大学英语六级阅读理解模拟考试题及答案汇总

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大学英语六级阅读理解模拟考试题及答案汇总PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)　　PassageOne　　Questions21to24arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofpro-ductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisde-signedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe"SecondIndustrialRevolution".　　Labour'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemploy-ment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,main-taining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthe　　transitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.AI~,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.　　Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoney　　basedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.　　21.Thoughlabourworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itdoesnotdoubtthat　　A)automationwilleventuallypreventunemployment　　B)automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskills　　C)automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers　　D)automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped　　22.Theideaofthe"improvementfactor"(Line7,Para.3)probablyimpliesthat　　A)wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofservice　　B)thebenefitofincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkers　　C)supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted　　D)thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers　　23.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,labourwilldependmostlyon　　A)additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissedworkers　　B)theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivity　　C)shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretime　　D)astrongdriveforplanningnewinstallations　　24.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?

1　　A)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.　　B)Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.来源：考试大　　C)Unemploymentbenefitplansandautomation.　　D)Socialbenefitsofautomation.PassageTwo　　Questions25to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney,become"better"people,andlearntobemoreresponsi-blecitizensthanthosewhodon'tgo.　　Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon'tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenu-merous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother'sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout-oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators.　　Someobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves-theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat'sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole,anddoesn'texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.　　We'vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan'tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year-olds,either.　　Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecomple-tionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,it　　seems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn'tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthings-maybeit'sjusttheotherwayaround,andintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,quick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuc-cessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.　　Thisisheresy(异端邪说)tothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.　　25.Accordingtothepassage,theauthorbelievesthat　　A)peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducation　　B)peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducation　　C)allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollege　　D)veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege　　26.Inthe2ndparagraph,"thosewhodon'tfitthepattern"refersto　　A)highschoolgraduateswhoaren'tsuitableforcollegeeducation　　B)collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis　　C)collegestudentswhoaren'tanybetterfortheirhighereducation　　D)highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedto

2college　　27.Thedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause　　A)youngpeoplearedisappointedwiththeconventionalwayofteachingatcollege　　B)manyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointhearmy　　C)youngpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahighereducation　　D)youngpeopledon'tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool　　28.Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat　　A)societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduates　　B)highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducation　　C)toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownliving来源：考试大　　D)collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropout　　29.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat　　A)moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduates　　B)collegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobesuccessful　　C)collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeople　　D)intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon'tgotocollege　　30.The"surveysandstatistics"mentionedinthelastparagraphmighthaveshownthat　　A)college-educatedpeoplearemoresuccessfulthannon-college-educatedpeople　　B)collegeeducationwasnotthefirstchoiceofintelligentpeople　　C)thelessschoolingapersonhasthebetteritisforhim　　D)mostpeoplehavesweetmemoriesofcollegelife　　PassageThree　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.AhundredyearsorsoagoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnotemployedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago"beingemployed"meantworkingasafactorylabourerorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-classpersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingaprofessionalormanagementjobre-quiringintellectualandtechnicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacteriedAmericansocietyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-classemployeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworkingpopulation-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,thatold-estchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosinginnumericalimportancedespitetheex-pans/onofindustrialproduction.　　Yetyouwillfinelittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobeanemployee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceonhowtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofindagooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritbethemechanist'stradeorbookkeeping(簿记).Everyoneofthesetradesrequiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresadifferentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessoringovernment,employeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthanthespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymorepeoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeinganemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossesstheskillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themoreyougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,the

3greatertheemphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthanontechnicala-bilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.　　31.Itisimpliedthatfiftyyearsago　　A)eightypercentofAmericanworkingpeoplewereemployedinfactories　　B)twentypercentofAmericanintellectualswereemployees　　C)thepercentageofintellectualsinthetotalworkforcewasalmostthesameasthatofin-dustrialworkers　　D)thepercentageofintellectualsworkingasemployeeswasnotsolargeasthatofindustri-alworkers　　32.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodernindustry,　　A)factorylabourerswillovertakeintellectualemployeesinnumber　　B)thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesasfactorylabourers　　C)employershaveattachedgreatimportancetofactorylabourers　　D)theproportionoffactorylabourersinthetotalemployeepopulationhasdecreased　　33.Theword"dubious"(L.2,Para.2)mostprobablymeans　　A)valuableB)usefulC)doubtfulD)helpfulwww.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　34.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskillis　　A)lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagoodemployee　　B)asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublicrelations　　C)moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelations　　D)asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersintheorganization　　35.Fromthepassageitcanbeseenthatemployeeshiphelpsone　　A)tobemoresuccessfulinhiscareerB)tobemorespecializedinhisfield　　C)tosolvetechnicalproblemsD)todevelophisprofessionalskill　　PassageFour　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours'sleepal-ternatingwithsome16-17hours'wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.　　Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.　　m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently,　　Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidence(发生率)ofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthese

4phenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.　　Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadapt-edisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoare-versedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofse-　　lectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.　　36.Whyisthequestionof"howeasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnight"notamereacademicquestion?　　A)Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.　　B)Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.来源：考试大　　C)Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.　　D)Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.　　37.Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemliesin　　A)theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomation　　B)thedisturbanceofthedailylifecycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequently　　C)thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffective　　D)thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers　　38.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-hourworkingsystemseemstobe　　A)tochangeshiftsatlongerintervals　　B)tohavelongershifts　　C)toarrangeforsomepeopletoworkonnightshiftsonly　　D)tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers　　39.Itispossibletofindoutifapersonhasadaptedtothechangesofroutinebymeasuringhis　　bodytemperaturebecause　　A)bodytemperaturechangeswhenthecycleofsleepandwakefulnessaltermates　　B)bodytemperaturechangeswhenhechangestonightshiftorback　　C)thetemperaturereverseswhentheroutineischanged　　D)peoplehavehighertemperatureswhentheyareworkingefficiently　　40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?　　A)Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker'sperformance.　　B)Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkershasprovedtobethebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.　　C)Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangesofroutine.　　D)Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.

51991年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)　　PassageOne　　Merchantandpassengershipsaregenerallyrequiredtohavealifepreserverforeverypersonaboardand,inmanycases,acertainpercentageofsmallersizesforchildren.AccordingtoUnitedStatesCoastGuardrequirements,lifepreserversmustbesimpleindesign,reversible,capableofbeingquicklyadjustedtofittheuninitiatedindividual,andmustbesodesignedastosupportthewearerinthewaterinanuprightorslightlybackwardposition.本文来源:考试大网　　Sufficientbuoyancy(浮力)tosupportthewearershouldberetainedbythelifepreserverafter48hourinthewater,anditshouldbereliableevenafterlongperiodofstorage.Thusitshouldbemadeofmaterialsresistanttosunlight,gasoline,andoils,anditshouldbenoteasilysetonfire.　　Thepositioninwhichthelifepreserverwillsupportapersonwhojumpsorfallsintothewaterismostimportant,asisitstendencytoturnthewearerinthewaterfromaface-downpositiontoanuprightorslightlybackwardposition,withhisfaceclearofthewater,evenwhenthewearerisexhaustedorunconscious.　　Themethodofadjustmenttothebodyshouldbesimple,andself-evidenttouninitiatedpersonseveninthedarkundertheconfusedconditionswhichfollowadisaster.Thus,thelifepreservershouldbereversible,sothatitisnearlyimpossibletosetitonwrong.Catches,straps,andtiesshouldbekepttoaminimum.Inaddition,thelifepreservermustbeadjustabletothewidevarietyofshapesandsizesofwearers,sincethisgreatlyaffectsthepositionoffloatingandtheself-rightingqualities.Asuitablelifepreservershouldalsobecomfortabletowearatalltimes,inandoutofthewater,notsoheavyastoencouragetotakeitoffonshipboardwhiletheshipisindanger,norsoburdensomethatithindersapersoninthewaterwhiletryingtoswim.　　21.Thepassageismainlyabout________.　　A)theusesoflifepreservers　　B)thedesignoflifepreservers　　C)thematerialsforlifepreservers来源：考试大　　D)thebuoyancyoflifepreservers　　22.Accordingtothepassage,alifepreservershouldbefirstofall,________.　　A)adjustable　　B)comfortable　　C)self-evident　　D)self-righting　　23.UnitedStatesCoastGuarddoesNOTrequirethelifepreservertothemade________.　　A)withasfewstringsaspossible　　B)capableofbeingwornonbothsides　　C)accordingtoeachwearer’ssize　　D)comfortableandlighttowear　　24.By“theuninitiatedindividual”(Para.1,line6)theauthorreferstotheperson________.　　A)whohasnotbeeninstructedhowtousealifepreserver　　B)

6whohasalittleexperienceinusingalifepreserver　　C)whousesalifepreserverwithoutpermission　　D)whobecomesnervousbeforeadisaster　　25.Whatwouldhappenifapersonweresupportedbythelifepreserverinawrongposition?　　A)Thewaveswouldmovehimbackwards.　　B)Thewaterwouldchokehim.　　C)Hewouldimmediatelysinktothebottom.　　D)Hewouldbeexhaustedorunconscious.　　PassageTwo　　Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistence(生活维持费)incaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist(维持生活),inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason”.Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusedanykindofsocialobligation.　　Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithink,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature,actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.　　However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundless,fromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.　　Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininter-personalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.　　26.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto________.　　A)theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomy　　B)thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaults　　C)thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsociety　　D)thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educated　　27.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat________.　　A)thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimproved　　B)everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany

7“reason”　　C)everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountry　　D)peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoor　　28.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould________.　　A)providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployed　　B)encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligations　　C)guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployed　　D)provideeveryonewiththerighttoaminimumsubsistenceforacertainperiod　　29.Theword“fallacy”(Para.2.L.6)means________.　　A)doubt　　B)fact来源：www.examda.com　　C)strongargument　　D)wrongbelief　　30.Accordingtothewriter,asystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum________.　　A)demandstoomuchfromsociety　　B)makesfreedomofcontractimpossible　　C)helpspeopletakeinterestintheirwork　　D)helpsbringaboutchangesintherelationshipamongpeople　　PassageThree　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Thenewborncanseethedifferencebetweenvariousshapesandpatternsfrombirth.Hepreferspatternstodullorbrightsolidcolorsandlookslongeratstripesandanglesthanatcircularpatterns.Withinthreeweeks,however,hispreferenceshiftsdramaticallytothehumanface.　　Whyshouldababywithsolittlevisualexperienceattendmoretoahumanfacethantoanyotherkindofpattern’?Somescientiststhinkthispreferencerepresentsabuiltinadvantageforthehumanspecies.Theobjectofprimeimportancetothephysicallyhelplessinfantisahumanbeing.Babiesseemtohaveanaturaltendencytothehumanfaceaspotentiallyrewarding.Researchersalsopointoutthatthenewbornwiselyreliesmoreonpatternthanonoutline,size,orcolor.Patternremainsstable,whileoutlinechangeswithpointofview;size,withdistancefromanobject;andbrightnessandcolor,withlighting.　　Mothershavealwaysclaimedthattheycouldseetheirnewbornslookingatthemastheyheldthem,despitewhattheyhavebeentold.Theexpertswhothoughtthatperception(知觉)hadtoawaitphysicaldevelopmentandtheconsequenceofactionwerewrongforseveralreasons.Earlierresearchtechniqueswerelesssophisticatedthantheyaretoday.Physicalskillswereonceusedtoindicateperceptionofobjects-skillslikevisualtrackingandreachingforanobject,bothofwhichthenewborndoespoorly.Then,too,assumptionsthatthenewborn’seyeandbrainweretooimmatureforanythingassophisticatedaspatternrecognitioncausedopposingdatatobethrownaway.Sinceperceptionofformwaswidelybelievedtofollowperceptionofmore“basic”qualitiessuchascolorandbrightness,thepossibilityofitspresencefrombirthwasrejected.　　31.Whatdoesanewbornbabyliketoseemost’?　　A)Brightcolors.　　B)Circularpatterns.　　C)Stripesandangles.　　D)Various

8shapes.　　32.Thenewbornpaysmoreattentiontoahumanfacethananyotherkindofobjectsbecause________.　　A)heseesahumanfacemoreoftenthananyotherkindofpattern　　B)hehasaninherentabilitytoregardahumanbeingashelpful　　C)ahumanfaceisthemostcomplexpatternhecansee　　D)ahumanfaceisoftenaccompaniedbyapleasantvoice　　33.Contrarytowhattheybelieve,mothershavebeentoldthatnewborns________.　　A)carelittleaboutahumanface　　B)can’ttracktheirmovements　　C)can’tseetheirfaces　　D)caneasilyperceivebrightness　　34.Inearlierresearchesonthenewborn’sperception,scientists________.　　A)ignoredevidencecontrarytotheirassumptions　　B)believedthatperceptionofformcomesbeforeperceptionofcolorandbrightness　　C)opposedthrowingawayeffectivedata　　D)provedthatphysicalskillscomeaftervisualperception　　35.Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.　　A)researchtechniquesareofvitalimportancescientificinvestigation　　B)thefindingsofearlierscientificresearchersoftenprovewrong　　C)newbornscanperceiveformsfrombirth来源：考试大　　D)moreoftenthannottheclaimsofmothersarereliable　　PassageFour　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　AlbertEinsteinrecalledhislearningproblemsphilosophically:“Myintellectual(智力的)developmentwasslow,asaresultofwhichIbegantowonderaboutspaceandtimeonlywhenIhadalreadygrownup.Naturally,Icouldgodeeperintotheproblemthanachild.”Andso,11yearsafterdismissalfromschool,youngAlbertEinsteinpublishedthetheoryofrelativitythatchangedourunderstandingoftheuniverse.　　NooneinthiscenturyhasbeenmorewidelyrecognizedasageniusthanEinstein.Yethisproblemswithearlyintellectualdevelopmentandhispeculiargiftscastgreatdoubtonallourconventionalideasaboutgenius,intelligenceor“I.Q.”(智商).Ontheonehand,Einsteinshowedearlydefectsinabilitiesthatourmentaltestsvalue;ontheotherhand,hisspecialintellectualfacultieswentfarbeyondmostdefinitionsofintelligence.Moreover,theirgrowthappearspeculiarlygradual,contradictingthepopularconceptionofintelligenceassomethinginbornandfixed.Hisresolutepersistenceandhisskillsinplayinggameswithideaswereapparentlyasdecisivetohisgeniusasanycuttingedgeofintellect(智能).　　Thesepowerfulaspectsofintelligencethatconventionaldefinitionsoverlookaregettingcloseattentioninanewwaveofresearch.Thiscomesafteryearsofearlierstudieswhichexposedthenarrownessofourusualmeasuresofmentalability.Intelligence,itturnsout,ismultifacetedandmarvelous;itincludespersonalcharacteristics,creativityskillsandintellectualcapabilitiesthatshowuponnotest.Whatismostexcitingisthatsomeoftheseiii-definedabilitiesarepossessedbymanypeople.Justknowingaboutsuchneglectedskillswillhelpusdiscoveranddevelopuntapped(未开发的)potential-inourselvesandinour

9children.　　36.Thispassageisabout________.　　A)thedevelopmentofEinstein’sintellect　　B)thewiderecognitionofEinsteinasagenius　　C)conventionalideasconcerninggenius　　D)aninsighttothecomplexityofhumanintelligence　　37.Accordingtothepassage,whenEinsteinwasatschool,he________.　　A)fellbehindotherpupils　　B)wasfondofstudyingphilosophicalproblems　　C)wasproudofhisowndiligence　　D)thoughtmoredeeplyabouttheproblemsofspaceandtimethanhisclassmates　　38.WhichofthefollowingledtoEinstein’ssuccess?　　A)Hisgoodskillsingame-playing.　　B)Hisdiligenceandpowerfulmind.　　C)Hisunusualinsightintotheconceptionofintelligence.　　D)Hisdecisivenessintakingactions.　　39.“Multifaceted”(Para.3,Line6)probablymeans________.　　A)havingmanyaspects　　B)havingmanyabilities　　C)havingmanyskills　　D)havingmanyuses　　40.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE’?　　A)Conventionalintelligencetestsarenotreliable.　　B)Forordinarypeopleintelligenceissomethinginbornandfixed.　　C)Einsteinwasapparentlyageniusinplayinggamesaswellasinscientificresearch.　　D)Einstein’searlydefectsinabilitiescontributedtohislatermentaldevelopment.1.D22.A23.A24.D25.C26.C27.B28.B29.D30.D31.B32.A33.C34.C35.A36.D37.B38.C39.A40.A1991年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案　　PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Itisnaturalforyoungpeopletobecriticaloftheirparentsattimesandtoblamethemformostofthemisunderstandingsbetweenthem.Theyhavealwayscomplained,moreorlessjustly,thattheirparentsareoutoftouchwithmodernways;thattheyarepossessiveanddominantthattheydonottrusttheirchildrentodealwithcrises;thattheytalktoomuchaboutcertainproblemsandthattheyhavenosenseofhumour,atleastinparent-childrelationships.来源：www.examda.com　　Ithinkitistruethatparentsoftenunderestimatetheirteenagechildrenandalsoforgethow

10theythemselvesfeltwhenyoung.　　Youngpeopleoftenirritatetheirparentswiththeirchoicesinclothesandhairstyles,inentertainersandmusic.Thisisnottheirmotive.Theyfeelcutofffromtheadultworldintowhichtheyhavenotyetbeenaccepted.Sotheycreateacultureandsocietyoftheirown.Then,ifitturnsoutthattheirmusicorentertainersorvocabularyorclothesorhairstylesirritatetheirparents,thisgivesthemadditionalenjoyment.Theyfeeltheyaresuperior,atleastinasmallway,andthattheyareleadersinstyleandtaste.　　Sometimesyouareresistant,andproudbecauseyoudonotwantyourparentstoapproveofwhatyoudo.Iftheydidapprove,itlooksasifyouarebetrayingyourownagegroup.Butinthatcase,youareassumingthatyouaretheunderdog:youcan’twinbutatleastyoucankeepyourhonour.Thisisapassivewayoflookingatthings.Itisnaturalenoughafterlongyearsofchildhood,whenyouwerecompletelyunderyourparents’control.Butitignoresthefactthatyouarenowbeginningtoberesponsibleforyourself.　　Ifyouplantocontrolyourlife,co-operationcanbepartofthatplan.Youcancharmothers,especiallyparents,intodoingthingsthewaysyouwant.Youcanimpressotherswithyoursenseofresponsibilityandinitiative,sothattheywillgiveyoutheauthoritytodowhatyouwanttodo.　　21.Theauthorisprimarilyaddressing________.　　A)parentsofteenagers　　B)newspaperreaders　　C)thosewhogiveadvicetoteenagers　　D)teenagers　　22.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.　　A)theteenagers’criticismoftheirparents　　B)misunderstandingsbetweenteenagersandtheirparents　　C)thedominanceoftheparentsovertheirchildren　　D)theteenagers’abilitytodealwithcrises　　23.Teenagerstendtohavestrangeclothesandhairstylesbecausethey________.　　A)wanttoshowtheirexistencebycreatingacultureoftheirown　　B)haveastrongdesiretobeleadersinstyleandtaste　　C)havenootherwaytoenjoythemselvesbetter　　D)wanttoirritatetheirparents　　24.Teenagersdonotwanttheirparentstoapproveofwhatevertheydobecausethey________.　　A)havealreadybeenacceptedintotheadultworld　　B)feelthattheyaresuperiorinasmallwaytotheadults　　C)arenotlikelytowinovertheadults　　D)haveadesiretobeindependent　　25.Toimproveparent-childrelationships,teenagersareadvisedtobe________.　　A)obedient　　B)responsible　　C)co-operative　　D)independent　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowing

