表达内容要点“复合式听写”全文朗读两遍后停顿五分钟,让考生根据所听和所记内容写出第二部分主要意思。答题时,考生应针对以上内容及第一部分和第二部分的主题句进行诊折、判断、概括。文章要点显然不可缺漏,但也无需有闻必录,多多益善,考生应分清主次,有所取爱。从这个意义上说,“复合式听写”还要求考生具有一定的逻辑分、归纳能力。文字表达应简洁、通顺、准确。5.检查、核对内容要点“复合式听写”第三遍朗读供考生进行核对,核对是最后必不可少的环节,考生应抓住时机弥补前两遍听音时所忽略或遗漏的内容,进一步修改和完善答案。听写第一部分要求考生填入所缺单词,有时考生只凭辩音仍难以准确地判断出应为何词,此时考生可运用自己的语言知识,修正听力细节上的不足。主要从语法结构、词语搭配、意义连贯、上下文等多角度去推测、分析和判断;并正确拼写出单词。而在核对听写第二部分内容要点表达时、则应注意力求要点完整、准确,尽量减少语言中语法、拼写等错误。总之,听写是一种有效的综合性测试,它不仅考查学生词汇量、拼写、句法、听力、理解、记笔记和一定的书面表达等方面的要素和技能,还考验学生的心理素质。所以考生在加强自己英语水平的同时,还应该本着沉着应战的状态去应试。
9第三节强化训练ModelTestOnePartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.11.[A]Themanisoutofshape. [B]Themandoesn’tneedanewracket. [C]Themanalsoneedsnewtennisshoes. [D]Themanspenttoomuchonhistennisshoes. 12.[A]Shepreferschemistry. [B]Shehasn’tgotapartneryet. [C]Sheistootiredofchemistry.[D]Sheistoobusytoworkonherchemistry. 13.[A]Customerandwaitress.[B]Teacherandstudent. [C]Bossandsecretary.[D]Lawyerandclient. 14.[A]Hewassatisfiedwiththeserviceontheship. [B]Itwasthefirsttimehehadbeenabroad. [C]Hehadneverbeenonawarship. [D]Hehasbeenonthewarshipbefore. 15.[A]Heisconfident.[B]Heisworried. [C]Heisbored.[D]Heisangry. 16.[A]Thewomanofferedtohelpthemanfindhisbox. [B]Themandoesn’tknowwheretogo. [C]Thewomanwillbuytheman’slunchforhim. [D]Thewomanwillgivethemanatreatment. 17.[A]It’senjoyable.[B]It’sterrific. [C]It’stoomodern.[D]It’sold-fashioned. 18.[A]Nearthestairs.[B]Ontheplatform. [C]Attheticketoffice.[D]Attheinformationdesk. Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 19.[A]Inacollegebookstore.
10[B]Inalecturehall. [C]Inalibrary.[D]Inadormitory. 20.[A]English.[B]Biology. [C]IntroductiontoEnglishLiterature.[D]Arequiredcourse. 21.[A]Helivesonthe10thfloorofButlerHall. [B]Heneverwantstolistentostudents. [C]Heusedtoteachbiology. [D]Heisanexcellentprofessor. Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 22.[A]Whentomove.[B]Wheretolivethefollowingyear. [C]Howmuchtimetospendathome.[D]Whosehousetovisit. 23.[A]Takesomemoneytothehousingoffice. [B]Informthedirectorofstudenthousinginaletter. [C]Filloutaforminthelibrary. [D]Maintainahighgradeaverage. 24.[A]Bothliveoncampus.[B]Bothliveoffcampus. [C]Themanlivesoncampus;thewomanlivesoffcampus. [D]Thewomanlivesoncampus;themanlivesoffcampus. 25.[A]Grades.[B]Privacy.[C]Sports.[D]Money.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestion.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.[A]Theimportanceofadvertisement.[B]Thesociety’sgreatneedofadvertisement.[C]Theoriginofadvertisement.[D]Theprosperityofadvertisement.27.[A]Thelocalgovernments.[B]Theirownersfamilies.[C]Advertisements.[D]Theaudience.28.[A]Advertisingispersonal.
11[B]Advertisementsareconvincing.[C]Advertisementsareunreliable.[D]Advertisementsaremisleading.PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.[A]Thegamesshouldn’tbeheldinSaltLakeCity.[B]Thegameshavemettheirenvironmentalgoals.[C]Thegamesdidlittletoprotecttheenvironment.[D]Thegameshavecausedlastingdamagestothearea.30.[A]Sportscompetition.[B]Culturalexchange.[C]Economicdevelopment.[D]Environmentalprotection.31.[A]Buildingskijumpsfartherawayfromthecity.[B]Developingbetterpublictransportationinthecity.[C]Plantingmoretreesaroundthefields.[D]Promotingtheuseofcleanerenergy.PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.[A]Diet.[B]Weightcontrol. [C]Aerobicexercise.[D]Eatinghabitsandexercise. 33.[A]Nuts.[B]Sugar. [C]Vegetableoil.[D]Dairyproducts. 34.[A]Fortyorfiftyminutesofexerciseonceaweek. [B]Twentyorthirtyminutesofexerciseeveryday. [C]Fifteenortwentyminutesofexercisefivedaysaweek. [D]Thirtyorfortyminutesofexercisethreeorfourdaysaweek. 35.[A]Carbohydrates.[B]Indirectfat. [C]Bodyfluid.[D]Fat. SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhaveheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Today,studentswhowanttolearnEnglishintheUShaveawidechoiceofcoursesandinstitutionsto
12(36)______from.And,becausetheUSissuchabigcountry,theyalsohaveahuge(37)______oflocationsinwhichtostudy.TheUShasalong(38)______ofteachingEnglishbecause,(39)______itshistory,thecountryhaswelcomed(40)______fromallovertheworld,mostofwhomhaveneededtolearnEnglish.Today,theUS’sEnglishlanguageteachingsectoriswelldevelopedanditsteachersarehighlyqualifiedand(41)______Americanuniversitiesandcollegeswelcomemanythousandsof(42)______studentseachyear,who(43)______ondegreeorpostgraduatecourses.(44)______________________.ThesecoursesarecalledIntensiveEnglishLanguageProgramssand(45)______________________.Inadditiontolanguagetuition,IntensiveEnglishLanguageProgramssgivestudents(46)_______________________.ModelTestTwoSectionA11.[A]He’llbeabletocleanthehouseintime. [B]Hedoesn’thavetimetotakethewomanhome. [C]Itshouldbeeasyforthegueststofindthehouse. [D]Heneedstimetorelaxbeforetheguestsarrive.12.[A]Ifthegameisheldtheretheteamwilllose. [B]Ifthegameisheldtheretheteamwillwin. [C]Itmakesnodifferencesincetheteamwilllose. [D]Itmakesnodifferencesincetheteamwillwin.13.[A]Herson’shealth. [B]Herson’sstudies. [C]Herson’spoorgrades. [D]Herson’scompetenceforthejob.14.[A]TheshopsarenotcrowdedinDecember. [B]ManypeoplegoshoppingdespitethecoldweatherinDecember. [C]Peopledon’tliketodoshoppinginbusyshopsinwinter. [D]InDecemberpeoplestayathomebecauseofthecoldweather.15.[A]Theexamquestionsweretoodifficult. [B]Thequestionshadlittleconnectionwiththecourse. [C]Hecouldn’tfinishthequestionswithinthetimeallowed. [D]Hefoundthequestionsconfusing.16.[A]Themoviewasinexpensive. [B]Themoviewasnotworthwatching. [C]Hedidn’thavetimetogotothemovie. [D]Themovielastedtoolong.17.[A]Heislearningaboutadvertising. [B]Heisthenewadvertisingmanager. [C]Heisinterviewingthewoman. [D]Heiswaitingforaninterview.18.[A]ThemanwantstogotoSanFrancisco. [B]TherearenoflightstoLosAngelesfortherestoftheday. [C]TherearetwodirectflightstoLosAngeleswithinthenexttwohours. [D]IfthemanboardtheplanetoLosAngelesnow,hewillhavetotransferatSanFrancisco.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
1319.[A]Anovelaboutapresident. [B]Apoliticalsciencebook. [C]Alistingofelectionresults. [D]Atextforoneofhiscourses.20.[A]Tothemanager’soffice. [B]Tothepaperbacksection. [C]Tothetextbookarea. [D]Tothepublishersindexes.21.[A]Onlythoseusedintheuniversity. [B]Onlythoseprintedattheuniversity. [C]Onlythosecurrentlyavailablefrompublishers. [D]Onlythoseinthefieldofpoliticalscience.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22.[A]Thewomanishelpingthemanstudyforhisclass. [B]TheyarevisitingafactoryKahndesigned. [C]Thewomanisdecidingwhethertotakehistoryofarchitecture. [D]ThewomanisresearchingKahn’swork.23.[A]Inventingtheassemblyline. [B]Buildingmodernfactories. [C]Designingearlyautomobiles. [D]Revivingclassicalarchitecture.24.[A]Steelmanufacturing. [B]Coalmining. [C]Textiles. [D]Transportation.25.[A]Theywereafirehazard. [B]Theyweretoospreadout. [C]Theyweredesignedforefficiencyratherthanforbeauty.[D]Theyweredifficulttoheat.SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.[A]Thedegreeofviolenceinprogramsistoohigh.[B]Thereshouldn’tbeanycommercialsontelevision.[C]Watchingtoomuchtelevisionisundesirableforchildren.[D]TelevisionprogramsintheUnitedStatesareoflowquality.27.[A]Arecreationalprograms.[B]Aneducationalprograms.
14[C]Aprogramsforcartoons.[D]Aprogramsforcommercials.28.[A]Theywillbecomeinactiveanddull.[B]Theywillnotgotocinemasasoften.[C]Theywillforgettodotheirhomework.[D]Theywillimitatewhattheyseeintheprogramss.PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.[A]Differentkindsofcrimes.[B]IncreasinglyhighcrimerateintheU.S.[C]Seasonalchangesinthenaturalenvironment.[D]Therelationsbetweenchangesintheseasonandcrimepatterns.30.[A]February.[B]May.[C]July.[D]August.31.[A]FewpeoplegetmarriedinJune.[B]Mostpeoplereadseriousbooksinsummer.[C]MorepeoplehavementalproblemsinJunethaninothermonths.[D]Oneismostlikelytomakethebestperformanceonexaminationsinsummer.PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.[A]Itisharmfultothebodyonly.[B]Itisgoodtopersonalrelationship.[C]Itisharmfultothebodyandmind.[D]Itisagoodchangeafteridlingforalongtime.33.[A]Personalrelationshipsshouldcomeafterone’sjob.[B]Peopleshouldcaremoreabouttheirpersonalrelationshipsandrelaxation.[C]Whenajobisveryimportant,relaxationshouldbeforgotten.[D]Personalrelationshipscanhelppeopledotheirjobswell.34.[A]Heshouldrelaxandhaveachatwithfriendswhileworking.[B]Heshouldnotrelaxuntilhefinisheshiswork.[C]Heshouldplayhardtofullyrelaxhimself.[D]Heshouldshiftsomeofhisworktohiscolleagues.35.[A]Workandplayaredifferentactivities.[B]Workandplayshouldbecombinedtogether.[C]Peopleshouldplaymoreandworkless.[D]Peopleshouldworkmoreandplayless.SectionCWhenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyordoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer’s(36)______forit,thefirststepistopresenttheguaranteeatthestoreofpurchase.Inmost
15cases,thisactionwill(37)______results.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the“higherup”theconsumertakeshisorher(38)______,thefasterheorshecanexpectittobesettled.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer’sfavor,(39)______heorshehasajustclaim.Consumersshouldcomplainin(40)______wheneverpossible,butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itis(41)______tophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybut(42)______,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeitemin(43)_________.Ifthiscannotbedone,(44)______________________________________..Thestoremanagermayadvisetheconsumertowritetothemanufacturer.Ifso,(45)______________________.Butifapolitecomplaintdoesnotachievethedesiredresult,theconsumercangoastepfurther.(46)______________________________________.ModelTestThreePartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.11.[A]Sheloveswalkingtowork.[B]Shehastosavemoneyforherjourney.[C]Shedoesn'tlikethecompanysheworkedwith.[D]Ittookhertoomuchtimetogotowork.12.[A]Edwardwillcertainlybehereontime. [B]Nobodywillbehereontime. [C]HeisnotsurewhetherEdwardwillbehereontime. [D]MaybeEdwardwillbehereontime.13.[A]Shewasusingthewrongpaint.[B]Shehasrunoutofpaintbrushes.[C]Shedoesn'tfeellikegoingtoclass.[D]Shehasdroppedoutofartandisnowindmp3a.14.[A]Thewomanshouldlose10pounds.[B]Thewomanshouldgain5pounds.[C]Thewomanshouldnotworry.[D]Thewomanshouldbuysomenewclothes.15.[A]Fortyyuan.[B]Thirtyyuan.[C]Thirty-fiveyuan.[D]Forty-fiveyuan. 16.[A]He'lldefinitelygo.
16[B]He'llprobablynottogosinceheisbusy.[C]He'llnotregretmissingachancelikethat.[D]He'llprobablynottogosinceheisnotinterested.17.[A]Attheman'shouse.[B]Inarestaurant.[C]Inagrocer's.[D]Inahotel.18.[A]ThemancouldnotwaittoseeSusan.[B]Susaniseagertopasstheinfomp3ationsheknows.[C]Susantalkstopeopleonlyonthephone.[D]Themanalwaysknowsthelatestnewsintown.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 19.[A]Thatthelibraryopensat8:00.[B]Thatnooneelsehasreadthearticles.[C]Thatnoneofthematerialheneedsisavailable.[D]Thatreservematerialscanbetakenoutofthelibrary.20.[A]Heisnotcooperative.[B]Hewillbeinhisofficeallafternoon.[C]Hehasnotreadanyofthearticleshimself.[D]Healreadybroughtinextracopiesofthearticles.21.[A]Returnearlythenextday.[B]Photocopythearticlesheneeds.[C]AskprofessorGrandforacopyofthearticles.[D]Waituntilthegirlhasfinishedwithherarticles.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 22.[A]Theelectionforsenator.[B]Theelectionfortreasurer.[C]Theelectionforsecretary.[D]Theelectionforpresident.23.[A]Theyarecompetingagainsteachotherinanelection.[B]Themaniswritingthewoman'sspeech.[C]Themanisinterviewingthewoman.[D]Thewomanisplanningtheman'scampaign.24.[A]Makeposters.[B]Writeaspeech.[C]Answerquestions.[D]Studychemistry.25.[A]Comparetheirlectures.[B]Reviewtheman'stalk.[C]Preparequestionstoaskcandidates.[D]Voteintheschoolelection.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestion.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmust
17choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.[A]Socialchallenge.[B]Physicalchallenge.[C]Economicchallenge.[D]Intellectualchallenge.27.[A]Paintingapicture.[B]Buildingpyramids.[C]Exploringthespace.[D]Makingplansfortransportation.28.[A]Theyignorethem.[B]Theyareafraidofthem.[C]Theyacceptandenjoythem.[D]Theyareindifferenttothem.PassageTwoQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.[A]Iteliminatedmanyfactoryjobs.[B]Itallowedworkerstolivefarfromtheirjobs.[C]Itgaveworkersopportunityforbettertraining.[D]Itallowedworkerstospendmoretimeathome.30.[A]Increasedtransportationcosts.[B]Thelackofaqualifiedsalesforce.[C]Adeclineinthenumberofcustomers.[D]Difficultyintransportingmerchandise.31.[A]Becausepropertyismorevaluableinthecity.[B]Becausepricesarehigherindowntownstores.[C]Becausejobopportunitiesarebetterinthecity.[D]Becausehighwaycommutinghasbecomeunpleasant.PassageThreeQuestions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.[A]Thegoodpointsofthefederalsystem.[B]Howpowerisdividedunderthefederalsystem.[C]Thedifferencebetweenthecentralgovernmentandthestates.[D]Thedifferentfunctionsofthecentralgovernmentandthestates.33.[A]Printingmoney.[B]Limitingstatetaxes.[C]Makingtreatieswithforeigncountries.[D]Passinglawsaffectingtradebetweenthestates.34.[A]Allthestateshaverespectivepowers.[B]Thecentralgovernmentandthestatessharethesamepowers.[C]Thepowersofthecountryarefairlydividedupbetweenstates.[D]ItistheConstitutionthatspecifiesthepowerforthecentralgovernmentandthestates.
1835.[A]Thecentralgovernmentcannotbetoopowerful.[B]Biggerstateshavemorepowerthansmallerones.[C]Thecentralgovernmentcanputalimitonstatetaxes.[D]Thestatesandthecentralgovernmenthavethesamepowers. SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhaveheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Inmanycountries,authorityisseldomquestioned,eitherbecauseitishighlyrespected,orbecauseitis(36)_______.Sometimes,too,because(37)_______hasbeenimportantincertainsocietiesforalongtime,peoplehavebeentrainednevertoquestionthoseinauthority. Inothercountries,(38)_______America,childrenaretrainedtoquestionandsearchforanswers.Whenachildasksaquestion,hewillbeoftentoldtogotothelibraryandfindtheanswerforhimself.Bythetimestudentsreachtheageof14or15,theymaybe(39)_______excitingnewideasinallfieldsofscienceandthearts.Toencouragesuchcreativity,therearemanynational(40)_______offeredtostudentseveryyearfortheirscientificdiscoveriesandartistic(41)_______. Thisinterestinquestioningandsearchingmaybe(42)_______bysomepeopleasbadforyoungpeople’s(43)_______,thatyoungpeoplelackrespectforauthority.(44)___________________.However,thisisbecausemanyAmericanshavedifferentattitudestowardauthoritythatmayexistinotherareasoftheworld.Inaworkorbusinesssituation,ideasarefreelyandopenlydiscussedandargued.(45)_________________________.Thetwoarequiteseparate.Thepurposeofthesearching,questioning,andarguingistofindthefactsinaparticularsituation,andthereforeasolution,(46)______________________________.第二章阅读理解第一节阅读理解十大解题技巧根据四级英语大纲的阅读技能要求和文章的特点以及题目设置的方式,可以将阅读理解的题型分为以下十种类型,针对不同题目类型总结出十大解题技巧: (一)细节事实题 这是四级英语阅读中数量最多、也最重要的一种题型,可以从下列几个方面把握: 1.题型特点根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问。细节事实题的考查内容和形式可以归纳为二种类型:(1)According型:题干一般围绕5W和1H而展开。即who,what,where,when,why,how;(2)隐含的事实和细节型:需要在读懂全文的基础上,综合概括作者展示的各种细节。
19 2.标志 (1)题干中明确提到人名、地名、数字时间等细节性信息; (2)往往针对文章中可以定位的一句话或几句话设计问题; (3)题干和选项之间有时是因果关系。 3.关键词 包括数字、时间、专有名词——如人名、地名、学科名词或带引号的词。 4.命题模式 Accordingtothepassage/theauthor,who(what,where,which,when,why,howetc。) 5.做题关键:准确定位、返回原文。 (1)根据题干中的明确关键词返回原文; (2)根据题干中的重点词或其同义词(如名词、动词、形容词等)返回原文; (3)根据原文中的特殊语言现象,要善于利用因果、类比、时间、空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个逻辑分明的有机体。如转折词but、however、yet等定位。 6.做题步骤 (1)根据段落中主题句的名词粗略确定段落内容方向; (2)利用题干提问的内容,大致定位对应的段落; (3)利用题干中的重要信息词准确确定相关信息句,进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案。 7.注意事项 干扰选项的特征: (1)正反混淆选项的内容和作者在原文中提到的信息相反。(2)偷换概念选项提到了原文的内容,但是却将原文对应部分中的另一个关键词或短语换成了意思不同的其他词汇。 (3)无中生有就是说选项中出现了原文没有提到或推导不出的形容词或名词。(4)因果倒置选项中涉及的两部分之间的因果关系与原文所说的因果关系正好相反,将原文的因换成了果或者将原文的果换成了因。 (5)扩大范围将原文的特指(只适用于部分的情况)变为泛指(适用于全部的情况)。例如,在选项中出现表示泛指的复数名词作主语时,要注意该名词在原文的范围。如果选项中所说的情况只适用于主语所指的一部分,那么这一选项就是干扰选项。注意,上述干扰选项的特征也适用于判断其他题型的干扰选项。 (二)中心主旨题该类题型考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力,要求考生通过对文章的阅读,迅速把握文章或段落的中心主旨。该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高,每年必出。中心主旨题可以分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。 1.题型特点 命题方式中含有“mainidea,subject,purpose”等词。 2.标志题干中出现下列词之一:besttitle,mainidea,mainproblem,mainlyabout,mainlydiscuss,mainlydealwith或问本文的写作目的的词(purpose,theauthorintendsto…)。 3.关键句 文章首段的句子以及各段的首末句。 4.命题模式 (1)Thepassageismainlyabout。 (2)Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthemainideaofthepassage? (3)Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe。 (4)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
20 5.做题关键这种题目应主要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构入手,利用推理能力,对文章信息进行系统分析,归纳总结,从而得出主题。 6.做题步骤 (1)运用宏观阅读技巧做题,就是根据文章结构判断主题。(2)运用首段和首末句信息做题。就是说综合各段的首末句的内容,可以得出主题。注意:只看首段有时容易以偏概全,因为首段有时只是在引出文章主体之前起抛砖引玉的作用。(3)运用写作方法做题。 2003年以后的文章,以报刊文章为主,文章首段常以类比、故事、今昔对比等方式引出主题。问文章使用的写作方法时,正确答案一般是类比等;问使用类比、故事、今昔对比等写作方法的目的时,正确答案是引出主题。(4)运用快速构思成文法进行判断。在两个选项难以分辨时可以分别以它们为题,在脑海中快速构思两个写作提纲,若所构思提纲与原文内容大致吻合者为正确答案,否则为干扰选项。 (三)词汇题 1.题型特点 词义题的考查有两种:一是超纲词含义的推断,另一个是熟词僻义或是在特定场合的意思。 2.标志 题干中具体给出原文中某处的单词或短语,要求推测其意思。 3.关键词能帮助读者猜测词义的上下文线索通常有定义、重述、解释、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词或标点符号等等。如通常使用信号词,如is,are,is(are)called,mean,referto,knownas等来引导定义。 4.命题模式 (1)Theword“…”(inline…)mostprobablymeans。 (2)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword“…”is。 (3)Fromthefirstparagraph,welearnthat。 5.做题关键注意单词所在的上下文,尤其是上下句。假如所考单词是常见词汇,那么其字面意思一定不是正确答案,要根据上下文得出其在特定场合更深刻的意思,该含义也许和其字面意思没有任何的关系。猜测词义的方法:(1)构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义;(2)词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测;(3)找同义词、同义解释、反义词、反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义;(4)找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。 6.做题步骤 (1)返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方; (2)注意结合上下文理解该单词的含义; (3)如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案;(4)词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。特别注意不能靠单词词义直接往下过分推理;(5)寻找时要注意特殊标点、定语从句、构词的前后缀等,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。例如,冒号前的词汇的意思可以由冒号后的部分归纳,破折号之后词汇的意思可以由破折号之前的部分推测; (6)代入法。将确定的答案代入原文,看上下文逻辑是否通顺,如果通顺就是正确答案。 7.注意事项 干扰项特点:(1)与所考词汇形似。(2)如果考的是熟词,含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。
21 (四)句子理解题 1.标志 题干中给出原文中具体的一句话,要求理解其意思。 2.命题模式 (1)By“…”,thewritermeans。 (2)Accordingtopassage,whatis“…”? (3)Bysaying“…”theauthorimpliedthat… (4)Thephrase(sentence)“…”(inline…)mostprobablymeans。 3.做题关键 做这类题时要立足于本句,借上下句帮助理解。 4.做题步骤返回原文找到所考的句子,找出句子的主干或看出作者所表达的态度,也可以利用微观阅读技巧,如标点符号或关联词对句子进行精确理解。 5.注意事项正确答案与原句之间是一个同义关系,其中一般不存在推理过程。干扰项特点:(1)根据命题原则,正确选项不会使用与原文过多相同的字眼,因此,对句子的解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。(2)四个选项中与原句意思最接近的为正确答案,选项与原文之间没有任何推理过程。 (五)作者态度(观点)题 1.题型特点态度题是四级英语阅读中的一种重要题型,主要考查对文章中作者态度的辨别。作者态度大致分为两种:(1)支持或赞同;(2)中立或客观;(3)怀疑、批评或反对。 2.标志题干中有attitude或think,believe,deem,consider,regard等词汇,选项中是一些表示态度的名词或形容词。 3.关键词 可以反映作者观点的动词、形容词等。 4.命题模式 作者态度题: (1)Theauthorismostcriticalof。 (2)Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheattitudeoftheauthortowards…? 作者观点题: (1)Whatistheauthor’sideaabout? (2)Theauthorbelievesthat。 5.做题关键、技巧 (1)不要把自己的态度揉入其中,还要注意区分考查是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度。(2)当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者在文章中所运用的具有褒贬含义的语言去判断作者的态度,如,wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。(3)某一事物是好是坏,作者对它是支持是反对,态度一般都很明确,而带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案。问作者对某事物的态度时,表示“客观”的词多为正确选项,如objective,impartial,unbiased等;问作者对文中提到的人物或他们的观点态度时,答案多是肯定或否定,支持或反对。如,critical,approval,opposed,supporting等。(4)既然作者写了文章,他的态度就不可能是漠不关心的,因此见到indifferent,uninterested可以首先排除。
22 6.注意事项 解答态度观点题应注意以下几点: (1)区别作者的态度与其他人的态度。(2)下列选项一般为干扰选项:indifferent(冷漠的),subjective(主观的),biased(有偏见的),puzzling(令人感到迷惑的)。 (六)文章态度(观点)题 1.题型特点问文中某人对某事物的态度。作为作者态度题的一种新形式,命题也开始注重考查文章中某人对某事的观点和态度。 2.标志和关键词题干中常有attitude,opinion,tone等。选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词,而改为带有程度限制的词语。比如guarded(慎重的),qualified(有条件的,有限制的),reserved(有保留的),tempered(温和的,缓和的)。 3.命题模式 (1)Whatisthetone(mood)of“…”? (2)Whatis“…”opinionabout? 4.做题关键要注意区分作者的态度与其他人的态度。因为持有保留态度的观点比较客观,往往是正确答案。文章陈述的内容并非都是作者的观点,要注意区分,这是命题最具有迷惑性的地方。因此,作者引用别人的观点时,是作为支持或抨击的对象,别人的观点通常是为了证明作者的论据来给出的。 5.注意事项这类试题与作者态度题不同,作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联,而文章某人的观点则不一定紧密相关。一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的词修饰的选项必错。比如:strongly,completely,entirely等。 (七)推理题 1.题型特点该题型最大的两个特点:(1)文章中往往没有答题的依据;(2)一旦文中有依据,往往A,B,C,D表面上都对,很难判断谁是谁非。正确项特点:(1)不是文中明确说明的内容,因为即使符合原文,没有引申或归纳总结的内容就不是正确选项;(2)如果四个选项全能凭常识判断,其中含义深刻的是正确选项,有时唯一不是常识项的是正确选项。干扰项的特点:(1)只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当成间接推理;(2)看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果,把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的;(3)根据常识判断是正确的,然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点,因此,考生要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理,因为命题者考查的是考生理解作者意图的能力;(4)虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据,但推理过头,概括过度;(5)有部分选项的内容纯属编造,无中生有。 抓住三错一对的关系,即有三个选项与原文相矛盾,只有一个符合原文的意思。 2.标志 题干中出现下列词汇之一:infer,conclude,imply,suggest,learn等。 3.命题模式推理引申题题干中常有infer,imply,suggest,deduce,indicate,conclude等词出现,常见的命题模式有: (1)Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat… (2)Whichofthefollowingcan(not)beinferredfromthepassage?
23 (3)Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethat。 (4)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat。 (5)Wecaninfer(assume,deduce)that。 (6)By…theauthorimplied(suggests,indicates)that。 4.做题关键 返回原文,将选项与原文一一进行比较。 5.做题步骤 推理题的答案一般是这么编写的: (1)将原文的某句话换个说法,如换成同义词。 (2)将原文几句话或一段话归纳一下,就是说以段落主题或句群的论点为答案。(3)由构成对比的一方推断另一方。如果原文中提到两个事物,二者形成对比,而且已知其中一个事物的特点,那么可以推断另一事物的特点。所以,找推理题的答案时要特别注意原文表示对比、比较或有转折的地方,这些往往是出推理题的地方。(4)根据作者的态度进行推理。推理题如果涉及态度,一般应与作者的态度一致。正确答案应该支持作者的观点或驳斥与作者相反的观点。 6.注意事项(1)考生在浏览全文时,一要留意那些似乎话中有话的间接表达句。它们往往采用说半句、打比喻、反过来讲的方式,留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余地。二是留意含义深刻或结构复杂的长难句型。考生对作者表达的意思不能一下子看透,它们往往是命题点所在。(2)根据题干的关键词迅速搜索定位以便确定推理依据的范围,利用语法、词汇、语境线索,了解单句的含义,弄清上下文的逻辑关系,然后按题意进行推理。题目可能要求考生对某句话或数句话进行正确理解或释义,也可能从某句话或某段话中深刻理解,分析一些细节事实。 7.新趋势 推理题按照难易可以分为:简单推理题和复杂推理题。而后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势。 (八)例证题 1.题型特点该题型要求考生(1)区分论点和论据;(2)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系:主要是考察考生通过段落、句子来推测文章的主旨、支持的观点等。 2.标志题干中出现下列词汇之一:case,example,illustration,demonstration,exemplify,illustrate,demonstrate。 3.命题模式 (1)Thecaseof…demonstratedthat。 (2)Theauthorwantstoprovetheexampleof…that。 (3)Theexampleof…isusedtoshow。 4.做题关键重要找出例子所支持的论点,而不是看是否完全理解例子本身的含义。一般例子支持它之前的论点,段落性的例子(涉及整个段落的例子)说明段落主题(一般位于段首或段落首尾两处),全文性的例子(涉及两个或两个以上段落)说明全文主题。 5.做题步骤 (1)返回原文定位该例子; (2)一般向例子前(有时向例子后)寻找该例子所支持的论点; (3)与所找到的论点意思最接近的选项为正确答案。 6.注意事项 干扰选项的特征:就事论事。
24 (九)指代题 1.题型特点 指代题主要考察考生整体理解文章的能力,并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。 2.标志 在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词要求辨别其指代关系,常考的指代词有it,that,one。 3.做题关键 返回原文定位该指代词。 4.做题步骤 (1)返回原文找出该代词所在的句子,并且仔细分析,正确理解该可话; (2)向上搜索,找出离该代词最近的名词、短语或句子,以之替换该代词,看句子是否通顺; (3)在四个选项中找出与所找到的名词、短语或句子意思最接近的一个作为正确答案。 (十)判断题 1.标志 题干为下列两种形式之一: (1)Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)mentioned/true/correct? (2)Allofthefollowingstatementsarementioned/true/correctexcept… 2.做题步骤(1)先判断是三错一对还是三对一错。所谓“对”是指符合原文意思或作者态度,而所谓“错”是指和原文相矛盾、与作者态度相反,或原文未提及的信息。(2)返回原文,找到各选项所对应的原文,将它们与原文一一进行比较,切忌凭印象进行判断。注意:这种题的选项有时考查的是集中于某段的信息或者具备一些共同的特征,所以做题时可以先看一下四个选项,找出其中的共同点,再返回原文定位。 3.注意事项文章中容易出现考点的地方:(1)转折处(2)最高级后面(3)带有褒贬义的句子(4)虚拟语气的句子(5)长难句。第二节强化训练题ReadingComprehension(MultipleChoice)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Passage1Psychics(通灵的人)arepeoplewhocangetinformationaboutpeople,places,orsituationsthroughasixthsense-asensethatexistsinadditiontothoseofseeing,hearing,smelling,tasting,andtouching.Theycanusetheirpsychicabilitytohealpeoplewhoaresick,togiveadvice,togivehintsaboutthefuture,andtodomanyotherthings.Andit'snotjustindividualswhousepsychics;sometimescompaniesandgovernmentsusepsychics,too.OneyearacompanycalledDelphiandAssociatesearned$120,000onthestockmarketwiththehelpofpsychics."SohowcanIgetsomepsychichelp?"youmayaskyourself.Well,youdon'thavetopayalotofmoneytoaprofessionalpsychic.Youcanstartbyusingyourownpsychicability.Psychicabilitiesarereallyjustanothersense,similartoourotherfivesenses.Thedifferenceisthatweneverdevelopourpsychicsenseinthesamewaythatwedevelopourothersenses.WetrainoureyestoseethedifferencebetweenaVandaU;wetrainourearstohearthedifferencebetweena/ch/anda/sh/sound;wecanfeelthedifferencebetweensilkandleather;wecansmellandtasteifmilkissour.Butoursixth
25sense,ourpsychicsense,seldomdevelopsverymuch.Becausemostofusignoreourpsychicsenseforsolong,ittakessometimetodevelopit.Ifyouhaveneverplayedsoccerbefore,youcannotexpecttobeagoodplayerafterthreelessons.Itmighttakeyearstobecomereallygood.Psychicabilityworksthesameway.1.Peopleusepsychics________.[A]mainlytoseethefuture[B]tomakemoney[C]toseewhatonecannotusuallysee[D]formanyreasons2._______learntousetheirpsychicability.[A]Manypeople[B]Manycompanies[C]Fewpeople[D]Fewgovernments3.Psychicabilities________.[A]aresimilartoothersenses[B]workinthesamewayasothersenses[C]aredifferentfromothersenses[D]worktogetherwithothersenses4.Ourpsychicsenseseldomdevelopsverymuchbecause________.[A]weneversenseit[B].weneverbelieveinit[C]weignoreit[D]wedon'twanttotaketimetotrainit5.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardspsychicabilitiesis________.[A]positive[B]negative[C]critical[D]neutralPassage2ItisnotoftenrealizedthatwomenheldahighplaceinsouthernEuropeansocietiesinthe10thand11thcenturies.Asawife,thewomanwasprotectedbythesettingupofadowry(嫁妆)ordecimum.Admittedly,thepurposeofthiswastoprotectheragainsttheriskofbeingabandoned,butinrealityitsfunctioninthesocialandfamilylifeofthetimewasmuchmoreimportant.Thedecimumwasthewife'srighttoreceiveatenthofallherhusband'sproperty.Thewifehadtherighttoholdbackconsent,inalltransactions(交易)thehusbandwouldmake.Andmorethanjustaright:thedocumentsshowthatsheenjoyedarealpowerofdecision,equaltothatofherhusband.Innocasedothedocumentsindicateanydegreeofdifferenceinthelegalstatusofhusbandandwife.Thewifesharedinthemanagementofherhusband'spersonalproperty,buttheoppositewasnotalwaystrue.Womenseemedperfectlypreparedtodefendtheirowninheritanceagainsthusbandswhotriedtoexceedtheirrights,andonoccasiontheyshowedafinefightingspirit.AcaseinpointisthatofMariaVivas,aCatalanwomanofBarcelona.HavingagreedwithherhusbandMirotosellafieldshehadinherited,fortheneedsofthehousehold,sheinsistedoncompensation.Nonebeingoffered,shesucceededindraggingherhusbandtotheofficialinchargetohaveacontractasexpecteddrawnupassigningherapieceoflandfromMiro'spersonalinheritance.Theunfortunatehusbandwasobligedtoagree,asthecontractsays,"forthesakeofpeace."Eitherthroughthedowryorthroughbeinghot-tempered,theCatalanwifeknewhowtowinherself,withinthecontextofthefamily,apowerfuleconomicposition.
266.Adecimumwas________.[A]thewife'sinheritancefromherfather[B]agiftofmoneytothenewhusband[C]awrittencontract[D]thewife'srighttoreceiveone-tenthofherhusband'sproperty7.Inthesocietydescribedinthepassage,thelegalstandingofthewifeinmarriagewas________.[A]higherthanthatofherhusband[B]lowerthanthatofherhusband[C]thesameasthatofherhusband[D]higherthanthatofasinglewoman8.WhatcompensationdidMariaVivasgetforthefield?[A]SomeofthelandMirohadinherited[B]AtenthofMiro'sland.[C]Moneyforhouseholdexpenses.[D]MoneyfromMiro'sinheritance.9.Couldahusbandsellhiswife'sinheritance?[A]No,undernocircumstances.[B]Yes,wheneverhewishedto.[C]Yes,ifsheagreed.[D]Yes,ifhisfather-in-lawagreed.10.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaneffectofthedowrysystem?[A]Thehusbandhadtosharethepowerofdecisioninmarriage.[B]Thewifewasprotectedfrombeingabandoned.[C]Thewifegainedapowerfuleconomicposition.[D]Thehusbandwasgivencontroloverhiswife'spropertyPassage3Somecynicalexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandoned.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofcitytravelintheimmediatefuture.Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresentmodels.Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainsourceoftrafficcongestion(拥挤)incities.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemisthecomputerizedhighwaysystem.Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable(可伸缩的)armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar'smovements.Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer(蜂鸣器)thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatacomputerizedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.
2711.Onesignificantimprovementinthefuturecarwillprobablybe________.[A]itspowersource[B]itsdrivingsystem[C]itsmonitoringsystem[D]itsseatingcapacity12.Whatistheauthor'smainconcern?[A]Howtomakeautomobilespollution-free[B]Howtoabandonautomobilesinthefuture.[C]Howtosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.[D]Howtodevelopacomputerizedsubwaysystem.13.Whatprovidesautoswithelectricpowerinacomputerizedhighwaysystem?[A]Arail.[B]Anengine.[C]Aretractablearm.[D]Acomputercontroller.14.Inacomputerizedhighwaysystem,allthedriverneedstodois________.[A]keepintherightlane[B]waittoarriveathisdestination[C]keepinconstanttouchwiththecomputercenter[D]informthesystemofhisdestinationbyphone15.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?[A]Enthusiastic.[B]Cynical.[C]Optimistic.[D]Cautious.Passage4StockpricestumbledonWallStreetandacrossmuchoftherestoftheworldyesterday.TheyweredrivensharplylowerbyworriesoverslowingeconomicgrowthintheUnitedStatesandworseningborrowingconditionsthatcouldmakeeverythingfromhugecorporatebuyoutstobuyinganewhomemoredifficult.Majorstockmarketgauges--includingtheDowJonesindustrialaverageandtheStandard&Poor's500-stockindex--weredownmorethan2percent.Itwastheworstone-daydeclineonWallStreetsincemarketsplungedworldwideinlateFebruaryafteraninvestingscareinShanghai,anditoccurredamidthebiggestvolumeoftradingontheNewYorkStockExchangeinfiveyears.LosseswerecomparablethroughoutEurope,andlargerinmanydevelopingcountries.''Thepreconditionsforashockareinplace,''saidMarkZandi,chiefeconomistatMoody'sEconomy.com.''Untilveryrecentlyinvestorswereverynonchalantaboutrisks.''Stockmarketshavebeenvolatileinrecentweeks.ContinuedstrongprofitsformanycompaniesandaneconomicboominAsiahavehelpedpushoilpriceshigher.Meanwhile,however,therearevarioussignsofweaknessintheAmericaneconomyandnewdifficultiesinborrowingformanyhomeownersandcompaniesthatarehighlyleveragedorhavepoorcredit.TheplungecameadayaftertheprivateequityfirmbuyingChryslerfromDaimlerChryslersaiditwouldcompletethetransactionfortheautomakerdespiteaninabilitytoborrowthemoneyincreditmarkets,ashadbeenplanned.Bankswillholdthoseloans,astheywillforasimilardealinvolvingAllianceBoots,aBritishpharmacychain.SharesofDaimlerChryslerfell$4.11,to$88.91.''Thereisfear,butnotafearofrecession,''saidBillGross,chiefinvestmentofficerofthePacificInvestmentManagementCompany,knownasPimco,alargebondmanagementfirm.''Thefearisdirectedtowardthequestionofwhowillbewillingtolend$200billiontoprovidetakeoutfinancingforpreviouslyannouncedprivate
28equitydeals.''Yesterday,theDowindustrialsplunged311.50points,or2.3percent,to13,473.57,whiletheS.&P.500dropped35.43points,or2.3percent,to1,482.66.TheNasdaqcompositeindexwasdown48.83points,or1.8percent,to2,599.34.TheS.&P.isstillup4.5percentfortheyear,whiletheDowis8.1percenthigher.ButtheS.&P.hasfallen4.5percentsincereachingarecordlastweek.Inthelasthourorsooftrading,themajorWallStreetindexesrecoveredaboutathirdoftheirsteepestlossesfortheday.Lossesofmorethan2percentwererecordedinSpain,FranceandGermany,whileBritain,Argentina,MexicoandBrazilfellmorethan3percent.Asianmarketsfelllessyesterday,closingbeforetheworstsellingbegan,butopeneddownsharplyonFriday.16.Thepassageismainly_______.[A]areviewofthecurrentconditionoftheAmericanandworldstockmarket[B]anintroductionoftheworldstockmarket[C]asurveyofthestockdealofDaimlerChrysler[D]abouttheupsanddownsofstockprices17.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?[A]CurrentlyitismoredifficultforAmericanstoborrowmoneyfrombanksforhousepurchase.[B]ThelossesfromstockmarketsaresimilarinU.S.andsomedevelopingcountries. [C]Investorswereworriedaboutthepotentialrisksinstockmarketbeforeyesterday.[D]EconomicboominAsiapreventitsstockmarketfromfalling.18.Ifyouwereaninvestor,youmightbeabletoearnmoneyif_______.[A]youheldthesharesofDaimlerChrysler[B]youpurchasednewshareswhenthestockmarketopenedyesterday.[C]youboughtandsoldsharesatthelastoneortwohoursbeforeclosing[D]youdidn’ttradeanysharesyesterday.19.Wecaninferfromthetextthat_______.[A]TheChryslertransactionwillturntobeafailure.[B]ThebanksholdtheloansbecauseofAllianceBoots.[C]BillGrossthinksthefearisfromthehugeamountofmoney.[D]ThedifficultyofborrowingleadstotheshrinkingpricesofsharesofDaimlerChrysler. 20.Thewriter’sattitudetowardsthecurrentstockmarketis_______.[A]biased [B]objective [C]pessimistic [D]optimisticPassage5Inthenextcenturywe’llbeabletoalterourDNAradically,encodingourvisionsandvanitieswhileconcoctingnewlife-forms.WhenDr.Frankensteinmadehismonster,hewrestledwiththemoralissueofwhetherheshouldallowittoreproduce,“HadItheright,formyownbenefit,toinflictthecurseuponeverlastinggenerations?”Willsuchquestionsrequireustodevelopnewmoralphilosophies?Probablynot.Instead,we’llreachagainforatimetestedmoralconcept,onesometimescalledtheGoldenRuleandwhichKant,themillennium’smostprudentmoralist,conjuredupintoacategoricalimperative:Dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou;treateachpersonasanindividualratherthanasameanstosomeend.Underthismoralpreceptweshouldrecoilathumancloning,becauseitinevitablyentailsusinghumansasmeanstootherhumans’endsandvaluingthemascopiesofotherswelovedorascollectionsofbodyparts,notasindividualsintheirownright.Weshouldalsodrawaline,howeverfuzzy,thatwouldpermitusinggeneticengineeringtocurediseasesanddisabilitiesbutnottochangethepersonalattributes
29thatmakesomeoneanindividual(IQ,physicalappearance,genderandsexuality).Thebiotechagewillalsogiveusmorereasontoguardourpersonalprivacy.AldousHuxleyinBraveNewWorld,gotitwrong:ratherthancentralizingpowerinthehandsofthestate,DNAtechnologyhasempoweredindividualsandfamilies.Butthestatewillhaveanimportantrole,makingsurethatnoone,includinginsurancecompanies,canlookatourgeneticdatawithoutourpermissionoruseittodiscriminateagainstus.Thenwecangetreadyforthebreakthroughsthatcouldcomeattheendofthenextcenturyandthetechnologyiscomparabletomappingourgenes:plottingthe10billionormoreneuronsofourbrain.Withthatinformationwemightsomedaybeabletocreateartificialintelligencesthatthinkandexperienceconsciousnessinwaysthatareindistinguishablefromahumanbrain.Eventuallywemightbeabletoreplicateourownmindsina“dryware”machine,sothatwecouldliveonwithoutthe“wetware”ofabiologicalbrainandbody.The20thcentury’srevolutionininfotechnologywilltherebymergewiththe21stcentury’srevolutioninbiotechnology.Butthisissciencefiction.Let’sturnthepagenowandgetbacktorealscience.21.Dr.Frankenstein’sremarksarementionedinthetext_______[A]togiveanepisodeoftheDNAtechnologicalbreakthroughs.[B]tohighlighttheimportanceofameanstosomeeverlastingends.[C]toshowhowhecreatedanewformoflifeathousandyearsago.[D]tointroducethetopicofmoralphilosophiesincurredinbiotechnology.22.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatthetechnologyofhumancloningshouldbeemployed_______[A]excessivelyandextravagantly.[B]reasonablyandcautiously.[C]aggressivelyandindiscriminately.[D]openlyandenthusiastically.23.Fromthetext,welearnthatAldousHuxleyisoftheopinionthat_______[A]DNAtechnologyshouldbeplacedinthechargeofindividuals.[B]governmentshouldassumelesscontroloverindividuals.[C]peopleneedgovernmenttoprotecttheirDNAinformation.[D]oldmoralpreceptsshouldbeabolishedonhumancloning.24.Judgedfromtheinformationinthelastparagraph,wecanpredictthattheauthorislikelytowritewhichofthefollowinginthenextsection?[A]Thereflectionuponbiotechnologicalmorality.[B]Theoffensiveinvasionofourpersonalprivacy.[C]TheinevitablechangeofIQsforourdescendants.[D]Thepresentstateofbiotechnologicalresearch.25.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“dry-ware”isto“wet-ware”as_______[A]“collective”to“individual”.[B]“fictional”to“factual”.[C]“mechanical”to“corporeal”.[D]“temporary”to“permanent”.Passage6Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoumoregoodthanporingovertextbooks.That,atleast,isthefolkwisdom.Andscience,intheformofbehavioralpsychology,supportsthatwisdom.Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthe
30memory.Onesaysthatsleepiswhenpermanentmemoriesform.Theothersaysthattheyareactuallyformedduringtheday,butthen“edited”atnight,toflushawaywhatissuperfluous.Totellthedifference,itisnecessarytolookintothebrainofasleepingperson,andthatishard.Butafteradecadeofpainstakingwork,ateamledbyPierreMaquetatLiegeUniversityinBelgiumhasmanagedtodoit.TheparticularstageofsleepinwhichtheBelgiangroupisinterestedinisrapideyemovement(REM)sleep,whenbrainandbodyareactive,heartrateandbloodpressureincrease,theeyesmovebackandforthbehindtheeyelidsasifwatchingamovie,andbrainwavetracesresemblethoseofwakefulness.Itisduringthisperiodofsleepthatpeoplearemostlikelytoreliveeventsofthepreviousdayindreams.Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPETtostudythebrainsofpeopleastheypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.Thetaskrequiredthemtopressabuttonasfastaspossible,inresponsetoalightcomingoninoneofsixpositions.Astheylearnthowtodothis,theirresponsetimesgotfaster.Whattheydidnotknowwasthattheappearanceofthelightssometimesfollowedapattern—whatisreferredtoas“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthattheylearntfasterwhenthepatternwaspresentthanwhentherewasnot.Whatismore,thosewithmoretolearn(i.e.,the“grammar”,aswellasthemechanicaltaskofpushingthebutton)havemoreactivebrains.The“editing”theorywouldnotpredictthat,sincethenumberofirrelevantstimuliwouldbethesameineachcase.Andtoeliminateanydoubtsthattheexperimentalsubjectswerelearningasopposedtounlearning,theirresponsetimeswhentheywokeupwereevenquickerthanwhentheywenttosleep.Theteam,therefore,concludedthatthenerveconnectionsinvolvedinmemoryarereinforcedthroughreactivationduringREMsleep,particularlyifthebraindetectsaninherentstructureinthematerialbeinglearnt.Sonow,ontheeveofthatcrucialtest,mathsstudentscansleepsoundlyintheknowledgethatwhattheywillrememberthenextdayarethebasicrulesofalgebraandnottheincoherenttalkfromtheradionextdoor.26.Researchersinbehavioralpsychologyaredividedwithregardto_______[A]howdreamsaremodifiedintheircourses.[B]thedifferencebetweensleepandwakefulness.[C]whysleepisofgreatbenefittomemory.[D]thefunctionsofagoodnight’ssleep.27.Asmanifestedintheexperimentalstudy,rapideyemovementischaracterizedby_______[A]intenselyactivebrainwavetraces.[B]subjects’quickerresponsetimes.[C]complicatedmemorypatterns.[D]revivalofeventsinthepreviousday.28.Byreferringtotheartificialgrammar,theauthorintendstoshow_______[A]itssignificanceinthestudy.[B]aninherentpatternbeinglearnt.[C]itsresemblancetothelights.[D]theimportanceofnight’ssleep.29.Intheirstudy,researchersledbyPierreMaquettookadvantageofthetechniqueof_______[A]exposingalong-heldfolkwisdom.[B]clarifyingthepredictionsondreams.[C]makingcontrastsandcomparisons.[D]correlatingeffectswiththeircauses.
3130.WhatadvicemightMaquetgivetothosewhohaveacrucialtestthenextday?[A]Memorizinggrammarwithgreatefforts.[B]Studytextbookswithcloseattention.[C]Havetheirbrainimagesrecorded.[D]Enjoytheirsleepatnightsoundly.Passage7Thislineofinquirydidnotbeginuntilearlierthismonth—morethanthreemonthsaftertheaccident—becausetherewere“toomanyemotions,toomanyegos,”saidretiredAdm.HaroldGehman,chairmanoftheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoard.TestifyingbeforetheSenateCommerceCommittee,Gehmansaidthispartofhisinquirywasinitsearlieststages,startingjust10daysago.ButGehmansaidhealreadyhasconcludeditis“inconceivable”thatNASAwouldhavebeenunableorunwillingtoattemptarescueforastronautsinorbitifseniorshuttlemanagersandadministratorshadknowntherewasfataldamagetoColumbia’sleftwing.Gehmantoldreportersafterthehearingthatanswerstotheseimportantquestionscouldhaveenormousimpact,sincetheycouldplaceinadifferentcontextNASA’sdecisionsagainstmoreaggressivelycheckingpossiblewingdamageinthedaysbeforeColumbia’sfatalreturn.InvestigatorsbelievebreakawayinsulatingfoamdamagedpartofColumbia’swingshortlyafterliftoff,allowingsuperheatedairtopenetratethewingduringitsfieryreentryonFeb.1,meltitfrominside.AmongthosedecisionswasthechoicebyNASA’sseniorshuttlemanagersandadministratorstorejectoffersofsatelliteimagesofpossibledamagetoColumbia’sleftwingbeforetheaccident.ThesubjectdominatedtheearlypartofWednesday’shearing.Gehmancomplainedmanagersandadministrators“missedsignals”whentheyrejectedthoseoffersforimages,apointedlyharshassessmentofthespaceagency’sinactionduringthe16-dayshuttlemission.“Wewillattempttopinthisissuedowninourreport,buttherewereanumberofbureaucraticandadministrativemissedsignalshere,”Gehmantoldsenators.“We’renotquitesohappywiththeprocess.”TheinvestigativeboardalreadyhadrecommendedthatNASApushforbettercoordinationbetweenthespaceagencyandmilitaryofficesinchargeofsatellitesandtelescopes.TheU.S.NationalImageryandMappingAgencyinMarchagreedtoregularlycapturedetailedsatelliteimagesofspaceshuttlesinorbit.Still,GehmansaiditwasunclearwhetherevenimagesfromAmerica’smostsophisticatedspysatellitesmighthavedetectedonColumbia’swinganydamage,whichGehmansaidcouldhavebeenassmallastwoinchessquare.TheprecisecapabilitiesofsuchsatellitesprovedtobeasensitivetopicduringtheSenatehearing.31.Thistextismostprobablytakenfromanarticleentitled“_______”.[A]Gehman’sCommentsonColumbiaAccident.[B]AnInquiryintoColumbiaAccident.[C]SheddingLightonShuttle’sSafety.[D]NASA’sProblemsBeingExposed.32.Theword“they”inthesentence“sincetheycouldplace”(Para.3)denotes_______[A]“damages”.[B]“answers”.[C]“decisions”.[D]“questions”.33.Accordingtothewriter,whatmaychieflyberesponsiblefortheColumbiaaccident?[A]Asupposeddamagetotheleftwingofthespacecraft.[B]Thedeliberaterejectionofsatelliteimages.[C]Asenseofsentimentandarroganceinvolved.[D]Thespaceagency’sinactionduringitsmission.
3234.Asmentionedinthetext,theWednesday’shearingrevolvedaround_______[A]theprecisecapabilitiesofspysatellitesinorbit.[B]NASA’sindecisionsagainstcheckingupontheColumbia.[C]NASA’srejectionofsatelliteimagesoffered.[D]thecoordinationbetweenNASAandmilitaryoffices.35.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeGehman’sattitudetowardssatelliteimages?[A]Apprehensive.[B]Credulous.[C]Indifferent.[D]Cautious.Passage8Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulace,scientistsimmediatelygettowork,tryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimes,successisachieved,asmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasite,germorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcases,inwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraverisk,itisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccination,soastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat,ifitisencountered,onecanwarditoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthis,asmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment,sothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturally,inwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat,shouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblem,hisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithit,havingalreadydonesobefore.Therearedangersinherentintheprocess,however.Onoccasion,eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandle,resultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbing,and,therefore,thepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine,designedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10,000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Thus,iftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday,3000Americanswouldbeleftdead.Fortunately,thesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’s,endingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofare-introductionofthedisease,however,mandatoryvaccinationsmayresume,resultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocess,whichistrulyamixedblessing,mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.36.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe_______[A]“Vaccinations:ABlessingorACurse.”[B]“PrinciplesofVaccinations.”[C]“Vaccines:MethodsandImplications.”[D]“AMiracleCureUnderAttack.”37.WhatdoestheexampleoftheSmallpoxVaccineillustrate?[A]Thepossiblenegativeoutcomeofadministeringvaccines.[B]Thepracticaluseofavaccinetocontrolanepidemicdisease.[C]Theeffectivenessofvaccinesineradicatingcertaindisease.[D]Themethodbywhichvaccinesareemployedagainstthedisease.38.Thephrase“warditoffnaturally”(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans_______
33[A]disposeofitnaturally.[B]fightitoffwithease.[C]seetoitreluctantly.[D]splititupproperly.39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Savingthemajoritywouldnecessarilyjustifythedeathoftheminority.[B]Theimmunesystemcanbetrainedtofightweakerversionsofadisease.[C]Mandatoryvaccinationsareindispensabletothesurvivalofthepopulace.[D]Theprocessofvaccinationremainsamysterytobefurtherresolved.40.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis_______[A]tocommentandcriticize.[B]todemonstrateandargue.[C]tointerestandentertain.[D]toexplainandinform.Passage9Wargamesarecommonlyusedbythemilitarytoevaluatestrategies,explorescenariosandrevealunexpectedweaknesses.AmericanshipsandaircrafthavejustbeguntwoweeksofwargamesintheGulf,promptingprotestsfromIran,andlastweekSouthKoreacarriedoutanannualcomputerisedwar-gameexercise.Mightwargamesdeserveagreaterroleinbusiness?Militaryanalogiesaboundinthecorporateworld.PlentyofbosseslooktoSunTzu,anancientChinesegeneral,formanagementtips.Andinbusiness,asinwar,outcomesdependonwhatothersdo,aswellasone'sownactions.Yetmanyfirmsfailtothinksystematicallyabouthowrivalswillreacttotheirplans—andtraditionalplanningdoesapoorjoboftakingcompetitors'responsesintoaccount,saysJohnMcDermott,headofstrategyatXerox,anoffice-equipmentcompany.Corporatewargames,whichsimulatetheinteractionsofmultipleactorsinamarket,provideabetterwaytodoso.Suchgameshavetwochiefcharacteristics.First,playersbreakintoteamsandtakeontherolesoffiercecompetitors(andsometimesothercitizens,suchascustomers).Second,thegamesinvolveseveralturns,allowingcompetitorsnotjusttodrawuptheirownstrategiesbuttorespondtothechoicesofothers.Theirpopularityisrising.BoozAllenHamilton(BAH),aconsultancy,isrunning100wargamesayear,upfromaround50threeyearsago.OpenOptions,aCanadianstrategyconsultancy,hasbeengoingsince1996anditsrevenuedoubledlastyear.BAHintroducesaquantitativeelementintoitsgames,calculatingtheeffectofeachteam'sstrategyontheircompany'sprofitsandstockmarketvalueattheendofeachturn.OpenOptionstakesafurtherstep.TohelpXeroxunderstandthemarketdynamicsoftheprintandcopyindustry,itranaone-dayworkshopinwhichteamsfromXeroxtooktherolesofthebigcompaniesinthemarket,itselfincluded.Eachteamidentifiedthethings“their”companycoulddotochangeitsstrategyanddrewupalistofitsdesiredoutcomes;these“preferencetrees”weresharedwiththeotherteams.TheresultswerethenpumpedintoOpenOptions'proprietarysoftwaretools,whichplayedoutinteractionsbetweenthecompaniesandproducedarangeofpossibleoutcomes.MrMcDermottsaysthegame'spredictivepowerwasastonishing:oneforecast,thatacompanywouldstarttoacquireacertaingroupofassetswithintheindustry,cametruewithinsixmonths.Bysheddinglightonareaswherecompanieshavedifferentpriorities,theconceptofpreferencetreeshelpstohighlightpotentialtrade-offs,aswellascompetition.OpenOptionschargesNorthAmericanclientsroughly$100,000foranengagement.
34Thesecretofsuccessfulwar-gamingdoesnotsimplylieinmathematics,however.Interaction,notalgebra,isthebestwaytowinsupportforanewstrategy.Game-playersmustbeseniorforthesamereason—althoughhavingthetopbossonateamcanstiflefeedback.Strategiesalsohavetocapturecompetitors'hard-to-quantifycorporatecultures:whendesigningagame,BAHseeksoutemployeesatitsclientswhohaveactuallyworkedatcompetitorsforthatreason.Butperhapswargames'greatestvalueliesinthewaytheyencouragemanagerstothinkdifferentlyabouttheconsequencesoftheiractions.“Toknowyourenemy,youmustbecomeyourenemy,”asSunTzuwouldsay.41.Theexpression“aboundin”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans_______. [A]belimited[B]beappreciated[C]bedriven[D]beplentiful42.Accordingtothetext,traditionalcorporateplanning_______.[A]hasbeencompletelyabandoned.[B]failstoconsiderrivals’reactions.[C]includesthedetailedanalysesofstrategiesofallrivalcompanies.[D]functionswellforthedevelopmentofmostcompanies.43.ThepositiveeffectofwargamesowestothefollowingEXCEPT_______.[A]theroleplayingofcompetitors[B]thecompositionofseveralturns[C]theintroductionofquantitativefactors[D]therisingpopularityofthegame44.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?[A]BothBAHandOpenOptionsdevelopedtheirownsoftwaretoolsfordataanalysisofwargames.[B]Thewargameserviceexpandsslowlybecauseofitshighfee.[C]“Preferencetrees”referstodesiredoutcomesofthecompanies.[D]Wargame’spredictiveabilityisnotconvincing45.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforthesuccessofwargames?[A]feedback[B]mathematics[C]interaction[D]considerationofenemyPassage10RichImmigrantsinAsia'sfinancialcapitalsgenerallyhavelifeprettyeasy.Butthissummer,thoseinHongKongandSingaporearestartingtosweat.Theproblem?Sizzlingreal-estatemarketsthatmakeevenbankersblink,andinternationalschoolspackedliketheTokyosubwayatrushhour.One-bedroomflatsinHongKong'smostfashionablebuildingsnowgofor$5,000permonth.OfficerentsinSingaporehaveshotup105percentinthepastyear—thefastestappreciationrateintheworld.Forworkerswithkids,thepictureisparticularlybleak.Incomingstudentsatinternationalschoolsnowlandnotinclassesbutonlongwaitinglists—unlesstheirparentsjumpthequeuebypurchasingdebenturesthathavesoldforasmuchas$120,000inHongKong.Asia'sduelingfinancialhubsinvestalotofcapital—realandemotional—inwhat'softencastasazero-sumcontestfortheaffectionofforeigncompanies.Yetbothcitieshavedonesowellwooingthemoflatethatthemajorthreatfacingeachisn'ttheother,butbottlenecksintheforeigninfrastructurecommonto
35both.High-endhousingcostsarepushingpastrecordssetbeforethe1997-98Asianfinancialcrisis,promptingSingapore'sfoundingfather,LeeKuanYew,tolament,"Wemustcheckthishikeinrentsorwewillloseourcompetitiveness."Talentisgettingtoughertofindasbotheconomiesnearfullemployment.Officerentsaredrivingeventherichestinvestmentbankstoseekcheaperalternativestoprimedowntownaddresses.Andasbothcitiesincreasetheirpopulationsbyluringhundredsofthousandsofadditionaloutsidersoverthecomingdecade,localsaregettingsqueezed."TheremaybeapoliticalcostifSingaporeansfeelpricedoutbyforeigners,"warnsCharlesChong,headofaparliamentarycommitteeonnationaldevelopmentinSingapore.Bothcitiesare,inasense,victimsoftheirsuccess.Eachranksamongthemostefficientspotsontheplanettoregisternewbusinesses.Theyboastworld-classbanking,accountingandlegalservices,undergirdedbyrespectforcontractsandcommercialcodesnotfoundintherestofAsia.Inaregionawashincashfromrecordtradesurpluses,Chineseexpansionandafloodofnewstocklistings,thecitieshavepostedincredibleGDPgrowthnumbersoflate—6.8percentand7.9percentforHongKongandSingapore,respectively,lastyear.Giventhatlocalfertilityratesarefalling,bothhubshopetocontinuetofuelthatboomviaimmigration.Singapore'sMinisterforNationalDevelopmentMahBowTanexpectsthecity-state'spopulationtohit6.5millionby2027,up2millionfromtoday—whichimpliesayearlyinfluxof100,000foreignersoverthenexttwodecades.HongKongChiefExecutiveDonaldTsanghassaidheenvisionshiscity'spopulationeventuallysurpassing10million—a30percentincreasefromtoday'stotal—thanksto"aninjectionofnewbloodfromallnationalities."Asthehubsgrowmorereceptivetooutsiders,newfactorsareensuringthatimmigrantsarriveinlargenumbers.Whereasglobalizationwasonceconfinedtobigmultinationals,today'sexpatriatesworkdisproportionatelyforsmaller-andmedium-sizecompanies.NoraretheypredominantlyEuropeanorNorthAmericaanymore;China,IndiaandSouthKoreaarejustthreeofthemanycountriesnowsendingprofessionalsabroad.46.ForeignersinHongKongbegintosweatbecause_______.[A]thereal-estatemarketiscoolingdown.[B]theycannotaffordchildren’stuitionfeeatinternationalschools.[C]thecityisover-populated.[D]thehikingrentsaremakinglifetougher.47.Welearnfromthesecondparagraphthat_______.[A]HongKongandSingaporeconsidereachotherascompetitors.[B]boththetwocitiesshouldnotimportforeigners.[C]thetwocitiessharenocommonproblem.[D]LeeKuanYew’scommentshowsthathe’soptimistic.48.Accordingtothetext,localpeopleinthetwocities_______.[A]donotwelcomeoverseastalents.[B]arefacingworselivingconditions.[C]areunsatisfiedwiththegovernment.[D]areinfullemployment.49.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonoftheregion’sabundanceofcapital?[A]efficiencyofbusinessregistration[B]China’sdevelopment[C]boomingstockmarket[D]benefitfromtrade50.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthelastparagraphthat_______.