11passage.　　Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing(定量供应)isvirtuallysuspended,andoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswidespreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.　　Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvests.NorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.　　Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.　　Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofall,withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.　　Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhaveseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogrammeisnotworkingverywell.　　26.Whyisthere“wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusionaboutthefoodsituationinBritain?”　　A)Theabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtolast.　　B)Britainisimportinglessfood.　　C)Despitetheabundance,foodpriceskeeprising.　　D)Britainwillcutbackonitsproductionoffood.　　27.Themainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat________.　　A)peoplearebuyinglessfood　　B)thegovernmentisprovidinglessfinancialsupportforagriculture　　C)domesticfoodproductionhasdecreased　　D)importedfoodisdrivingpriceshigher　　28.Whydidn’tthegovernment’sexpansionprogrammeworkverywell?　　A)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthegovernmentguaranteed.　　B)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthebenefitsofexpandingproduction.　　C)Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduce.　　D)Becausetheoldergenerationoffarmerswerestronglyagainsttheprogrammer.　　29.Thedecreaseinworldfoodpricewasaresultof________.　　A)asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheconsumers　　B)asharpfallinthecostoffoodproduction考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)

12　　C)theoverproductionoffoodinthefood-importingcountries　　D)theoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingcountries　　30.WhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain’sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewaswritten?　　A)ThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodproducers.　　B)Anexpansionoffoodproductionwasathand.　　C)Britishfoodproducerswouldreceivemoregovernmentfinancialsupport.　　D)Itlooksdepressingdespitegovernmentguarantees.　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’t,andifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.　　TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.Indeed,Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itis,initsway,anilluminationpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment(启蒙运动)tobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimes,weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthis,wearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance,theworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.　　Butwearemakingabeginning,andthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure,theremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkup,ever,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimits,weshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswers,ifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention.　　31.Accordingtotheauthor,reallygoodscience________.　　A)wouldsurprisethebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment　　B)willproduceresultswhichcannotbeforeseen　　C)willhelppeopletomaketherightchoiceinadvance　　D)willbringaboutdisturbingresults　　32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsofthe18thcentury________.　　A)thoughtthattheyknewagreatdealandcouldsolvemostproblemsofscience　　B)wereafraidoffacinguptotherealitiesofscientificresearch　　C)knewthattheywereignorantandwantedtoknowmoreaboutnature　　D)didmoreharmthangoodinpromotingman’sunderstandingofnature　　33.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofscientistsinearlier

13times?　　A)Theyinventedfalsetheoriestoexplainthingstheydidn’tunderstand.　　B)Theyfalselyclaimedtoknowallaboutnature.　　C)Theydidnotbelieveinresultsfromscientificobservation.　　D)Theypaidlittleattentiontotheproblemstheydidn’tunderstand.　　34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsscience?来源：www.examda.com　　A)Heisdepressedbecauseoftheignoranceofscientists.　　B)Heisdoubtfulbecauseoftheenormousdifficultiesconfrontingit.　　C)Heisconfidentthoughheisawareoftheenormousdifficultiesconfrontingit.　　D)Heisdelightedbecauseoftheilluminatingscientificfindings.　　35.Theauthorbelievesthat________.　　A)mancanfindsolutionstowhateverquestionsconcerningnaturehecanthinkup　　B)mancannotsolvealltheproblemshecanthinkupbecauseofthelimitsofhumanintellect　　C)soonerorlatermancanthinkupallthequestionsconcerningnatureandanswerthem　　D)questionsconcerningconsciousnessareoutsidethescopeofscientificresearchD　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresent,itisgenerallyaccepted,althoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.　　Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreet-doorofthehouse.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.　　Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreat,ifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.　　36.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofgreenspacesintheurbanenvironment________.　　A)isstillunknown　　B)isusuallyneglected　　C)isbeingclosely

14studied　　D)hasbeenfullyrecognized　　37.Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationhasledto________.　　A)thedisproportionofrecreationfacilitiesintheneighbourhood　　B)thelocationofrecreationfacilitiesfarfromhome　　C)relativelylittleattentionforrecreativepossibilities　　D)theimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesintheneighbourhood　　38.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecreativepossibilitiesofgreenspaceshouldbeprovided________.　　A)inspecialareas　　B)inthesuburbs　　C)intheneighbourhoodofthehouse　　D)ingardensandparks来源：www.examda.com　　39.Accordingtotheauthor,greenspacefacilitiesshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythat________.　　A)moreobligatoryactivitiesmighttakeonarecreativeaspect　　B)moreandmorepeoplemighthaveaccesstothem　　C)anincreasingnumberofrecreativeactivitiesmightbedeveloped　　D)recreativeactivitiesmightbebroughtintoourhomes　　40.Themainideaofthispassageisthat________.　　A)betteruseofgreenspacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlife　　B)attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilities　　C)theurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreationactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsago　　D)prioritymustbegiventothedevelopmentofobligatoryactivities1992年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题PassageOne　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Lecturingasamethodofteachingissofrequentlyunderattacktodayfromeducationalpsychologistsandbystudentsthatsomejustificationisneededtokeepit.Criticsbelievethatisresultsinpassivemethodsoflearningwhichtendtobelesseffectivethanthosewhichfullyengagethelearner.Theyalsomaintainthatstudentshavenoopportunitytoaskquestionsandmustallreceivethesamecontentatthesamepace,thattheyareexposedonlytooneteacher’sinterpretationofsubjectmatterwhichwillcertainlybelimitedandthat,anyway,fewlecturesriseabovedullness.Nevertheless,inanumberofinquiriesthispessimisticevaluationoflecturingasateachingmethodprovesnottobegeneralamongstudentsalthoughtheydofairlyoftencommentonpoorlecturingtechniques.　　Studentspraiselectureswhichareclearandorderlyoutlinesinwhichbasicprinciplesareemphasizedbutdisliketoonumerousdigressions(离题)orlectureswhichconsistinpartofthecontentsofatextbook.Studentsofsciencesubjectsconsiderthatalectureisagoodwaytointroduceanewsubject,puttingitinitsvalueasaperiodofdiscussionofproblemsandpossiblesolutionswiththeirlecturer.Theydonotlookforinspiration(灵感)—thisismorecommonly

15mentionedbyteachers—butartsstudentslookfororiginalityinlectures.Medicalanddentalstudentswhohavereportsonteachingmethods,orspecificallyonlecturing,suggestthatthereshouldbefewerlecturesorthat,attheleast,morewouldbeunpopular.　　21.Thepassagestatesthat________.来源：www.examda.com　　A)fewstudentsdislikelecturingasateachingmethod　　B)lecturingisagoodmethodofteaching　　C)lecturingasateachingmethodprovestobeuninspiring　　D)moststudentslikelecturesbecausetheycanfullyengagethelearner　　22.Accordingtothecritics,　　A)lecturescan’tmakestudentsactiveintheirstudies　　B)somelecturers’knowledgeoftheirsubjectslimited　　C)mostlecturesaresimilarincontent　　D)fewlecturesaredull　　23.Accordingtothispassage,studentsdislikelectureswhich________.　　A)introducematla[notincludedinthetextbook　　B)presentmanyproblemsfordiscussion　　C)alwayswanderfromthesubject　　D)stressthemainpoints　　24.Lecturingasateachingmethodislessappreciatedby________.　　A)dentalteachers　　B)medicalstudents　　C)artslecturers　　D)sciencelearners　　25.Accordingtotheauthor,theevaluationoflecturingasateachingmethodbyeducationalpsychologistsis________.　　A)defensive　　B)conservative　　C)realistic　　D)negative　　PassageTwo　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Fromthemomentthatananimalisbornithastomakedecisions.Ithastodecidewhichofthethingsarounditareforeating,andwhicharetobeavoidedwhentoattackandwhentorunaway.Theanimalis,ineffect,playingacomplicatedandpotentiallyverydangerousgamewithitsenvironment,discomfortordestruction.　　Thisisadifficultandunpleasantbusinessandfewanimalswouldsurviveiftheyhadtostartfromthebeginningandlearnabouttheworldwhollybytrialanderror,fortherearethehavepossibledecisionswhichwouldprovefatal.Sowefind,inpractice,thatthegameisalwaysarrangedinfavouroftheyounganimalinonewayoranother.Eithertheanimalisprotectedduringtheearlystagesofitslearningabouttheworldaroundit,ortheknowledgeofwhichwaytorespondisbuiltintoitsnervoussystemfromthestart.　　Thefactthatanimalsbehavesensiblycanbeattributedpartlytowhatwemightcallgenetic(遗传的)learning,todistinguishitfromtheindividuallearningthatananimaldoesinthecourse

16ofitsownlifetime.Geneticlearningislearningbyaspeciesasawhole,anditisachievedbyselectionofthosemembersofeachgenerationthathappentobehaveintherightway.However,geneticlearningdependsuponapredictionthatthefuturewillmoreorlessexactlyresemblethepast.Themorevariableindividualexperienceislikelytobe,thelessefficientisgeneticlearningasameansofgettingovertheproblemsofthesurvivalgame.Itisnotsurprisingtofindthatveryfewspeciesindeeddependwhollyupongeneticlearning.Inthegreatmajorityofanimals,behaviourisacompoundofindividualexperienceandgeneticlearningtobehaveinparticularways.　　26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thesurvivalgameisconsideredpotentiallyverydangerousbecause________.　　A)animalsareconstantlythreatenedbyattacks　　B)wrongdecisionswillleadtothedisappearanceofaspecies　　C)decisionsmadebyananimalmayturnouttobefatal　　D)fewanimalscansurviveintheirstrugglewiththeenvironment　　27.Itisimpliedbutnotdirectlystatedinthepassagethatmostanimals________.　　A)arelikelytomakewrongdecisions　　B)havemadecorrectdecisionsfortheirsurvival　　C)dependentirelyontheirparentsinlearningabouttheworldaroundthem　　D)survivebymeansofindividuallearning　　28.Geneticlearningiseffectiveonlyif________.　　A)thesurvivalgameisarrangedinfavouroftheyounganimals　　B)theanimalscanadaptthemselvestothechangingsurroundings　　C)circumstancesremainmoreorlessthesame　　D)theanimalshavevariedindividualexperiences　　29.ThebestTITLEforthispassagewouldbe________.　　A)TheDecision-MakingAbilityofAnimals　　B)SurvivalandEnvironment　　C)RewardandPenaltyforAnimals　　D)BehaviourandSurvival　　30.Howisgeneticleaningachieved?　　A)Itisinheritedfromanimalswithkeenobservation.　　B)Itispasseddownfromthoseanimalsthatbehaveinthecorrectway.　　C)Itistaughttotheyounggeneration.　　D)Itislearnedbythenewgenerationthroughtrialanderror.　　PassageThree　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Scientists,likeotherhumanbeings,havetheirhopesandfears,theirpassionsanddisappointmentsandtheirstrongemotionsmaysometimesinterruptthecourseofclearthinkingandsoundpractice.Butscienceisalsoself-correcting.Themostfundamentalprinciplesandconclusionsmaybechallenged.Thestepsinareasonedargumentmustbesetoutforalltosee.　　Experimentsmustbecapableofbeingcarriedoutbyotherscientists.Thehistoryofscienceisfullofcaseswherepreviouslyacceptedtheorieshavebeenentirelyoverthrown,tobereplacedbynewideaswhichmoreadequatelyexplainthe

17data.　　Whilethereisanunderstandableinertia-usuallylastingaboutonegeneration-suchrevolutioninscientificthoughtarewidelyacceptedasanecessaryanddesirableelementofscientificprogress.Indeed,thereasonedcriticismofaprevailingbeliefisaservicetothesupportersofthatbelief;iftheyareincapableofdefendingit,theyarewell-advisedtoabandonit.Thisself-questioninganderror-correctingaspectofthescientificmethodisitsmoststrikingpropertyandsetsitofffrommanyotherareasofhumanendeavor,suchasreligionandfinearts.　　Theideaofscienceasamethodratherthanasabodyofknowledgeisnotwidelyappreciatedoutsideofscience,orindeedinsomecorridorsinsideofscience.Vigorouscriticismisconstructiveinsciencemorethaninsomeotherareasofhumanendeavorbecauseinitthereareadequatestandardsofvaliditywhichcanbeagreeduponbycompetentscientiststheworldover.　　Theobjectiveofsuchcriticismisnottosuppressbutrathertoencouragetheadvanceofnewideas:thosewhichsurviveafirmskeptical(怀疑的)examinationhaveafightingchanceofbeingright,oratleastuseful.　　31.Scienceisself-correctingbecauseitstheories________.　　A)havetoberevisedconstantlytoconformwithideaswhichexplainthedatabetter　　B)havereflectedthemostfundamentalprinciplesofnature　　C)are,moreoftenthannot,basedoninadequatedata　　D)mustbesetoutforalltosee　　32.Itcanbelearnedfromthecontextthattheword“inertia”(Para.2,Line1)mostprobablymeans________.　　A)strongresolution　　B)unwillingnesstochange　　C)aperiodoftime　　D)prevailingbelief　　33.The“revolutioninscientificthought”(Para.2,Lind2)refersto________.　　A)acceptanceofthereasonedcriticismsofprevailingscientifictheories　　B)thecontinuousoverthrowofexistingscientifictheories　　C)theadequateexplanationofthedatainprevailingscientifictheories　　D)themajordiscoveriesthatrepresentbreakthroughsinthehistoryofscientificprogress　　34.Theauthorsaysthatthemoststrikingpropertyofthescientificmethodisitsself-questioninganderror-correctingaspect,becauseitisthisaspectthat________.　　A)isindispensabletotheadvanceofscience考试大论坛　　B)ismostwidelyappreciatedbyscientists　　C)helpsscientiststoabandonanythingtheycannotdefend　　D)setsscienceofffrommanyotherareasofhumanendeavor　　35.Theword“it”(Para.3,Line4)refersto“________.”　　A)vigorouscriticism　　B)scientificmethod　　C)humanendeavor　　D)science　　PassageFour　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Myfather’sreactiontothebankbuildingat43rdStreetandFifthAvenuesinNewYorkCity

18wasimmediateanddefinite:“Youwon’tcatchmeputtingmymoneyinthere!”hedeclared.“Notinthatglassbox!”　　Ofcourse,myfatherisagentlemanoftheoldschool,amemberofthegenerationtowhomagooddealofmodernarchitectureisupsetting,butIamconvincedthathisnegativeresponsewasnotsomuchtothearchitectureastoaviolationofhisconceptofthenatureofmoney.　　Inhisgenerationmoneywasthoughtofasarealcommodity(实物)thatcouldbecarried,orstolen.Consequently,toattractthecustomofasensibleman,abankhadtohaveheavywalls,barredwindows,andbronzedoors,toaffirmthefact,howeveruntrue,thatmoneywouldbesafeinside.Ifabuilding’sdesignmadeitappearimpenetrabletheinstitutionwasnecessarilyreliable,andthemeaningoftheheavywallasanarchitecturesymboldweltintheprevailingattitudetowardmoney.　　Butthatattitudetowardmoneyhasofcoursechanged.Exceptingpocketmoney,cashofanykindisnowrarelyused;moneyasatangiblecommodityhaslargelybeenreplacedbycredit.　　Adeficit(赤字)economy,accompaniedbyhugeexpansion,hasledustothinkofmoneyasaproductofthecreativeimagination.Thebankernolongeroffersusasafe:heoffersusaservice　　-aserviceinwhichthemostvaluableelementisthecreativityfortheinventionoflargenumbers.Itisinnowaysurprising,inviewofthischangeinattitude,thatwearewitnessingthedisappearanceoftheheavy-walledhank.　　Justastheolderbankemphasizeditsstrength,thisbankbyitsarchitectureboastsofitsimaginativepowers.Fromthispointofviewitishardtosaywherearchitectureendsandhumanassertion(人们的说法)begins.　　36.Themainideaofthispassageisthat________.　　A)moneyisnotasvaluableasitwasinthepast　　B)changeshavetakenplaceinboththeappearanceandtheconceptorbanks　　C)thearchitecturalstyleoftheolderbankissuperiortothatofthemodernbank　　D)prejudicemakestheoldergenerationthinkthatthemodernbankisunreliable　　37.Whataretheattitudesoftheoldergenerationandtheyoungergenerationtowardmoney?　　A)Theformerthinksmoreofitthanthelatter.　　B)Theyoungergenerationvaluesmoneymorethantheoldergeneration.　　C)Bothgenerationsrelyontheimaginativepowerofbankerstomakemoney.　　D)Theformerregardsitasarealcommoditywhilethelatterconsidersittobeameanstoproducemoremoney.　　38.Theword“tangible”(Para.4Line3)referstosomething________.　　A)thatisprecious　　B)thatisusable　　C)thatcanbetouched　　D)thatcanbereproduced　　39.Accordingtothispassage,amodernbankershouldbe________.　　A)ambitiousandfriendly　　B)reliableandpowerful　　C)sensibleandimpenetrable　　D)imaginativeandcreative　　40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewtrendinbankingis

19________.　　A)cautious采集者退散　　B)regretful　　C)positive　　D)hostile1992年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题PassageOne　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　WhatdoCharlesDarwin,NicholasCopernicusandFrankJ.Sullowayhaveincommon?　　Thefirsttwo,ofcourse,wererevolutionaryscientificthinkers:CopernicusestablishedthattheEarthrevolvesaroundthesun;Darwindiscoverednaturalselection.AndSulloway?He’sahistorianofscienceatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhohasdiscoveredsomethingelsethesetwomen-and,indeed,mostofthemajorpioneersinscienceoverthelast400years-haveincommon:theywere,likeSullowayhimself,precededinbirthbyatleastoneotherbrotherorsister.Birthorder,hefound,isthemostreliableindicatorofwhetherascientistwillembraceorattackradicalnewideas.　　Thethirdoffourchildren,Sullowayhasspent20yearssearchingoutthebirthorderof2,784scientistswhowereononesideortheotherof28scientificrevolutionssincethe16thcentury.Hediscoveredthat23ofthe28revolutionswereledbylater-borns.　　Sullowayfocusedonthemale-dominatedworldofscienceandthesoleissuehemeasuredwaswillingnesstochallengeestablishedopinions.Thoseleastlikelytoacceptnewtheorieswerefirstbornswithyoungerbrothersorsisters.Themostradicalwereyoungersonswithatleastoneolderbrother.　　AccordingtoSulloway’stheory,firstbornchildrenidentifymorereadilywithparentalauthoritybecause,amongotherthings,theyareoftenputinchargeofyoungerbrothersorsisters.来源：www.examda.com　　Throughthisidentification,firstbornsabsorbthenorms(规范,准则)andvaluesofsocietyinwaysthatsubsequentchildrendonot.Theolderchildgetsresponsibility.Theyyoungeroneteststhelimits,triestoseewhathecangetawaywith.　　21.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?　　A)Later-bornsaremoreintelligentthanfirstborns.　　B)Revolutionarythinkerstendtorecognizetheinfluenceofbirthorder.　　C)Majorscientistsalwayshavesomethingincommonintheirwayofthinking.　　D)One’sbehaviourisoftendeterminedbybirthorder.　　22.Thehistorianofsciencementionedinthepassageisofthefamily.　　A)theyoungestchild　　B)neithertheeldestnortheyoungestchild　　C)theonlychild　　D)theeldestchild　　23.The2,784scientistsSullowaystudied________.　　A)hadled23ofthe28scientificrevolutions　　B)wereprecededinbirthbyatleastonebrotheror

20sister　　C)hadeithersupportedoropposedrevolutionaryideas　　D)haddominatedtheworldofsciencefor400years　　24.AccordingtoSulloway’stheory,whoismostlikelytochallengeestablishedideasofscience?　　A)Theonlysonwithyoungersisters.　　B)Thosewhoidentifymorereadilywithparentalauthority.　　C)Theonlychildofafamily.　　D)Apersonwithatleastoneolderbrotherorsister.　　25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsSulloway’sbirthordertheoryis________.　　A)critical　　B)defensive　　C)neutral　　D)inconsistent　　PassageTwo　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Theindividualmobility,convenience,andstatusgivenbytheprivatepassengercarofferaseeminglyunbeatableattraction.In1987,arecord126,000carsrolledoffassemblylineseachworkingday,andcloseto400millionvehicleschokeuptheworld’sstreetstoday.　　Butthecar’susefulnesstotheindividualstandsinsharpcontrasttothecostsandburdensthatsocietymustshouldertoprovideanautomobile-centeredtransportationsystem.SincetheclaysofHenryFord,societieshavemadeasteadystreamoflawstoprotectdriversfromeachotherandthemselves,aswellastoprotectthegeneralpublicfromtheunintendedeffectsofmassiveautomobileuse.Lawmakershavestruggledoverthecompetinggoalsofunlimitedmobilityandtheindividual’sfighttobefreeofthenoise,pollution,andphysicaldangersthattheautomobileoftenbrings.　　Priortotheseventies,theauto’susefulnessandassuredroleinsocietywerehardlyquestioned.Evenworriesaboutuprisinggaspricesandfuturefuelavailabilitysubsided(减退)intheeightiesalmostasquicklyastheyhademerged.Carsalesrecovered,drivingisup,andwealthycustomersareoncemoreshoppingforhighperformancecars.　　Themotorvehicleindustry’sapparentsuccessindealingwiththechallengesoftheseventieshasobscuredtheharmfullong-termtrendsofautomobilecenteredtransportation.Risinggasolineconsumptionwillbeforelongputincreasedpressureonoilproductioncapacities.Inaddition,asmoreandmorepeoplecanaffordtheirowncarsandasmassmotorizationtakeshold,trafficjambecomesatoughproblem.Andmotorvehiclesareimportantcontributorstourbanairpollution,acidrain,andglobalwarming.　　Society’sinterestinfuelsupplysecurity,theintegrityofitscities,andprotectionoftheenvironmentcallsforafundamentalrethinkingoftheautomobile’srole.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsarethemostobviousandimmediatemeasuresthatcanbeadopted.Buttheycanonlybepartoftheanswer.Intheyearsahead,thechallengewillbetodevelopinnovative(革新的)transportationpolicies.　　26.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?　　A)Agoodcarindicatesitsowner’shighsocialposition.　　B)Agoodcarallowsitsownertotravel

21free.　　C)Acarprovidesitsownerwithasenseofsafety.　　D)Acaraddstoitsowner’sattractiveness.　　27.Thephrase“rolledoffassemblylines”(Para.1,Lines2-3)means________.　　A)“wereturnedoutfromfactories”　　B)“movedalongproductionlines”　　C)“movedalongthestreets”　　D)“werelinedupinthestreets”　　28.Thepassagestatesthatthereis________.　　A)asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandusefulnessofthecars　　B)asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandperformanceofthecars　　C)asharpconflictbetweencardriversandtrafficrules　　D)asharpcontradictionbetweentheconvenienceofcarownersandtheburdensofsociety　　29.Itisimpliedthattheauto’sassuredroleinsocietyis________.　　A)threatenedbytherisinggasprices　　B)challengedbyaseriesoffundamentalproblems　　C)protectedbylaw　　D)firmlyestablished来源：www.examda.com　　30.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsare________.　　A)onlypartofthesolutiontomassiveautomobileuse　　B)thebestwaytocopewiththemassiveuseofcars　　C)innovativetransportationpolicies　　D)futurepoliciesoftheautomobileindustry　　PassageThree　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　WhileAmerica’sgrade-schoolandhigh-schoolsystemiscomingunderattack,onefactremains:U.S.universitiesareamongthebestintheworld.SinceWorldWarII,Americanscientists-mostlyworkinginuniversitiesorcolleges-havewonmorethanhalfofallNobelPrizesinphysicsandmedicine.ForeignstudentsrushtotheUnitedStatesbythetensofthousands;lastyeartheyearnedmorethanonequarterofthedoctoraldegreesawardedinthecountry.YetwhileAmericanuniversitiesproducegreatresearchandgreatgraduateprogramme,theysome-timespaylittleattentiontothetaskthatliesattheirverycore:theteachingofundergraduatestudents.　　Inaneraof$20,000academicyears,collegepresidentscannolongeraffordtoignorethecreepingrotattheircore.Inspeechesandinterviewsthenation’shighereducatorshaverediscoveredteaching.RobertRosenzweig,presidentoftheAssociationofAmericanUniversities,said:“Ourorganizationwasneververyconcernedaboutteaching.Inthelast18months,wehavespentmoretimeonundergraduateeducationthanonanyothersubject.”　　Despitesuchpromisingefforts,noonedoubtsthatresearchstilloutranksteachingattheleadinguniversities,notleastbecauseitisasurerandfasterwaytoearnstatus.Somepeopledon’tthinkithastobethatway.Theyarguethattherewardsystemforcollegefacultycanbechanged,sothatprofessorswillbeencouragedtodevotemoretimeandefforttoteaching.Theysaythattheyarebeginningtobelievethatthe1990smaycometoberememberedasthedecadeoftheundergraduate.　　Thatwouldbring‘itfullcircle.FormorethantwocenturiesafterthefoundingofHarvard

22Collegein1636,theinstructionofundergraduatestudentswasanessentialconditionofAmericanhighereducation.　　31.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebestTITLEforthispassage?　　A)UniversityEducationintheU.S.　　B)UniversityEducationChallenged　　C)TeachingandResearchinUniversities　　D)UndergraduateTeachingRediscovered　　32.Thefirstsentenceinthesecondparagraphmeansthat________.　　A)withabudgetof$20,000,presidentsfinditdifficulttokeeptheiruniversitiesgoing　　B)withtheincreaseinfees,educatorsfeelobligedtoimproveundergraduateteaching　　C)witha$20,000budget,presidentsfinditdifficulttostopthecreepingrotintheiruniversities　　D)withthedecreaseinfees,educatorscan’taffordtolayequalstressonbothresearchandteaching　　33.Accordingtoparagraph3,somepeoplethinkthattherewardsystemforteachersshouldbechangedsothat________.　　A)moreemphasiswillbelaidonteaching　　B)leadinguniversitiescanfurtherraisetheirstatus　　C)effortcanbedirectedtograduateinstructionwww.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　D)the1990’swillbecomeadecadeofthe-undergraduate　　34.Accordingtothepassage,attheleadingAmericanuniversities________.　　A)researchisdeclininginimportance　　B)teachingisnowrankedaboveresearch　　C)teachingisasurewaytogainposition　　D)moreimportanceisattachedtoresearchthantoteaching　　35.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatabout150yearsagoundergraduateinstruction________.　　A)wasalreadythreatenedbyresearchwork　　B)begantobeneglectedinmostuniversities　　C)constitutedthefundamentalpartofhighereducation　　D)begantoundergorapidchanges　　PassageFour　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　InthefinalyearsbeforethebeginningoftheCivilWar,theviewthattheNegrowasdifferent,eveninferior,waswidelyheldintheUnitedStates.AtPeoria,Illinois,inOctober1854,AbrahamLincolnaskedwhatstandtheopponentsofslaveryshouldtakeregardingNegroes.　　“Freethem,andmakethempoliticallyandsociallyourequals?Myownfeelingswillnotadmitofthis;andifminewould,wewellknowthatthoseofthegreatmass,ofwhitepeoplewillnot.　　Whetherthisfeelingaccordswithjusticeandsoundjudgement,isnotthesolequestion,ifindeed,itisanypartofit.Auniversalfeeling,whetherwellorillfounded,cannotbesafelydisregarded.　　Wecannot,then,makethemequals.”　　TheLincolnstatementwasclearanddirect,anditdoubtlessrepresentedtheviewsofmost

23Americansinthe1850’s.Mostofthosewhoheardhimorreadhisspeechwereofthesameopinionashe.Inlateryears,thePeoriaspeechwouldbeusedbythosewhotaughttodamageLincoln’sreputationasachampionoftherightsoftheNegro.In1964,theWhiteCitizens’CouncilsreprintedportionsofthespeechinlargeadvertisementsinthedailypressandinsistedthatLincolnsharedtheirviewsonthedesirabilityofmaintainingtwodistinctworldsofrace.　　Lincolncouldnothaveovercomethenation’sstronginclinationtowardracialseparationifhehadtried.Andhedidnottryveryhard.WhenhesetaboutformingNegrotroopslater,hewascontentnotonlytosetNegroesapartinaunitcalled“U.S.ColoredTroops,“butalsotohaveNegroprivates(列兵)receive$10permonthincludingclothing,whilewhitesofthesamerankreceived$13permonthplusclothing.OnlythefirmrefusalofmanyNegrotroopstoacceptunequalpayfinallyforcedCongresstoequalizecompensation,forwhiteandNegrosoldiers.　　Thefightforunionthatbecamealsoafightforfreedomneverbecameafightforequalityorforthecreationofoneracialworld.　　36.In1854,AbrahamLincolnbelievedthat________.　　A)itwaspracticaltogiveequalrightstoNegroes　　B)Negroesshouldhaveequalrights　　C)racialequalityforNegroeswasimpossible　　D)mostwhitepeoplewouldopposegivingfreedomtoNegroes　　37.Inthe1850’s,thenation’sinclinationtowardracialseparationwas________.　　A)disregardedbyCongress　　B)challengedbyLincoln　　C)toostrongtoovercome　　D)basedonroundjudgement　　38.In1964,theWhiteCitizens’CouncilsreprintedthePeoriaspeechinorderto________.　　A)damageLincoln’sreputation　　B)defendtheirownviewpoints　　C)criticizeLincoln’sviewsonracialequality　　D)defendLincoln’sreputation　　39.Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethatLincoln________.　　A)helpedNegroesfightforfreedomonly　　B)gaveNegroesequalpay来源：考试大　　C)treatedwhiteandNegrosoldiersequally　　D)helpedtocreateoneracialworld　　40.ThepurposeoftheCivilWarwas________.　　A)toestablishequalityofallpeople　　B)tomaintaintheunionofthecountry　　C)todoawaywithracialseparation　　D)toendracialinjustice1993年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowing

24passage.　　ProtestsattheuseofanimalsinresearchhavetakenanewandfearfulcharacterinBritainwiththeattemptedmurderoftwoBritishscientistsbytheterroristtechniqueofthepre-plantedcar-bomb.考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　Theresearchcommunitywillrightlybealarmedatthesedevelopments,whichhavetwoobjectives:toarousepublicattentionandtofrightenpeopleworkinginresearchwithanimals.Thefirstneedisthateverythingshouldbedonetoidentifythoseresponsibleforthecrimesandtoputthemontrail.TheDefenceResearchSocietyhastakenthepracticalstepofofferingarewardof10,000poundsforinformationleadingtothoseresponsible,butpastexperienceisnotencouraging.Peopleareunlikelytobetemptedbysuchoffers.Theprofessionalpolicewillsimilarlybeconfrontedbytheusualproblemoffindinganeedleinahaystack.采集者退散　　Thatiswhytheintellectual(知识分子)communityinBritainandelsewheremustactmorevigorouslyinitsowndefence.Thereareseveralstepsthatcanbetaken,ofwhichthechiefoneistodemandofalltheorganizationsthatexistwiththedeclaredobjectivesofsafeguardingtheinterestsofanimalsthattheyshoulddeclareclearlywheretheystandonviolencetowardspeople.Anditwillnotbeenoughforthechairmenandchairwomenoftheseorganizationstoutterplacatory(安抚的)statementsonbehalfofalltheirmembers.Thesepeopleshouldalsoundertakethatitwillbeatestofcontinuingmembershipintheirorganizationsthatmembersandwouldbemembersshoulddeclarethattheywilltakenopartinactsofviolenceagainsthumanbeings.Evensuchundertakingswouldnotbefullyeffective:people,afterall,canlie.Butatleasttheywoulddistinguishtheorganizationsentitledtoacontinuingvoiceinthedialoguewiththeresearchcommunityabouttherightsofanimalsinresearchfromtheorganizationsthatdeservenosay.　　21.Thewords“thesedevelopments”(Para.2,Line1)mostprobablyreferto________.　　A)theactsofviolenceagainstscientists　　B)theuseofanimalsinresearch　　C)thetechniquesofplantingbombsincars　　D)theestablishmentofnewanimalprotectionorganization　　22.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?　　A)Thepoliceabandonedtheireffortstofindthecriminals.　　B)Theterroristsescapedwiththehelpoftheirorganizations.　　C)TheattemptedmurdercausedgraveanxietyamongBritishscientists.　　D)PeoplesympathizedmurdercausedgraveanxietyamongBritishscientists.　　23.Theauthor’spurposeinwritinghisarticleistodemandthatanimal-protectingorganizations________.　　A)declaretheirobjectivesclearly　　B)giveuptheuseofviolence　　C)continuethedialoguewiththescientificcommunity　　D)helptofindthoseresponsiblefortheattemptedmurder　　24.Intheauthor’sopinion________.　　A)sincepeoplecanlie,theproblemabouttheirrightsofscientistscan’tbesolved　　B)animal-protectingorganizationsaboutbeheldresponsibleforactsofviolenceagainstscientists　　C)animalprotectionorganizationsshouldbedeclaredillegal　　D)thescientistsshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectthemselves　　25.Whatdoestheword“they”(Para.3,Line3)refer

25to?　　A)Theanimal-protectingorganizations.　　B)Theorganizationsthatwilltalkwiththeresearchcommunity.　　C)Thosewhosupporttheuseofanimalsinresearch.　　D)Thosewhosupporttheanimal-protectionorganizations.　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Theearliertypeofsuburb,whichwasmostdependentontherailroad,hadaspecialadvantagethatcouldbefullyappreciatedonlyafterithaddisappeared.Thesesuburbs,spreadoutalongarailroadline,werediscontinuousandproperlyspaced;andwithouttheaidoflegislation(法规)theywerelimitedinpopulationaswellasarea;forthebiggestrarelyheldasmanyastenthousandpeople,andunderfivethousandwasmoreusual.In1950,forexample,Bronxville,NewYork,atypicalupper-classsuburb,had6,778people,whileRiverside,Illinois,foundedasearlyas1869,hadonly9.153.　　Thesizeandscaleofthesuburb,thatofneighborhoodunit,wasnotentirelytheresultofitsopenplanning,whichfavoredlowdensities.Beingservedbyarailroadline,withstationstopsfromthreetofivemilesapart,therewasanaturallimittothespreadofanyparticularcommunity.Househadtobesited“withineasywalkingdistanceoftherailroadstation,”assomeoldresidentswouldpointout;andonlythosewealthyenoughtoaffordahorseandacarriagedaredtopenetratefartherintotheopencountry.　　Throughitsspacedstationstops,therailroadsuburbwasatfirstkeptfromspreadingorexcessivelyincreasinginnumbers,foranaturalgreenbelt,oftenstillundercultivationaspark,gardens,remainedbetweenthesuburbsandincreasedtheavailablerecreationarea.Occasionally,inafewhappyareaslikeWestchester,between1915and1935aparkway,liketheBronxRiverparkway,accompaniedbycontinuousstripofparkforpedestrian(散步的人)use,notyetoverrunbyaconstantstreamofurbantraffic,addedtotheperfectionofthewholesuburbanpattern.Whateveronemightsayofthesocialdisadvantagesthiswasinmanywaysaperfectphysicalenvironment.Butitlastedlessthanageneration.　　26.Whatwasthespecialadvantageoftheoldtypeofsuburb?　　A)Itsnearnesstotherailroad.来源：考试大　　B)Thevastnessofitsopenspace.　　C)Itssmallsizeinareaandpopulation.　　D)Thehighsocialstatusofitsresidents.　　27.Thesizeoftheoldsuburbwaslimitedbecause________.　　A)peoplewantedtoliveneararailroadstation　　B)itwasoriginallyplannedbyrailroadcompanies　　C)therewasalawgoverningthesizeofthesuburb　　D)localinhabitantsdidn’tliketooutinthecountry　　28.“Happyareas”(Para.3,Line3)wereareaswhere________.　　A)lifewasenjoyedbyeveryone　　B)moreroadswerebuilttobypasstheheavytraffic　　C)agreenbeltwasavailablesolelyforrecreation　　D)peoplecouldhavelotsoffun　　29.Itisevidentthatthewriter________.　　A)findsurbanlife