36[A]theconflictbetweenpopulationandrentinthetwocitiesmightbemoreserious.[B]mostoftheforeignersworkinbigmultinationalcompanies.[C]bothcitieswilladoptmeasurestocontrolpopulation.[D]theinfluxofforeignerscandamagelocaleconomy.第三章快速阅读(SkimmingandScanning)考试形式与所考察能力快速阅读要求考生在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题。前面7个题是判断正误(包括NOTGIVEN),2007年12月以后的前7题是多项选择题,后3个是填空题(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。快速阅读测试的重点就是考生在短时间内获取篇章主旨和特定信息的能力。因此,它更强调了正确的阅读方法和技巧的贯彻。只要我们巧妙地运用了略读和寻读,必要的时候辅助以研读的方法,培养好的阅读习惯,还是很容易取得满意的成绩的。略读(或称为跳跃式阅读)(skimming)的重点在于快速了解文章的中心思想。略读的方法是首先看一下标题(在有标题的情况下),接着读第一段,抓住中心思想。再浏览一下其他段落的首句和末句,最后读完结尾段。 寻读(scanning)就是有目标地去找出文中某些特定的信息。寻读时,要以很快的速度扫视文章,确定所查询的信息范围,同时明确查询信息的特点。如:问题或选项中所涉及到的人名、地名,则主要寻找首字母大写的单词;有关日期、数目的问题,则主要查找具体数字;有关某个事件、某种观点等,就需要寻找与此相关的关键词,而与所查信息无关的内容可一掠而过。除了在阅读理解中运用略读法和寻读法之外,有时还需要仔细阅读文章的某一特定部分,力求对其有较深的理解,或对其进行归纳、总结、推断等,这时就需要对这部分进行仔细阅读,理解作者的言外之意。这种仔细的阅读方法就是研读法(studyreading),通常适用于推断型阅读理解试题。这种方法在快速阅读中使用并不多,但它对于快速阅读的解题方法来说绝对是一个有力的补充。第一节应试策略与解题思路为了更好地说明快速阅读的应试策略和解题思路,下面以一道真题为例进行详细地说明。Highways Earlyinthe20thcentury,mostofthestreetsandroadsintheU.S.weremadeofdirt,brick,andcedarwoodblocks.Builtforhorse,carriage,andfoottraffic,theywereusuallypoorlycaredforandtoonarrow
37toaccommodate(容纳)automobiles. Withtheincreaseinautoproduction,privateturnpike(收费公路)companiesunderlocalauthoritiesbegantospringup,andby1921therewere387,000milesofpavedroads.Manywerebuiltusingspecificationsof19thcenturyScottishengineersThomasTelfordandJohnMacAdam(forwhomthemacadamsurfaceisname[D],whosespecificationsstressedtheimportanceofadequatedrainage.Beyondthat,therewerenonationalstandardsforsize,weightrestrictions,orcommercialsigns.DuringWorldWarI,roadsthroughoutthecountrywerenearlydestroyedbytheweightoftrucks.WhenGeneralEisenhowerreturnedfromGermanyin1919,afterservingintheU.S.Army'sfirsttranscontinentalmotorconvoy(车队),henoted:"Theoldconvoyhadstartedmethinkingaboutgood,two-lanehighways,butGermany'sAutobahnormotorwayhadmademeseethewisdomofbroaderribbonsacrosstheland." Itwouldtakeanotherwarbeforethefederalgovernmentwouldactonanationalhighwaysystem.DuringWorldWarII,atremendousincreaseintrucksandnewroadswererequired.Thewardemonstratedhowcriticalhighwaysweretothedefenseeffort.Thirteenpercentofdefenseplantsreceivedalltheirsuppliesbytruck,andalmostallotherplantsshippedmorethanhalfoftheirproductsbyvehicle.Thewaralsorevealedthatlocalcontrolofhighwayshadledtoaconfusingvarietyofdesignstandards.Evenfederalandstatehighwaysdidnotfollowbasicstandards.Somestatesallowedtrucksupto36,000pounds,whileothersrestrictedanythingover7,000pounds.Agovernmentstudyrecommendedanationalhighwaysystemof33,920miles,andCongresssoonpassedtheFederal-AidHighwayActof1944,whichcalledforstrict,centrallycontrolleddesigncriteria. Theinterstatehighwaysystemwasfinallylaunchedin1956andhasbeenhailedasoneofthegreatestpublicworksprojectsofthecentury.Tobuildits44,000milewebofhighways,bridge,andtunnels,hundredsofuniqueengineeringdesignsandsolutionshadtobeworkedout.Considerthemanygeographicfeaturesofthecountry:mountains,steepgrades,wetlands,rivers,desserts,andplains.Variablesincludedtheslopeoftheland,theabilityofthepavementtosupporttheload,theintensityofroaduse,andthenatureoftheunderlyingsoil.Urbanareaswereanotherproblem.Innovativedesignsofroadways,tunnels,bridges,overpasses,andinterchangesthatcouldrunthroughorbypassurbanareassoonbegantoweavetheirwayacrossthecountry,foreveralteringthefaceofAmerica. Long-span,segmented-concrete,cable-stayedbridgessuchasHaleBoggsinLouisianaandtheSunshineSkywayinFlorida,andremarkabletunnelslikeFortMcHenryinMarylandandMt,BakerinWashington,metmanyofthenation'sphysicalchallenges.Trafficcontrolsystemsandmethodsofconstructiondevelopedundertheinterstateprogramsooninfluencedhighwayconstructionaroundtheworld,andwereinvaluableinimprovingtheconditionofurbanstreetsandtrafficpatterns. Today,theinterstatesystemlinkseverymajorcityintheU.S.andtheU.S.withCanadaandMexico.Builtwithsafetyinmind,thehighwayshavewidelanesandshoulders,dividingmediansorbarriers,longentryandexitlanes,curvesengineeredforsafeturns,andlimitedaccess.ThedeathrateonhighwaysishalfthatofallotherU.S.roads(0.86deathsper100millionpassengermilescomparedto1.99deathsper100milliononallotherroads). ByopeningtheNorthAmericancontinent,highwayshaveenabledconsumergoodsandservicestoreachpeopleinremoteandruralareasofthecountry,spurredthegrowthofsuburbs,andprovidepeoplewithgreateroptionsintermsofjobs,accesstoculturalprograms,healthcare,andotherbenefits.Aboveall,theinterstatesystemprovidesindividualswithwhattheycherishmostpersonalfreedomofmobility. Theinterstatesystemhasbeenanessentialelementofthenation'seconomicgrowthintermsofshippingandjobcreation:morethan75percentpfthenation'sfreightdeliveriesarrivebytruck;andmostproductsthatarrivebyrailorairuseinterstatesforthelastlegofthejourneybyvehicleNotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingroutes,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters.Ithasallowedthe
38relocationofmanufacturingplantsandotherindustriesfromurbanareastorural. Bytheendofthecenturytherewasanimmensenetworkofpavedroads,residentialstreets,expressways,andfreewaysbuilttosupportmillionsofvehicles.ThehighwaysystemwasofficiallyrenamedforEisenhowertohonorhisvisionandleadership.Theyearconstructionbeganhesaid:Together,theunitedforcesofourcommunicationandtransportationsystemsaredynamicelementsintheverynamewebear-UnitedStates.Withoutthem,wewouldbeamereallianceofmanyseparateparts." 1.Nationalstandardsforpavedroadswereinplaceby1921. 2.GeneralEisenhowerfeltthatthebroadGermanmotorwaysmademoresensethanthetwo-lanehighwaysofAmerica. 3.Itwasinthe1950thattheAmericangovernmentfinallytookactiontobuildanationalhighwaysystem. 4.Manyoftheproblemspresentedbythecountry'sgeographicalfeaturesfoundsolutionsininnovativeengineeringprojects. 5.Inspiteofsafetyconsiderations,thedeathrateoninterstatehighwaysisstillhigherthanthatofotherAmericanroads. 6.TheinterstatehighwaysystemprovidesaccessbetweenmajormilitaryinstallationsinAmerica. 7.Servicestations,motelsandrestaurantspromotedthedevelopmentoftheinterstatehighwaysystem. 8.Thegreatestbenefitbroughtaboutbytheinterstatesystemwas____________. 9.Trucksusingtheinterstatehighwaysdelivermorethan_____________. 10.TheinterstatesystemwasrenamedafterEisenhowerinrecognitionof______.第一步:略读全文,确定结构(0.5-2分钟)快速浏览文章的第一段以及各部分的小标题,搞清文章的大体结构和主要内容(一般都可以判断第一道主旨题目的答案)警告:不要一上来就看后面的问题,对文章没有了解,后面的问题会让你摸不着头脑,增加挫败感.第二步:分析题眼,原文定位(1分钟)按顺序做每一道小题,正确理解题目所表达的内容,根据题目中的关键词——题眼,在文中找到相应的位置。定位词找2-3个就行,多了也记不住。最好是位置不同的两个词。特别注意:比较容易定位的词是:1.比较长,难的名词容易定位,好找。2.时间、数字、地点、人名、大写字母的单词容易定位。划定位线索应遵循以下原则:(1)形式最鲜明的专有名词和数字时间,而且多多益善。因为这些也有可能是不止一次出现,有两个或者以上,就能比较确定。如: 1.Nationalstandardsforpavedroadswereinplaceby1921. 2.GeneralEisenhowerfeltthatthebroadGermanmotorwaysmademoresensethanthetwolanehighwaysofAmerica. 3.Itwasinthe1950sthattheAmericangovernmentfinallytookactiontobuildanationalhighwaysystem. 例1的定位词是1921;例2的定位词有GeneralEisenhower,再加上German,还有America(但America定位的意义不大,因为它是贯穿全文的――文章讲的就是美国的事情);例3也有鲜明的1950s,参照Americangovernment. 同时要注意读出隐性的数字,也就是本身没有数字,但暗示文章里有数字。如:
395.Inspiteofsafetyconsiderations,thedeathrateoninterstatehighwaysisstillhigherthanthatofotherAmericanroads. 这里Deathrate当然可能用数字来表达。9.Trucksusingtheinterstatehighwaysdelivermorethan________________. Morethan后面也可能是数字。(2)如果没有如此鲜明的标志,可以找本句的核心概念。还要注意这是为了在原文中寻找相应的东西,所以不一定是意义最重要或者对文章最重要,而是在原文中最可能明确找到的。 4.Manyoftheproblemspresentedbythecountry’sgeographicalfeaturesfoundsolutionsininnovativeengineeringprojects.5.Inspiteofsafetyconsiderations,thedeathrateoninterstatehighwaysisstillhigherthanthatofotherAmericanroads.6.TheinterstatehighwaysystemprovidesaccessbetweenmajormilitaryinstallationsinAmerica.7.Servicestations,motelsandrestaurantspromotedthedevelopmentoftheinterstatehighwaysystem. 例4中,在原文中最容易找的会是什么?是“很多问题”,还是“地理特征”,还是“创造性的工程”?应该说都可能。这时候problem好,还是geographicalfeature等好?对定位而言,可能长得比较怪异的更打眼一些,虽然可能不认识。 例5中,safetyconsideration可以考虑,而deathrate要么是原词,要么是数字,很好用。至于Americanroads这个概念太泛,不专一,就很难说了。 例6中,interstatehighwaysystem是文章的核心概念,反复出现,反而是最不好的定位词。Accessbetweenmilitaryinstallations比较怪异,是应该留意的对象。America再次出现,再次贬值。 例7当然是主语重要,宾语是文章主题,对定位无益。 (3)如您不知道一个词的意思的话,您可试估计这字词是正面的(positive)还是负面的(negative),这对您认识文章的意思和作者的意图很有帮助;另外,还需注意文字或句子的形式变化,在文章中寻找答案的难度很多时候是看对字句的形式变化的认识能力。需注意的3种不同形式:第一种:相同词性的同义替换rulesandregulations——regulationsT5第二种:动-副同义替换speedup——quickly第三种:同义、文与数的替换mostof——57percentage (4)一时之间,难以判断,就多划几个词,或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的划出来了核心,有一个两个模糊,问题不大。第三步:分解对应,三项对比7个是非判断题(9-10.5分钟)找到题目在文章中的出处后,将题干的句子进行简单的成分划分,然后将句子的主谓宾各个部分与原文对应,判断Y、N、NG。首先我们需要分清楚Y,N,NG的真正含义,不要在读找到了也读懂了原文的情况之下冤枉失分。看看下面的例子,再总结如何区别。 原文:Iloveyou.
40 选项: 1.Ihavesomestrongfeelingsforinyou. 2.Ihateyou/Iamindifferent. 3.Youloveme/Iloveyoufervently/Iloveyoubetterthanhe/Iwillloveyoualways. 以上1是对原文意思的解释,故为Y。 2和3在以前都是错的。但按照三分标准,2才是N,而3是NG。 标准是:是否有逻辑上的否定关系。 原文与选项有逻辑上的否定关系,则为N,也就是原文对,则选项必错,是N。 原文与选项不同,但无逻辑上的否定关系,为NG,也就是原文对,选项不一定对,但也不一定错,是NG。 “我爱你”,则必然不是“我恨你”或者“冷漠无情”,故N。 但“我爱你”时,“你爱我”与否并不确定;我是否“很热烈的爱你”、是否“爱你甚于他爱你”、是否“将会永远爱你”都是不一定的,故为NG.由此可以归纳如下:Yes1、同义表达;2、原意转化;3、根据原文概括或归纳而成的。No1、题目与原文直接相反;2、原文是多个条件并列,题目是其中一个条件(出现mustoronly);3、原文为人们对某种事物的理论感觉,题目则强调是客观事实或已被证明;4、原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、程度的词。5、将原文中的不确定因素转化为确定因素NotGiven1、题目中的表述无中生有;2、题目中的范围小于原文的范围,也就是更具体(note:但是大于就是true了);3、将原文中的特殊情况推广为普遍现象4、原文是可能性,题目是必然性;5、题目有比较级,原文没有比较。6、两段判定(判断NG最好方法)法,在四级快速阅读中,如果上一题已经确定了在原文中的位置,读过两段后仍无下一题所需信息,则可以判定该题为NG,而不用通读全文。如果前7个题型为选择题,则根据第二步的定位词到相应的段落寻找答案。第四步:分解问题,填写准确对于填空题,先看所缺的句子成分,然后根据小标题或者题眼找到原文。尽量照抄原文,但要抄得恰到好处,抄得简练,也就是说,题干问什么或缺什么,就抄什么,其余不相干内容不要抄上,保证所填内容的准确性。第三节阅读技巧1、略读和寻读巧妙搭配面对快速阅读这样一种新题型,考生应该巧妙地将略读和寻读两种方法结合起来。而不要机械、孤立地使用某一种阅读方法。在使用这些方法时候,还要注意几个问题:(1)注意首尾句的出现如果短文包括几个自然段,则应注意第一、二段和最后一段,力求抓住文章的主旨大意。注意了解文章的主题句及结论句。
41(2)注意标点符号的使用可以运用标点符号(破折号、小括号、冒号)了解抽象的词汇或句子的含义。因为这些标点符号的出现就是为了更进一步地解释其前的信息。但同时,由于快速阅读用词相对比较简单,很容易理解和把握标点前的被解释信息,所以,可以将这些标点符号后面的信息删除,从而更加快速地把握文章,提高阅读效率。(3)注意逻辑关系的运用逻辑关系分布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种:因果关系:asaresult,therefore,hence,consequently,because,for,dueto,hence,consequently等等。并列、递进关系:and,or,then,inaddition,besides,inotherwords,moreover等等。转折关系:however,but,yet,infact等等。这些我们其实已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文章中起的效果,并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子,从阅读的角度来看,它们同时在给我们某种提示,告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息,相对重要的信息,哪些信息是相对不重要的信息,因为我们在处理文章的时候,有一条清晰的思路,你不是为了完整翻译文章而进行阅读,而是为了获取某些信息而进行阅读,所以,要利用逻辑关系简化阅读。例如,并列、递进关系词,意味着它们前后衔接的信息从主旨的体现上没有发生变化,而更多的表现为前后句子主旨的相似性,所以我们选择其中的一半进行阅读。这样,在保证了阅读质量的基础上,也极大地提高了阅读速度。(4)注意特殊标记的使用用最快的速度通读文章,找到自己需要的细节描述部分,并在有关的句子下做出各种记忆符号。文章浏览完毕,再将划线部分(或做其它符号)重新详读一次,并进行适当的判断。例如:在阅读文章时候,对于首段第二行的“Sept.11”,第二段第二行的“OperationSafeTravel”、“14”第三段第一行的“1956”等位置就应该做特殊的标记,因为这里可能涉及到问题,阅读时就应该通过标记尽可能缩小寻找答案的范围。而“1956S”恰好和后面第三题“Itwasinthe1950sthattheAmericangovernmentfinallytookactiontobuildanationalhighwaysystem.”中的“1950S”形成对应。再例:文章倒数第二段:theinterstatesystemhasbeenanessentialelementofthenation’seconomicgrowthintermsofshippingandjobcreation:morethan75percentofthenation’sfreightdeliveriesarrivebytruck;andmostproductsthatarrivebyrailorairuseinterstatesforlastlegofthejourneybyvehicle.以上这段文字中,“creation”之后出现一个冒号,它说明后面内容是对前面内容的解释,后面的信息可以考虑放弃阅读,但是,之后有“75”这个一个数字,可以仅将数字做特殊标记,其他部分忽略。2、研读法以辅助例如第8题:Thegreatbenefitbroughtbytheinterstatesystemwas_______________.由于文章阅读我们使用略读和寻读相结合的方法,所以,定位相对不是很容易,这个时候要刻意放慢解题速度,在原文倒数第三段发现这么一句:Aboveall,theinterstatesystemprovidesindividualswithwhattheycherishmost:personalfreedomofmobility.问题中的“Thegreat”就相当与原文中的“Aboveall”,所以答案就在该句中的冒号之后的信息:“personalfreedomofmobility.”
423、句子抓主干 抛弃一些段落后,如果要读的段落每句都要读得清清楚楚,也是不现实的也不必要的。在读句子上,速度也要提起来,关键也是在选择。这个选择原则是:以考点为准,抓住主干,尽量少看。 1.Nationalstandardsforpavedroadswereinplaceby1921. 找到的是第二段首句:Withtheincreaseinautoproduction,privateturnpike(收费公路)companiesunderlocalauthoritiesbegantospringup,andby1921therewere387,000milesofpavedroads. 此句只是讲到1921年,有多少pavedroads.是否有nationalstandards,要继续看后面。下一句很长: Manywerebuiltusingspecificationsof19thcenturyScottishengineersThomasTelfordandJohnMacAdam(forwhomthemacadamsurfaceisnamed),whosespecificationsstressedtheimportanceofadequatedrainage. 这一句漫无目的读下去,只有两个结果,一是死在路上,因为后面不但长而且是很怪异的东西。二是终于读出来了,但考试时间已到!横竖是个死。其实最多读到19thcenturyScottishengineer就完全够了。标准就是“考点”。我们现在要知道的是那时有没有nationalstandards国家标准,用的是十九世纪苏格兰某工程师的东西,这个工程师是谁重要否?它的那个东西有什么特点重要否?无关!是不是国家标准才是重要的。有人敏感一点,已得出没有国家标准。如果不确信,下一句就清楚了:Beyondthat,therewerenonationalstandardsforsize,weightrestrictions,orcommercialsigns.第四节强化训练SkimmingandScanningDirections:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestoreadthepassagesquicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswersheet.Forquestions1-7,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.Passage1Spiders SpiderscanbedistinguishedfromotherArachnidsbecausetheprosoma(combinedheadandthorax)isonlyseparatedfromtheopisthosoma(abdomen)byanarrowwaist,inotherArachnidsthewholebodyappearstobemuchmoreofasingleunit.Allspidersproducesilk,butonlysomeconstructwebstocatchtheirhomesandtoprotecttheireggs. Allspiderspossesspoisonglandsbutveryfewofthemaredangeroustohumans,ofthe600speciesinBritainonly12(atleastoneoftheseisarecenthumanassistedcolonist)arestrongenoughtopiercethehumanskin,andapartfromallergies,nonearemoredangerousthanacommonwasp.Mostspidershave8eyes(thoughsomehave6,4,2or0),aswellas8legs.(Bythewayifyoucounttheclawsasseparatelegsection(whichyoushouldn’treally)thentheirlegshave8partsaswell(coxa,trochanter,femur,patella,tibia,
43tarsus,metatarus,claws).Therearemorethan32,000knownspeciesofspiderintheworld.Nohumanbeinghaseverbeenofficiallyrecorderashavingdiedastheresultofatarantula’bite. Allspidersarecarnivorousandfeedonlyonliquids,i.e.theirpreysnaturaljuicesandthebreakdownproductsofexternaldigestion(meaningtheyspit,exudeorinjectdigestivejuicesonto/intotheirpreyandsuckuptheresultingsoup).Sowhynotinvitesometoyournextsocialdo? What’sInaName ThewordArachnidacomesfromtheGreekwordArachne,whowasthedaughterofIdmonofColophoninLydia,adyerbytrade.Arachneherselfwasaweaver,thebestinalltheknownworld.HoweverinafoolishmomentshechallengedAthene,thedaughterofZeusandgoddessof,amongotherthings,wavingtoaweavingcompetition.Arachnewovesoperfectacloththatshetoreittoshreds.Arachnebecamedepressedafterthisandintheendshehungherself.AthenestirredtoremorseattheknowledgeofwhatherangerhadwroughtturnedtheropeArachnehadusedtohangherselfintoawebandArachneherselfintoaspidersothatthebeautyofherspinningshouldnotbelosttotheworldeveragain.TheGreatHouseholdSpider TherearejustoversixhundreddifferentsortsofspidersintheBritishIsles.Butoftheseonlyahandfularecommonlyfoundinhouses.Atthefrontoftheheadareapairofwhatappeartobesmalllegs.Thesearecalledpalpsandareusedtoguidefoodtothespiders’mouth.Thefrontoftheheadalsohasagroupofsixoreighteyes.Ontheundersideofthebodyattherear,arefourorsixsmallconicalbumpsorcylinders.Therearethespinneretsfromwhichthespiderproducesthesilktomakeitswebs. Tellingmaleandfemalespidersapartiseasilydonebylookingattheirpalps.Maleshaveswollenendstotheirpalpswhichmakesthemlookasiftheyarewearingboxinggloves,theseareoftenstrangeshapesiflookedatwithahandlens.Femaleshavenormallookingpalpsthatarenotswollenattheends. ThelargestspideristheGoliathspider,thefemaleofwhichgrowstoreachalegspanofteninches.ThelargestspiderinBritainistheCardinalspiderwhichisaclosecousinofTimTegenaria.Femalescanachievealegspanoffourandahalfinches.ItisknownastheCardinalspiderasitwascommoninHamptonCourtwhenCardinalWolseylivedthere.Thesightoftheselongleggedspiderswanderingaroundthepalaceatnightusedtofrightenhim.Sofar32,000differentkindsofspiderhavebeendiscoveredfromallovertheworld.Britainhas630differentkindsofspiderofwhich250aretinyMoneyspiders.Thesmallestofwhichhasabodylessthanonemillimeterlong. 1.Allthesilkproducedbyspidersconstructwebstocatchtheirfood. 2.Notallthepoisonglandspossessedbyspidersaredangeroustohumanbeings. 3.SpidersoftenkillhumansinBritainwhentheypiercehumanskin. 4.Afterseeingherenemycommitssuicide,ArachneturnedAtheneintoaspider. 5.TimTegenariaspidersarecloselyrelatedtotarantulaspiders;botharefoundinBritain. 6.Sofar32,000differentkindsofspidershavebeendiscoveredfromallovertheworld. 7.MoneyspidersarethesmallestspidersfoundintheArachnidsfamily. 8.Therearemorethan________knownspeciesofspiderintheworld. 9.Tellingmaleandfemalespidersapartiseasilydoneby________.10.Thelargestspideris________.Passage2HowtobeatravelingbeautythisMayholidayMayDayholidayisatimefortraveling.Gototheseaside,enjoybeautifulsunshineandsoftbreezesandletyourmindandbodybothrelax;hideawayinasmalltown,ambleonwindingpebbletracksandmeltintotheromanticambiance;ortakeupyourbackpack,gomountaineering,stretchyourbodyandsmellthefresh
44air…Theyallsoundwonderful.Butchangingenvironmentscanposethreatstodelicateskin.Howcanyouprotectyourselfandstaybeautifulthroughsevendaysoftraveling?Herearesomehelpfulsuggestions. Ifyou’regoingtotheseaside: Typicalresort:Sanya Typicalweather:24-31℃withstrongultravioletsunraysandfreshair. Warmsunshine,freshseabreezes,andmoistairmaketheseasideanagreeablehavenfromBeijing’sdust.Butexcessivesunexposurecaneasilydarkenyourskin,andofcoursemostChinesegirlspreferfairskin.Toprepareforapleasingandbeautifulsojourn(逗留)attheseasidetakenoteoffollowing: 1.Nighttimeskincare Evenifyou’vemanagedtoblockthesuninthedaytime,giveyourskinasoothingrehabilitative(使复原的)treatmentintheevening.CoolyourglowingskinwithaproductlikeLaMer’snewlyreleasedTheConcentrate(50ml/RMB3,700). 2.Shineinyourbikini. Attheseashore,yourbodyismoreinthespotlightthanyourface.Tobecomeabikinibeauty,youneedtotakecareofeveryinchofyourskin.Exfoliatewithafine-grainedscrub,whichwillnotonlyletyourexposedskinshine,butalsoactsasadeepcleansertohelppreventskinfromdarkeningandrougheningaftertoomuchsunandsaltwater. 3.Controlexcessoil. Nevertrytocontroloilwithfoundationthatwillclogpores(阻塞毛孔)whencombinedwithsunblockcream.Gentleoil-controlproductsdoabetterjob. 4.Haircare. Beautifulgirlsneverusefreehotelshampoos,theycarrytheirownmoisturizingrestoringhaircareproducts.Washyourfaceandhairwithfreshwaterafterswimmingtogetridofsaltyresidue(残余,滤渣),andremembertoprotectyourhairfromtoomuchsunexposure. Recommendedskincareproducts 1.SPF30/PA++sunscreenproducts.HRPremiumSPF40/PA++(RMB620)protectsyourskinfromultravioletrays. 2.Soothing,moisturizing,andafter-sunrehabilitatingproducts.OlayIntensiveNourishingEmulsion(RMB120)hasnaturalhotspringmicroelementstogiverapidrelieftoburnedskin. 3.Gentleexfoliatingscrubs. 4.Easytocarryoil-controlproducts. 5.Moisturizingshampooandhairprotectionproducts. Tips 1.Whiteningisasimportantaswearingsunscreen.Fordryskins,moisturizingproductsareamust.LaneigeWaterSleepingPack(RMB150)isagoodchoice. 2.Forsensitiveskins,NuskinAloeVeraGelcomplementssunblockcreams.Washingyourfacewithlemonadestopsskinfromdarkeningandisrefreshing. 3.Neverusebodysunblockcreamsonyourface.Usespecialfacialsunblockcreams.Fordrierskins,ChanelUVEssentialSPF45(RMB450)isnice,butShuUemuraUVunderBaseDF(RMB350)ismuchfresher.
45 Ifyou’regoingtoasmalltown: Typicalresorts:Lijiang,Yunnan;Zhouzhuang,Jiangsu;Phoenix,Zhejiang Typicalweather:11-25℃withalotofultravioletradiation AsdepictedinTeresaTeng’spopularsongXiaochengGushi(SmallTownRomances),small-secludedcharmingChinesetownsarethesceneofmanyromances.Pebbletracks,windinglanesandancientlowvillasmakeromanticbackdropforloverswanderinghand-in-hand.Toprepareforaromanticandsweetstayinasmalltown,takenoteofthefollowing: 1.Goeasyonthemakeup!Tomatchyourlight-heartedmoodwerecommendtheminimumofmake-up.Basicskincaretokeepyourfacehealthyandglowingisenough. 2.Wearflirtatious(俏皮的)colorsforspecialnights. Liquidfoundationinheavyglassbottlesandpowderedblushoreyeshadowisnoteasytocarry.Sowerecommendsun-blockingpressedpowder,two-in-onebrowpencilandeyeliners,andproductsthatcanbeusedonbothlipsandcheeks. 3.Make-upremoval. Remembertoremovesunblockcreamsatnight.Tryamoisturizingandrelaxingmask,andwepromiseyouarenewedglowingcomplexionthenextday. Recommendedskincareproducts 1.SPF15/PA+sunblockfacecream.ItssmallsizemakesFreeplusUVDayProtector(RMB190,sunblockandmoisturizer)agoodchoice. 2.Amulti-functionalcosmeticcase.BobbiBrow’nshand-sizedpalettes(RMB380),includingafoundationstick,creamyconcealer,corrector,andsheerfinishpressedpowderareconvenient. 3.Clearfoundation.MaybellineMousseWhiteStay(RMB89)themousse-liketexturemakesthisfoundationlight,breathable,andeasytocarry. 4.Makeupremover.Lancome’smildGentleClarifyingandCleaningFluid(smallset)isperfectfortravelinganditdoesagoodjobofremovingallmake-upthoroughly. Tips 1.Apartfromyourdailyskincareroutine,travelinggirlsmayalsoneedprotectivelipcream,mascara(Maybellineisagoodcheapchoice),andfragrance(TryAnnaSui’sfreshSecretWishEaudeToilette). 2.Forlazygirls,basecreamsareespeciallyuseful.Wearingjustabasefoundationcreamisenoughandsavesthetroubleofconstantlyreapplyingfoundationatromanticmoments.Othersmaytrycreamyconcealersandpressedpowers.Addingblush(Watsonssmalltubesofblusharecheap/RMB20-30andworkswell)willgiveahealthyglow. Ifyou’regoingmountaineering: Typicalresorts:Huashan,Shanxi;Huangshan,Anhui;Shennongjia,Sichuan Typicalweather:10-20℃,ahighlevelofultravioletradiationanddryair. Boysoftencomplainthatmountaineeringgirlswiththeirdisheveled(凌乱的)hairandnomakeupdon’tlookattractive.Inresponsetothis,werecommendyouuseabsolutelynomakeupexceptforbasicskincare.Butlookingbeautifulwithouttheaidofmakeupisn’teasy!Withallyourmountaineeringequipmentinyourbackpack,thereisn’tmuchroomforskincareproducts.Thekeyistochoosethemostimportantonesonly,suchasthefollowing:
46 1.Moisturizingproducts. Moisturizingandhydratingcreamsandmaskshelpyoubecomebothsportyandladylike. 2.Sunblockproducts. Eventhoughthesunshineisusuallynottoostronginthemountains,youshouldtakecarenottobeburnedbyultravioletradiation.FreshbreathableSPF20-30sunblockproductsarerecommended. 3.Facialcleaningpads. Easytocarrycleaningpadshelpyoustayfreshandcleanatalltimes. 4.Soothingcreams. Compoundsoothingcreamscanbeappliedontotheskindirectlytoreduceinflammationandhelpyourelax. 5.Lipconditionerandhandcreamtopreventdrynesscausedbywind. Tips 1.Makesureyouhaveenoughmoisturizingskincareproducts,includingacleanser,cream,lotionandmask,evenattheexpenseofmakeupproducts. 2.Secretrecipemask:Whileyourboyfriendisawayfindingwoodforthefire,applyamashedbananatoyourfaceandleaveforovertenminutes.Althoughtinyallergicsymptoms(redswollenpatches)mayappearrightafteryourinse(冲洗掉,漂净)offthemask,yourfacewillbedazzlingafterasoundsleep. 1.Tipsofhowtostaybeautifulthroughtravelingareprovidedinthepassage. 2.Exfoliatewithafine-grainedscrubcanhelppreventskinfromdarkening. 3.Beautifulgirlsneverusefreehoteltoothbrush. 4.Travelershadbetternotusespecialfacialsunblockcreamsonbody. 5.TypicalresortstoasmalltownareLijiang,Yunnan;ZhouzhuangandSichuan. 6.Ifyou’regoingtoShanxi,youarerecommendedtousebasicskincare. 7.Fivetipsareofferedbeforeyou’regoingmountaineering. 8.Typicaltemperatureforgoingmountaineeringis________. 9.Thenameofthepopularsongmentionedinthepassageis_________. 10.Topreventdrynesscausedbywindinmountains,youshouldtake________.Passage3AirplaneInstruments Modernairplanesarecomplicatedmachines.Pilotsneedmanygauges(量表)andelectronicaidstohelpflythem.Theflightdeckofalargepassengerplanecontainsmanyindicatordialsandwarninglights.Oneofthemostimportantinstrumentsisthealtimeter,whichtellsthepilothowhightheplaneisofftheground.Theairspeedindicatormeasurestheplane'sspeed.Theartificialhorizonshowsthepositionoftheplanerelativetothehorizon.Theturnandbackindicatorshowshowmuch,ifatall,theplaneisturningandtilting.Indensecloudsandfog,apilotwouldnotalwaysknowwhichwaytheplaneisheadingifitweren'tforthisinstrument.Agyrocompass(旋转罗盘)andvariousradiodevicesarenecessaryfornavigation. Mostlargeplanesalsohaveanautomaticpilot.Thisisadeviceoperatedbyacomputer.Itwillflytheplanewithoutthepilotstouchingthecontrols.Theseautopilotscanevencontroltakeoffsandlandings.Theflightdeckalsocontainsmanygaugesandmetersthattellthepilotwhetherthemanypiecesofequipmentontheplaneareoperatingproperly.Theymeasurefuellevel,temperatures,cabinpressure,electriccurrent,
47etc.Indicatorsshowwhetherthelandinggearisupordown.Theradioequipmentallowsthepilottotalktogroundcontrollersandtoreceivenavigationsignals. AirplaneConstruction Earlyairplanesweremadeofwoodframescoveredbyfabricandheldinshapebywire.AfterWorldWarI,airplanedesignersstartedtouselightweightmetalslikealuminum,titanium,andmagnesiumalloys.Athinskinofmetalwasrivetedintoplaceovermetalribs.Strongepoxy(环氧的)gluesarenowusedforsomejoints,insteadofrivets.Asplanesgrewinsize,theybecameheavier.Morepowerfulenginesweredevelopedinordertoflytheheavierplanes. Theuseofmetalsbringswithitaproblemcalledmetalfatigue.Stressandvibrationinflightcancausemetalpartseventuallytobreakup.Airplanesmustbeconstantlycheckedforsignsofthistrouble.Defectivepartsmustberenewedbyaircraftmaintenancepeople. Designerstestscalemodelsinwindtunnelsbeforethefullsizedplanesarebuilt.Reactionsofthemodelstohighspeedairstreamsgivegoodindicationshowfullsizedplaneswillreactinflight.Thisapproachhelpssavealotofmoney.Italsohelpstomakeairplanessafe. Airport Anairportisaplacewhereairplanesarriveanddepart.Passengersleaveandarriveontheairplanesandcargoisloadedandunloaded.Large,jetpoweredairplanesrequirelongrunwaysfortakeoffsandlandings.Bigterminalbuildingsarenecessarytohandlethousandsofpassengersandtheirbaggage.Verylargeairportsusuallyserveseverallargecitiesandcoverthousandsofacres.Hundredsofplanesarriveanddepartdaily.Allthistrafficmustbecarefullycontrolledtoavoiddelaysandaccidents.Thisisdonefromacontroltower.Thetowerstandshighabovetheground.Airtrafficcontrollers,insidethetower,mustbeabletoguideairplanesthroughtheirtakeoffsandlandings. Largeairportsareoftenlikesmallcities.Manyhavepostoffices,banks,hotels,restaurants,andmanykindsofshops.Airportshavetheirownfireandpolicedepartments,fuelstoragetanks,andrepairworkshops.Somecompaniesevenhavetheirshippingwarehouseslocatedatairports. OneofthelargestairportsintheworldisinGrapevine,Texas,midwaybetweenthecitiesofDallasandFortWorth.Thisairportcovers7200hectares(18000acres).Itsfiveterminalscanhandlethearrivalsanddeparturesof90jumbojetsatthesametime.O'HareInternationalAirport,inChicago,isthebusiestairportintheworld.Ithandlesmorethan37millionpassengersayear. Smallairportsthatareusedonlybyprivateairplanesusuallycover20to40hectares(50to100acres).Theydonotneedallthebuildingsandservicesofalargeairport.Thecontroltowermaybejustasmallroominabuildingatgroundlevel. Runways Earlyplaneswerelight.Earlyrunwaysweresometimesjustlevelgrassfields.Pavedrunwaysbecamenecessarywhenairplanesbecameheavierandfaster.Today'sbigjetplanesweighhundredsoftons.Theymovealongrunwaysatspeedsof160kph(100mph).Whentheyland,therunwaystakealotofpoundingandmustbemadeofconcreteorasphalt(沥青).Theymusthavesolidfoundationsandasurfacethatpreventsskidding. Airplanestakeoffintothewindinordertogetbetterlift.Theyalsolandintothewindtohavebettercontrolastheyslowdown.Mostairportshaverunwayspointingindifferentdirections.Thismeansthattherearealwaysrunwaysonwhichairplanescangointothewindastheytakeoffandland. Heavilyloadedpassengerjetsneedlongrunwaystogatherenoughspeedtoleavetheground.Runwaysatsomelargeairportsarelongerthan3000m(10000ft). Atnight,brightlightslinetherunwayssothatpilotscanfindthemwithouttrouble.Asystemofflashingguidelightsissetupbeyondtherunwaytohelppilotslandsafely.
48 ControlTowers Peoplewhoworkincontroltowersarecalledairtrafficcontrollers.Theydirectthemovementsofallplanesonthegroundandintheairbykeepingtrackofthemonlargeradarscreens.Airtrafficcontrollerstellapilot,byradio,whenandwheretotaxiorpilottheplanedowntherunway. Electronicequipmentisusedtoguideairplanes.Longrangeradarisusedtokeeptrackofplanesfarawayfromtheairport.ThisradariscalledGroundControlApproach(GCA).Whentheairplanegetswithinafewmilesoftherunway,theairtrafficcontrollerbeginstousePrecisionApproachRadar(PAR).Thisallowsthecontrollertoguidetheairplanetowithin0.4km(0.25mi)oftherunway.Atthatpoint,thepilotcompletesthelanding.AnotherelectronicaidusedinbadweatheristheInstrumentLandingSystem(ILS).Inthissystem,radiotransmitterslocatedneartherunwaysendguidancesignalstotheairplane.Thesesignalstellthepilothowtosteertheplaneforthefinalapproachtotherunways.Today,therearealsoelectronic"microwave"landingsystems(MLS)thatcanlandtheplanefullyautomatically. TerminalBuildings Terminalbuildingsvaryinsizeandshape.Mostofthemarequitelarge.Morethan228millionpeopleflyontheairlinesinAmericaeveryyear.Everypassengermustpassthroughterminals.Long,coveredwalkwaysleadfromthecenterofsometerminalstothegateswhereairplanesareboarded.Atsomeairports,busesareusedtotransportpassengerstotheirairplanes.Passengersarrivingfromanothercountrymustpassthroughcustomsandpassportcontrol.Customsofficialschecktheincomingbaggagefortaxableitems.Theyalsocheckpassengerstobesurenoforbiddenitemsarebroughtintothecountry.Passportofficialscheckthepassportsofpassengersforpersonalidentification. Passengersarenotallowedtobringguns,knives,orotherweaponsontoapassengerairplane.Beforeboarding,theymustwalkthroughadetectorwhichtriggersaspecialsignaliftheyarecarryinganythingmadeofmetal.Luggageisalsoexaminedforweapons.Thisisdonetoensurethesafetyofthepassengers. 1.Themainpurposeofthispassageistointroducethehistoryofairplanes. 2.Thedeviceofanautomaticpilotcanusuallyflyaplanemoresmoothlythanahumanpilot. 3.Withthehelpoftheradioequipment,pilotsareabletocommunicatewithgroundcontrollers. 4.Wecantellfromthepassagethatearlyairplanesarenotassolidasmodernones. 5.Accordingtothepassage,thebusiestairportintheworldisinGrapevine,Texas,midwaybetweenthecitiesofDallasandFortWorth. 6.Therunwaysshouldbelongandsolidenoughfortheheavilyloadedjets. 7.PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)isusedbyairtrafficcontrollerstokeeptrackofairplanesfarawayfromtheairport. 8.Theplanescanbelandedfullyautomaticallyifthecontroltowersareequippedwith _________. 9.Aftergettingofftheplane,everypassengerarrivingfromanothercountrymustpassthrough____________. 10.Whenpassengersgothroughadetectorbeforetheyboard,andanythingmadeofmetalisdetected,thedetectortriggers__________________.Passage4ThePowerofPersonalAttitudesEachofusismadeupofvariousphysical,vital,andmentalparts.Thereisourphysicalbodyanditsorgans,muscles,etc;thevitalbeingwithitssensations,emotionsandfeelings,andthementalpartwithitsthoughts,memories,reasoningpower,beliefs,etc.Somewherebetweenouremotionsandourthought
49processinglieourattitudes--ouremotionalperceptionsaboutlife,aboutothers,eventowardsourownselves.Attitudesgenerallyexpresspositivelyandnegatively.E.g.whenIhavegoodfeelingstowardsmyworkortowardsothers,theattitudeispositive.WhenIfeelreluctanttodocertainthingsthatarenecessary,orshowhostilitytowardscertainindividuals,thenmyattitudeisnegative.AttitudesAboutOurselves,Others,LifeThoughwehavemanyattitudesaboutallaspectsoflife,ifwelookalittlecloserwecanidentifythreebasictypes—thosethathavetodowithourselves,thosewehaveaboutothersandtheobjectsaroundus,andthosewehavetowardslifeitself.Anexampleofanegativeattitudeaboutourselvesishavinglowself-esteem,orlowself-confidence.Anexampleofawantingattitudesaboutothersisafeelingillwilltowardsanotherperson,orbeingmistrustfulofothers.Anexampleofanegativeattitudetowardslifeisbeingpessimisticthatthingswillneverturnoutwell.Thegoodnewshoweveristhatifwechangeanynegativeattitudetothepositive,lifetendstoquicklyrespond.Considerthistruestory,whereapersonchangedherattitudeaboutcertainpeople:Awomanwasworkingasatemporaryemployeeforalargemedicalorganization.Formonths,shecomplainedaboutcertaincoworkersatherjob.Atthetime,shehaddecidedtodevelopa30-dayplantosecureafull-timeposition.Onepartofherplanwastochangeherattitudetowardtheseparticularindividuals.Inthedaysthatfollowed,shepersistedinfollowingherplan,especiallyfocusingonherwantingattitudetowardothers.Shewasshockedhoweverwhenamonthintoherplan,shewassuddenlyaskedtoworkfortheorganizationfulltime--herfirstnon-temporaryjobinnearlyadecade!Thatisthepowerofchanginganegativeattitudetowardothers.NegativeExpressionsAttractsNegativeResponseSofarwehaveindicatedthatchanginganegativeattitudecanattractsuddeninstancesofgoodfortune.Inversely,ifwetaketoanegativeattitude,wecanattractinstancesofbadfortune.Forexample,ifwespeaknegativelyaboutanotherperson,itislikelythatproblematiccircumstanceswillarise.Aman“A”metafellowinstructor“B”beforeaclasshewastoperformthatday.Oneofthethingstheydiscussedwereproblemstheyhadexperiencedinearlierclasses.Inparticular,Akepttalkingabouthowthestudentsatacertainclientwereparticularlydifficulttoworkwith.Hepersistedinexpressinghisfeelings.Thoughthatinstructorrarelyhadproblemswithhisstudents,lateronthatday,aswellasinthenexttwoclasses,hehadaseriesofdifficultieswithhisstudents!Aswesee,whenweexpressnegativesentimentinlife—whetheritisillwilltowardscertainindividualsorcomplainingaboutsituations—wetendtoelicitillfortune.Thebestapproachthenistoavoidallnegativeexpressionsorcomplainingaboutothers.Inourmoment-to-momentactivities,weneedtobemindfulofourthoughtsandfeelings,andcatchanynegativeexpression—whetheritusaflawedattitudes,alimitedopinions,orahasty,reflexivereaction.Thisisindeedseriousbusiness,becausesuchexpressionscanliterallydestroyawork.ThePowerofanOverallPositiveAttitudeInadditiontohavingtherightattitudestowardsothersandlifearoundus,itisalwaysbesttohaveanoverallpositiveattitude.Here’sanotherreal-lifeincidenttoshowyouwhatImean:Amanagementconsultantwashopingtohaveakeymeetingwiththeprincipleofficersofacompanywithover$100billioninassets.Fordays,hefrettedaboutthedealasthepotentialclientfailedtocontacthim.Hedevelopedgreaterandgreaterdoubtsthatthemeetingwouldevertakeplace.Finally,herememberedthatitwasimportanttohaveapositiveattitudeinthesesituations.Hedecidedtochangehisattitudeaboutthepotentialmeetingfromworryandconcerntobeingpositive.Averyshorttimelater,hewascontactedbytheclientthatthemeetingcouldinfacttakeplace.Hewasthrilled.Inaddition,yearsofhigh-levelconsultingworkfollowedwiththeclient!
50Thatisthepowerofhavingagenerallypositiveattitude.“IhaveameetingwithG,animportantaudiosalesperson.Weworkthroughasystemtogethimcommittedandproductive.Wediscussthefactthathemustcommit.Duringthemeeting,Iamconsciousofmyattitudethatisnegativeaboutourchancesofsuccess.Istruggletoreversethem.Wearetheninterruptedasthestoreisthenfilledwithcustomers,andagoodoneforthatsalespersontoboot!”Anoverallpositiveattitudehasthepowertoattractsuddengoodfortunefromtheworldaroundus.Wehavealsoseenthatwhendifficultcircumstancescomeinyourway,andyoudonotgetoverwroughtbythem,maintainingapositivecalmattitude,lifecansuddenlyreverseandcanceltheproblemorotherwisebringsuddeninstancesofgoodfortune.1.Themainpurposeofthisarticleistointroducethemainpartsofourphysicalbody.2.Ourattitudesareouremotionalperceptionsaboutlifeandaboutothers.3.One’slowself-esteemshowsanegativeattitudeabouthimself.4.Evenifwechangeanynegativeattitudetothepositive,lifewillnotchangeatall.5.Thestoryofthewomanwhofindsajobbychangingherattitudetowardsothersshowsusthepowerofchangingapositiveattitudetowardothers.6.Ifwespeakpositivelyaboutanotherperson,goodthingswillhappen.7.Thestoryabouttheman“A”andtheman“B”showsusifwespeaknegativelyaboutanotherperson,itislikelythatproblematiccircumstanceswillarise.8.Whenweexpressnegativesentimentinlife,thebestapproachistoavoid_________aboutothers.9.Besideshavingtherightattitudestowardsothersandlifearoundus,weshould_________.10.Whendifficultcircumstancescomeinyourway,__________canhelpyoutoreverselifeandcanceltheproblem.Passage5HowtoMakeAttractiveandEffectivePowerPointPresentationsMicrosoftPowerPointhasdramaticallychangedthewayinwhichacademicandbusinesspresentationsaremade.ThisarticleoutlinesfewtipsonmakingmoreeffectiveandattractivePowerPointpresentations.TheTextKeepthewordingclearandsimple.Useactive,visuallanguage.Cutunnecessarywords—agoodruleofthumbistocutparagraphsdowntosentences,sentencesintophrases,andphrasesintokeywords.Limitthenumberofwordsandlinesperslide.TrytheRuleofFive-fivewordsperline,fivelinesperslide.Iftoomuchtextappearsononeslide,usetheAutoFitfeaturetosplititbetweentwoslides.ClickwithintheplaceholdertodisplaytheAutoFitOptionsbutton(itssymbolistwohorizontallineswitharrowsaboveandbelow),thenclickonthebuttonandchooseSplitTextbetweenTwoSlidesfromthesubmenu.Fontsizefortitlesshouldbeatleast36to40,whilethetextbodyshouldnotbesmallerthan24.Useonlytwofontstylesperslide—oneforthetitleandtheotherforthetext.Choosetwofontsthatvisuallycontrastwitheachother.GaramondMediumCondensedandImpactaregoodfortitles,whileGaramondorTempusSanscanbeusedforthetextbody.Embedthefontsinyourpresentation,ifyouarenotsurewhetherthefontsusedinthepresentationarepresentinthecomputerthatwillbeusedforthepresentation.Toembedthefonts:(1)OntheFilemenu,clickSaveAs.(2)Onthetoolbar,clickTools,clickSaveOptions,selecttheEmbedTrueTypeFontscheckbox,andthenselectEmbedcharactersinuseonly.
51Usecolorssparingly;twotothreeatmost.Youmayuseonecolorforallthetitlesandanotherforthetextbody.Beconsistentfromslidetoslide.Chooseafontcolorthatcontrastswellwiththebackground.Capitalizingthefirstletterofeachwordisgoodforthetitleofslidesandsuggestsamoreformalsituationthanhavingjustthefirstletterofthefirstwordcapitalized.Inbulletpointlines,capitalizethefirstwordandnootherwordsunlesstheynormallyappearcapped.Upperandlowercaseletteringismorereadablethanallcapitalletters.Moreover,currentstylesindicatethatusingallcapitallettersmeansyouareshouting.Ifyouhavetextthatisinthewrongcase,selectthetext,andthenclickShift+F3untilitchangestothecasestylethatyoulike.ClickingShift+F3togglesthetextcasebetweenALLCAPS,lowercase,andInitialCapitalstyles.Useboldoritalictypefaceforemphasis.Avoidunderlining,itcluttersupthepresentation.Don’tcenterbulletedlistsortext.Itisconfusingtoread.Leftalignunlessyouhaveagoodreasonnotto.Run“spellcheck”onyourshowwhenfinished.TheBackgroundKeepthebackgroundconsistent.Simple,lighttexturedbackgroundsworkwell.Complicatedtexturesmakethecontenthardtoread.Ifyouareplanningtousemanyclipsinyourslides,selectawhitebackground.Ifthevenueofyourpresentationisnotadequatelylight-proof,selectadark-coloredbackgroundanduseanylightcolorfortext.Minimizetheuseof“bellsandwhistles”suchassoundeffects,“flyingwords”andmultipletransitions.Don’tuseredinanyfontsorbackgrounds.Itisanemotionallyoverwhelmingcolorthatisdifficulttoseeandread.TheClipsAnimationsarebestusedsubtly;toomuchflashandmotioncandistractandannoyviewers.DonotrelytooheavilyonthoseimagesthatwereoriginallyloadedonyourcomputerwiththerestofOffice.YoucaneasilyfindappropriateclipsonanytopicthroughGoogleImages.Whilesearchingforimages,donotuselongsearchphrasesasisusuallydonewhilesearchingtheweb-usespecificwords.Whenimportingpictures,makesurethattheyaresmallerthantwomegabytesandareina.jpgformat.Largerfilescanslowdownyourshow.Keepgraphs,chartsanddiagramssimple,ifpossible.Usebargraphsandpiechartsinsteadoftablesofdata.Theaudiencecanthenimmediatelypickuptherelationships.ThePresentationIfyouwantyourpresentationtodirectlyopenintheslideshowview,saveitasaslideshowfileusingthefollowingsteps.Openthepresentationyouwanttosaveasaslideshow.OntheFilemenu,clickSaveAs.IntheSaveastypelist,clickPowerPointShow.Yourslideshowfilewillbesavedwithapptfileextension.Whenyoudouble-clickonthisfile,itwillautomaticallystartyourpresentationinslideshowview.Whenyou’redone,PowerPointautomaticallyclosesandyoureturntothedesktop.Ifyouwanttoedittheslideshowfile,youcanalwaysopenitfromPowerPointbyclickingOpenontheFilemenu.Lookattheaudience,notattheslides,wheneverpossible.Ifusingalaserpointer,don’tmoveittoofast.Forexample,ifcirclinganumberontheslide,doitslowly.Neverpointthelaserattheaudience.Blackoutthescreen(use“B”onthekeyboard)afterthepointhasbeenmade,toputthefocusonyou.Pressthekeyagaintocontinueyourpresentation.
52Youcanusetheshortcutcommand[Ctrl]PtoaccessthePentoolduringaslideshow.ClickwithyourmouseanddragtousethePentooltodrawduringyourslideshow.Toeraseeverythingyou’vedrawn,presstheEkey.ToturnoffthePentool,press[Esc]once.MiscellaneousMasterSlideSet-Up:The“masterslide”willallowyoutomakechangesthatarereflectedoneveryslideinyourpresentation.Youcanchangefonts,colors,backgrounds,headers,andfootersatthe“masterslide”level.First,gotothe“View”menu.Pulldownthe“Master”menu.Selectthe“slidemaster”menu.Youmaynowmakechangesatthislevelthatmeetyourpresentationneeds.1.ThewaysinwhichacademicandbusinesspresentationsaremadehavebeenchangedbyMicrosoftPowerPoint.2.WhenmakingthePowerPoint,thewordingofthetextshouldbecomplicated.3.Ineachslide,thefontstylesforthetitleandthetextshouldcontrastwitheachother.4.Amoreformalsituationiscapitalizingthefirstletterofeachword.5.Centeringbulletedlistsortextcanhelptoread.6.Soundeffectsshouldbeusedaslessfrequentlyaspossible.7.Whenimportingflashes,makesurethattheyaresmallerthantwomegabytes.8.Whenmakingthepresentation,youshouldlookattheaudience_________.9.PressingtheEkeycanhelpyouto__________.10.Inorderto________,youcanmakechangesatthe“slidemaster”level.Passage6NaturalDisastersEarthquakesWhentheEarthMovesEarthquakesarecausedbythemotionoftectonicplates—individualsectionsthatmakeuptheEarth’ssurfacelikepanelsonafootball.Immensestrainaccumulatesalongfaultlineswhereadjacentplatesmeet.Whentherockseparatingtheplatesgivesway,suddenseismicground-shakingmovementoccurs.Ofcourse,ifwewanttoknowwhyearthquakeshappen,weneedtodigalittledeeper.CentreoftheEarthTheEarthismadeupofthreemainlayers:ThecoreisatthecentreoftheEarth.Themantleisamobilesemi-moltenlayeraroundthecore.Theouter-shelloftheEarthiscalledthecrust.Scientistscallthisthelithosphere—it’sthepartwe’reonnow.Thecrustismadeupof12individualtectonicplates.Belowthesea,theycanmeasurethreetosixmiles(4km-9.6km)thickandunderlandthisincreasesto20-44miles(32km-70.8km).Belowthecrust,radiationfromtheEarth’scoreheatsthesemi-moltenmantletotemperaturesofover5000°C.Allfluidswhenheated—evenmoltenrock—areaffectedbyaprocesscalledconvection.Thatmakeshotliquidrisetodisplacecoolerliquid,creatingacurrent.Tectonicplateseffectivelyfloatonthemantle,likecroutonsinabowlofsuper-heatedsoup.Buttheseplatesandconstantlymoveduetotheconvectioncurrent.