26uncomfortable　　B)preferslifeinthecountryside　　C)feelsdisappointedinthechangesofsuburbs　　D)advocatestheideaofreturningtonature　　30.Thetopicdiscussedinthepassageis“________”.　　A)thesizeandscaleofsuburbanneighborhoodunits　　B)theadvantageofold-typesuburbs　　C)thelocationofrailroadstations　　D)theconceptofthesuburbanpattern　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Recentstoriesinthenewspapersandmagazinessuggestthatteachingandresearchcontradicteachother,thatresearchplaystooprominentapartinacademicpromotions,andthatteachingisbadlyunderemphasized.Thereisanelementoftruthinthesestatements,buttheyalsoignoredeeperandmoreimportantrelationships.　　Researchexperienceisanessentialelementofhiringandpromotionataresearchuniversitybecauseitistheemphasisonresearchthatdistinguishessuchauniversityfromanartscollege.Someprofessors,however,neglectteachingforresearchandthatpresentsaproblem.　　Mostresearchuniversitiesrewardoutstandingteaching,butthegreatestrecognitionisusuallygivenforachievementsinresearch.Partofthereasonisthedifficultyofjudgingteaching.Ahighlyresponsibleandtoughprofessorisusuallyappreciatedbytopstudentswhowanttobechallenged,butdislikedbythosewhoserecordsarelessimpressive.Themildprofessorgetsoverallratingsthatareusuallyhigh,butthereisasenseofdisappointmentinthepartofthebeststudents,exactlythoseforwhomthesystemshouldpresentthegreatestchallenges.Thus,auniversitytryingtopromoteprofessorsprimarilyontheteachingqualitieswouldhavetoconfrontthisconfusion.　　Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,twoforcesareexertedonprofessor:oneisthetimeneededtokeeponwiththeprofession;theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.Thetrainingofnewscientistsrequiresoutstandingteachingattheresearchuniversityaswellastheartscollege.Althoughscientistsareusually“made”intheelementaryschools,scientistscanbe“lost”bypoorteachingatthecollegeandgraduateschoollevels.Thesolutionisnottoseparateteachingandresearch,buttorecognizethatthecombinationisdifficultbutvital.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewhoprofess,anditisperhapstimeforuniversitiestoreserveitforthosewillingtobeanearnestpartofthecommunityofscholars.Professorunwillingtoteachcanbecalled“distinguishedresearchinvestigators”orsomethingelse.　　Thepaceofmodernsciencemakesitincreasinglydifficulttobeagreatresearcherandagreatteacher.Yetmanyaredescribedinjustthoseterms.Thosewhosaywecanseparateteachingandresearchsimplydonotunderstandthesystembutthosewhosaytheproblemwilldisappeararenotfulfillingtheirresponsibilities.　　31.Whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthefirstparagraph?　　A)Itiswrongtooverestimatetheimportanceofteaching.　　B)Teachingandresearcharecontradictorytoeachother.　　C)Researchcanneverbeemphasizedtoomuch.　　D)Therelationshipbetweenteachingandresearchshouldnotbesimplified.　　32.Inacademicpromotionsresearchuniversitiesstillattachmoreimportancetoresearchpartlybecause

27________.　　A)researchimprovesthequalityofteaching　　B)studentswhowanttobechallengedappreciateresearchprofessors　　C)itisdifficulttoevaluateteachingqualityobjectively　　D)professorwithachievementsinresearchareusuallyresponsibleandtough　　33.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,whichofthefollowingwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?　　A)Distinguishedprofessorsatresearchuniversitiesshouldconcentrateonresearchonly.　　B)Theseparationofteachingfromresearchcanlowerthequalityoffuturescientists.　　C)Itisofutmostimportancetoimproveteachinginelementaryschoolsinordertotrainnewscientists.　　D)Therapiddevelopmentsofmodernsciencemakeitimpossibletocombineteachingwithresearch.　　34.Thetitleofprofessorshouldbegivenonlytothosewho,firstandforemost,do________.　　A)teaching来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　B)fieldwork　　C)scientificresearch　　D)investigation　　35.Thephrase“theproblem”(Para.5,Line3)refersto________.　　A)raisingthestatusofteaching　　B)thecombinationofteachingwithresearch　　C)theseparationsofteachingfromresearch　　D)improvingthestatusofresearch　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Ihavehadjustaboutenoughofbeingtreatedlikeasecond-classcitizen,simplybecauseIhappenedtobethatputuponmemberofsociety-acustomer.ThemoreIgointoshopsandhotels,banksandpostoffices,railwaystations,airportsandthelike,themoreI’mconvincedthatthingsarebeingrunsolelytosuitthefirm,thesystem,ortheunion.Thereseemstobeanewmotto(座右铭)fortheso-called‘service’organization-StaffBeforeService.Howoften,forexample,haveyouqueuedforwhatseemslikehoursatthePostOfficeorthesupermarketbecausetherearen’tenoughstaffondutyatalltheservicecounters?Surelyinthesedaysofhighunemploymentitmustbepossibletoincreasecounterstaff.Yetsupermarkets,hintingdarklyathigherprices,claimthatbringingalltheircashregistersintooperationatanytimewouldincreaseexpenses.AndthePostOfficesayswecannotexpectalltheirservicecounterstobeoccupied‘attimeswhendemandislow’.　　It’sthesamewithhotels.Becausewaitersandkitchenstaffmustfinishwhenitsuitsthem,diningroomscloseearlierormenuchoiceisdiminished.Asforusguests(andhowthemeaningofthatwordhasbeencutawaylittlebylittle),wejusthavetoputupwithit.There’salsothenonsenseofsomanyfriendlyhotelnightportershavingbeengraduallywithdrawnfromserviceintheinterestsof‘efficiency’(i.e.profits)andreplacedbycoin-eatingmachineswhichsupplyeverythingfrombeertomedicine,nottomentionthecreepingthreatofthetea-makingsetinyourroom:akettlewithteabags,milkbagssugar.Whowantstowakeuptoarawteabag?Idon’t,especiallywhenIampayingfor‘service’.　　Ouronlyhopeistohammerourirritationwheneverandwhereverwecanand,ifallelsefails,

28restorethatother,oldersaying-TakeOurCustom(买卖)Elsewhere.　　36.Theauthorfeelsthatnowadayscustomersare________.　　A)notworthyofspecialtreatment　　B)notprovidedwithproperservice　　C)consideredtobeinferiormembersofsociety　　D)regardedasprivileged　　37.Intheauthor’sopinion,thequalityofserviceischangingbecause________.　　A)thestaffarelessconsideratethanemployers　　B)customersarebecomingmoredemanding　　C)customersunwillingtopayextramoney　　D)moreconsiderationisgiventothestaffthancustomers　　38.Accordingtotheauthor,longqueuesatcountersarecausedby________.　　A)thediminishingsupplyofgoodstaff　　B)lackofcooperationamongstaff　　C)inefficientstaff　　D)deliberateunderstaffing　　39.Thedisappearanceofold-stylehotelporterscanbeattributedtothefactthat________.　　A)self-serviceprovidesacheaperalternative　　B)thepersonaltouchislessappreciatednowadays　　C)machinesaremorereliablethanhumanbeings　　D)fewpeoplearewillingtodothistypeofwork　　40.Theauthor’sfinalsolutiontotheproblemdiscussedinthepassageis________.　　A)toputupwithwhateverserviceisprovided　　B)tomakestrongcomplaintswherevernecessary　　C)tofullyutilizeallkindsofcoin-eatingmachines　　D)togowheregoodserviceisavailable考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　21.A22.C23.B24.D25.A26.B27.A28.C29.C30.B31.D32.C33.B34.A35.C36.B37.D38.D39.A40.D1993年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　“Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhenthey’re18,andthetruthisfarfromthat,”sayssociologistLarryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Today,unexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents,“Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass,”declaressociologistAllanSchnaibergofNorthwesterUniversity,whoseson,19,movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths.　　Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrising,a

29conditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsome,theexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduation,youngpeoplefindtheirwingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts.　　Livingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermotheragreed,“It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome.”Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesandprivacy(不受干扰的生活).Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes-andleftthreetimes.“WhatIconsideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredanalcoholproblem,”sheexplains.“HeneverlikedanyoneIdated(约会),soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’house.”　　Justhowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingon?Mostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Children,strugglingtoestablishseparateidentities,canendupwith“asenseofinadequacy,defeatandfailure.”Andagingparents,whoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedom,findthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisits,however,canworkbeneficially.　　21.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasonceatrendintheU.S.________.　　A)foryoungadultstoleavetheirparentsandliveindependently　　B)formiddleclassyoungadultstostaywiththeirparents　　C)formarriedyoungadultstomovebackhomeafteralengthyabsence　　D)foryoungadultstogetjobsnearbyinordertolivewiththeirparents　　22.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotaccountforyoungadultsreturningtothenest?　　A)Youngadultsfindhousingcoststoohigh.　　B)Youngadultsarepsychologicallyandintellectuallyimmature.　　C)Youngadultsseekparentalcomfortandmoralsupport.　　D)Quiteanumberofyoungadultsattendlocalschools.　　23.Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat________.　　A)therewillinevitablybeinconveniencesineverydaylife　　B)mostparentsfinditdifficulttokeep　　C)theyoungadultstendtobeoverprotectedbytheirparents　　D)publicopinionisagainstyoungadultsstayingwiththeirparents　　24.Theword“hassles”inthepassage(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans________.　　A)agreements　　B)worries来源：www.examda.com　　C)disadvantages　　D)quarrels　　25.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthebestforbothparentsandchildren?　　A)Theyshouldadjustthemselvestosharingthefamilyexpenses.　　B)Childrenshouldleavetheirparentswhentheyaregrown-up.　　C)Adultchildrenshouldvisittheirparentsfromtimetotime.考试大论坛　　D)Parentsshouldsupporttheiradultchildrenwhentheyareintrouble.

30　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Thewordconservationhasathrifty(节俭)meaning.Toconserveistosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.Ourforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesuppliesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothingaboutthecomplicatedanddelicatesystemthatrunsallthroughnature,andwhichmeansthat,asinalivingbody,anunhealthyconditionofonepartwillsoonerorlaterbeharmfultoalltheothers.　　Fiftyyearsagonaturestudywasnotpartoftheschoolwork;scientificforestrywasanewidea;timberwasstillcheapbecauseitcouldbebroughtinanyquantityfromdistantwoodlands;soildestructionandriverfloodswerenotnationalproblems;nobodyhadyetstudiedlong-termsclimaticcyclesinrelationtoproperlanduse;eventheword“conservation”hadnothingofthemeaningthatithasforustoday.　　Forthesakeofourselvesandthosewhowillcomeafterus,wemustnowsetaboutrepairingthemistakesofourforefathers.Conservationshould,therefore,bemadeapartofeveryone’sdailylife.Toknowaboutthewatertable(水位)inthegroundisjustasimportanttousasaknowledgeofthebasicarithmeticformulas.Weneedtoknowwhyallwatersheds(上游源头森林地带集水区)needtheprotectionofplantlifeandwhytherunningcurrentofstreamsandriversmustbemadetoyieldtheirfullbenefittothesoilbeforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspaceformostofman’sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth.Inbrief,itshouldbeourgoaltorestoreasmuchoftheoriginalbeautyofnatureaswecan.　　26.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthecurrentsituationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcesis________.　　A)positive　　B)neutral　　C)suspiciouswww.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　D)critical　　27.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatestmistakeofourforefatherswasthat________.　　A)theyhadnoideaaboutscientificforestry　　B)theyhadlittleornosenseofenvironmentalprotection　　C)theywerenotawareofthesignificanceofnaturestudy　　D)theyhadnoideaofhowtomakegooduseofrawmaterials　　28.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatearliergenerationsdidn’trealize________.　　A)theinterdependenceofwater,soil,andlivingthings　　B)theimportanceoftheproperuseofland　　C)theharmfulnessofsoildestructionandriverfloods　　D)thevalueofthebeautyofnature　　29.Toavoidcorrectingthemistakeofourforefathers,theauthorsuggeststhat________.　　A)weplantmoretrees来源：www.examda.com　　B)naturalsciencebetaughttoeverybody　　C)

31environmentaleducationbedirectedtowardeveryone　　D)wereturntonature　　30.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“livingspace...isfigured...alsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth”(Lines7-8,Para.3)?　　A)Ourlivingspaceontheearthisgettingsmallerandsmaller.　　B)Ourlivingspaceshouldbemeasuredincubicvolume.　　C)Weneedtotakesomemeasuretoprotectspace.　　D)Wemustpreservegoodlivingconditionsforbothbirdsandanimals.　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemic(流行病)ofsleepinessinthenation.“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.　　Thebeginningofoursleep-deficit(睡眠不足)crisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.Fromdiaryentriesandotherpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5andeighthours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David.“Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,eightorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.”　　Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssayisthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogramme.“Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours’sleep.Ifyou’regottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”　　Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David.“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”　　31.Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiesusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanightbecausetheyhad________.　　A)nodriveandambition　　B)noelectriclighting　　C)thebestsleephabits　　D)nothingtodointheevening考试大论坛　　32.AccordingtoDr.David,Americans________.　　A)areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressureoflife　　B)oftenneglecttheconsequencesofsleepdeficit　　C)donotknowhowtorelaxthemselvesproperly　　D)cangetbyon6.5hoursof

32sleep　　33.ManyAmericansbelievethat________.　　A)sleepisthefirstthingthatcanbesacrificedwhenoneisbusy　　B)theyneedmoresleeptocopewiththecomplexitiesofeverydaylife　　C)tosleepissomethingonecandoatanytimeoftheday　　D)enoughsleeppromotespeople’sdriveandambition　　34.Theword“subjects”(Line1,Para.4)refersto________.　　A)theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit　　B)specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied　　C)peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied　　D)thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit　　35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatoneshouldsleepasmanyhoursasisnecessaryto________.　　A)improveone’smemorydramatically　　B)beconsidereddynamicbyotherpeople　　C)maintainone’sdailyschedule　　D)feelenergeticandperformadequately　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesbaseduponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodwewant,andliveacompletelysedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursociety,althoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.　　Amultitudeoffactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoice.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Indiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoice,FriesandCrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thus,forthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.　　36.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause________.　　A)personalhealthchoiceshelpcuremostillness　　B)ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledge　　C)itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansociety　　D)wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth　　37.To“liveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Line7,Para.1)inthepassagemeans

33________.　　A)to“liveaninactivelife”　　B)to“liveadecentlife”　　C)to“livealifewithcompletefreedom”　　D)to“livealifeofvice”　　38.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause________.　　A)currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficient　　B)therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisions　　C)fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflife　　D)peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriends　　39.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopurseunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriedandCrapoto________.　　A)improvingthequalityofone’slife　　B)limitingone’spersonalhealthchoice　　C)deliberatelyendingone’slife　　D)breakingtherulesofsocialbehavior　　40.AccordingtoFriesandCraposoundhealthchoicesshouldbebasedon________.　　A)personaldecisions　　B)society’slaws考试大论坛　　C)statisticalevidence　　D)friends’opinions　　21.A22.B23.A24.D25.C26.D27.B28.A29.C30.D31.B32.B33.A34.C35.D36.D37.A38.B39.C40.C1994年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(幼虫).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought(干旱)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps(小虾)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.　　TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(孵化).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.　　Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequally

34rapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.　　Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.来源：www.examda.com　　21.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveshrimps?　　A)Theirlivesarebrief.　　B)Theyfeedonplantandanimalorganisms.　　C)Theireggscansurviveyearsofdrought.　　D)Theylaytheireggsinthemud.　　22.Bysaying“fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime”(Para.3,line2)theauthormeans________.　　A)theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglake　　B)theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurvive　　C)theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendays　　D)theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenvironment　　23.Thepassagemainlydealswith________.　　A)thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimps　　B)thesurvivalofdesertshrimps　　C)theimportanceofwatertolife　　D)lifeintheMojaveDesert来源：考试大　　24.Theword“dormant”(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans________.　　A)inactive　　B)strong　　C)alert　　D)soft　　25.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat________.　　A)appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesert　　B)aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurvive　　C)forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdrought　　D)somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshconditions　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Opportunitiesforrewardingworkbecomefewerforbothmenandwomenastheygrowolder.Afterage40,jobhuntingbecomesevenmoredifficult.Manyworkersstayatjobstheyaretooold

35forratherthanfacepossiblerejection.Ouryouth-oriented,throw-awaycultureseeslittlevalueinolderpeople.InwriterLilianHellman’swords,theyhave“thewisdomthatcomeswithagethatwecan’tmakeuseof.“　　Unemploymentandeconomicneedforworkishigheramongolderwomen,especiallyminorities,thanamongyoungerwhitewomen.Anationalcouncilreportsthesefindings:thoughunemployedlongerwhenseekingwork,olderwomenjob-huntharder,holdajoblongerwithlessabsenteeism(缺勤),performaswellorbetter,aremorereliable,andaremorewillingtolearnthanmenoryoungerwomen.Yetmanyolderwomenearnpoorpayandfaceafutureofpovertyintheirretirementyears.When“sexismmeetsageism,povertyisnolongeronthedoorstepitmovesin,”accordingtoTishSommers,directorofaspecialstudyonolderwomenfortheNationalOrganizationforWomen.　　Yeta1981reportontheWhiteHouseConferenceonAgingshowsthatasagroup,olderAmericansarethe“wealthiest,bestfed,besthoused,healthiest,mostself-reliantolderpopulationinourhistory.“Thisstatementissmallcomforttothoselivingbelowthepovertyline,butitdoesexplodesomeoftheoldtraditionalbeliefsandfears.Opportunitiesformovinginandupinalargecompanymayshrinkbutmanyolderpeoplebeginsuccessfulsmallbusinesses,volunteerinsatisfyingactivities,andstayactiveformanyyears.Theyhavefewrolemodelsbecauseinpreviousgenerationsthelifespanwasmuchshorterandexpectationsoflifewerefewer.Theyareploughingnewground.　　Employersarebeginningtorecognizethatthematurepersoncanbringagreatdealofstabilityandresponsibilitytoaposition.Onedoesn’tloseabilityandexperienceontheeveofone’s65thor70thbirthdayanymorethanonegrowsupinstantlyatage21.　　26.Aftertheageof40,________.来源：考试大　　A)mostworkersaretiredoftheirpresentjobs　　B)manyworkerstendtosticktheirpresentjobs　　C)peoplefindtheirjobsmorerewardingthanbefore　　D)peoplestillwishtohuntformoresuitablejobs　　27.FromHeilman’sremark,wecanseethat________.　　A)fullusehasbeenmadeofthewisdomofolderpeople　　B)thewisdomofolderpeopleisnotvaluedbyAmericansociety　　C)olderpeoplearenolessintelligentthanyoungpeople　　D)thewisdomofolderpeopleisofgreatvaluetoAmericansociety　　28.TishSommersarguesthat________.　　A)olderwomenfindithardtoescapepoverty　　B)olderwomenusuallyperformbetterintheirjobs　　C)themajorcauseofthepovertyofolderwomenissexism　　D)morepeoplehavecometobelieveinsexismandageism　　29.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,itcanbeseenthatolderAmericans________.　　A)havemorejobopportunitiesthanyoungpeople　　B)livebelowthepovertyline　　C)havenewopportunitiestoremainactiveinsociety　　D)nolongerbelieveinthepromiseofahappylifeuponretirement　　30.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatthewriter________.　　A)callsattentiontothelivingconditionsofolder

36Americans　　B)believesthatvalueofolderpeopleisgainingincreasingrecognition　　C)attemptstojustifytheyouth-oriented,throw-awaycultureoftheUnitedStates　　D)arguespeopleshouldnotretireattheageof65or70　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Themostexcitingkindofeducationisalsothemostpersonal.Nothingcanexceedthejoyofdiscoveringforyourselfsomethingthatisimportanttoyou!Itmaybeanideaorabitofinformationyoucomeacrossaccidentally—orasuddeninsight,fittingtogetherpiecesofinformationorworkingthroughaproblem.Suchpersonalencountersarethe“payoff”ineducation.Ateachermaydirectyoutolearningandevenencourageyouinit—butnoteachercanmaketheexcitementorthejoyhappen.That’suptoyou.　　Aresearchpaper,assignedinacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructor,leadsyoubeyondclassroom,beyondthetextsforclassesandintoaprocesswherethejoyofdiscoveryandlearningcancometoyoumanytimes.Preparingtheresearchpaperisanactiveandindividualprocess,andideallearningprocess.Itprovidesastructurewithinwhichyoucanmakeexcitingdiscoveries,ofknowledgeandofself,thatarebasictoeducation.Buttheresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,tosuitapieceofworktoyourowninterestsandabilities,toshowotherswhatyoucando.Writingaresearchpaperismorethanjustaclassroomexercise.Itisanexperienceinsearchingout,understandingandsynthesizing,whichformsthebasisofmanyskillsapplicabletobothacademicandnonacademictasks.Itis,inthefullestsense,adiscovering,aneducation.So,toproduceagoodresearchpaperisbothausefulandathoroughlysatisfyingexperience!　　Tosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.Toothers,theveryideaofhavingtoworkindependentlyisthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwithanxiety,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.Instead,consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachifyouusethehelpthisbookcangiveyou.来源：www.examda.com　　31.Accordingtothewriter,personaldiscoveries________.　　A)willgiveoneencouragementanddirection　　B)arehelpfulinfindingtherightinformation　　C)arethemostvaluablepartofone’spersonaleducation　　D)willhelponetosuccessfullycompleteschoolassignments　　32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwritingaresearchpapergivesonechances________.　　A)tofullydevelopone’spersonalabilities　　B)tousetheskillslearntintheclassroom　　C)toprovethatoneisaproductivewriter　　D)todemonstratehowwellonecanaccomplishschoolassignment　　33.Fromthecontext,theword“disconcerting”(Para.3,Line2)mostprobablymeans________.　　A)misleading　　B)embarrassing　　C)stimulating　　D)

37upsetting　　34.Thewriterarguesinthepassagethat________.　　A)oneshouldexplorenewareasinresearch　　B)oneshouldtrustone’sownabilitytomeetcourserequirements　　C)oneshouldconsiderresearchpaperwritingapleasure,notaburden　　D)oneshoulduseallone’sknowledgeandskillswhendoingresearch　　35.Whatwillprobablyfollowthispassage?　　A)Howtowritearesearchpaper.　　B)Theimportanceofresearchineducation.　　C)Howtomakenewdiscoveriesforoneself.　　D)Theskillofputtingpiecesofinformationtogether.　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof“mastery”—feelingimportantandworth-while-andthesourcesofwhatwecallasense“pleasure”-findinglifeenjoyable-arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold“Youcan’thaveitall.”Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:“Youchoseacareer,soyoucan’texpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife.”or“Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren—What’sallthisaboutwantingacareer?”Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.　　Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem(自尊),asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe“doing”sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimensions,anditiscomposedofhappiness,satisfactionandoptimism(乐观).Itistiedmorecloselytothe“feeling”sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexample,awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.　　Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepast,womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.　　Awoman’swell-beingisenhanced(增进)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles-marriages,motherhood,andemploymentwerethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.　　36.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat________.　　A)forwomen,asenseof“mastery”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“pleasure”　　B)forwomen,asenseof“pleasure”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“mastery”　　C)womencan’thaveasenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”atthesametime　　D)asenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”arebothindispensabletowomen　　37.Theauthor’sattitudetowardswomenhavingacareeris________.　　A)critical　　B)

38positive　　C)neutral　　D)realistic来源：www.examda.com　　38.Onecanconcludefromthepassagethatifawomantakesonseveralsocialroles,________.　　A)itwillbeeasierforhertoovercomestressandstrain　　B)shewillbemoresuccessfulinhercareer　　C)herchancesofgettingpromotedwillbegreater　　D)herlifewillbericherandmoremeaningful　　39.Whichofthefollowingcanbeidentifiedasasourceof“pleasure”forwomen?　　A)Familylife　　B)Regularemployment来源：www.examda.com　　C)Multiplerolesinsociety　　D)Freedomfromanxiety　　40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe________.　　A)Thewell-beingofCareerWomen　　B)SourcesofMasteryandPleasure　　C)TwoAspectsofWomen’sWell-Being　　D)FreedomRolesWomeninSociety21.C22.D23.B24.A25.D26.B27.C28.A29.C30.B31.C32.A33.B34.C35.A36.D37.B38.D39.A40.C1995年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Theprocessofperceivingotherpeopleisrarelytranslated(toourselvesorothers)intocold,objectiveterms.“Shewas5feet8inchestall,hadfairhair,andworeacoloredskirt.”Moreoften,wetrytogetinsidetheotherpersontopinpointhisorherattitudes,emotions,motivations,abilities,ideasandcharacters.Furthermore,wesometimesbehaveasifwecanaccomplishthisdifficultjobveryquickly-perhapswithatwo-secondglance.　　Wetrytoobtaininformationaboutothersinmanyways.Bergersuggestsseveralmethodsforreducinguncertaintiesaboutothers:watching,withoutbeingnoticed,apersoninteractingwithothers,particularlywithotherswhoareknowntoyousoyoucancomparetheobservedperson’sbehaviorwiththeknownothers’behavior;observingapersoninasituationwheresocialbehaviorisrelativelyunrestrainedorwhereawidevarietyofbehavioralresponsesarecalledfor;deliberatelystructuringthephysicalorsocialenvironmentsoastoobservetheperson’sresponsestospecificstimuli;askingpeoplewhohavehadorhavefrequentcontactwiththepersonabouthimorher;andusingvariousstrategiesinface-to-faceinteractiontouncoverinformationaboutanotherperson-questions,self-disclosures(自我表露),andsoon.Gettingtoknowsomeoneisanever-endingtask,largelybecausepeopleareconstantlychangingandthemethodsweuseto

39obtaininformationareoftenimprecise.Youmayhaveknownsomeonefortenyearsandstillknowverylittleabouthim.Ifweaccepttheideathatwewon’teverfullyknowanotherperson,itenablesustodealmoreeasilywiththosethingsthatgetinthewayofaccurateknowledgesuchassecretsanddeceptions.Itwillalsokeepusfrombeingtoosurprisedorshockedbyseeminglyinconsistentbehavior.Ironically(讽刺性地)thosethingsthatkeepusfromknowinganotherpersontoowell(e.g.,secretsanddeceptions)maybejustasimportanttothedevelopmentofsatisfyingrelationshipasthosethingsthatenableustoobtainaccurateknowledgeaboutaperson(e.g.,disclosureandtruthfulstatements).　　21.Theword“pinpoint”(Para.1,Line3)basicallymeans________.　　A)appreciatewww.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　B)obtain　　C)interpret　　D)identify　　22.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?　　A)Peoplearebetterdescribedincold,objectiveterms.　　B)Thedifficultyofgettingtoknowapersonisusuallyunderestimated.　　C)Oneshouldnotjudgepeoplebytheirappearances.　　D)Oneisusuallysubjectivewhenassessingotherpeople’spersonality.　　23.ItcanbeinferredfromBerger’ssuggestionsthat________.　　A)peopledonotrevealtheirtrueselfoneveryoccasion　　B)inmostcasesweshouldavoidcontactingtheobservedpersondirectly　　C)thebestwaytoknowapersonisbymakingcomparisons　　D)face-to-faceinteractionisthebeststrategytouncoverinformationaboutaperson　　24.Indevelopingpersonalrelationships,secretsanddeceptions,intheauthor’sopinion,are________.　　A)personalmattersthatshouldbeseriouslydealtwith　　B)barriersthatshouldbedoneawaywith　　C)assignificantasdisclosuresandtruthfulstatements　　D)thingspeopleshouldguardagainst　　25.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageis________.　　A)togiveadviceonappropriateconductforsocialoccasions　　B)toprovidewaysofhowtoobtaininformationaboutpeople　　C)tocallthereader’sattentiontothenegativesideofpeople’scharacters　　D)todiscussthevariousaspectsofgettingtoknowpeople　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Thecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcomputersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.Marketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgementastotheircompetitors’rolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifmajorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitive.AppleComputer,Inc.hasintroducedtwonew,fasterpersonalcomputers,theMackintoshIIandMackintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple’smajorcompetitors.　　Apple’snewcomputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.The

40improvedMackintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC,includingIBM-compatible(兼容的)programs.Thiscompatibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufactures’newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MakingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple’seffortatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales.UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessories(附件)tomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.　　Thenewcomputersrepresentabigimprovementoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepuptoamorepowerfulcomputer.Applewantstostayinthehigh-priceendofthepersonalcomputermarkettofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.　　EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitor’scomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics(图形),whereastheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecompatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies’products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.　　26.Accordingtothepassage,AppleComputer,Inc,hasintroducedtheMackintoshIIandtheMackintoshSEbecause________.　　A)IBMischangingitscomputermodelscontinuously　　B)itwantstomakeitsmachinesspecializeinspecificuses　　C)itwantstostayaheadofIBMinthecompetitivecomputermarket　　D)itexpectsitsmajorcompetitorIBMtofollowitsexample　　27.ApplehopestoincreaseMackintoshsaleschieflyby________.　　A)makingitsnewmodelscapableofrunningIBMsoftware　　B)improvingthecolorgraphicsofitsnewmodels　　C)copyingthemarketingstrategiesofIBM　　D)givingthecustomerswhattheywant　　28.Applesellsitsnewcomputermodelsatahighpricebecause________.　　A)theyhavenewfeaturesandfunctions　　B)theyaremoresophisticatedthanothermodels　　C)theyhavenewaccessoriesattached　　D)itwantstoaccumulatefundsforfutureresearch　　29.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbothAppleandIBMtrytogainacompetitiveadvantageby________.　　A)copyingeachother’stechnology　　B)incorporatingfeaturesthatmaketheirproductsdistinctive　　C)makingtheircomputermoreexpensive来源：考试大　　D)makingtheircomputersrunmuchfaster　　30.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe________.　　A)Apple’sEffortstoStayAheadofIBM　　B)Apple’sNewComputerTechnology　　C)Apple’sNewpersonalComputers　　D)Apple’sResearchActivities

41　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.　　Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,ofevenofearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.　　Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighbourasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.　　31.Theword“paradox”(Para.1,Line1)means“________”.　　A)implication　　B)contradiction　　C)interpretation　　D)confusion　　32.Accordingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”andthesocialsciencesas“soft”because________.　　A)areverseorderingwillhelppromotethedevelopmentofthephysicalsciences　　B)ourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorereliablethanthatofsocialsystems　　C)ourunderstandingofthesocialsystemsisapproximatelycorrect　　D)wearebetterabletoinvestigatesocialphenomenathanphysicalphenomena　　33.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause________.　　A)itisnotbasedonpersonalexperience采集者退散　　B)newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciences　　C)itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityof

42data　　D)therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliable　　34.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause________.　　A)contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetime　　B)newinformationisconstantlycomingin　　C)thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredict　　D)ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccurate　　35.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause________.　　A)theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevaried　　B)ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecure　　C)onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobserved　　D)fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomy　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowing.　　Intheearlydaysofnuclearpower,theUnitedStatesmademoneyonit.Buttodayopponentshavesocomplicateditsdevelopmentthatnonuclearplantshavebeenorderedorbuiltherein12years.　　Thegreatestfearofnuclearpoweropponentshasalwaysbeenareactor“meltdown”(堆内熔化).Today,thechancesofameltdownthatwouldthreatenU.S.publichealthareverylittle.Buttoevenfurtherreducethepossibility,engineersaretestingnewreactorsthatrelynotonhumanjudgementtoshutthemdownbutonthelawsofnature.NowGeneralElectricisalreadybuildingtwoadvancedreactorsinJapan.Butdon’texpectthemeveronU.S.shoresunlessthingschangeinWashington.采集者退散　　Theprocedureforlicensingnuclearpowerplantsisabaddream.Anytimeduring,orevenafter,construction,anobjectionbyanygrouporindividualcanbringeverythingtoahaltwhilethematterisinvestigatedortakentocourt.Meanwhile,thebuildermustaddnice-but-not-necessaryimprovements,someofwhichforcehimtoknockdownwallsandstartover.Ineverycasewhereaplanthasbeenopposed,theNuclearRegulationCommissionhasultimatelygrantedalicensetoconstructoroperate.Butthevictoryoftencostssomuchthattheutilityendsupabandoningtheplantanyway.　　AcaseinpointistheShorehamplantonNewYork’sLongIsland.ShorehamwasavirtualtwintotheMillstoneplantinConnecticut,bothorderedinthemid-’60s.Millstone,completedfor$101million,hasbeengeneratingelectricityfortwodecades.Shoreham,however,wassingledoutbyanti-nuclearactivistswho,bysendinginendlessprotests,drovethecostover$5billionanddelayeditsuseformanyyears.　　Shorehamfinallywonitsoperationlicense.Buttheplanthasneverproducedawattofpower.GovernorMarioCuomo,anopponentofaShorehamstart-up,usedhispowertoforceNewYork’spublic-utilitiescommissiontoacceptthefollowingsettlement;thepowercompanycouldpassthecostofShorehamalongtoitsconsumersonlyifitagreednottooperatetheplant!Today,aperfectlygoodfacility,capableofservicinghundredsofhomes,sitsrusting.　　36.Whathasmadetheprocedureforlicensingnuclearpowerplantsabaddream?　　A)TheinefficiencyoftheNuclearRegulationcommission.　　B)Theenormouscostofconstructionand

43operation.　　C)Thelengthoftimeittakestomakeinvestigations.　　D)Theobjectionoftheopponentsofnuclearpower.　　37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that________.　　A)itisnottechnicaldifficultiesthatpreventthebuildingofnuclearpowerplantsintheU.S.　　B)therearenotenoughsafetymeasuresintheU.S.forrunningnewnuclearpowerplants　　C)therearealreadymorenuclearpowerplantsthannecessaryintheU.S.　　D)theAmericangovernmentwillnotallowJapanesenuclearreactorstobeinstalledintheU.S.　　38.Anyobjection,howevertrivialitmaybe,can________.　　A)forcethepowercompaniestocanceltheproject　　B)delaytheconstructionoroperationofanuclearplant　　C)causeaseriousdebatewithintheNuclearRegulationCommission　　D)takethebuilderstocourt　　39.GovernorMario’schiefintentioninproposingthesettlementwasto________.　　A)stoptheShorehamplantfromgoingintooperation　　B)helpthepowercompanytosolveitsfinancialproblems　　C)urgethepowercompanytofurtherincreaseitspowersupply　　D)permittheShorehamplanttooperateundercertainconditions　　40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofnuclearpoweris________.　　A)negative　　B)neutral　　C)positive　　D)questioning　1995年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’repartlythere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers—allthesearebeingchallenged.本文来源:考试大网　　Wehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip(集成块),wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthe

44peoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob.　　21.Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat________.　　A)theserviceindustryisrelyingmoreandmoreonthefemaleworkforce　　B)manufacturingindustriesaresteadilyincreasing　　C)peoplefinditharderandhardertoearnalivingbyworkinginfactories　　D)mostofthejobopportunitiescannowbefoundintheserviceindustry　　22.Oneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgesocietyisthat________.　　A)thedifferencebetweentheemployeeandtheemployerhasbecomeinsignificant　　B)people’straditionalconceptsaboutworknolongerholdtrue　　C)mostpeoplehavetotakepart-timejobs　　D)peoplehavetochangetheirjobsfromtimetotime　　23.Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventions,theauthormeanstosaythat________.　　A)peopleshouldbeabletorespondquicklytotheadvancementoftechnology　　B)futureachievementsintechnologywillbringaboutinconceivabledramaticchanges　　C)theimportanceofhightechnologyhasbeenoverlooked　　D)computersciencewillplayaleadingroleinthefutureinformationservices　　24.Thefuturewillprobablybelongtothosewho________.　　A)possessandknowhowtomakeuseofinformation　　B)givefullplaytotheirbrainpotential　　C)involvethemselvesinserviceindustries　　D)casttheirmindsaheadinsteadoflookingback　　25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?　　A)ComputersandtheKnowledgeSociety　　B)ServiceIndustriesinModernSociety　　C)FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEra　　D)RapidAdvancementofInformationTechnology　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants(被告).Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.　　Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.　　Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.　　Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.　　Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractive

45overnightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.　　Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminine(女性的)andanattractivemanmoremasculine(男性的)thanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.　　Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnnBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.　　Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.　　26.Theword“liability”(Para.1.Line4)mostprobablymeans“________”.　　A)misfortune　　B)instability　　C)disadvantage　　D)burden来源：www.examda.com　　27.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness________.　　A)reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequired　　B)makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapable　　C)isofprimaryimportancetowomen　　D)oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly　　28.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness________.　　A)turnsouttobeanobstacle　　B)affectsmenandwomenalike　　C)hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomen　　D)ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen　　29.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften________.　　A)practical　　B)prejudiced　　C)old-fashioned　　D)radical　　30.Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.　　A)discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractive　　B)giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractive　　C)demandequalrightsforwomen　　D)emphasizetheimportanceofappearance　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooks,aswellasseveralchapters,mainlyin,butnotlimitedto,journalismandbroadcastinghandbooksand

46reportingtexts,stressthe“howto”aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterview,itscontext,andimplications.Muchofthe“howto”materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknow,injournalismasinotherfields,muchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped.　　Thereis,ashasbeensuggested,agrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcasting,butverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhand,manygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical(经验的)aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappily,thisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.First,itseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliar,atleastinapositivemanner,withjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterview,suchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosis(诊断)andtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.However,veryfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmedia,particularlybytelevision.Andyet,wehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders,listeners,andviewers.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.来源：考试大　　31.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat________.　　A)generalizedprinciplesforjournalisticinterviewsarethechiefconcernforwritersonjournalism　　B)importanceshouldbeattachedtothesystematicstudyofjournalisticinterviewing　　C)conceptsandcontextualimplicationsareofsecondaryimportancetojournalisticinterviewing　　D)personalexperienceandgeneralimpressionshouldbeexcludedfromjournalisticinterviews　　32.Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneral________.　　A)sothetrainingofjournalisticinterviewershaslikewisebeenstrengthened　　B)thoughthestudyoftheinterviewingtechniqueshasn’treceivedmuchattention　　C)butjournalisticinterviewingasaspecificfieldhasunfortunatelybeenneglected　　D)andtherehasalsobeenadramaticgrowthinthestudyofjournalisticinterviewing　　33.Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview,________.　　A)butmostofthemwishtostayawayfromit　　B)andmanyofthemhopetobeinterviewedsomeday　　C)andmanyofthemwouldliketoacquireatrueunderstandingofit　　D)butmostofthemmaynothavebeeninterviewedinperson　　34.Whoistheintervieweeinaclinicalinterview?　　A)Thepatient.　　B)The