53Ofcourse,theycreepalongveryslowly—roughlythesamespeedyourfingernailsgrow.Evenatthissubsnail-pace,theeffectscanbedevastating.Thecombinedannualforceofearthquakesisequalto100,000timesthepoweroftheatomicbombsthatflattenedHiroshima.Thepointwheretheseismicactivityoccursistheepicentre,wheretheearthquakeisstrongest.Butitdoesn’talwaysendthere;seismicwavestraveloutfromtheepicentre,sometimescreatingwidespreaddestructionastheypass.VolcanoesWithoutdoubt,eruptingvolcanoesarethemostawesomeandterrifyingsightsinnature.Infact,theiruntameddestructivefirepowerhasshapedandinfluencedmanyancientculturesfromPompeii,toJapan.It’sestimatedthatoneintenoftheWorld’spopulationlivewithin“dangerrange”ofvolcanoes.AccordingtotheSmithsonianInstitute,thereare1511“active”volcanoesacrosstheglobe,andmanymoredormantonesthatcouldrechargeatanymoment.Whentectonicplatescollide,likeearthquakes,volcanoesformatweak-pointsintheEarth’scrust,knownas“fault-lines”.Whentwotectonicplatescollide,theeventcanprovidethecatalystforvolcanicactivity.Asonesectionslidesontopoftheother,theonebeneathispusheddownintothemantle.Watertrappedinthecrustcancausereactionswithinthemantle.Why?Well,it’sthoughtthatwhenthewatermixeswiththemantle,itlowersthemantle’smeltingpoint,andthesolidmantlemeltstoformaliquid,knownas‘magma’.UnderIncreasingPressureSinceliquidrockislessdensethansolidrock,magmabeginstorisethroughtheEarth’scrust.Itforcesitswayup,meltingsurroundingrockandincreasingtheamountofmagma.Magmaonlystopsrisingwhenthepressurefromtherocklayeraboveitbecomestoogreat.ItgathersbelowtheEarth’ssurfaceina“magmachamber”.Whenthepressureincreasesinthechamber,thecrustfinallygiveswayandmagmaspewsoutontotheEarth’ssurfaceformingavolcano.Whenitreachesthesurface,magmabecomesknownas“lava”.Volcaniceruptionsvaryinintensityandappearancedependingontwofactors:theamountofgascontainedinthemagma.itsviscosity—howrunnyitis.Ingeneral,theexplosiveeruptionscomefromhighgaslevelsandhighviscosityinthemagma.Whilstlavafloesresultfrommagmaswithlowgaslevelsandlowviscosity.MountEtnaOvermillionsofyears,lavaandashfromeruptionsmightbuilduptoformamountainousvolcanolikeMtEtnainItaly.HurricanesBydefinition,ahurricaneisfiercerotatingstormwithanintensecentreoflowpressurethatonlyhappensinthetropics.Insouth-eastAsiathey’reknownastyphoonsandintheIndianOcean,cyclones.Theycausehighwinds,hugewaves,andheavyflooding.In1998,HurricaneGilbertproduced160mphwinds,killing318people,anddevastatingJamaica.Atropicalstormcanonlybeclassifiedasahurricaneifitsustainswindspeedsabove73mphorforce12ontheBeaufortScale.Eachyearabout50tropicalstormsreachhurricanestatus.Oneofthemostpowerfulofallweathersystems,hurricanesarepoweredbytheheatenergyreleasedbythecondensationofwatervapour.However,theconditionshavetobeexactforahurricanetoform,withthesea’ssurfacetemperaturebeingabove26.5°C.HowHurricanesHappen
54Airabovewarmtropicalwaterrisesquicklyasitisheatedbythesea.Astheairrisesitrotatesorspinscreatinganareaoflowpressure,knownastheeyeofthestorm.Theeyecanbeclearlyseenonsatellitepictures,andisusuallyeerilycalm.Thehurricaneonlymovesslowlyatspeedsof20-25mphbringingtorrentialrainandthunderstormsandverystrongwinds.However,theyalsocausefloodingonlowlyingcoastlineswithaphenomenonknownasa“stormsurge”.StormSurgeThisiscausedbytheintenselowpressureattheeyeofahurricane,combiningwiththeeffectofstrongwinds.Thesearises1cmforeverymillibarofpressure-ifthepressureis930millibar,theseasurgewillbeabout80cm.Hurricanescanraisetheseassurfacebyasmuchas4m.Thehurricanewindspushthesurgealonginfrontofitspath.Whenthissurgehitslow-lyingcoasts,theeffectscanbedevastating.Inadditiontotheseasurge,floodingcanalsoresultfromtorrentialrainfallingfromthestormclouds.Onceitreachesthemainland,ahurricanemaycausewidespreaddamageforafewdays,butwithnowarmwatertosupplyheat,theyquicklydieout.1.EarthquakesarecausedbythemotionoftectonicplatesthatmakeuptheEarth’ssurface.2.TheEarthismadeupoffourmainlayers:thecore,themantle,thecrustandthemagma.3.Itistheconvectionthatmakehotliquidrisetodisplacecoolerliquid,creatingacurrent.4.Theearthquakeattheepicenterisweakest.5.Bothofvolcanoesandearthquakesformatweak-pointsintheEarth’scrustwhentectonicplatescollide,.6.MagmawillfallthroughtheEarth’scrustiftheliquidrockislessdensethansolidrock.7.MtEtnainItalyproduced160mphwindsandkilled296peoplein2000.8.Ahurricaneisdefinedasafiercerotatingstormwithanintensecentreoflowpressurethat_______.9.Torrentialrain,__________arealwaysbroughtbythehurricane.10.Ifthereisnowarmwatertosupplyheat,thehurricanewill______.Passage7YoungerArtistsStruggletoExciteBuyersAstheseniorglobalspecialistandvicepresidentforChinesecontemporaryartatSotheby’sinNewYork,ZhangXiaomingtravelstoChinaalmosteverymonth.Heresheusuallymeetscollectorsanddealers.Whenherscheduleallows,shealsotakesthetimetocheckoutartists’studiosandtheirlatestproductions. ButZhangadmitstofindingitincreasinglydifficultonrecentvisitstobe"touched"bythenewworksthatshehasseen. "Maybetherearegreatworksthathavenotbeendiscovered,butfromwhatIsee,manyartistsarerepeatingthemselvesandthemarketforyoungerartists’worksisoverpriced,"shesaid. "ThemostimportantartistscomingoutofChina,thosewhohavebeencelebratedbyinternationalcollectors,areartistswhocreatedworksatverydifficulttimes,andwereinspiredbytheirtradition,historyandculture." "Theseworksarereallydeeplyconnectedtotheirowncultureandtheirowntraditions,"Zhangsaid."Butwhatishappeningrightnowisalotofyoungerartistscomingtothemarkethavealackofspirituality.Formeit’shardtoreadwhattheirartworkisabout.Todaysomeoftheartiststhatfetchhighpricesmaynotlastoverthelongerterm." ZhangisoneofseveralmarketprofessionalswhohaveraisedconcernsthatChinesecontemporaryartcouldbebecomingoverpriced,andmightbeheadingforaninevitablecorrection,afterrecordingstellargainsofabout40percenteachyearforthepasttwoyears.examda.com
55 Still,ifthelatestauctionresultsforAsiancontemporaryartworkatChristie’sareanythingtogoby,buyersarestillextremelybullish,thoughincreasinglyselective. TheinauguraleveningsaleofAsianContemporaryArtatChristie’sinHongKongraised318.38millionHongKongdollars,or$40.8million,wellabovethepresaleestimateof174.6to231.8milliondollars. Christie’swasofferingasmall,highlyselectivelistofhigh-caliberworksbyleadingartists,includingZengFanzhi,YueMinjun,ZhangXiaogang,CaiGuoqiangandTakashiMurakami,andthebuyerssnappedthemup.Onlytwoofthe34lotsfailedtomeettheirreserveandseveralrecordswereset,includinganewworldauctionrecordforanyChinesecontemporaryartwork,forZengFanzhi’smonumental"MaskSeries1996No.6"whichsoldfor75.3milliondollars. "Therewasquiteanevenbiddingbetweentheroomandthephones,thoughthephonesseemtowinintheendonthetoplots,"saidEricChang,headofAsiancontemporaryartandChinese20thcenturyartatChristie’s."IthinkthiseveningsalehasopenedanothergateforAsiancontemporaryart." TheauctioncontinuedequallystronglySunday,with341lotsraising253.1milliondollars.Whilemanybuyersremainenthusiastic,theyarealsobecomingmorediscerning. "Gweong-Gweong,"byYueMinjun,soldfor54milliondollars,arecordfortheartistandwellabovethe4.9milliondollarsthatitfetchedinNovember2005.But"GreatSolidarity",paintedbyYuein1992,wasoneofthelotsthatfailedtosell,despitebeingahistoricallysignificantpiecethatestablishedtheartist’strademarkmotifofrowsofrepeatedfiguresofhimself."Ithinkthatpiecehadsomeconditionissues,"Changsaid."Themarketismorematurenowandcollectorswillselectthegoodqualitypiecesinbestcondition." InterestwasnotconfinedtoChinesecontemporaryart.Theweekendauctionsetrecordsfor29Japaneseartists,10Indianartistsand10Koreanones. "InterestinJapanesecontemporaryartwasverystrong,"Changsaid."Ingeneral,piecessoldforbetweenthreeto10timestheirestimates." ThemarketforJapanesecontemporaryart,whichhasembracedsubcultureslikemanga,anime,fantasyandtechnology,hasseenanincredibleexplosionininterestinrecentmonths,helpingtofeedanincreaseofnearlythreefoldintotalsalesreceiptsatChristie’sHongKongauctionsto36.1milliondollarsthispastautumnfrom12.5milliondollarsinthespringof2007. "JapanesepriceshavebeendrivenupbyinterestfromAsianbuyers,"saidZhangXiaoming,headofChinesecontemporaryartatSotheby’sinNewYork."Infact,theyareoutperformingChineseartists,butbecausethey’restartingfromalowerbase,pricesarestilllaggingbehindthoseofChinese." Koreancontemporaryartistshavealsostartedtomakesomewaves,althoughtheystillhavetodevelopthesalesroombuzzthatsurroundstheJapanese. Incontrasttoalltheexuberanceinthecontemporarymarket,however,interestinChinese20thcenturyartisshowingsignsoffatigue. InthesecondeveningsaleSaturday,featuringChinese20thcenturywork,only73percentofthe26lotsweresold,raising151.4milliondollars—withintheestimateof130.7millionto168.3milliondollarsbutlackinginexcitement.Thenextdaywentalittlebetter,when83percentofthelotsweresold,raisinganother91.1milliondollars. "Somepieceswentveryhigh,butmaybetheestimateswereonthehighside,"Changacknowledged. OfsixlotsbytheTaiwaneseartistKuoPoChuan,onlyonewassold."SunsetatDanshui"wentfor2.64milliondollars,atthelowerendofitsestimateof2.5millionto3milliondollars.Hisstarlot,"TheForbiddenCity",estimatedat5millionto7milliondollars,failedtofindabuyer.Apiecefromthesameserieswassoldforaless-than-expect-ed27.2milliondollarsataSotheby’sHongKongauctionlastmonth. "Chinesecollectorsmighthavebeenturnedoffbythelatestdevelopmentsonthelocalstockmarket,
56aswellastheSichuanearthquake,"hesaid."ButIthinkthemarketpriceswillcomebackup." 1.ZhangXiaominghassettledinChinaandshefoundthattheChinesecontemporaryartreallytouchesher. 2.AccordingtoZhang,manyartistsarerepeatingthemselves.3.Zhangthinkstradition,historyandculturearethesourcesoftheartists’inspiration. 4.ZhangistheseniorglobalspecialistandvicepresidentforChinesecontemporaryartatSotheby’sinNewYork. 5.SomemarketprofessionalsincludingZhangpointedoutthatsomeChinesecontemporaryartworksareoverpricedandmostcollectorshavebegantorealizeit.examda.com 6.Chinesecontemporaryartworksarethemostpopularamongthecollectors. 7.Japanesecontemporaryartworkssoldbadlyintheauction. 8.EricChang,headofAsiancontemporaryartandChinese20thcenturyartatChristie’sthinksthatthemarketisverymaturenowandthebuyerswill_______________.第四章十五选十(BankedClose)第一节选词填空(BankedCloze)解题技巧选词填空篇章长度为200—250词,考查考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力;要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文,然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空,使短文复原。(一)解题步骤对于这种新题型,我们怎么应对呢?时间分配:7分钟=25–18(18分钟留给SectionB的两篇常规阅读,选词填空题要给出7分钟) 第一步:通读全文(1分钟)通读全文是用较快速度,一行一行地读,目的是把握至少90%的文章内容。选词填空后面的选项词义互不关联,词性也不同,而且还有5个干扰项,切不可先看选项,乱了脑子。一定要先了解文章大意,带着文章脉络去找选项。所以,务必先沉着地把文章读一遍,尤其注意gap前后的位置,为寻找正确选项打下铺垫。
57提醒:先居高临下,花5秒钟把短文各个自然段的段首扫一遍。比如样题的各段是这样开头的:WhenRobertoFelizcametotheUSA…ThenMrs.Malave,abilingualeducator,begantoworkwithhim…Today,heisa________doctor,runhisownclinic…Roberto’sstoryisjustoneof________successstories.一眼就能看出短文的主要内容:Roberto开始不行,随着时间的推移(When–Then–Today)后来在别人帮助下成功(successstories)了。心里有了底,再读文章就轻松多了。提醒:Bankedcloze的短文(text)第一句是不允许出题的,它对全文起概括、提示的作用。所以,一定要认真看懂第一句。第二步:整理选项(1分钟)这一步,公认的做法是先标出15个选项的词性。目前四级考试只考实词中的四种:名词做主语和宾语,动词做谓语,形容词做定语,副词做状语。不考代词和数词;也不考虚词(冠词,介词,连词,感叹词)四种实词中,考得最少是副词,不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。研究样题和真题后发现,动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性,有两个,也有四个。标词性时的切入点是后缀,也就是词尾。以ion,age,ness,ty,ship,ace,ance,ancy,ence,ency,dom,itude,um,mony结尾的大都是名词;以ize,ise,fy结尾的大都是动词;以ive,ent,ant,ful,ous,able,ary,ic,cal,less结尾的是大都是形容词;以ly,s,ways,wise结尾的大都是副词。这里有两个问题:一、有的词做名词和做动词都很常见,没有上下文不好判断,这时两个都要标出来,先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。二、以ing,ed结尾的词既可能是动词,也可能是分词转变而来的形容词。这时怎么办?很简单,新四级考试中的bankedcloze还没有到考分词作形容词的难度,所以,碰到这种情况,一律看成是动词,包括非谓语动词。第三步:选词填空(4分钟)调动语法知识,先确定单词的词性,再去词表中找同一词类的选项,挑出正确答案。动词的确定:动词最容易确定,因为一个句子没有动词就等于没有谓语,是很明显的缺陷。而且动词的关联性、可比性最差,选这个和选那个有天壤之别。名词的确定:1.冠词a,an,the的后面。2.介词in,on,from…的后面。3.形容词(包括指示形容词demonstrativeadjectives或称限定词determiners,如this,that,these,those)的后面。形容词的确定:名词的前面。副词的确定:1.动词的附近(指前面或后面)。真题:…jobsthatusedtobedoneprimarilybywomen…2.形容词的前面。真题:…buttheyarestillnotcompletelysurewhatleadstoit…3.句子的前面。如:Notsurprisingly,thejuryfoundthembothguilty.上面谈的是根据语法确定词性,现在谈谈根据上下文确定词义。默念这句话:“答案就在周围!”如果你留心的话,空白附近的暗示无处不在。真题举例:
581.theincome…givesthemnewindependenceandbuyingpower.Forexample,womennow____abouthalfofallcars.正向并列:buying同义词暗示purchase.(2006-12)2.Thehot,humidairovertheoceancausessever_____thunderstorms.正向并列:hot,humid同义词暗示tropical.(2006-6)3.…otherpartsfacedrought,poorcropsand_______.正向并列:poorcrops同义词暗示starvation;欠收自然导致饥荒。(2006-6)结论:眼尖一点,脑子勤一点。第四步:回顾检查review(1分钟)速度要快,只看有题的句子即可。 (二)解题五绝招: 1)词性判断 2)常用搭配 3)内在逻辑 4)感情色彩5)语法常识(四)实例分析(以四级考试大纲中的样题为例,结合解题方法,命题特点进行剖析) WhenRobertoFelizcametotheUSAfromtheDominicanRepublic,heknewonlyafewwordsofEnglish.Educationsoonbecamea__47__"Icouldn'tunderstandanything,"hesaid.He__48__fromhisteachers,camehomeintears,andthoughtaboutdroppingout. ThenMrs.Malave,abilingualeducator,begantoworkwithhimwhileteachinghimmathandscienceinhis__49__Spanish."ShehelpedmestaysmartwhileteachingmeEnglish,"hesaid.Giventhechancetodemonstratehisability,he__50__confidenceandbegantosucceedinschool. Today,heisa__51__doctor,runshisownclinic,andworkswithseveralhospitals.Everyday,heusesthelanguageandacademicskillshe__52__throughbilingualeducationtotreathispatients.Roberto'sstoryisjustoneof__53__successstories.Researchhasshownthatbilingualeducationisthemost__54__waybothtoteachchildrenEnglishandensurethattheysucceedacademically.InArizonaandTexas,bilingualstudents__55__outperformtheirpeersinmonolingualprograms.Calexico,Calif.,implementedbilingualeducation,andnowhasdropoutratesthatarelessthanhalfthestateaverageandcollege__56__ratesofmorethan90%.InElPaso,bilingualeducationprogramshavehelpedraisestudentscoresfromthelowestinTexastoamongthehighestinthenation.A)wonderB)acquiredC)consistentlyD)regained E)nightmareF)nativeG)acceptanceH)effectiveI)hidJ)prominentK)decentL)countlessM)recalledN)breakthroughO)automatically解题思路与命题点剖析:1.通读完文章后,对所给备选词汇进行词性分类:名词:E)nightmareG)acceptanceN)breakthroughA)wonder形容词:J)prominentF)nativeL)countlessK)decentH)effective副词:C)consistentlyO)automatically动词:B)acquiredI)hidD)regainedM)recalled2.根据上下文的衔接,基本语法知识,固定搭配,词义感情色彩进行答题。 47)根据基本语法常识判断,在该空前有一个冠词“a”
59,说明该空应填一个名词,而且进一步推断,一定为可数名词并且是单数名词,然后我们就从刚才词性归类后的名词中寻找答案。由此可以进一步缩小范围,由15选1变成了4选1。根据上下文还可以看到,上一句提到RobertoFeliz只知道一些英语单词,而该空后面一句的意思是他说我不理解任何事情,由此可以判断出47空的名词感情色彩应该为负面或者说为贬义,由此缩小了包围圈,在这4个名词中,贬带义的只有E)nightmare,因此我们锁定答案。 总结:该题目的考查重点为词性分类以及对上下文感情色彩的判断。 48)首先根据语法常识判断,该空所填词的词性应该为动词,细心的同学很快可以发现,在这个空后出现了and,表明这是一个平行结构,这个发现对于解这个题目非常重要,根据and前后的动词判断,此处也应该填动词的过去时,我们再进一步判断,该空后面句子的意思为“他回到家后就哭,而且想着辍学”,由此我们判断这个地方所填的动词的感情色彩也为贬义的,与该句后面并列结构的感情色彩一至,我们不难判断该空该填I)hid。 总结:该题目的考查重点为平行结构以及句子所表达的感情色彩。 49)根据基本语法常识来判断,该空所填的词应该是修饰Spanish,所以我们判断该空应该填一个形容词,从词性这个角度缩小了范围。接着,我们来看上下文的含义。上文提到Mrs.Malave是一位双语教师。从这里我们可以看出,49空前有个in这个词,这是一个信号词:表示当这位双语老师在教数学和科学的时候用某种语言。再根据句意判断,我们不难得出答案,应该填F)native 总结:该题重点考查上下文的理解以及词性判断。 50)根据语法常识判断,该空应该填一个动词,与confidence构成动宾搭配。此外,还有三个地方的提示。首先是given的理解,Given放句首,后跟名词或从句,然后再跟主句是固定句型。given充当介词使用,表示假设、假定等意思。该句的意思为“假定给他一个展示他能力的机会的话”;其次是对于“and”的准确理解,and表示一个并列平行结构,后半句的意思是“在学校开始取得成功”通过这句可以表明前半句的感情色彩也应该是褒义的;最后,就是根据上下文意思的衔接来判断,文章第一段说到对于英语他几乎不懂,在校躲着老师,在家经常哭泣,总想辍学,语言对于他来说是一场噩梦,由此可以判断他对学习英语失去了信心,而本句的后半句说他开始在学校取得成功,很明显这是重拾信心的表现。综上,我们得出该空的答案为D)regained 总结:该题考查的重点为词性判断,上下文的理解,以及固定搭配。 51)根据语法判断,我们很容易断定这个空应该填一个形容词来修饰doctor这个名词。此外,解本题的关键还有一个小词,就是today这个词,这个词出现就说明文中隐含着时间对比的考点,对解题有间接的提示作用,对于这种小词的准确含义的理解,考生绝对不能忽视。除了这个线索之外,在这个空的后面句子的意思为“他开了自己的诊所,而且在许多家医院工作”这足以说明他在事业上的成功。感情色彩为褒义色彩。再根据与doctor搭配的原则,很快就能在几个形容词中锁定答案J)prominent。 总结:该题的考查重点为词性判断,上下文衔接以及句子感情色彩的判断。 52)根据语法知识判断,该空所填的应该是一个动词。此外,考生可以发现所填的动词是与academicskills构成动宾搭配。很明显,根据句意:他用通过双语教学所学到的语言和获得的技能来治疗他的病人。很快判断出该空应该填B)acquired。 总结:本题所考查的重点是词性判断,特别是考生对固定搭配的掌握。 53)该空所填的应该是一个形容词修饰stories,又根据oneof的意思来判断,Roberto'sstory只不过是众多成功故事中的一个,所以我们可以锁定答案L)countless。 总结:本题重点考查词性判断,特别是上下文意思的理解。 54)
60本题的解题关键有两个。首先是根据语法常识来判断词性,该空应该填形容词来修饰way。其次根据整句话的意思来判断:本句的意思为“研究表明双语教学对于教孩子英语以及保证他们在学术上取得成功是一种()的方法”。本段开头正好讲了Roberto'sstory成功的例子,双语教学给Roberto带来了成功。因此我们可以判断这个地方所填的形容词应该是褒义的,不难得出结论H)effective。 总结:本题除了继续考查词性判断外,更重要的是考查对上下文感情色彩的整体把握。 55)根据语法常识判断,此处该填一个副词来修饰动词outperform。又根据句子的意思,很容易判断出应该填C)consistently(持续地,一直地)。 总结:本题考查的重点是词性判断以及句意理解。难度较小。 56)根据语法常识可以判断,本空应该填一个名词来与rates来搭配,构成词组。上文中出现了dropoutrates(辍学率),而本句又使用了比较级的手法,由此判断为比较考点。通过常识判断,这里肯定填G)acceptance,与rates构成词组acceptancerate(入学率),与前面所提到的dropoutrates(辍学率)构成对比。总结:本题特别考查了上下文的衔接关系。第二节强化训练Passage1TheAmericanpatentsystem,providedforintheConstitution,wasdesignedtoencouragethecreationanduseofnewtechnology.Aninventorwoulddescribetheinvention,bothinwritingandwithdrawings,and__47__thedescriptionwithamodeltoagovernmentofficial.Iftheinventionwasjudgedtobe___48__andbeneficial,theofficialwouldgivetheinventorapatent.Thepatentmeantthatfor14yearstheinventorownedthenewinvention.Inventorscould___49__theirideastomanufacturersorjustusethemthemselves.Thegovernmentwouldnot___50__anyotherpatentforthesameidea,andtheinventorcould___51__anyoneofusingthepatentedideawith-outpayingtheownerofthepatentfor___52__touseit. Ausefulpatentmeantthattheinventorcouldmakealotofmoney.Inexchangeforthisgovernmentalprotection,thegovernmentpublishedthepatent__53___,whichhadtoprovideenoughinformationsothatotherpeoplecouldunderstandtheinvention—thusaddingtothegeneral__54_technologicalknowledge.Andattheendofthe14years,anyonecouldusetheinventionfor__55__.Theideabehindthepatentsystemwastwofold:itwouldincreasetheamountoftechnology,byprovidingawayforpeopletomakemoneyoutofnewideas,anditwouldmakenewtechnologywidelyavailable,bypublicizingideasthatmight___56__bekeptastradesecrets.A)licenseB)howeverC)accuseD)submitE)convenientF)permissionG)enableH)freeI)specificationsJ)yieldK)issueL)charge M)availableN)otherwise O)originalPassage2TheordinaryfamilyincolonialNorthAmericawasprimarily1withsheerphysicalsurvivalandbeyondthatitsowneconomic2.Thus,childrenwerevaluedintermsoftheirproductivity,andtheyassumedtheroleofproducerquiteearly.Untiltheyfulfilledthisrole,theirpositioninthestructureofthefamilywasoneofsubordinationandtheirpsychologicalneedsandcapacitiesreceivedlittle3.Asthesocietybecamemorecomplex,the4ofchildreninthefamilyandinthesocietybecamemoreimportant.Inthecomplex,technologicalsocietythattheUnitedStateshasbecome,eachmembermustfulfillanumberofpersonalandoccupationalrolesandbeinconstantcontactwithagreatmanyofothermembers.5,viewingchildrenaspotentially
61acceptableandnecessarilymultifacetedmembersofsocietymeansthattheyareregardedmoreaspeopleintheirownrightthanasutilitarianorganisms.Thisacceptanceofchildrenasequalparticipantsinthecontemporaryfamilyisreflectedinthevarietyofstatutes6therightsofchildrenandinthesocialandpublicwelfareprogramsdevotedexclusivelytotheirwill-being.Thisnew7ofchildrenandtheincreasingcontactbetweenthemembersofsocietyhasalsoresultedinasurge(猛增)ofinterestinchild-8techniques.Peopletodayspenda9portionoftheirtimeconferring(探讨)ontheproperwaytobringupchildren.Itisnowpossibletoinfluencethedetailsofthesocializationofanotherperson’schildbyspreadingthegospelofcurrentandfashionabletheoriesandmethodsofchildrearing.Thesocializationofthe10childintheUnitedStatesisatwo-waycommunicationbetweenparentandchildratherthanaone-wayparenttochildtrainingprogram.Asaconsequence,socializingchildrenandlivingwiththemoveralongperiodoftimeisforparentsamixtureofpleasure,satisfaction,andproblems.AprosperityBstatusCprotectingDrearingEcontemporaryFrevealGcuriosityHconcernedIconsiderationJconsequentlyKviewLconsiderableMstimulatedNconsistentlyOreservingPassage3Citinganepidemicofobesity,SurgeonGeneralDr.DavidSatcher,todaycalledoncommunitiesandschoolstohelpchildrenandadultsloseweightandstay1Satcher2schoolsascentraltoeffortstopreventanddecreaseexcessweightproblems,andrecommendedthey3physicaleducationprogramsandprovidehealthyfoodalternatives.Communitiesalsomustoffersafeplacestoexercise,he4.“Manypeoplebelievethatdealingwithoverweightandobesityisapersonalresponsibility,”Satcherstates.“Tosomedegreetheyareright,butitisalsoacommunityresponsibility.”Anestimated300,000deathsmaybe5toobesityintheUnitedStateseachyear,andmorethan60%ofadultsin1999couldbe6asoverweightorobese,7tothenewreportfromthesurgeongeneral.Buttheproblemisnotjustaconcernforadults.Theprevalenceofobesityforadolescentshasnearly8inthepasttwodecades,makingearlyinterventionallthemorecritical.Accordingtothereport,in1999,13percentofchildrenbetweentheagesof6and11and14percentofthoseaged12to19wereoverweight.Andtheyoungerapersonbeginstocarryexcessweight,the9thepotentialimpactontheirfuturequalityoflife.Weightgainandobesityaremajor10topoorhealth,increasingtheriskofanumberofmedicalconditionsincludingheartdisease,diabetes,arthritis,asthma,andevencertaincancers.ApurchaseBclassifiedCurgedDinterviewEtripledFcontributorsGmoreoverHhealthyIgreaterJattributedKimproveLdealMaccordingNcheckoutOidentified
62Passage4TheweatherpredictionforAsiain2050readlikeascriptfromadoomsday(世界末日)movie.Exceptmanyclimatologistsandgreengroupsfeartheywillcome1unlessthereisaconcertedglobalefforttorein(驾驭)ingreenhousegas2.Inthedecadestocome,Asia--hometomorethanhalftheworld’s6.3billionpeople--willlurch(倾斜)3oneclimateextremetoanother,withimpoverishedfarmersbattlingdroughts,floods,4,foodshortagesandrisingsealevels.“It’snotaprettypicture,”saidSteveSawyer,climatepolicyadviserwithGreenpeaceinAmsterdam.Globalwarmingandchangestoweather5arealreadyoccurringandthereisenoughexcesscarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmospheretodriveclimatechangefordecadesto6.Already,changesarebeingfeltinAsiabutworseislikelytocome,Sawyerandtopclimatebodiessay,andcouldleadtomassmigrationandwidespreadhumanitarian7.Accordingtopredictions,glacierswill8faster,somePacificandIndianOceanislandswillhavetoevacuateorbuildseadefenses,stormswillbecomemoreintenseandinsectandwater-bornediseaseswillmoveintonewareasastheworld9.Expertssayenvironmental10suchasdeforestationandpollutionwilllikelymagnifytheimpactsofclimatechange.AcomeBscholarshipCmeltDemissionsEeffortFpatternsGcrisesHtrueIconceiveJwarmsKdiseaseWithMdegradationNlongOfromPassage4Passage5WhatisitaboutAmericansandfood?Welovetoeat,butwefeel47aboutitafterward.Wesaywewantonlythebest,butwestrangelyenjoyjunkfood.We’re48withhealthandweightlossbutfaceanunprecedentedepidemicofobesity(肥胖).Perhapsthe49tothisambivalence(矛盾情结)liesinourhistory.ThefirstEuropeanscametothiscontinentsearchingfornewspicesbutwentinvain.Thefirstcashcrop(经济作物)wasn’teatenbutsmoked.ThentherewasProhibition,intendedtoprohibitdrinkingbutactuallyencouragingmore50waysofdoingit.Theimmigrantexperience,too,hasbeenoneofinharmony.DoasRomansdomeanseatingwhat“realAmericans”eat,butournation’sfoodhascometobe51byimports—pizza,say,orhotdogs.Andsomeofthecountry’smosttreasuredcookingcomesfrompeoplewhoarrivedhereinshackles.Perhapsitshouldcomeasnosurprisethenthatfoodhasbeenamediumforthenation’sdefiningstruggles,whetherattheBostonTeaPartyorthesit-insatsouthernlunchcounters.Itisintegraltoourconceptsofhealthandevenmoralitywhetheronerefrainsfromalcoholforreligiousreasonsorevades
63meatforpolitical52.Butstrongopinionshavenotbrought53.Americansareambivalentaboutwhattheyputintheirmouths.Wehavebecome54ofourfoods,especiallyaswelearnmoreaboutwhattheycontain.The55infoodisstillprosperousintheAmericanconsciousness.It’snocoincidence,then,thatthefirstThanksgivingholdstheAmericanimaginationinsuchbondage(束缚).It’swhatweeat—andhowwe56itwithfriends,family,andstrangers—thathelpdefineAmericaasacommunitytoday.A.answerB.resultC.shareD.guiltyE.constantF.definedG.vanishH.adaptedI.creativeJ.beliefK.suspiciousL.certaintyM.obsessedN.identifyO.idealsPassage6There’snoquestionthattheEarthisgettinghotter.Therealquestionsare:Howmuchofthewarmingisourfault,andarewe47toslowthedevastationbycontrollingourinsatiable48forfossilfuels?Globalwarmingcanseemtoo49toworryabout,ortoouncertain—somethingprojectedbythesamecomputer50thatoftencan’tgetnextweek’sweatherright.Onarawwinterdayyoumightthinkthatafewdegreesofwarmingwouldn’tbesuchabadthinganyway.Andnodoubtaboutit:Warningsabout51changecansoundlikeanenvironmentalistscaretactic,meanttoforceusoutofourcarsandrestrictourlifestyles.Comfortingthoughts,perhaps.Unfortunately,however,theEarthhassomediscomfortingnews.FromAlaskatothesnowypeaksoftheAndestheworldisheatinguprightnow,andfast.Globally,the52isup1°Foverthepastcentury,butsomeofthecoldest,mostremotespotshavewarmedmuchmore.Theresultsaren’tpretty.Iceis53,riversarerunningdry,andcoastsare54,threateningcommunities.The55arehappeninglargelyoutofsight.Buttheyshouldn’tbeoutofmind,becausetheyareomensofwhat’sinstoreforthe56oftheplanet.A.remoteB.techniquesC.consistingD.restE.willingF.climateG.skillH.appetiteI.meltingJ.vanishingK.erodingL.temperatureM.curiosityN.changesO.skillful
64第五章完形填空(Cloze)第一节概述完形填空(Cloze共20题,考试时间15分钟)是大学英语四级考试中的常见题型。在一篇200-250字的短文中,从中去掉20个词,每个空白为一题,每题有A、B、C、和D四个选择项,要求考生15分钟以内在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案,使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。填空的词项包括结构词和实义词。完形填空旨在检查考生外语综合水平。在知识层次,检查词汇、语法知识;在应用层次,检查理解全文主题大意和作者意图的能力、根据上下文运用语言知识猜测生词词义的能力、以及全面驾驭语篇、获取信息的能力。第二节测试重点1、词汇方面(1)选项的语义辨析语义辨析主要集中在实词(名词,动词,形容词和副词),选项往往以同义词,近义词,反义词或形近易混词的形式出现。(2)固定搭配固定搭配以动词,形容词与副词,介词构成的词组居多,这些词组出现在完形填空中,主要以副词和介词为考点。2、语法方面(1)定语从句,主要考查连接词,限定与非限定定语从句的区别,定语从句的判别(区分定语从句与其它主从复合句)。(2)非谓语动词(动词不定式,现在分词,过去分词,动名词)。(3)主谓搭配一致(时态,语态,语气,人称,数)。(4)否定句各种否定词及双重否定。(5)逻辑主语(主要是非谓语动词的逻辑主语),在句法上不是主谓关系,但在语义上为施动者与动作的关系。(6)句型句式,包括区别简单句,并列句,对称结构或省略,倒装及割裂的复杂句子。(7)词类之间的搭配要求,如名词需要形容词,名词,冠词,非谓语动词,词组及定语从句修饰;动词需要副词词组修饰;及物动词后应加宾语等。 3、语篇方面(1)语境。语境就是我们平常所说的上下文。广义的语境指所有的上下文,段与段之间,句子与句子之间,句子与段之间的语义关系。狭义的语境指句子内部的词语之间在语义上的联系。(2)句际之间的逻辑关系完形填空。句际之间的逻辑关系主要包括:并列关系(连接词有and, while等);转折关系(连接词有but,whereas, nevertheless,however,though等);因果关系(连接词有so,therefore, thus, because, for, since, as等);让步关系(连接词有though, although, despite, in spite of等);条件关系(连接词有if,unless,once,providedthat,incaseof等);解释关系(连接词有i.e., that is to say, in other word等);顺序关系(连接词有before,after等)。(3)
65词汇的复现关系。词汇的复现关系是指某一个词以原词,指代词,同义词,近义词,上义词,下义词,概括词等出现在语篇中,语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系得以相互衔接。根据这个原则,某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词,考生可以根据这些复现词之间的有机联系确定答案。 (4)词汇的同现关系。词汇的同现关系是指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中,围绕一定的主题,一定的词就会同时出现,这种词的同现关系与语篇范围关系密切,根据这个原则,我们可以删除一些语篇范围以外的选项,而将重点放在语篇范围以内的选项上。第三节应试策略与解题技巧 要做好完形填空,必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下,根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息,通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。根据完形填空这一测试特点,应采取以下五个步骤逐一进行。步骤一、了解大意通读整篇文章,弄清文章的大意和结构,确立正确的背景知识。考生在第一遍阅读中,要善于从文章开头的几句话中把握短文的背景、主题或结构,并结合常识判断、构建一定的预期,并在随后的阅读中,不断修正,以求与原文一致。步骤二,初选答案在填每个空格时,可以从出题者的出题思路着手,初步作出每个题的答案。总的来说,出题人有以下六种出题思路。(一)词义与词形的辨析。选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项,考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。举例:Geographerscompareandcontrast71placesontheearth.71.A)similarB)variousC)distantD)famous译文:地理学家比较和对照地球上的什么地方。出题者精心设计只为考察compare和contrast的精确含义。compare意为toexamforsimilaritiesanddifferences,contrast意为tocompareinordertoshowdifferences。综合两个词的含义,应为“找出其相似之处与不同之处”。B)various“各种各样”为正确答案。(二)逻辑关系。所填空格的句子,与上下文构成指代、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步、补充、递进等逻辑关系。Theforeignresearchscholarusuallyisolateshimselfinthelaboratoryasameansofprotection;72,whatheneedsistobefittedintoahighlyorganizeduniversitysystem…72.A)otherwiseB)moreoverC)howeverD)also根据上下文,空格前的意思为“外籍研究学者通常把自己隔离在实验室里作为一种保护的手段”。空格后为“他需要融入的是高度的组织化的大学系统”。前者是一种孤离的状态“isolate”,而后者都是一种组织化的系统“befittedtoahighlyorganizeduniversity”,从逻辑的角度而言,前后已然成为对立、矛盾的关系。所以答案为表示对比(转折)关系的连词however.(三)结构识别。这里讲到的结构,是指英文中句子结构的固定词组,如notonly…butalso…,aswell,some…theothers…,stillothers…等。(四)固定搭配。这里的固定搭配,是指动词与名词之间的搭配。如:同样是“利用……”,却有不同的搭配takeadvantageofsth./makeuseofsth.(五)动词的用法。考生应从动词的时态、语态(被动语态和主动语态)以及非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)几个角度逐一考虑。
66(六)介词的用法。介词的用法中多考察介词与名词、介词与形容词及及介词与动词的搭配和用法。除了按照以上六种思路从正面逐一解题外,考生还可以灵活多变地从反面入手,利用排除法获得正确答案。在四级考试的完形填空部分,特别是在考察关联词的测试中,利用一种叫“同性元素排除法”的方法能够快速地缩小可选范围,找到正确答案。例如:“IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties86teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.87,thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassislimited.”86.A)butB)exceptC)withD)besides87.A)HoweverB)ThereforeC)FurthermoreD)Nevertheless在完形填空中,所谓的同性元素是指具有相同的含义,同样的语法功能以及一致用法的两个或多个选项,只要具备以上几个条件,那它们相互之间就构成了同性元素。其实,同性元素的出现,是出题者黔驴技穷的表现,是为了凑足四个选项不得已而为之的。分析以上两题选项,很明显,86题中,A与B互为同性元素,意思与语法功用一模一样,均表示“除了…”(不包含)。 87题中A与D也如出一辙,均是表示转折的连词,译为“然而,但是”,选项中一旦出现同性元素,它们必定不是正确答案,一旦发现选项中有同性元素存在,考生应立即将其排除掉。这样一来,86题只剩下可选答案C)、D),87题只剩下B)、C),可选范围迅速缩小,再根据上下文逻辑关系的判定可得出正确答案86D),87B)。运用排除法解题还有如下几种情况:☆从时态、语态、语气、名词的数等各个角度分析所填内容是否与上下文一致,从而排除一些备选答案,缩小选择范围;☆分析空白处与前后词之间的语义关联、搭配关系,从而排除一些选项;☆弄清楚该题的句法关系,分析一下它是简单句、并列句,还是复合句;☆判断所填的内容在句中充当什么成分,应是什么词性,并分析备选答案之间的异同,从而排除干扰项选出正确答案。 步骤三,寻找线索完形填空不同于句子与结构,必须要从整篇文章入手,通篇考虑,结合上下文答案,寻找线索就秉承了这一思想。有些题从单纯的句子来考虑,我们会发现四个选项均可以入选,但从上下文的线索入手,就能迅速排除其它三个,找到正确答案。从某种意义上来说,“寻找线索“不仅考察考生的语言知识,而且更强调考生对文章内容的整体把握。所以,解答完形填空题时,有时文章中提供的信息还不够,考生要把符合常识的一些知识信息结合起来考虑,选出符合常识的最佳答案。步骤四,回头补缺在做题时,如果有的难题一时做不出来,应立刻跳过此题,继续往下做。考生不要在某一题上花费大量的时间。只要考生坚持往下做,随着空格变得越来越少,对文章的理解也越来越轻松,有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案。步骤五,核实答案 题目填完后(除个别难度较大的题目外),考生应利用一到两分钟将答案带入原文通读,通读的目的是通过“语感”来核实答案。这样读下来,不仅可以改正填错的词,而且还可以在这一过程中得到启发,把做不上来的题目填出来。进行核查同时注意以下三点:1.上下文的一致性:即时态语态的一致;代词、名词、单复数的一致。2.从语法和惯用法及习惯搭配、甚至语感入手,看是否符合上下文的逻辑。
673.段与段、句与句之间的衔接是否连贯。综上所述,以上这五个步骤在整个完形填空的做题过程中缺一不可。对文章大意的了解是前提条件,答案的初选是做题的核心,在这一过程中,除了逻辑关系以外,其余5种出题思路更主要的是针对考生平时的积累和记忆的程度,考察考生的语言功底。再次提醒各位,完形填空的成功离不开对篇章的整体把握。孤立、片面地看问题,终会使你失望而归。Test1FromBostontoLosAngeles,fromNewYorkCitytoChicagotoDallas,museumsareeitherplanning,building,orwrappingupwholesale__1__programs.Theseprogramsalreadyhave2alteredfacadesandfloorplansor3todosointhenottoodistantfuture.InNewYorkCityalone,sixmajorinstitutionshave__4_upandoutintotheairspaceandneighborhoodsaroundthemorarepreparingtodoso.Thereasons5thisconfluence(汇合)ofactivityarecomplex,butonefactorisa6__everywhere——space.Withcollections7eachyear,withtheneedsandfunctionsofmuseumschanging,emptyspacehasbecomeaveryprecious8forallthepeople.Probably9inthecountryisthismoretruethanatthePhiladelphiaMuseumofArt,whichhasneeded10spacefordecadesandwhichreceiveditslast11facelifttenyearsago.Becauseofthespacecrunch,theArtMuseumhasbecomeincreasingly__12inconsideringacquisitionsanddonations13art,insomecasespassingupopportunitiesto14itscollections.Decreasingorsellingoffworksofart__15newimportancebecauseofthemuseum'sspaceproblems.And16,curatorshavebeenforcedtorearrangethegalleryspace,rotatingonemasterpieceintopublic_17__whileanotherissentto_18inthewarehouse(仓库)._19theclearneedforadditionalgalleryandstoragespace,however,"themuseumhasnoplan,noplantobreakoutofits__20inthenextfifteenyears,"accordingtoPhiladelphiaMuseumofArt'spresident.1.A.expandingB.expandedC.expansionD.expand2.A.radicallyB.unnoticeablyC.unassuminglyD.modestly3.A.areexpectingB.isexpectingC.areexpectedD.isexpected4.A.scatteredB.spreadC.establishedD.increased5.A.amongB.fromC.forD.why6.A.considerationB.thinkingC.measurementD.calculation7.A.increasedB.increasingC.havingincreasedD.havingbeenincreased8.A.phenomenonB.valueC.treasureD.commodity9.A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.wherever10.A.excessiveB.extremeC.additionalD.unnecessary11.A.significantB.noticeableC.evidentD.visible
6812.A.carefulB.waryC.distrustfulD.cautious13.A.ofB.forC.inD.from14.A.purchaseB.orderC.strengthenD.select15.A.hasattachedB.hasinvestedC.hasdemonstratedD.hastaken16.A.graduallyB.increasinglyC.slowlyD.regularly17.A.viewB.performanceC.appreciationD.access18.A.storeB.storingC.storageD.storeroom19.A.ForB.ThroughC.DespiteD.Though20.A.enclosureB.envelopeC.sphereD.territoryTest2Fromchildhoodtooldage,allofushavetouselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaroundus.Whenhumansfirst1_,theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis__2_tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind'sfuture__3__andculturalgrowthincreased.Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis__4__forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguages.They_5__thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus6aninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinlower7.Proponents(支持者)ofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour8forlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageitselfdevelopsgradually,_9afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical___10___timesforlanguagedevelopment.Current__11__ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed,however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.__12__,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin__13__grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing__14__tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe__15__oftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.__16__someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen__17__fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguages.Thisdemonstratesthat__18__withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage__19__thananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.__20__,childrenlearnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchildren'slanguageskillsbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.1.A.generatedB.evolvedC.bornD.originated2.A.valuableB.appropriateC.convenientD.favorite3.A.attainmentB.feasibilityC.entertainmentD.evolution4.A.essentialB.availableC.reliableD.responsible
695.A.confirmB.informC.claimD.convince6.A.forB.fromC.ofD.from7.A.organizationsB.organismsC.humansD.children8.A.potentialB.performanceC.preferenceD.passion9.A.asB.justasC.likeD.unlike10.A.ideologicalB.biologicalC.socialD.psychological11.A.reviewsB.referenceC.reactionD.recommendation12.A.InawordB.InasenseC.IndeedD.Inotherwords13.A.variousB.differentC.higherD.thelower14.A.revealedB.exposedC.engagedD.involved15.A.regulationsB.formationsC.rulesD.constitutions16.A.AlthoughB.WhetherC.SinceD.When17.A.distinguishedB.differentC.protectedD.isolated18.A.expositionB.comparisonC.contrastD.interaction19.A.acquisitionB.appreciationC.requirementD.alternative20.A.AsaresultB.AfterallC.InotherwordsD.AboveallTest3Oneofthemostpopularliterary__1__inAmericanliteratureisawomanwhospentalmosthalfofherlonglifeinChina.Inherlifetimeshe__2__themosthighlyacclaimedliteraryawardintheUniteStates:thePulitzerPrize,andalsothemostprestigiousformofliterary__3__intheworld,theNobelPrize__4__Literature.PearlS.Buckwasalmosta__5__wordthroughoutmuchofherlifetimebecauseofherprolific(多产的)literary__6__,whichconsisted__7__ofsomeworks,includingseveraldozennovels,6collectionsofshortstories,14booksforchildren,andmorethanadozenworksofnonfiction.Whenshewas80yearsold,some25volumeswere__8__publication.Manyofthosebookswere__9__China,thelandinwhichshespentsomuchofherlife.Herbooksandherlife__10__asabridgebetweentheculturesoftheEastandtheWest.Asthe__11__ofthosetwoculturesshebecame,asshe__12__herself,"mentallybifocal(双焦点的)."Herunique__13__madeherintoanunusually__14__andversatilehumanbeing.AsweexaminethelifeofPearlBuck,wecannothelpbutbe__15__thatweareinfact__16__threeseparatepeople:awifeandmother,aninternationallyfamouswriterandahumanitarianandphilanthropist(慈善家).OnecannotreallygettoknowPearlBuckwithoutlearning__17__eachofthethree.Though__18__inherlifetimewitheventheNobelandPulitzerprizes,PearlBuckasa__19__humanbeing,notonlyafamousauthor,isacaptivating(迷人的)__20__ofstudy.1.A.figuresB.personsC.peopleD.writers
702.A.obtainedB.achievedC.resultD.earned3.A.achievementB.recognitionC.contributionD.creation4.A.forB.toC.inD.on5.A.familiarizedB.recognizableC.mysteriousD.household6.A.outputB.conceptionC.inventionD.productivity7.A.publishingB.publishedC.publicityD.publicized8.A.waitingB.waitedforC.awaitedforD.awaiting9.A.setinB.setasideC.setupD.setoff10.A.actedB.servedC.providedD.supplied11.A.outcomeB.mixtureC.productD.combination12.A.calledB.namedC.termedD.described13.A.historyB.backgroundC.settingD.childhood14.A.interestedB.interestC.interestingD.disinterest15.A.awareB.consciousC.mindfulD.responsive16.A.dealingB.meetingC.analyzingD.distinguishing17.A.fromB.ofC.aboutD.on18.A.honorB.honorableC.honoringD.honored19.A.comprehensiveB.totalC.completeD.genuine20.A.topicB.areaC.themeD.subjectTest4Travelingcanbefunandeasy.Avacationtriptoanotherpartofthecountryisespecially__1__whenthetravelingconditionsaregood.Goodtravelingconditions__2__:(1)acomfortableandfamiliarmodeoftransportation,(2)knowledgeofthecountry'slanguageandsystemofmoney,(3)__3__withthecustomsandhabitsofthepeopleinthecountry,and(4)nicetravel__4__.Allofushavehadnicetrips__5__this.Infact,wehavegood__6__ofanenjoyable,relaxingtrip.Mostofushavealsohadtripsthatwewould__7__toforget.Manyconditionscanproduceabad__8__experience.Forexample,ifthefourconditions__9__abovedonotexist,wewill__10__haveabadexperience,oratadifficult__11__.Studentswhotraveltoanothercountryto__12__oftenhaveadifficulttrip.They__13__travelalone,theydon'tknowthelanguageofthenewcountry__14__,theyarenotfamiliarwiththemoneysystemandsoon.Theyoftenarriveinthenewcountryatahuge__15__airport.Fromtheairport,theyneedto__16__theirwaytothecitywheretheirschoolis.Maybetheyneedto__17__airplanes,totakeabus,atrain,orataxi.Theyneedtodoallthisinacountry__18__everythingisunfamiliar:thelanguage,themoney,thepeople,thecities,andtheweather.Later,aftertheexperiencesareover,they__19__laugh.Butcertainlyatthe__20__,theyfeelterrible.1.A.enjoyableB.amusingC.happyD.favorable
712.A.includeB.excludeC.concludeD.contain3.A.awarenessB.understandingC.interestD.familiarity4.A.friendsB.companionsC.colleaguesD.companies5.A.likeB.asC.towardsD.for6.A.memoriesB.impressionsC.opinionsD.pictures7.A.likeB.haveC.wantD.need8.A.tripB.tourC.travelD.visit9.A.outlinedB.talkedC.discussedD.listed10.A.impossiblyB.probablyC.completelyD.partly11.A.oneB.aC.thatD.this12.A.studyB.playC.experienceD.inspect13.A.hardlyB.rarelyC.particularlyD.usually14.A.yetB.tooC.eitherD.already15.A.nationalB.internationalC.domesticD.local16.A.watchB.noticeC.seeD.find17.A.alterB.boardC.takeD.change18.A.whereB.whenC.whoseD.which19.A.needB.shallC.mayD.must20.A.airportB.countryC.timeD.dayTest5Geographyisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheland.Geographers(地理学家)compareandcontrast__1__placesontheearth.Buttheyalso__2__beyondtheindividualplacesandconsidertheearthasa__3__.ThewordgeographycomesfromtwoGreekwords,"ge',theGreekwordfor"earth"and"graphein",__4__means"towrite".TheEnglishword"geography"means"todescribetheearth".__5__geographybooksfocusonasmallarea__6__atownorcity.Othersdealwithastate,aregion,anation,oran__7__continent.Manygeographybooksdealwiththewholeearth.Another__8__todividethestudyof__9__istodistinguishbetweenphysicalgeographyandculturalgeography.Theformer__10__onthenaturalworld;the__11__startswithhumanbeingsand__12__howhumanbeingsandtheirenvironmentact__13__eachother.Butwhengeographyisconsideredasasinglesubject,__14__branchcanneglecttheother.Ageographermightbedescribed__15__onewhoobserves,records,andexplainsthe__16__betweenplacesintheworld.Ifplaceswere__17__,therewouldbelittleneedforgeographers.Weknow,however,__18__notwoplacesareexactlythesame.Geography,__19__,isapointofview,aspecialwayof__20__atplaces.1.A)similarB)variousC)distantD)famous
722.A)passB)reachC)goD)set3.A)wholeB)unitC)partD)total4.A)whatB)whenC)whichD)where5.A)SomeB)ManyC)MostD)Few6.A)outsideB)exceptC)atD)like7.A)extensiveB)entireC)overallD)enormous8.A)wayB)meansC)habitD)technique9.A)worldB)earthC)geographyD)globe10.A)focusesB)studiesC)researchesD)observes11.A)secondB)laterC)nextD)latter12.A)learnsB)studiesC)realizesD)understands13.A)uponB)forC)betweenD)among14.A)neitherB)eitherC)oneD)each15.A)overB)toC)asD)by16.A)exceptionsB)samenessC)differencesD)divisions17.A)likelyB)likeableC)likingD)alike18.A)althoughB)whetherC)sinceD)that19.A)stillB)thenC)neverthelessD)moreover20.A)workingB)lookingC)arrivingD)gettingTest6Haveyoueverfelttrappedinajobyouhate?__1__youarereadytomoveforwardandfindamorefulfillingposition,careertransition(过渡,变迁)specialistGreggTaylorhasafew__2__tohelpdealwiththeemotionalsideof__3__yourjob.Whenwritingyourresignationletter,keepitshortand__4__thepoint.Expressyourgratitudeforthe__5__andstateyourresignationdate."Youdon'tneedto__6__themmuch,"saysTaylor."Keepthingsassimpleaspossible,andasquietaspossible."Keepthedetailstoyourself.Itwilllessenanytensionfromthetimeyou__7__inyourresignationletteruntilthedayyouleave.__8__,besuretocompleteany__9__youareworkingon.Thisisjustgood__10__andcommonsenseforeverybody,__11__ifyouplanonaskingforareference.Useupany__12__vacationtimeandsickdays.__13__andlocationarekey.Taylorsuggestsbookingaconferenceroomtobreakthe__14__toyourboss.Aneutral__15__willgiveyouabetterchanceof__16__yourboss'reaction.Tayloralsosuggestsconductingthemeetinginthemorning,earlyinweek.Thisgivesyourbosstimeto__17__fromthenews.Giveyouremployerappropriatenotice."Theymaynotbe__18__aboutyourleaving,butthey
73will__19__beinggivenenoughnoticetofindyour__20__andforyoutoassistintrainingthenewperson,"saysTaylor.1.A)IfB)BecauseC)UntilD)Although2.A)plansB)warningsC)tipsD)comments3.A)findingB)improvingC)finishingD)leaving4.A)toB)onC)atD)in5.A)processB)experienceC)choiceD)resignation6.A)thankB)tellC)impressD)give7.A)fillB)endC)takeD)hand8.A)IndeedB)ThereforeC)AlsoD)However9.A)projectB)formC)schemeD)report10.A)deedsB)mannersC)intentionsD)relations11.A)especiallyB)specificallyC)finallyD)surely12.A)relaxingB)rewardingC)refreshingD)remaining13.A)TimingB)DateC)PeriodD)Chance14.A)silenceB)recordC)promiseD)news15.A)settingB)attitudeC)positionD)opinion16.A)predictingB)controllingC)observingD)understanding17.A)recoverB)escapeC)selectD)benefit18.A)angryB)curiousC)happyD)worried19.A)enjoyB)regretC)resentD)appreciate20.A)considerationB)promotionC)replacementD)motivationTest7Silenceisunnaturaltoman.Hebeginshislifewithacryand__1__itinstillness.Inthe__2__hedoesallhecantomakeanoiseandtherearefewthingsofwhichhestandsinmorefearthanthe__3__ofnoise.Evenhisconversationisingreatmeasureadesperateattemptto__4__adreadful(糟透的,讨厌的)silence.Ifheisintroducedtosomeone,andanumberof__5__occurintheconversationheregardshimselfasafailureandisfullof__6__oftheempties-headedchatterbox.Heknowsthat99%ofhumanconversationmeansnomorethanthebuzzing(嗡嗡声)ofafly,buthe__7__tojoininthebuzz,andto__8__thatheisamanandnotawax-workfigure.The__9__ofaconversationisusuallynottocommunicateideas,butto__10__upallthebuzzingsound.__11__,mostbuzzingisagreeabletotheear,andsomeofitisagreeabletothe__12__.Amanwouldbevery__13__ifhewaiteduntilhehadawisethoughtbeforetakingpartinthebuzzingwithothers.
74Thosewhodespise(鄙视,看不起)theweatherasaconversational__14__seemtometobe__15__ofthereasonwhyhumanbeingswishtotalk.__16__,veryfewhumanbeingsjoininaconversationinwhichtheyare__17__allowedtogoonmakinganoiseintootherpeople’sears,thoughtheyhavenothingtotellthem__18__thattheyhaveseentwoorthreenewplaysor__19__theyhavehadbadfoodinaSwisshotel.Attheendoftheeveningduringwhichtheyhavesaidnothingmeaningful__20__immenselengththeycongratulatethemselvesontheirsuccessastalkers.1.A)endsB)finishesC)consumesD)renews2.A)interpretationB)intervalC)processD)life3.A)disturbanceB)avoidanceC)presenceD)absence4.A)causeB)makeC)preventD)forbid5.A)interruptionsB)mistakesC)intervalsD)pauses6.A)envyB)hatredC)loveD)anger7.A)longsB)thinksC)dislikesD)agrees8.A)meanB)findC)sayD)prove9.A)meaningB)objectC)topicD)obligation10.A)getB)turnC)keepD)take11.A)FortunatelyB)UnfortunatelyC)SurprisinglyD)Terribly12.A)mentalityB)spiritC)mindD)belief13.A)sensibleB)insensitiveC)foolishD)wise14.A)openingB)vacancyC)holeD)content15.A)ignorantB)consciousC)awareD)regardless16.A)ThereforeB)AccordinglyC)HoweverD)Furthermore17.A)completelyB)totallyC)luckilyD)merely18.A)exceptB)forC)inD)besides19.A)whichB)howC)ifD)that20.A)withB)atC)toD)towardTest8Marsisnot,itseems,thedryoldplanetweoncebelievedittobe.Astronautswhoare__1__togothereinthenextdecademayfindplenty__2__watertoslake(消除)theirthirst.Andwithwaterpresentthe__3__offindingsomesortoflifeonMarsare__4__brighter.Thisistheviewof40__5__allovertheworldwhohavebeenanalyzing__6__ofpicturesandotherscientific__7__obtainedbyrobotexplorersinthesixtiesandseventies.TobeginwithscientiststhoughttheRedPlanetwasas__8__astheMoonwithduststormsswirling
75overvastsandy__9__.Butnowthepictureisverydifferentwithmountainsandvalleyscarvedby__10__glaciersandtorrentialriversrushingandrumblingdeepunderground.Inareportonthe__11__oftheMartianpicturesDr.MichaelCaroftheUSGeologicalSurveycomments:"Iam__12__there'slotsofwateronMars."Anysurfacewaterwillbeinthe__13__ofice.Butitcouldsaveexplorers__14__totakesomuchfresh__15__withthem.Thereportsays__16__Marsprobablyhadawarmerclimateinages__17__duetoitsaxishavingbeenmoresteeplytiltedtowardstheSun.__18__convincingsignsofplantoranimallifehavebeen__19__byinstrumentssoftlandedonMars,__20__onlytheimmediatevicinity(靠近)oflandingvehiclescouldbeexamined.1.A)expectedB)hopedC)requiredD)eager2.A)toB)ofC)moreD)in3.A)chancesB)openingsC)occasionsD)opportunities4.A)quiteB)veryC)muchD)more5.A)biologistsB)geologistsC)sociologistsD)psychologists6.A)lotsB)quantitiesC)thousandD)thousands7.A)tidingsB)newsC)intelligenceD)information8.A)peacefulB)quietC)lifelessD)dead9.A)desertsB)mountainsC)seasD)rivers10.A)energeticB)greatC)massiveD)mighty11.A)diagnosisB)synthesesC)analysisD)analyses12.A)convincedB)guaranteedC)believedD)proved13.A)appearanceB)mouldC)formD)shape14.A)takingB)havingC)conveyingD)carrying15.A)waterB)iceC)foodD)vegetable16.A)whatB)ifC)howD)that17.A)passB)pastC)agoD)before18.A)NotB)NoC)NorD)Never19.A)detectedB)touchedC)seenD)felt20.A)probablyB)perhapsC)supposedD)although第六章翻译第一节应试策略与解题技巧一、命题特点
76翻译部分为汉译英,测试的是句子、短语或常用表达层次上的中译英能力,共5个句子,一句一题,句长为l5—30词。句中的一部分已用英文给出,要求考生根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语。考试时间5分钟。翻译须符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯,要求用词准确。需要考生由汉语翻译成英语的部分,在意义上是一个独立的成分(但不是一个单词),一般需要用到英语中某个词组短语,或者固定搭配,或者某种句型结构。翻译的标准还淡不上“信、达、雅”,只需要将汉语的意思完整地表达出来,符合英语表达方法和整个句子语法的要求,当然不能有时态语态和拼写方面的错误。二、翻译常见问题和应对政策理解表达不到位是翻译的最大问题。理解关键在于理解句子的语法结构,表达关键在于符合英语语言的习惯来做适当调整。翻译的标准是准确、通顺、完整。方法是直译为主适当意译。三、解题方法: 第一步:通读全句,正确理解。首先快速浏览句子,先看英语不看汉语,从而判断划线处所填句子的形式、时态。 所谓形式包括: 1词组固定搭配(不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句子等) 2.虚拟 3.被动所谓时态是指:根据前后已经给出的英语句子判断所填英语句子的时态。 第二步:分析成分,划分意群。看括号里面的汉语句子,以核心谓语动词为切入点,找准主谓宾、分清定状补。 第三步:选择词义,贴切表达。适当调整,书写译文。先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补,切块对应翻译,重新组合。动词注意时态,名词注意单复数。第二节例题详解1.Specialistsininterculturalstudiessaythatitisnoteasyto__________(适应不同文化中的生活).[06.12][解题步骤]: 第一步:由itisnoteasyto可以推出,划线处应该接动词原形。 第二步:划分成分“适应不同文化的生活” 核心谓语动词是“适应”,“不同文化的”作定语,“生活”作宾语。 第三步: (1).切块对应翻译:“适应”=adapt;adaptto;adaptoneselfto;“生活”=life;“不同文化的”=differentcultures (2).重新组合:adaptoneselftothelifeindifferentcultures[正确答案]:adaptoneselftothelife/livingindifferentcultures[翻译]:跨文化研究专家说,适应不同文化的生活不是一件容易的事情。[考察知识点]:[词组固定搭配]adaptoneselftosth/doingsth“适应 2.SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).[解题步骤]: 第一步:由SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat可以推出,划线处应该填写一个句子,时态需要根据后面的汉语意思作进一步的确定。 第二步:划分成分“没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力” 核心谓语动词是“比------更有吸引力”,“没有什么”作主语,“读书”作宾语,“对我”作状语。
77 第三步: (1).切块对应翻译:“比------更有吸引力”=bemoreattractivetosb,“没有什么”=nothing,“读书”=reading,“对我”=for/tome。 (2).重新组合:nothingismoreattractivetomethanreading[正确答案]:nothingismoreattractivetomethanreading[翻译]:从儿时起我就发现,没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力。[考察知识点]:[比较级]nothing+比较级=最高级;时态:因为从句叙述的是现在的事情,所以用一般现在是即可。 3.Thevictim________(本来会有机会活下来)ifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.[解题步骤]: 第一步:由Thevictimifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.可以推出,划线处应该填写谓语动词和宾语使得主句完整,并且主句形式、时态根据后面的ifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime确定应该采取虚拟语气,是对过去的虚拟。 第二步:划分成分“本来会有机会活下来” 核心谓语动词是“本来有机会------”,“活下来”作宾语。 第三步: (1).切块对应翻译:“本来有机会------”=wouldhavehadachancetodosth,“活下来”=survive (2).重新组合:wouldhavehadachancetosurvive.[正确答案]:wouldhavehadachancetosurvive/ofsurvival[翻译]:如果遇难者被及时送往医院的话,他本来会有机会活下来的。[考察知识点]:[虚拟语气]与过去相反的虚拟语气,从句用haddone,主句用wouldhavedone 有机会做某事:haveachancetodosth/ofsth---- *“虚拟语气” 在英语四级汉译英考生应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式: 第一种:由“if”引导的虚拟句子 (1).与现在的事实相反:[If---+were/did---,---+woulddo---] IfIwereyou,Iwouldmarryhim. 如果我是你,就会嫁给他。 (2).与过去的事实相反:[If---+haddone---,---+wouldhavedone---] Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldhavepassedtheexam. 如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了。 (3).与将来的事实可能相反:[If---+shoulddo---,---+woulddo---] Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatwouldyoudo? 如果明天下雨,你怎么办? 第二种:用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为:“---(should)+dosth”(在美语中should常省去)。 类似用法的动词有: insist(坚持),suggest(建议),order(命令),propose(建议),demand(要求),command(命令),advise(建议),desire(要求、请求),request(请求),require(需要、要求),ask(要求),prefer(宁愿),recommend(推荐),arrange(安排),advocate(拥护、提倡),maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中。 第三种:用在“It+be+important(,necessary,natural,essential,strange,absurd,amazing,annoying,desirable,surprising,vital,advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,imperative,eager,fitting,possible,impossible,improper,obligatory,probable,preferable,strange,urgent等,以及insisted,suggested,ordered,requested,arranged,recommended等)+that---”结构中的that引导的主语从句中 第四种:用在Itistimethat---结构中,表示“该干某事了”,含建议的意思,用动词过去式。 Itistime(that)wewenttobed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意:time前可加about(表示“大约”)或high(表示“强调”)等。
78 4.Somepsychologistsclaimthatpeople___________(出门在外时可能会感到孤独). [解题步骤]: 第一步:由Somepsychologistsclaimthatpeople.可以推出,划线处应该填写谓语动词和宾语使得主句完整,并且主句时态用一般现在时。 第二步:划分成分“出门在外时可能会感到孤独” 核心谓语动词是“可能会感到”,“孤独”作宾语,“出门在外时”作状语。 第三步: (1).切块对应翻译:“可能会感到”=mightfeel,“孤独”=lonely,“出门在外时”beawayfromhome. (2).重新组合:mightfeellonelywhentheyareawayfromhome.[正确答案]:mightfeellonelywhentheyareawayfromhome.[翻译]:一些心理学家认为人们出门在外时可能会感到孤独。[考察知识点]:[词性辨析]lonely.adj.孤独的、寂寞的;alone.adj.独自的[难点]:“出门在外”的翻译。第三节历年四级翻译真题、答案与解析09.687.Soonafterhetransferredtothenewschool,Alifoundthathehad________________(很难跟上班里的同学)inmathandEnglish.88.Ifshehourearlier,Mary________________(就不会被大雨淋着了).89.Itissaidthatthosewhoarestressedorworkingovertimeare_____(更有可能增加体重).90.(很多人所没有意识到的)________________isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular.91.Thestudyshowsthatthepoorfunctioningofthehumanbodyis________________(与缺乏锻炼密切相关).解析:87.difficulty(in)keepingupwithhisclassmates/difficulty(in)catchingupwithhisclassmates本题考点非常明确,共有两个:一是四级核心词组keepupwithsb(跟上某人),二是核心短语havedifficultyindoingsth(做某事是有困难的),另外要注意另一类似短语,即havetroubleindoingsth(做某事是有困难的)。88.wouldn’thavebeencaughtbytheheavyrain本题的考点为两个:第一考查对虚拟语气的掌握,情态动词+完成时的结构。第二考查对短语becaughtby的掌握,意思为“被…所困”,另外注意对雨这个概念的修饰,一定要用heavyrain而不是bigrain。89.morelikelytoputonweight首先判断本题应该使用短语belikelyto来表示“有可能做某事”,而“增加体重”的表达为putonweight,除此之外,题目中表达的是“更有可能”,要加上more,所以答案为morelikelytoputonweight.除此之外,我们还应该掌握其相关表达,比如说loseone’sweight(减肥),goondiet(节食)等。90.whatmanypeopledon'trealize/whatahostoffolksdon'trealize本题考查主语从句,对考生来说并不难。91.closelylinkedtothelackofexercise/closelyrelatedtothelackofexercise本题考点有两个,一是对固定搭配的考查,belinkedto=berelatedto(与…有关)以及thelackofexercise(缺乏锻炼);二是对修饰关系的考查,closelyrelated是副词与动词的修饰关系。
7908.1287.Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems___(他们至今还没有答案).88.________(大多数父母所关心的)isprovidingthebesteducationpossiblefortheirchildren.89.You'dbettertakeasweaterwithyou____(以防天气变冷).90.Throughtheproject,manypeoplehavereceivedtrainingand______(决定自己创业).91.Theanti-virusagentwasnotknown________(直到一名医生偶然发现了它).解析:87.which/thattheyhaven’tfoundanswersto做四六级的翻译题实质是在补全句子,所以已给出的英文和要翻译的中文都要分析清楚。本句中要翻译的是一句完整的话,而横线前是名词problems,因此显然是个定语从句的考点,可以选择that或which做关联词,核心动词搭配是haveanswersto,另外“至今还”提醒我们句子是现在完成时的时态。88.Whatmostparentscareabout/areconcernedabout或Theconcernofmostparents很显然本句缺主语,有两种方法处理:主语从句或名词短语,核心词汇“关心”可以用concern或careabout。89.incaseitturns/shouldturncold或lestitshouldturncold一看到“以防”,马上要反应出“incase”或“lest”这类的连词。如果用“incase”,后面的从句常用一般现在时或should+动词原型;如果是用lest,一般是用should+动词原型。90.decidedtostarttheirownbusiness本题的考察重点是不定式decide+todo,核心词组“自己创业”。91.untilitwasaccidentallyfound/discoveredbyadoctor本题考点是until引导的状语从句和被动语态的结合。“偶然”可以处理为byaccident/chance或accidentally。08.687. Oureffortswillpayoffiftheresultsofthisresearch________________________(能应用于新技术的开发).88. Ican'tbootmycomputernow.Something___________________________(一定出了毛病)withitsoperationsystem.89. Leavingone'sjob,________________________(不管是什么工作),isadifficultchangeevenforthosewholookforwardtoretiring.90. _______________(与我成长的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.91._________________________(直到他完成使命)didherealizethathewasseriouslyill.详解87.canbeappliedtothedevelopmentofnewtechnology本题考查被动结构和两个词组:应用apply…to以及新技术的开发thedevelopmentofnewtechnology.88.mustbewrong考查词组“出毛病”somethingis/goeswrong,另外考查语气“一定”must.89.nomatterwhatkinditis/whateveritis考查让步状语从句的用法90.ComparedwiththeplacewhereIgrewup考查两点:与…相比comparedwith;带定语从句的名词短语“我成长的地方”。
8091.Notuntilhehadaccomplishedthemission从主句谓语动词的倒装结构可以知道考查的是notuntil置于句首时的用法。notuntil置于句首时,until后用时间短语或正常语序的从句,主句用倒装。另外根据语义关系选择正确时态。07.1287.______(多亏了一系列的发明),doctorscantreatthisdiseasesuccessfully.88.Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeisthat__(我比以前更容易累了).89.Iamgoingtopursuethiscourse,___(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲).90.Iwouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause______(它更加方便和省时).91.ManyAmericansliveoncredit,andtheirqualityoflife_____(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的),nothowmuchtheycanearn.详解:87.Thanksto/Becauseof/Owingto/Asaresultofaseriesofnewinventions本题考查“多亏了”和“一系列”两个表达方法。88.Iammorelikelytogettiredthanbefore./itismorelikelyformetobecometiredthanbefore./Iammoreinclinedtobecometiredthanbefore.本题考点是“更容易”,使用bemorelikelyto或bemoreinclinedto.89.nomatterwhatIhavetosacrifice/whateversacrificeIhavetomake本题考点“无论”和“牺牲”,如果不会拼写sacrifice,可用pay代替。90.itismoreconvenientandlesstime-consuming/itismoreconvenientandtime-saving./itismoreconvenientandcansavemoretime本题难点是“省时”,可用形容词或动词词组表示相同意义。91.ismeasured/evaluatedbyhowmuchtheycanborrow/loan本题难点是被动语态。07.687.Thefindingofthisstudyfailedto_________________(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内).88.ThepreventandtreatmentofAIDSis__________________(我们可以合作的领域).89.Becauseoftheleginjury,theathlete________________________(决定退出比赛).90.Tomakedonationsorformoreinformation,please________________(按以下地址和我们联系).91.Pleasecomehereattentomorrowmorning___________________(如果你方便的话).详解87.takepeople’ssleepqualityintoaccount/consideration本题重点考查takesthintoaccount这个短语。88.thefield(where)wecancooperate/thefieldinwhichwecancooperate本题考查定语从句,而先行词作为前置宾语,后面引导的从句需要前置的介词。89.decidedtoquitthematch本题考查对时态的判断能力90.contactusatthefollowingaddress常见的祈使句表达91.ifitisconvenientforyou/atyourconvenience本题考查词组atone’sconvenience.06.1287.Specialistsininterculturalstudiessaythatitisnoteasyto______________(适应不同文化中的生活).
8188.SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).89.Thevictim(本来会有机会活下来)ifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.90.Somepsychologistsclaimthatpeople(出门在外时可能会感到孤独).91.Thenation’spopulationcontinuestorise(以每年1200万人的速度).详解:87.adaptoneselftothelife/livingindifferentcultures本题考查adaptoneselfto这个短语,这里to是介词,后面接名词或动名词。88.nothingismoreattractivetomethanreading本题考查比较结构,另外就是从句的时态。一般来说,当写作目的是叙述时,使用过去时;若表达的内容是议论或常识、真理时,用现在时。89.wouldhavehadachancetosurvive/ofsurvival本题考查与过去相反的虚拟语气的基本用法。90.mightfeellonelywhentheyareawayfromhome.本题考查虚拟语气中的建议句式。91.ataspeed/rateof12millionperyear.或atanannualspeedof12million考点之一是短语ataspeedof,其二是数字1200万人的表达。06.687.Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble______(找到去历史博物馆的路). 88. (为了挣钱供我上学),Mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 89. The professor required that (我们交研究报告) by Wednesday. 90. The more you explain, (我愈糊涂). 91.Though a skilledworker, ( 他被公司解雇了)lastweek because of theeconomic crisis. 详解:87.(in) finding the way to the history museum本题考查对句型have (no)trouble (in) doingsth.的掌握88.In order to finance my education本题考查对不定式作目的状语的掌握。不定式和不定式短语作目的状语,主要用来修饰动词,表示某一动作或状态的目的。in order to 或 so as to 可以使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义,但so as to 一般不用在句首。表示“挣钱”还可以用 raise money 或support。 89.we (should) hand in our research report本题考查的是表示建议的句型require that sb. (should) do sth.的掌握。90.the more confused I am本题考查对句型the more…, the more的掌握,表示“越…,越…”。第二个 more作的是副词,意为“更”,后跟形容词的比较级。结构“the+形容词比较级+s+v,the+形容词比较级+s+v”,比较级后主谓结构不倒装。91.he was fired by thecompany 本题考查对让步状语从句的掌握。当让步状语从句由连词although或though引导时,意为“虽然,尽管”,主句不能用 but。由“他被公司解雇”可知,主句应该用被动式,又根据 last week可以判断句子的时态应该用一般过去时。表示“解雇”还可以用discharge和dismiss。第四节强化训练1.Thesubstancedoesnotdissolveinwater____________________(不管是否加热).2.Notonly__________(他向我收费过高),buthedidn’tdoagoodrepairjobeither.
821.Yourlossesintradethisyeararenothing_____________(与我的相比).2.Onaverage,itissaid,visitorsspendonly__________(一半的钱)inadayinLeedsasinLondon.3.Bycontrast,Americansmothersweremorelikely_______(把孩子的成功归因于)naturaltalent.4.Today,______________________________(随着生活节奏的加快),peopleusuallydonothaveasmuchtimetowritelettersasbefore.5.Withtheriseinpopulation,thetrafficincities________________(日益拥挤).6.Opportunityoften____________________(起重要作用)one’schoiceofacareer.7.Itiseasierto_____________________(染上坏习惯)thantogetintogoodones.8.Howevertroublesometheproblemis,__________________(他都耐心地去面对).9._________________(如果天气允许的话),thepicnicwillbeheldasscheduled.10.___________________(尽管发了洪水),theshiphadreacheditsdestinationontime.11.Heconcludedhisspeechwitharemarkthat_______________(失败乃成功之母).12.Sheneverlaughed,______________________________(也从未发过脾气).13.Weadvisedthemtotakearest,___________(可是他们要坚持完成这项工作).14.Theyaskedsomanyquestionsthat____________________(把我给弄糊涂了).15._________________________________(医生告诉他不要吸烟),Mr.Smithcarriedneithermatchesnorcigarettes.16.Onenteringanothercountry,_________________________(游客必须通过海关)。17.Ithasbeensuggested______________(经常看电视的人可能会变得过分消极).18.Weregrettoinformyou__________________________(你们订购的材料缺货).19.Hestudiedhardinhisyouth,__________(这也是他后半生取得巨大成功的原因).20.Iunderstood_____________________________(学会面对现实的真正价值).21.Ithasbeenrevealedthat____________________________________(有些政府官员滥用他们的权利和职位)togetillegalprofitsforthemselves.22.Nowadays,weneedto_____________________________________(与时俱进).23.TheviolenttornadothatstruckinAugustlastyear______________________(已经引起全球科学家的高度重视).24.Whenheagreeswithsomeone,_________________(英雄所见略同)ishistag.25.Thegovernmenthasputforwardaneweconomicpolicywith_______________________(更加强调降低通货膨胀率).26.Youmaystopnow,butyoumustresumeworkingat2o'clock_______________________(否则我会给你新的任务以示惩罚).27.Youhavegreatlydisappointedme._________________________________(你做的远没有达到我们的期望).28.Hurryup!Theperformancewillstartinnotime.Thedoors_________________________(我们到那里的时候就会关闭了).29.Little__________________________________(她没有料到她的着装方式)wouldmakeherfeeltotallyoutofplaceattheparty.30.Thetraditionalapproachtodealwithcomplexproblems______________________________________(是把它们分解成更小、更易解决的问题).