47physician.　　C)Thejournalist.　　D)Thepsychologist.　　35.Thetextismostlikelyapartofa________.　　A)newsarticle　　B)journalisticinterview考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　C)researchreport　　D)preface　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaborious(费力的)andthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident-themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(e.g.Electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).　　Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorse-drawncarriageillegalandthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomytoeitherproducethegoodsorservicesorpurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyinconsumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassical(新古典主义的)modelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecond(andcurrent)stage.　　36.Thereasonwhymanyproductionprocessesweretakenoverbythemarketplacewasthat________.　　A)itwasanecessarystepintheprocessofindustrialization　　B)theydependedonelectricityavailableonlytothemarketeconomy　　C)itwastroublesometoproducesuchgoodsinthehome　　D)themarketplacewasmoreefficientwithrespecttotheseprocesses　　37.Itcanbeseenfromthepassagethatinthesecondstage________.　　A)sometraditionalgoodsandserviceswerenotsuccessfulwhenprovidedbythehomeeconomy　　B)themarketeconomyprovidednewgoodsandservicesneverproducedbythehome

48economy　　C)producingtraditionalgoodsathomebecamesociallyunacceptable　　D)whethernewgoodsandserviceswereproducedbythehomeeconomybecameirrelevant　　38.Duringthesecondstage,ifthefamilywantedtoconsumenewgoodsandservices,theyhadtoenterthemarketplace________.　　A)aswageearners　　B)bothasmanufacturesandconsumers　　C)bothasworkersandpurchasers　　D)ascustomers采集者退散　　39.Economicgrowthdidnotmakeitmoreflexibleforthehomeeconomytoobtainthenewgoodsandservicesbecause________.　　A)thefamilywasnotefficientinproduction　　B)itwasillegalforthehomeeconomytoproducethem　　C)itcouldnotsupplythembyitself　　D)themarketforthesegoodsandserviceswaslimited　　40.Theneoclassicalmodelisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage,becauseatthisstage________.　　A)thefamilycouldrelyeitheronthehomeeconomyoronthemarketplacefortheneededgoodsandservices　　B)manyproductionprocesseswerebeingtransferredtothemarketplace　　C)consumersreliedmoreandmoreonthemarketeconomy　　D)thefamilycoulddecidehowtotransferproductionprocessestothemarketplace21.D22.B23.B24.A25.C26.C27.A28.D29.B30.A31.B32.C33.D34.A35.D36.D37.B38.C39.C40.A1996年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things”—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup’shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesittheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturesinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellpreservedPaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNeatEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNeareasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultsinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.来源：考试大

49　　Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,tooismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwithpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica,printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.　　Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledouttheinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisallpartofthe“informationrevolution,”atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.　　21.Researchintothematerialcultureofanation’sofgreatimportance________.　　A)ithelpsproducenewculturaltoolsandtechnology　　B)itcanreflectthedevelopmentofthenation　　C)ithelpsunderstandthenation’sFastandpresent　　D)itcandemonstratethenation’scivilization来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　22.Itcanbelearnedfromthispassagethat________.　　A)theexistenceofthesymphonywasattributedtothespreadofNearEasternandChinesemusic　　B)NearEasternmusichadinfluenceontheoftheinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestra　　C)thedevelopmentofthesymphonyshowsthemutualinfluenceofEasternandWesternmusic　　D)themusicalinstrumentsinthesymphonybasisofNearEasternmusic　　23.Accordingtotheauthor,musicnotationisimportantbecause________.　　A)ithasagreateffectonthemusic-cultureasmoreandmorepeopleareabletoreadit　　B)ittendstostandardfolksingswhenitisusedbyfolkmusicians　　C)itistheprintedversionofstandardizedfolkmusic　　D)itencouragespeopletopopularizeprintedversionsofsongs　　24.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheintroductionofelectronicmediaintotheworldofmusic________.　　A)hasbroughtaboutaninformationrevolution　　B)hasspeededupthearrivalofanewgenerationofcomputers　　C)hasgivenrisetonewformsofmusicculture　　D)hasgiventothetransformationoftraditionalmusicalinstruments　　25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthemainideaofthepassage?　　A)Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerlaterbereplacedbycomputers.　　B)Musiccannotbepassedontofuturegenerationunlessitisrecorded.　　C)Folksongscannotspreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheets.　　D)Thedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentoritsmaterialaspect.　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowing

50passage.　　Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandviceofoneanother.　　Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.　　Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,howeverthisstruggleinnature’scompetition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefrommeet-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailincompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwar,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.考试大论坛　　Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestrades,skills,andasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.　　26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesthedefinitionsofsometerminorderto________.　　A)argueforthesimilaritiesbetweenandhumansocieties　　B)smoothouttheconflictsinhumansocieties　　C)distinguishbetweentwokindsofopposition　　D)summarizethethatcharacteristicfeaturesofoppositionandcooperation　　27.Accordingtotheauthor,competitiondiffersfromconflictinthat________.　　A)itresultsinwarinmostcases　　B)itinduceseffortstoexpandterritory来源：考试大　　C)itiskindofoppositionamongariaentities　　D)itisessentiallyastruggleforexistence　　28.Thephrase“functioninthedisserviceofoneanother”(Para.1)mostprobablymeans“________”.　　A)betrayeachother　　B)harmoneanother　　C)helptocollaboratewitheachother　　D)benefitonanother　　29.Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflict________.　　A)isaninevitablestruggleresultingfromcompetition　　B)reflectsthestruggleamongsocial

51animals　　C)isanoppositionamongindividualsocialanimals　　D)canbeavoided　　30.Thepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestion“________”.　　A)Iswarinevitable?　　B)Whyisthereconflictandcompetition?　　C)Isconflictdesirable?　　D)Cancompetitionleadtoconflict?　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreaching,thesurprisingthingaboutcomputerisnotthattheythinklesswellthanaman,butthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperience,followanargument,askproperquestionsandwritepoetryandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations.　　Computersimitatelife.Ascomputergetmorecomplex,theimitationgetsbetter.Finally,thelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorso,wewillthecomputerasanewformoflife.　　Theopinionseemsridiculousbecause,foronething,computerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescarcanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival.　　Computersmatchpeopleinsomeroles,andwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisis,theyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslower,thehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainonetimeanditfreezesup.　　Wearestillcontrol,butthecapabilitiesofcomputerareincreasingatafantasticrate,whilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowly,ifasall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990s,whenthesixthgenerationappears,thereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain.　　Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythehepast,wecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofman,surpassinghisachievementsthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.ThenewkindofintelligentlifeismoreIlikelytobemadeofsilicon.　　31.WhatdoyousupposetheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching?　　A)Hebelievedthatladieswerebornworsepreachersthatmen.　　B)Hewaspleasedthatladiescouldthoughnotaswellasmen.　　C)Hedisapprovedofladiespreaching.　　D)Heencouragedladiestopreach.www.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　32.Today,computerarestillinferiortomanintermsof________.　　A)decisionmaking　　B)drivesandfeelings　　C)growthofreasoningpower　　D)information

52absorption　　33.Intermsofmakingquickdecisions,thehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecause________.　　A)inthelongprocessofevolutionslowpaceoflifedidn’trequiresuchabilityofthecomputerbecausebrain　　B)thehumanbrainisinfluencedbyotherfactorssuchasmotivationandemotion　　C)thehumanbrainmaysometimesfreezeupinadangeroussituation　　D)theevolutionofimitatelifewhilethehumanbraindocsnotimitatecomputers　　34.Thoughhethinkhighlyofthedevelopmentofcomputerscience,theauthordoesn’tmeanthat________.　　A)computersarelikelytobecomeanewformofintelligentlife　　B)humanbeingshavelostcontrolofcomputers　　C)theintelligenceofcomputerswilleventuallysurpasswillthatofhumanbeings　　D)theevolutionofintelligencewillprobablydependonthatofelectronicbrains　　35.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?　　A)Futuremanwillbemadeofsiliconinsteadoffleshandblood.　　B)Somedayitwillbedifficulttotellacomputerfromaman.　　C)Thereasoningpowerofcomputershasalreadysurpassedthatofman.　　D)Futureintelligentlifemaynotnecessarilybemadeoforganicmatter.　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Videorecordersandphotocopiers,eventicketmachinesontherailways,oftenseemunnecessarilydifficulttouse.LastDecemberIboughtmyselfaVideocassetterecorder(VCR)describedas“simpletouse”.InthefirstthreeweeksIfailedrepeatedlytoprogramthemachinetorecordfromtheTV,andaftermonthsofpracticeIstillmademistakes.Iamnotalone.AccordingtoasurveylastyearbyFerguson,theBritishmanufacturer,morethanoneinfourVCRownersneverusethetimerontheirmachinestorecordaprogramme:theydon’tuseitbecausethey’vefounditfartoohardtooperate.　　SowhydomanufacturerskeepondesigningandproducingVCRSthatareawkwardtouseiftheproblemsaresoobvious?　　First,theproblemswenoticearenotobvioustotechnicallymindeddesignerswithyearsofexperienceandtrainedtounderstandhowapplianceswork.Secondly,designerstendtoaddoneortwofeaturesatatimetoeachmodel,whereasyouorIfaceallamachine’sfeaturesatonce.Thirdly,althoughfindproblemsinafinishedproductiseasily,itistoolatebythentodoanythingaboutthedesign.Finally,ifmanufacturerscangetawaywithsellingproductsthataredifficulttouseit,itisnotworththeeffortofanyoneofthemtomakeimprovements.　　Somemanufacturerssaytheyconcentrateonprovidingawiderangeoffeaturesratherthanonmakingthemachineseasytouse.Butthatgivesrisetothequestion,“whycan’tyouhavefeaturesthatareeasytouse?”Theanswerisyoucan.　　Gooddesignpracticeisamixtureofspecificproceduresandgeneralprinciples.Forastart,designersshouldbuildanoriginalmodelofthemachineandtryitoutontypicalmembersofthepublic-notoncolleaguesinthedevelopmentlaboratory.Simplepubictrialswouldquicklyrevealmanydesignmistakes.Inanidealworld,therewouldbesomewaysofcontrollingqualitysuchasthattheVCRmustberedesignedrepeatedlyuntil,say,90percentofuserscanwork90percentofthefeaturescorrectly90percentofthe

53time.　　36.TheauthorhadtroubleoperatinghisVCRbecause________.　　A)hehadneglectedtheimportanceofusingthetimer　　B)themachinehadfarmoretechnicalfeaturesthannecessary　　C)hehadsetaboutusingitwithoutpropertraining　　D)itsoperationwasfarmoredifficultthanthedesignerintendedittobe　　37.Accordingtotheauthor,manufacturers________.　　Ashouldaddmoreusefulfeaturestotheirmachines来源：www.examda.com　　B)oftenfailtomaketheirproductseasytouse　　C)shouldmaketheirappliancesasattractiveaspossible　　D)oftenfailprovidepropertrainingintheuseoftheirproducts　　38.Itseemsthatmanufacturerswillremainreluctanttomakeimprovementsunless________.　　A)theycandosoasaverylowcost　　B)theyfindtheirmachineshardtooperate　　C)theyhavedifficultysellingtheirproducts　　D)theyreceivealotofcomplaintsabouttheirmachines　　39.AccordingtothepassagebeforeaVCRiscoldonthemarket,itsoriginalmodelshouldbetriedout________.　　A)amongordinaryconsumerswhoarenottechnicallyminded　　B)amongpeoplewhoaretechnicallyminded　　C)amongexperiencedtechniciansandpotentialusers　　D)amongpeoplewhoareinchargeofpublicrelations　　40.OneofthereasonswhyVCRsaresodifficulttouseisthat________.　　A)thedesignersareofteninsensitivetotheoperationalcomplexitiesoftheirmachines　　B)therangeoffeaturesprovidedisunlimited来源：www.examda.com　　C)thereisnoidealwayofcontrollingquality　　D)theirdesignersoftenignorethecomplaintsoftheiruses　　21.C22.B23.A24.C25.D26.C27.D28.B29.D30.A31.A32.B33.C34.B35.D36.B37.B38.C39.A40.A1996年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　ThreeEnglishdictionariespublishedrecentlyalllayclaimtopossessinga“new”feature.TheBBCEnglishDictionarycontainsbackgroundinformationon1,000peopleandplacesprominentinthenewssince1988;theOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary:EncyclopedicEditionistheOALDplusencyclopedicentries;theLongmanDictionaryofEnglishLanguageandCultureistheLMEplusculturalinformation.　　Thekeyfactisthatallthreedictionariescanbeseentohaveadistinctly“cultural”aswellas

54languagelearningcontent.Thatbeingsaid,thewayinwhichtheyapproachtheculturalelementisnotidentical,makingdirectcomparisonsbetweenthethreedifficult.　　Whilethereissomecommongroundbetweentheencyclopedic/culturalentriesfortheOxfordandLongmandictionaries,thereisacleardifference.OxfordlaysclaimtobeingencyclopediconcontentwhereasLongmandistinctlyconcentratesonthelanguageandcultureoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheOxforddictionarycanthereforestandmorevigorousscrutinyforculturalbiasthantheLongmanpublicationbecausethelatterdoesnothesitateaboutviewingtherestoftheworldfromtheculturalperspectivesoftheEnglish-speakingworld.TheculturalobjectivesoftheBBCdictionaryareinturnmoredistinctstill.Basedonananalysisofover70millionwordsrecordedfromtheBBCWorldServiceandNationalPublicRadioofWashingtonoveraperiodoffouryears,their1,000briefencyclopedicentriesarebasedonpeopleandplacesthathavefeaturedinthenewsrecently.TheintendedusertheyhaveinmindisaregularlistenertotheWorldServicewhowillhaveareasonablestandardofEnglishandadevelopedskillinlisteningcomprehension.来源：www.examda.com　　Inreality,though,theBBCdictionarywillbepurchasedbyafarwiderrangeoflanguagelearners,aswilltheothertwodictionaries.Wewillbefacedwithasituationwheremanyoftheusersofthesedictionarieswillattheveryleasthavedistinctsocio-culturalperspectivesandmayhaveworldviewswhicharetotallyopposedandevenhostiletothoseoftheWest.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotonlyevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriatenessofthevarioussocio-culturalentries.　　21.Whatfeaturesetsapartthethreedictionariesdiscussedinthepassagefromtraditionalones?　　A)Thecombinationoftwodictionariesintoone　　B)Thenewapproachtodefiningwords　　C)Theinclusionofculturalcontent　　D)Theincreaseinthenumberofentries　　22.TheLongmandictionaryismorelikelytobecriticizedforculturalprejudice________.　　A)itsscopeofculturalentriesthebeyondthecultureoftheEnglish-speakingworld　　B)itpayslittleattentiontotheculturalcontentofthenon-English-speakingcountries　　C)itviewstheworldpurelyfromthestandpointoftheEnglish-speakingworld　　D)itfailstodistinguishlanguagefromcultureinitsencyclopedicentries　　23.TheBBCdictionarydiffersfromOxfordandLongmaninthat________.　　A)ithasawiderselectionOfencyclopedicentries　　B)itismainlydesigntomeettheneedsofradiolisteners　　C)itlaysmoreemphasiscolanguagethenonculture　　D)itisintendedtohelplistenersdeveloptheirlisteningcomprehensionskills　　24.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat,inapproachingsocio-culturalcontentinadictionary,specialthoughtbegivento________.　　A)thelanguagelevelsofitsusers　　B)thenumberofitsprospectivepurchasers　　C)thedifferenttastesofitsusers　　D)thevariousculturalbackgroundsofitsusers　　25.Whatisthepassagemainly

55about?　　A)Differentwaysoftreatingsocio-culturalelementsinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.　　B)Acomparisonofpeople’sopinionsontheculturalcontentinthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.　　C)TheadvantagesoftheBBCdictionaryoverOxfordandLongman.　　D)Theuser-friendlinessofthethreenewEnglishdictionaries.　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.　　Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.　　Littleofhistimeisspentinchatting.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupid,pettycrimes.　　Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.　　Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystarttowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.来源：考试大　　Atthirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressures:first,asmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw.Secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.　　Ifthedetectivehastodetectivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplesmindednessasheseesit-ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,law-makers,andjudges,who,insteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisre-catchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestaredbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.　　26.Apolicemanhastobetrainedincriminallawbecause________.　　A)hemustworkhardtohelpreformcriminals　　B)hemustbelieveasprofessionallawyersdo　　C)hemustbeabletotellwhenandwhereacrimeiscommitted　　D)hemustjustifythearrestshemakesofcriminals　　27.Whatisthemostsuitablewordthatdescribestheworkofapolicemanaccordingtothepassage?　　A)Dangerous　　B)Demanding　　C)Distressing　　D)Dramatic　　28.Accordingtothepassage,policemenspendmostoftheirtimeanefforts________.　　A)patrollingthestreet,rainorshine　　B)trackingandarresting

56criminals　　C)collectingandprovidingevidence　　D)consultingtherulesoflaw　　29.What’sthepoliceman’sbiggestheadache?　　A)Hehastogetthemostdesirableresultswithoutbreakingthelawinanyway.　　B)Hehastojustifyhisarrestswhileunabletoprovidesufficientevidenceinmostcases.　　C)Hecanhardlyfindenoughtimetolearncriminallawwhileburdenedwithnumerouscriminalcases.　　D)Hehastoprovidethebestpossiblepublicserviceattheleastpossibleexpense.　　30.Whydopolicemenfeelseparatedfromtherestoftheworld?　　A)Becausetheydonotreceiveduesupportfromsociety.　　B)Becausetheyfindpeopleinsincerewiththem.考试大论坛　　C)Becausetheyfeelsuperiortosimple-mindedpeoplearoundthem.　　D)Becausetheyaresuspiciousofthepeoplearoundthem.　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorf’sassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technology,theapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalends,isamajorsourceofsocialchange.　　Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdocsnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorest,aspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology;theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlywenthaywireandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreation,weareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseouttechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecades,andsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearly,theimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination.　　Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestones,particularlytheindustrialRevolution.YetwhenweaskwhytheindustrialRevolutionwasarevolution,wefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.Itgaverisetomassproductionand,throughmassproduction,toasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.　　Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.TheindustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandanimalsbymechanicalmethods.Thecomputerextendsthisdevelopmenttosupplementandreplacesomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthat

57peesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety.　　31.Aspearorarobothasthequalityoftechnologyonlywhenit________.　　A)isusedbothasaculturalandaphysicalobject　　B)servesdifferentpurposesequallywell　　C)isutilizedbyman　　D)canbeofusetobothmanandanimal　　32.TheexamplesoftheChallengerandChernobylcitedbytheauthorservetoshowthat________.　　A)ifnotgivencloseexamination,technologycouldbeusedtodestroyourworld　　B)technologyisahumancreation,soweareresponsibleforit　　C)technologyusuallygoeswrong,ifnotcontrolledbyman　　D)beingahumancreation,technologyisliabletoerror　　33.Accordingtotheauthor,theintroductionofthecomputerisarevolutionmainlybecause________.　　A)thecomputerhasrevolutionizedtheworkingsofthehumanmind　　B)thecomputercandothetasksthatcouldonlybedonebypeoplebefore　　C)ithashelpedtoswitchtoaninformationtechnology　　D)ithasagreatpotentialimpactonsociety　　34.Byusingthephrase“thehumanqualityoftechnology”,theauthorrefersto,thefactthattechnology________.　　A)hasagreatimpactonhumanlife　　B)hassomecharacteristicsofhumannature　　C)canreplacesomeaspectsofthehumanmind　　D)doesnotexistinthenaturalworld　　35.Thepassageisbasedontheauthor’s________.　　A)keeninsightintothenatureoftechnology来源：考试大　　B)prejudicedcriticismoftheroleoftheindustrialRevolution　　C)cautiousanalysisofthereplacementofthehumanmindbycomputers　　D)exaggerateddescriptionofthenegativeconsequencesoftechnology　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.　　Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobinghecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainst

58thosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothelanguageofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesaxialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopindependently,thebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.　　36.Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat________.　　A)customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehavior　　B)thestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustom　　C)peoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlook　　D)customhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinking　　37.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey?　　A)Anindividualcanexerciseverylittleinfluenceontheculturaltraditionintowhichheisborn.　　B)Customisthedirectresultofthephilosophicalprobingofagroupofpeople.　　C)Anindividualisstronglyinfluencedbytheculturaltraditionevenbeforeheisborn.　　D)Customrepresentsthecollectivewisdomwhichbenefitstheindividual.　　38.Theworld“custom”inthispassagemostprobablymeans________.　　A)theconceptofthetrueandthefalseofasociety　　B)theindependentlydevelopedsocialorders　　C)theadjustmentoftheindividualtothenewsocialenvironment　　D)thepatternsandstandardsofbehaviorofacommunity　　39.Accordingtothepassageaperson’slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,________.　　A)isconstantlyshapingtheculturaltraditionsofhispeople　　B)ispredominatedbytraditionalcustom　　C)iscontinuallyinfluencedbythehabitsofothercommunities　　D)ischieflyinfluencedbythepeoplearoundhim　　40.Theauthor’spumpinwritingthispassageis________.　　A)tourgeindividualstofollowtraditionalcustoms考试大论坛　　B)tostressthestronginfluenceofcustomsonanindividual　　C)toexaminetheinteractionofmanandaxialcustoms　　D)toshowman’sadjustmenttotraditionalcustoms　21.C22.C23.D24.D25.A26.D27.C28.C29.A30.B31.C32.B33.D34.D35.A36.C37.A38.D39.B40.B

591997年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Moreandmore,theoperationsofourbusinesses,governments,andfinancialinstitutionsarecontrolledbyinformationthatexistsonlyinsidecomputermemories.Anyonecleverenoughtomodifythisinformationforhisownpurposescanreapsubstantialrewards.Evenworse,anumberofpeoplewhohavedonethisandbeencaughtatithavemanagedtogetawaywithoutpunishment.　　It’seasyforcomputercrimestogoundetectedifnoonechecksuponwhatthecomputerisdoing.Butevenifthecrimeisdetected,thecriminalmaywalkawaynotonlyunpunishedbutwithaglowingrecommendationfromhisformeremployers.　　Ofcourse,wehavenostatisticsoncrimesthatgoundetected.Butit’sdisturbingtonotehowmanyofthecrimeswedoknowaboutweredetectedbyaccident,notbysystematicinspectionsorothersecurityprocedures.Thecomputercriminalswhohavebeencaughtmaybeenthevictimsofuncommonlybadluck.　　Forexample,acertainkeypunch(键盘打孔)operatorcomplainedofhavingtostayovertimetopunchextracards.Investigationrevealedthattheextracardsshewasbeingaskedtopunchwerefordishonesttransactions.Inanothercase,dissatisfiedemployeesofthethieftippedoff(向…透露)thecompanythatwasbeingrobbed.来源：www.examda.com　　Unlikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,computercriminalssometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynotbechargedbutthattheybegivengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.Alltoooften,theirdemandshavebeenmet.　　Why?Becausecompanyexecutivesareafraidofthebadpublicitythatwouldresultifthepublicfoundoutthattheircomputerhadbeenmisused.Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginopencourtofhowhejuggled(耍弄)themostconfidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompany’sexecutives,aaccountant,andsecuritystaff.Andsoanothercomputercriminaldepartswithjusttherecommendationsheneedstocontinuehiscrimeselsewhere.　　21.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.　　A)itisstillimpossibletodetectcomputercrimestoday　　B)computercrimesarethemostseriousproblemintheoperationoffinancialinstitutions　　C)computercriminalscanescapepunishmentbecausetheycan’tbedetected　　D)peoplecommitcomputercrimesattherequesttheircompany　　22.Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat________.　　A)manymorecomputercrimesgoundetectedthanarediscovered　　B)therapidincreaseofcomputercrimesisatroublesomeproblem　　C)mostcomputercriminalsaresmartenoughtocoveruptheircrimes　　D)mostcomputercriminalsaresmartenoughtocoveruptheirbadluck　　23.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?　　A)Astrictlawagainstcomputercrimesmustbeenforced.　　B)Companiesneedtoimposerestrictionsonconfidentialinformation.　　C)Companieswillguardagainstcomputercrimestoprotecttheirreputation.　　D)Companiesusuallyhesitatetouncovercomputercrimes.　　24.Whatmayhappentocomputercriminalsoncetheyarecaught?　　A)Withabadreputationtheycanhardlyfindanother

60job.　　B)Theywillbedeniedaccesstoconfidentialrecords.　　C)Theymaywalkawayandeasilyfindanotherjob.　　D)Theymustleavethecountryorgotojail.　　25.Thepassageismainlyabout________.　　A)whycomputercrimesaredifficulttodetectbysystematicinspections　　B)whycomputercriminalsareoftenabletoescapepunishment　　C)howcomputercriminalsmanagetogetgoodrecommendationfromtheirformeremployers　　D)whycomputercrimescan’tbeeliminatedQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Itisoftenclaimedthatnuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.Weliveinaconsumersocietywherethereisanenormousdemandforcommercialproductsofallkinds.Moreover,anincreaseinindustrialproductionisconsideredtobeonesolutiontotheproblemofmassunemployment.Suchanincreasepresumesanabundantandcheapenergysupply.Manypeoplebelievethatnuclearenergyprovidesaninexhaustibleandeconomicalsourceofpowerandthatitisthereforeessentialforanindustriallydevelopingsociety.Thereareanumberofotheradvantagesintheuseofnuclearenergy.Firstly,nuclearpower,exceptforaccidents,isclean.Afurtheradvantageisthatanuclearpowerstationcanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff.Thenuclearreactorrepresentsanenormousstepinourscientificevolutionand,whatevertheantinucleargroupsays,itiswrongtoexpectareturntomoreprimitivesourcesoffuel.However,opponentsofnuclearenergypointoutthatnuclearpowerstationsbringadirectthreatnotonlytotheenvironmentbutalsotocivilliberties.　　Furthermore,itisquestionablewhetherultimatelynuclearpowerisacheapsourceofenergy.Therehave,forexample,beenverycostlyaccidentsinAmerica,inBritainand,ofcourse,inRussia.Thepossibilityofincreasesinthecostofuranium(铀)inadditiontothecostofgreatersafetyprovisionscouldpricenuclearpoweroutofthemarket.Inthelongrun,environmentalistsargue,nuclearenergywastesvaluableresourcesanddisturbstheecologytoanextentwhichcouldbringaboutthedestructionofthehumanrace.Thus,ifwewishtosurvive,wecannotaffordnuclearenergy.Inspiteofthecaseagainstnuclearenergyoutlinedabove,nuclearenergyprogrammesareexpanding.Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrialproductionandconsumerdemands.However,itisdoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue.Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,itseemstherearegoodeconomicandecologicalreasonsforsourcesofenergyotherthannuclearpower.　　26.Thewriter’sattitudetowardnuclearenergyis________.　　A)indifferent　　B)favorable　　C)tolerant来源：www.examda.com　　D)negative　　27.Accordingtotheopponentsofnuclearenergy,whichofthefollowingistrueofnuclearenergy?　　A)Primitive　　B)Exhaustible　　C)

61Cheap　　D)Unsafe　　28.Somepeopleclaimthatnuclearenergyisessentialbecause________.　　A)itprovidesaperfectsolutiontomassunemployment　　B)itrepresentsanenormousstepforwardinourscientificevolution　　C)itcanmeetthegrowingdemandofanindustriallydevelopingsociety　　D)nuclearpowerstationscanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff　　29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthewritersupport?　　A)Thedemandforcommercialproductswillnotnecessarilykeepincreasing.　　B)Nuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.　　C)Uraniumisagoodsourceofenergyforeconomicandecologicalreasons.　　D)Greatersafetyprovisionscanbringabouttheexpansionofnuclearenergyprogrammes.　　30.Thefunctionofthelastsentenceisto________.　　A)advancethefinalargument来源：www.examda.com　　B)reflectthewriter’sattitude　　C)reversepreviouslyexpressedthoughts　　D)showthedisadvantagesofnuclearpower　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer’sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.　　Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople’simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddleclassmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远…)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson’seducation,background,orinterests.　　Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装),includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollagestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinter-personalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.　　Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwelldefinedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming(打扮)-shorterhair,moderateuseofmakeup,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“An

62attractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon’tgetajob.”　　31.Accordingtothepassage,thewaywedress________.　　A)providescluesforpeoplewhoarecriticalofus　　B)indicatesourlikesanddislikesinchoosingacareer　　C)hasadirectinfluenceonthewaypeopleregardus　　D)isofparticularimportancewhenwegetoninage　　32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan________.　　A)changepeople’sconservativeattitudestowardtheirlifestyle　　B)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesex　　C)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarket本文来源:考试大网　　D)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationships　　33.Theword“precedent”(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto________.　　A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamples　　B)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportance　　C)thingsthatmenshouldagreeupon　　D)men’sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided　　34.Accordingtothepassage,manycareerwomenfindthemselvesindifficultsituationsbecause________.　　A)thevarietyofprofessionalclothingistoowideforthemtochoose　　B)womenaregenerallythoughttobeonlygoodatbeingfashionmodels　　C)menaremorefavorablyjudgedformanagerialpositions　　D)theyarenotsuretowhatextenttheyshoulddisplaytheirfemininequalitiesthroughclothing　　35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?　　A)Dressingforeffect.　　B)Howtodressappropriately.　　C)Managerialpositionsandclothing.　　D)Dressingfortheoccasion.　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization.　　ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T,CocaCola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe’sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%,image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon’tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.www.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大

63　　Ridiculousbeliefs?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescales(障眼物)havedroppedfromtheireyes.“Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,”saysKaleelJamison,aNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.“Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you’llgetahead—thatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.”Sheadds,“Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey’vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydown(使不突出)theirvisibility.”Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.　　36.Accordingtothepassage,“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid”(Line2,Para.1)probablyrefersto“________”.　　A)criticismsthatshapeeveryone’sexperience　　B)theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefs　　C)thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheye　　D)theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganization　　37.Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto________.　　A)letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouare　　B)projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyou　　C)workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiors　　D)performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiors　　38.Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey________.　　A)knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotion　　B)wanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefs　　C)don’twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolor　　D)believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolor　　39.TheauthorisoftheopinionthatColeman’sbeliefsare________.　　A)biased　　B)popular　　C)insightful　　D)superficial　　40.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.　　A)RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagement　　B)TheImportanceofBeingVisible　　C)JobPerformanceandAdvancement　　D)SexandCareerSuccess来源：www.examda.com21.C22.A23.D24.C25.C26.D27.D28.C29.A30.B31.C32.D33.A34.D35.A36.B37.A38.C39.B40.B

641997年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpusstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.　　Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantitydeliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags,andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-pound,two-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Astudyofdrugstoreandsupermarketshelveswillconvinceanyobserverthatallpossiblesizeandshapesofboxes,jars,bottles,andtinsareinuseatthesametimeand,asthepackagejournalsshow,weekbyweek,thereisneveranyhesitationinintroducinganewsize,andshapeofboxorbottlewhenitaidsinproductdifferentiation.Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyagainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork,andnetweightsthatareusedforimprovingaproduct’smarketposition.　　Whenapackagingexpertexplainedthathewasabletomultiplythepriceofhardsweetsby2.5,from1dollarto2.50dollarsbychangingtoafancyjar,orthathehadmadea5-ouncebottlelookasthoughitheld8ounces,hewasineffecttellingthepublicthatpackagingcanbeaveryexpensiveluxury.Itevidentlydoescomehigh,whenanaveragefamilypaysabout200dollarsayearforbottles,cans,boxes,jarsandothercontainers,mostofwhichcan’tbeusedanythingbutstuffingthegarbagecan.　　21.WhatstartedthepublicandCongressionalconcernaboutdeceptivepackagingrumpus?　　A)Consumers’complaintsaboutthechangesinthepackagesize.　　B)Expensivepackagingforpoorqualityproducts.　　C)Asenator’sdiscoveryofthetricksinpackaging.　　D)Theriseintheunitpriceformanyproducts.　　22.Theword“undue”(Para.2)means“________”.　　A)improper　　B)adequate　　C)unexpected考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　D)excessive　　23.Consumersareconcernedaboutthechangesinthepackagesize,mainlybecause________.　　A)theyhatetoseeanychangesinthingstheyarefamiliarwith　　B)theyunitpriceforaproductoftenrisesasaresult　　C)theyhavetopayforthecostofchangingpackagesizes　　D)thisentailsanincreaseinthecostofpackaging　　24.Accordingtothispassage,varioustypesofpackagingcomeintoexistenceto

65________.　　A)meettheneedsofconsumers　　B)suitallkindsofproducts　　C)enhancethemarketpositionofproducts采集者退散　　D)introducenewproducts　　25.Theauthoriscriticalmainlyof________.　　A)dishonestpackaging　　B)inferiorpackaging　　C)thechangesinpackagesize　　D)exaggeratedillustrationsonpackagesQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirminUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.　　Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.　　WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.　　Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthattowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.　　26.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?　　A)Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.　　B)Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’ownbusiness.　　C)Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.　　D)Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeen

66competition.　　27.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?　　A)Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinfirms.　　B)Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.　　C)Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinthefirms.　　D)Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.　　28.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto________.　　A)workerswhocanoperatenewequipment　　B)technologicalandmanagerialstaff　　C)workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills　　D)topexecutiveswww.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　29.Accordingtothepassages,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis________.　　A)theintroductionofnewtechnologies　　B)theimprovementofworker’sbasicskills　　C)therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees　　D)theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees　　30.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?　　A)AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.　　B)Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.　　C)Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.　　D)Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritermaybeobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul-thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking’sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’sbiography-notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.　　Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.　　Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.来源：www.examda.com　　Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject,thispresumablyallowsthebiographer

67specialaccesstoprivateinformation.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterisationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthestoryofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.　　31.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho________.　　A)knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhim　　B)isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywriting　　C)isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivity　　D)possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubject　　32.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat________.　　A)thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders　　B)biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects’lives　　C)thebestbiographiesaretheofheroesandfamousfigures　　D)biographiescanservedifferentpurpose　　33.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?　　A)Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.　　B)Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.　　C)Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.　　D)Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.　　34.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause________.　　A)itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividly　　B)itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject’sprivatelife　　C)itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsiders　　D)itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject’scharacter　　35.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson________.　　A)thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjob　　B)thesecretofabiographertowinmorereaders来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　C)thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteafoodbiography　　D)thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable,thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyesthenthefacewillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyethenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sback,infantstonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisonthe

68neckofone’sconversationpartner.”　　TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselves-toglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakeratthe`precisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.　　36.Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare________.　　A)ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideas　　B)somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson’sinnerworld　　C)ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinteresting　　D)somethingthevalueofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebate　　37.Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson________.　　A)whosefrontviewisfullyperceived　　B)whosefaceiscoveredwithamask考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　C)whosefaceisseenfromtheside　　D)whosefaceisfreeofanycovering　　38.Accordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner’sneckbecause________.　　A)theydon’tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker　　B)theyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontact　　C)theydon’tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontact　　D)theydidn’thavemuchopportunitytocommunicatethrougheyecontactinbabyhood　　39.Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto________.　　A)onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheother　　B)eyecontactofmorethanonesecond　　C)improperly-timedceasingofeyecontact　　D)constantadjustmentofeyecontact　　40.Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants________.　　A)nottoweardarkspectacles来源：考试大　　B)nottomakeanyinterruptions　　C)nottoglanceawayfromeachother　　D)nottomakeunpredictablepauses21.C22.D23.B24.C25.A26.B27.D28.B29.B30.D31.A32.D33.C34.B35.A

6936.A37.C38.D39.C40.A　　1998年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Afewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskindeep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.考试大论坛　　Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnotsobeautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,morethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.　　UnAmerican,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieties(虔诚)whileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudents,orteachersorcorporatepersonnelmangers-apieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractiveperson,someanaveragelookingcharacter,andsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthepersoninthepicture,thehigherthepersonisrated.Inthephrase,borrowedfromSappho,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.　　Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,explains:Intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspire(追求)tomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomenwhomaybelessattractive.　　21.Accordingtothepassage,peopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager________.　　A)aperson’spropertyordebtsdonotmattermuch　　B)aperson’soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalqualification　　C)womenshouldalwaysdressfashionably　　D)womenshouldnotonlybeattractivebutalsohighminded　　22.Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat________.　　A)peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone’sbest　　B)womeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidwell　　C)goodlookingwomenaspiretomanagerial

70positions　　D)attractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoarenot　　23.Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattributes________.　　A)theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskindeep　　B)theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheysupport　　C)theygiveordinarylookingpersonsthelowestratings　　D)theytendtobasetheirjudgmentontheindividual’saccomplishments　　24.“Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen”(Line1,Para.5)meansthat________.　　A)attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicjobs　　B)goodlookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofeverything　　C)beingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforwomen　　D)attractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialpositions　　25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld________.　　A)handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenare　　B)physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewell　　C)physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewell　　D)goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformen　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　Notcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactoryfarmingindustryalsoarguesthat“hungrynationsarebenefitingfromadvancesmadebythepoultry(家禽)industry”.Infact,ratherthanhelpingthefightagainstmalnutrition(营养不良)in“hungrynations,”thespreadoffactoryfarminghas,inevitablyaggravatedtheproblem.　　Largescaleintensivemeatandpoultryproductionisawasteoffoodresources.　　Thisisbecausemoreproteinhastobefedtoanimalsintheformofvegetablematterthancaneverberecoveredintheformofmeat.Muchofthefoodvalueislostintheanimal’sprocessofdigestionandcellreplacement.Neither,inthecaseofchicken,canoneeatfeathers,blood,feetorhead.Inall,onlyabout44%oftheliveanimalfitstobeeatenasmeat.采集者退散　　Thismeansonehastofeedapproximately9—10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.　　Nevertheless,thehugeincreaseinpoultryproductionthroughoutAsiaandAfricacontinues.NormallyBritishorUSfirmsareinvolved.Forinstance,anAmericanbasedmultinationalcompanyhasthisyearannounceditsinvolvementinprojectsinseveralAfricancountries.Britain’slargestsupplierschickens,RossBreeders,arealsoinvolvedinprojectsallovertheworld.　　Becausesuchtradeisgoodforexports,Westerngovernmentsencourageit.In1979,afirminBangladeshcalledPhoenixPoultryreceivedagranttosetupaunitof6,000chickensand18,000layinghens.Thisalmostdoubledthenumberofpoultrykeptinthecountryallatonce.　　ButBangladeshlackscapital,energyandfoodandhaslargenumbersofunemployed.Suchchickenraisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfaminereliefproteinfood.Atpresent,oneofBangladesh’smainimportsisfoodgrains,becausethecountryisunabletogrowenoughfoodtofeeditspopulation.Onwhatthencantheypossiblyfeedthe