831.Having_________________________________(没有钱但不想让别人知道),simplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.2.Everymanandeverywomanworkinghere________________(和我相处地很好).3.Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,_________________________(正如当地政府建议的那样),willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.4.Youdon’thavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldrather______(你先处理自己的事情)。5.Thedevelopmentofmodernmedicine__________(为人类的健康做出了巨大贡献).6.Thewomanwasastoundedtolearnthatherdearestfriend_________________________________(一直在散布关于她的谣言).7.Onlybyreadingextensivelyandwidely_______________(你才能提高阅读技巧,丰富知识)。8.Itishighlydesirablethat____________________________________(将报告中所列的数据再次仔细检查)beforeitissenttotheBoardofDirectors.9.Mostdoctorsrecognizethatmedicineisasmuch_____(是一门科学,也是一门艺术).10.Somewomen___________________(本来能够挣一份很好的工资)inajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesaleofthefamily.11.Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused_________(习惯了学生迟到)hislecture.12.Thepriceofbeer____________(从50美分到4美元不等)perliterduringthesummerseason.13._____________(任何国家无论在什么情况下都不可以)havetherighttousenuclearweapons.14.It’sessentialthat________________(他把一切准备好)beforetheexamination.15.ThepopulationofAmericaisnotlarge___________________(与中国相比).16.Iamsurewecansolvetheproblemifweall____________________(集思广益).17.Itisnogoodwaitingforthebus,____________________(我们不妨走回家吧).18.Pricesaregoinguprapidly.Petrolnow____________________(是几年前的两倍).19.Lastweek,Tomandhisfriendscelebratedhistwentiethbirthday,___________(尽情地唱歌跳舞).20.Whyisshelookingatme____________(像是她认识我似的)?I’veneverseenherbeforeinmylife.21.Mr.Johnsonmadefullpreparationfortheexperiment____________(以便实验能顺利进行).22.Iavoidedmentioningthesensitivesubjectlest________________(触犯他).23.She___________________(对我们的警告充耳不闻)andgotlost.24.ThatCanadianspeaksChinese_____________(和他说英语一样流利).25._______________(Tony是否来)doesn’tmattermuch.Wecanrelyonourselves.26.Onhearingthenews,I____________(忍不住笑起来)andspreaditamongtheclass.27.NotuntilAlicehadababyofherown___________(她才了解)howharditwasforhermothertohavebroughtuphersisterandheronherown.28.Alotofpeoplenowadayshavemuscularproblemsintheneck,theshouldersandtheback______________________(主要是由于工作中的压力和紧张造成的).
841.Morethan3millionchildrenhavehealthinsurancenow,and___________________________(超过250万的家庭已经摆脱贫困).2._____________________________________________(除主席之外的所有董事会成员都投票赞成我的建议)tosetupabranchofficeinthesuburbs.3.Theemergenceofe-commerceandthefast-growingInterneteconomyare________________(为中国的国内外贸易提供了新的增长机遇).4.Thepopulationofelderlypeopleisincreasingrapidlybecausepeoplearelivinglongerthanbefore._________________________________(发达国家尤为如此).5.________________[只要你喝了那个牌子的酒],youwillneverwanttodrinkanyother.6._________[假如没有你的帮助],Iwouldnothavesucceeded.7.Thisnovel_______________[据说已经被翻译成二十多种外语].8.Thestudentsallfeltveryhappy_________________[校长来看他们].9.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,___________[这一点人人都清楚]。10.Thelittlegirlwenthome,_______________[在母亲的陪同下].11.Pleaseshowus_________________[你刚才所买的东西].12.Theemployeesofthiscompanyworkveryhard,_______________[其中百分之八十来自贫困地区].13._____________[这个学生出版了两本小说]beforehewenttouniversity.14.Whensheheardthenews,___________[她与其说是感到惊讶还不如说是高兴]15.Infact,PeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFrancisco_______(而不愿待着纽约).16.Isuggestedhe____________________(适应新环境)assoonaspossible.17.____________________________(即使计算是正确的),scientistscanneverbesurethattheyhaveincludedallvariablesandmodeledthemaccurately.18.Generally,itisonlywhenanimalsaretrappedthatthey__________________(为了逃脱而借助于暴力).19.Sinceacirclehasnobeginningorend,theweddingring___________________(被认为是永恒爱情的象征).20.IfshehadnotbecomeaJapanesecitizen,______________(冠军属于)China.21.Bytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedintobeingwasamodified,______________(大大地丰富了的英语).22.Youngasheis,thechildhasdevelopedtheabilitytolookatthings______________(从成人的角度).23.ThehistoryprofessorhasspentmostofhistimeinicyAlaska,wheretheEskimosstill__________________________(坚持传统习俗).24.Igottotheairport,___________(结果却发现)Ihadleftmyticketathome.25.Thekidslayfacedownonthebeach,theirbacks___________(暴晒在阳光下).26.Thenewcomputerissold___________(以比预期低得多的价格).27.Hesaidthat____________(谁犯了法)deservespunishment.28._______________________(他刚一关上门)thanheheardthephonering.29.Scientistswillhaveto________________(提出增加世界粮食供应量的新方法).
851.Fromthatdayon,________________________.(我的生活才过得有意义)2.Itishightimethat________________________.(杜绝这种错误)3.Itisnotthatheisnotcleverenough,______________.(而是他已沉迷网络很久了)4.Itisnogood__________________________.(再继续和他争吵)5.Noonecouldaccountfor___________________.(他一夜之间成了百万富翁)6._______________(你越注意别人对你的印象),themoreyouwillfeelnervous.7.Theship’sgeneratorbrokedownandthepumps____________________(不得不用手工操作)insteadofmechanically.8.Whydidn’tyoutellmeyoucouldmethemoney?I___________________________(本来不必从银行借钱的)9.BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I____________(已经动身去)London.10.It’stime__________________(采取措施)aboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.11.___________(正是由于她太没有经验)thatshedoesnotknowhowtodealwiththesituation.第七章写作第一节概述一.CET-4写作要求《大学英语四级考试大纲》规定:写作(Writing)部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力,分值比例为15%,考试时间30分钟。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等,写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。二.CET-4评分原则(1)CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人就总的印象给出奖励分,不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
86(2)从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成了理解上的障碍。针对这些原则,学生在写作中要注意:1.重视内容和语言2.尽量避免语法错误3.语言要有闪光点三.CET-4评分标准.(1)本题满分为15分。(2)阅卷标准共分五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。(3)阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照阅卷评分,如果认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,则定为该分数(即8分);如果认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加减半分。(4)评分标准:2分:条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。5分--基本切题。表达思想不够清楚,连贯性差,有较多的严重语言错误。8分--基本切题。表达思想比较清楚,文章尚连贯,但语言错误较多,其中有少量的严重错误。11分--切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。14分--切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性好,基本上无语言错误。注:白卷、作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而思想无法表达,则给0分。(5)字数不足应酌情扣分:累计字数CET-4110-119100-10990-9980-8970-7960-6950-59<49扣1分12345679此外,对于规定三段的作文,只写一段者得0-4分,只写两段者得0-7分。注:1.如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句,均不得计入所写字数。2.规定的内容未写全者,按比例扣分。3.如果扣为0分,要慎重处理第二节应试策略与解题思路一.四级写作临考建议1.先死后活“死”是指熟记模板及范文。对于每种题型的作文,考生应熟记其模板,并背诵2-3篇。“活”是指用活的句型和活的语言。在准备阶段,考生应把“死”的模板和“活”的句型联系起来。2.对症下药考生在熟读几篇范文后,可以把范文默写下来,在与原文相对照,会发现和原文有出入的地方,其中有些错误是考生的写作弱点,发现这些弱点,考生可以有针对性地进行准备。这样逐个突破可以受到事半公倍的效果。3.实战演练
87在进行演练时,要注意灵活运用所掌握的范文模板及常用句式,在下笔前好好构思,切忌生搬硬套,以免出现文不对题的情况。4.考中建议“5—20—5”原则拿到题目后,用五分钟时间身体并草拟一份较为详细的提纲;然后,用20分钟时间充实提纲,完成作文;最后,用剩下的五分钟通篇检查,修改润色。二、写作基本步骤第一步,确定各段主题四级作文的结构比较固定,一般都是三段式。命题要求中大都会给出两到三个中文或英文提纲,但所给提纲只是规定了文章的主要内容,每一个提纲并不等于每一段的主题,考生需要结合文章题目和所给提纲的内容重新确定各段的主题。例如:Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicLimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBags.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用。2.由此带来的问题。3.限制一次性塑料袋。分析:第一段主题:描述一次性塑料袋在人们生活中的广泛应用情况。第二段主题:指出一次性塑料袋带来的问题和危害。第三段主题:阐述限制使用一次性塑料袋的作用和意义。第二步:列出各段提纲确定各段主题以后,不要匆忙动笔,应该在草稿纸或心中将各段要写的内容大致列出,做到心中有数,这样才能新闻流畅,衔接自然。第三步:逐一展开段落一般来说,段落的基本构成包括:主题句,扩展句和结尾句。第四步:通读全文检查三、常见写作困境及对策一)审题1.偏题审题时,考生应仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息,如图标、图画、数字等,准确把握出题意图。要了解标题的关键词是什么,要确定写作的重点应放在那个部分,比重如何分配,是否要平均等。但如果没能理解题目的核心,那么按照给出的提纲来写也未必会失分。2.漏点漏点,即漏掉提纲中的内容。漏点在学生四级作文中很常见,从而在不够丢分的地方丢分。对此,学生在考试时应仔细审题,严格按照提纲来确定写作内容。二)衔接与连贯1.语义不连贯语义连贯是指文章在内容上是连贯的、统一的,所有的句子都是为全文的中心服务,表达的信息相互关联。就各段而言,其中的每一举火都要仅仅围绕该段的主题句,避免出现与主题句无关的内容。在写作时,要选择那些最能体现文章主题、最具代表型的例子,这些例子要表达一些思想,这样语义才会连贯,文章才会显得一气呵成。2.衔接不当衔接得当是保证语义连贯的重要手段之一。文章处理内容要统一,逻辑关系也要紧密相连。在写作时,可以恰当地御用一些关联词或代词,是文章显得逻辑清楚,结构紧凑。
88三)句子1.句子不完整写作不像口头交际,听者可以借助手势、语气、情景等来领悟省略的或不完整的语句。四句写作使用的是书面语,句子必须以完整的结构来表达完整的意思,若句子结构不完整会另意思表达不清。例如:Becausesomingwilldoharmtoone’shealth.Peopleshouldtrynottosmoke.划线部分是句子片段,不能独立成句。出现这种情况的原因可能是考生写到后面时忘了前面的内容,误以为要表达的意思已经全面、结构已经完整,于是开始写新的句子。此句完整的应为:Peopleshouldavoidsmokingcigarettesbecauseitwilldoharmtotheirhealth.2.主谓不一致对中国学生来说,主谓不一致是十分常见的问题,在四句作文中也屡见不鲜。这应当引起考生足够的重视。在平时联系中应有意识地避免出现这样的错误,多通读,多检查,考试时自然就会少犯了。例如:AveragenumberofhoursastudentspendontheInternetkeepsincreasingveryfast.应改为:TheaveragehoursastudentspendsontheInternetkeepincreasingrapidly.相比之下,由于缺乏语法只是导致主谓不一致的情况要复杂的多,仅仅通过细心检查也不一定能够避免,只有在平时注意积累语法知识,并辅以联系加以巩固,才能减少这样的错误。3.句子不间断有的考生习惯在两个简单句之间不用任何关联词,仅用逗号连接,或者前一句还没有结束,下一句就迫不及待地开始了。这种不间断的句子属于语法错误。例如:Ihaveabrother,hethinksthat“6”and“8”areluckynumberstoChinesepeople.两个分句之间缺乏关联此,仅用逗号连接。尽管在现代英语中,用逗号连接两个分句的情况越来越常见,但是在正式的文体中,还是要尽量避免出现此类句子。Ihaveabrotherwhothinksthat“6”and“8”areluckynumberstoChinesepeople.4.时态混乱描述过去发生的事情要用过去时,描述一般事实时要用现在时。但由于疏忽或语法知识不牢固,有些考生在写作时经常随意使用时态,使文章令人费解。例如:Therearealmostnocarontheroad.Maybethedriversgotcareless.该剧描述已经发生的一起车祸,然后对事故原因进行推测。时态的混乱使句子表达不合逻辑,令人费解。Therewasalmostnocarontheroadatthattime,sothedrivermusthavebeenverycareless.5.逻辑混乱逻辑混乱主要有两种表现形式:修饰语错位和悬垂修饰语。1)修饰语错位修饰语错位可能是形容词、副词、介词短语、从句等,在文章中应紧跟被修饰成分。在英语中,同一修饰语至于不同的位置,句子的含义可能不同。例如:Sheputthescarfaroundherneckthatsheboughtyesterday.从句thatsheboughtyesterday放在herneck后,让人误以为是修饰herneck。Sheputaroundherneckthescarfthatsheboughtyesterday.2)悬垂修饰语所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语所修饰的成分没有明确指出,造成句子逻辑关系的混乱。例如:Todowellincollege,highmarksareessential.句首Todowellincollege的逻辑主语含糊不清,显然不应该是highmarks,应该改为人作主语。
89Todowellincollege,astudentneedshighmarks.6.中式英语考生作文中经常出现英语汉化的现象,即中式英语的问题。比如Manisiron,andfoodissteel,Womenarehalfsidesky等说法。如何克服中式思维带来的影响,关键在于动笔前先思考一下类似的英文句式,尽量找到规范的英语表达方式,不能随心所欲。例如:Thisisbecausefakecommoditiescanmakealotofmoney.中文口语中,我们用“假货可以赚很多”来表达“通过生产或销售假货,人们可以赚很多钱”的意思。但这不符合英语的表达习惯,fakecommodities作makealotofmoney的逻辑主语,会让人难以理解。Thisisbecauseoneislikelytomakealotofmoneybyproducingorseelingfakecommodities.四)遣词用字1.拼写错误有的考生受以前做客观题的影响,对于词汇,只注意“识别”,不注意“使用”,背单词时不留心,结果在考试中出现很多拼写错误。下面是一些考生常犯的拼写错误和容易混淆的单词。Enviroment(environment环境)goverment(government政府)Morden(modern现代的){considerate关心的,考虑周到的considerable相当大的,相当多的}{credible可信的credulous轻信的}{economic(有关)经济的economical节俭的,经济的}{historic有历史意义的historical(有关)历史的}{industrious刻苦的,努力的industrial工业的}{satisfied满意的satistacrory令人满意的}{sensible合理的sensitive敏感的}{continual持续的(有间隔)continuous持续的(没有间隔)}{delighted感到高兴的delightful使人高兴的}{farther更远(表示距离)further更,进一步(表示程度)}{imaginary想象的imaginative想象力丰富的imaginable可以想象的}{respectful尊敬(人)的respectable受人尊敬的respective各自的}{tired疲倦的tiresome令人疲倦的2.代词使用错误考生的作文中经常会出现先行词与代词在数上不一致、代词指代不清以及随意更换代词等错误。1)先行词与代词在数上不一致例如:We’regoingtofacealotofdifficulties,butIbelievewe’llovercomeit.先行词difficulties是复数,后半句overcome的宾语是difficulties,应该用复数them来指代。We’regoingtofacealotofdifficulties,butIbelievewe’llovercomethem.2)代词指代不清代词指代不清是指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或前后使用的代词不一致。
90例如:Marywasfriendlytomymysisterbecarseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.读完这句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词所指的对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。Marywasfriendlytomymysisterbecarseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid.3)随意更换代词一篇文章中不能出现太多的人称代词。很多学生在写作文时,随着思路的转换,不断更换文章中的代词,一会用第一人称,一会用第二人称或第三人称,这样容易造成逻辑意义上的混乱。例如:Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.人称代词we和反身代词yourself前后不一致。Wecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingitourselves3.其他错误1)大小写错误一般来说,每一句的首字母应该大写,人名、地名的首字母和专有名词的首字母应大写,书名不能用引号或书名号,而用斜体。1)冠词用法错误如:aeasyjobaneasyjob2)比较级使用错误如:morebetterthanbetterthan3)介词搭配错误ThestampsIhaveareidenticalformybrother’s.ThestampsIhaveareidenticalwithmybrother’s.四、如何灵活变换句式、瞄准用词亮点,突破高分灵活变换长句短句、主动被动、强调倒装等给类句式、巧妙运用限定词语、动态名词、抽象名词等亮点词语可为作文锦上添花,为考试博得高分。一)组句技巧1.句子应紧凑连贯在写作中可以通过关联词语一道从句或并列句来体现句子的内部关系,也可适当使用粉刺结构和一些独立的短语或是插入与成分来代替从此,此外,句子之间还要注意指代、时态、语态、人称和数等方面的一致。如:原句:teenagersarepressuredbyschoolworkandtheyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers,andunderthese,theyresrottosmoking,andsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.优化:Pressuredbyschoolwordandencouragedbytheripeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.2.句式要有变化句式的变化会使文章内容丰富、语言生动,如主动句和被动句的搭配使用、适当穿插倒装句和强调句等特殊句式。加入插入语,非谓语动词,谚语格言等都是制造亮点句式的好方法。另外,不要一味地使用常见的“主语+谓语”的开头方式,可以适当搭配一分词、副词等开头的句式。如:原句:Theysaythatpeopleobtainmostoftheirknowledgethroughreadingextensively.优化:Theysaythatitisthroughreadingextensivelythatpeopleobtainmostoftheirknowledge.3.句子表达要简洁
91只要意思表达清楚,多余的词语就没有必要。有时考生未来凑字数,加上了一些不必要的成分,导致语义含混不清,啰嗦冗长。如:原句:IthinkGonewiththeWindisoneofthosegoodfilmswhichIenjoyedwatchingverymuch.优化:GonewiththewindisafilmIenjoyedverymuch.4.长短句要结合在写作中,一味地采用长句或短句都是不可取的,要将简单句和带有衔接词的复杂句交替使用,这样才能使文章句式丰富,富有节奏感。5.少用问句,尽量不用感叹句和祈使句有些考生喜欢开篇问一连串的问题,想以此引起阅卷老师的注意。一般来说,一篇作文中偶尔出现1-2个问句,太多会使得其反。感叹句和祈使句多用于口语之中,不太适宜在四级的书面写作中出现。尽管在抒发感情和发出呼吁时也可使用,但多数考生对这两种句式的把握能力不够,因此建议考生尽量不要使用。一)用词原则1.用词要简洁能一个词表达清楚的意思,就不要加上多余的成分,另外还要注意不要造成意义上的重复累赘。如:原句:Whatyouhavedoneisillegalunderthelaw.优化:Whatyouhavedoneisillegal.2.用词要多样注意不要一味地重复使用某个词汇,可适当转换程同义词或短语。也不要一味地使用同一种词性,要学会使用不同的词性。3.多用朴素、易懂的词太多生僻或华丽的辞藻很容易使阅卷老师困惑,起到负面作用。学生本身也容易使用不当。4.多用具体的词如果词的概括性太强,往往让人觉得抽象、笼统,会给人模糊不清的感觉,词义比较具体的词会使表达更加准确生动。5.注意使用限定词在写作时适当使用限定词来修饰可以使论述更加客观、适度,避免观点的绝对化。如:原句:Ingeneral,youngpeopleweemmorepronejob-hopping.优化:Nowadaystheincreasinglysevereemploymentsituationisperhapsthebiggestchallengefacingcollegestudents.五、各类作文结构四级作文主要涉及两个方面:一是与学生学习、生活相关的话题;二是与人们生活息息相关以及有关社会发展变化的热点话题。从体裁来看,四级作文主要以议论文和说明文为主,主要包括图表阐释类、说明现象类、对策方法类、对比分析类和观点论证类,叙事类和应用文。1.图表阐释类作文结构图表阐释类作文一般需要考生描述图表或图画中的数据或画面,解释这些数据或画面反映出的裱花、现象或问题,并对其产生的原因、影响或存在的问题进行分析说明。例:
92Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDoAthletesandentertainersDeserveSuchHighSalaries?.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.对表格内容进行描述2.说明出现这种现象的原因3.你的观点下图为2007年福布斯中国名人榜部分收入排名姓名姚明刘翔巩俐刘嘉玲胡军余华职业运动员运动员演员演员演员作家排名1458996结构公式陈列第一段概述图表1.Fromthechart/graph/table/picture,weclearlylearnthat总述现象、变化或问题。2.图表中初期的数据或情况。3.However,图表中数据或情况的变化。第一段概述图表1.主题句:概括图表所反映的总体现象、变化或问题。2.扩展句一:概述图表中显示的初期的数据或情况3.扩展句三:概述图表中数据或情况的变化第二段说明原因4.Thefollowingreasonscanaccountfor现象、变化或问题。5.Firstofall/Tobeginwith,第一点原因。6.Whatismore/Moreover,第二点原因。7.Inaddition/Besides第三点原因。第二段说明原因4.主题句:引出下文对原因的说明。5.扩展句一:说明第一点原因。6.扩展句二:说明第二点原因。7.扩展句三:说明第三点原因。第三段说明影响、问题或表达观点8.Frommypointofview/Asforme,“我“的思考或看法。9.可能的影响、问题或注意事项一。10.Besides,可能的影响、问题或注意事项。11.Therefore/Toconclude,作出总结。第三段说明影响、问题或表达观点8.主题句:“我”的思考或看法。9.扩展句一:第一点影响、问题或注意事项10.扩展句二:第二点影响、问题或注意事项11.结尾句:经常是提出建议或作出展望。参考范文DoAthletesandentertainersDeserveSuchHighSalaries?Fromthechartabovewecanseethatathletesandentertainersearnmuchmorethanwriters.YaoMing,asthemostfamousbasketballstar,istherechestwhilethefamouswriterYuHuahaslaggedfarbehind.Themajorreasonforthisphenomenonisthatathletesandentertainersgetmoreattentionfromthepublicthanthewriters,andbytakingadvantagesoftheirfamestheycanearnmoneythroughadsvery点评这是一篇图表作文题。文章第一段描述表格,得出结论:体育、娱乐明星收入远远超过作家。第二段具体分析了产生这种现象的原因。注意The
93easily.Asweknow,writerscannotbemorepopularthansportsormoviestars.Mayvesomepeoplethinkthatthisisunfair,forintheiropinion,scholarsshouldearnmorethanstars.ButIdon’tthinkso.First,thestars’salaryisjustanindicationoftheirhardworkandfiercecompetition;andwhat’smore,thestars’splendidcareerisrathershortandmanyofthemhavetoretireevenbeforetherithirties.Finally,thestarsbringussomuchpleasureandfun,andreleaseusformstressfullife.Tosumup,theyindeeddeservewhattheyhavegot.reasonforsth.Isthat结构,用来陈述原因。第三段进行总结,说明明星获得高收入的原因,指出他们对此当之无愧。注意连接词First,what’more,Finally,Tosumup的使用,使得文章结构更加紧凑,行文流畅。1.说明现象类作文结构说明现象类作文一般是需要考生描述所给提纲中反映出的现象的总体情况,对该现象的原因、相关因素或影响进行解释说明,并分析该现象中可能存在的问题或将来的发展趋势。例:Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicofTheCelevrationofWesternFestivals.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.现在国内有不少人喜欢过西方的某些节日。2.产生这种现象的原因。3.这种现象可能带来的影响。结构公式陈列第一段描述现象1.nowadays/Inrecentyears,概述现象。2.现象表现。3.Inaddition/Also,进一步描述现象表现或变化。第一段描述现象1.主题句:概括指出现象2.扩展句一:现象的具体表现或变化3.扩展句二:进一步说明现象的表现或变化第二段说明原因4.Manydifferentreasonscontributeto该现象。/Therearemanydifferentfactors决定该现象。5.Amongthem,第一点原因或因素play/playsacriticalrole.6.Moreover,第二点原因或因素。7.Besides,第三点原因或因素或说明影响4.该现象hasbroughtgreatinfluenceon影响对象。5.firstly,第一点影响。6.secondly,第二点影响。7.Finally,第三点影响。第二段说明原因4.主题句:引出下文对原因的说明。5.扩展句一:说明第一点原因6.扩展句二:说明第二点原因7.扩展句三:说明第三点原因或说明影响1.主题句:引出下文对影响的说明2.扩展句一:说明第一点影响3.扩展句二:说明第二点影响4.扩展句三:说明第三点影响第二段总结评述8.Inmyopinion/Asforme,本人对现象的总结或述评。9.具体作出评述.10进一步作出评述.11.作出总结。第三段总结评述5.主题句:可能现象的发展趋势或利或弊评述,或是本人对现象的看法。6.扩展句一:具体评述7.扩展句二:进一步评述8.结尾句:总结全文(有时可以略去参考范文
94InrecentyearsmanyChinesepeopleliketocelebratewesternfestivals.Evensomeyongstersarepaying(1①)asgreatattentiontoChristmas(1②)asourSpringFestival.(2①)Inaddition,otherwesternfestivals,likeAprilFool’sdayandValentine’sDay,areverypopularamongChinesepeople.(3)Manyreasonscontributetothisphenomenon.Amongthem,relaxingandcomfortableatmospherefromwesternfestivalsplaysacriticalrole.(2②)Moreover,moreandmoreChinesepeoplebegintolearnEnglish,(4)whichprovidesthemwithmorechances(5)tobeexposedtowesterncultureandfestivals.(2③)Besides,manybusinessmendesperatelytrytoboosttheatmosphereofforeignfestivalstoattractmorecustomers.(6)AsfarasIamconcerned,ourpayingtoomuchattentiontowesternfestibalswill(7)bringsomesideeffects.Thepopularityofwesternfestivals(8)tosomeextenthasinfluenceourtraditions.(2④)Therefore,Isuggestthatpeopleshould(9①)not(10)beimmersedtoomuchinthewesternfestivals(9②)butignoreChinesetraditionalfestivals.点评(1)意为“或...一样”,同级比较(2)衔接词语使文章条例清晰、意思连贯。(3)益处原因重用句式(4)Which引导非限制性定于从句。(5)意为“暴露于”。(6)用于引出个人观点。(7)意为“带来负面影响”(8)意为“在某种程度上(9)意为“不是......而是.....”,连接并列结构。(10)意为“过分沉浸在...中”。1.对策方法类作文结构对策方法类作文一般需要考生描述提纲中所反映的问题,说明问题的危害和解决问题的必要性,然后针对该问题提出应对策略或解决方法。例:Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicofGettingtoKnowtheWorldoutsidetheCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.大学生了解社会的必要性。2.了解社会的途径(大众传媒、社会服务等).3.你打算怎么做。结构公式陈列第一段提出问题1.提出问题。2.问题的重要性或危害性。3.Besides/additionally,进一步阐述问题的重要性或危害。4.Therefor/Nodoubt,itisveryimportant/necessary/urgentfor问题涉及的对象tolearnhowto解决该问题第一段提出问题1.主题句:概括提出问题。2.扩展句一:指出问题的严重性或危害性。3.扩展句二:进一步阐述问题的重要性或危害性。4.结尾句:承上启下,表达解决问题的必要性,引出解决方法。第二段说明方法5.Thefollowingwaysareeffectivein解决问题。/Therearemanywayswhichcanbeadoptedto解决问题。/Thefollowingfactorsplayanimportantrolein解决问题。6.Firstly,第一点方法。7.Secondly,第二点方法。8.Finally,第三点方法。第二段说明方法5.主题句:引出问题的解决方法或决定因素。6.扩展句一:说明第一点解决方法。7.扩展句二:说明第二点解决方法。8.扩展句三:说明第三点解决方法。
95第三段总结评述9.AsfarasIamconcerned/Asforme,本人的观点或选择10.具体观点或选择依据。11.Toconclude/Therefore,总结或建议。第三段总结评述1.主题句:引出本人对该问题或解决方法的观点或选择。2.扩展句:具体阐述观点或选择依据。3.结尾句:作出总结或提出建议。参考范文GettingtoKnowthWorldoutsidetheCampusIt(1)isofgreatsignificanceforacollegestudenttoknowtheworldoutsidethecampus.Inthis(2)fast-developing“InformationAge”,collegestudentsmust(3)keeppacewiththeprogressoftheworld.(4①)Additionally,bycontactingtheoff-campusworld,collegestudentscanhavechancetomorepracticalskills.(4②)Therefore,(5)howtoknowtheworldoutsidethecampus(6)isworthourattention.Manywayscanbeadoptedbyourcollegestudentstoincreaseourknowledgeoftheworld.(4③)Firstly,massmedia,suchasradios,televisions,newspapersandtheInternet,areagoodchoice,(7)bywhichwecan(8)bewellinformedaboutwhatishappening.(4④)Secondly,providingvolunteerservicesisanefficientlywaytocontactandknowthesociety.(4⑤)Thirdly,wecantakepart-timejobstoincreaseourpracticalexperience.(4⑥)Asforme,Iwlltryjtocreateandgraspmorechancestocontactthesociety.Inmyopinion,gettingtoknowtheoff-campusworldis(9①)asimportant(9②)asimprovingacademicperformance.(4⑦)Therefore,Isuggesteverycollegestudentshould(10①)not(11)confinehimselftothecampus(10②)butoftengooutside.点评(1)“beof+n.”相当于”be+adj.”。(2)符合形容词做定语,意为“迅速发展的”(3)意为“跟上”(4)衔接词语使文章条理清晰、意思连贯。(5)“疑问词+不定式”结构充当主语。(6)beworthsth./doingsth.意为“值得......”。7.Which在定语从句中充当介词宾语。(8)inform是及物动词,一味“通知,告知”,经常用作被动结构“beinformedabout/of”.(9)同级比较结构。(10)连接并列结构,意为“不是......而是“。(11)意为“将自己局限于”。1.对比分析类作文结构对比分析类作文主要有两种:一种是需要考生对比阐述两种观点或做法及各自的理由,人后表明自己的观点或做法并说明理由;另一种是需要考生对比阐述某事物的利和弊、好处和坏处或优点和缺点,继而表明自己的看法或态度。下面的结构公式是针对第一种类型来讲解,至于第二种类型,考生只需要在掌握第一种类型结构的基础上进行适当变形即可。例:Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicofShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人做好事期望得到回报。2.有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报。3.你的观点。结构公式陈列1.观点或选择A第一段观点或选择A
961.简述要讨论的主题,引出对其的的不同观点或选择/Whenitcomesto谈论主题,thereisnocompleteagreementamongpeople.2.Somepeoplethink/preferto/choose观点或选择A。3.观点或选择的第一点理由。4.观点或选择的第二点理由。1.主题句:提出要讨论的主题,引出两种不同的观点或选择。2.扩展句一:指出一种观点或选择。3.扩展句二:阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。4.扩展句二:阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。1.观点或选择B5.However,therearemanyotherswho观点或选择B。6.Intheiropinions/Theymaintain/theypointout观点或选择B的第一点理由。7.Besides,观点或选择的第二点理由。第二段观点或选择B5.主题句:转折出另一种观点或选择。6.扩展句二:阐述该种观点或选择的第一点理由。7.扩展句二:阐述该种观点或选择的第二点理由。第三段“我”的观点或选择8.Asforme,Iagree“我”的观点或选择。/Weighingupthesetwoarguments/choices,“我”的观点或选择。9.“我”的第一点理由。10.“我”的第二点理由。11.Therefore/Toconclude,作出选择第三段“我”的观点或选择1.主题句:综合两种观点或选择,表明“我”的观点或选择。2.扩展句一:阐述“我”的第一点理由。3.扩展句二:阐述“我”的第二点理由。4.结尾句:经常是提出建议或作出展望。参考范文Nowadays,(1)differentpeopleholddifferentviewsaboutwhetherornotoneshouldexpectarewardwhendoingagooddeed.Somepeoplethinkthatagooddeedshouldbegivenacertainreward.Theysayitisagreeablewiththeruleoffairness.(2①)Also,rewardscanstimulatepeople’senthusiasmtotogooddeeds.(3)However,therearemanyotherswhotakeLeifengasamodelandbealwaysreadytohelpotherswithoutexpectinganyreward.Everyonemaybeintrouble.(5)Onlyifyouhelpothresunselfishly,youcangetothers’helpwhenyouneddit.(2②)Besides,theymaintainthatonecanenjoyhappinessindoinggooddeeds,(6)theythink,(7)whichisthebestreturn.(8)Weighingupthesetowarguments,Ipreferthesecondone.(2③)First,beinghappytohelpothersisoneofChinesepeople’straditionalvirtues.(2④)Second,thisvirtue(9)isofmoresignificanceforthecreationofaharmonioussociety.(2⑤)Toconclude,(10①)itiseverycitizen’sresponsibility(10②)todogooddeeds点评(1)用于引出对某事物的不同观点。(2)衔接词语使文章条例清晰、意思连贯。(3)转折出另一种观点。(4)意为“不期望任何火爆”,介词短语充当状语,注意此处without的用法。(5)意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。(6)插入语。(7)which引导非限制性定于从句。(8)用于引出个人观点,weighup意为“权衡”。(9)“beof+n.”相当于“be+adj.”。(10)固定句式:Itis...forsb.+todosth.其中it是形式主语,不定式短语是实际的主语。
97withoutexpectinganyreward.1.论证观点型作文结构论证观点类作文一般需要考生按照提高要求提出论点,通过举例等方式论证观点,最后再对论点进行总结。例:Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.为什么说“欲速则不达”?2.试举例说明。结构公式陈列第一段提出观点1.通过背景描写益处论点或直接提出论点。2.论点中的道理或正确性表现。3.Besides/Inaddition,进一步阐述论点中的道理或正确性表现。/Thetruthofitisdeepandprofound./Thetruthofitisself-evident.第一段提出观点1.主题句:提出观点2.扩展句一:阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性表现。3.扩展句二:进一步阐述论点中蕴涵的道理或正确性表现,或是强调论点的正确性。第二段列举论据4.Therearenumerousexamplessupportingthisargument./Manyremarkableexamplescontributetothisargument.5.Acaseinpointis第一个例子。6.进一步说明例一。7.Foranotherexample,第二个例子。8.进一步说明例二。第二段列举论据4.主题句:引出论据,开始论证观点。5.扩展句一:列举第一个例子6.扩展句二:进一步说明例一7.扩展句三:列举第二个例子8.扩展句四:进一步说明例二第三段总结观点9.Alltheabove-mentionedtellusthat/Itisnodoubtthat/Judgingfromtheevidenceoffered,wemightsafelydrawtheconclusionthat重申观点。10.提出建议或指出注意事项。11.Toconclude/Therefore,总结全文,呼应论点。第三段总结观点9.主题句:承接上文,重申观点。10.扩展句:提出建议或指出正确的做法或态度,呼应论点。参考范文HasteMakesWasteTheProverb“Hastemakeswaste”hasbeenwidelyacceptedformanyyears.Itremindsusthatifwearetoachieveourfinalgoalwehavetodoitina(1)down-to-earthway.(2)Thetruthofitisdeepandprofound.(3)Therearenumerousexmaplessuppoortingthisargument.(4)AcaseinpointistheancientChinesestoryof(5)“Helpingtheshootsgrowbypulling”.Thisstoryprovedthatthehastecausednotonlywastebutgreatloss.(6)Foranotherexample,someparentsandteachers,(7①)inordertoimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceinashorttime,tendtoputtooheavyburdenonchildren.This,(7②)asaresult,bringsthechildren(8)nothingbutgreatpressure.点评(1)意为“脚踏实地”。(2)意为“其中蕴涵着深远的道理”(3)用于引出例证。(4)意为“典型的例子”。(5)引用“拔苗助长”的故事(6)用于引出另外的例子(7)插入语(8)意为“只是,仅仅”。(9)常用于得出结论(10)意为“急于求成”。
98(9)Alltheabove-mentionedtellsusthatweshouldn’t(10)beoveranxiousforquickresults.Everythinghasitsown(11)developinglaw.Therefore,(12)whateverwedo,weshouldnotpaytoomuchattentiontothespeedandignoretheselaws.(1)意为“发展规律”。(2)引导让步状语从句,意为“无论什么”。1.叙事类作文结构四级写作中设计的叙事类作文一般是要求考生叙述一个时间发生的经过,如车祸、生病或一次难忘的经历,然后谈谈自己的感受或得到的启示。例:Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicpickpocketing.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.描述一下你在公共场所亲眼目睹的扒窃事件。2.谴责这种犯罪行为3.在构建和谐社会的进程中,人人都应该有正义感。结构公式陈列第一段交代时间背景、1.引出时间背景。2.进一步描述背景情况或概述事件的特点。3.有背景引出具体时间或说明事件的重要性。第一段交代事件背景1.主题句:总数时间发生的背景。2.扩展句一:进一步描述背景情况或概述事件的特点。3.扩展句二:有背景引出具体事件或说明事件带来的重要性。第二段叙述事情经过4.NowIstillrememberclearly引出事件/Thereisonethingthatisstillvividinmyminduntilnow.5.事件发生的事件和当时的情形。6.接下来的情况.7.进一步发展。8.Asaresult/However,事件结果。第二段叙述事件的经过4.主题句:概括引出要讲述的事件。5.扩展句一:交代事件发生的事件和当时的情况。6.扩展句二:描述接下来的情况。7.扩展句三:描述事件的进一步发展。8.结尾句:说明事件的结果或影响。第三段谈个人感受2.EverytimeIrecall该事件,“我”的感受或得到的启示。/该事件leftmeindeepthought/gavemeasignificantlesson.10.第一点感受。113.第二点感受。第三段谈谈个人感受9.主题句:“我”由这件事而发的感受或得到的启示。10.扩展句一:“我”的第一点感受。11.扩展句二:“我”的第二点感受根据所给提纲的不同,考生要灵活运用结构公式,不能生搬硬套。参考范文PickpocketingYesterday,Iwitnessedatheftincidentonmywayhome.Whilewaitingforabus,awomantookherwalletoutandpaidforanewspaperatanearbynewspaperbooth,.Afterputtingherwalletbackintoherhandbagshebegantolookthroughthenewtitleswhenamiddle-agedmanbrushedpasthermuttering“Excuseme”.Swiftly,her点评描述一次亲眼目睹的事实,一次引出全文的主题。Witness用词准确。Brush此处为动词,说明小偷推挤的动作想说子拂过般既轻又快,描述生动形象。含有讽刺意味的Swiftly与句中的动词brush呼应,自然承接前一句。
99walletwasintheman’shand.Thecrazypickpocketinghasbecomeanationalepidemicandposesagravethreattotheresidents’andvisitors’propertysafety.Pickpocketingprevention,whichisatoughtaskforpolice,makessenses.Allsidesinvolvedinthisproblemmustjointheireffortstoremovethissocialcancer.Everyonesharesthehugeresponsibilityfordemonstratingtheirjusticeatpropertime.Personalresponsibilityisvitaltobuildaharmonioussociety.指出扒窃行为的危害,crazy,Nationalepidemic和posesagravethreatto等词表现出此危害的严重性。Tough和句中的比喻socialcancer意在谴责此类卑劣行径。最后两句话呼吁大家携手努力,消除扒窃,共建和谐社会,点明文章主题。1.应用文类作文结构四级写作目前考过的应用类作文包括:建议信、投诉信、竞选演说词、景点介绍和海报,另外,拒绝信、求职信、申请信、祝贺信、倡议书等校园生活中常涉及的应用文体也在大纲的考察非为内。下面列举10种易考的应用类作文结构:1)建议信结构公式右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:交代建议针对的背景时间,说明写信的目的;针对该事件提出建议,引出对建议的具体阐述。第二段:具体阐述自己的建议并说明理由。第三段:表达良好的祝愿和期望。右下脚:署名范文:ALettertoaSchoolmateJune20,2001DearXiaoWang,Iamverygladtolearnthatyouwillvisitmesoon.HerIamwritingtogiveyoumyadviceaboutthearrangementfoyourcomingholidayinHangzhou.Inmyopinion,WestLakeshouldcertainlybeyourfirstdestinationsinceitissuchafamousandbeartifulplace.Then,IsuggestyougotoLingyinTemple,LuheTowerandYuewangShrine.Besides,ifyouhavetime,QiandaoLakeisalsoagoodsiteyoucouldnotmiss.Ofcourse,besidesvisitingtheinteretofplaces,youshouldtastethelocalflavorsnacksofHangzhou,likesmallsteamedbunsandWestLakeVinegaredfish.Finally,Imustremindyouthatyoushouldnotleaveyourbelingingsunattendedsincetherearesomanypeopleonthetrainandattherailwaystation.IamsusreyouwillenjoyyourvisitinHangzhou.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorrequirements,donothesitatetotellme.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoon.TrulyyoursWangFang2)投诉信结构公式
100右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:表明自己的身份,写信的目的,因何事投诉何人或机构。第二段:具体阐述投诉的内容和投诉的理由。第三段:提出解决建议并期望尽快解决,表示感谢。右下脚:署名范文:AlettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusDec.20,2002DearPresident,MynameisLiMing.IamajuniorformtheCivilEngineeringSchool.Iventuretowriteyoualettertomakeacomplaintaboutthecanteenserviceoryourschool.Thefocusofthecomplaintifthepoorqualityandhighpriceofthefood.Ononhand,thericeisveryhard,thesteambreadisoftencold,andthevegetablesarealwaysovercooked.Ontheohterhand,thepriceofthefoodissohighthatmanypoorstudentsareburdenedheavily.Underthesecircumstances,Ifinditimpossibleforusstudnestofullyconcentrateonthestudyandenjoythecampuslife.Iwillbeveryobligedifyoucanconsidermycompliantseriously,Idohopetheserviceofthecanteenwillbemuchimprovedassoonaspossible.Thankyouforyourtimeandkindconsideration.Sinceerelyyours,LiMing3)拒绝信结构公式右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:交代写信目的,委婉表达自己对邀请、请求等的拒绝,并向对方表示谢意。第二段:具体阐述拒绝对方的理由。第三段:希望不会给对方带来不便,向对方表示抱歉和祝愿。右下脚:署名范文:ALetterDecliningaJobOfferJan.12,2008DearMr.Wang,IamverysorrytotellyouthatIhavetodeclineyourjoboffer.Tobehonest,itwouldbeaverygoodchanceformetoworkinyourcompany.However,thecurrentsituationdoesn’tallowmetodothis.Thishasbeenadifficultdecisionforme,butIhavetodothis.Ononhand,Ihaveacceptedanoterjobofferbeforeyouinformedmeyourdecision,whichismoreinlinewithmyskillsandcareergoals.Ontheotherhand,twohours’commutetoyourbuildingisreallyaburdenonme.Onaccountofallthese,youcanunderstandwhyIcouldnotacceptyouroffer.Ihopethisdoesnotcauseyoutoomuchinconvenience.Anyway,Idoappreciateyourkindnesstodiscussthedetailsofthepositionwithmeandgivemetimetoconsideryouroffer.Meanwhile,Iwidhthatyourcompanywouldfindamoresuitabletalentassoonaspossible.
101SincerelyyoursJane4)求职信结构公式右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:交代写信目的,申请某职位,说明获得招聘信息的来源,表达申请职位的愿望。第二段:介绍自己的学习经历、能力和特长,证明自己能够胜任工作。第三段:感谢对方抽出时间和经历,随信附有自己的简历,并愿意提供进一步的信息,希望等到面试的机会。右下脚:署名范文:AJobApplicationLetterJune20,2003Towhomitmayconcern,IamwritingtoapplyforthepostofengineeradvertisedinChinaDaily,Ibelievemyqualificationsareidealmatchofyourrequirements.IwillgraduateonJuly1ofthisyearformDongbeiUniversity.Mymajorinmechanicalengineeringandmytraininginthisaspectdefinitelymeetyourrequirements.Inadditiontolearningthetherequiredcouses,IhavealsoacceptedtraininginProfessionalTrainingProgramatsparetime.What’smore,Ihavebeenaninternstudentinseveralcompaniesrelatedtomymajor,whichprovidedmeagreatdealofexperienceincomputerapplecations.Ibelievemytrainingandexperiencewillenablemetoperformbetterthanothercandidateswhoarelackofworkingexperience.Iwouldappreciateyourtimeinreviewingmyenclosedresumeandifthereisanyadditiongalinformationyourrequire,pleasecontactme.Iwillbeverygratefulifyoucangivemeapersonalinterviewatyourconvenience.Sincerelyyours,LiHua5)邀请信结构公式右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:交代写信目的,邀请某人参加某项活动,说明活动的时间和地点,正式向对方那个发出邀请。第二段:介绍事件的具体安排和对方接受邀请的必要性。第三段:希望对方能够接受邀请,期望对方的尽快答复。右下脚:署名范文:AnInvitationLetterJune15,2008DearLiLiang,ThisJune30thIamgoingtograduate,soIamgoingtoholdapartyonSaturdayeveninginmyhouse.Itwouldbepleasanttohaveyouhere.
102Sointerestingwillthepartybethatyoucan’taffordtomissit.Foronething,wecanhaveabigmeal,singthepopularsongsandplaygames.Foranother,italsoprovidesagoodopportunityforyoutomeetmanyfriendsthatyouhaven’tseenforalongtime.Whatanimportantthingitsitogetyourparticipation!First,youaremybestfriendandbringhometomemanythings.Second,wehaven’tseeneachotherforquitealongtimeandIameagertoseeyou.Thepartywouldnotbecompletewithoutyou!Thepartywillbeginat7:30p.m.Isitpossibleforustoseeyouat7:00onSaturdayeveninginmyhouse>Idohopeyoucancome.Sincerelyyours,SunLi6)道歉信结构公式右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:交代写信目的,因某事想某人道歉,恳请对方接受自己的歉意。第二段:向对方解释导致自己所犯过失或错误的原因。第三段:希望能够得到对方的理解和原谅,希望有机会不久,并提出不久措施。右下脚:署名范文:AnapologyLetterJan.24,2009DearMary,Iamexcessivelysorryformyabsenceyesterdaywhenyoucometoseemeduringyourtrip.Now,Iamwritingyouthisletterofapologytoshowmydeepregret.Pleaseacceptmysincereapologywithgratitude.Ihopeyouwillunderstanmeandexcusemeformyabsence.ThereasonformyabsencewasthatIhadanengagementwithsomefriendsand,ignorantofyourvisit,accompaniedthemtothecinema.Besides,notuntil9o’clockintheeveningdidIcomeback.Therefore,itisnotinmypowertoarrangetimetomeetyou.Naturally,Ihopeyouwon’tleavethecitythisweeksothatIcancallonyou.Ishallbeobligedifyouwillkindlytellmewhenandwhereyouareatconvenient.InthatcaseIcantakeyoutosomeplacesthatmayinterestyou.Ihopetoseeyousoon.Sincerelyyours,LiMing7)倡议书结构公式右上角:日期左上角:称呼正文:第一段:交代写信目的,倡议的人群和倡议的主题。第二段:介绍倡议针对对象的具体情况和倡议的具体内容(如捐钱、捐物)。第三段:提供联系方式,再次发出倡议,呼吁大家参与,并表示感谢。右下脚:署名
103范文:YourHelpNeededNov.15,2008Dearfellowstudents,IamwritingthislettertocallonallthestudentsinouruniversitytodosomethingforLiPing,oneofourschoolmates,whoissufferingfromtheseriousdisease.Assomeofyoumayknow,LiPingisoneofthefreshmentheEnglishDepartment.Sheislongingforthebrightfuturelikeyouandme.Unfortunately,lastmonth,shewasstruckbyLerkemia.Nowsheishospitalizedandinaseriouscondition.Whatisworse,LiPingcomesfromapoorvillagefamilyanditsiimpossibleforherfamilytoraisesuchalargesumofmoneyinsuchpressingtime.Asyousee,nowLiPingisingreatneddoffanancialaidanddailycaring.Soitishightimeforyoutoextendyourhelpinghandstoher.IfyouwouldliketoprovideyourloveandcaretoLiPing,especiallyintheformofdonation,pleasecallat12345678or23456789atanytime.Thankyou!Sinerelyyours,TheStudentUnion8)海报结构公式标题:活动主题或直接用poster正文:第一段:概括引出活动,交代活动主办单位、活动的时间和地点。第二段:阐述活动的主要目的和具体安排。第三段:说明参加活动的条件和方式,交代联系或咨询方式,呼吁大家踊跃参与。右下角:落款写主办单位名称。范文:VolunteersNeededTheStudentUnionofouruniversitywillorgaizeabolunteeractivitytotheruralareasduringthesummerholidays.Nowearerecruitingthevolunteers.ThisactivityaimstohelpthechildreninruralareasimprovetheircomputerandEnglsihlevel,andmeanwhileprovideaplatformforourcollegestudentstoshowandproveabilities.ItisplanedtobeginonJuly5thandlast10days.ThevolunteerswillbeassignedatodifferentcountryprimaryschoolstoteachchildrenhowtousethecomputerandhowtolearnEnglishwell.AnystudentwhoisgoodatEnglishandcomputeriswarmlywelcomed.ThoseinterestedareexpectedtocometotheofficeoftheStudnetUniontofillinanapplicationformbeforeJuly1st.Pleasecall62511123forfurtherinformation.Wearelookingforwardtoyouractiveparticipation.TheStudents’Union9)竞选演说词结构公式左上角:称呼正文:第一段:表达自己的喜悦和荣幸之情,简要介绍自己,表明自己要竞选职位。第二段:说明自己具备的条件和优势,证明自己能够胜任。第三段:承诺当选后会采取哪些措施,表明自己的决心,左后想听众表达祝愿和感谢。范文:ACampaignSpeechLadiesandgentlemen,IamWangLinfromtheComputerScienceDepartment,andIamhonoredtostandheereto
104givemyspeech.IwillshowyouthatIamthebestcandidatetothepostofChairmanoftheStudents’union.Ihavegainedalotofexperienceandreceivedwidepraisefrommyclassmatesformyjobasthemonitor.Moreover,Iamwarm-heartedandalwaysreadytohelpothers.Besides,Iamgoodatorganizingactivitiesandhaveexperienceinholdingcontestsandsportsmeetings.Lookingintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobethepresidentoftheStudents’Union.Ononehand,Iwillorganizemoreactivitiestocolorourcampuslife.Ontheotherhand,I’llreformtheStudentUnion,changingitfromaproblem-solbingoneintoaservice-providingone.Andmorechannelswillbeopenedforourstudentstoboiceopinionsandneeds.I,WangLin,amworthyourtrust.Don’thesitatetovoteforme.Thankyou!10)景点介绍机构公式左上角:称呼正文:第一段:向大家表示欢迎,简要介绍自己的身份和任务,并表达自己的喜悦和荣幸之情。第二段:具体介绍景点的内容和特点以及具体的行程安排。第三段:提醒相关注意事项,并表示如有疑问欢迎咨询。祝愿大家玩得愉快,感谢大家的倾听。范文:ABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttractionLadiesandgentlemen,WelcometoChinaandthankyouforyourtrustingourtravelagency.IamLisa.It’smypleasuretobeyourguide.Thefollowingisthescheduleoftheday.Inthemorning,thefirstspotwearegoingtovisitistheGreatWall,thegrandestfortificationinancientChina.ThenIwilltakeyoutotheMingTombs,whichisoenofthebest-preservedtombsinChinaandthelasthomefor13emperorsinMingDynasty.Intheafternoon,wewillgototheSummerPlace,theroyalparkforancientChineseemperors.That’stheendofourvisitingoftoday.Bytheway,pleasebringaplasticbagwithyoutoholdtherubbishyoumakesoastoprotectourenvironment.Ifanyofyouhavequestions,pleasefeeelfreetoaskmeatanytime.Ihopethatyouwillenjoyyourday.Thankyouverymuchforyourattention.六、段落的展开方法在确定了各段的主题之后,怎样展开段落成为了写作成败的关键。展开段落的方式格式各样,但主要有以下几种。1.举例法常见的举例模式:主题句----example1;--example2;----example3列举时常用forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,thus,take…asanexample,toillustrateacaseinpoint等词语.2.列举法
105在使用列举法时,考生要注意:一,所列举的各个要点最好按照递增或递减的顺序进行有层次的排列。二,所列举的要点应该服务于一个中心思想。各要点必须相互独立,相互区别。列举法常用的连词有:first,firstly,inthefirstplace,fistofall,inthebiginning,tobeginwith,tostartwith,second,third,mostofall,next,moreover,inaddition,besides,furthermore,last,lastly,finally,eventually,lastbutnotleast,foronething...foranother...等。3.分类法把同一主题对系那个划分为各个组成部分,或把众多的观点按照器共性归类,然后在依次展开各个部分。在分类的时候要注意各类别之间的逻辑关系,分类标准要明确,不要出现重叠现象。分类法常用的表达有:divide...into,fallinto,becalssified,thereare...kinds,first,sencond,last,also,again,besides,moreover,what’smore,furthermore,inaddition,mostimportant,finally等。4.因果分析法在段落一开头,就用主题句点明其因果关系,然后选用有关材料,客观的罗列某些原因或结果,以阐述中心思想。不管是从因到果还是从果到因,基本要求都一样:主题句必须明确,展开句必须对主题起加强作用。因果分析法常用表达有:becauseof,so,owingto,thanksto,thus,asaresultof,hence,forthisreason,consequently,iscausedby,leadto,resultin,since,as,for,dueto,owingto,onaccountof,inviewof,contributeto,therefore,so,thus,accordingly,asconsequence,inconsequenceof,asaresult,resultfrom等。5.比较法主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围,实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点或不同点。在采用比较法时,要注意句子的过渡。常用语汇:atthesametime,similarto,accordingly,both,showadegreeofsimilarity,similarly,thesameas,and…too,inthesameway,inalikemanner;likewise,as,incomparisonwith,bycontrast,conversely,defferently,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,unlike,but,however,yet,whereas,while等。6.叙述法叙述是指清楚交代所述事件发生的事件、地点、人物、原因等,是一种十分有效的拓展方法。用于描述事件顺序的常用表达有:soon,then,afterawhile,towardtheendof...,inthepast,inthefirstyear/decade等。用于描述空间顺序的常用表达有:beyond,above,under,nearby,outside,in,between,nextto,onthetopof,infrontof,across,closeto,on/fromtheleft/right,aheadof,behind,on,oppositeto,inthesouth,oneithersideof等。常用的句型开头Recently,theproblemof…hasarousedpeople’sconcern.最近,…问题已引起人们的关注.Nowadays,_________hasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.如今,已成为我们不得不面对的问题了.Itiscommonlybelievedthat…/Itisacommonbeliefthat…人们一般认为…Manypeopleinsistthat…
106很多人坚持认为…Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,moreandmorepeoplebelievethat…随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…Alotofpeopleseemtothinkthat…很多人似乎认为…引出不同观点:People’sviewson…varyfrompersontoperson.Someholdthat….However,othersbelievethat….人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为…..然而其他人却认为...Peoplemayhavedifferentopinionson…人们对…可能会有不同的见解.Attitudestowards_____varyfrompersontoperson.人们对待….的态度因人而异.Therearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleasto…关于….人们的观点大不相同.Differentpeopleholddifferentattitudestoward______.对…..人们的态度各不相同.结尾Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wenaturallycometotheconclusionthat…把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…Takingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthat…考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…Hence/Therefore,we’dbettercometotheconclusionthat…因此,我们最好得出这样的结论…Thereisnodoubtthat____hasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.毫无疑问,…..有优点也有缺点.Allinall,wecannotlivewithout…Butatthesametimewemusttrytofindoutnewwaystocopewiththeproblemsthatwouldarise.总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题.提出建议:Itishightimethatweputanendtothe(trend).该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.Itistimetotaketheadviceof…andtoputspecialemphasisontheimprovementof…该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了.Thereisnodoubtthatenoughconcernmustbepaidtotheproblemof…毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视.Obviously,Ifwewanttodosomething…,itisessentialthat…显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是…Onlyinthiswaycanwe…只有这样,我们才能…Itmustberealizedthat…我们必须意识到…预示后果:Obviously,ifwedon’tcontroltheproblem,thechancesarethat…willleadusindanger.
107很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险.Nodoubt,unlesswetakeeffectivemeasures,itisverylikelythat…毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会…Itisurgentthatimmediatemeasuresshouldbetakentostopthesituation.很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展.论证:Frommypointofview,itismorereasonabletosupportthefirstopinionratherthanthesecond.在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理.Icannotentirelyagreewiththeideathat…我无法完全同意这一观点….Personally,Iamstandingonthesideof…就个人而言,我站在…的一边.Isincerelybelievethat…我真诚地相信…Inmyopinion,itismoreadvisabletodo…thantodo….在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智.Finally,tospeakfrankly,thereisalsoamorepracticalreasonwhy…给出原因:Thisphenomenonexistsforanumberofreasons.First,…Second,…Third,…这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先,…第二,…第三,…Whydid…?Foronething…Foranother….Perhapstheprimaryreasonis…为什么会…?一个原因是…令一个原因是…或许其主要原因是….Iquiteagreewiththestatementthat…thereasonsarechieflyasfollows.我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下:列出解决办法:Herearesomesuggestionsforhandling…这是如何处理某事的一些建议.Thebestwaytosolvethetroublesis…解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…Peoplehavefiguredoutmanywaystosolvethisproblem.人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题.批判错误观点和做法:Asfarassomethingisconcerned,….就某事而言,…Itwasobviousthat…很显然,….Itmaybetruethat…,butitdoesn’tmeanthat…可能…是对的,但这并不意味着…Itisnaturaltobelievethat…,butweshouldn’tignorethat…认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视….Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthat…没有证据表明…阐释图表:Asisshowninthegraph…如图所示…Thegraphshowsthat…图表显示…Ascanbeseenfromthetable,…从表格中可以看出…Fromthechart,weknowthat…从这张表中,我们可知…Allthesedataclearlyprovethefactthat…所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即…
108Theincreaseof….Inthecityhasreachedto20%.….在这个城市的增长已达到20%.In1985,thenumberremainedthesame.1985年,这个数字保持不变.Therewasagradualdeclinein1989.1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.第三节强化训练1.RushforPostgraduateStudyDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicRushforPostgraduateStudy..Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthetableandtheoutline(giveninChinese)below:YearNumberofCandidatesinXProvince20001600200256002004120002006360002008520001.根据上图描述近几年x生报考研究生人数的变化。2.说明导致这种变化的原因3.你对考研热的看法。2.GreenFoodDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGreenFood.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.近几年来,“绿色食品”变得越来越流行。2.分析这种现象产生的原因。3.你对该现象的看法。3.ToBecomeaSpecialistoraGeneralist?Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicToBecomeaSpecialistoraGeneralist?.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为一个学生应该努力成为一个“专才”。2.然而其他人认为学生应该成为“通才”才能在现代社会立足。3.你的看法......4.ALetterApplyingforaBankLoan.Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowritealetterALetterApplyingforaBankLoan.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.表明写信的目的。2.说明申请助学贷款的原因。3.保证会合理利用贷款并表明还款的决心。
1095.ShouldClassAttendancebeRequired?Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicShouldClassAttendancebeRequired?.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.很多大学都实行上课出勤点名制度,大多数人都认为这样做很有必要。2.但也有一些人认为这样做弊大于利。3.你如何看待?理由是......6.CrazeinFamousBrandsonCampus.Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCrazeinFamousBrandsonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.现在很多大学生都热衷于追求名牌。2.分析这种现象的原因。3.你如何看待该现象。7.HowshouldCollegeStudentsRelievePressureDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowshouldCollegeStudentsRelievePressure?.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.当今大学生要面临很多来自不同方面的压力。2.大学生缓解压力的方式有那些。3.你一般是如何缓解压力的。8.PunctualityDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPunctualityYoushouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.守时是一项重要的品质。2.论证守时的必要性。9.SexEducationDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicSexEducationYoushouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.近几年越来越多的大学正在实施性教育。2.加强对大学生性教育的必要性。3.你认为大学生应该怎样做?10.AFoodPoisoningAccidentDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicAFoodPoisoningAccident.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
110你的几个同学因食用了从某超市买回的食品而中毒,幸亏及时治疗二脱险。请描述他(们)中毒与脱险的过程,并呼吁要加强食品安全。11.Gradescan’tSayEverythingDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGradescan’tSayEverything.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.分数并不说明一切。2.试举例论证。12.ManProposes,GodDisposesDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicManProposes,GodDisposes.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.如何理解“谋事在人,成事在天”这句谚语?2.试举例论证其中的道理。13.ALetterinReplytoaFriend.Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowritealetterALetterinReplytoaFriend.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:你的一位朋友将要参加英语四级考试,希望你给他一些备考建议,信件内容应包括:1.就如何准备四级考试提出几点建议。2.祝愿朋友考试成功。14.TheBranchCampusesoftheUniversitiesDirections:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTheBranchCampusesoftheUniversitiesYoushouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.今年来很多大学都在郊区建立了分校。2.大学在郊区成立分校的原因有那些?3.谈谈你的看法......15.WhiteLie.Directions:Forthispart,yourareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicWhiteLie.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有时候人们会出于善意而对别人说谎,这种谎言被称为“善意的谎言”。2.但有些人认为只要说谎就是不对。3.你对此的看法是......
111四级辅导资料错误纠正出处页码原材料或答案纠正后的材料或答案大学英语四级辅导资料(蓝皮)第12页第18小题Platfomp3platform大学英语四级辅导资料(蓝皮)第13页第23小题Infomp3Inform大学英语四级辅导资料(蓝皮)第18页第31小题Perfomp3ancePerformance大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第2页18小题录音原文Platfomp3platform大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)3页ConversationTwo录音原文Domp3itoryDormitory大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第5页passageTwo录音原文Pemp3ittingPermitting大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第9-10页ConversationCmp3ped、fmp3eComposed/frame
112Two录音原文大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第13页-14页SectionC第42、45小题Fimp3lyFirmly大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第14页ModelTestThree,SectionA第11小题Fimp3Firm大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第18页第3行fomp3sForms大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第22页第26小题缺答案应选C,从第一段第四句可知大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第39页Test4第6小题无答案应选A大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第64页快速阅读第4小题答案原稿在分析中最后可能笔误写成了NG改成N大学英语四级考试辅导资料(参考答案)(红皮)第65页第65小题原答案为D改为B四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第4页第9小题ThingDuring四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第6页第26小题Progmp3sPrograms四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第7页第32小题Hamp3fulHarmful四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第8页十五选十倒数第三行lessenslessons四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第12页翻译notonlybeNotonlytobe
113四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第15页题号有错,两个1按顺序改为1-10四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第22页cloze第五行an改为and四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第16页第18小题Informp3Information四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第17页第27小题Pymp3idsPyramids四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第33页clozeFamiliaraafamiliar四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第11页cloze没标题号顺序为67-86四级随堂辅导模拟试题(白皮)第31页第57小题题目中的1960s改为1950s此外,在写作部分,因为手误,有些字母b打成了v.第一章听力理解答案和解析Modeltest1SectionA 11.M:Beforeweplayagain,I’mgoingtobuyagoodtennisracket. W:Yourshoesaren’tinverygoodshape,either. Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply? 【解析】选[C]。女士说好像男士的鞋也坏了。女士的意思是要男士不但要买个好一点的球拍,也该换双鞋了,选项[C]符合题意。 12.M:Haveyoufoundapartnertoworkwithonbiology?Thelabclassistomorrow. W:Totellyouthetruth,I’vebeentiedupwithmychemistrycoursethisweek. Q:Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewoman? 【解析】选[B]。女士回答说事实上她这周一直忙着化学呢,即她还没有找到合作对象。[A]和[C]项误解了betiedupwith的含义,分别将该短语理解为“喜欢”和“厌恶”;[D]项是说太忙而没有时间学习化学,这与女士所说的“一直忙着学习化学”相矛盾,注意too...to的表达方式。 13.M:MakethirtycopiesformeandtwentycopiesforMr.Brown. W:Certainly,Sir.AssoonasIfinishtypingtheletter. Q:Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers? 【解析】选[C]。对话中的copies和typing都是在办公室场景中出现频率非常高的词语。另外,男士的祈使语气和女士对男士的称呼(Sir)有助于判断他们的上下级关系。 14.W:Itmustbethefirsttimeforyoutobeaboardawarship. M:Don’tyouknowthatI’vebeeninmilitaryserviceintheNavyforyears? Q:Whatcanwesayabouttheman? 【解析】选[D]。女士推测这是男士第一次登上军舰,男士用否定疑问句的形式对此予以了否定,说以前他就曾在海军服过兵役。即他之前就登上过军舰,故[D]为答案。 15.W:Howdidyourinterviewgo? M:Icouldn’tfeelworseaboutit.ThequestionswereveryfairbutIseemedtofindnoanswersforallof
114them. Q:Howdoesthemanfeelabouttheinterview? 【解析】选[B]。Icouldn’tfeelworseaboutit指Ifeeltheworst,这说明男士的面视并不理想,[B]是对他心情的正确描述。比较级用于否定结构可表示“最…不过”。如Nothingbetter(那最好不过了)。 16.M:Ican’tfindmylunchboxanywhere. W:Nevermind.I’lltreatyoutoday. Q:Whatdowelearnfromthisconversation? 【解析】选[C]。对话中的关键词是treat“款待;做东;请客”,男士说找不到自己的饭盒了,女士说没关系,我请你吃饭,选项[C]是女士回话的同义转述。[A]、[B]与对话无关。[D]是借treat一词设置的干扰项。17.M:Wasn’titterrific? W:Well,themusicwasenjoyable,butthestorydidn’tmakemuchsensetome.IstillprefertraditionalDramawithstrongcharactersandanexcitingplot. Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheplay? 【解析】选[C]。对话中男士问女士对戏剧的看法,女士说戏剧的音乐不错,但故事情节没意思,并补充说她喜欢人物塑造力强、情节生动的传统戏剧。由此推知她认为这部戏剧太现代派了,故[C]为答案。 18.W:Wherehaveyoubeenallthistime?Thetrainisabouttoleave! M:SorryI’mlate,butIwaswaitingforyouattheinformationdeskupstairs.It’sluckyIthoughttolookforyouhereontheplatform. Q:Wheredidthemanthinktheyweresupposedtomeet? 【解析】选[D]。根据男士的回答,我一直在楼上信息台那里等你,可知男士认为他们应在信息台见面。所以答案为[D]。 ConversationOne W:Excuseme,areyougoingtobuythatbook? M:Well,Ineeditforaclassbutit’sawfullyexpensive. W:Oh,wemustbeinthesameclass.IntroductiontoBritishLiterature? M:Yes,that’stheone.Wereyouthereyesterdayforthefirstclass?W:Isurewas.ProfessorRobertreallyseemstoknowhissubject. M:Yes,ItookhisShakespearecourselastsemesteranditwasverygood.Helikeslisteningtohisstudents. W:That’sarelief.I’mabiologymajorandIwasalittleuncertainabouttakinganEnglishcourse. M:I’manEnglishmajorandthisisarequiredcourse.ButnowI’mintroublebecauseI’mnotsureIcanaffordthisbook. W:Hey,I’vegotanidea.Whydon’twesplitthecostandsharethebook? M:Soundsgreat.Doyouliveoncampus? W:Yeah,Iliveonthe10thfloorofButlerHall. M:Perfect.Iliveonthe3rdfloorofButler.Weshouldhavenotroublesharingthebook.IcanbringituptoyourroomrightafterIwrapuptheassignment. W:It’sadeal. Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 19.Whereistheconversationmostprobablytakingplace? 【解析】选[A]。分析选项发现四个选项均是由表示方位的介宾短语“in+名词”构成,表明本题考查的是对地点的判断,我们可以根据行为活动和代表性的词语来判断地点。对话一开始女士的buythatbook即表明对话发生在书店内。而图书馆一般与借书、还书有关。
11520.Whichclassarethemanandthewomantakingtogether? 【解析】选[C]。四个选项的内容在录音中都有提及,关键是听清题目问的是男士和女士一起讨论的是什么课。回忆女士所说的inthesameclass和IntroductiontoEnglishLiterature以及男士的肯定回答Yes可以得出答案。21.WhatdoesthemanthinkaboutProfessorRobert? 【解析】选[D]。根据[B]、[C]、[D]可以推断He指的是一个老师或者教授。录音中提到了ProfessorRobert,女士说ProfessorRobertreallyseemstoknowhissubject,男士肯定了女士的说法,说ProfessorRobert的课verygood并且喜欢listeningtohisstudents,由此可以判断ProfessorRobert是一个优秀的教授。 ConversationTwo M:Youshouldhaveseenthelineatthehousingoffice.Ittookmeanhourtomakemydormitorydepositfornextyear.Haveyoumadeyoursyet? W:No,I’mnotsureI’mgoingto. M:There’snotmuchtimeleft.Thedeadline’sMay1.Thatisjusttwoweeksfromnow.Areyoushortofcash? W:No,I’mOkay.M:You’dbetterhurryupifyouwantadormroomnextSeptember.Therearen’tenoughroomsforeveryone,andfirstyearstudentshavepriority. W:Well,I’vebeenthinkingaboutlivingoffcampus. M:Haveyouanyideaofhowmuchthatwouldcost?Thereistherent,utilities,andyou’dprobablyneedacar. W:Iknowitwouldbemoreexpensive.IthinkIcanhandleitthough.ThedormisjustsonoisythatIcan’tgetanythingdone.MaybemygradeswouldbebetterifIhadsomepeaceandquietinaplaceofmyown. M:YoushouldstudyinthelibrarythewayIdo.Thinkofthemoneyyou’dsave. W:I’vegottothinkitoversomemore.There’sstilltwoweeksleftinApril. Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 22.Whatarethespeakersdiscussing? 【解析】选[B]。对话围绕着交下一年的宿舍押金展开,接着女士说她在考虑搬出校园,由此引发了两人的讨论,因此整个对话主要是对话双方讨论下一年在哪居住的问题,因此答案选[B]。 23.Whatmustapersondoinordertoliveinauniversityhouse? 【解析】选[A]。对话中男士说You’dbetterhurryupifyouwantaroomnextSeptember,而从前面的对话内容(makemydormitorydepositfornextyear)可知男士说的hurryup指的是赶紧去交dormitorydeposit,由此可知如果要住学校的房子,就要付一些钱给housingoffice,故选[A]。 24.Wheredothetwospeakerslivenow? 【解析】选[A]。从对话最后两人谈到在宿舍学习时的情况和住宿舍可以省钱可以判断两人现在都住宿舍,只是女士想搬出宿舍住。 25.Whatdoesthemanseemtobeconcernedabout? 【解析】选[D]。从男士的话Thinkofthemoneyyou’dsave可以判断他关心的是money,因此答案选[D]。[A]Grades是女士关心的问题。[B]和[C]两项对话中未谈及。SectionB PassageOne Whenyouturnontheradio,youhearanadvertisement.Whenyouwatchtelevision,youhearandseeanadvertisement.Ifyouturnthepagesofanewspaperormagazine,againyoufindanadvertisement.Ifyouwalkdownthestreet,youseeoneadvertisingboardafteranother.Allday,everyday,peoplewhowant
116tosellyousomethingcompetenttocatchyourattention.Asaresult,advertisementsarealmosteverywhere.IntheWest,advertisementsarethefuelthatmakesmassmediawork.ThegovernmentdoesnotgivemoneytomassmediasuchasTVstations,newspapers,magazinesandradiostations.Theyareallownedprivately.Sowheredoesthemoneycomefrom?Fromadvertisements.Withoutadvertisements,therewouldnotbetheseprivatebusinesses. Haveyoueveraskedyourselfwhatadvertisingis?Throughtheyears,peoplehavegivendifferentanswerstothequestion.Forsometimeitwasfeltthatadvertisingwasameansof“keepingyournamebeforethepublic.”Andsomepeoplethoughtthatadvertisingwas“truthwelltold.”Nowmoreandmorepeopledescribeitinthisway:Advertisingisthepaid,nonpersonal,andusuallypersuasivedescriptionofgoods,servicesandideasthroughvariousmedia. Alladvertisementstrytomakepeoplebelievethattheproduct,idea,orserviceadvertisedcandowelltothem.Advertisementsexisteverywhereinourlives. Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 26.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout? 【解析】选[D]。这篇材料开篇就提到了广播、电视、报纸上的广告(advertisement),随后讲了广告的定义,结尾说广告到处都存在,这表明本篇讲的是广告的繁荣发展,故选项[D]符合题意。 27.What’sthefinancialsourceoftheprivatelyownedmassmedia? 【解析】选[C]。选项[C]符合题意,依据是Sowheredoesthemoneycomefrom?Fromadvertisements。 28.Accordingtothepassage,whatisoneofthefeaturesofadvertisements? 【解析】选[B]。选项[B]符合题意,依据是Advertisingisthepaid,nonpersonal,andusuallypersuasivedescriptionofgoods,servicesandideasthroughvariousmedia。convincing是persuasive的同义转述,意为makingyoubelievethatsomethingistrueorright,即“使相信,使确认”。PassageTwo OfficialsattheOlympicGamestakingplaceinSaltLakeCity,Utah,saytheyhavemettheirenvironmentalgoals.However,environmentalgroupssaytheSaltLakeOlympicGameshavedonepermanentharmtothearea.ProtectionoftheenvironmentisnowofficiallyoneofthethreegoalsoftheOlympicmovement.Theothertwogoalsaresportsandculture.Today,manycitiesseekingtoholdtheOlympicGamespromisetooffergreaterprotectionfortheenvironment.However,anenvironmentalgroupsaysthattheSaltLakeOlympicCommitteemakepromisesthatithasnotkept.Forexample,activistscriticizeskijumpsthatwerebuiltintothesidesofthemountains.TheyalsocriticizetheofficialsforpermittingtreestobecutdownandnewroadsbuiltfortheOlympicGames.TheysaidbetterpublictransportationisneededtohelpdecreaseairpollutionduringtheGames.Andtheysaidnotenoughhasbeendonetoreduceenergyuse.LawyerssaytheOlympicsarebeingusedasanexcusetopreventdevelopmentthatnormallywouldbeunacceptableunderthecurrentenvironmentallaws. Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 29.WhatdotheenvironmentalgroupsthinkoftheSaltLakeOlympicGames? 【解析】[D]。在听录音之前,预览四个选项可知本文可能谈论的是Thegames与environment的问题。原文中用转折语言引出环境组织的意见,however,...havedonepermanentharmtothearea,故选[D]。 30.WhichisnotagoaloftheOlympicmovement? 【解析】[C]。四个选项均为含有积极色彩的名词短语,需要在听的过程中留意和它们有关的信息。 31.AccordingtotheenvironmentalgroupswhatisneededtodecreaseairpollutionduringtheGames?【解析】[B]。预读选项可以推测此题考查的是保护环境的行为,需要留意文中有关这些行为的细节。
117PassageThree Diet,diet,diet!Itgetstobeaconstantbattleformanyofustostayfitandhealthy.Butdietsdon’talwaysallowustolearnneweatinghabits,improveourself-image,ormakelifestylechanges.Developinggoodeatinghabitsandproperexerciseisapermanentissue.Andit’sthemaintopicofthisworkshop. Inordertokeepahealthydietandminimizetheriskofdisease,it’sessentialtoeatadietthatconsistsoflowfatfoodsandtomaximizeenergywithcarbohydrates.Beef,nuts,oils,andmostdairyproductsarerichinfat,soyoushouldeatlessofthose;whilepastry,rice,potatoes,andbreadcontainalmostnofatandareahighenergysourceofcomplexcarbohydrates.Youknowthatmanyfoodmanufacturesusesugartomakelowfatorfatfreefoodstastegood,butdon’tworrytoomuchaboutthat.Youdon’tnecessarily“getfat”byeatingsugar,sincesugarisanindirectfat.Whenyouexercise,carbohydratesarethefirstcaloriestoburn,ifyouwanttoburnofffat,it’sgoodtodosomesortofaerobicexercisesuchasbiking,swimming,running,orfastwalking.Butyouhavetokeepdoingthisexerciseforatleasttwentyminutesbecauseittakesaboutthatlongbeforewestarttoburnfat.Andthentheeffectofburningfatdecreasesafterforty-fiveminutesofexercise.Soifyoudosomesortofaerobicexerciseforthreetofourdaysaweekforaboutthirtytofortyminutes,you’llhaveanaffectivescheduleforreducingweight.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 32.Whatisthemaintopicofthistalk? 【解析】选[D]。在听录音之前,预览选项可知本文与饮食习惯和锻炼有关。 33.Accordingtothespeaker,whichwillburnmostquicklywithexercise? 【解析】选[B]。预读选项可知此题询问有关食物种类的细节,听的过程中需要留意对它们的描述。本题答案依据为Whenyouexercise,cabohydratesarethefirstcaloriestoburn,根据常识sugar正是碳水化合物的一种,故选[B]。 34.Accordingtothespeaker,whatisthemosteffectiveexercisetimescheduleforreducingweight? 【解析】选[D]。预读选项可知此题询问的有关锻炼的时间安排。注意,只要抓住threetofourdaysaweek这个关键信息就可以了。 35.Whatdoesthespeakersayisburnedatthebeginningofexercise? 【解析】选[A]。预读选项可知此题询问的有关食物营养成分的细节。注意,Carbohydrates的意思是“碳水化合物”。SectionC 36.【解析】choose。根据本空前的动词不定式小品词to及空后的介词from可知,本空中应填一原形动词。所填词与from构成固定搭配,并且是名词choice的同根词复现。 37.【解析】variety。a(considerable,great,wide)varietyof为习惯用语,表示“各种各样的,种类繁多的”。 38.【解析】tradition。从空格前的along和空格后的介词of可以推断此处应填一名词。空后的history对所填词起一定的提示作用。39.【解析】throughout。从空格后的逗号后面是一个完整的句子可以判断所填词应该是介词。空后的itshistory及thecountryhaswelcomed…fromallovertheworld,mostofwhomhaveneededtolearnEnglish中两处用的现在完成时起提示作用。40.【解析】immigrants。所填词作welcomed的宾语,并且这些人是来自世界各地,他们中的大多数都需要学英语。
11841.【解析】experienced。从and可以判断所填词和qualified构成并列关系,因此所填词应为一形容词,概念上与qualified相近,共同修饰teachers。42.【解析】overseas。所填词修饰students,因此应该为一形容词。空前的fromallovertheworld起提示作用。 43.【解析】enroll。所填词作who的谓语,并且与students在数上一致,故应填一原形动词,并且此动词和介词on搭配。 44.【答案】MostoftheseinstitutionsprovidepreparationcoursesforstudentswhoneedtoimprovetheirEnglishbeforetheystartuniversitystudy 【MainPoints】StudentswhoneedtoimprovetheirEnglishbeforetheystartuniversitystudycantakepreparationcoursesintheseuniversitiesandcolleges 45.【答案】theyarethemostcommontypeofcoursestakenbyoverseasstudents 【MainPoints】overseasstudentsusuallytakethesecourses 46.【答案】thechancetogettoknowtheschoolwheretheywillbestudyingandbecomemorefamiliarwiththeAmericanacademicenvironment 【MainPoints】thechancetoknowtheirschoolandtheAmericanacademicenvironmentModelTestTwo答案及解析:SectionA11.W:Lookatthemess!Andtheguestswillbeheresoon!M:Takeiteasy.I’llmakesurethehouseisspotless.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[A]。男士说他肯定会让屋子干干净净的,也就是他会打扫屋子的,选项[A]符合题意。spotless意为“一尘不染的,干净的”。选项[B]、[C]误解了对话中的takeiteasy。12.M:Isthenextgamegoingtobeheldatourstadiumortheirs?W:Doyoureallythinkitwillmakemuchofadifferencewithalosingrecordlikeours?Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?【解析】选[C]。女士说对我们这样一直保持失败记录的队伍来说,比赛在什么地方举行有很大不同吗?言下之意是他们的队伍终将失败,也就无所谓在什么地方举行比赛了,故选项[C]符合题意。13.M:Mum,Igotapart-timejobatthesupemp3arket.ThreehoursadayweekdayandalldaySaturday.W:Congratulations!Butareyousureyoucanhandleit?Whatabouthomework?Q:What’sthewomanworriedabout?【解析】选[B]。母亲第一次使用疑问语气,反映出她对儿子能否兼顾工作和学习的担心。第二次疑问则突出反映了她对儿子学习的忧虑,故选[B]。14.W:Yousee,therearetoomanypeoplehere.Let’sgotosomeotherplaces.M:Allright.ButcoldweatherinDecembercannotkeeppeopleawayfromthebusyshops.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[B]。女士说这里人太多了,到其他地方去看看吧。男士说,没问题,但是12月的冷天也不能阻挡人们来这些热闹的商店,言下之意是尽管12月的天气很冷,逛商店的人仍然会多,故选项[B]符合题意。15.W:Yourexamisover,isn’tit?Whyaren’tyoucheerful?M:Oh,Idon’tknow.Itisn’tthatthequestionsweretoohard,butIalwaysfeeluneasywhentheexamdoesn’tseemtohavemuchtodowiththebook.Q:Whatwastheman’sopinionoftheexam?
119【解析】选[B]。在but后男士提到试卷与书的联系不大时,他就总觉得不安。选项[B]是对此的同义转述。对话提到...itisn’tthatthequestionsweretoohard,意思是这些问题其实并不难。由此可以排除选项[A]、[D]。[C]项中time(考试时间)在对话中没有提及。16.W:Whatdoyouthinkofthemovie?M:Itwasworthneitherthetimenorthemoney.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[B]。“neither...nor...”结构是对两个内容的否定,也就是说时间和钱花得都不值,言外之意就是这部电影根本不值得一看。17.M:Goodafternoon.I’mMr.Jackson.Iansweredyouradforanexperiencedadvertisingexecutive. W:Oh,yes,Mr.Jackson.Won’tyouhaveaseat?Themanagerwillseeyoushortly.Q:WhatdowelearnaboutMr.Jackson?【解析】选[D]。男士来应聘广告上说的有经验的广告主管职位。女士说经理马上就会见他。关键词是experienced(有经验的)、seeyou(会见),另外前面的ad指报纸上的招聘广告,后面的advertisingexecutive指的是广告主管职位,选项[D]符合题意。18.M:Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellmewhenthenextflighttoLosAngelesis?W:Sure.ThenextdirectflighttoLosAngelesistwohoursfromnow,butifyoudonotmindtransferringatSanFranciscoyoucanboardnow.Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?【解析】选[D]。thenextflight、directflight(直达航班)、transferring(转机,换乘)构成了“在机场咨询航班情况”的特定场景。由女士所说的ifyoudonotmindtransferringatsanFranciscoyoucanboardnow可知答案为[D]。ConversationOneW:CanIhelpyou?M:Yes,I’mlookingforabookonthepresidentialelectionsystemintheUnitedStates.W:Well,allofourtextbooksarearrangedbysubjectandcoursenumberinthebackofthestore.IsthisarequiredtextforoneoftheUniversity’spoliticalsciencecourses?M:No,itisn’t.I’vealreadylookedthroughallthepoliticalsciencebooksintheback,buttheonesIsawonlyhadafewpages,atmost,onthetopic.W:Howaboutthepaperbacksection?Theremaybesomethingthere.M:Okay.W:Orbetteryet,youshouldtrylookinginBooksinPrint.M:I’veneverheardofthat.Whatisit?W:It’sanindexthatlistsallofthebookscurrentlyavailablefrompublishers.Ifyouhaveaspecificbookinmind,youcanlookundertheauthor’slastname.M:ButIdon’t.W:Thenlookdirectlyunderyoursubject,presidentialelections.M:WhathappensifIfindabookIwant?W:Well,ifit’snotinstock,wecanorderitforyou.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Whatisthemanlookingfor?【解析】选[B]。男士说“I’mlookingforabookonthepresidentialelectionsystem...”,后来说到“I’vealreadylookedthroughallthepoliticalsciencebooks”,由此可以推断,abookonthepresidential
120electionsystem属于thepoliticalsciencebooks。因此,他要寻找的是[B]Apoliticalsciencebook。20.Wheredoesthewomanfirstdirectthemanto?【解析】选[C]。当男士说需要一本关于总统选举体制的书时,女士以为他说的是textbook,于是马上说“allofourtextbooksare...inthebackofthestore”。因此,选项[C]符合题干要求。21.WhatkindsofbooksarelistedinBooksinPrint?【解析】选[C]。女士说“youshouldtrylookinginBooksinPrint”,在男士不知道什么是BooksinPrint的情况下,女士解释说,BooksinPrint是“anindexthatlistsallofthebookscurrentlyavailablefrompublishers”,选项[C]符合题干要求。注意,inprint是指“(books)currentlyavailablefrompublishers,正在出售的”;outofprint是它的反义词组,表示“已售完”,也很常用。ConversationTwoW:Didn’tyouwriteapaperaboutAlbertKahnlastsemester?M:Yes,formyhistoryofarchitectureclass.W:Oh,IamtakingitnowandIhavetodosomeresearchonindustrialarchitecture.IneedtoreaduponKahn’sfactories.SoIwouldliketoseewhatyouwroteaboutthem.M:Idon’tthinkmypaperwillhelp;IfocusonhisclassicaldesignlikeClementslibraryandofficebuildings,butyouareinterestedinthemodernbuildingheisfamousfor.W:Yesheisbestknownforhisfactory,especiallytheautoplantsinDetroit.Hemadeabreakthroughinindustrialdesign.Youknowbeforehistime,factoriesweresocomposedandinefficientbuthisfactoryprovideenoughlightandairandopenspace.Sothecarscouldbeassembledinonehugeplant.M:Irememberreadingthatpreviously,factorieshadwoodenframeandtheheavymachinerymadethebuildingsvibrateandtherewerefirehazardstoo.ButwhenKahnstartedtodesignautoplantsaroundtheturnofthecentury,reinforcedconcretehadjustbeeninvented.Talkaboutthebreakthrough,notonlywerethebuildingssturdyandfireproofbuttheywerecheaptoputuptoo!W:Youseemtoknowalotofabouthisindustrialcareer.M:ActuallyeventhoughIwroteabouthisotherworks,Ididalotofbackgroundreading.LetmeseeifIcandigupthatpaperforyou.Thereweresomebooksofarticlesincludedinmybibliographythatyoumightwanttolookupatthelibrary.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22.WhyarethestudentsdiscussingAlbertKahn?【解析】选[D]。由女士所说的...Ihavetodosomeresearch...Ineedtoreaduponkahn’sfactories可以推知,女士在研究卡恩的作品,整个对话就此展开。23.InwhichisAlbertKahnbestknownfor?【解析】选[B]。听音时注意和Kahn相关的信息:themodernbuildingheisfamousfor以及bestknownforhisfactory。问题问Kahn因为什么最有名,[B]为该细节的同义转述。24.TowhatindustrydidAlbertKahnmakeamajorcontribution?【解析】选[D]。听音时注意提到的行业。根据especiallytheautoplants“汽车车间”及Sothecarscouldbeassembledinonehugeplant。可推出答案为[D]“运输行业”。25.Accordingtothetalk,whatwasoneproblemwithfactoriesbeforeKahn’stime?【解析】选[A]。听音时注意和建筑缺点相关的信息,对话中男士提到therewerefirehazardstoo。问题问卡恩时代之前的汽车工厂存在的问题,[A]为细节再现。SectionBPassageOne
121ChildrenintheUnitedStatesareexposedtomanyinfluencesotherthanthatoftheirfamilies.Televisionisthemostsignificantoftheseinfluences,becausethehabitofwatchingtelevisionusuallybeginsbeforechildrenstartattendingschool.And,bythetimethattheaveragechildfinisheshighschool,heorshewillhavespent18,000hoursinfrontofatelevisionsetasopposedto12,000hoursinaclassroom.Parentsareconcernedaboutthesefigures.Theyarealsoconcernedaboutthelackofqualityintelevisionprogramsforchildren.Thedegreeofviolenceinmanyoftheseshowsalsoworriesthem.Evenifitisunreal—acartooncatbeatingupacartoonmousewithabaseballbat—thisviolencemayhaveanegativeeffectontheyoungmindsexposedtoit.Studiesindicatethat,whenchildrenareexposedtoviolence,theymaybecomeaggressiveorinsecure.Parentsarealsoconcernedaboutthecommercialsthattheirchildrenseeontelevision.Manyparentswouldliketoseefewercommercialsduringprogramsforchildren.Andsomeparentsfeelthattheseshowsshouldnothavecommercialsatallbecauseyoungmindsarenotmatureenoughtodealwiththeclaimsmadebyadvertisers.Educationaltelevisionhasnocommercialsandhasprogramsforchildrenthatmanyparentsapproveof.Themostfamousoftheseis“SesameStreet”,whichtriestogivepreschoolchildrenaheadstartinlearningthealphabetandnumbers.Italsotriestoteachchildrenusefulthingsabouttheworldinwhichtheylive.Eventhoughmostparentsandeducatorsgive“SesameStreet”andshowslikeithighmarksforquality,somecriticsarguethatalltelevision,whethereducationalornot,isharmfultochildren.Thesecriticsfeelthatthehabitofwatchinghoursoftelevisionadayturnschildrenintoboredandpassiveconsumersoftheirworldratherthanencouragingthemtobecomeactiveexplorersofit.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?【解析】选[C]。在听录音之前,预览四个选项可知本文与电视带来的负面影响有关。至于是对哪一方面的负面影响,既要根据主题句区分,还需要根据文章内容进行辨别。27.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoyouthink“SesameStreet”is?【解析】选[B]。预读选项可知此题询问的是电视节目的类型。Themostfamousoftheseis“SesameStreet”...为答案的依据,其中的these指的就是educationalprograms.28.Whatwillbetheconsequenceifachildformahabitofwatchinghoursoftelevisioneveryday?【解析】选[A]。预读选项可知此题询问的是They将会发生什么行为或变成怎样的状态,需要留意对动作和状态的描述。答案依据为:Thesecriticsfeelthatthehabitofwatchinghoursoftelevisiondayturnschildrenintoboredandpassiveconsumersoftheirworldratherthanencouragingthemtobecomeactiveexplorersofit.选项[A]中bored≈原文中的dull,passive≈inactive。PassageTwoCrimehasitsowncycles,amagazinereportedsomeyearsago.Policerecordsshowasurprisingrelationbetweenchangesintheseasonandcrimepatterns. Thepatternofcrimehaschangedverylittleoveralongperiodofyears.MurderreachesitshighduringJulyandAugust,asdootherviolentattacks.Murder,inaddition,ismorethanseasonal;itisaweekendcrime.Itisalsoanighttimecrime:62percentofmurdersarecommittedbetween6p.m.and6a.m.Oneismostlikelytoberobbedbetween6p.m.and2a.m.onaSaturdaynightinDecember,January,orFebruary.Exceptforonestrangestatistic,Mayistheleastcriminalmonthofall. Apparentlyourintellectualseasoncyclesarecompletelydifferentfromourcriminalpatterns.ProfessorHuntingtonmadealotofstudiestodiscovertheseasonswhenpeoplereadseriousbooks,attend
122scientificmeetings,andmakethehighestscoresonexaminations.Inallexamples,hefoundaspringpeakandanautumnpeakseparatedbyasummerlow.Ontheotherhand,ProfessorHuntington’sstudiesshowedthatJuneisthepeakmonthforsuicidesandforadmittingpatientstomentalhospital.Juneisalsoapeakmonthformarriages! Possibly,hightemperatureandhumiditybringonourstrangeandsurprisingsummeractions,butpoliceofficersarenotsosure.“Thereare,ofcourse,noproofofarelationbetweenhumidityandmurder”,theysay.“Whymurder’shightimeshouldcomeinthesummertimewereallydon’tknow”.Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?【解析】选[D]。根据选项的概括性强、信息密集可知,本题考查短文主旨。文章开头的Policerecordsshowasurprisingrelationbetweenchangesintheseasonandcrimepatterns为短文主题句,故[D]为答案。30.Whichisthesafestseason?【解析】选[B]。文章明确提到Mayistheleastcriminalmonthofall,表明五月是犯罪率最低的月份,也就是说五月最安全,故选项[B]正确。31.WhatdidProfessorHuntington’sresearchshow?【解析】选[C]。推断题。文章讲到,ProfessorHuntington调查人们读严肃小说、出席科技会议和考试得高分的季节,所有数据表明在春季和秋季是高峰,而夏季却是低峰,排除[B]、[D];另外短文中听到June出现最多的地方提到了两个peak,他们分别是自杀和医院接收精神病患者数目最高峰以及结婚的高峰,由此可以排除[A]项,得出答案[C]。PassageThreeDespitethepresenceofworkaholics,thereisagrowingrealizationintheUnitedStatesthattoomuchworkdemandcanbephysicallyandmentallyharmful.Manypeoplehavebeenrebellingagainsttheworkethic,sayingthatnojobissoimportantastodamagepersonalrelationshipsandrobpeopleofrelaxation.Therehasbeenashiftinvalues,withmoreemphasisbeinggiventopersonalrelationshipsandrelaxation.Leisuretimeprovidesopportunitiestofindpersonalsatisfactionandfreedomfromtheroutineofwork.IncreasedleisuretimeintheUnitedStateshasnotalteredtheideathatworkandplayaredistinctactivities.Thisdistinctionisclear-cut;thereare“work-hours”and“afterwork-hours”.Thereisabeliefthatitisdesirable“toworkhardandplayhard”andundesirabletocombinethetwo.Inmanyoffices,stores,andfactoriessocializingamongemployeesisdiscouraged.Anemployeeunderpressureatworkoftencannotaffordtorespondtosocialcallsandvisits.However,theamountofpersonalcontactonthejobdependsonthenatureofthework.Theremaybemoresocialinteractionbetweenteachersinaschoolthanbetweenscientistsdoingindependentresearch.Nevertheless,workandplayareusuallyperceivedandmaintainedasseparateactivities.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.Whatistheresultoftoomuchworkdemand?【解析】选[C]。本文开头就说toomuchworkdemandcanbephysicallyandmentallyharmful(工作量过大在体力上和脑力上都是有害的),即[C]。33.Inordertorebelagainsttheworkethic,whatdomanypeoplebelievenow?【解析】选[B]。文中claiming(宣称)即表明人们是这样认为(believe)的,nojobissoimportantasto...表明工作并不是最重要的,人们应该多注意与人的交往和放松自己,即[B]。34.Whatdopeopleexpectanemployeeunderpressureatworktodo?【解析】选[B]。这个例子出现在toworkhardandplayhard这个概念被引出之后,文中原话说:处于工作重压下的职员是不能进行社交拜访活动(意即休闲)的,与[B]表达的意思是一样的。35.Whatdoesthespeakerimplybysaying“thedistinctionisclear-cut”?【解析】选[A]。文中clear-cut一词出现前有workandplayaredistinct(不同的)
123activities,之后又出现了work-hoursandafterwork-hours和toworkhardandplayhard等词句,均说明美国人认为工作和休闲是截然分开的。SectionC36.【解析】claim。从manufacturer’s这个所有结构可知所填词为名词,而且可以和介词for搭配。另外,liveupto和所填词构成动宾搭配,liveupto意为 “遵守(诺言、原则等),符合”。句中的or表示:faulty和or后面的部分是选择性并列关系。那么,consumer买的商品可能有瑕疵或者不像manufacturer标榜得那么好。claim作名词时常和for搭配,for后面的it指代的是anitem。37.【解析】produce。空前will限定所填词为一原形动词,并在句中作谓语,和results构成动宾搭配。主语thisaction是指上句中的presenttheguaranteeatthestoreofpurchase,在很多情况下,这种方式都比较有效。表示“产生好的效果”的搭配有produce/bringabout/bear/give/yield(good)results。38.【解析】complaint。从ingeneral(一般而言)可知,这句话是对上一句的进一步说明,所填词很可能和上一句中的关键词complain有关,而且作空后settled的宾语。Settle暗含“解决(棘手的或令人不愉快的事情)”。complaint是complain的名词形式,takeone’scomplaint意为“抱怨”,等同于complain。39.【解析】assuming。空前的句子结构已完整,所以本空应填一“动词+ing”,即现在分词作伴随状语。40.【解析】person。inperson意为“亲自,本人”,为固定短语。空后的转折句butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase...tophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter起提示作用。41.【解析】acceptable。空前的Itis及tophone…表明本空中应填一形容词。考生应注意:短文听写中若出现Itis/wastodo结构时,所填词往往为以able结尾的形容词。42.【解析】firmly。所填词前面的but表示“尽管…还是…”,所填词和politely应该词性相同,但意义相对。短文听写中的副词往往以ly结尾。43.【解析】question。inquestion为固定搭配,意为“正在谈论的”,修饰theitem。在文章语境中,正在谈论的商品也就是顾客向经理抱怨的商品。44.【答案】theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements【MainPoints】theconsumerwillsucceedbypresentingspecificinformation,butnotbymakinggeneralstatements45.【答案】theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintaspolitelyandasfirmlyaspossible【MainPoints】theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintpolitelyandfirmly46.【答案】Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateorpublicorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumersrights【MainPoints】SheorhecanthreatentoaccusethesellerorreportthesellertoanorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumersrightsModelTestthree答案和解析:SectionA 11.M:Thenwhydidyoudecidetoquityourformerjob?W:That'sbecauseofthejourney.Ittookmeabouttwohourstogettowork.Yourfirmiswithinwalkingdistance.Q:Whydoesthewomanwanttochangeherjob?
124【解析】选[D]。男士问女士为什么辞了以前的工作。女士说因为她每天要花两个小时去上班,同时流露出羡慕男士的公司离其住所近,[A]错误。女士所说的journey,指路程而不是旅行,[B]错误。[C]项未提及。[D]中说女士不想在上班的路上花太多的时间,符合题意。12.W:DoyouthinkEdwardwillgethereontimeforthejobinterview? M:Ifhedoesn't,nobodywill.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[A]。这道题关键在于听懂男士的回答。女士问他Edward能否准时参加面试,男士并未直接回答,而是说:如果他不能的话,那么就没有人能了,言外之意就是他肯定会准时到达。13.M:Hey,youshouldbedoingyourartclassnow.Whyareyouhere?W:IrealizedI'venotalentfordrawing.Dramaisabetteralternativethanthosebrushes.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?【解析】选[D]。女士的回答中,Dramaisabetteralternativethanthosebrushes是这个对话中的关键点。[D]项表明她已经退出了艺术课,而选择了戏剧课,故为答案。14.W:Ohdear,Igainedthese10poundsinthelast3months,noneofmyclothesfitanymore.M:Iwouldn'tcomplain,youlookmuchbetter.Infact,youcangainanother5poundsandstilllookgood.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[C]。每每女士为自己的体重大惊小怪时,男士常会给予一定的安慰和劝说。对话中男士说youlookmuchbetter.Infact,youcangainanother5poundsandstilllookgood表明,男士劝女士不应为其体重担心。15.M:I'dliketobuythesefourgreetingcards.Aretheytenyuaneach? W:Threeofthemare.Butthatsmalleronecostsonlyhalfthepriceofthebigones. Q:Howmuchwillthemanpayforthecards?【解析】选[C]。这是一道综合性的计算题,但并不复杂,只要听到Threeofthemare(tenyuaneach)"其中三个是每个十元"及thatsmalleronecostshalfthepriceofthebiggerones"小卡片的价钱是大卡片的一半",确定应选[C]。16.W:Iknowyou'rebusy,buthowaboutattendingafilmfestivaltonight?Yourfavoritestarwillmakeanappearance.M:YouthinkI'dgivethatamiss?Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[A]。女士对男士说我知道你很忙,但今晚你愿意参加一个电影节吗,你最喜欢的明星会露面。男士反问道,你认为我会放弃这个机会吗?实际上暗示了他肯定会去的,这和选项[A]吻合。男士的回答中,YouthinkI'dgivethatamiss?是这个对话的关键点。17.W:Wouldyoumindsendingchampagneandstrawberriestomyroomat1a.m.please?M:I'lltry,ma'am.ButonWednesdaythekitchenstaffleaveatmid-night.Q:Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace? 【解析】选[D]。champagneandstrawberry、sending…tomyroom、kitchenstaff构成了一个"在宾馆谈论送餐"的特定场景。18.W:Youwereonthephoneforalongtime.Towhomwereyoutalking?M:Oh,toSusan.Shealwaysknowsthelatestnewsintownandshecouldn'twaittoseemetotalkitover.Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?【解析】选[B]。对话中男士不仅回答了女士的问题,还进一步提到Susan急于告知他镇上的最新消息。选项[B]eagertopasstheinformationsheknows就是对话中couldn'twaittoseemetotalkitover的同义转述can'twaittodosth.意为"急切地想要做某事"。ConversationOneW:CanIhelpyou?
125M:Yes,I'dliketoreadsomearticlesthatareonreserveaboutBritishculture.W:ProfessorGrand'sclass?M:That'sright.Howcouldyouknow?W:Let'sjustsayyouarenotthefirstpersoncominginaskingforthosearticles.M:Oh,well,seeingashowIhaven'treadanyofthemyet,itdoesn'treallymatterwhichoneyougivemefirst.W:I'mafraidIcan'tgiveyouanyofthematthemoment.They'veallbeencheckedout.M:You'rejoking,allofthem?W:Everymonth.I'veaskedprofessorGrandtwicealreadytobringinadditionalcopiesofthearticles,butnosoonerdoIplacethemontheshelvesthantheyaregone.Seethatgirlintheblacksweater?She'sbeenwaitingforhalfanhourforthosesamearticlestobereturned.M:Andhere'sme.Iwentoutofmywaytofreeoutthewholeafternoontoread.W:I'msorry,butthereisnotawholelotIcandoaboutit.AllIcansuggestisthatyoucomeinfirstthingtomorrowmorningandtryagain.Weopenateight.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Whatisthemansurprisedtolearn?【解析】选[C]。男士来借阅论文,被告知论文都被借走(beencheckedout)了,不由得说,Youarejoking,allofthem?其中,Youarejoking表示不相信、惊讶之情(surprised)。同义的表达有Areyoukidding?20.WhatdoesthewomansayaboutProfessorGrand?【解析】选[D]。根据选项无法判断问题是什么的时候,更需要我们注意听问题。题目问ProfessorGrand的情况,图书管理员说她已经两次请ProfessorGrand拿来多份论文,但总是很快就被借走了。其他选项在对话中都找不到依据。21.Whatdoesthewomansuggestthatthemando?【解析】选[A]。对话的最后部分女士建议男士明天一早就过来(comeinfirstthingtomorrowmorning),并告诉他开馆时间为8点。ConversationTwoM:Comeon,Julie,howarewegoingtoconvinceeverybodythatI'mthebestcandidate?W:Itwon'tbeeasy!M:Thanksalot!W:Oh,justkidding.Actually,Ithinkonceweshoweveryonehowwellyoudidasjuniorclasstreasurer,youaresuretobeelectedpresident.M:Well...,what'syourstrategy?W:OnethingIwasthinkingofistohangcampaignpostersinallthehallways.M:Buteveryoneputsupposters.Weneedtodosomethingdifferent.W:Letmefinish.Thecampusradiostationiswillingtoletyouhavefiveminutestomorrowmorningatseventooutlineyourplansfortheyear.Lotsofstudentswillhearyouthen.M:Greatidea!W:I'vealsoarrangedforyoutogiveaspeechduringdinnertimetomorrow.Overahundredstudentswillbethere.Andyoucananswerquestionsafteryoufinishspeaking.M:ThatmeansI'dbettercomeupwithaspeechprettyquickly.HowaboutifIwriteittonightandshowittoyouafterchemistryclasstomorrow?W:Fine.I'llseeyouafterclass.
126M:Youarereallygoodatthis.I'llbegladyouagreedtohelpmeout.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22.Whatelectionarethespeakersdiscussing?【解析】选[D]。听对话,注意对话开头部分,捕捉与elected相关的信息,根据thebestcandidate,suretobeelectedpresident可以判断他们谈论的是学生会主席的选举。23.Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?【解析】选[D]。对话首句男士问howarewegoingto...;女士策略:OnethingIwasthinkingof...,I'vealsoarrangedforyou...。根据细节进行推理可知,女士是在帮助男士策划竞选活动。24.Whatwillthemandotonight?【解析】选[B]。听音时捕捉与选举有关的动作行为:comeupwithaspeech以及writeittonight。问题问男士今天晚上将要做什么,[B]为细节再现。25.Whatwillthespeakersdoafterchemistryclass?【解析】选[B]。听对话,捕捉与选项有关的表动作的词句,comeupwithaspeech,andshowittoyouafterchemistryclass。问题问谈话者化学课后做什么。根据细节进行推理,应该是Reviewtheman'stalk。SectionBPassageOneHumanbeingsenjoychallenges.Manyofthemlikephysicalchallenges.Theyaskthemselvesquestionslikethese:HowfastcanIrun?HowhighcanIclimb?HowdeepcanIdive?HowfarcanIswim?HowlongcanIholdmybreath?HowmuchcanIlift?HowhighcanIjump?Becausepeopleenjoychallenges,theyliketoplaysportsandwatchotherpeopleplaysports.Theylikeclimbing,running,diving,lifting,jumping,andsoon.EveryfouryearsmillionsofpeopleallovertheworldenjoytheinternationalsportscompetitioncalledtheOlympics.Therearechallengesthatarenotphysicalchallenges.Therearesocialandintellectualchallenges,too.LeonardodaVinci,wholivedinItalyduringthefifteenthcentury,enjoyedeverypossiblechallenge.Hewasanartistandpaintedthewellknownpicture,theMonaLisa.Hewasanengineerwhomadeplansforacitywithroadsunderthestreetfortraffic.Hewasaninventorwhoinventedadevicetoletpeoplebreatheunderwater.Hewasascientist,andhelearnedagreatdealabouthumanstructure.AnotherkindofchallengefacedtheEgyptiansbetween4,000and5,000yearsagowhentheydecidedtobuildthefirstpyramid.Theyusedsixmilliontonsofrock.ThatisenoughtobuildatenfootwallaroundallofFrance.Fourhundredthousandmenworkedfortwentyyearstobuildit.So,forthousandsofyears,peopleacceptedchallenges.Todaywestillhavemanychallengesbeforeus.Medicalsciencefacesthechallengesofconqueringthemanydiseaseswhichstillattackhumanbeings.Engineersandplannersmustbuildnewcitiesandnewkindsoftransportation.Scientistsmustdevelopnewformsofenergy.Andmanyofusareinterestedinthechallengeofspace.Weliveinanageofchallenge.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.Whenpeopleparticipateinsportingactivities,whatkindofchallengedotheyface?【解析】选[B]。预读选项可知此题询问的是challenge的类型。在听的过程中需要留意涉及类型的细节。文中开头的Manyofthemlikephysicalchallenges后用一系列的例子,如HowfastIcanrun?...Theylikeclimbing,running...表明,当人们参加体育活动时他们面对的是physicalchallenges。27.Whichbelongstosocialchallenge?【解析】选[D]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种行为在细节上的区分。在听的过程中需要留意文中出现了哪几种行为、分别是为了说明什么问题而出现。
12728.Howdopeoplereacttothecategoryofsocialchallenges?【解析】选[C]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查They对them的态度。在听问题时需要留意They和them分别指代的是什么。PassageTwoTodaywe’llexaminetherolethatprivatetransportation—namely,theautomobile—playsincityplanning.Anumberofsociologistsblametheautomobileforthedeclineofthedowntownareasofmajorcities.Inthe1950’sand1960’stheautomobilemadeitpossibletoworkinthecityandyetliveinthesuburbsmanymilesaway.Shoppingpatternschanged;insteadofgoingtodowntownstores,peopleinthesuburbswenttolargeshoppingmallsoutsidethecityandclosertothehome.Merchantsinthecityfailed,andtheirstoresclosed.Downtownshoppingareasbecamedeserted.Inrecentyearsthere’sbeenarebirthofthedowntownarea,asmanysuburbaniteshavemovedbacktothecity.They’vedonethis,ofcourse,toavoidhighwaysblockedwithcommutersfromthesuburbs.I’vechosenthisparticularcityplanningproblem—ourdependenceonprivatetransportation—todiscussingroups.I’mhopingyouwillallcomeupwithsomenovelsolutions.Oh,anddon’tapproachtheproblemfromapurelysociologicalperspective;trytotakeintoaccountenvironmentalandeconomicissuesaswell.Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.Howdidtheautomobileaffecttheworkforceinthe1950’sand1960’s?【解析】选[B]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对It对workers或jobs的影响。在听问题时需要留意It指代的是什么。30.Whatproblemdiddowntowncitymerchantsfaceinthe1960’s?【解析】选[C]。预读选项可知此题是考查对四种负面事实的区分,需要留意文中关于这些细节的陈述。31.Accordingtothespeaker,whyaresomepeoplemovingbacktothecity?【解析】选[D]。预读选项可知此题询问的是关于某件事情的原因。文中提到人们从乡下搬回到城市的原因是:toavoidhighwaysblockedwithcomustters...,[D]是对此的同义转述。PassageThreeTheUnitedStatesoperatesunderafederalsystemofgovernment.Underthefederalsystem,powerisdividedbetweenthecentralgovernmentandthestates.Thecentralgovernmentisgivenspecificpowers.ThesepowersarenamedintheConstitution.PowersthatarenotassignedtothecentralgovernmentintheConstitutionbelongtothestates.Thecentralgovernmentcanpasslawsthataffecttradebetweenstates.Thecentralgovernmentcanalsomaketreatieswithforeigncountries.Ithasthepowertoprintmoney.TheConstitutiongivesthecentralgovernmentthesepowers.Thesepowersbelongtothecentralgovernmentonly.However,thestateshavemanypowersthatthecentralgovernmentcannotcontrol.Forexample,astateisallowedtotaxpeoplewholiveandworkinthestate.Thecentralgovernmentcannotputalimitontheamountofmoneythatastatetaxesitspeople.Manypeoplefeelthatthefederalsystemhasmanygoodpoints.Onegoodpointisthatitrestrainsthepowerofthecentralgovernment.Thecentralgovernmentcannotbecometoopowerful.Anothergoodpointisthatthecentralgovernmentmakessurethatthebiggerstatesdon’tbecometoopowerful.UndertheConstitution,allstatesaretreatedequally.Thelawsofthecentralgovernmentdonotfavoronestateover
128another.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?【解析】[B]。在听录音之前,预览四个选项可知本文与federalsystem或centralgovernmentandthestates有关。而且这些选项的概括性很强,很有可能询问文章的主旨大意。33.Whichisthepowerofthestatesgovernments?【解析】[B]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种行为在细节上的区分。在听的过程中需要留意文中出现了哪几种行为、分别是为了说明什么问题而出现。34.Whatisstatedinthepassage?【解析】[D]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种事实的区分,而且均与中央政府和每个州的权力有关。35.Accordingtothepassage,whatisagoodpointaboutthefederalsystem?【解析】[A]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种事实的区分,需要留意文中出现了哪种或哪几种事实。SectionC36.【解析】feared。根据either...or...可以判断所填词和respected词性一致(即也是v+ed形式),语义相对。一方面是尊敬之情,那么另一种可能就是畏惧之情了。37.【解析】rank。从authority可以判断此处指的是社会中的等级。38.【解析】including。根据对句子结构的分析可以判断所填词和America一起构成句子的状语,因此应该填入分词形式。39.【解析】developing。所填词的宾语为excitingnewideas,从宾语的感情色彩可以判断所填词带有褒义,根据空前的maybe判断应该填入动词的ing形式,构成正在进行时。40.【解析】prizes。目的是为了encouragesuchcreativity,那么提供的应该是奖励了。41.【解析】accomplishments,意为“成就,成绩”。通常来说奖励的是所取得的成就。并且所填词和discoveries形成并列关系。42.【解析】considered。所填词与本句中的as构成固定搭配(consider...as...)。43.【解析】manners,意为“礼貌,礼仪”。根据空格后的thatyoungpeoplelackrespectforauthority可以判断此处是说对年轻人的礼貌有害。44.【答案】ThisimpressionmaybecreatedwhenvisitorsnoticeyoungAmericansaskingquestionsandarguingwitholderpeople【MainPoints】Youngpeoplemayleavebadimpressionwhentheyaskquestionsandarguewitholderpeople.45.【答案】Itisvitaltorememberthatitistheperson’sideasthatarebeingquestioned,nottheindividualhimself【MainPoints】Itisimportanttorememberthatpeopleargueaboutideasinsteadof theindividualhimself46.【答案】sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible【MainPoints】sothatthebusinessworkcangoonthemosteffectively第二章阅读理解详解Passage1
1291.A语义题mainly是个关键词,它让A做正确答案更合适,BC过于决断,D不确切2.C细节题见第三段3.A细节题见第三段首句B为干扰项虽然和最后一句话一样但含义有差别,最后一句是指Psychicabilitytakestimetodevelop,justastheotherfivesense.4.C细节题见第三段倒数第三句5.A态度题见第三段首句和末句Passage26.D语义题见第一段第四句。7.C细节题见第一段最后一句。8.A细节题见第二段第四句。9.C细节题thecaseofMariaVivasisanexample10.B推理题见第一段第三句,AC见第一段四五六七句,D明显与文中例子矛盾,所以选D。Passage311.A推理题见第三段第一句12.C推理题见第三段13.A细节题见第四段第一二句14.D细节题见第五段第一句15.C态度题文章解决了未来汽车两个问题,污染问题和交通拥挤问题,可见作者对未来汽车是持积极态度的。Passage416.A.主旨题。判断文章主旨要从文章整体来把握。文章第一段就指出美国股市昨日大幅下跌,接下来的几段都在介绍下跌的状况、原因、相关因素,并且详细介绍了各个股票指数的一系列数据,最后一段又描述了世界其他地区股市情况,可见全文都是在说明美国和世界股市的现状。17.A.细节题。根据文章第一段第二句,“从大公司收购到普通人购买房屋等各种事情都变得更加困难”,答案显而易见。其余三个选项均与文章意思相反。18.C.细节题。根据文章第五段最后一句,“在昨日收盘前的一小时左右时间里,华尔街的各种主要指数在一天的狂跌之后上涨了约三分之一的幅度”,所以在最后一两个小时内进行买卖的投资者有可能会获利。19.D.推理题。根绝文章第四段第一、二句话谈到借钱不顺利,银行不愿意贷款等情况,因此导致了克莱斯勒收购案进展受到了一定的阻碍。这一消息的结果影响到了公司的股价,紧接着第三句话就是谈到了戴姆勒-克莱斯勒股票价格的下跌。可见两者之间是有因果联系的。20.B.态度题。作者的态度可以通过材料的选择和措辞来判断。纵观全文,作者基本上都在描述事实和引用各种数据、言论,并没有发表自己的看法。可见,作者对于股市现状的态度是非常客观的。Passage521[D]题干问:“本文引用弗兰肯斯坦博士所说的话的目的是为了……”。此题可以定位在第1自然段,且文章1、2、3段反复强调“moralphilosophies”,因此选项[D]“引入生物技术中所存在的道德问题的话题”为正确选项。而选项[A]“给出DNA技术突破的精彩的一页”,选项[B]“强调手段对达到一种永久目的的重要性”和选项[C]“显示出他是如何在一千年前创造一种新的生命形式”都与原文不相符,不是作者引用的目的22
130[B]题干问:“我们从文章可以得出结论:人类克隆技术应该使用的方式是……”。正确选项为[B]“合理的并且是相当谨慎的”,从文中2、3、4自然段定位,归纳以后得出这样的选项。而选项[A]“过分和奢侈的”,选项[C]“激进的和不分青红皂白的”和选项[D]“公开的而且是热情的”都与作者在整篇文章所使用的语气不相符合。23[A]题干问:“我们从本文得知,奥尔德斯·贺胥黎持有怎样的观点?”此题可定位在第4自然段,正确选项为[A]“DNA技术应该受到个人的控制”,作者在文中对奥尔德斯·贺胥黎的观点提出了一种批判。而选项[B]“政府应该对个人少加以控制”,选项[C]“人们需要政府来保护DNA信息”,和原文的意思是相反的。选项[D]“关于人类克隆的道德观念应该被删除”与问题不符合。24[D]题干问:“从全文最后一段推测,我们能预测下面哪项是作者在下一部分将要讲述的内容?”此题可定位于全文的最后一句。正确选项为[D]“生物技术研究的现状”。而选项[A]“反思生物技术的道德”,选项[B]“对我们的个人隐私的冒犯性的侵犯”和选项[C]“我们后代智商不可避免的改变”都无法从文章的逻辑得出这样的判断。25[C]题干问:“根据最后一段,‘干件’和‘湿件’的关系就像……”。在文中“干件”指的是机器,“湿件”指的是人的肉体,因此选项[C]“机器和肉体的关系”为正确选项。而选项[A]“整体和个体”,选项[B]“想象和现实”和选项[D]“暂时和永远”都不能构成类比的逻辑关系。Passage6 26.[C]从文章第一段第四句可知。27[A]题干问:“如实验室研究中所表明,快眼运动的特征是……”。正确选项为[A]“急剧活跃的脑电图”,此题可以定位在第2自然段,且在第3、4段又再次说明。选项[B]“被研究者很快的反应速度”,选项[C]“复杂的记忆模式”和选项[D]“前一天事件的重现”都不是快眼运动的主要特征。28[B]题干问:“作者谈到‘人工语法’,目的是为了说明……”。正确选项为[B]“所学到的内在模式”,此题定位于原文的第3段,且在原文的第5段作者以学数学的学生为例说明,如果睡得好,大脑会发现一种内在的某种学习材料的模式。选项[A]“研究的重要性”,选项[C]“和灯泡的相似”和选项[D]“睡眠的重要性”都不是作者说到“人工语法”所要谈论的目的。29[C]题干问:“在研究中皮埃尔·马凯领导的小组主要利用的是什么方法?”正确选项为[C]“采用一种对比和比较的方式”,这个题考察的是对2、3、4、5段的归纳,他们把各种情形的情况进行对比性的研究。选项[A]“揭示一种长期持有的古训”,选项[B]“澄清了对梦的预言”和选项[D]“把因果关系联系在一起”都不是他们所使用的主要方法。30[D]题干问:“马凯给第二天参加大考的人有什么建议?”正确选项为[D]“在晚上好好的睡觉”,这是一个通篇的中心归纳的考察题,在晚上好好的睡觉对记忆是有好处的。而选项[A]“努力地记忆语法”,选项[B]“认真地研究课本”和选项[C]“记录自己的脑呈像”都不是他的明显建议,尽管这些错误的选项使用了原文中的某些表达和单词。Passage731[B]题干问:“本文最可能选自标题为……的文章”。正确选项为[B]“对哥伦比亚号事件的调查”,“inquiry”和“accident”为本文的中心关键词,很显然文章的中心关键词作为整篇文章的大标题。而选项[A]“Gehman对哥伦比亚号失事的评论”,在这篇文章中作者的态度相当谨慎,就事论事,没有涉及太多的评价。选项[C]“阐述航天飞机的安全”,离题太远。选项[D]“美国航空航天局正在被揭露的问题”,文中确实讲到美国航空航天局存在问题,但只是一部分,而不能作为整体。32[B]题干问:“在句子‘sincetheycouldplace’中的‘they’所指的是……”。正确选项为[B]“回答”,对该句进行句型分析后,得出“they”指代的对象为前面的“answers”,“answer”为在听证会上的回答。选项[A]“赔偿金”,选项[C]“决定”和选项[D]“问题”都与原文语境不相符合。33[A]题干问:“根据作者,导致哥伦比亚号航天飞机失事的主要原因是……”。文中作者明确讲述了导致航天飞机失事可能主要是因为其左翼受到了损坏,因此选项[A]“一个很可能左翼受到的损坏”为正确选项。而选项[B]“故意拒绝卫星图片”,选项[C]“有一种多愁善感以及所涉及的一种自负”和选项[D]“航天机构在执行任务中的行动迟缓”都不是导致事件直接引发的原因。34
131[C]题干问:“像文中所提到的,星期三的听证会的主题是……”。在4、5、6、7段反复讲到了美国航空航天局拒绝接受军事部门提供的卫星图像,此题可以定位在第5段的最后一句,“ThesubjectdominatedtheearlypartofWednesday’shearing”,该句中的“subject”指的就是美国航空航天局拒绝接受军事部门提供的卫星图像,因此选项[C]“美国航空航天局拒绝了军事部门提供的卫星图像”为正确选项。而选项[A]“轨道中情报卫星的一种精确能力”,选项[B]“美国航空航天局没有作出决定反对对哥伦比亚号的检测”和选项[D]“美国航空航天局和军事部门的合作”,尽管文中都有所提及,但却不是这次听证会所解决的问题和焦点。35[D]题干问:“下面哪项最能描述Gehman对于卫星图像的态度?”此题可定位于最后一段,该段讲述了Gehman对卫星图像能否检测出破损仍旧不敢肯定,且综观全文,可以看出他的态度是相当谨慎的,因此选项[D]“谨慎”为正确选项。而选项[A]“担心恐惧的”,选项[B]“盲目轻信的”和选项[C]“冷漠的”都不能概括原文的中心和含义。 Passage836[C]题干问:“本文最好的标题是什么?”正确选项为[C]“疫苗:方法和内在含义”,这一选项能概括说明文章的中心。而选项[A]“接种:福音或诅咒”,漏掉了关于接种疫苗的过程,是对中心的部分概括。选项[B]“接种所用的原理”,这是第2自然段的话题。选项[D]“一个受到攻击的奇迹的治疗方法”只涉及到最后一个自然段。37[A]题干问:“天花疫苗这个举例是说明什么情况?”此题可定位于第3自然段,且第3、4自然段的主题就是使用疫苗可能会带来负面效果,因此选项[A]“使用疫苗可能会带来负面结果”为正确选项。而选项[B]“疫苗的实际使用来控制传染病”,选项[C]“疫苗在于消除某些疾病的有效性”和选项[D]“疫苗对付疾病所使用的方法”都不是这个举证所谈论的观点。38[B]题干问:“这个短语‘warditoffnaturally’最可能的意思是……”。文中第2自然段讲述了在接种疫苗后,身体自然可以跟这种疾病进行对抗。因此选项[B]“很轻松地与之对抗”为正确选项。而选项[A]“自然地将其排除”,选项[C]“很不情愿地去管理它”和选项[D]“恰当地分解它”都不符合第二段所谈论的一个原理。39[B]题干问:“根据这篇文章,下面哪项是对的?”其实纵观全文,本文的中心讲的是免疫系统可以得到特殊的训练以应对疾病的较弱形式,因此选项[B]“免疫系统可以得到特殊的训练以应对疾病的较弱形式”为正确选项。而选项[A]“挽救大多数的人必然造成少数人的死亡”,选项[C]“强制性的接种对于大众的生存是不可或缺的”和选项[D]“接种的过程仍然是一个应该解决的神秘”都不能说明原文的含义。40[D]题干问:“作者写作本文的目的是……”。作者在这篇文章的语气是客观的,因此选项[D]“为了解释和告知信息”为正确选项。而选项[A]“评论和批判”,这是议论文,评论文的模式。选项[B]“论证和辩论”是议论文的模式。选项[C]“为了带来兴趣和娱乐”,但这篇文章是科普性的文章。Passage9 41.D.语义题。根据上下文,讨论了实战演习是否能够用于商界,并谈到许多老板都在向中国古代的著名军事家孙武学习管理技巧。显然,商业人士已经在运用很多军事上的理论。四个选项中,只有D最符合文意。 42.B.细节题。文章第二段中,正如办公用品公司施乐公司的首席战略官约翰·麦克德莫特指出,“传统的计划方式很少把竞争者的反应考虑在内”,显然答案是B。43.D.细节题。从第三段和第四段中,我们可以找到实战演习之所以能够产生积极效果,是因为这种演习拥有两个重要的特点,同时还加入了“quantitativeelement”。而D选项并不是实战演习积极效果的原因,而是结果。44.C.细节题。根据文章第三段第六行,各个团队列出所扮演公司“希望达到的一系列成果”,后面紧跟着的“preferencetree”即为上文“desiredoutcomes”的同义词。45.A.细节题。文章最后一段总结说明了实战演习模式之所以能够成功的原因,列举了三点,分别属于B、C、D,而A选项与题意没有任何关系。
132Passage1046.D.细节题。文章第一段提到的香港那些富裕的移民们开始冒汗是一种比喻的说法,意指他们开始变得紧张,后面指出问题所在是由于房价现在高得离谱,使得他们现在的生活开始变得不像以前那么轻松舒适。可见,令他们紧张的上涨的房价。47.A.细节题。文章第二段第一句话中的“dueling”含有决斗、竞争的意思,说明了两座城市都视对方为竞争者。48.B.细节题。根据文章第三段,随着外来人口越来越多,两座城市的本地人口住得越来越拥挤,可见本地人的居住环境正在变差。49.A.细节题。第四段第三行指出“不断创纪录的贸易顺差、中国的不断扩张、以及来自无数新上市的股票,所有这些都是得这个地区充斥着各种资金”,答案显而易见。50.A.推理题。根据文章最后一段,两座城市的政治家们都希望进一步扩大本地的人口规模,以促进经济的发展。考虑到前文指出两地目前的人口和土地之间已经产生了尖锐的矛盾,可以推出未来随着人口的增长,这一冲突将会更加严重。快速阅读参考答案(SkimmingandScanning)Passage1Spiders1.N当出现all这种过于绝对的词语时,考生应该引起注意。一般这样的命题多数是不正确的。首段中有句话:“Allspidersproducesilk,butonlysomeconstructwebstocatchtheirhomes...”命题中all的说法过于绝对。2.Y该命题是对原文第二段首句话的同义改写。3.N原文中第二段首句中写到,“ofthe600spidersinBritainonly12arestrongenoughtopiercethehumanskin”,因此并不是命题中说的当它们刺进人的皮肤通常能致人死亡。4.N原文中说,“Arachnebecamedepressedafterthisandintheendshehungherself.”注意代词this指代上面的句子,结合上一句一起理解,命题显然是错误的。5.NG文章中只出现过一次TimTegenaria,所以该题很好定位,即最后一段的第二句。可是文章中并没有出现tarantulaspiders。6.Y该命题定位在最后一段倒数第三句话处。7.NG首先定位Moneyspiders出现的位置是文章的最后的两句,可是并没有提到它是最小的。8.32,000该题由关键词speciesofspider定位在第二段倒数第二句。9.lookingattheirpalps该题定位在倒数第二段的首句。10.theGoliathspider本题答案在最后一段的首句。Passage2HowtobeatravelingbeautythisMayholiday这篇文章向人们介绍了在五一外出度假期间怎样保持女人漂亮本色。分别推荐了到海边,小镇,山区可选择的胜地,出行的最佳天气状况,要携带的护肤护发护唇用品,保湿防晒用品以及相关品牌与价格,还有其他的一些行之有效的保持美丽的建议。1.Y根据文章大意和第一段的最后两句话:Howcanyouprotectyourselfandstaybeautifulthroughsevendaysoftraveling?Herearesomehelpfulsuggestions.可以断定本题正确。2.Y在文中seaside标题下的第二小点:Shineinyourbikini.Exfoliatewithafinegrainedscrub,whichwillnotonlyletyourexposedskinshine,butalsoactsasadeepcleansertohelppreventskinfromdarkeningandrougheningaftertoomuchsunandsaltwater.可以断定本题正确。3.NG文中根本未提及。4.NG在文中seaside标题下Tips下的第三点:Neverusebodysunblockcreamsonyourface.Usespecialfacialsunblockcreams.但并未提及反之也然。故此句应该是notgiven。
1335.N根据文中smalltown标题下的第一句话:Typicalresorts:Lijiang,Yunnan;Zhouzhuang,Jiangsu;Phoenix,Zhejiang可以断定本题错误。6.Y在文中mountaineering标题下的第三段的第二句话:werecommendyouuseabsolutelynomakeupexceptforbasicskincare.可以断定本题正确。7.N根据文中mountaineering标题下,是两条建议而非五条。故判断本题错误。8.10-20℃9.XiaochengGushi10.lipconditionerandhandcreamPassage3AirplaneInstruments本文主要介绍了飞机的相关知识,包括飞机内部的一些重要仪器及它们的功能,飞机的制造和发展,指出了现代飞机与早期飞机的不同之处及相关问题;介绍了飞机场的规模和功用,飞机跑道、机场控制塔、机场大楼等的工作原理及作用等。1.N)[精析]本文介绍了飞机、飞机场等有关设施的特点,并没有介绍飞机的发展史。2.NG)[定位]由题干关键词anautomaticpilot定位到第1个标题下的第二段第一句话。 [精析]原文指出自动驾驶仪无需驾驶员按任何按钮便可驾驶飞机,甚至可以自动起飞和降落。但并未提及它驾驶飞机比驾驶员强。3.Y)[定位]由题干关键词theradioequipment定位到第1个小标题下第二段末句,"Theradioequipmentallows...toreceivenavigationsignals." [精析]该句意为"无线设备使驾驶员能够与地面控制人员谈话,接收导航信号",是题干的同义转述。4.Y)[定位]由题干关键词solid定位到第2个标题下首段首句Earlyairplanesweremadeofwoodframescoveredbyfabricandheldinshapebywire. [精析]该句意为"早期的飞机是由铁丝固定,织物包裹的木结构制成的",这显然不如现代飞机坚固。5.N)[定位]由题干关键词Grapevine和Texas定位到第3个小标题下第三段首句Oneofthelargest...ofDallasandFortWorth. [精析]由该句可知Grapevine,Texas是世界最大的机场之一的所在地。而世界上最繁忙的机场是位于本段倒数第二句的"O'HareInternationalAirport,inChicago"。6.Y)[定位]由题干关键词runways定位到第四个小标题下第三段首句。 [精析]第三段首句提到Heavilyloadedpassengerjetsneedlongrunwaystogatherenoughspeedtoleavetheground,可知跑道必须足够长。另外首段也提到现代飞机越来越重,也要求跑道足够坚固。7.N)[定位]由题干关键词PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)定位到第5个小标题下第二段。 [精析]由该段可知PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)是用于引导向机场靠近的飞机的系统,而用于引导远离机场的飞机的系统是GroundControlApproach(GCA)。8.electronic"microwave"landingsystems(MLS) [定位]由题干关键词controltowers定位到第5个小标题末段末句。 [精析]末段末句提到"电子微波着陆系统可以使飞机自动着陆",由此可知答案。9.customsandpassportcontrol [定位]由题意可定位到最后一个小标题下首段第六句。 [精析]从定位句可知从外国过来的乘客需要通过海关和护照检测。10.aspecialsignal [定位]由题干关键词detector定位到全文末段倒数第三句。 [精析]从定位句可知如果有人携带金属物品,检测器就会发出特殊信号。
134Passage4ThePowerofPersonalAttitudes1.N。根据题干中的信息词mainpurpose及ourphysicalbody定位到全文的第一段,结合文章标题可知本文的主旨是讲述个人态度的力量,而不是我们身体的生理构成。2.Y。根据题干中的信息词emotionalperceptions定位到第一段的第三句话,可知题干表述与原文相符。3.Y。根据题干中的信息词lowself-esteem定位到第一个小标题下的第二句话,可知题干表述与原文相符。4.N。根据题干中的信息词changeanynegativeattitudetothepositive定位到第一个小标题下第一段的倒数第二句话,可知题干表述与原文相反。5.N。根据题干中的信息词storyofthewomanwhofindsafobbychangingherattitude定位到第一个小标题下的第二段和第三段第一句话,可知题干表述与原文相反。6.NG。根据题干中的信息词speakpositivelyaboutanotherperson定位到第二个小标题下第一段的最后一句话,可知原文仅提到如果我们说别人坏话,可能会有问题产生,而并没有提到说别人好话是否会有好事发生。7.Y。根据题干中的信息词speaknegativelyaboutanotherperson定位到第二个小标题下第一段的最后一句话,结合第二段,可知题干表述与原文相符。8.allnegativeexpressionsorcomplaining。根据题干中的信息词expressnegativesentimentinlife定位到第二个小标题下的第三段前两句话可得答案。9.haveaoverallpositiveattitude。根据题干中的信息词rightattitudestowardsothersandlifearoundus定位到第三个小标题下的第一句话可得答案。10.apositivecalmattitude。根据题干中的信息词difficultcircumstancescomeinyourway定位到文章的最后一句话可得答案。Passage5HowtoMakeAttractiveandEffectivePowerPointPresentations1.Y。题干讲到了微软的PowerPoint对学术及商业陈述形式的改变,定位到文章的首段可知题干表述与原文相符。2.N。根据题干中的信息词wordingofthetext定位到第一个小标题下的第一段,可知题干表述与原文相反。3.Y。根据题干中的信息词thefontstylesforthetitleandthetext定位到第一个小标题下的第四段第一句话,可知题干表述与原文相符。4.N。根据题干中的信息词moreformalsituation和capitalizing定位到第一个小标题下的第七段第一句话,可知更加正式的方式是仅大写第一个单词的首字母,故题干表述错误。5.N。根据题干中的信息词Centeringbulletedlistsortext定位到第一个小标题下的第九段,可知题干表述与原文相反。6.Y。根据题干中的信息词Soundeffects定位到第二个小标题下的第三段,可知题干表述与原文相符。7.NG。根据题干中的信息词importing和twomegabytes定位到第三个小标题下的第三段,可知原文提到的是插入的图片要少于两兆字节,而并未提及插入的flash大小。8.aspossibleasyoucan。根据题干中的信息词lookattheaudience定位到第四个小标题下的第四段可得答案。9.eraseeverythingyou’vedrawn。根据题干中的信息词PressingtheEkey定位到第四个小标题下的第七段第三句话可得答案。10.meetyourpresentationneeds。根据题干中的信息词makechangesatthe“slidemaster”level定位到文章的最后一段可得答案。Passage6NaturalDisasters
1351.Y。根据题干中的信息词motionoftectonicplates定位到第一个小标题下的第一句话可知题干表述与原文相符。2.N。根据题干中的信息词madeup和layers定位到第二个小标题下的第一段可知题干表述错误。地球从内到外由三层组成:地核、地幔、地壳。3.Y。根据题干中的信息词convection定位到第二个小标题下的第三段前两句话可知题干表述与原文相符。4.N。根据题干中的信息词epicenter定位到第二个小标题下第五段的第一句话,可知题干表述与原文相反。5.Y。根据题干中的信息词volcanoes和tectonicplatescollide定位到第三个小标题下的第三段可知题干表述与原文相符。6.N。根据题干中的信息词Magma和Earth’scrustiftheliquidrock定位到第四个小标题下的第一句话可知题干表述与原文相反。7.NG。根据题干中的信息词MtEtna和160mphwinds定位到第五个小标题和第六个小标题的第二段第二句话,可知原文并没有提到意大利埃特那火山的具体影响。8.onlyhappensinthetropics。根据题干中的信息词fiercerotatingstorm及intensecentreoflowpressure定位到第六个小标题下的第一句话可得答案。9.thunderstormsandstrongwinds。根据题干中的信息词broughtbythehurricane定位到倒数第二个小标题下的最后一段可得答案。10.quicklydieout。根据题干中的信息词nowarmwater定位到原文的最后一句话可得知道答案。Passage7YoungerArtistsStruggletoExciteBuyers1.N。参见第一段中"...,ZhangXiaomingtravelstoChinaalmosteverymonth."和第二段中"ButZhangadmitstofindingitincreasinglydifficultonrecentvisitstobe'touched’bythenewworksthatshehasseen."可知,张晓明并未定居中国,她只是每月来中国旅行,并且她认为越来越难以被她看到的新作品感动。2.Y。参见第三段中"...,manyartistsarerepeatingthemselves..."可知,张认为现在的许多艺术家只是在重复自己(没有创新)。3.Y。参见第四段中'Themostimportantartists...wereinspiredbytheirtradition,historyandculture.’和第五中"...Butwhatishappeningrightnowisalotofyoungerartistscomingtothemarkethavealackofspirituality..."可知张认为最重要的艺术家们的作品都是从他们的传统、历史和文化中获得灵感,而现在的许多年轻艺术家则缺乏灵气。4.Y。参见第一段首句可知,张是苏富比拍卖行的中国当代艺术品部的副总监,也是国际资深专家。5.N。参见第六段中"ZhangisoneofseveralmarketprofessionalswhohaveraisedconcernsthatChinesecontemporaryartcouldbebecomingoverpriced,..."和第七段中"...,buyersarestillextremelybullish,thoughincreasinglyselective."可知,包括张在内的一些艺术品市场专业人士已开始关注中国当代艺术品要价过高的现象。但是,买主们仍然热情很高,只不过更加挑剔而已。6.NG。文章没有说中国当代艺术品是最受收藏家们推崇的。7.N。参见第十五段中'InterestinJapanesecontemporaryartwasverystrong,...piecessoldforbetweenthreeto10timestheirestimates.’可知,收藏家对日本当代艺术品的兴趣也很大。作品以估价的3到10倍价格出售。8.selectthegoodqualitypiecesinbestcondition。参见第十三段中'Themarketismorematurenowandcollectorswillselectthegoodqualitypiecesinbestcondition.十五选十强化训练参考答案
136Passage147.D此处需要一个动词。本句叙述申请专利的程序:申请人申请专利时需要对发明进行具体描述,然后将描述和样品一同提交政府官员,故填submit一词。48.O此处需要填入一个形容词和beneficial并列作表语。此句介绍政府官员签发专利的条件是原创性和有用性,故填original。49.A空格前为情态动词could,所以此处需要填入一个动词原形。此处和or后面的usethemthemselves意义上是对应的。根据常识,申请人获得专利后,专利当然可以自己使用,也可以转让给其他人,故填license“许可,特许”。50.K此处需要填入一个动词原形。政府为一项发明签发专利后,当然不能再为同样的创意签发专利,故填issue“签发,发行”。51.C空格前为情态动词could,所以此处需要填入一个动词原形和后面的介词of搭配使用。句子用without引导条件——如果没有支付费并获准使用就擅自使用该专利,因为专利受法律保护,发明人有权对其进行起诉。accuse和charge都有“控告,控诉”的意思,但是用法不同,分别为accusesb.ofsth.和chargesb.withsth.,故排除charge。52.F此处需要填入一个名词作介词for的宾语。使用专利的人要向专利发明人支付费用,获得使用权后才能取得专利的使用权。故填permission“许可”。53.I此处需要一个名词。对于专利,政府一方面实施保护政策,另一方面,为了让大众了解专利的相关知识,政府会出版专利的详细说明,所以填specifications“说明书”。54.M此处需要一个形容词,修饰其后的名词knowledge。政府出版专利详细说明的目的是让大众能够了解发明,所以填available“可利用的”。55.H上一段中提到美国政府在专利申诉的14年内进行保护,在这14年申报人拥有专利的所有权,超过14年,任何人都可以免费使用该专利。此处考查固定短语forfree“免费的”。56.N句子主谓结构完整,空格处可以填入一个副词。publicizingideas和定语从句中的bekeptastradesecrets之间是对比关系,因此需要填入一个表示转折意义的副词otherwise。otherwise和however都可以表示引导意义的转折,但however常用插入语,其前后需要加逗号,而otherwise不需要。Passsage21.【答案】H【分析】此处应为固定搭配,beconcernedwith意为“关心,担忧”2.【答案】A【分析】此处需要一个名词,和economic一起表示经济前景,prosperity“繁荣,前景”符合语义。3.【答案】I【分析】根据逻辑分析可知此处需要一个名词做receive的宾语,再根据前一句的句意,这里consideration更符合句意。4.【答案】B【分析】此处用status说明孩子们的地位再家庭和社会中越来越受到重视,与上下文达成一致。5.【答案】J【分析】通常一个独立的句子成分可由副词承担,consequently意为“结果”。6.【答案】C【分析】此处需要用动词的现在分词做thevarietyofstatutes的定语,表达保护孩子们的权利。7.【答案】K【分析】这里view是对前文叙述的总结,上文提到了“观点”一词,从中我们可以判断new的后面应该是view.8.【答案】D
137【分析】考查构词法,本文主要讲述孩子在家庭中的地位,而此处又涉及到孩子的培养问题,child-rearing“抚养孩子”正合此意。9.【答案】L【分析】此处需要一个形容词修饰做portion的定语,considerable是“大量的”意思,一般修饰不可数名词。10.【答案】E【分析】整篇文章介绍的是美国社会中孩子社会化的问题,应该说这一现象是当前社会问题之一,所以contemporary符合句意。Passage31.【答案】H【分析】此处需要一个形容词,根据上下文可知此处是要表达“要帮助孩子和成人减肥维持健康”的意思。故选healthy.2.【答案】O【分析】根据上下文,此处意思为“Satcher认为学校是有效预防和减少超重问题的中心,建议学校改进体育课设置……”“identify…as”为固定搭配,“把……看作”,因为后文的时态是过去时,故应填identified.3.【答案】K【分析】本句是虚拟语气。根据上下文,此处应填“improve”。表示“建议学校改经体育课设置……”。4.【答案】C【分析】此处需要一个动词,文章要表达的意思是“他敦促说,社区也必须提供安全的地方供人锻炼”,此处应用过去时,故填“urged”。5.【答案】J【分析】“attributeto”为固定搭配,意思是“归因于……”,此处是被动语态,所以应填“attributed”。6.【答案】B【分析】“classifyas”为固定搭配,本句意思是“美国每年约有30万人的死亡与肥胖有关,在1999年,超过60%的成人可列入超重或肥胖”,此处是被动语态,所以应填“classified”。7.【答案】M【分析】此处要表达的意思是“根据来自文生部长的一份新报告”,所以此处应填“according”。8.【答案】E【分析】此处要表达的意思是“在过去的20年中,青少年肥胖的普及已增长三倍”,所以应填“tripled”。9.【答案】I【分析】此处要表达的意思是“人开始超重的年龄越小,对他未来的生活质量的潜在影响就越大。”并且是“themore…,themore…”句型,所以应填“greater”。10.【答案】F【分析】此处需要一个名词,本句意思是“超重和肥胖是造成健康不良的主要因素”,所以应填“contributors”。Passage41.【答案】H【分析】此处“they”指上文提到的“天气预测”,“cometrue”为固定搭配,意为“实现”。该句意为“很多气候学家和绿色组织担心这一切会变成现实,除非全球的人们能够达成共识,协力控制温室气体的排放。2.【答案】D【分析】此处需要一个名词,根据上题的译文,可知此处应填“emission”,意为“排放”。
1383.【答案】O【分析】根据后文的“to”可知此处应填“from”,该句意思为“在未来几十年里,亚洲(全球63亿人口中超过一半人的家园)的气候将倾向另一个极端”。4.【答案】K【分析】此处在列举不良天气给人们带来的灾难,所以应填“disease”。5.【答案】F【分析】此处需要一个名词作主语,根据上下文应填“patterns”,意为“天气模式”。6.【答案】A7.【答案】G团体认为,目前在亚洲已经能察觉到某些变化,但以后的情况可能会更糟。这种变化还可能导致大规模的移民和普遍的人道主义危机。”所以应填“come”8.【答案】C【分析】本文的主题是温室效应,温室效应会使“冰川”融化,所以此处应填“melt”9.【答案】J【分析】该句意思为“随着全球越来越温暖,暴风雨会更加猛烈,由昆虫和饮水传染的疾病将扩散到新的地区。”所以应填“warms”,表示“全球变暖”。10.【答案】M【分析】根据后文的“deforestationandpollution”可知此处应填“degradation”,该句意思为“专家认为,环境恶化,如森林砍伐和环境污染,将很可能加剧气候变化造成的影响Passage547.D.feel是一个系动词,可以判断此处应填入一个形容词。通过上下文意思,以及后面介词about,可以确定选项为D项guilty。短语feelguiltyaboutsth.“对…感到有愧”。全句的意思为“我们很爱吃,但是往往在吃完之后又有负罪感”。48.M.beobsessedwith为固定搭配,原意为“被…附上/缠住/迷住心窍”,放在本句表示“十分重视”。全句的意思为“我们很关心健康和减肥,但肥胖却又空前地在蔓延”。49.A本句缺一个名词作主语,并且根据和介词to的搭配,可以推断出正确选项answer50.I本句根据more和ways可以判断出需要填入一个形容词构成比较级,根据上下文,表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令,却激发了更多新奇的方法来酗酒”,可以确定creative为正确选项。51.F本题较难。根据be和by确定应填入一个过去分词。再根据上下文,上文表示“应该吃典型的美国人吃的食物”,下文通过but转折,表示实际上“美国的食物已经被诸如比萨和热狗这样的舶来品所诠释了”,因此可以确定defined为正确选项。52.O此处要与religiousreasons平行,因此缺一与political搭配的名词,ideals最为“理想”。53.L由于横线后面没有宾语,可以确定不是形成bring的短语,这样本句实缺一名词,做bring的宾语。根据下文解释,“美国人对他们所吃的食物的态度是矛盾的”,可以推出本句意义为“坚定的观点也不是确定不变的”。因此可以确定certainty为正确选项。54.K系动词become后应填入一个形容词,和后面介词of形成短语be/becomesuspiciousof“对…感到怀疑”。55.J本句缺一个名词作主语,并且根据和介词in的搭配,可以推断出正确选项belief“(have)beliefinsth.”相信…。56.C本句是一般现在时,缺一个动词,且和with搭配,因此可确定选项share“sharesthwithsb”意为“与某人分享某事”。Passage647.E此处应填入E项,bewillingto为固定搭配。
13948.H此处应填入一个名词,而appetite通常和介词for搭配,此处句子的意思为控制我们无止境的欲望。49.A此处应填入一个形容词,根据上下文意思应选A项,意即:全球气候变暖似乎离我们太遥远,以至于我们无需为此担心。50.B此处应填入一个名词,而与computer搭配的名词在选项中根据上下文意思B为正确选项。51.F根据上下文意思此处应表达气候变化之意,因此F为正确选项。52.L该题较为简单,表示“上个世纪全球的气温上升了1华氏”,应能迅速找出答案。53.I显然ice与melt搭配,因此I为正确选项。54.K此处应填入一个现在分词,表示“海岸受到侵蚀”,因此应选K。55.N该题较为简单,应填入一个复数名词,所以填入N项。56.D因为therestof为固定搭配。第三章Cloze答案与解析Test1本文介绍很多博物馆正在筹办扩建的计划。尽管影响扩建行为的因素有很多,但主要的、共同的因素还是空间问题。没有足够的空间,博物馆就会失去扩充收藏品的机会。有时还不得不减少或者出售一些收藏品。1.C空格处缺少programs的定语,阅读全文得知很多博物馆正关注着这些大规模的扩建计划,此处使用expand的名词形式做定语。表内容。2.、A空格处缺少副词做状语。通过第一段纽约市的例子得知。博物馆扩建规模较大,因此大大改变了博物馆的正面和侧面平面图。radically意为“根本上,大大地”,符合题意。unnoticeably意为“不显著地”,unassumingly意为“谦逊地”.与modestly同义。3.C通过选项得知此题考查expected在句子中的语态。句子的主语为theseprograms,排除B)和D),beexpectedtodo意为“有望做某事”,扩建计划大大改变了博物馆的正面和侧面平面图。或者有望在不远的将来会如此。4.B,空格处缺少谓语动词的过去分词形式。作者以纽约市为例说明几家大的机构向空中扩建,spread意为“面积的延伸”,符合题意。scatter意为“分散”,establish为及物动词,后面需接直接宾语,increase意为“数量的增多”,均不符题意。5.C.本题考查固定搭配,thereasonforsth.。D)的迷惑性较强,为考生常犯错误,但是why后应该引导句子,此处空格后为名词短语,故答案为C)。6.A,空格位于不定冠词后,缺少名词。扩建行为的原因是很复杂的,但其中一个因素是共同的,那就是空间问题.consideration意为“考虑”,thinking意为“想法”,measurement意为“测量、尺度”,calculation意为“计算”。7.B通过选项得知本题考查increase在句子中的形式。空格处为with+n.+-v-ing/ed结构,做句子的伴随状语,意为‘‘随着博物馆藏品逐年增加”
140,collections与increase为主动逻辑关系,故答案为B)。8.D,空格处缺少名词。主语为space,不能等同于phenomenon和value,commodity意为“日用品”,“随着收藏品逐年增加,博物馆的需求和功能改变,空间成了人们的日常需求品”。treasure意为“珍宝”,与precious重复。9.B空格处缺少句子主语。作者以费城艺术馆为例说明空间成了人们的日常需求品,所以世界上没有任何一个地方像费城美术馆那样(缺乏空间)。somewhere意为“在某处”,anywhere意为“无论何处”,wherever意为“无论在哪里”,故答案为B)。另外,根据句子的倒装结构也可判断答案。10.C、空格处缺少形容词做space的定语。世界上没有任何一个地方像费城美术馆那样.多年来缺乏空间,最后一次整修还是在十年之前。excessive意为“过多的”.extreme意为“极端的”,unnecessary意为“不必要的,多余的”,皆为贬义词。additional意为“另外的”。11.A,空格处缺少形容词作facelift的定语。facelift意为“房屋整修”。noticeable,evident.visible的意思都是“明显的”,significant意为“重要的、重大的”。费城美术馆最后一次大的整修是在十年之前。12.D、空格处缺少become的表语。根据题意.由于缺乏空间,美术馆对艺术品捐赠物采取谨慎的态度。careful意为“认真的”,wary意为“机警的”,distrustful意为“不信任的”。13.A,本题考查固定搭配。of体现donations的性质内容。14.C,空格处缺少谓语动词。美术馆对艺术品捐赠采取谨慎的态度,这样会失去扩充收藏品的机会。strengthen意为“增强,扩充”。purchase意为“购买”,order意为“订购”,select意为“挑选”。15.D,由于空间问题博物馆只好减少或出售一些收藏品。takeon意为“呈现”。本题迷惑选项为A),attachimportanceto意为“重视”,后接宾语。invest意为“投资”,demonstrate意为“示范,证明”,与importance不能搭配。16.B,空格处缺少状语。通过上题得知,由于空间问题博物馆只好减少或出售一些收藏品。馆长不得不重新安排画廊,and表并列关系,所以空格处需要副词,意义表肯定。gradually意为“逐渐地”,regularly表“规则地”,故答案为B)。17.A,空格处缺少名词。根据句子后半部分warehouse得知,由于缺少空间.馆长只好把一件艺术品投入公众的视线中,把另一件存放于仓库中。view在句中意为“视线”,performance意为“表演”,appreciation意为“欣赏”,access意为“入口”。18.C本题考查store的词性。besentto后面可接动词原形和名词两种形式。如接动词,masterpiece和store为被动关系,需用tobestored。本题后接名词形式storage,表目的。storeroom意为“储藏室”,与warehouse重复。19.C,空格处缺少介词.空格处的句子提到博物馆需要额外的画廊和储藏室,但是博物馆在15年内没有打破这个束缚的计划,所以选项C)despite“尽管”符合题意。20.B.空格处缺少名词作介词of的宾语。Breakoutof意为“摆脱”。Enclosure意为“围栏”,envelope意为“封袋”,sphere意为“球体、领域”,territory意为“领土”。故答案为B,引申为“束缚”。Test2
141本文介绍了语言这种工具。对人类来说,语言是一种拓展知识的工具,语言学家认为,进化使人类拥有天生的语言能力,但是语言也不能自身发展,儿童学习语言比较容易,但是一旦脱离了人类社会,也无法掌握语言。1.B.空格处缺少谓语动词。根据句意得知,人类像新生儿一样不能使用语言应该是刚刚进化的时候。根据第二段第一句evolution也可得出答案。Evolve意为“进化”,generate意为“导致、引起,生成光、热”,born意为“天生的”,originate意为“起源、发生”。2.A.空格处缺少定语。文章第一句提到,人类把语言当做一种拓宽知识的方式,所以语言对人类来讲应该是valuable(有用的)工具。Appropriate意为“合适的”,convenient意为“方便的”,favorite意为“最喜爱的”。3.A.根据选项得知空格处缺少名词,且与后面的culturalgrowth在意义上并列。Attainments意为“成就”,feasibility意为“可能性”,entertainments意为“娱乐”,evolution意为“进化”。Attainments符合题意。4.D.空格处缺少表语形容词,且能与for搭配。Essential意为“基本的”,后接介词to;available意为“可得到的,可利用的”,后不接介词;reliable意为“可靠的”,不能与for搭配;beresponsiblefor意为“对……负责的”。5.C.空格处缺少动词,后接that引导的从句。句中they指上句的主语manylinguists。根据句意,人类高度进化的大脑使得我们具有天生的语言能力,这是语言学家所持的观点。Confirm意为“确认”,inform意为“通知”,claim意为“声称”,convince意为“使相信”。6.D.本题考查固定搭配providesbwithsth.向某人提供某物。7.B.空格处缺少名词。Organizations意为“组织”,organisms意为“有机体”。语言学家认为,天生的语言能力是人类所具有的,不存在于低等有机体当中。8.A.空格处缺少名词。Potential意为“潜力”,performance意为“表现”,preference意为“偏爱”,passion意为“热情”。天赋学说的支持者们认为,人类的语言能力是与生俱来的。9.A.空格处缺少介词。语言与人类童年时期大脑发育的一种官能是对等的关系。As意为“作为”,just意为“正如”,like意为“像”。10.B.空格处缺少形容词做定语。ideological意为“意识形态的”,biological意为“生物的,生理的”,social意为“社会的”,psychological意为“心理的”。语言本身发展是缓慢的,经过几个重要的生理周期。11.A.空格处缺少名词。Review意为“复习、评论”,reference意为“涉及、参考”,reaction意为“反应”,recommendation意为“推荐”。根据句意,虽然目前对天赋论的评论是多种多样的,但是支持的观点是无可否认的。12.C.空格处缺少状语。Inaword意为“一句话”,用来总结上述观点。Inasense意为“在某种意义上”,indeed意为“确实”,用来进一步说明上述观点。inotherwords意为“换句话说”,用来解释上述观点。根据句意,很多人支持天赋论,越来越多的学校发现,最好在低年级开始教授外语。后者是对前者的进一步解释说明。13.D,空格处缺少形容词作定语.空格后一句提到youngchildren学习外语的例子可以得出低年级学外语比较容易。
14214.B,根据选项可知,空格处考查固定搭配be+p.p.+to结构。revealed意为“显露”,后不接介词;exposed后接介词to,意为“暴露于”;engaged后接介词in,意为“忙于”;involved后接介词in,意为“卷入”。’15.C,空格位于定冠词之后缺少名词。regulations意为“规章制度”,formations意为“形成”,rules意为“规则”,constitutions意为“章程,构造”。根据句意,儿童能够学会周围的几种外语,而成人学习外语比较难是因为母语的规则在他们头脑中根深蒂固了。16.A.空格处缺少连词。根据句意,毫无疑问语言的某些方面是天生的.但它不能像真空一样自我发展。前后为转折的逻辑关系,故答案为A)。17.D,空格处缺少表语形容词.distinguished意为“卓越的”,protected意为“保护的”,isolated意为“隔离的”。根据句意,语言不能自我发展,假如儿童与其他人隔离开来将不能掌握语言。18.D.空格处缺少名词。exposition意为“暴露”。comparison意为“对比”,contrast意为“对照”,interaction意为“交互作用”。根据句意,假如儿童远离其他人将不能掌握语言,这说明,在语言的发展过程中,儿童与其他人的相互影响是很有必要的。19.A,空格处缺少名词.acquisition意为“获得”,appreciation意为“感激,欣赏”,requirement意为“要求”,alternative意为“可供选择的办法”。根据句意,交互活动对语言的获得作用要比人类其他本能更重要。20.C,空格处缺少状语。根据句意,理论学家把学习语言看做是需要模仿的和后天学习的行为。儿童通过模仿父母学会语言。二者是对等的关系。Test3本文介绍了美国知名作家赛珍珠及其文学作品的特点和成就.赛珍珠是一个多产的作家,她的一生和其作品的贡献成为中西方文化交流的桥梁。1.A.空格处缺少名词.figures意为“人物,角色”。强调抽象意义。根据句意,PearlS.Buck(赛珍珠)是美国文学史上最受欢迎的作家之一。2.B.空格处缺少谓语动词与宾语award搭配。obtain意为“获得”,achieve意为“完成,达到”。获得奖项通常用动词win或者earn。3.B.空格处缺少名词。achievement意为“成就”,recognition意为“认可”,contribution意为“贡献”,creation意为“创作”。根据句意。赛珍珠获得了诺贝尔文学奖,这是对文学创作最具声望的认可形式。4.A.本题考查固定搭配。NobelPrizeforLiterature诺贝尔文学奖。5.D.空格处缺少形容词修饰名词word。familiarized意为“变熟悉的”,recognizable意为“认可的”,mysterious意为“神秘的”,household意为“家庭的”。根据句意,赛珍珠成为一个家喻户晓的名字。6.A.空格处缺少名词。output意为“输出”,conception意为“概念”,invention意为“发明”,productivity意为“生产力”。根据句意.赛珍珠成为一个家喻户晓的名字是因为其多产文学作品。故答案为A)。7.B.本题考查publish在句中的形式,空格处缺少形容词做定语。works与publish是被动的逻辑关系,故答案为B)。
1438.D.本题考查wait与await的用法。根据句意,在赛珍珠80岁的时候,25卷书正待出版。空格前有助动词were,所以排除B)和C)。awaiting意为“等待”,相当于waitingfor。9.A.本题考查动词set与介词的搭配。setin意为“放在某处”,setaside意为“留出”,setup意为“建立”。setoff意为“出发”。根据句意,她很多等待出版的书都留在中国。10.B.空格处缺少谓语动词.与介词as搭配。actas和serveas皆意为“作为”,但是serveas强调“服务”。根据句意,赛珍珠的一生和其作品的贡献在于成为中西方文化交流的桥梁。11.C.空格位于定冠词之后缺少名词,做become的表语。outcome意为“结果”,mixture意为“混合物”,product意力“产物”,combination意为“组合”。根据句意,赛珍珠是中西文化的产物。12.D.空格处缺少动词。term意为“把……称作”,与call同义。describe意为“描述”。根据句意,赛珍珠是中西文化的产物,她把自己称为“精神上的双焦点”。但“精神上的双焦点’’不是一个名称,不能用动词call,这里应注意中西文化用语区别。13.B.空格处缺少名词。background意为“背景”。setting意为“场景”。根据句意。赛珍珠的中西文化背景是独特的。14.C.本题考查interest的形式。空格位于副词之后名词之前,缺少形容问修饰名词humanbeing。disinterest意为“公正无私的”。15.A.空格谓语助动词be之后that之前,缺少表语。beaware意为“意识到”,beconscious意为“有意识的”,bemindful意为“留心的”,responsive意为“做出响应的”。根据句意,我们不得不(cannothelpbut)意识到我们实际上面对着三个独立的角色。.16.B.空格位于助动词be之后.缺少表语。deal意为“应付”,后接介词with。analyze意为“分析”,distinguish意为“区别”。根据句意,当我们阅读赛珍珠的作品时.实际上是面对着三个独立的角色。17.C.本题考查动词learn与介词的搭配。learnfrom意为“向……学习”,learnof不存在,learnabout意为“了解”。根据题意,如果不了解三个角色中的任何一个就不能真正了解赛珍珠。18.D.本题考查honor的形式.honor意为“荣誉”,honorable意为“光荣的”,honored意为“被给予荣誉的”。空格位于连词though之后,从句省略主谓,故空格为从句的表语,主语为主句主语PearlBuck。19.B.空格位于不定冠词之后名词之前,缺少形容词做定语。comprehensive意为“全面的”,total意为“整个的,完全的”,complete意为“完全的”,genuine意为“真正的”。根据句意,答案为B).20.D.空格位于形容词之后介词之前,缺少名词。topic意为“话题,主题”,theme意为“主题”,subject意为“学科,对象”。根据题意,赛珍珠作为一个完整的人,不仅是一个著名的作家,还是一个有趣的研究对象。Test4本文介绍了出国旅行需要的4个基本条件:所熟悉的、舒适的交通工具,熟知那个国家的语言和银行系统,了解那个国家人们生活的习俗习惯,有个好的伴侣。如果缺少了这几个条件,旅行会变得很糟糕。一个去异国留学的学生,面对种种陌生的体验时,他肯定会感到很糟糕的。
1441.AA)enjoyable意为givingyoupleasureandsatisfaction“令人愉悦的,有乐趣的”,符合上下文。B)amusing“有趣的”,C)happy“快乐的”,D)favorable“有利的,讨人喜欢的”放在此处均不恰当。2.A.include意为“包括”,exclude意为“排除,阻止”,conclude意为“下结论”,contain意为“含有,容纳”。此处显然指包括以下的四个方面,故答案为A)include。3.D.awareness意为“觉悟”,后面搭配介词of,因此不符合题意;understanding后面也是搭配介词of;而interest后面搭配介词in;familiarity意为“熟悉,熟悉度”,后面搭配介词with,符合题意。4.B.此处是说要使旅途愉快,需要有很好的旅伴,句中companions意为“personswhoaccompanyorassociatewithanother(同伴、伙伴)”,是可数名词;company也可以表示“伙伴,来往的人”。但这是一个集体名词,表示“伙伴”的总称。因此B)项符合题意。5.A.这句话是说“我们都有过这么美好的旅行经历”,介词like表示“如同,像……一样”;而as作为介词意为“作为,身为”;介词towards和for分别表示方向和目标.不符合题意。6.【A】memory意为"somethingthatisremembered'’,即“记忆,回忆”;B)impression表示“印象”,与选项C)“意见”和D)“照片”都不符合此处的题意。7.A.“wouldlike'’是一个固定的词组搭配,意为want“想要……”,属于比较客气的说法。8.C.travel表示“去较远的地方或去国外的旅行”;trip指短途的尤指为了享乐而进行的旅游;tour是指去一个个地方访问,旅游一圈;.visit指“拜访”。结合上下文,C)travel符合文意,为正确答案。9.D.结合上下文,从第一段看,上面列举了四个好的条件,因此选用listed“被列举出的”最符合题意。A)outlined“被概括的”,B)talked“被谈论的”,C)discussed“被讨论的”均没有D)恰当.10.B.根据上下文,这句话是说,“如果以上四个好的条件不具备(存在),则整个旅行很可能会很糟糕”。A)impossibly“不可能地”显然与原文意思相悖;C)completely“完全地”太过绝对;D)partly“部分地”放在文中意思不通,故应选B)probably.“很可能地”。11.A.句中one代替了experience一词,避免了重复,而a没有此功能;this和that前均不能加修饰语,故A)项正确。12.A.inspect“视察’’显然不合题意,故排除;看到下文“学生要从机场找到去学校所在城市的路”。该题的答案便显而易见了,此处是说“去国外学习的学生”,故选A).13.D.根据上文可知,“去另外一个国家学习的学生在旅途中通常会遇到困难”,下文便列举了他们所面临的困难的种种具体形式,“通常独自出行”是其中之一.A)hardly“几乎不”,B)rarely“很少地”,C)particularly“特别地”均与文意不符,故选D)。14.A.yet用于否定句中表示“uptothepresenttime”,同否定形式连起来表示“到目前为止尚不……”,C)项用于否定句时,则前句也应为否定,意为“也不”;而B)与D)两项一般不与否定形式连用,故正确答案为A)。15.B.由句中“到达新的国家”可知对应的是“在一个大的国际机场”,故选international‘‘国际的”;A)national“国家的,民族的”;C)domestic“国内的”;D)local“当地的”
145均与文意不符。16.D.“findone’swayto…”意为“找到/认得去……的路”,是一个固定的习惯表达。17.D.由上句“学生需要找到从机场到学校所在城市的路”可推测出“或许他们要换乘飞机”.该短语的表达为“changeairplanes”,而非“alterairplanes”,故选D)。18.A.where在此引导了一个定语从句。指代前面的inacountry,是说在对一切都不熟知的一个国家,他们要经历上述的种种行为。19.C.此题考查的是情态动词的用法。“后来,在完成了上述所有这些行为后,他们或许会笑起来。”这句话表达的是一种不确定的推测,所以用may合适。20.C.“atthetime”是固定搭配,表示“在当时”.是说“在经历种种陌生的体验时,他们肯定会感觉很糟糕”。Test5本文介绍了“Geography”这个词的来历;地理学研究的分支:自然地理学、人文地理学及其研究内容以及地理学家的工作特点。1.B.此处应填入一个形容词,该处用动词compareandcontrast(比较和对比)支配places,说明应该是不同的地方,故填various。2.C.此句转折,由前面的研究不同的领域转为可能超出各自研究的领域,gobeyond是固定搭配.意为“超出,超越”。3.A.“把……看做一个整体”,应表达为considersth.asawhole,由上文可知此处的意思是“把地球看做一个整体”。4.C.从语法结构上.此处必须填入关系词,而且中间又出现了逗号,由此可知此句为非限制性定语从句,而选项中只有which可引导非限制性定语从句。5.A.由下文的others可知此处应为some。6.D.like在这里是介词,表示“像”,引出介词短语,修饰前面的smallarea,故应选like。7.B.entire是“整个的,全部的”,修饰后面的名词,意为“整个大陆”。A)extensive是“广泛的,大量的”;C)overall是“全面的,综合的”D)enormous是“巨大的,庞大的”。8.A.由上下文可知此处应为“方法”的意思,way为“方式,方法”;means表示做具体事,带来具体结果的“方式,办法”,而C)和D)项则不符合题意。9.C.由下文physicalgeographyandculturalgeography可知此处应填入geography。lO.A.focuson…是固定搭配。意为“集中于……”,同义词组为"concentrateon…”。11.D.此处与前面的theformer构成并列关系,应填人thelatter“后者”。12.B.由and把空格处要填入的词与starts构成并列关系,而A)learn意为“有目的地学习,获得某种技能”,B)study则为“研究”的意思,而C)和D)项不合题意,由全文可知地理学家主要是研究……,而不是学习……,故应选B)项.并且starts为单数形式,作为and构成的并列结构,study也应为studies形式。13.A.actupon(on)…是固定用法,意为“对……起作用”,由句中howhumanbeingsandtheirenvironment可知后面应填入与act连用表示“彼此相互作用”之意的词。14.A.
146先从本句的语法结构上看,A)neither和C)one均符合句法要求,而B)either用于否定句;D)each不与thcother搭配,但从上下文的意义看:地理学有许多分支,可以从不同的角度去研究,但是(注意本句的转折词But),地理学作为一门学科,其下任何一个分支都不可能忽略另一分支的存在,A)neither更符合上下文的逻辑意义。15.C.bedescribedas可以作为固定搭配,意为“把……说成……”。常用的类似结构还有beseen/regarded/treated/thoughtof/lookedupon/imagined等。16.C.根据常识和文中的说明可知地理学家的工作特点就是观察、记录、解释地区间的不同之处,而且difference后常跟between…的形式。另外,下一句话也暗示此处应填differences。17.D.此处应填入一个形容词,C)liking“喜爱,爱好”是名词,可排除;A)likely“可能的”;B)likeable“可爱的”与题意不符,D)alike“相像的”与句意“如果所有的地方都是相似的”相符。18.D.however在句中作插入成分,可不管它,整句话可直接为weknownotwoplacesareexactlythesame,其中no…thesame是完整的一句话,know又是谓语,故前应加that作引导词,引导宾语从句。19.B.由上下文可知这句话为总结句,Geographyisapointofview是一句完整的话,故中间应填入一个副词,B)then“于是”,A)still“仍然”,C)nevertheless“然而”,D)moreover.“而且”,A)、C)、D)均不合题意,故选B)。20.B.aspecialwayofdoingsth.是一种固定用法。A)workat…“工作……”,C)arriveat…“到达…”D)getat"指责,数落;获知”等.B)lookat…“考察……”.故B)项符合题意。Test6本文介绍了职业转换专家格雷戈.泰勒提出的一些对于辞职可能造成的情感问题的建议:如何写辞职信,如何与老板商谈离职一事等。1.A.该句大意为“如果你准备跳槽并找一份令自己更加有成就感的工作。职业转换专家格雷戈.泰勒提出了一些建议来帮你应对辞职可能造成的情感方面的问题”,此处应该选择引导条件状语从句的连接词if。其他选项分别引导原因、时间和让步状语从句,逻辑关系明显不对。2.C.从下文可知,专家所提供的是“指点、忠告”,而不是A)plans“计划”,B)warnings“警告”或者D)comments“评论”。3.D.根据前文中的moveforwardandfindamorefulfillingjob可知,专家提供的是关于“离职”的指点,而不是A)finding“找工作”,B)improving“改进工作”或者C)finishing“完成工作”。4.A.这里的tothepoint是一个固定搭配,意为“中肯的,切中要害的”,常用于短语keeptothepoint。5.B.此处意为“表达你对……的感激”,A)process“过程”,C)choice“选择”,D)resignation“辞职”此处均不合适,只有选项B)“经历”符合句意,指的是在原工作单位的经历。6.B.这一段介绍写辞职信的时候应该注意的事项。第一句就提到要简明扼要,最后一句还是说要尽可能地简单而低调,所以应该选择B),意为“你无须告知太多”。7.D.此句是说从递交辞职信开始的时间,应选择动词词组handin“递交”。fillin“填写”,endin“以……结束”和takein“吸收”放在此处均不符合文意。8.C.
147前一句讲的是不要告诉别人细节,本句提出了另一条建议:要完成手头的工作。两句间应该是并列关系,所以用also。其他选项分别表示递进、因果和转折关系,与句意不相符。9.A.B)form“表格”,C)scheme“计划”和D)report“报告”都过于具体,文章中并没有指明是哪项具体的工作,所以用A)“项目”来泛指手头上正在做的工作是最为合适的.10。B.离职之前完成手头上的工作对任何人而言都是一种礼貌和常识,故选择B)manners,选项A)deeds“行为”,C)intentions“目的”和D)relations“关系”均不符合文意。11.A.这部分的大意是“尤其是你打算获得推荐信的话”,选择especially表示一种递进的情况。选项B)specifically“具体地”,C)finally“最终地”和D)surely“必然地”放在此处均不符合上下文.12.D.此句是说离职前应休完剩余的假期,而A)relaxing“令人放松的”,B)rewarding‘‘有回报的’’或者C)refreshing“令人耳目一新的”放在此处和vacation搭配均不符合文意。13.A.本段主要介绍选择与老板商谈离职一事的时间和地点,由句中的location可轻易推出应选择A)Timing“时间,时机”。B)Date“日期,日子”.指的是特定的时间,C)Period“一段时间,时期”,D)Chance“机会”放在此处均不如A)项合适。14.D.breakthenews意为“透露消息”。选项A)silence“沉默”,B)record“记录”和C)promise“承诺”放在此处均与上下文不相符。15.A.前一句话提到在会议室和老板谈离职一事,这是一个相对中立的环境,与选项B)attitude“态度”,C)position“立场”和D)opinion“观点”无关。16.B.该句是说中立的环境将使离职者有更好的机会以控制老板的反应。选择中立的会议室来谈话是为了避免老板过激的反应,故选择B)“控制”。A)predicting“预测”,C)observing“观察”,D)under-standing“理解”放在此处和文意不符。17.A.员工突然辞职对老板而言是个意外,所以选择在一周之初的上午告知可以给老板时间对此事作出反应。选项B)escape“逃避”.C)select“选择”和D)benefit“受益”显然都不符合句意。18.C.最后一句话的意思是说:离职者的雇主可能不会对你的离去感到高兴,但是他们会感谢你给他们留出充裕的时间来寻找接替你的人,或者有足够的时间让你来协助培训新人。所以正确答案是C)“高兴的”。19.D.此句是说离职者的原单位会因离职者充分的告知而感激,故选D)appreciate。而选项A)enjoy“喜欢”,B)regret“后悔”和C)resent“憎恨”均与文意不符。20.C.此句是说原单位将寻找他人接替离职者。选项C)replacement“接替’’符合文意。而选项A)consideration“考虑”,B)promotion“提拔”和D)motivation“动机”均与句意不相符。Test7本文讲述声音对人类的意义,人们总是尽力发出声音来避免可怕的沉寂。虽然大部分谈话没有实际意义,甚至被其他人认为是无聊的嗡嗡声,但是人们还是想加入谈话来证明自己是一个人,而不是物品。当然也不是所有的谈话都是没有意义的,有些谈话也能够引起思想的共鸣。1.A.短语endin为固定搭配,意为“以…结束”。该句意思是“人的一生在啼哭中开始,在静寂中结束”,在句中begins对应的应为ends“结束”,故选项A)为正确答案。B)finishes“完成”,C)consumers“消费、消耗”,D)renews“使获得新生,更新”放在此处均不符合文意。2.B.该句意思是在人从生到死之间的整个中间阶段,只有B)interval“间歇、间隙”
148符合此意。A)interpretation“解释”,C)process“过程”,D)life“生命”均不符合上下文。3.D.此句话从正反两个方面论述了声音的存在对于人类的重要性:前半句表明人类在一生中总是在尽力要发出声音,而后半句指出很少有事物能够像沉寂(theabsenceofnoise)一样引起人类的恐惧。故D)absence“缺席,不存在”为正确答案。A)disturbance“动乱、喧嚣”B)avoidance“避免”C)presence“出席、到场”放在此处均与文意不符。4.C.此句话的意思是“在很大程度上人类谈话就是想竭力避免可怕的沉寂”。Ingreatmeasure意为“在很大程度上、多半”。由此可见,C)prevent“阻止、阻碍”是正确答案。A)cause“使产生、使发生”B)make“创造、引起”D)forbid“禁止、不许”均与文意不符。5.D.这句话的意思是“在一个人被介绍认识他人时,如果在交谈过程中出现多次中断,则此种情况会令他感觉自己很失败”。A)interruptions“打断”是指被迫中止,B)mistakes“错误”与文意无关,C)intervals“间歇、暂停”,D)pauses“暂停”指的是声响的暂时中止,符合此处文意。6.A.该句是说因多次交谈中断而感觉失败时,谈话者会嫉妒那些哪怕是毫无思想的话匣子。故选项A)envy“嫉妒”正确。B)hatred憎恨,C)love热爱,D)anger激怒均与文意不符。7.A.这句话是说,人们明白99%的谈话不过是像苍蝇的嗡嗡声一样没有意义,但是他还是想加入这种谈话当中。固定搭配longto“渴望、盼望”正符合该句意思。B)thinks认为C)dislikes不喜欢,D)agrees“同意”均与文意不符。8.D.此处是说尽管明白很多谈话毫无实际意义,但是人们还是想加入谈话,其目的是为了证明他是一个人,而非没有生命的蜡制品。选项A)mean意味着,B)find发现,C)say说都不符句意。9.B.根据上文可知,人类很多谈话并无实际意义,可推测出该句是说“通常人们交谈的目的并非是为了交流思想”,B)object目的、目标为正确答案。A)meaning意义,C)topic话题,D)obligation责任、义务,放在此处均与上下文不符。10.C.此处是说人们谈话的目的不是为了交流思想,而只是为了持续保持一种声音而已。固定搭配keepup意为“保持、继续”,故为正确答案。Getup站起来、起床,turnup出现,takeup占用、参与,放在文中均不符合文意。11.A.根据上下文,虽然人类的很多交谈并无意义,但是幸运的是,大部分谈话还是悦耳的。这显然是在说人们谈话的好的方面,故选A)fortunately幸运地。B)Unfortunately不幸地,C)surprisingly令人吃惊地,D)terribly恐怖地、可怕地均与文意相反,故不入选。12.C.根据文意,人类的大部分谈话是悦耳的,并且有相当部分的谈话对思想有益,即声音并不仅是一种单纯的声响,而且还会引起思想(mind)的共鸣。选项A)mentality智力、精神,B)spirit精神、灵魂,D)belief信仰放在此处均与文意不符。13.C.上文指出,人类的大部分谈话并无实际意义,如果一个人非要等到产生了明智想法之后才参与到别人的交谈中,这种做法无疑是可笑的和愚蠢的,故C)foolish可笑的、愚蠢的为正确答案。A)sensible明智的、可觉察到的,B)insensitive粗鲁的、愚钝的,D)wise明智的均与文意不符。14.A.作者在此进一步表明自己的观点,他认为人们不必等到产生了睿智伟大的思想之后才开口说话,因而在他看来,那些鄙视把谈论天气作为谈话伊始的人们似乎并不了解人们之所以想要交谈的原因。Conversationalopening意为“谈话的开端、开场白”
149,这里指人们常常以谈论天气作为谈话的开始。B)vacancy空白、空隙,C)hole洞穴明显不合文意,D)content内容、要旨放在此处虽无语法错误,但结合上下文,显然A)opening最适合文意。15.A.结合上述对14题的分析,此处应选A)ignorant无知的。B)conscious意识到的、感觉到的,C)aware意识到的、明白的,与文意相悖,D)regardless不顾、不论显然不合文意。16.C.根据上下文,这句话的意思是“但是,很少有人参加只允许他们向别人发出无意义噪音的谈话”。即谈话者希望自己的谈话不仅仅只是发出声音,同时还要agreeabletothemind。所以,这里所需要的是一个表示转折意义的副词。选项A)therefore“因此”表示因果关系,B)accordingly相应地也是表示因果关系,D)furthermore“更进一步来讲”表示递进关系,都不合文意。故选C)however。17.D.根据上文,可知若仅仅只是被允许制造某种声音,则大部分人会不屑于参加这种交谈。故选择D)merely只是、仅仅。A)completely完全地、绝对地,B)totally完全地,C)luckily幸运地均不合文意。18.A.选项D首先就可排除,except,in和so后面都可跟that从句,但意思各不相同:exceptthat除……外,inthat因为,而sothat表示目的或结果是……,只有except用在这里与上下文相符。19.D.此处that引导的从句与前面的“thattheyhaveseentwoorthreenewplays”同为介词except的宾语。20.B.atlength是一个固定搭配,意为“详细地、充分地”,这句话的意思是“晚会结束的时候,他们因自己的喋喋不休地谈论无聊的事情而庆祝自己是成功的交谈者”。Test8本文介绍了40位地质学家通过研究分析火星图片和机器人探测到的科学信息所得出的看法:火星不同于之前所认为的地形同月亮一样简单,相反它的地表地形多种多样,地质活动频繁,并且火星上可能有冰的存在,但是探测器没有发现生命存在的迹象。1.A.expectsb.todosth.指“期待某人做某事”,常常用于被动语态,最符合本题题意。C)requiresb.todosth.意思是“命令某人做某事”,是正式用语,若用在这里显得语气过重,D)beeagertodo指“渴望做某事”,不符合句意,B)hope指“希望”,但是它不能用于宾语+不定式做宾补的格式,故A正确。2.B.plentyof是固定词组,指“足够的、大量的”,后面接不可数名词或者可数名词的复数形式,A)plentyto后接动词原形,实际上是不定式做定语修饰Plenty,C)plentymore是固定词组,意思是“还有许多”,但它所接名词如果在前面已出现过,则plentymore后面不应再重复,D)plentyin不是固定搭配。3.A.B)opening主要指“职位空缺,有利的环境”,C)occasion指“社交上从事某活动的合适时机”,A)chance和D)opportunities均指“做某事而必需的实际环境”,但chance还表示“可能性的程度”,故最佳选择为A)。4.C.四个选项中,只有C)much可用来修饰形容词或副词的比较级,表示比较的程度。5.B.geologists地质学家,A)biologists生物学家,C)sociologists社会学家,D)psychologists心理学家,根据上下文。研究火星的应该是地质学家。6.D.lotsof和quantitiesof均是“许多的、大量的”,但是用在这里不如thousands
150of(许许多多的,成千上万的)更形象具体,更加能够表达“极多、相当多”的意思,故选D。7.D.尽管information和intelligence都有“消息、情报”的意思,且都是不可数名词,但科技情况或消息通常用scientificandtechnologicalinformation表达,而市场信息、军事情报等多用intelligence表示,本题句意为:这是40位地质学家的看法,他们一直在分析成千上万的火星图片和六、七十年代机器人探测到的科学信息。8.C.根据上下文,这一段主要讲了科学家们起初以为火星上的地形同月球上一样单一而缺少变化,但实际上火星表面地形多种多样,地质运动相当活跃,lifeless意为“死气沉沉的、枯燥乏味的”,且与第二段的life形成对照,最符合文章内容。9.A.这是一道判断推理题,据前文的duststorms和verysandy,可推知这里应选一个表“较荒凉、多风沙”的词,因此,答案为A)desert“沙漠”。10.D.mighty在这里指“强有力的,强大的”,相当于powerful,用来修饰glaciers(冰河),意指“水流的强大冲击力”。A)energetic精力旺盛的,B)great伟大的、巨大的,C)massive重大的、大块的、常含有“沉重而坚硬”的意思。11.C.analysis分析、分解,是可数名词,是英语中的外来词,它的复数形式是analyses,A)diagnosis诊断、判断,多用于诊断疾病,其复数形式是diagnoses,B)syntheses是synthesis的复数形式,意为“综合”。从文章内容来看,最符合题意的是C。12.A.convinced“使相信;说服;信服”,Iamconvinced…意为“我被说服相信……”,B)guarantee和C)believe一般不用于被动语态,D)proved与文意不搭配,不能说“我被证明……”。13.C)在这里,form指“形态、物体存在的方式”。题意为:任何表面水都将以冰的形式存在。其他三个词:A)appearance外表、外观,B)mould铸模、模子,D)shape外形、形状,与句意都不吻合。14.B.savesb.fromdoingsth.是固定搭配的动词短语,意为“省去(某人的劳力)”,from可以省略。原文中在explores后面省略了from,句意为:……它却可能使探险家们省的自己带那么多的水,动词carry是及物动词,不与不定式totake搭配,且语意上与take重复,也可排除D选项。因此,答案为B,意为“不得不”。15.A.解这道题的关键在于理解句子的意思。联系上下文。可看出该句意为:由于火星上可能有冰的存在,所以宇航员便不必携带大量的淡水了。因此,这道题的答案为water。16.D.say作及物动词讲时,后面可接由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,本句需填一个从属连词引导宾语从句,B)if的主句谓语动词多是ask,don’tknow,doubt等,一般不为say。A)项what不是从属连词;C)项how是副词,表方式、方法等,因此,D)是唯一选择。17.B.inagespast是固定搭配,“很久以前、在过去”。又比如intimepast指“好久以前、在过去”。Past在这里做形容词。18.B.no作“没有、全无”讲时是形容词,既可用在单数前面,又可用在复数前面,且可用在句首。A)not是副词,后接可数名词时要用nota;C)nor是连词,常与neither连用,不能用在名词前作定语;D)never是副词,用在句首,加强语气,但句子应用倒装形式。19.A.联系上下文可知,此句意为在火星上软着陆的仪器没有发现令人信服的生命存在的迹象,因此选A)detect“发现、察觉”。
15120.D.although在这里引导状语从句,意为“尽管、虽然”,该句意为:……尽管只有接近着陆工具附近的区域才能被检查到。翻译答案1.whether(itis)heatedornot考点:让步状语从句与被动语态2.didhechargemetoomuch/didheoverchargeme考点:notonly置于句首时,其后从句要进行倒装3.comparedwithmine/incomparisonwithmine考点:“与…相比”表达法4.halfasmuch(money)考点:英语比较结构原级比较一般用as…as;notas…as;thesame…as;特殊结构AistoBwhat/asXisY;A+倍数或几分之几as+adj./adv.+as+B.难点结构:as+adj.+n.+as分句和asmuch/many+名词+as分句5.toattributetheirchildren’ssuccessto考点:belikelytodo;attributesthtosb/sth6.withthequickpaceoflife考点:介词结构作状语;另外需注意with复合结构作独立主格表伴随时的用法:with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语7.becomesheavierandheavier/isincreasinglyheavy考点:heavytraffic这一搭配方法,“日益”的表达法8.playsanimportantrole/partin考点:“起作用”的表达法9.fallintobadhabits考点:固定词组的翻译;另需主义本句比较结构的用法10.hefacesitwithpatience难点:逐字翻译时主句中face宾语it容易漏掉11.Weatherpermitting/Ifweatherpermits考点:独立主格,或条件句均可。另外此处为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种:1.名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如:Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn’tknowwhattosay.2.名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如:Theproblemssolved(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.3.名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如:Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.4.名词/主格代词+形容词。如:Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.5.名词/主格代词+副词。如:Heputonhissweaterwrongsideout.6.名词/主格代词+介词短语。如:Theboygoestotheclassroom,bookinhand.7.Therebeing+名词(代词)如:Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.8.Itbeing+名词(代词)如:ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.12.Althoughtherewasaflood/Inspiteoftheflood考点:让步状语结构13.failureisthemotherofsuccess考点:宾语从句中,当主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时的时候,其宾语从句的时态一般要用任一适当的过去时态。若表达的内容是议论或常识、真理时,用现在时。14.nordidsheeverlosehertemper考点:so,neither,nor表示"也"、"也不"的句子要部分倒装15.buttheyinsistedonfinishingthework考点:insistondoing16.Igotconfused考点:时态17.Havingbeentoldbythedoctortostopsmoking考点:非谓语结构以及被动语态。现在分词,过去分词,不定式叫做非谓语结构,即有动词的意思包含在内但在句中不做谓语18.atouristwillhavetopassthroughthecustoms考点:“通过”“海关”19.peoplewhowatchTVincessantlymaybecomeoverlypassive考点:suggest作“显示”
152义时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气1.thatthematerialyouorderedareoutofstock考点:宾语从句;“缺货”2.whichcontributedtothegreatsuccessinhislaterlife.考点:非限制性定语从句--非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚.这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,译成汉语时,往往译成两个分句.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不可省略,无论指人、指物,一般不用that,要用who,whom和which.3.thevalueoflearningtotakethingsastheycome难点:对成分的分析,要翻译的部分核心词是“价值”,其它成分为修饰语4.somegovernmentleadersabusetheirauthorityandposition考点:“滥用”5.keeppacewithtime考点:词组keeppacewith6.hasarousedgreatattentionamongscientiststhroughouttheworld.考点:现在完成时态7.thatgreatmindsthinkalike考点:that引导的名词性从句作主语8.agreateremphasisonreducinginflation考点:put/placeemphasison;比较级的用法9.orIwillpunishyouwithsomenewassignments考点:“否则”or,otherwise10.Whatyouhavedonefallsfarbehindourgreatexpectations考点:主语从句--作句子主语的名词性从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。11.willhavebeenclosedbythetimewegetthere考点:将来完成时--将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的从句连用。构成(shall)will+have+动词过去分词12.didsheexpectthatherwayofdressing考点:英语倒装句。用于部分倒装的情况有:表示否定意义或半否定意义的词置于句首时。常见的有seldom,never,hardly,nonot,little等。由only,notuntil引导的状语置于句首时;nosooner…than,hardly…when等结构中,nosooner和hardly置于句首时,主语用部分倒装。在so/such…that引导的结果状语从句中,so/such引导的部分置于句首时主句用倒装。“so/neither/nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”so与前面的肯定句呼应,nor,neither与后面的否定句呼应。省略if的虚拟条件句以had/were/should开头引起的倒装。13.istobreakthemdowntosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems考点:非谓语动词作表语。不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。 14.nomoneybutnotwantinganyonetoknow考点:非谓语动词作状语。现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。 15.isgettingonwellwithme考点:主谓一致。如果句子的主语是并列结构,其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则:由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语,可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。当and连接的并列名词词组带有each,every,或者manya等限定词时,谓语动词通常用单数。由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso连接的并列结构作主语,随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。当主语后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引导的从属结构,或跟有由aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,
153except等引导的词组时,其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。1.assuggestedbythelocalgovernment考点:as引导方式状语从句2.youdealtwithyourownbusinessfirst考点:虚拟语气。wouldrather后接句子时,句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气,具体用法为:一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表过去的愿望3.hasmadegreatcontributionstothehealthofmankind考点:现在完成时态4.hadbeenspreadingbadgossipabouther考点:宾语从句的时态5.canoneimprovehisreadingskillsandenrichhisknowledge考点:倒装。以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely……when,never,nosooner……than,rarely,nomore,nornearly,notonly等以及only。6.thedatalistedinthereportbecheckedagaincarefully考点:主语从句中的虚拟语气。在Itisnecessary,important,strange,natural,advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要),impossible,improper,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,urgent,vitaletc.;itisapity;Itisrequested/suggested/desired/proposed等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气,即Should+动词原形或只用动词原形。7.anartasitisascience考点:asmuchas的变体as+much(many)+名词+as8.couldhavemadeagoodsalary考点:与过去事实相反的虚拟语气9.tostudents’beinglatefor考点:beusedtodoing;10.ranges/variesfrom50centsto4dollars考点:数字表达法与“从…不等”表达法11.Undernocircumstancesshouldanynation考点:以否定副词开头的句子要求部分倒装12.geteverythingready考点:主语从句中的虚拟语气13.comparedwiththatofChina考点:比较结构中比较对象的一致14.putourheadstogether考点:固定表达15.wemay/mightaswellwalkhome考点:“不妨”的表达法,另需注意主句结构itisnogooddoingsth16.istwiceasexpensiveasitwas.考点:比较结构as+adj.+as的变体17.singinganddancingtotheirheart’scontent考点:现在分词表伴随状态;“尽情”18.asifsheknewme考点:asif引导表语从句用虚拟语气的情况。asif后面可以接陈述语气和虚拟语气,如果句子的情况是真实的,那么只要保持时态一致即可,如果后面接的并非真实情况,则要按照虚拟语气规则把句子形式改变。当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下:如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时。从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。从句表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”。19.sothatitcouldbeconductedsmoothly考点:sothat引导目的状语从句20.hebeoffended/annoyed考点:由lest引导的从句中大部分为目的状语从句,需用虚拟语气,表示“以防,以免”等意思,其谓语动词多由should+动词原形构成,should也可省略。21.turnedadeafeartoourwarnings考点:固定表达22.asfluentlyashespeaksEnglish考点:as+adj./adv.+as23.WhetherTonywillcomeornot考点:主语从句,即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等,连词位于句首不能省略。24.couldnothelplaughing考点:固定表达
1541.didsherealize/didshebecomeaware考点:以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装,此处notuntil置于句首时,主句须倒装;若until后本身引导有从句,该从句本身不倒装。如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:Itwasnotuntilhewentabroadthatheknowthetruthofthefact.2.mainlyduetostressandtensionintheirwork考点:“由于”。引导从句与引导名词性短语时选择恰当表达。3.morethantwoandahalfmillionfamilieshavebeenliftedoutofpoverty考点:数字表达法4.AlltheboardmembersexcepttheChairmanvotedformyproposal考点:“除…之外”。besides:强调“除此之外,还包括”。Except:指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分。exceptfor:它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。But:常可与except互换,强调“不在其中”。apartfrom;其含义主要依据上下文而定,有时可与except换用,有时可代替besides.5.providingnewgrowthopportunitiesforChina'sforeignanddomestictrade考点:现在进行时态6.Thisisespeciallytrueofdevelopedcountries考点:itistrueof:…同样如此。7.Aslongasyouhavedrunkthatbrandofwine考点:aslongas;现在完成时态8.Withoutyourhelp/Butforyourhelp/Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp考点:与过去事实相反的虚拟语气9.issaidtohavebeentranslatedintomorethantwentyforeignlanguages考点:besaidtohavedone;被动语态10.thattheirprincipalhadcometoseethem/abouttheirprincipal’shavingcomingtoseethem考点:宾语从句中的时态11.asisknowntoall考点:as引导非限制性定语从句。as引导定语从句时,既可以引导非限制性定语从句,也可以引导限制性定语从句。as和which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰一个句子时的差异:as引导的定语从句的位置十分灵活,可以置于主句的前或后,也可以插在主句的中间,而which引导的定语从句只能置于主句的后面。as在指代所修饰的句子的同时,依然保留着其作为连词的含义,有“正如,好像,像……”之义;which仅单纯地指代其所修饰的句子所体现的含义。as多在从句中作宾语,仅在asisknown、asisreported、asissaid、asisannounced等被动形式的定语从句中作主语;which多在从句中作主语,但当非限制性定语从句中有宾语补足语时,which也可以作宾语如Greatwrongwasdonetohim,asanyonecansee.Bettytoldalie,whichherparentsfoundstrange.12.accompaniedbyhermother/incompanywithhermother考点:过去分词表伴随状态表被动。13.whatyouhavejustbought考点:名词性从句作宾语14.80percentofwhomcomefromthepoorareas考点:“介词+关系代词”。介词后面的关系词不能省略;that前不能有介词。“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词。15.Thestudenthadpublishedtwonovels考点:时态判断16.shefeltmoreoverjoyedthansurprised考点:moreAthanB结构。用来比较两种说法的正确程度,即前一种说法(A项)比后一种说法(B项)要正确一些,表示“与其……不如……”。在这个句型里,more后不能用形容词或副词的比较级形式,而要用原级形式,此外还可用名词、代词、动词、介词短语等。Heismoregoodthanbad.与其说他坏不如说他好。morethan或more...than后接从句,可表示否定意义。例如:ThebeautyofHangzhouismorethanwordscandescribe.
155杭州景色之美是说言所不能描述的。ThatismorethanIcantellyou,sir.这一点我是不能告诉你的,先生。1.thanstayedinNewYork考点:在两者中进行取舍,表示“宁愿……而不愿……,与其……宁可……”的意思时,可用wouldrather…than…或would…ratherthan…的句型,Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式,若选用的动词相同,那么than后的动词可以省略。如果谈到过去的动作,也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时,主句一般为wouldrather+从句(过去完成时)。例Iwouldratheryouhadnotdonethat.如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人,则wouldrather之后不接从句而接havedone结构。2.shouldadapthimselftothenewenvironment考点:虚拟语气。虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句:表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式;表示过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+v-ed;表示将来难以实现的愿望,谓语动词:should/would+动词原形。虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:“should+动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。3.Evenifthecalculationisright考点:让步状语从句。让步状语从句表示:虽然,尽管,即使等概念,由although,though(尽管,即使),however(无论怎样),whatever(无论什么),whoever(无论谁),whomever(无论谁),whichever(无论哪个),whenever(无论何时),wherever(无论哪里),whether(是否),nomatter(who,what,where,when,etc)(无论……),evenif(即使),eventhough(即使)等词引导。要注意的是由as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。4.resorttoviolenceinordertoescape考点:“借助于”to为介词5.isconsideredthesymbolofeternallove考点:被动语态6.thechampionshipwouldhavebelongedto考点:①虚拟语气,表示和过去事实相反的虚拟,主句要使用wouldhavedone;②短语“属于”的表达方式belongto。7.greatlyenrichedEnglish考点:①“丰富”的表达方式为enrich;②修饰程度用副词greatly。8.fromtheperspectiveofanadult考点:分词短语“从…角度”的表达方式为fromtheperspectiveof。9.cling/sticktotheirtraditions考点:分词短语“坚持”的表达方式为cling/stickto。10.onlytofind考点:不定式一般表目的,在表示结果时,用onlyto。另外注意本句时态。11.exposedtothesun.考点:独立主格结构。12.amuchlowerpricethanpredicted考点:比较结构变体13.whoeverviolatesthelaw考点:疑问词+ever可引导名词性从句,在主从句中要充当一定的部分。Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.14.Nosoonerhadheclosedthedoor考点:nosooner...than..."一...就..."引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时,"than"后面的从句用一般过去时.Nosooner...than...常放在句首,表示强调.这时nosooner后从句要倒装.与这个短语类似的还有hardly...when意思为:"还没...就..."15.comeupwithnewmethodsofincreasingtheworld'sfoodsupply考点:16.mylifewasworthliving.考点:本题考查beworthdoingsth.的用法,这个句式形式上是主动的,但意义上是被动的。17.suchmistakesweredoneawaywith.考点:Itis(high)timethat...接从句,从句中应用一般过去时。18.butthathehasbeenaddictedtotheNetforalongtime.考点:本题考查句式notthat...,butthat...(不是...,而是...。)的用法。
1561.arguingwithhimanylonger.考点:此题考查Itisnogood/use+动名词的用法,这个句式表示"做...是没有用的。"2.thefactthathehadbecomeamillionaireovernight.考点:本题考的是一个语言技巧,for后面通常不能接名词性的从句,如果接的话,要加上thefactthat+同位语从句。由于只是一个技巧,所以在翻译时不用将fact(事实)的词义译出来。3.Themoreyoucareaboutyourimpressiononothers考点:themore…themore4.hadtobeoperatedmanually考点:被动语态5.needn’thaveborroweditfromthebank.考点:与过去事实相反的虚拟语气6.shallhaveleftfor考点:将来完成时态7.somethingwasdone/somemeasuresweretaken考点:itistime+从句(过去式)8.Itisbecausesheistooinexperienced考点:强调句型:“Itis(was)+被强调的部分+that(who)+原句其它部分”。作文参考范文1.范文:框架搭建:由标题和提纲所列内容可知,本文应为一篇图表阐释类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段根据图表简要描述近几年报考研究生人数的变化;第二段说明报考研究生人数发生变化的原因;第三段谈谈个人对考研热的看法RushforPostgraduateStudyAccordingtothetable,itisclearthatthereissharpincreaseinnumberofpostgraduatecandidatesinxProvincefrom2000to2008.In2000,therewereonly1600candidatesparticipatingintheexam.However,2yearslater,thenumberincreasedto5600,andby2008ithasreached52000.Therearemanyreasonsaccountingforthegreatchange.Firstly,thetoughcompetitioninjthejobmarketisanimportantone.Theenrollmentexpansionofuniversitiesplacesagreatpressureonthejobmarket,whichstimulatesmanystudentstoturntofurthereducation.Secondly,manystudentswithequivalenteducationbackgroundtocollegegraduatesareallowedtoapplyforpostgraduatestudy.Finally,thesocietyhasagreaterdemandforthepostgraduateswiththeeconomicdevelopment.AsfarasIamconcerned,collegestudentsshouldtakefullaccountbeforedecidingtofruthertheireducation.Foronething,postgraduatestudydoesnotnecessarilyensureusabrightfuture.Foranother,it’satoughprocesstopreparefortheexamforpostgraduatestudyandnoteveryonecanstickitout.2.范文框架构建:通过审题可知这是一篇说明现象类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段概述“绿色食品”的受欢迎程度及现状;第二段说明受欢迎的原因;第三段指出在这一现象的背后应该注意的问题。GreenFoodAsmoreandmorepeoplefocusonhealthdiet,greenfoodhasbeguntodrawmoreandmoreattentionbythepublic.Inrecentyears,themarketdemandforgreenfoodhasincreaseddramatically,andallkindsofgreenfoodhaveemergedinanendlessstream.WhydoesgreenfoodbecomesopopularinChina?Aboveall,comparedwithordinaryfood,greenfoodishealthier,sagerandmorenutrious.Moreover,nowadays,manyvegetablesare
157pollutedbecauseoftheusageofagriculturalchemicals,whilegreenfoodisfreeofpollution.Besides,withtheimprovementoftheliveingstandards,morepeoplecanaffordahealthierbutmoreexpensivelifestyle.Sogreenfood,despiteitshigherprice,stillbecomespeople’sfavoritefood.However,nowadaysthemarketisfullofrealandfakegreenfood,makingmanyconsumersconfused.Therefore,thegovernmentmuststrenghthenthesupervisionandadministrationofgreenfoodmarket.Besides,consumersshouldincreasetheknowledgeofgreenfood.Onlyinthiswaycangreenfoodplayamorepositiveroleinpeople’slife.3.ToBecomeaSpecialistoraGeneralist?框架构建:这是一篇对比分析类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段引出两种观点;第二段分析持有两种不同观点的理由;第三段表明“我”对该问题的看法并说明理由。ToBecomeaSpecialistoraGeneralist?Whenitcomestowhetherastudentshouldbecomeaspecialistorageneralist,thereisnocompleteagreementamongpeople.Somepeoplethinkthatitisbestforcollegestudentstofocusonfevelopingskillsinonefieldtobecomeaspecialist.However,othersmaintainthataversatilegeneralistismorewelcimedinthecompetitivejobmarket.Thosepeoplewhoholdtheformeropinionbelievethatitisimpossibletodemandcollegestudentstobecomeallall-roundgeneralistwithinfouryears.Inaddition,withincreasingelaborationofsocialdivision,thespecialistsareinmoreurgentneed.However,stillsothersadbocatethedifferentopinion.Theyholdthatcollegestudentsshouldstretchthemselvestoasmanyfieldsaspossibletoadapttheincreasinglyfiercecompetition.Besides,generalistsarehighlydemandedintheinformationage.Personally,Iaminfavoroftheformeropinion.Idon’tthinkitisadvisablethatcollegestudentsequallyspendtheirtimeandenergyonseveralfields.Besides,thedevelopmentofhigh-techneedsspecialists.Therefore,Ithinktobeaspecialististherightchoiceformoststudent.4.ALetterApplyingforaBankLoan.通过审题可知这是一封申请信,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段简单介绍个人情况并表明申请助学贷款的目的;第二段说明需要申请助学贷款的原因;第三段保证自己会合理利用贷款并表明自己还款的决心和希望申请获准的愿望。ALetterApplyingforaBankLoan.Towhomitmayconcern,IamafreshmanmajoringinBusinessEnglish.Iamwritingtoapplyforabankloanof25000yuanRMBtosupportmycollegestudyforthefollowingfouryears.Myapplicationisbasedonthefollowingresons.Myparentsarebothlaid-offworkers,soit’sbyyondtheirpowertofinancemethroughthecollegeeducaiton.Andtomakemattersworse,mymotherhassuddenlyfallenillandisexpectingamajoroperation.Soinordertocompletemystudy,Iamcompelledtoapplyfortheloanfromyourbank.Igiveyoumypromisethattheloanwouldbeusedproperly.Meanwhile,I’llsparenoefforttoworkhardbothinthestudyandmyfuturecareersoastopaybacktheloanontime.Iwouldbegreatlyobligedifmyapplicationisgranted.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreply.
158SincerelyYours,WuYue5.ShouldClassAttendancebeRequired?框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇对比分析类作文,其基本段落安排如下:第一段概述大学里采取的点名制度,说明这种制度的作用;第二段指出对待该制度的不同态度并说明理由;第三段表明“我”对点名制度的看法和“我”的理由。ShouldClassAttendancebeRequired?Nowadaysrequiredclassattendanceisverycommonatcollegesanduniversities.Mostpeopleaccepttiasanecessarypolicytensurethenormalteachingorderandcreateagoodstudyatmosphere.Besieds,theythinkitisagoodurgeforthosestudentswholackself-discipline.However,stillsomeothersdonotagreethisargument.Intheiropinion,rigidattendancepoliciesdonotbenefitstudents’studies.Astudentmayhavetogiveupalecturewhichhefindsbitaltohisstudiessimplybecausehedarenotruntheriskofbeingpenalizedforhisabsenceofhiscourse.Besides,theysaythereisnoprovencorrelationbetweenattendanceandperformance.Asforme,Iaminfavorofthelatteropinion.Requiredclassattendancemaysecureonehundredpercentattendanceforacourse,butitdoesnotmakemuchsense.Astudentmayneverbeabsentinacourse,butwhoknowswhetherornotheisjustsisttingtheredaydreamingallthetime.Therefore,astudentshouldallowedtodecideforhimselfwhetheranin-classwxperienceisworthwhile.6.CrazeinFamousBrandsonCampus.框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇说明现象类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段概述大学生热衷名牌的现象;第二段说明导致大学生热衷名牌的原因;第三段谈谈“我”对大学生追求名牌的看法并给出相关建议。CrazeinFamousBrandsonCampusInrecentyearstherehasbeenacrazeinfamousbrandsamongcollegestudents.Oncampuswecanseemanystudentsdressinginfamousbrandsfromheadtotoe.Itisworthmoreattentionthatevensomestudentsfrompoorfamiliesalsobegintojoininthearmyfollowingfamousbrands.Collegestudents’preferenceforfamousbrandsiscausedmainlybythefollowingfactors.Aboveall,inmanycollegestudents’eyes,afamousbrandisasymbolofidentityandposition.Theybelieveitcanshowtheirgoodtaste.What’smore,inmodernsociety,famousbrandstosomeextentareequaltofashion,whichhasagreatattractiontoyoungcollegestudents.Besides,parents’spoilingtheirchildrenhelpsformtheirunhealthycomsumptionhabit.AsfarasIamconcerned,itisirrationalforourcollegestudentstobecarzyaboutbuyingfamousbrands.Afterall,wehavenoincomesource.Itisshamefultouseourparents’moneytosatisfyourvanity.Therefore,Isuggestthatweshouldfollowtheconsumptionprincipleofbeingpracticalandthrifty.7.HowshouldCollegeStudentsRelievePressure
159框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇对策方法类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段指出当今的大学生主要面临那些压力;第二段说明大学生用于缓解压力的主要方式;第三段谈谈“我”缓解压力的方式。HowshouldCollegeStudentsRelievePressureToday’scollegestudentsfacemanypressures,mainlyfromparents’expectation,severeemploymentsituationandfiercesocialcompetition.Althoughsometimespressurecanprovidemotivation,overduepressurehasaseriousnegativeeffect.Pressurecandestroyastudent’sconfidence.Moreseriously,itmightmakesomestudentslosecontroloftheiremotionsandbehaviors.Itsinecessaryforcollegestudentstolearntohowtorelievepressure.First,weshouldhavearightevaluationofourselvesandmakeuseofadvantagesandaboiddisadvantages.Second,weshouldsetaclearaimofastruggle,whichcangiveusmotivation.Third,attentingcollectiveactivitiesisaneffectivewaytorelievepressure.Finally,itisnodoubleprofessionalpsychologicalguidanceisourwisechoicewhenwefeelgreatpressure.Grnerally,IwillturntomyfriendswhenIconfrontgreatpressure.Iwilltalkwiththemaboutmyconfusionandproblems.Andtheywillfigureoutthesolutiontogetherwithme.Besides,Ioftenattendsportsactivitiesinmysparetime.Ifindthatisalsoagoodwaytopreventandrelievepressure.8.Punctuality框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇道理论证类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段提出论点---守时是一项重要的品质;第二段论证守时的必要性;第三段重申守时的必要性,抢点我们应该注意培养守时的好习惯。PunctualityPuntualityisreallyavirtue,especiallyinamodernlife.Itshowsyoursincerityandrespecttoothers.Maybewhenyouarewaitinginfrontofatheatreoratthetrainterminal,youwillrealizehowimportantpunctualityis.Indeed,punctualityisnecessarynotonlyinthoseimportantoccasionssuchasinanintervieworinabusinessnegotiation,butalsoinyourdailylife.Apersonwhoisontimeforhisappoinmentshowhisrealconsiderationforothers.Incontrast,apersonwhoisalwayslateshowshisselfishnessandthoughtlessness.Besides,afewminutes’delaymaybringbadresults.Forexample,gettinguptenminuteslaterthanusualmayupsettheplanoftheday.Callingonafriendfiveminuteslaterthantheappointedtimemaycausehimsomeunexpectedtrouble.Itisnodoublethatpunctuallityisanindispensablevirtueforeveryone.Whateverwedo,weshouldbepunctual.Inmyopinion,whenweareyoung,weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelate.9.SexEducation框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇对策方法类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段描述近年来许多大学开始实施性教育的现象,引出中国的性教育问题;第二段分析加强大学生性教育的必要性;第三段说明大学生应该如何看待性的问题。SexEducationInrecentyears,moreandmoreuniversitiesinChinahavebeguntoputsexeducationprogramsintopractice.SomerelatedlecturesheldlastyearatxxUniversityattractedseveral
160hundredstudents.Thishighattendanceprobablyreflectedastrongdesireformoreknowledgeonsex.Itisquitenecessarytostrengthsexeducationoncollegestudents.Nowadays,theyoungpeoplecanfindoutaboutsexfromawiderangeofsources,includingadvertising,television,magazinesandwebsites.Butsomeofthesesourcesareinaccurate.Besides,itiswellknowntoall,allHIVcarriersareincreasingingreatnumbers,andlackofsexeducationshouldbeblamedofthis.Therefore,thegovernmentandeducationdepartmentshavetheresponsibilitytopromotesexeducation.Ascollegestudents,weshouldtakearightattitudetowardssex.Foronthing,weshouldlearnsomebasicknowledgeaboutsex.Foranother,weshouldtakesexseriouslyandcautiously.Tostartsexbehaviorsistooearlyforcollegestudentswhoarenotmatureenough.10.AFoodPoisoningAccident框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇叙事类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段交代事物中毒的背景和原因:第二段叙述中毒和脱险的经过;第三段谈由此二引发的感想,呼吁加强食品安全。AFoodPoisoningAccidentLastmonth,Iwitnessedafoodpoisoningaccidenthappeningtomyclassmates.Atthattimethesituationwasreallyverydangerousandrugent.Thoughfianllytheygotoutofdanger,thisaccidentisstillvividinmymind.ThatdaywasJulie’sbirthday.Inordertocelebrateit,herroomatesboughtabigbirthdaycakeforherfromasupermarketnearby.Theysharedthecakehappily.However,afterawhile,allofthemfeltabdomanalpainanddizziness.Twoofthemevencannotstandupbecauseofgreatpain.Werushedtosendthemtothehospital.Itturnedoutthatthecaketheyatehadexpireditsguaranteedperiod.Fortuantely,duetotimelytreatment,theyallrecoveredverysoon.However,thisaccidentleavesmeadeepponder.Ithinkitisveryurgenttotakeeffectivemeasurestoimprovefoodsafety.Oneonehand,thegovernmentshouldstrengthensupervisionandadministrationonfoodsafety.Ontheotherhand,weconsumersshouldbemorecareful.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakesurethatnosameaccidenthappens.11.Gradescan’tSayEverything框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇道理论证类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段提出论点----分数并不代表一切;第二段举例论证该观点;第三段强调不能过分重视分数,总结全文。Gradescan’tSayEverythingForyearsmanypeoplehavesuchthoughtthathighgrademeanshighability.Inordertogetasatistyinggrade,studentsworkhardeverydaywithalmostnoplay.However,inmyeyes,gradescan’tsayeverything.Thefollowingreasonscansupporttheargument.Undoubtedly,highgradesdon’tmeanthatoneisexcellentineverything.Acaseinpointisthatonemayhaveapooracademicperformancebutshowagreattalentinmusic.Futhermore,gradescanbeaffectedbymanyuncertainfactors,likestudent’spsychologicalstate.Forexample,therearesomeexcellentstudentswhocan’tperformwelljustbecausetheyaaretoonervous.Besides,sometimessomestudentscheattogethighgrades,whichaccountfornothing.Allmentionedabovetellusthatinmanycasesgradescan’tmeasureone’sabilityaccurately.
161Anditisonlyandindicatortoevaluateone’scomprehensiveability.Therefore,weshouldnopaytoomuchattentiononhighgradesbutshouldfocusondevelopingastudent’scomprehensiveability.12.ManProposes,GodDisposes框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇论证观点类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段解释“谋事在人,成事在天”的含义,阐述其中蕴涵的道理;第二段举例论证该道理;第三段重申谚语的正确性,呼应第一段。ManProposes,GodDisposesThereisawidespreadproverb,“Manproposes,Goddisposes”,whichmeansthattheplanninglieswithman,theoutcomewithHeaven.Thisproverbreflectsarelationbetweensuccessandluck,thatis,weshouldalwaysworkhardinordertoachieveourgoal,thoughsometimeswemaymeetucexpectedthings.LetmetakeEnglishstudyforexample.AstudentspendsmuchtimeandenergyonEnglish,andhehasgoodstudyhabits.Heissupposedtoreceivegoodgradesintheexamination.Butsupposesomethingunexpected,likeillness,occurs,andhisfinalscoreisfarfromideal.Shouldheloseheartandbecomepessimistic?Ofcoursenot.Whatheshoulddoisjustkeepitup,andnexttimeluckwillmostlyprobablyfavorhim.Frommypointofview,luckdoesinfluenceorevendominateussometimes,butinanycasewearethemasterofourownfortune.Itisuptoourselveswhetherwewanttogoaheadorbackward.Aslongasyouinsistworkinghard,youreffortwillpayinthelongrun.13.ALetterinReplytoaFriend.框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一封建议信,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段点明写信的缘由:为朋友参加英语四级考生提一些建议;第二段阐述具体的建议;第三段祝愿朋友顺利通过考试。ALetterinReplytoaFriend.Jan.15,2009DearMingming,IamdelightedtolearnthatyouaregoingtotakethisJan’sCET-4.HereIwillgiveyousomeadviceonhowtopreparefortheexamandsharewithyoumyexperienceoftakingpartintheexam.Aboveall,youshoulddoaself-testtofindoutyourlevelandweakness.Thenmakeadetailedreviewplanandfollowitstrictly.Astothekeypoints,Ithinkyoushouldpayattentiontothefollowingthreeaspects.First,youneedtoenlargeyourvocabulary,whichisthebasisofallparts.Second,youshouldstudyandanalyzetheCET-4papersovertheyears.Bydoingthis,youcanknowthedifficultyandemphasisoftheexam.Third,enoughexercisesandmodeltestsarenecessary,especiallylisteningcomprehensionsandreadingcomprehension.Don’thesitatetotellmeifyouhaveanyquestionanddifficultyinyourstudy.Idobelieveyouwillsucceedinthefollowingexamonlyifyoufindarightreviewway.Iamlookingforwardtoyourgoodnews.Sincerelyyours,LianRong
16214.TheBranchCampusesoftheUniversities框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇说明现象类作文,其基本的段落安排如下:第一段概述近年来大学纷纷建立分校的现象;第二段说明导致各大学建立分校的原因;第三段谈谈“我”对大学建立分校的看法并给出相关建议。TheBranchCampusesoftheUniversitiesInrecentyearsmanyuniversitieshavebuiltuptheirbranchcampusesinsuburbanareas.Nowitisverydifficulttofindauniversitywithoutabranchcampus.Someofthemevenhavemorethanonbranchcampus.Therearetwomainreasonsbehindthephenomenon.Firstly,itisenrollmentexpansionofuniversitiesthatfocusesuniversitiestobuildbranchcampuses.Asmoreandmorefreshmenareadmitted,theoriginalfacilitiesincludingcalssrooms,apartments,dininghalls,laboratories,librariesarenotenoughanymore.Secondly,thequiteenvironmentinsuburbanareasismoresuitableforstudentstostudy.Somostofbranchareashavebeenlocatedinsuburbanareas.Ascollegestudent,Ithink,itisnecessaryfortheuniversitytobuildupabranchcampus.However,thebuildingofbranchcampusesbringssomeproblems.Thestudentsinsomebranchcampusescannotenjoygoodenoughfacilitiesandteachersduetolimitedresources.Therefore,theuniversityshouldtakeafullaccountbeforeitdecidestobuildupabranchcampus.15.WhiteLie框架搭建:通过审题可知这是一篇对比分析类作文,其基本段落安排如下:第一段概述什么是善意的谎言,引出人们对它的争议;第二段针对善意的谎言提出两种不同的观点并分别说明理由;第三段谈谈“我”对善意的谎言的看法并说明理由。WhiteLieSometimes,peoplehavetotellalietosomeoneelseinordertoprotecthimoraboidhurtinghisfeeling.Thatiscalled”whitelie”.Butsinceitisalie,ithasalwaysbeenacontroversialtopic.Manypeoplebelievethatwhitelieiskindofprotectionforboththelietellerandtheliereceiver.Intheiropinions,ifthetruthmightbeagreathurttooghers,theyshouldcoverit.However,stillothersholdtheoppositeview.Theyarguethattellingalietosomebody,infact,invadeshisrighttoknowthetruth.Besides,theyinsistthatifoneisinformedofthetruth,onecanmakeproperdecisionaccordingtohisownwill.Weighingupthesetwoarguments,Ipreferthelatterone.Nobodycanguaranteethatcoveringthetruthtoonepersonisbesttohim.Anyoneshouldbeadmittedtomakehisowndecision.Butitisworthnotingthatthetrughshouldbeconveyedinahumanewayifitmighthurtothers.测试题参考答案KeytoTest1PartIwritingALetterofApplicationforaStudentLoan
163Towhomitmayconcern,Iamwritingtoyoutoapplyforastudentloan.Asasophomore,Ihavemuchfinancialdifficultyincontinuingmystudy.Therearefivemembersinmyfamily.Myfatheristheonlybreadwinnerofthewholefamilywhilemymotherwaslaid-offtwoyearsago.Mygrandmotherhasbeensufferingachronicillnessformorethanfiveyears.Myyoungbrotherisnowstudyinginahighschool.Itookparttimejobduringthesummervacation,butwhatIhaveearnedisfarfromenoughformetopaytherequiredtuitionfees.Inordertocontinuemystudy,Ihavetoapplyforastudentloan.Ifmyrequestisgranted,Iwillmakegooduseofthemoneyandputmyheartintostudy.Iwilldefinitelypaybacktheloanaccordingtotherequirements.Ihopethatyouwillconsidermyapplication.Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely,ZhangShanPartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)1.NG[分析]原文表示“担心自己会毁掉她(同事)人生中最重要的一天”,题干则表示“Keating毁掉了她同事的婚礼”,所以答案为NG。2.Y[分析]原文表示“习惯性迟到导致的后果比很多人意识到的程度更深。”句中的consequences对应题干中的seriousness;deeper对应题干中的enough。所以题干表述正确。3.Y[分析]这里考查的是对impact的理解,其基本含义是“影响”,可指(积极)影响和(负面)影响,依具体情况而定。但就这个小标题consequences(后果)和上下文来说,此处指的是负面影响。题干中的lowerone’sself-respect意为“低贬人的自尊”,是原文的同意转述。所以题干表述正确。4.N[分析]原文大意是“不擅长估计做事所需时间的人可能是因为技术障碍”。而题干表示这类人“可能有清算账目障碍”,与原文意思不符,所以答案为N。5.N[分析]原文中的kepttrackof原意是“保持联系”,此处含“开始一步步做”之意,题干中的plan所表达意思与其相同。但题干错把避免迟到的一种做法认同为迟到的原因,所以题干表述错误。6.Y[分析]原文中declinerequests即题干中的saying“no”torequirementsforfavors。相对于原文,题干只是在语序上做了调整,但意思与原文一致。7.N[分析]此部分介绍了psychologicallateness。主要包括两类:一类是(rebellious)personalitytype,意为(反叛)性格类;另一类是crisis-maker(危机制造者)。而题干以偏概全,仅仅将psychologicaldifficulties定义成后者,可见题干与原文不符。8.feelthecrisis[分析]此处需要填一个谓语动词引起的内容。题干中的prompt意思是“迅速的,敏捷的”,对应原文的getthemselvestogether;原文大意是“这些人只在有危机感的时候(原文‘用枪瞄准他们的时候’)才会迅速行动起来”,所以此处应相应填入动词短语feelthecrisis。9.waittime[分析]此处需要接一个名词、代词或动名词。第6个小标题第2段首句的意思是“
164等待的时候,可以做些能让你投入的事情”。题干中的interesting对应文中的absorbing,那么during之后应填名词词组waittime。8.beingontime[分析]此处需要接一个名词、代词或动名词。文中“one-more-tasksyndrome”意思是“再干一件事综合症”,和题干中的doonemorelastthing对应。文中obstacle的和题干中的barrier同义,表示“障碍”。因此按照一致原则,题干末端也需填上和原文意思一致的动名词短语beingontime.PartIIIListeningComprehensionSectionA 11.W:Lookatthemess!Andtheguestswillbeheresoon! M:Takeiteasy.I’llmakesurethehouseisspotless. Q:Whatdoesthemanmean? 【解析】选[A]。男士说他肯定会让屋子干干净净的,也就是他会打扫屋子的,选项[A]符合题意。spotless意为“一尘不染的,干净的”。选项[B]、[C]误解了对话中的takeiteasy。 12.M:Isthenextgamegoingtobeheldatourstadiumortheirs? W:Doyoureallythinkitwillmakemuchofadifferencewithalosingrecordlikeours? Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply? 【解析】选[C]。女士说对我们这样一直保持失败记录的队伍来说,比赛在什么地方举行有很大不同吗?言下之意是他们的队伍终将失败,也就无所谓在什么地方举行比赛了,故选项[C]符合题意。13.M:Mum,Igotapart-timejobatthesupermarket.ThreehoursadayweekdayandalldaySaturday. W:Congratulations!Butareyousureyoucanhandleit?Whatabouthomework? Q:What’sthewomanworriedabout? 【解析】选[B]。母亲第一次使用疑问语气,反映出她对儿子能否兼顾工作和学习的担心。第二次疑问则突出反映了她对儿子学习的忧虑,故选[B]。 14.W:Yousee,therearetoomanypeoplehere.Let’sgotosomeotherplaces. M:Allright.ButcoldweatherinDecembercannotkeeppeopleawayfromthebusyshops. Q:Whatdoesthemanmean? 【解析】选[B]。女士说这里人太多了,到其他地方去看看吧。男士说,没问题,但是12月的冷天也不能阻挡人们来这些热闹的商店,言下之意是尽管12月的天气很冷,逛商店的人仍然会多,故选项[B]符合题意。 15.W:Yourexamisover,isn’tit?Whyaren’tyoucheerful? M:Oh,Idon’tknow.Itisn’tthatthequestionsweretoohard,butIalwaysfeeluneasywhentheexamdoesn’tseemtohavemuchtodowiththebook. Q:Whatwastheman’sopinionoftheexam? 【解析】选[B]。在but后男士提到试卷与书的联系不大时,他就总觉得不安。选项[B]是对此的同义转述。对话提到...itisn’tthatthequestionsweretoohard,意思是这些问题其实并不难。由此可以排除选项[A]、[D]。[C]项中time(考试时间)在对话中没有提及。 16.W:Whatdoyouthinkofthemovie? M:Itwasworthneitherthetimenorthemoney. Q:Whatdoesthemanmean? 【解析】选[B]。“neither...nor...”结构是对两个内容的否定,也就是说时间和钱花得都不值,言外之意就是这部电影根本不值得一看。 17.M:Goodafternoon.I’mMr.Jackson.Iansweredyouradforanexperiencedadvertisingexecutive. W:Oh,yes,Mr.Jackson.Won’tyouhaveaseat?Themanagerwillseeyoushortly. Q:WhatdowelearnaboutMr.Jackson?
165 【解析】选[D]。男士来应聘广告上说的有经验的广告主管职位。女士说经理马上就会见他。关键词是experienced(有经验的)、seeyou(会见),另外前面的ad指报纸上的招聘广告,后面的advertisingexecutive指的是广告主管职位,选项[D]符合题意。 18.M:Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellmewhenthenextflighttoLosAngelesis? W:Sure.ThenextdirectflighttoLosAngelesistwohoursfromnow,butifyoudonotmindtransferringatSanFranciscoyoucanboardnow. Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?【解析】选[D]。thenextflight、directflight(直达航班)、transferring(转机,换乘)构成了“在机场咨询航班情况”的特定场景。由女士所说的ifyoudonotmindtransferringatsanFranciscoyoucanboardnow可知答案为[D]。ConversationOne W:CanIhelpyou? M:Yes,I’mlookingforabookonthepresidentialelectionsystemintheUnitedStates. W:Well,allofourtextbooksarearrangedbysubjectandcoursenumberinthebackofthestore.IsthisarequiredtextforoneoftheUniversity’spoliticalsciencecourses? M:No,itisn’t.I’vealreadylookedthroughallthepoliticalsciencebooksintheback,buttheonesIsawonlyhadafewpages,atmost,onthetopic. W:Howaboutthepaperbacksection?Theremaybesomethingthere. M:Okay. W:Orbetteryet,youshouldtrylookinginBooksinPrint. M:I’veneverheardofthat.Whatisit? W:It’sanindexthatlistsallofthebookscurrentlyavailablefrompublishers.Ifyouhaveaspecificbookinmind,youcanlookundertheauthor’slastname. M:ButIdon’t. W:Thenlookdirectlyunderyoursubject,presidentialelections. M:WhathappensifIfindabookIwant? W:Well,ifit’snotinstock,wecanorderitforyou. Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 19.Whatisthemanlookingfor? 【解析】选[B]。男士说“I’mlookingforabookonthepresidentialelectionsystem...”,后来说到“I’vealreadylookedthroughallthepoliticalsciencebooks”,由此可以推断,abookonthepresidentialelectionsystem属于thepoliticalsciencebooks。因此,他要寻找的是[B]Apoliticalsciencebook。 20.Wheredoesthewomanfirstdirectthemanto? 【解析】选[C]。当男士说需要一本关于总统选举体制的书时,女士以为他说的是textbook,于是马上说“allofourtextbooksare...inthebackofthestore”。因此,选项[C]符合题干要求。 21.WhatkindsofbooksarelistedinBooksinPrint? 【解析】选[C]。女士说“youshouldtrylookinginBooksinPrint”,在男士不知道什么是BooksinPrint的情况下,女士解释说,BooksinPrint是“anindexthatlistsallofthebookscurrentlyavailablefrompublishers”,选项[C]符合题干要求。注意,inprint是指“(books)currentlyavailablefrompublishers,正在出售的”;outofprint是它的反义词组,表示“已售完”,也很常用。ConversationTwo W:Didn’tyouwriteapaperaboutAlbertKahnlastsemester? M:Yes,formyhistoryofarchitectureclass. W:Oh,IamtakingitnowandIhavetodosomeresearchonindustrialarchitecture.IneedtoreaduponKahn’sfactories.SoIwouldliketoseewhatyouwroteaboutthem. M:Idon’tthinkmypaperwillhelp;IfocusonhisclassicaldesignlikeClementslibraryandoffice
166buildings,butyouareinterestedinthemodernbuildingheisfamousfor. W:Yesheisbestknownforhisfactory,especiallytheautoplantsinDetroit.Hemadeabreakthroughinindustrialdesign.Youknowbeforehistime,factoriesweresocrampedandinefficientbuthisfactoryprovideenoughlightandairandopenspace.Sothecarscouldbeassembledinonehugeplant. M:Irememberreadingthatpreviously,factorieshadwoodenframeandtheheavymachinerymadethebuildingsvibrateandtherewerefirehazardstoo.ButwhenKahnstartedtodesignautoplantsaroundtheturnofthecentury,reinforcedconcretehadjustbeeninvented.Talkaboutthebreakthrough,notonlywerethebuildingssturdyandfireproofbuttheywerecheaptoputuptoo! W:Youseemtoknowalotofabouthisindustrialcareer. M:ActuallyeventhoughIwroteabouthisotherworks,Ididalotofbackgroundreading.LetmeseeifIcandigupthatpaperforyou.Thereweresomebooksofarticlesincludedinmybibliographythatyoumightwanttolookupatthelibrary. Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 22.WhyarethestudentsdiscussingAlbertKahn? 【解析】选[D]。由女士所说的...Ihavetodosomeresearch...Ineedtoreaduponkahn’sfactories可以推知,女士在研究卡恩的作品,整个对话就此展开。 23.InwhichisAlbertKahnbestknownfor? 【解析】选[B]。听音时注意和Kahn相关的信息:themodernbuildingheisfamousfor以及bestknownforhisfactory。问题问Kahn因为什么最有名,[B]为该细节的同义转述。 24.TowhatindustrydidAlbertKahnmakeamajorcontribution? 【解析】选[D]。听音时注意提到的行业。根据especiallytheautoplants“汽车车间”及Sothecarscouldbeassembledinonehugeplant。可推出答案为[D]“运输行业”。 25.Accordingtothetalk,whatwasoneproblemwithfactoriesbeforeKahn’stime? 【解析】选[A]。听音时注意和建筑缺点相关的信息,对话中男士提到therewerefirehazardstoo。问题问卡恩时代之前的汽车工厂存在的问题,[A]为细节再现。SectionBPassageOne ChildrenintheUnitedStatesareexposedtomanyinfluencesotherthanthatoftheirfamilies.Televisionisthemostsignificantoftheseinfluences,becausethehabitofwatchingtelevisionusuallybeginsbeforechildrenstartattendingschool.And,bythetimethattheaveragechildfinisheshighschool,heorshewillhavespent18,000hoursinfrontofatelevisionsetasopposedto12,000hoursinaclassroom. Parentsareconcernedaboutthesefigures.Theyarealsoconcernedaboutthelackofqualityintelevisionprogramsforchildren.Thedegreeofviolenceinmanyoftheseshowsalsoworriesthem. Evenifitisunreal—acartooncatbeatingupacartoonmousewithabaseballbat—thisviolencemayhaveanegativeeffectontheyoungmindsexposedtoit.Studiesindicatethat,whenchildrenareexposedtoviolence,theymaybecomeaggressiveorinsecure. Parentsarealsoconcernedaboutthecommercialsthattheirchildrenseeontelevision.Manyparentswouldliketoseefewercommercialsduringprogramsforchildren.Andsomeparentsfeelthattheseshowsshouldnothavecommercialsatallbecauseyoungmindsarenotmatureenoughtodealwiththeclaimsmadebyadvertisers. Educationaltelevisionhasnocommercialsandhasprogramsforchildrenthatmanyparentsapproveof.Themostfamousoftheseis“SesameStreet”,whichtriestogivepreschoolchildrenaheadstartinlearningthealphabetandnumbers.Italsotriestoteachchildrenusefulthingsabouttheworldinwhichtheylive. Eventhoughmostparentsandeducatorsgive“SesameStreet”andshowslikeithighmarksforquality,
167somecriticsarguethatalltelevision,whethereducationalornot,isharmfultochildren.Thesecriticsfeelthatthehabitofwatchinghoursoftelevisionadayturnschildrenintoboredandpassiveconsumersoftheirworldratherthanencouragingthemtobecomeactiveexplorersofit.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 26.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage? 【解析】选[C]。在听录音之前,预览四个选项可知本文与电视带来的负面影响有关。至于是对哪一方面的负面影响,既要根据主题句区分,还需要根据文章内容进行辨别。 27.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoyouthink“SesameStreet”is? 【解析】选[B]。预读选项可知此题询问的是电视节目的类型。Themostfamousoftheseis“SesameStreet”...为答案的依据,其中的these指的就是educationalprograms. 28.Whatwillbetheconsequenceifachildformsahabitofwatchinghoursoftelevisioneveryday? 【解析】选[A]。预读选项可知此题询问的是They将会发生什么行为或变成怎样的状态,需要留意对动作和状态的描述。答案依据为:Thesecriticsfeelthatthehabitofwatchinghoursoftelevisiondayturnschildrenintoboredandpassiveconsumersoftheirworldratherthanencouragingthemtobecomeactiveexplorersofit.选项[A]中bored≈原文中的dull,passive≈inactive。PassageTwo Crimehasitsowncycles,amagazinereportedsomeyearsago.Policerecordsshowasurprisingrelationbetweenchangesintheseasonandcrimepatterns. Thepatternofcrimehaschangedverylittleoveralongperiodofyears.MurderreachesitshighduringJulyandAugust,asdootherviolentattacks.Murder,inaddition,ismorethanseasonal;itisaweekendcrime.Itisalsoanighttimecrime:62percentofmurdersarecommittedbetween6p.m.and6a.m.Oneismostlikelytoberobbedbetween6p.m.and2a.m.onaSaturdaynightinDecember,January,orFebruary.Exceptforonestrangestatistic,Mayistheleastcriminalmonthofall. Apparentlyourintellectualseasoncyclesarecompletelydifferentfromourcriminalpatterns.ProfessorHuntingtonmadealotofstudiestodiscovertheseasonswhenpeoplereadseriousbooks,attendscientificmeetings,andmakethehighestscoresonexaminations.Inallexamples,hefoundaspringpeakandanautumnpeakseparatedbyasummerlow.Ontheotherhand,ProfessorHuntington’sstudiesshowedthatJuneisthepeakmonthforsuicidesandforadmittingpatientstomentalhospital.Juneisalsoapeakmonthformarriages! Possibly,hightemperatureandhumiditybringonourstrangeandsurprisingsummeractions,butpoliceofficersarenotsosure.“Thereare,ofcourse,noproofofarelationbetweenhumidityandmurder”,theysay.“Whymurder’shightimeshouldcomeinthesummertimewereallydon’tknow”.Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 29.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout? 【解析】选[D]。根据选项的概括性强、信息密集可知,本题考查短文主旨。文章开头的Policerecordsshowasurprisingrelationbetweenchangesintheseasonandcrimepatterns为短文主题句,故[D]为答案。 30.Whichisthesafestseason? 【解析】选[B]。文章明确提到Mayistheleastcriminalmonthofall,表明五月是犯罪率最低的月份,也就是说五月最安全,故选项[B]正确。 31.WhatdidProfessorHuntington’sresearchshow? 【解析】选[C]。推断题。文章讲到,ProfessorHuntington调查人们读严肃小说、出席科技会议和考试得高分的季节,所有数据表明在春季和秋季是高峰,而夏季却是低峰,排除[B]、[D];另外短文中听到June出现最多的地方提到了两个peak,他们分别是自杀和医院接收精神病患者数目最高峰以及结婚的高峰,由此可以排除[A]项,得出答案[C]。
168PassageThree Despitethepresenceofworkaholics,thereisagrowingrealizationintheUnitedStatesthattoomuchworkdemandcanbephysicallyandmentallyharmful.Manypeoplehavebeenrebellingagainsttheworkethic,sayingthatnojobissoimportantastodamagepersonalrelationshipsandrobpeopleofrelaxation.Therehasbeenashiftinvalues,withmoreemphasisbeinggiventopersonalrelationshipsandrelaxation.Leisuretimeprovidesopportunitiestofindpersonalsatisfactionandfreedomfromtheroutineofwork. IncreasedleisuretimeintheUnitedStateshasnotalteredtheideathatworkandplayaredistinctactivities.Thisdistinctionisclear-cut;thereare“work-hours”and“afterwork-hours”.Thereisabeliefthatitisdesirable“toworkhardandplayhard”andundesirabletocombinethetwo.Inmanyoffices,stores,andfactoriessocializingamongemployeesisdiscouraged.Anemployeeunderpressureatworkoftencannotaffordtorespondtosocialcallsandvisits.However,theamountofpersonalcontactonthejobdependsonthenatureofthework.Theremaybemoresocialinteractionbetweenteachersinaschoolthanbetweenscientistsdoingindependentresearch.Nevertheless,workandplayareusuallyperceivedandmaintainedasseparateactivities.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 32.Whatistheresultoftoomuchworkdemand? 【解析】选[C]。本文开头就说toomuchworkdemandcanbephysicallyandmentallyharmful(工作量过大在体力上和脑力上都是有害的),即[C]。 33.Inordertorebelagainsttheworkethic,whatdomanypeoplebelievenow? 【解析】选[B]。文中claiming(宣称)即表明人们是这样认为(believe)的,nojobissoimportantasto...表明工作并不是最重要的,人们应该多注意与人的交往和放松自己,即[B]。 34.Whatdopeopleexpectanemployeeunderpressureatworktodo? 【解析】选[B]。这个例子出现在toworkhardandplayhard这个概念被引出之后,文中原话说:处于工作重压下的职员是不能进行社交拜访活动(意即休闲)的,与[B]表达的意思是一样的。 35.Whatdoesthespeakerimplybysaying“thedistinctionisclear-cut”? 【解析】选[A]。文中clear-cut一词出现前有workandplayaredistinct(不同的)activities,之后又出现了work-hoursandafterwork-hours和toworkhardandplayhard等词句,均说明美国人认为工作和休闲是截然分开的。SectionC 36.【解析】claim。从manufacturer’s这个所有结构可知所填词为名词,而且可以和介词for搭配。另外,liveupto和所填词构成动宾搭配,liveupto意为 “遵守(诺言、原则等),符合”。句中的or表示:faulty和or后面的部分是选择性并列关系。那么,consumer买的商品可能有瑕疵或者不像manufacturer标榜得那么好。claim作名词时常和for搭配,for后面的it指代的是anitem。 37.【解析】produce。空前will限定所填词为一原形动词,并在句中作谓语,和results构成动宾搭配。主语thisaction是指上句中的presenttheguaranteeatthestoreofpurchase,在很多情况下,这种方式都比较有效。表示“产生好的效果”的搭配有produce/bringabout/bear/give/yield(good)results。 38.【解析】complaint。从ingeneral(一般而言)可知,这句话是对上一句的进一步说明,所填词很可能和上一句中的关键词complain有关,而且作空后settled的宾语。Settle暗含“解决(棘手的或令人不愉快的事情)”。complaint是complain的名词形式,takeone’scomplaint意为“抱怨”,等同于complain。 39.【解析】assuming。空前的句子结构已完整,所以本空应填一“动词+ing”,即现在分词作伴随状语。 40.【解析】person。inperson意为“亲自,本人”,为固定短语。空后的转折句butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase...tophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter起提示作用。 41.【解析】acceptable。空前的Itis及to
169phone…表明本空中应填一形容词。考生应注意:短文听写中若出现Itis/wastodo结构时,所填词往往为以able结尾的形容词。 42.【解析】firmly。所填词前面的but表示“尽管…还是…”,所填词和politely应该词性相同,但意义相对。短文听写中的副词往往以ly结尾。 43.【解析】question。inquestion为固定搭配,意为“正在谈论的”,修饰theitem。在文章语境中,正在谈论的商品也就是顾客向经理抱怨的商品。 44.【答案】theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements 【MainPoints】theconsumerwillsucceedbypresentingspecificinformation,butnotbymakinggeneralstatements 45.【答案】theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintaspolitelyandasfirmlyaspossible 【MainPoints】theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintpolitelyandfirmly 46.【答案】Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateorpublicorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumersrights 【MainPoints】SheorhecanthreatentoaccusethesellerorreportthesellertoanorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumersrightsPartIVReadingComprehensionSectionA47.F[分析]此处需要一个动词,而且可以跟宾语从句,同时要求用一现在时,只hold和expect符合要求,根据句子要表达的意思,此处选expect表示“预计,料到”。48.M[分析]此处需要一个名词,而且从句意来看要和后面的toquit相符合,只有impulsive合乎文意,表示“要放弃的冲动”。49.C[分析]这里需要一个副词,从给出的两个副词来看,只有completely合乎题意。50.L[分析]此处需要一个及物动词的过去式,而能够和greatness搭配使用的只有achieved。51.B[分析]此处需要动词的被动形式,becalledontodosth.是合乎语法和句意的搭配。52.J[分析]根据语法,此处需要形容词作定语,只有constant和endless可以,constant表示“经常的,不断的”,而endless“无尽的,无数的”,作为后来的总统,人们对他的讽刺只是阶段性“不断的”,而不是无尽的。53.A[分析]此处需要一个名词,而且是元音开头的,只有impact,表示“冲击”,符合题意。54.H[分析]此处需要形容词作定语,在剩下的形容词中endless表示“无数的”,符合题意。55.I[分析]此处需要形容词作定语,根据learnedlessens推测valuable为正确答案。56.D[分析]此处需要动词和onto搭配成动词短语,只有hold符合文法和语义。SectionBPassageOne
17057.D)[定位]由题干定位到首段首句Televisionisoftenviewedasananti-intellectualmedium.[分析]从原文首段最后一句"她们借助具有大众市场吸引力的电视来测试一个提出已久却没有被证实的假设"可推知,研究人员只不过是利用电视作为宣传他们的测试的媒体。第2段首句说"他们在BBC的节目上公布这个测试"也进一步证明了提到电视只不过是为了引出宣传该测试的媒介。故D)"介绍借以宣传测试的媒介"为正确答案。排除干扰,A)"证明一些学者的声明错误"在原文没有涉及;B)"证明电视是英国人日常生活的重要部分"并不是文章的中心所在,排除;C)"展示大众媒体是一个非常赢利的行业"在原文中没有提及;故均排除。58.C)[定位]由题干中的Theexperiment定位到第二段首句TheysetuptheirexperimentinOctober2007,bypublicizingitonaBBCprogrammecalled"HumanInstincts".[分析]原文第二段一直在叙述试验进行的方式,主要是两件事,一是给图片定1-5的等级,二是选择你最不愿意与之共用牙刷的人。C)"为各种照片评级和进行一个选择"是对文意的概括,为正确答案。排除干扰,A)"观看名叫‘人类本能'的电视节目,并填写反馈表格"没涉及试验,而且试验里并没有填反馈表格,排除;B)"访问不同的网站然后给图片和数字配对"不是试验内容,排除;D)填写个人信息虽然正确,但是后面说"要选出一个牙刷"不是试验的内容,排除。59.D)[定位]由题干中的theresultoftheexperiment定位到第三段首句Theresultsshowedthatinallsevenpairs...[分析]由原文"虱子比马蜂更令人恶心"可以推知D)"马蜂会比虱子让人感觉好些"符合文意。排除干扰,原文只是说对于明显的体液外流或是有着被"放大了"的斑点的人脸的恶心就没有什么令人惊奇的了,并没有在体液外流的人体和长满了斑点的脸之间进行比较,排除A);原文并没有对拥挤的火车车厢和虱子进行比较,排除B);原文并没有指明什么最令人恶心,且没有提及"流血的脸"也排除C)。60.B)[定位]由题干中的Theresultsoftheexperimentmakeevolutionarysense可以定位到第四段第五句Bothofthesemakeevolutionarysense.[分析]联系定位句下文"年轻人比老年人更具有繁殖能力,所以应该更注意他们接触什么和吃些什么。而妇女通常是负有养育孩子的担子,所以也必须为了后代和自身的利益去恶心。"可以推知人们恶心其实都是和后代的安全相联系的。故B)"人们的恶心通常与孩子的安危相联系"为正确答案。排除干扰,原文reproductivepotential指的是繁殖后代的能力,而非生产食物的能力,排除A);原文虽提及女性养育后代,但并未提及她们更倾向于独立于男性的帮助之外,排除C);原文并没有将老年人和女性进行对比,排除D)。61.C)[定位]由题干定位到末段首句Theresultsofthetoothbrushstudymadesimilarsense.[分析]联系原文可知,牙刷测试的结果也是"为了证明人们认为陌生人更容易携带新的病菌"。下文提到"很明显,英国人对天气预报员比对老板感到亲近",由此推测C)"公众人物通常比老板更受英国人欢迎"正确。排除干扰,A)和B)的错误在于它们都说老板和邮递员本身是否干净,而试验只是说给人们的感觉,故都排除;D)的错误在于著名电视节目主持人其实根本不是测试选项之一,只是一个假设,无法判断其情况,也排除。PassageTwo
17162.A)[定位]由题干中的the"PartnersinHealth"system定位到原文首段第四句hecreatedacommunitybasedhealthcaresystemcalledZanmiLasante,orPartnersinHealth。[分析]原文首段末尾说"它不仅给大量穷人提供适当的可以支付得起的治疗,还越过医疗层面,想要解决让穷人得病或很难康复的社会原因"。由此可推测此医疗系统与传统医院相比的独特之处在于Itmakesattemptstohelpthepooronasociallevel.(它试图在社会层面上帮助穷人),故A)为正确答案。排除干扰原文并没有说免费,而是"提供恰当的可以支付得起的治疗",排除B);联系原文,可知其目的主要是为穷人治病,进而解决让穷人得病或很难康复的社会原因,并不是为了穷人脱贫,排除C);D) 中communityhelp(社区救助)太过笼统和泛化,文中仅指有关治病的方面,也排除。63.C)[定位]由题干中的thelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph定位到原文第二段末句OrashisHaitipatientsaptlyputit,medicinewithoutfoodislikewashingone'shandsanddryingtheminthedirt.[分析]原文第二段强调了一个概念,即"穷人的健康问题其实不是简单的医疗问题,还有人权问题"。药物只能治愈穷人的疾病,没有食物,即没有消灭贫穷就像把手放在灰尘中晾干,手还会脏的,即还是会生病的。据此可以推知,C)Medicineisnotalongtermcuretotheirpoorhealth(药物无法使他们长期保持健康)与文意相符,为正确答案。排除干扰原文只是一个打比方的说法,并非真的说在那里晾手,排除A);原文并非指洗手也需要药物,这是对原文比喻的误解,排除B);联系原文可推知,食物是保持健康的保证,原文并没有对药物和食品的治疗功效进行比较,也排除D)。64.D)[定位]由题干中的ThedisadvantageofDr.Farmer'sbook定位到原文第三段首句Unfortunately,Dr.Farmer'spowerfulmessageisoftenweakenedbyhisbook'sacademictone.[分析]该句说明"他的强有力的信息通常被他所写的书的学术口吻给减弱了",言下之意就是口气不够强,故D)"口气不够强,很难引起他人的注意"与文意相符,正确。排除干扰原文并没有对他的书的情节进行评价,故A)"书中的情节不够吸引人"与原文不符,排除;原文没有对该书内容叙述的方式做出评价,故B)认为"其内容叙述方式不够吸引人"与原文不符,排除;他对"愚蠢的死亡"的愤怒表达得铿锵有力是该书的优点,与题干所问不符,故排除C)。65.C)[定位]由题干可以定位到原文第四段第三句Thoughwellwritten,Mr.Kiddersbookalsomakesforuncomfortablereading.[分析]原文第四段最后两句说"作者好像一直在寻求描写对象的同意,他非常苦恼地描述了他害怕让Farmer大夫失望的恐惧和用批评的字眼伤害大夫的痛苦以及对大夫的谅解所感到的欣慰"。由此推测,他对大夫的情感使他不能独立地写作。故C)"Mr.Kidder的感情妨碍了他写作的独立性"正确。排除干扰由原文"他和Farmer大夫一起到过温暖而贫困的海地,也到过寒冷而易得结核病的俄罗斯"可推知,两者曾在一起生活过,故排除A);原文只是说Mr.Kidder在写作上考虑了Dr.Farmer的认同,并没有说他害怕做出真实的评论,故排除B);原文说道该书中已经描写了Mr.Kidder在得到Dr.Farmer的谅解后所感到的欣慰,故D)"他还一直在等后者的谅解"错误,也排除。66.B)[定位]由题干中的fromthelastparagraph可以定位到末段。[分析]原文末段说"这种亲密倒突出了Farmer大夫那令人钦佩而又令人愤怒的性格"。Kidder先生写道,"Farmer不是到这个世界上让任何人感到舒适的",由此推知,他对社会的种种不平等,特别是"结构型暴力"非常愤怒,因此很可能曾严厉地批评过这个社会,因此才会"让很多人感到不舒服",故B)正确。
172排除干扰原文说,能得到Farmer医治的人是幸运的,并非说只帮助那些足够幸运的人,A)与原文不符;C)错误,原文说除了那些幸运地成为他的病人的人,或那些完全不幸地需要他的人,Farmer不是到这个世界上让任何人感到舒适的,意思并非让他的病人不舒服,排除;D)忽视了其作为医生为病人治病,给人带来健康的一面,故排除。核心词汇及短语PartVCloze67.B[分析]根据句子结构,此处添加动词。根据上下文的意思,B是最佳答案。68.B[分析]根据上下文和句意,此处需要一个表示转折意义的副词。B最符合要求。69.C[分析]根据居住意思,“魔术师从帽子里变出小兔子”,只有produce可表达“拿出”一意。obtain“获得”,manufacture“产生、制造”,yield“(农业方面的)生产”。因此C为答案。70.A[分析]根据句子结构,此处需要填加一个名词或短语,意思为“一直以来”,答案为A。71.A[分析]根据上下文,魔术家Houdini擅长“逃脱”,他可以轻易地打开锁,从被锁处逃脱。72.D[分析]通过上下文可知此处需要一个引导让步状语从句的连词,只有D符合。73.D[分析]根据句子结构,此处为一个同位语从句,只能用that来引导。74.B[分析]根据上下文,此处为一个后置定语来修饰everytypeoflock,而根据句意应为“所发明的各种各样的锁”,因此B为最佳答案。75.A[分析]根据句子结构,此处为后置定语修饰smallneedle-liketool,而后置定语的意思为“绑在腿上”。只有A答案有该意思。76.D[分析]bound是bind的过去式,意为“捆绑”。其他选项都没有这个意思。77.C[分析]inaninstant是固定搭配,意为“立刻,马上”。78.C[分析]四个选项中动词charge一般与with搭配使用,表示“指控,指责”;rid…of表示“除掉”;blame与for搭配;accuse和of搭配意为“指控,谴责”。79.D[分析]mud和something是不可数名词,不符;像蜡一样的candle是不符合逻辑的;Dsubstance(物质)正确。80.A[分析]本句需要一个从属连词引导时间状语,选项中只有A表示“当。。。时”。81.B[分析]根据句子结构,此处应该是一个目的状语,意为“他经过时,踩在上面,以便像蜡一样的物质粘在脚底”,只有D(stuck)有这个意思。82.D[分析]此处需要一个副词来修饰后面的astonishing。A,B,C都是形容词,都表示“完全的”,但是不能用来修饰形容词。所以只有D(altogether)符合要求。83.B
173[分析]which用于介词后面引导定语从句,其他选项不符合。84.A[分析]根据上下文,此处意为“接下来,把箱子扔到海里”,因此答案为A。85.B[分析]这里需要填加一个介词,表示“游到水面”,故选B。86.A[分析]根据上下文,“Houdini被装进箱子扔到海里,但他很快就逃了出来,当箱子被捞上来时,人们发现…..”,A(broughtup),表示“把…弄上来”。PartVITranslation87.tobeinthefaceoftheinternalperplexities 解析:本句意为:我们不仅要承受种种外界压力,还要面对内心的困惑。这句话考查的是notonly…butalso的结构。该结构的前后部分应该保持一致,前半部分用的是notonlyto,后半部分就应该是butalsoto。另外,前半句用了underpressure来表达承受压力,后半句最好也用一个介词短语来表达面对困惑之意,与前文相呼应。我们知道,face既可以用作动词也可以用作名词,inthecaseof意为“面对,面临”。其实全句有三处相对应出现的词或表达,他们是:notonlyto&butalsoto;beunder&beinthefaceof;externalpressures&internalperplexities。英语里比较注重这种并行结构。88.cometooureveningparty 解析:考查“参加”的表达。Join往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会,如:joinahealthclub;jointheCommunistParty,或者用joinsb表示参加到某人的活动中来。事实上,常常与party搭配的动词是come或者go。如gotoawildparty,或cometoaChristmasParty。“参加”的另外一些用法有:参加会议(attendthemeeting);参加某项活动(takepartintheactivity);参加考试(take/sit/dotheexamination);参加礼拜(attendworship);参加社会活动(getaboutsocialactivities)。89.heisingoodhealth/he’shealthy 解析:本题看似简单,实际在考查汉英表达习惯差异问题。“他的身体很健康”是一句典型的汉语表达,然而英语里表示某人身体好的时候不用“身体”作主语,直接用“某人”作主语。如果译成hisbodyishealthy就可谓多此一举了。“身体健康”还可以用tobeingoodcondition。90.Sure/Certainly 解析:本题也是一道考查汉英表达差异的题。很多考生不假思索地译成Ofcourse。其实,以英语为母语的人使用ofcourse的频率要比中国的考生低得多,只有在回答一些总所周知的问题或表示反语口吻时才说ofcourse。因为ofcourse后面隐含一句话是“当然我知道啦!难道我是一个傻瓜吗?”因此,ofcourse带有挑衅的意味,语气很不友好。在使用方面,sure或certainly语气会婉转很多。同时ofcoursenot也具挑衅的意味。正常情况下的说法是certainlynot。91.Ifoundafewmistakes 解析:few和little意为“几乎没有”,afew和alittle意为“还有一些,有几个”。但若在afew和alittle加上only,意思就变了。即onlyafew=few,而onlyalittle=little。如:Icanhaveonlyalittlemore.(我几乎不能再吃了。)Shemadeonlyafewmistakes.(她几乎全对。)因此,如果译成Ifoundonlyafewmistakes,意思就恰恰相反,“你的作文我几乎没发现错误”。这道题说明在汉译英时不能完全对应汉字翻译,而要考虑英语使用习惯和词语搭配。KeytoTesttwoPartIwriting(sample) 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象,提纲第2点要求分析该现象产生的原因,提纲第3点要求说明如何解决该问题,由此可判断本文应为问题解决型作文。
174 根据所给提纲,本文应包含如下内容:描述大学生的逃课现象;分析大学生逃课的主要原因;说明应该如何减少逃课现象。 【参考范文】SkippingClassesonCollegeCampus Incollegesanduniversities,thephenomenonofstudents'skippingclassesisnotunusual.Thereareoftensomestudentswhoskipthoseclassesforfeelingunwellorotherprivatereasons.Besides,stillsomestudentsdon'tgotoclasswithoutanyreasonbutfortheydon'twantto。 Therearetwomainreasonsforcollegestudents'skippingclasses.First,comparedwithinmiddleschool,studentshavemorefreedomincollege.Itdependsmoreononestudent'sconsciousnesswhetherhewillattendtheclass.Sothosestudentslackingself-disciplinebegintoskipclasses.Second,someteachers'lecturescouldnotattractstudents'interestssothatsomestudentswouldratherskipclassestostudywhattheyareinterestedin。 Forwhateverreasons,skippingclassesdoesbringnegativeeffectsonstudents'study.Therefore,itisnecessarytotakesomeeffectivemeasurestoreducethisphenomenon.Ontheonehand,theschoolandteachersshouldmakestudentsrealizethenegativeeffectsofskippingclassesandenhancetheirconsciousnessofattendingtheclass.Ontheotherhand,teachershavetoimprovetheirteachingqualitytoattractstudents'interestsinthecourses.OnlyinthiswaycanthephenomenonofskippingclassesbereducedassoonaspossiblePartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)1.Y[分析]本题考查文章主旨,需要通读全文后对内容进行归纳。1~8段对流行病的传染方式进行了具体介绍;9~14段就如何预防进行了探讨。题干表述与此相符,主旨归纳正确。2.N[分析]本题涉及爆发流行病的条件,应锁定第一段。第一段依次列举了爆发流行病的所有必备条件,并在段末指出:Whenalltheseconditionsarepresentinlargepopulationcenters,epidemicscanstart.题干中的noefficientdoctors不足以构成爆发流行病的所有条件,所以题干表达与原文不符。3.NG[分析]本题与早期的美洲居民有关,所以应锁定从历史的角度介绍流行病的第二段。第二段第四句提到:whentheEuropeansfirstcametoNorthandSouthAmerica,theybroughtdiseaseswiththemthatkilledabout95percentofthenativeAmericanpopulation.但是首批来美洲的人是否成为了Europeansettlers,文中没有提到,所以应判断本题为NG。4.Y[分析]本题的定位信息是antibiotics,所以应将目标锁定在第三段。题干中是说抗生素被证实在抵抗病毒方面没有效果,与原文完全相符。5.N[分析]本题涉及流行病传染的方式,应锁定第五至第七段。然而,第五段首句提到Doctorsknowhowmostepidemicdiseasesspread,就不难发现:并不是所有的流行病都会传染。题干中的All与原文most矛盾,所以答案为N。6.N[分析]本题定位信息是symptomsofflu,应锁定第八段。其中第二句和第四句分别提到。题干中的usually与上述的sometimesarunnynose,abouthalfofallpatients矛盾,因此,题干的表述与原文不符。7.Y[分析]本题涉及流行病的多发区,应锁定文章的第十一段。题干内容是对原文的同义转述。
1751.goodhealthhabits[分析]本题涉及流行病的防治,应锁定第十段。综合第一,第三句可以找到答案。2.muchmore[分析]本题涉及流行病的预防和流行病治疗的费用比较,应锁定第十二段。题干中的短语incomparisonwith暗含了比较,所以应该填比较级。3.preventativehealthcare[分析]本题涉及政府在流行病防治方面应有的做法,需锁定文章最后一段。其中第二句itisworththemoneyforgovernmentstoprovidepreventativehealthcareforalloftheirpeople暗含了政府的角色之意。PartIIIListeningComprehensionSectionA11.M:Thenwhydidyoudecidetoquityourformerjob?W:That'sbecauseofthejourney.Ittookmeabouttwohourstogettowork.Yourfirmiswithinwalkingdistance.Q:Whydoesthewomanwanttochangeherjob?【解析】选[D]。男士问女士为什么辞了以前的工作。女士说因为她每天要花两个小时去上班,同时流露出羡慕男士的公司离其住所近,[A]错误。女士所说的journey,指路程而不是旅行,[B]错误。[C]项未提及。[D]中说女士不想在上班的路上花太多的时间,符合题意。12.W:DoyouthinkEdwardwillgethereontimeforthejobinterview? M:Ifhedoesn't,nobodywill.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[A]。这道题关键在于听懂男士的回答。女士问他Edward能否准时参加面试,男士并未直接回答,而是说:如果他不能的话,那么就没有人能了,言外之意就是他肯定会准时到达。13.M:Hey,youshouldbedoingyourartclassnow.Whyareyouhere?W:IrealizedI'venotalentfordrawing.Dramaisabetteralternativethanthose brushes.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?【解析】选[D]。女士的回答中,Dramaisabetteralternativethanthosebrushes是这个对话中的关键点。[D]项表明她已经退出了艺术课,而选择了戏剧课,故为答案。14.W:Ohdear,Igainedthese10poundsinthelast3months,noneofmyclothesfitanymore.M:Iwouldn'tcomplain,youlookmuchbetter.Infact,youcangainanother5poundsandstilllookgood.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?【解析】选[C]。每每女士为自己的体重大惊小怪时,男士常会给予一定的安慰和劝说。对话中男士说youlookmuchbetter.Infact,youcangainanother5poundsandstilllookgood表明,男士劝女士不应为其体重担心。15.M:I'dliketobuythesefourgreetingcards.Aretheytenyuaneach? W:Threeofthemare.Butthatsmalleronecostsonlyhalfthepriceofthebigones. Q:Howmuchwillthemanpayforthecards?【解析】选[C]。这是一道综合性的计算题,但并不复杂,只要听到Threeofthemare(tenyuaneach)"其中三个是每个十元"及thatsmalleronecostshalfthepriceofthebiggerones"小卡片的价钱是大卡片的一半",确定应选[C]。16.W:Iknowyou'rebusy,buthowaboutattendingafilmfestivaltonight?Yourfavoritestarwillmakeanappearance.M:YouthinkI'dgivethatamiss?Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?
176【解析】选[A]。女士对男士说我知道你很忙,但今晚你愿意参加一个电影节吗,你最喜欢的明星会露面。男士反问道,你认为我会放弃这个机会吗?实际上暗示了他肯定会去的,这和选项[A]吻合。男士的回答中,YouthinkI'dgivethatamiss?是这个对话的关键点。17.W:Wouldyoumindsendingchampagneandstrawberriestomyroomat1a.m.please?M:I'lltry,ma'am.ButonWednesdaythekitchenstaffleaveatmid-night.Q:Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace? 【解析】选[D]。champagneandstrawberry、sending…tomyroom、kitchenstaff构成了一个"在宾馆谈论送餐"的特定场景。18.W:Youwereonthephoneforalongtime.Towhomwereyoutalking?M:Oh,toSusan.Shealwaysknowsthelatestnewsintownandshecouldn'twaittoseemetotalkitover.Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?【解析】选[B]。对话中男士不仅回答了女士的问题,还进一步提到Susan急于告知他镇上的最新消息。选项[B]eagertopasstheinformationsheknows就是对话中couldn'twaittoseemetotalkitover的同义转述can'twaittodosth.意为"急切地想要做某事"。ConversationOneW:CanIhelpyou?M:Yes,I'dliketoreadsomearticlesthatareonreserveaboutBritishculture.W:ProfessorGrand'sclass?M:That'sright.Howcouldyouknow?W:Let'sjustsayyouarenotthefirstpersoncominginaskingforthosearticles.M:Oh,well,seeingashowIhaven'treadanyofthemyet,itdoesn'treallymatterwhichoneyougivemefirst.W:I'mafraidIcan'tgiveyouanyofthematthemoment.They'veallbeencheckedout.M:You'rejoking,allofthem?W:Everymonth.I'veaskedprofessorGrandtwicealreadytobringinadditionalcopiesofthearticles,butnosoonerdoIplacethemontheshelvesthantheyaregone.Seethatgirlintheblacksweater?She'sbeenwaitingforhalfanhourforthosesamearticlestobereturned.M:Andhere'sme.Iwentoutofmywaytofreeoutthewholeafternoontoread.W:I'msorry,butthereisnotawholelotIcandoaboutit.AllIcansuggestisthatyoucomeinfirstthingtomorrowmorningandtryagain.Weopenateight.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Whatisthemansurprisedtolearn?【解析】选[C]。男士来借阅论文,被告知论文都被借走(beencheckedout)了,不由得说,Youarejoking,allofthem?其中,Youarejoking表示不相信、惊讶之情(surprised)。同义的表达有Areyoukidding?20.WhatdoesthewomansayaboutProfessorGrand?【解析】选[D]。根据选项无法判断问题是什么的时候,更需要我们注意听问题。题目问ProfessorGrand的情况,图书管理员说她已经两次请ProfessorGrand拿来多份论文,但总是很快就被借走了。其他选项在对话中都找不到依据。21.Whatdoesthewomansuggestthatthemando?【解析】选[A]。对话的最后部分女士建议男士明天一早就过来(comeinfirstthingtomorrowmorning),并告诉他开馆时间为8点。ConversationTwoM:Comeon,Julie,howarewegoingtoconvinceeverybodythatI'mthebestcandidate?W:Itwon'tbeeasy!M:Thanksalot!W:Oh,justkidding.Actually,Ithinkonceweshoweveryonehowwellyoudidasjuniorclasstreasurer,
177youaresuretobeelectedpresident.M:Well...,what'syourstrategy?W:OnethingIwasthinkingofistohangcampaignpostersinallthehallways.M:Buteveryoneputsupposters.Weneedtodosomethingdifferent.W:Letmefinish.Thecampusradiostationiswillingtoletyouhavefiveminutestomorrowmorningatseventooutlineyourplansfortheyear.Lotsofstudentswillhearyouthen.M:Greatidea!W:I'vealsoarrangedforyoutogiveaspeechduringdinnertimetomorrow.Overahundredstudentswillbethere.Andyoucananswerquestionsafteryoufinishspeaking.M:ThatmeansI'dbettercomeupwithaspeechprettyquickly.HowaboutifIwriteittonightandshowittoyouafterchemistryclasstomorrow?W:Fine.I'llseeyouafterclass.M:Youarereallygoodatthis.I'llbegladyouagreedtohelpmeout.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.22.Whatelectionarethespeakersdiscussing?【解析】选[D]。听对话,注意对话开头部分,捕捉与elected相关的信息,根据thebestcandidate,suretobeelectedpresident可以判断他们谈论的是学生会主席的选举。23.Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?【解析】选[D]。对话首句男士问howarewegoingto...;女士策略:OnethingIwasthinkingof...,I'vealsoarrangedforyou...。根据细节进行推理可知,女士是在帮助男士策划竞选活动。24.Whatwillthemandotonight?【解析】选[B]。听音时捕捉与选举有关的动作行为:comeupwithaspeech以及writeittonight。问题问男士今天晚上将要做什么,[B]为细节再现。25.Whatwillthespeakersdoafterchemistryclass?【解析】选[B]。听对话,捕捉与选项有关的表动作的词句,comeupwithaspeech,andshowittoyouafterchemistryclass。问题问谈话者化学课后做什么。根据细节进行推理,应该是Reviewtheman'stalk。SectionBPassageOneHumanbeingsenjoychallenges.Manyofthemlikephysicalchallenges.Theyaskthemselvesquestionslikethese:HowfastcanIrun?HowhighcanIclimb?HowdeepcanIdive?HowfarcanIswim?HowlongcanIholdmybreath?HowmuchcanIlift?HowhighcanIjump?Becausepeopleenjoychallenges,theyliketoplaysportsandwatchotherpeopleplaysports.Theylikeclimbing,running,diving,lifting,jumping,andsoon.EveryfouryearsmillionsofpeopleallovertheworldenjoytheinternationalsportscompetitioncalledtheOlympics.Therearechallengesthatarenotphysicalchallenges.Therearesocialandintellectualchallenges,too.LeonardodaVinci,wholivedinItalyduringthefifteenthcentury,enjoyedeverypossiblechallenge.Hewasanartistandpaintedthewellknownpicture,theMonaLisa.Hewasanengineerwhomadeplansforacitywithroadsunderthestreetfortraffic.Hewasaninventorwhoinventedadevicetoletpeoplebreatheunderwater.Hewasascientist,andhelearnedagreatdealabouthumanstructure.AnotherkindofchallengefacedtheEgyptiansbetween4,000and5,000yearsagowhentheydecidedtobuildthefirstpyramid.Theyusedsixmilliontonsofrock.ThatisenoughtobuildatenfootwallaroundallofFrance.Fourhundredthousandmenworkedfortwentyyearstobuildit.So,forthousandsofyears,peopleacceptedchallenges.Todaywestillhavemanychallengesbeforeus.Medicalsciencefacesthechallengesofconqueringthemanydiseaseswhichstillattackhumanbeings.Engineersandplannersmustbuildnewcitiesandnewkindsoftransportation.Scientistsmustdevelopnewformsofenergy.Andmanyofusareinterestedinthechallengeofspace.Weliveinanageofchallenge.
178Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.Whenpeopleparticipateinsportingactivities,whatkindofchallengedotheyface?【解析】选[B]。预读选项可知此题询问的是challenge的类型。在听的过程中需要留意涉及类型的细节。文中开头的Manyofthemlikephysicalchallenges后用一系列的例子,如HowfastIcanrun?...Theylikeclimbing,running...表明,当人们参加体育活动时他们面对的是physicalchallenges。27.Whichbelongstosocialchallenge?【解析】选[D]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种行为在细节上的区分。在听的过程中需要留意文中出现了哪几种行为、分别是为了说明什么问题而出现。28.Howdopeoplereacttothecategoryofsocialchallenges?【解析】选[C]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查They对them的态度。在听问题时需要留意They和them分别指代的是什么。PassageTwoTodaywe’llexaminetherolethatprivatetransportation—namely,theautomobile—playsincityplanning.Anumberofsociologistsblametheautomobileforthedeclineofthedowntownareasofmajorcities.Inthe1950’sand1960’stheautomobilemadeitpossibletoworkinthecityandyetliveinthesuburbsmanymilesaway.Shoppingpatternschanged;insteadofgoingtodowntownstores,peopleinthesuburbswenttolargeshoppingmallsoutsidethecityandclosertothehome.Merchantsinthecityfailed,andtheirstoresclosed.Downtownshoppingareasbecamedeserted.Inrecentyearsthere’sbeenarebirthofthedowntownarea,asmanysuburbaniteshavemovedbacktothecity.They’vedonethis,ofcourse,toavoidhighwaysblockedwithcommutersfromthesuburbs.I’vechosenthisparticularcityplanningproblem—ourdependenceonprivatetransportation—todiscussingroups.I’mhopingyouwillallcomeupwithsomenovelsolutions.Oh,anddon’tapproachtheproblemfromapurelysociologicalperspective;trytotakeintoaccountenvironmentalandeconomicissuesaswell.Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.Howdidtheautomobileaffecttheworkforceinthe1950’sand1960’s?【解析】选[B]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对It对workers或jobs的影响。在听问题时需要留意It指代的是什么。30.Whatproblemdiddowntowncitymerchantsfaceinthe1960’s?【解析】选[C]。预读选项可知此题是考查对四种负面事实的区分,需要留意文中关于这些细节的陈述。31.Accordingtothespeaker,whyaresomepeoplemovingbacktothecity?【解析】选[D]。预读选项可知此题询问的是关于某件事情的原因。文中提到人们从乡下搬回到城市的原因是:toavoidhighwaysblockedwithcomustters...,[D]是对此的同义转述。PassageThreeTheUnitedStatesoperatesunderafederalsystemofgovernment.Underthefederalsystem,powerisdividedbetweenthecentralgovernmentandthestates.Thecentralgovernmentisgivenspecificpowers.ThesepowersarenamedintheConstitution.PowersthatarenotassignedtothecentralgovernmentintheConstitutionbelongtothestates.Thecentralgovernmentcanpasslawsthataffecttradebetweenstates.Thecentralgovernmentcanalsomaketreatieswithforeigncountries.Ithasthepowertoprintmoney.TheConstitutiongivesthecentralgovernmentthesepowers.Thesepowersbelongtothecentralgovernmentonly.However,thestateshavemanypowersthatthecentralgovernmentcannotcontrol.Forexample,astateisallowedtotaxpeoplewholiveandworkinthestate.Thecentralgovernmentcannotputalimitontheamountofmoneythatastatetaxesitspeople.
179Manypeoplefeelthatthefederalsystemhasmanygoodpoints.Onegoodpointisthatitrestrainsthepowerofthecentralgovernment.Thecentralgovernmentcannotbecometoopowerful.Anothergoodpointisthatthecentralgovernmentmakessurethatthebiggerstatesdon’tbecometoopowerful.UndertheConstitution,allstatesaretreatedequally.Thelawsofthecentralgovernmentdonotfavoronestateoveranother.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.32.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?【解析】[B]。在听录音之前,预览四个选项可知本文与federalsystem或centralgovernmentandthestates有关。而且这些选项的概括性很强,很有可能询问文章的主旨大意。33.Whichisthepowerofthestatesgovernments?【解析】[B]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种行为在细节上的区分。在听的过程中需要留意文中出现了哪几种行为、分别是为了说明什么问题而出现。34.Whatisstatedinthepassage?【解析】[D]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种事实的区分,而且均与中央政府和每个州的权力有关。35.Accordingtothepassage,whatisagoodpointaboutthefederalsystem?【解析】[A]。预读选项可以推测此题是考查对四种事实的区分,需要留意文中出现了哪种或哪几种事实。SectionC36.【解析】feared。根据either...or...可以判断所填词和respected词性一致(即也是v+ed形式),语义相对。一方面是尊敬之情,那么另一种可能就是畏惧之情了。37.【解析】rank。从authority可以判断此处指的是社会中的等级。38.【解析】including。根据对句子结构的分析可以判断所填词和America一起构成句子的状语,因此应该填入分词形式。39.【解析】developing。所填词的宾语为excitingnewideas,从宾语的感情色彩可以判断所填词带有褒义,根据空前的maybe判断应该填入动词的ing形式,构成正在进行时。40.【解析】prizes。目的是为了encouragesuchcreativity,那么提供的应该是奖励了。41.【解析】accomplishments,意为“成就,成绩”。通常来说奖励的是所取得的成就。并且所填词和discoveries形成并列关系。42.【解析】considered。所填词与本句中的as构成固定搭配(consider...as...)。43.【解析】manners,意为“礼貌,礼仪”。根据空格后的thatyoungpeoplelackrespectforauthority可以判断此处是说对年轻人的礼貌有害。44.【答案】ThisimpressionmaybecreatedwhenvisitorsnoticeyoungAmericansaskingquestionsandarguingwitholderpeople【MainPoints】Youngpeoplemayleavebadimpressionwhentheyaskquestionsandarguewitholderpeople.45.【答案】Itisvitaltorememberthatitistheperson’sideasthatarebeingquestioned,nottheindividualhimself【MainPoints】Itisimportanttorememberthatpeopleargueaboutideasinsteadof theindividualhimself46.【答案】sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible【MainPoints】sothatthebusinessworkcangoonthemosteffectivelyPartIVReadingComprehensionSectionA47.N
180[分析]由定冠词可知此处需要名词。由resultin以及usedordiscardedelectronicproducts等词可以推断出此处需要表示“产生”之意的词,故选generation。48.H[分析]此处需要一个动词,与宾语environmentalrisk搭配。文中说对电子产品的处置也许会….环境危害,进而由disposal和risks推断出此处需要一个表示“造成,引起”之意的词,故选pose。49.J[分析]此处需要形容词来修饰impacts。由前面的reduce可以推断出这里应是减少不好的影响,故应为negativeimpacts(负面影响)。50.A[分析]由intheformof可以知此处需要名词。与energy和resource搭配的词应该是conservation(能源,资源的保存)。51.G[分析]此句主谓完整,需要副词修饰efficient。文中提到因为再利用无须加工处理,所以最为环保与经济。在这里的副词备选项里只有economically“经济地”能与efficient搭配。52.M[分析]由to可以知此处需要动词来引导后面的that从句。从上下文的意思来看,这里需要一个表示“保证,确保”的动词。Assure后面不跟从句,常用assuresb.ofsth.结构。Ensure后面跟that从句,或用ensuresth.结构。故选ensure。53.L[分析]由feasible以及and可以知此处需要一个和feasible同词性的词,而且与with搭配,又由后面的requirements推断出此处应为consistent。Beconsistentwith“与…一致,与…相符”。54.B此处需要一个形容词,修饰one(指issue)。由空格后的requiretheworkand….推断出再利用应该是一个比较复杂、棘手的问题。故选complex。55.F[分析]由空格后的ofpeople可知这里需要名词。由workand….推断出空格处需要的词与work应为并列关系,再由前面的require推断出此处应为commitment(承诺,保证)。56.E[分析]此处需要一个动词,与宾语thisissue搭配。在动词选项中只有address(向致辞,演说)符合语义,在文中表示说出这个问题以引起大家的关注,这样才能使问题在将来得到解决。SectionB57.B主旨题。该题要求学生总结文章的主题。文章主要写了银行发展的两个方面:一是银行的外在建筑风格,过去的银行通常有heavywalls,barredwindows以及bronzedoors,给人以非常可靠、放心踏实的感觉;二是银行的功能转变。选项B正是恰当的概括,所以应该是正确答案。文章并无涉及现在和过去对钱的价值比较,所以A项“钱不如过去值钱”不对。文章也没有对比哪种建筑风格更好,所以C项“过去的银行的建筑风格比现代银行的建筑风格更好”也不对。D项说“偏见使得老一辈人认为现代银行不可靠”,不符合文章意思。58.D细节归纳题。问题问老一代人与年轻一代人对钱的认识态度是什么?老一代人的看法可以从第三段开头看出:“Inhisgenerationmoneywasthoughtofasarealcommoditythat…”年轻一代对钱的看法可以从第四段第四行至第六行,尤其是“…heoffersusaserviceinwhichthemostvaluableelementisthecreativityfortheinventionoflargenumbers.”从上可以归纳出D项为该题的正确答案。
18159.C语义题。该题较容易,只要参阅第三段“commodity”后的定语从句“thatcouldbecarried,orstolen.”这实际上就是解释老一代人对钱的看法,他们认为钱是可以被携带或被偷走,也就是可以能摸得到的实实在在的东西,C项正确。60.D细节推论题。问题问现代银行应该具有什么功能?四选项的意思分别是:A)“充满雄心且友好”,B)“可靠且威力无穷”,C)“明智且不可穿越”,D)“富有想象且有创造性”。要回答这个问题,应定位在文章第四段“…inwhichthemostvaluableelementisthecreativity”和第五段“…boastsofimaginativepowers.”从中不难看出现代银行应该是富有想象力并且有创造力。61.C推论题。该题要求学生判断作者对银行的外在风格和功能的转变这一趋势的态度。最明确的提示应该是第四段开头“Buttheattitudetowardmoneyhas,ofcourse,changed.”随后进一步分析了现代银行不同于过去银行的功能,作者用了“creativeimagination”,可以看出其态度是肯定的。C项正确。Passage2文章导读:太空是个充满了神秘的地方,同时也藏着危险。其中来自外太空的辐射尤为恐怖,但是,看完这篇文章,你会相信聪明的人总会找到一些解决办法的。62.A问题问的是为什么大气层对人类是至关重要的。文章的第四句说到了大气层屏蔽了大量的外来射线。63.BA,C,D选项内容在文章中均没有明确肯定,只有B对应了原文的第二段的第四句话---问题在于很难发现辐射对人的损伤,当事人当时可能感觉良好,但是他的遗传细胞可能受到损伤,将会影响到他的孩子,甚至后代。64.D从文章中我们得知,到现在为止还没有报告显示阿波罗号受到辐射损害,所以A,B,C选项均与文章意思相悖,只有D相对正确。65.B该题对应了原文的最后一段。文章说虽然到现在为止还没有报告显示阿波罗号受到辐射损害,但毕竟它登月的时间短。人类能否长时间接受辐射照射还是个未知数。防辐射的药虽然已经研制出来,但只能削减辐射对人类的损害,还谈不上根治。所以说防太空辐射不是容易的事情。66.D此文主要是谈辐射的危害大以及防辐射的一些措施。D最准确。PartIVCloze内容梗概议论文。人们总是想预测自己今后的命运如何。未来的境遇往往是依赖于现在的努力,正所谓“有因有果”。当然,这种因果关系不是绝对的,而是概率性的。如果你能明白为什么有此事物是相与联系的,为什么有些固定的模式总是出现,你就可以不仅仅单纯地依靠观察和记忆,而会更好地预测将来。67.A)动词辨析。Exhibit此处意为“表现出”,相当于display或者show,符合题意。避错指导exaggerate“夸张,夸大”;examine“检查,研究”;exceed“超越,超出”。68.B)名词辨析。Circumstance此处意为“情总,境况”。这句话意为“实际上,所有人在预测自己今后的境况时都有自己的愿望”。避错指导context“上下文,背景”,intuition“直觉”和case“情况,案例”,均不合题意。
18269.C)动词辨析。Undertake意为“从事”,强调主动做某事,由于其后的task,故此处选C)。避错指导underestimate“低估”;undermine“削弱”;undergo“经历”,一般是被动地经历某事。70.D)动词辨析。本句意思为:我们意识到未来中国的境遇通常在某种程度上依赖于现在的境遇。recognize此处为“认识到,承认”,近义词为realize.避错指导recall“回忆起,想起”;recede“后退,衰退,衰落”;reckon“认为”。71.A)语义衔接题。Somehow副词,指“由于某种原因,以某种方式,用某种办法”,符合题义。避错指导somewhat“稍微,有点”;C)和D)都为代词故排除。72.B)语义衔接题。此处应该用one的复数形式ones代替circumstances.73.B)动词辨析。本句前半部分意思是:我们发现,受教育会影响到今后我们会掐多少钱。Affect为动词,意为“影响”,符合原文逻辑。避错指导affect作动词指“使产生,造成”;reflect“反映”;decide“决定”,均不合题意。74.C)名词辨析。我们也会预见到在有暗礁的海面上淤泳可能会碰到鲨鱼。这里用一个暗喻来表示因果关系,说明现在的境况或多或少决定着安排好的“会议,约见”等;occurrence为occur的名词形式,意为发生的“事情,时间,事故”;sighting为名词,意为“目击事件,发现,看见。”75.A)名词辨析。人们也清楚这种方式的因果关系是概率性的,pattern为名词,意为“模范,图案,式样,方式,模型”,符合上下文的意思。避错指导design作名词,意思为“图案,花样,结构,预谋”等,也可以当动词使用;arrangement“安排”。76.B)形容词辨析。原句为:Thatis,theeffectsoccurmoreoftenwhenthecausesoccurthanwhenthecausesate,butnotalways.此处是个比较,而前者是causesoccur,那后者肯定是causesdon’toccur,而符合此意的只有absent。77.A)逻辑衔接题。这里需要承接上文的词,且应该具有“因此”的含义。上面讨论的是研究中的“必然性”问题,也就是,没有什么事情是绝对可能发生的,社会研究中的因果关系一般都是probabilistic,也就是发生的概率。作者在后面举例说,“也就是说,那些刻苦读书的学生往往会取得好成绩,但是并不是每次都这样。”四个选项中惟一有承接关系的词是Thus,故选A)。避错指导Sothat一般不用于句首。78.B)动词辨析。“刻苦努力就会成绩好”,作者在这里叙述的是一般存在客观现象,应用produce。79.C)动词辨析。原来的句子为:科学使得这些因果性和可能性的概念更清晰,并提供了一定的技巧,比起一般的研究方法,让人们能列有效地把握这些概念。这里需要的词,应该是“提供,给予”等意义的词汇,因此只有provide最合适。避错指导prevent“避免”;produce“制造”;predict“预言”,这三项均不任命原文逻辑。80.D)固定搭配。Dealwith为固定搭配,指“安排,处理,对付”。81.A)动词辨析。Inlookingatordinaryhumaninquiry,weneedtodistinguishbetweenpredictionandunderstanding.即考察人类的研究活动时,我们必须分清预测和理解。Distinguish“把…和…
183分开,辨别,辨认”,一般和from或between搭配。避错指导distinct为形容词,意为“清楚的,明显的,截然不同的,独特的”;distort“歪曲,曲解”;distract常与from连用,指“使…注意力转移,使分心”。82.B)固定搭配。acton…“按照…行事。”83.C)名词辨析。此处需要一个动词,表达“激发,促使”等意,只有motivate符合要求。避错指导motion作动词时意为“用动作打信号;打手势”;motive一般不作动词用,作名词时意为“动机;目的”,作形容词意为“起动的,发动的”;activate一般意为“刺激;使产生活动;激发,激活;启动”。84.D)名词辨析。这种预测的尝试经常是基于知识和理解力的背景之上的。context“上下文,前后关系”;避错指导content“内容”;contact“接触;联系;关联”;contest“斗争,争夺;比赛,角逐;竞争”。85.B)动词辨析。Occur“发生”。原句为,如果你能明白为什么有些事物是相互关系的,为什么些因定的模式总是出现,你就右以不仅仅单纯地依靠观察和记忆,而更好地预测将来。Occur“突然发生”,可以和happen相互交换使用。但是在本文中,occur的主语为pattern,更侧重于“出现”的含义,因此不能用happen代替。86.A)固定搭配。aimat意思为“以…为目标;瞄准”,为固定搭配。PartVITranslation87.Bytakingexercises 解析:通过锻炼,我们可以保持健康。其实这题答案不止一个。“锻炼”可以用名词也可以用动词短语。“通过”可以用by表示方式,through表示途径。Bytakingexercises/Throughexercises。往往by用于“by+doing”,而through后接名词哦。88.listeningtomusicenablesustofeelrelaxed 解析:“听音乐”在句中作主语,“听”应当处理成动名词形式。“能使我们放松”很多同学会采用canmakeusfeelrelaxed的结构。其实,enable就有“能够使某人……”的含义,注意enablesb.todo的表达。89.Onnoaccountcanwe 解析:本题是强调语气,强调“决不能”,所以联想到onnoaccount,bynomeans,atnotime,innocase等。不管用哪一个,都要注意它们是含有否定的意味的,因此在置于句首时应使用倒装语序。90.fakeandinferiorcommodities 解析:“假冒伪劣商品”包含两层含义:一是假货,二是次品,在翻译成英文的时候应该注意两层含义的正确译法。“假冒”不能用false而应选择fake,“次品”可以说inferior表示质量差,也可以用commodityoflowquality。91.drawusefullessonsfromit 解析:句意为:面对失败,有的人能够顽强抵抗,从中吸取教训,努力实现他们的目标。本句由三个并列的谓语成分构成,谓语动词分别是standupto“汲取”和try。“汲取教训”正确表达为drawalessonfrom。然而我们又能从全句判断,从失败中吸取教训是为了将来能够更好地实现目标,因此加上修饰语useful,使内容更明确ModelTest3PartⅠWritingLetterforInternship
184DearMr.Wang,I’velearnedfromthelocalnewspaperthatyourcompanyneedsanumberofinternsinthissummer.MyuniquemixofpreviousworkexperienceandmystatusasabusinessmajorofJiangxiUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsmakemeanidealcandidate.Myexperienceinsalesandcustomerrelationshipmanagement,combinedwithmycoursesinmarketing,hasconvincedmethatmarketingisacareeroptionIwouldliketoexplore.Moreimportantly,yourcompanyhasanexcellentreputationforcustomersatisfaction.Iknowthatthecombinationofmyexperience,education,andmotivationtoexcelwillmakemeanassettoyourmarketingdepartment.Iamsurethatitwouldbeworthwhileforustomeet.Shouldyouhaveanyquestionsbeforethattime,youmayreachmeviaphone(16916944169)oremail(liHua2009@163.com).Thankyouforyourtimeandconsideration.Sincerely,LiHuaPartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)[文章大意]本文讲述了智能电话的发展及其运用,如智能电话将具有支付功能并能下载游戏。1.Y题干说明智能电话不同于大部分标准的手机,因为它们能符合人们的特殊需要。文中第一段作者提到智能电话具有可以将设备变得符合人们特殊需要的那种能力。所以题干句意是正确的。2.NG题干说明使用大部分手机可以获得数据同步。文中第二段的第四点仅仅提到智能电话能够做到数据同步。故答案为NG。3.Y题干说明即时信息是智能电话的一个功能。文中第二段介绍智能电话拥有的功能中,第六个功能即是。4.N题干说明最新的智能电话可用来在零售店付账。文中第三段作者指出诺基亚6131可将电话用作无线信用卡,运用双向通信系统在某些零售店将支付信息传达到家。但目前这仍处于试验阶段。5.Y题干说明典型的智能电话是由处理器、提供必要功能性的计算机芯片装备而成。文章第四和五段分别讲述了这两个组成部分。6.N题干说明Symbian系统将被使用在Apple’siPhone里面。文章第六段最后一句中作者介绍了多种操作系统,其中OSX系统是被使用在Apple’siPhone里面。7.N题干说明了GPRS符合第二代智能电话的标准。但是在文章第八段中第一句就指出GPRS直到现在还只符合过去2.5G智能电话的标准。8.EnhancedDataGSMEnvironment/EDGE题干提问什么在美国被使用,速度快于GPRS,但仍然是2.5代。作者在第九段中提到EDGE速度是GPRS的三倍,但仍然是2.5代,第三代3G是最新的技术。9.Bluetooth
185题干提问什么技术能够让智能电话连接多种设备,比如打印机、扫描仪、输入设备、计算机和耳机。文章第十一段专门详细介绍了bluetooth(蓝牙)的功能。10.Java/theJaveprogramminglanguage题干提问智能电话兼容了什么就可以下载应用游戏等等。文章第十三段介绍了智能电话装配Jave之后可拥有的功能。PartⅢListeningComprehension11.A12.B13.D14.D15.B16.C17.C18.A19.C20.A21.B22.D23.A24.D25.C26.D27.B28.C29.B30.D31.C32.D33.B34.D35.A36.onesixth37.among38.remain39.dropped40.investment41.private42.concerned43.conflicts44.Throughouttheworld,manycompaniesalsoexpressconcernsaboutproblemslikedishonestyandundependableelectricitysupplies45.Asofdate,somepoliticalleaderscallforaworldtaxtohelpfinanceanantipovertycampaign46.However,othersbelievetaxesonworldtradewouldbeundemocraticandimpossibletoputinplacePartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)SectionA47.D:warning这里应该填个名词,根据句意:科学家们已经发出了警告,格林兰岛上的冰帽开始融化,warning“警告,预告”符合题意,为正确答案。48.F:associated分析句子结构可知,所填单词作后置定语,修饰risks。beassociatedwith表示“与……有关联”,这里的意思为:与气候变化有关联的危险。49.C:previously这里应该填个副词,来修饰动词thought,previously“先前,以前”,此处表示比人们先前的想法要更加严重。50.G:raise这里少个动词,根据句意:格林兰的冰帽溶化将使全球的海平面升高,raise“升起,提高”,而elevating表示“举起,提拔”的意思。51.E:disturbed这里少个形容词,此处的句意为:如果冰帽从中间溶化,那麻烦可就大了,disturbed“扰乱的”。52.I:avoiding这里在介词of后面应连接动名词,可选项中只有两个动名词elevating和avoiding。此句的意思是:为了相对确定地避免这种变暖的现象,故选avoiding。53.O:desirable这里少个形容词,根据句意:首席科学家大卫•金说,那个目标是我们非常想得到的,desirable“值得要的,令人想要的”符合题意。54.K:politically这里应该填个副词来修饰unfeasible,句意为:但是从政治上来说是难以实施的。55.H:predicted这里少个形容词来修饰meltingpoint,
186这句的意思是:各种散发物的温度已经高于预知的冰帽的溶点,predicted“预知的,预言的”。56.N:satisfactory系表结构,应该填个形容词,这句的意思是:形势并不让人满意,故satisfactory“令人满意的”为答案。SectionBPassageOne[文章大意]本文介绍了RosaParks一位伟大女性的生平事迹。RosaParks被人们称为“全民权利运动之母”和20世纪最重要市民之一。她毕生为了种族平等权利而奋斗,并且获得了很多荣誉奖章,比如:总统自由勋章、议会金章等等。57.D题干提问在20世纪60年代是什么样的乘坐公车制度。可对应文中第二段,答案A和B可先排除掉,答案C比较片面,答案D比较全面地回答了问题。58.B词汇题。boycott“联合抵制、抵制”,句意是:人们要联合起来拒绝乘坐那种有隔离区域的汽车。59.D题干提问最高法庭对阿拉巴马州的公车制度作出了什么裁决。根据关键词SupremeCourt定位到第三段第四行,答案为outlawsegregationoncitybuses。60.B题干提问Martin说“人们感到厌倦的时代来了”意味着什么。这句话显然是表示对种族歧视的愤怒,要求废除各种种族歧视制度。61.A题干提问RosaParks被称为“全民权利运动之母”主要是因为什么。本文主要讲述了Rosa为了反对种族歧视而倡导的平等权利运动。故答案A最合适。PassageTwo[文章大意]这是一篇关于飓风的简单介绍。飓风是发生在海洋里的巨大的热带暴风雨,其移动非常缓慢,所以人们有机会逃离。在6月1日至11月30日的官方飓风季节里,这些巨大的风暴有时冲击到美国的沿海地区。研究气候的气象学家和科学家非常仔细地观察这些风暴,并根据风暴的强度将其分为五个范畴。62.A题干提问根据文章,关于飓风的描述哪一项是不正确的。文章一开始就介绍,飓风热带暴风雨,起源于热带海洋。文章的第二段说明在飓风登陆以后会带来强降雨。故选项A是错误的。63.B题干提问飓风何时最有可能袭击美国。在文章的第三段,作者介绍所谓的飓风季节是从6月份到11月份,故美国在8月份最有可能遭受飓风的袭击。64.C题干提问大部分人能够逃离飓风是因为什么。文中第二段末句,飓风移动非常缓慢,所以人们有机会逃离。65.D题干提问对于海滩城镇,飓风最危险的部分是什么。文中第二段第五行,飓风瀑潮(stormsurge)是让人们搬离海岸城镇的主要原因。66.D细节推断题。题干提问美国最不可能受到飓风袭击的是哪个地区。从文章第三段可知大西洋沿海和海湾地区最容易受飓风袭击,美国的西南地区和太平洋沿海则很少受到飓风袭击。PartⅤCloze67.C固定搭配。drawup拟订、制订、起草;drawout抽出;drawback退缩;drawaway退走。68.A介词辨析。本句表示“这是一个时期——当希腊文明达到了顶峰,并且有太多值得自豪的东西”,atitsheight表示在顶点、顶峰。69.D固定搭配。beproudof...值得自豪的;pride(v.)自豪;proud(adj.)自豪的。70.B形容词辨析。这里需要一个形容词修饰ancientwonders,表示被人们公认的古代奇迹。approved经批准的;accepted公认的;acknowledged被普遍认可的;agreed同意的。
18771.C连词辨析。这里需要一个连词引导从句,表示“虽然……(though)”。72.A形容词辨析。这里需要一个形容词,表示它已经变成西方神话中确定的、熟悉的一部分。established确定的、已制订好的;authorized审定的、经授权的;assigned指派的;affirmed断言的。73.B固定搭配。副词短语forthepresent“暂时”。74.C词形辨析。句中系动词keep后应跟动词的ing形式。75.D名词辨析。句中需要一个名词来表示“世界文化遗址”。place地方、地点;location位置、场所;space空间、空地;site地点、遗址。76.A词形辨析。复合句的从句中需要一个谓语动词。根据文章时态,动词用一般现在时态。77.D名词辨析。根据下一句中的“vote”,可以推断出瑞士冒险家韦伯开始的是一个关于“世界新七大奇迹”的竞选活动。activity行为、行动;project计划、方案;advertisement广告;campaign竞选活动、作战。78.B名词辨析。根据文章句意,应该是公众通过电话或网络来进行投票决定。people人们;public公众;persons人;personnel人员、职员。79.C词形辨析。这里句意是:七大优胜者将于7月7日在葡萄牙里斯本被公布。这里是一般将来时的被动语态,故选C。80.A固定搭配。befascinatedwith对……着迷。本句句意为:为什么人类要对他们的建筑成就那么着迷。81.B名词辨析。本句句意:为什么在今天我们仍然要建设那些大的也许看上去是没有用途的纪念碑。mission使命、任务;purpose??意图、用途;aim目标、目的;goal目标。82.C固定搭配。atanyrate(副词短语)至少、无论如何。83.D名词辨析。本句句意:也许创造这些建筑仅是人类的部分目标——想要被记住。construction????建筑;production生产;discovery发现;creation创造、创作物。84.B词形辨析。句意同83题,这里需要动词的被动形式,toberemembered。85.C连词辨析。这里需要一个连词引导原因状语从句。while当……时候、虽然;whereas然而;for因为;although虽然、尽管。86.D词形辨析。这里是后置定语短语修饰people。beassociatedwith(与……相关联)省略掉be动词,形容词短语作后置定语。PartⅥTranslation87.Withhispromotion88.themotherfeltthatshedidnothavetomakesuchcommitmenttohim89.butonlyendedinvain/butwemadenoheadway90.hasincreasedbymorethan80%between2001and200491.FrommanagementsstandpointTapeScriptofListeningComprehensionModelTestOneSectionA11.M:Excuseme.I’mnewhere,andwhataretherulesforborrowingbooks?W:Youneedtopresentyourlibrarycardwhencheckingoutmaterials,andthetotalnumberofitemsthatcanbeborrowedis25items,butforfirst-timeusers,itis5items.Q:Howmanybookscanthemanborrow?
18812.M:I’mgoingtothemuseumSundayafternoon.There’sanewexhibitofIndianartfromArizona.Wanttogowithme?W:I’dloveto,butmybestfriendisgettingmarriedonSunday.Q:Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?13.W:Wehavejustgotthescheduleforthenextsemester.Willyoutakebiology?M:Idon’tseeanypointindoingthat.I’vehadenoughsciencecourses.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?14.W:Samwon’tbeabletoplayinthebasketballgamethisweek.Isthattrue?M:Yeah,hehurthiskneeprettybadlyawhileback,Idon’tknowwhyhedidn’tquitrightaway.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?15.W:I’mgoingtothezootomakesomesketchesofelephantstomorrow.I’llleaveatsixinthemorning.M:MayIgowithyou?Ihavethesameassignment.Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthemanandwomanfromthisconversation?16.M:I’mgoingtobeupallnightstudyingformyexam.Ican’taffordtofailagain.W:Doyoureallythinkthat’swise?Ithinkyouneedtotalktoyourteacherandfindoutwhereyouneedtofocuson.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?17.M:ProfessorFreedman,maybeyou’dbetterfindanotheractortoplaythisrole.Thelinesaresolong.SometimesIjustcompletelyforgetthem.W:Look,Sam,it’sstillalongtimebeforethefirstshow.AndIdon’texpectyoutoknowallthelinesyet.JustkeeppracticingandI’msureyouwillgetthem.Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?18.W:Excuseme,ProfessorClark.SinceclassiscanceledonThursday.Whenarewegoingtohavethequiz?M:Itwillbepostponeduntilnextweek’sclass.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?ConversationOneM:Lasttimewetalkedaboutthehistoryofpaper,butdoyouknowwhatpaperisusedfor?W:Oh,that’saneasyquestion.Paperisusedfornewspapers,books,writingpaper,envelopes,wrappingpaper,paperbags.M:Yes,actuallyonlyhalfofthepaperthatismadeisusedforsuchpurposes.Haveyougotanideaaboutotherusesofpaper?W:No,I’mafraidnot.M:Therearemanyotheruses.Paperisverygoodforkeepingyouwarm.Housesareoftenprotectedwithpaper.Perhapsyou’veseenhomelesspeopleasleeponalargenumberofnewspapers.W:Yes,Ihave.Sotheyareprotectingthemselvesagainstcold.M:Youareright.InFinland,itisverycoldinwinter.Itissometimes40degreesCentigradebelowzero.Thefarmerswearpaperbootsinthesnow.Nothingcouldbewarmer.W:Oh,that’sunbelievable.M:Nowmoreandmorethingsaremadeofpaper.Wehavehadpaperplates,cupsanddishesforalong
189time.Butnowwehearthatchairs,tables,andevenbedscanbemadeofpaper.W:Fascinating!M:Peoplehavemadepaperboats,buttheyhavenotyetmadepaperplanesorcars.Justwait,theyprobablywill.W:Well,youhavebecomeanexpertonpaper.Howdoyouknowallthat?M:YouknowI’mpreparingforapresentation,soI’velookedupalotofmaterial.W:Well,I’msureyourpresentationwillgoreallywell.M:Thankyou.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Whatfunctiondoespaperperforminhousebuilding?20.WhydofarmersinFinlandwearpaperbootsinsnow?21.Whatistrueofpaperplanesandcars?22.Howdoesthemangettoknowsomuchaboutpaper?ConversationTwoW:Hi,Jim,Ihavesomethingurgenttotalkoverwithyou.Couldyouspareafewminutesrightnow?M:Sure,comeinandtakeaseat,please.What’sonyourmind?W:Iwasjusttalkingtothelabsupervisor.Hesaidthemainframewasrepairedyesterday.Thathelpsalot,buttherearesomeotherproblemswithourstudents.M:Again?What’stheproblemthistime?W:Hesaidthestudentsaresupposedtoreservetheterminalcomputersforonlyonehouradaybecausesomanystudentsneedtousethemeveryday.M:Wehavealreadymadeitasaregulationtoreservetheterminalswithinthehourgiven.Haven’twe?W:Yes,wehave.Butquiteanumberofourstudentsarerequiredtoaccomplishsuchassignmentsasdesignsandresearchestowardstheendofthesemester.M:Icanseethat.Butdoesitbringaboutanyproblem?W:Well,nowitfrequentlyoccursthatsomeofourstudentsaren’twillingtogiveupterminalswhentheirhourisover.M:Isupposetheyfeelthatsincetheyarealmostdone,afewmoreminuteswon’tmatter.W:Yes,mostlikely.Butthisrendersitinconvenientforpeoplewhoarewaitingfortheirturntousethemachine.M:You’reright.Let’sdraftthememorightnow.Wecanpassitoutinourclassestomorrowtoclearuptheproblem.Tomakeitknowntoallwillbecrucialtothesolution.W:Iagree.AndnowIconsideritnecessitytotightenthecontroloverthetimelimits.M:Okay.Let’sgetstartedrightaway.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.Howlongiseachstudentallowedtousethelaboratory?24.Whatisoneoftheproblemsinthelaboratory?25.Whatarethespeakersgoingtodonexttosolvetheproblem?SectionBPassageOne
190Jellyfisharenotreallyfish.Unlikefish,theyhavenobonesatall.Mostjellyfishliveinsaltwater,apartfromafewtypesthatliveinfreshwater.Jellyfisharefoundinoceansandseasallovertheworld.Theyliveinwarm,tropicalseasandinicywatersneartheNorthandSouthpoles.Adultjellyfishareshapedlikeanopenumbrellaorabell.Tentaclesdangledownfromtheedgesofajellyfish’sbody.Atthecenterofajellyfish’sbody,whereitiswidest,isthemouth.Theendsofthetentacleshavestingingcellsonthem,whichjellyfishusetoparalyzeandcatchtheirprey.Thestingfromajellyfishcanbeverypainful.Somejellyfish,suchastheseawasp,havepowerfulenoughstingstokillpeople.Lifeforajellyfishbeginsasanegg.Adultjellyfishreleasethousandsofeggsintothewater.Theeggsdevelopintolarvae.Theselarvaeattachtorocksorotherobjectsontheoceanfloorandgrowintoapolyp.Polypsusuallygrowincolonies,orgroups.Theylooklikeplantsbecausetheyattachtothegroundandgrowupwards.Thepolypsgrowtalleruntiltheylookliketallstacksofsaucers.Thesaucersgraduallydetachthemselvesfromthepolypsandswimfree.Thesefree-swimmingsaucersareyoungjellyfish.Thejellyfishthengrowintoadults,layeggs,andthelifecyclebeginsanew.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofjellyfish?27.Inwhichpartisfoundthemouthofajellyfish?28.Whydopolypslooklikeplants?PassageTwoAgrapefruit-sizemeteoritecrashedthroughtheroofofahouseinNewZealandthisspring,hittheceiling,slammedintoacouch,androlledunderatable.Expertssaytheextremelyhotrockwastravelingabout500kilometersanhourwhenitcrashedthroughtheroof.Itslandingmadeaterrificexplosion.AstronomerJoelSchiffoftheUniversityofAucklandsaid,“ItismostlikelyachipoffanasteroidandisolderthananythingelseonEarth.”Themeteoriteisabout4.5billionyearsold.“Itisoneofthefewphysicalrecordsoftheearlysolarsystem,”Schiffsaid.Accordingtoexperts,thespacerockwasprobablytraveling50,000kilometersanhourwhenitreachedEarth’satmosphere.Earth’satmospheresloweditdown.MostlikelythespacerockcametoEarthfromanasteroidbeltlocatedbetweenMarsandJupiter,some700millionkilometersaway.Luckilynoonewashurtwhenthemeteoritelanded,butitcouldmeanmoneyfromtheheavensforhomeownersPhilandBrendaArcher.Expertssaythespacerock—onlytheninthknownmeteoritetolandinNewZealand—isprobablyworthmorethanU.S.$30,000!Butdon’texpecttogetrichonmeteorites.MostspacerocksenteringtheEarth’satmosphereburnupduringtheirjourney.Questions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.Whathappenedafterthespacerocklanded?30.Whyisspacerockoneofthefewphysicalrecordsoftheearlysolarsystem?31.Whyisthespacerockworthsomuchmoney?32.Whydon’twealwaysexpecttogetrichonmeteorites?PassageThreeAltruismiswhenmembersofaspeciesputasidetheirimmediateneeds—andmayevensufferintheshortterm—foragreatergoodthatwillbenefitthegroupasawhole.Othermammalssuchaschimpanzeesanddolphins,birds,andeveninsectsshowaltruistictraits,butaltruismismoredevelopedinhomospeciesthananyotherspecies.Andthere’sevidencethatwe’rebecomingmorealtruisticastimegoeson.Membersofa
191speciestypicallyonlyshowaltruismtotheirowntribe—theenemytribeovertheriverarestilltheenemy.Butoverthelasttenthousandyearsagoorsoofhumancivilization,the“tribe”hasgraduallybeengettingbigger.Thankstoanotherby-productofthehumanbrain,theadvancedformofsocialorganizationwecall“culture”,we’vebecomemoreandmoredependentoneachother.The“tribe”hasenlarged—fromthevillage,tothecity,thenationstate,thetradingblock,andnowinthe21stcentury,theglobalvillage.Globalinstitutions,internationaltreaties,theopeningupofglobaltradeandfinancialmarkets,andthemassmedia,haveinterconnectedusanddiminishedtribaldifferencesthatformerlymadeusenemies.Theymakeitincreasinglydifficultforustoactindestructive,aggressivewayswithoutindirectlyharmingourselves.GlobaltreatiesliketheKyotoProtocolandtheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreatymightjustbesignsthatwecanaddresstheproblemscreatedbyourbrain.Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.Whichofthefollowingspeciesaremorealtruistic?34.Whatdoes“tribe”probablymeaninthepassage?35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedascontributingtodiminishingtribaldifferences?SectionCTheWorldBankestimatesthatmorethanonethousandmillionpeopleliveonlessthanonedollaraday.Thesearethepoorestofthepoor,about(36)one-sixthoftheworldpopulation.About50%ofthepeopleinseveralAfricannationsare(37)amongtheworld’spoorest.ThesenationsincludeEthiopia,SierraLeone,TanzaniaandZambia.Buteventhoughtheseareas(38)remainextremelypoor,worldpovertyhasbeencutinhalfoverthelast20years.Thenumberofpoorpeople(39)droppedbyalmostfourhundredmillionbetween1981and2001.Toreducepoverty,theWorldBanksuggestsdevelopingnationsshouldexpandthepossibilitiesforbusinessand(40)investment.Thebanknotesthat(41)privateindustrycreatesmorethan90%ofjobsindevelopingcountries.Thereportfor2005isbasedonquestionsaskedofmorethan30,000businessesin53developingcountries.WorldBankresearchersfoundthatcompaniesaremost(42)concernedabouthowgovernmentsdecidetoenforcelaws.About90%ofthoseinGuatemalareportedpolicy(43)conflictswiththeirgovernment.Thiswastrueofmorethan70%ofbusinessesinBelarusandZambia.(44)Throughouttheworld,manycompaniesalsoexpressconcernsaboutproblemslikedishonestyandundependableelectricitysupplies.(45)Asofdate,somepoliticalleaderscallforaworldtaxtohelpfinanceananti-povertycampaign.Theysuggestinternationalfinances,airplaneticketsandsalesofheavyweaponsarejustsomeofthethingsthatcouldbetaxed.(46)However,othersbelievetaxesonworldtradewouldbeundemocraticandimpossibletoputinplace.ModelTest4PartⅠWritingHousingProblemsinChinaNowadays,housingpricesinChinesecitieshavebeenontherise.Inlessthanadecade,housingpriceshavedoubledandeventripled.Theriseinhousingpriceshasbroughtanunspeakableburdentotheaverageperson.InmostChinesecities,theaverageincomeperyearfortheurbandwellersisbetween20,000to
19230,000RMB.However,adecenttwobedroomapartment—about100squaremeters—costalmostonemillionRMB.Justimaginethatacouple,bothemployed,wouldhavetosavealltheirincomeupto20yearsbeforetheycanaffordtobuysuchapartment,disregardingthemortgageinterestwhichhasbeenrisingfortherecentfewyears.Inviewoftheseriousnessofthisproblem,Ithinkthegovernmentneedtotakeeffectivemeasurestolowerthehousingprices,makingsurethattheordinarypeoplecanhavesomelivingspaceforthemselves.Firstly,thegovernmentshouldtrytoprovidecheaperhousingunitsforlowincomepeople.Secondly,thegovernmentshouldcrackdownonrealestatespeculationandstabilizethehousingprices.Ifthehousingproblemsarenotdealteffectively,thereformprograminChinawillfacebitterresentmentfromtheordinarypeople.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)[文章大意]本文讲述了智力测试(IQtests)与智力及其天才之间的关系。指出天才并不是智商极高的人,而是具有极强的想象力和创造力,并在某一领域取得杰出成就的人。1.NG爱因斯坦所发现的公式是E=mc2,这一公式的确是描述物质和能量之间的关系。但是文章并没有提到这一点。故正确的答案是NG。2.Y题干说明有些人对智力测验(IQtests)表示疑问,因为智力测验无法用来检测一个人的全部智力。在第三段中,作者指出其他人感到智力测验只能检测一个人全部智力的有限部分。3.N题干说明作者认为天才就是一个智商极高的人。这种说法并不正确。作者在第四段中指出,在这篇讨论天才的文章中,天才并不是智商极高的人,天才是指作出重大发现或发明的人,或在艺术领域取得杰出成就的人。4.Y根据题干的指示词如highfunctions、thought和reasoning,可以定位答案在GeniusandtheBrain一节。作者指出大脑的功能分高端和低端。思维和推理(thoughtandreasoning)是高端功能,它们位于大脑的皮层。5.N在GeniusandtheBrain一节中,作者介绍了加利福尼亚大学Irvine分校的一项研究成果,大脑皮层中的灰色物质对智力的影响要大于脑容量。6.Y在GeniusandtheBrain一节中,作者介绍了一篇刊登在《自然》上的论文。这篇论文认为,大脑皮层在儿童时期密度变大,成年以后则会变小。论文并说高智商儿童的大脑皮层密度变大的速度要比其他儿童快。7.N在GeniusandIntelligence一节的第二段中,作者介绍对智力进行测验的历史已有数千年,但是智商测验(IQ)则始于19世纪末。另外,从下一段的第一句中,我们知道智商测验是一种标准化的测验。8.agenius在GeniusandIntelligence一节中,作者指出大多数人在智商测验中得分在90至110分,超过了140分的人就是天才。故正确的答案为agenius。9.imaginationandcreativity在CreativityandGenius一节中,作者认为发现、发明和创造除了智力以外,还需要想象力和创造力。故正确的答案是imaginationandcreativity。10.bipolardisorder在文章倒数第三段,作者指出作家和艺术家患双向情感障碍(bipolardisorder)的机率要大于一般的人。作家和艺术家当然是creativepeople。故正确的答案是bipolardisorder。注意:根据心理病学家的研究,双向情感障碍(bipolardisorder)并非是精神分裂症,后者的英文名称是schizophrenia。PartⅢListeningComprehension
19311.A12.A13.C14.A15.C16.B17.D18.A19.B20.A21.D22.C23.D24.A25.C26.A27.C28.C29.C30.B31.D32.B33.B34.A35.D36.missing37.illegal38.amounts39.conducted40.collected41.healthy42.chance43.identify44.Thatinformationcouldthenbeusedtodevelopmachinestotestforthechemicals45.Theteamalsoplanstousedogstohelpidentifymarkersforotherkindsofcancer46.TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerestimatesthisdiseasekillsmorethan100,000peopleeachyearPartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)SectionA47.L:evaluation这里需要填一个名词来和前面的description和interpretation并列,根据此句的意思:艺术评论家就是描述、解释且给艺术品估价的,evaluation“估价,评价”符合题意,为正确答案。48.E:distinct这里需要一个形容词来修饰profession,此句的意思是:自19世纪以来,艺术评论一直是一种独特的职业,distinct“清楚的,明显的,独特的”。49.N:institutions从twomodern这两个词判断,这里应该填一个名词的复数,可选项中只有一个名词复数institutions“公共机构,协会”。50.C:marketplace根据此句的意思:艺术画廊给艺术品提供了这样一个市场,marketplace“集会场所,市场”。51.I:interested这里应该填个形容词,以修饰audience。根据句意:报纸上刊印的一些关于艺术的文章都是给感兴趣的读者看的,interested“感兴趣的”符合题意。52.G:patronage这里应该填个名词,officialpatronage表示官方的赞助,是最佳答案。53.F:determine动词不定式to提示我们这里应该填一个动词原形,在可选项中只有support和determine两个动词原形,根据这句的意思:评论家会指派专家用X光,声谱仪或其他的物理和化学分析来检测艺术品的年代并且确定在作品中使用的原料和方法,determine“确定,测定”符合题意。54.A:originality这里应该填个名词,anartist’soriginality表示艺术家的创意。55.M:departs分析句子的语法结构可知,应该填入动词第三人称单数。departfrom为固定搭配,表示“违反,背离(常规、传统)”。56.H:engagedbeengagedin为固定搭配,表示“从事……”。SectionB
194PassageOne[文章大意]一个新的报道指出尼泊尔搬运工的头部搬运方式让他们成为世界上最能效的人类搬运机。本文中讲述了一些研究学者在比利时等做了男性、女性用头部搬运物品的实验,实验说明尼泊尔搬运工表现得更好,意味着他们取得世界上最厉害搬运工的称号。57.B题干提问关于尼泊尔人搬运方式,从本篇文章我们可以知道什么。文中第一段第二句给出了答案,他们的方式是用一个头带束住去支撑一个篮子,就这样使他们成为世界上最能效的人类搬运机。58.C题干提问关于尼泊尔搬运工最令人惊奇的是什么。文中第二段,作者讲到抽测中平均男性可以运载相当于他们身体重量的90%的货物,而女性大约是66%,其中一人运载了将近其身体重量两倍的货物,所以这是最令人惊奇的。59.A题干提问对尼泊尔人搬运方式的研究结论是什么。文中第三段第二行,这项研究报告表示与一组欧洲人做了同样标准的测试比较,尼泊尔人展示了moreeconomicalenergyuseforallloads,故选答案A。60.D词汇题。cost代价,(使)花费(金钱、时间、劳力等)。根据本篇的句意,这里是指不需要“费劲、花力气”地去承载货物。61.C题干提问先前关于非洲女性的研究表明了什么。文中最后一段第十行,前面讲述了对非洲女性的研究后,作者认为theNepaleseportersperformedbetter,故选答案C。PassageTwo[文章大意]本文介绍了在女性中,太阳光中紫外线照射的时间会影响患非霍奇金淋巴瘤的几率。淋巴瘤是涉及全身淋巴系统的癌症。一些调查实验表明在六十年内,那些每年(晒黑行为)suntan少于三个月的女性,要比那些从来没有去suntan的女性患淋巴瘤的风险几率高三倍。62.A题干提问对非霍奇金淋巴瘤的了解。文中第一段介绍了非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其是涉及到身体内淋巴系统的一种癌症。63.D题干提问文中的“femalecontrols”是指什么。文中第三段内容为,研究人员检查一组来自于“acasecontrolstudyofwomenlivinginConnecticut”的数据,这个研究涉及到的是确诊为患非霍奇金淋巴瘤的601位女性和生活在康涅狄格州的femalecontrols。所以femalecontrols的句意为:那些正在临床研究中接受测试和观察的女性。64.A题干提问如果女性做什么,她们可能会增加患淋巴瘤的风险。文章第六段表明,夏天上午九点到下午三点有最多量晒黑行为的女性比有最少量晒黑行为的女性患淋巴瘤的风险高70%。故选答案A。65.C题干提问为什么常规的晒黑行为似乎不会增加女性的危险。文中第五段末句,常规的晒黑行为也许有了保护性的色素沉着(pigmentation)来减少紫外线的吸收。66.C题干提问为什么调查人员计划去进一步研究非霍奇金淋巴瘤。文章最后一段中,作者提到调查人员认为进一步研究是有必要的,是为了调查是否遗传感病体(geneticsusceptibility)有可能改变太阳曝晒和患上非霍奇金淋巴瘤之间的关系。PartⅤCloze67.A词义辨析。句中需要一个形容词修饰things,表示细菌是非常小、活动的东西。living活的、现存的;live生活;lively活跃的;alive活着的。68.D连词辨析。这里需要一个连词来引导状语从句,句意为:当我们用英寸或厘米来测量我们的尺寸时,细菌的尺寸却要用微米来测量。as当作;because因为;although???
195虽然;while当……时候,用于连接从句常表示对比和转折。69.B词义辨析。句意为:一微米是一毫米的千分之一,一个大头针的平头大约为一毫米宽。across(adv.)“从一边到另一边,横过,宽”,其他选项都不符合题意。70.A介词辨析。这里表示“以直径测量”,故用indiameter。71.C关联词辨析。这里需要一个关联词引导条件状语从句。如果你将一个细菌放大一千倍,它将会大约是针头那么大小。once??????一旦、从前;when那时;if如果;since自从。72.C介词辨析。句意同71题,故选about。73.D介词辨析。这里需要一个介词组成介词短语,用作句中的状语。句意为:甚至在有普通显微镜的情况下,你也必须仔细地去观察细菌。故选with。74.A副词辨析。这里需要填一个副词去修饰形容词visible。句意为:有人发现即使使用一百倍的放大镜,细菌看上去仅仅是一些小点点。barely仅仅;clearly清晰地;more更多;less更少。75.D固定搭配。本句句意:一个人不能辨认出它们的结构。makeat袭击、扑向;makeeven(排字中)使最后一行排足;makefor有利于、导致;makeout说明、辨认出。76.B固定搭配。attachto???附在、把……放在。77.A介词辨析。本句句意:许多细菌缺乏关节,不能够通过他们自己的力量进行移动,而其他的细菌通过鲜为人知的机制可以越过表面沿着滑行。by通过。78.C介词辨析。句意同77题。under在……之下;beneath在……之下;over在……之上、越过;above在上面。79.D固定搭配。so...that...如此……以至于……。本句句意:细菌是如此的小,以至于它们受到周围化学分子的影响。80.A介词辨析。句意同79题。beinfluencedby...受到……影响。81.B介词辨析。介词短语修饰主语,表示“显微镜下的细菌”,故选under。82.C词形辨析。根据文章整体语境,这里用一般现在时态。bounce弹起,弹跳,跳动。83.A固定搭配。collidewith与……冲突。84.D介词辨析。这里表示时间“在十分之一秒内”,故选within。85.B介词辨析。本句句意:水分子运动如此之快,以至于在十分之一秒内,一个细菌周围的分子已经被新的所替代。bereplacedby被……替代。86.A词形辨析。beexposedto暴露于……。PartⅥTranslation87.beyondmyunderstanding88.tomakeitpossible89.onlytobetoldthathiswifehadlefthim90.unlessyouwanttooffendhim91.thereisstillmuchroomforimprovementTapeScriptofListeningComprehensionModelTest4SectionA11.W:Istayedinthehospitalforalmostonemonthnow.I’mworriedaboutthoseclassesImissedwhenI
196wassick.M:Don’tworryaboutthat.I’lltrytobringyouuptodateonwhatwe’vedone.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?12.M:I’dliketogetmysisteranicepracticalgiftforherbirthday.Doyouhaveanypositivesuggestion?W:Whatdoyoumeanbythat?Well,howdoesahairdryersound?Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?13.M:ThoughI’vespentsomuchtimeonthesephysicsproblems,I’mgettingabsolutelynowherewiththem.W:Howaboutmygoingthroughthemwithyou?Perhapsyoujustneedtolookatthemfromadifferentperspective.Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?14.W:Doyoueverthinkofchangingyourmajortoart?Inthatcase,youwon’thavespenttoomuchtimeinlabs.M:Everyonceinawhile.Whatifyoudid?Youstillhavetoworkhardifyouwanttostandout.Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?15.W:Canyoumakemeacabinetfourfeethighandthreefeetwide?Iwouldliketoplaceitinmystudy.M:Sure,howmanyshelvesdoyouneed?IsupposeyouwilluseitforbooksandmusicCDs.Q:Whatmostprobablyistheman’soccupation?16.M:WhenisJackgoingtofinishwritingthatpaper?Irememberhestartedonitlastsummer?W:Idon’tknowwhenhe’llbeabletofinishit,buthe’sbeenworkingonitdayinanddayout.Q:WhatdoesthewomansayaboutJack?17.M:Thewintershereareusuallymild.Wehaveseldomseentoomuchsnow.W:That’stheusualcase,butIthinkthisyearwouldbedifferent.Justwaitandseewhatwillhappen.Q:Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutthiswinter?18.M:Whatshallwehaveforlunch?Iusuallyhaveasandwich,whichhasmeatandvegetablesbetweentwopiecesofbread.W:I’mnotreallyhungry,youknow.Isthereanychickensoupleft?Q:Whydoesthewomanmakesuchremark?ConversationOneW:DoctorWhite,werecentlylearnedthatalargepieceoftheLarsenIceShelfinWesternAntarcticabrokeoffinearlyJanuary.Couldyoupleasetellusexactlywhathappened?M:I’dbehappyto.Thepiecethatbrokeoffwasoverathousandsquaremilesinarea.Morerecentlyandquitealarmingtoscientistsisthattheforty-milecrack,somethirtyfeetwideinplaceshastornthroughtheiceshelf.W:Iunderstandthatthescientificcommunityisquiteconcerned.Whatisthesignificanceoftheseevents?M:Well,somescientistsbelievethatthisisaclearsignofglobalwarming.Backin1978,someAmericanresearcherspredictedthatAntarcticawouldshowearlysignsofglobalwarmingduetothegreenhouseeffect-youknow,theprocessofheatbeenheldatthesurfaceoftheearthbytheatmosphere.W:Butcouldn’tbreakingiceshelvesalsobearesultoftheunusualweatherAntarcticaitselfhas
197experiencedlately?M:That’scertainlypossible.W:Butyouhavetorememberthatoverthepastthousandsofyears,iceshelveshavebeenthroughalotofweatherchangeswithoutbreakingup.M:Remembertoothatalthoughiceshelvesfloatontheocean,theyareattachedtothecontinentandcanbeasthickasathousandfeet.W:IthinkmostpeopleknowthatiftheicecapoverAntarcticamelts,theleveloftheoceanswillrise.What’ssortofimpactwillthishave?M:Well,theiceshelvescurrentlykeepstheAntarcticcontinentfromwind,whichslowsdownmelting.Butwithouticeshelvestocoolthewind,itwouldbewarmerthanusualasitflowsoverAntarctica.Ifthewindscauseevenatenthofthecontinent’sicetomelt,theworld’soceanscouldriseasmuchasthirtyfeet.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?20.Whyaretheeventsimportant?21.Whydoesn’tthewomanbelievethatweatherisresponsiblefortherecentevents?22.Whatwouldbethelikelyresultofmeltingoftheicecap?ConversationTwoM:Ireallydon’tknowwhattodothissummer.Ican’taffordtojustsitaround,andtheredon’tseemtobeanyjobsavailable.W:Whydon’tyoutryhouse-sitting?LastsummermyfriendMargarethouse-satfortheDoddswhentheywentawayonvacation.Mr.DoddhiredMargarettostayintheirhousebecausehedidn’twantitleftempty.M:YoumeantheDoddspaidMargaretjusttoliveintheirhouse?W:Itwasn’tthateasy.Shehadtomowandwaterthehouseplants.AndwhenErichouse-satforMr.Cohen,hehadtotakecareofhispets.M:Housesittingsoundslikeagoodjob.Iguessit’salittlelikebabysittingexceptyou’retakingcareofahouseinsteadofchildren.W:Thestudentemploymentofficestillhasafewjobsposted.M:DoIjusthavetofilloutanapplication?W:MargaretandErichadtointerviewwiththehomeownersandprovidethreereferenceseach.M:Thatseemslikealotoftroubleforasummerjob.W:Thehomeownerswantsomeguaranteethattheycantrustthehouse-sitter.Youknow,theywanttomakesureyou’renotthetypewhowillthrowwildpartiesintheirhouse,ormoveagroupoffriendsinwithyou.M:House-sitterswhodothatsortofthingsprobablyaren’tpaidthen.W:Usuallytheyarepaidanywayjustbecausethehomeownersdon’twanttomakeafuss.Butifthehomeownerreportedit,thenthehouse-sitterwouldn’tbeabletogetanotherjob.Sowhydon’tyouapply?Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.Whatdoesthemanwanttodothissummer?24.WhatdidtheDoddsdowhentheywentawaylastsummer?
19825.Whatisoneresponsibilitythehouse-sitterprobablywon’thave?SectionBPassageOnePlasticbagsareeverywhere.AccordingtotheVirginia-basedAmericanPlasticsCouncil,80percentofgroceriesarepackedinplasticbags.Thenumbersareabsolutelystaggering.Itisestimatedthatconsumersusebetween500billionandonetrillionplasticbagsperyearworldwide.Plasticbagscanbefoundinlandfills,stuckontrees,andfloatingintheocean.Someexpertssaythattheyharmtheenvironment.Plasticbagscantakehundredsofyearstobreakdown.Astheybreakdown,theyreleasepoisonousmaterialsintothewaterandsoil.Plasticbagsintheoceancanchokeandstranglewildlife.Endangeredseaturtleseatthebagsandoftenchokeonthem—probablybecausethebagslooklikejellyfish,themainfoodofmanyseaturtles.Infact,floatingplasticbagshavebeenspottedasfarnorthastheArcticOceantoasfarsouthasthesouthernendofSouthAmerica.Oneexpertpredictsthatwithintenyears,plasticbagswillwashupinAntarctica!Whilesomeexpertshavearguedforplacingataxonplasticbags,othersworrythatthetaxwouldcausepeoplewhomakeplasticbagstolosejobs.Somepeoplealsoworrythatmakingplasticbagsmoreexpensivewouldincreaselandfillwastebecausestoreswouldstartusingpaperbagsagain.Anotherpossiblesolutionwouldbetousebiodegradableplasticbags,atechnologythathasrecentlyimproved.Perhapsthesimplestsolutionfornow,however,istopackgroceriesinreusablebags.Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.WhatisNOTtrueaboutplasticbagsaccordingtothepassage?27.Whatistheevidenceillustratingthethreatofplasticbagstomarinewildlife?28.Whichsolutionisstronglysuggestedbythespeaker?PassageTwoInsectsaresmallanimalswithoutbackbones.Theygothroughlifestagesandhaveverydifferentformsineachstage.Adultinsectsusuallyhavethreepairsoflegs,onepairofantennae,andtwopairsofwings.Insectsbreatheairthroughholesintheirbodies.Thebodyofaninsecthasthreemainpartscalledthehead,thorax,andabdomen.Youcouldbarelyseethefeatherywingeddwarfbeetlebecauseitisonly0.25millimeterslong.ThewalkingstickofSoutheastAsiaisoneofthebiggestinsects.Itcanbe50centimeterslongwithitslegsstretchedout.InsectscanlivealmostanywhereonEarth.InsectscalledrockcrawlersliveonthecoldmountaintopsoftheHimalayasinAsia.Theseinsectsmakeakindofantifreeze.Theantifreezeworkslikeantifreezeinacar.Itkeepswaterintheirbodiesfromfreezingsolid.SomeantsliveintheheatoftheSahara,adesertinAfrica.Theylookforfoodeveninthehottestweather,whentemperaturescanbehigherthan116Fahrenheitor47Celsius.Manyinsectspeciesliveinthefreshwateroflakes,streams,ponds,andswamps.Veryfewinsectscanliveinthesaltywateroftheoceans.Moreinsectsliveintropicalrainforeststhananyotherplaceintheworld.Scientistsbelievetherearemillionsofinsectspecieslivingintherainforestthathavenotyetbeenfound.Questions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofinsects?30.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasamainpartofaninsect?31.WhatcanbelearnedabouttheantslivingintheSahara?32.Wherearefewinsectsfoundaccordingtothepassage?
199PassageThreeThelatestUNclimatechangereportwasreleasedinApril2007.Accordingtothereport,a2—3degreeriseintemperatureabovepre-industriallevelswillcausewidespreaddamagetoecosystems,leadingtotheextinctionofupto30%ofplantandanimalspeciesworldwide.Forthehumanbeings,theywillsufferfromheatstressandgreaterspreadoftropicaldiseases.PotentiallythebiggestimpactofclimatechangeinAustraliawillbeonwatersupply.Thepredictionismorewherewedon’twantitandlesswherewedo.Inotherwords,therewillbeincreasedfloodinginnorthernAustralia,butsouthernandeasternAustraliawillhavetoseeincreaseddrought.WitheverycapitalcityinAustraliacurrentlyexperiencingwatershortagesandruralareasreliantonwatertrading,evenasmallshiftinclimatecouldhavemajorimpactsonhowweusewater.RuralAustraliaparticularlyfacessignificantsocialimpactsfromfurtherwaterrestrictionsandresearchisneededataregionalleveltoaddressruralwaterconcerns,whichcouldleadtoademographicshiftawayfromruralAustralia.Short-termsolutions,suchaswatertrading,won’tbufferfarmsfromthelossesexpectedfromincreasedevaporation.Evaporationimpactsonsoilmoisture,andontopofthatfarmerscanexpectdecreasedrainfallanddecreasedrunoff.Rainfalltorun-offisinaratioofonetothree,sothatanydecreaseinrainfallreducesrun-offbyasmuchasthreetimes.Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.Howdoestheeffectofclimatechangeontheenvironmentsuggest?34.WhatwillbethebiggestimpactofclimatechangeinAustralia?35.Whatismentionedasashorttermresolution?SectionCDogsareknownfortheirsenseofsmell.Theycanfind(36)missingpeopleandthingslikebombsand(37)illegaldrugs.Nowastudysuggeststhattheanimalknownasman’sbestfriendcanevenfindbladdercancer.Cancercellsarethoughttoproducechemicalswithusualodors.Researchersthinkdogshavetheabilitytosmelltheseodors,eveninverysmall(38)amounts,inurine.Thesenseofsmellindogsisthousandsoftimesbetterthaninhumans.Thestudywas(39)conductedbyCarolynWillisatAmershamHospitalinEngland.Fortheexperimenttheytraineddifferentkindsofdogsand(40)collectedurinetakenfrombladdercancerpatients,frompeoplewithotherdiseasesandfrom(41)healthypeople.Eachdogwastestedeighttimes.Asagroup,thedogschosethecorrectsample22outof54.Thatisalmostthreetimesmoreoftenthanwouldbeexpectedby(42)chancealone.CarolynWillissaysdogscouldhelpscientists(43)identifythecompoundsproducedbybladdercancer.(44)Thatinformationcouldthenbeusedtodevelopmachinestotestforthechemicals.Now,doctorsmustremovetissuefromthebladdertotestforcancer.(45)Theteamalsoplanstousedogstohelpidentifymarkersforotherkindsofcancer.Bladdercanceristheninthmostcommoncancerworldwide.(46)TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerestimatesthisdiseasekillsmorethan100,000peopleeachyear.Doctorssaycigarettesmokingistheleadingcauseofbladdercancer.
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