71chicken?　　26.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat________.　　A)efficiencymustberaisedinthepoultryindustry　　B)raisingpoultrycanprovidemoreproteinthangrowinggrain　　C)factoryfarmingwilldomoreharmthangoodtodevelopingcountries　　D)hungrynationsmaybenefitfromthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustry　　27.Accordingtotheauthor,infactory,vegetablefood________.　　A)iseasyforchickenstodigest　　B)isinsufficientfortheneedsofpoultry　　C)isfullyutilisedinmeatandeggproduction　　D)isinefficientlyconvertedintomeatandeggs　　28.WesterngovernmentsencouragethepoultryindustryinAsiabecausetheyregarditasaneffectivewayto________.　　A)boosttheirownexports　　B)alleviatemalnutritioninAsiancountries　　C)createjobopportunitiesinAsiancountries　　D)promotetheexportsofAsiancountries　　29.Theword“carcass”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“________”.　　A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuse　　B)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeat　　C)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyafford　　D)meatcannedforfutureconsumption本文来源:考试大网　　30.Whatthelastparagraphtellsusistheauthor’s________.　　A)detailedanalysisofthewaysofraisingpoultryinBangladesh　　B)greatappreciationofthedevelopmentofpoultryindustryinBangladesh　　C)criticalviewonthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustryinBangladesh　　D)practicalsuggestionfortheimprovementofthepoultryindustryinBangladesh　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.　　Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.　　Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsaliva(唾液)slows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevilsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide(硫化物).　　Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygenrichsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.　　Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.　　Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweet

72breath.　　Formostofus,thesimple,drymouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.　　Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdrymouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.　　Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbadbreathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus(粘液).Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol-asmostdo-itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.　　31.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“________”.　　A)thriveon　　B)accountfor　　C)originatefrom　　D)descendfrom　　32.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?　　A)Toothtrouble.　　B)Sulfurrichfood.　　C)Toomuchexercise.　　D)Mentalstrain.　　33.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause________.　　A)itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing　　B)itssmelladdstobadbreath　　C)itkillssomehelpfulbacteria　　D)itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva　　34.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause________.　　A)theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough　　B)theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　C)theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse　　D)theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus　　35.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat________.　　A)offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured　　B)elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath　　C)heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath　　D)offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　“WelcometotheU.S.A.!MajorCreditcardsaccepted!”　　Bythemillionstheyarecomingnolongerthetired,thepoor,thewretchedmasslongingforabetterliving.Thesearethewealthy.“Wedon’thaveabudget,”saysabiologistfromBrazil,asshewalkswithtwocompanionsthroughNewYorkCity’sSouthStreet.“Wejustuseourcreditcards.”　　TheU.S.haslongbeenoneoftheworld’smostpopulartouristdestinations,butthisyearhas

73beenexceptional.FirsttherewastheWorldCup,whichdrewthousandsfromeverycorneroftheglobe;thencametheweakeningoftheU.S.dollaragainstmajorcurrencies.NowtheU.S.,stilltheworld’ssuperpower,canalsoclaimtobetheworld’sbargainbasement(廉价商品部).NobodyundersellsAmericathesedaysonjustabouteverything,fromconsumerelectronicstofashionclothestotennisrackets.Bottomretailprices-anywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeandAsia-haveattractedsome47millionvisitors,whoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.That’supfrom$74billiontheyearbefore.　　True,noteveryonecomesjustforbrains.ThereremainsanundeniablefascinationintherestoftheworldwithallthingsAmerican,nourishedbyHollywoodfilmsandU.S.televisionseries.ButshoppingtheU.S.A.isprovingirresistible.Everyweekthousandsarrivewithemptysuitcasesreadytobefilled;someevenrentanadditionalhotelroomtoholdtheirpurchases.Thebuyingbinge(无节制)hasbecomeasimportantaswatchingOldFaithfulFountainseruptinYellowstoneParkorsunbathingonabeachinFlorida.　　TheU.S.hascomeatlasttoappreciatewhatothercountrieslearnedlongago:thepouringinofforeigntouristsmaynotalwaysbeconvenient,butisdoesputmoneyinthebank.Andwithatradedeficitatabout$130billionandgrowingforthepast12months,theU.S.needsallthedepositsitcanget.ComparedwithAmericantouristsabroad,visitorstotheU.S.staylongerandspendmoremoneyateachstop;anaverageof12.2nightand$1624atravellerversustheAmericans’fournightsand$298.　　36.FromwhattheBrazilianbiologistsays,weknowthattouristslikeher________.　　A)arereluctanttocarrycashwiththem采集者退散　　B)simplydon’tcarehowmuchtheyspend　　C)arenotgoodatplanningtheirexpenditure　　D)oftenspendmoremoneythantheycanafford　　37.Thereasonwhy1994wasexceptionalisthat________.　　A)itsawanunusuallylargenumberoftouriststotheU.S.　　B)itwitnessedadropinthenumberoftouriststotheU.S.　　C)tourismwashardlyaffectedbytheweakeningoftheU.S.dollarthatyear　　D)touristscametotheU.S.forsightseeingratherthanforbargainsthatyear　　38.Bysaying“nobodyundersellsAmerica”(Line4,Para.3),theauthormeansthat________.　　A)noothercountryunderestimatesthecompetitivenessofAmericanproducts　　B)nobodyexpectstheAmericanstocutthepricesoftheircommodities　　C)nobodyrestrainsthesellingofAmericangoods　　D)noothercountrysellsatalowerpricethatAmerica　　39.WhydoestheauthorassertthatallthingsAmericanarefascinatingtoforeigners?　　A)BecausetheyhavegainedmuchpublicitythroughtheAmericanmedia.　　B)Becausetheyrepresenttheworld’slatestfashions.　　C)Becausetheyembodythemostsophisticatedtechnology.　　D)Becausetheyareavailableatalltouristdestinations.　　40.FromthepassagewecanconcludethattheU.S.hascometorealize________.　　A)theweakeningiftheU.S.dollarcanresultintradedeficits　　B)thelowertheretailprices,thegreatertheprofits　　C)tourismcanmakegreatcontributionstoits

74economy　　D)visitorstotheU.S.arewealthierthanU.S.touristsabroad21.B22.D23.B24.C25.A26.C27.D28.A29.B30.C31.C32.D33.D34.B35.A36.B37.A38.D39.A40.C1998年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Cyberspace(网络空间)，datasuperhighways,mulletmedia-forthosewhohaveseenthefuture,thelinkingofcomputers,televisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever,Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopia(乌托邦)littleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.Aswithallnewhightechnology,whiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththe“how,”thequestionof“forwhom”isputasideonceagain.本文来源:考试大网　　Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundaries,andtransitionalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftrade,exchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets-withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.　　Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.As“futures”(期货)aretradedoncomputerscreens,developingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.　　Sowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrol?Onealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves-so-called“developmentcommunications”modernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.　　CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.,EuropeorJapan;thepatents,skillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries,Itisalsoexpensive,andimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit-creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.　　Furthermore,whennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelites,foreigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransitionalcorporationsmaybenefit,thoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　21.Fromthepassageweknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestsof________.　　A)therichcountries　　B)scientificdevelopment　　C)theelite　　D)

75theworldeconomy　　22.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.　　A)internationaltradeshouldbeexpanded　　B)theinterestsofthepoorcountrieshavenotbeengivenenoughconsideration　　C)theexportsofthepoorcountriesshouldbeincreased　　D)communicationstechnologyinthedevelopingcountriesshouldbemodernized　　23.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactondevelopingcountries?　　A)Becauseitenablesthedevelopedcountriestocontroltheinternationalmarket.　　B)Becauseitdestroystheeconomicbalanceofthepoorcountries.　　C)Becauseitviolatesthenationalboundariesofthepoorcountries.　　D)Becauseitinhibitstheindustrialgrowthofdevelopingcountries.　　24.Thedevelopmentofmoderncommunicationstechnologyindevelopingcountriesmay________.　　A)hindertheirindustrialproduction　　B)causethemtolosecontroloftheirtrade　　C)forcethemtoreducetheirshareofexports　　D)costthemtheireconomicindependence　　25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis________.　　A)positive　　B)critical　　C)indifferent　　D)tolerant　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.DepartmentofEducationestimatesthereare250,000to35,000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.Hone-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigher-ataboutamillion.　　Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolers,perceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschools,chargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherd-likeapproachtoteachingchildren.　　Yet,aspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulation,andashomeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschools,thesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceand,insomecases,evencooperation.　　SaysJohnMarshall,aneducationofficial,“Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.“Theideais,‘Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentold,andthey’llwanttocomeback.　　Perhaps,butdon’tcountonit,sayhome-schooladvocates.Homeschoolers,opposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation-whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace-isbest.　　“Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone,”saysEngeCannon,associatedirectoroftheNationalCenterForHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathfor

76avarietyofreasons,butreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime.　　ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalso“strictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentally,theyalsowanttheirchildrentolearn-bothintellectuallyandemotionally-thatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutioninsociety.“　　Otherhomeschoolerscontend“notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresy(异端邪说),butthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately,”VanGalenwrites.“Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto‘takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.”　　26.Accordingtothepassage,homeschoolersare________.　　A)thosewhoengageprivateteacherstoprovideadditionaleducationfortheirchildren　　B)thosewhoeducatetheirchildrenathomeinsteadofsendingthemtoschool　　C)thosewhoadvocatecombiningpubliceducationwithhomeschooling　　D)thosewhodon’tgotoschoolbutareeducatedathomebytheirparents　　27.Publicschoolsaresofteningtheirpositiononhomeschoolingbecause________.　　A)thereisn’tmuchtheycangotochangethepresentsituation　　B)theywanttoshowtheirtolerancefordifferentsituation　　C)homeschoolingprovidesanewvarietyofeducationforchildren　　D)publicschoolshavesomanyproblemsthattheycannotofferpropereducationforallchildren　　28.Home-schooladvocatesareoftheopinionthat________.　　A)thingsinpublicschoolsarenotsobadashasoftenbeensaid　　B)theirtoleranceofpubliceducationwillattractmorekidstopublicschools　　C)homeschoolingissuperiorand,therefore,theywillnoteasilygivein　　D)theirincreasedcooperationwithpublicschoolwillbringabouttheimprovementofpubliceducation　　29.Mosthomeschoolers’oppositiontopubliceducationstemsfromtheir________.　　A)respectfortheinterestofindividuals　　B)worryabouttheinefficiencyofpublicschools　　C)concernwiththecostinvolved　　D)devotiontoreligionwww.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大　　30.AccordingtoVanGalensomehomeschoolersbelievethat________.　　A)publicschoolstakeupaherd-likeapproachtoteachingchildren　　B)teachersinpublicschoolarenotasresponsibleastheyshouldbe　　C)publicschoolscannotprovideaneducationthatisgoodenoughfortheirchildren　　D)publicschoolsarethesourceofbureaucracyandinefficiencyinmodernsociety　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Everyyeartelevisionstationsreceivehundredsofcomplaintsabouttheloudnessofadvertisements.However,federalrulesforbidthepracticeofmakingadslouderthantheprogramming.Inaddition,televisionstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevelallowedforreasonsofefficiency.AccordingtooneNBCexecutive,nodifferenceexistsinthepeaksoundlevelofadsandprogramming.Giventhisinformationwhydocommercialssoundso

77loud?　　Thesensationofsoundinvolvesavarietyoffactorsinadditiontoitsspeaklevel.Advertisersareskilfulatcreatingtheimpressionofloudnessthroughtheirexpertuseofsuchfactors.Onemajorcontributortotheperceivedloudnessofcommercialsisthatmushlessvariationinsoundleveloccursduringacommercial.Inregularprogrammingtheintensityofsoundvariesoveralargerange.However,soundlevelsincommercialstendtostayatornearpeaklevels.　　Other“tricksofthetrade”arealsoused.Becauselow-frequencysoundscanmaskhigherfrequencysounds,advertisersfilteroutanynoisesthatmaydrownouttheprimarymessage.Inaddition,thehumanvoicehasmoreauditory(听觉的)impactinthemiddlefrequencyranges.Advertiserselectronicallyvaryvoicesoundssothattheystaywithinsuchafrequencyband.Anotherapproachistowritethescriptsothatlotsofconsonants(辅音)areused,becausepeoplearemoreawareofconsonantsthanvowel(元音)sounds.Finally,advertiserstrytobegincommercialswithsoundsthatarehighlydifferentfromthoseoftheprogrammingwithinwhichthecommercialisburied.Becausepeoplebecomeadaptedtothetypeofsoundscomingfromprogramming,adramaticchangeinsoundqualitydrawsvieweraattention.Forexample,noticehowmanycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsometype.　　Theattention-gettingpropertyofcommercialscanbeseenbyobservingone-totwo-year-oldchildrenwhohappentobeplayingaroundatelevisionset.Theymaytotallyignoretheprogramming.However,whenacommercialcomeson,theirattentionisimmediatelydrawntoitbecauseofitsdramaticsoundquality.　　31.Accordingtothepassage,themaximumintensityofsoundcomingfromcommercials________.　　A)doesnotexceedthatofprograms　　B)isgreaterthanthatofprograms　　C)variesoveralargerangethanthatofprograms　　D)islessthanthatofprograms来源：考试大　　32.Commercialscreatethesensationofloudnessbecause________.　　A)TVstationsalwaysoperateatthehighestsoundlevels　　B)theirsoundlevelsarekeptaroundpeaklevels　　C)theirsoundlevelsarekeptinthemiddlefrequencyranges　　D)unlikeregularprogramstheirintensityofsoundvariesoverawiderange　　33.Manycommercialsbeginwithacheerfulsongofsomekindbecause________.　　A)popsongsattractviewerattention　　B)itcanincreasetheirloudness　　C)advertiserswanttomakethemsounddifferentfromregularprograms　　D)advertiserswanttomergemusicwithcommercials　　34.Oneofthereasonswhycommercialsareabletoattractviewerattentionisthat________.　　A)thehumanvoicesincommercialshavemoreauditoryimpact　　B)peoplelikecheerfulsongsthatchangedramaticallyinsoundquality　　C)high-frequencysoundsareusedtomasksoundsthatdrownouttheprimarymessage　　D)theypossesssoundqualitiesthatmaketheviewerfeelthatsomethingunusualishappening　　35.Inthepassage,theauthoristryingtotellus________.　　A)howTVadsvaryvocalsoundstoattractattention　　B)howtheloudnessofTVadsis

78overcome　　C)howadvertiserscontrolthesoundpropertiesofTVads　　D)howtheattention-gettingpropertiesofsoundsaremadeuseofinTVads　　Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　IntheUnitedStates,theneedtoprotectplantandanimalspecieshasbecomeahighlycontroversialandsharplypoliticalissuesincethepassageoftheEndangeredSpeciesActin1973.Theact,designedtoprotectspecies’livingareas,andpoliciesthatpreservelandandforestscompetewitheconomicinterests.Inthe1990’s,forexample,thewoodcuttersintheWesternUnitedStateswerechallengedlegallyintheirattempttocuttreesfortimberintheCascadeMountains.Thechallengewasmountedtoprotecttheendangeredspottedowl(猫头鹰),whoseremainingpopulationoccupiestheseforestsandrequirestheintact,ancientforestforsurvival.Theproblematicsituationsettheinterestsofenvironmentalistsagainstthoseofcorporationsandofindividualswhostoodtolosejobs.Aftermonthsofdebateandlegalbattles,thefateofthewoodcutters-andtheowls-wasstillundecidedinmid-1992.来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　Similartensionsexistbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingnations.Manypeopleinindustrializednations,forexample,believethatdevelopingnationsintropicalregionsshoulddomoretoprotecttheirrainforestsandothernaturalareas.Butthedevelopingcountriesmaybeimpoverished(使穷困),withpopulationsgrowingsorapidlythatusingthelandisameanstotemporarilyavoidworseningpovertyandstarvation.　　ManyofthechangestoEarththatconcernscientistshavethepotentialtorobtheplanetofitsbiologicalrichness.ThedestructionofEarth’sozonelayer(臭氧层),forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultra-violetraystoharmplantsandanimals.Andglobalwarmingcouldwipeoutspeciesunabletoquicklyadapttochangingclimates.Clearly,protectingwillcomeonlythroughcoordinatedinternationaleffortstocontrolhumanpopulation,stabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere,andpreserveintactEarth’scomplexweblife.　　36.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheprotectionofendangeredspeciesisahighlycontroversialissue?　　A)Becausepeoplecan’tagreeastowhatspeciestoprotect.　　B)Becauseitisdifficulttofindaneffectivewaytoprotectsuchspecies.　　C)Becauseitaffectstheinterestsofcertaingroupsofpeople.　　D)Becauseitisamajorprobleminvolvingaseriesoflegalprocedures.　　37.Accordingtothepassage,thepreservationofrainforests________.　　A)mayhamperadevelopingcountryinitsfightagainstpoverty　　B)benefitsdevelopedcountriesratherthandevelopingcountries　　C)shouldtakepriorityoverthecontrolofhumanpopulation　　D)willhelpimprovethelivingconditionsindevelopingcountries　　38.Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtresstogrowmorefood________.　　A)willwidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingcountries　　B)isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblem　　C)canhardlyalleviatetheshortageoffood　　D)provestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations　　39.Among“humanity’scurrentproblems”(Line6,Para.3),thechiefconcernofthescientistsis

79________.　　A)theimpoverishmentofdevelopingcountries　　B)theexplosionofthehumanpopulation　　C)thereductionofbiologicaldiversity　　D)theeffectofglobalwarming考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　40.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis________.　　A)todescribethedifficultiesinsolvinghumanity’scurrentproblems　　B)topresentthedifferentviewsonhumanity’scurrentproblems　　C)toanalyzethecontradictionbetweencountriesindealingwithhumanity’scurrentproblems　　D)topointoutthathumanity’scurrentproblemscanonlybesolvedthroughthecooperationofnations21.A22.B23.A24.D25.B26.B27.A28.C29.D30.C31.A32.B33.C34.D35.D36.C37.A38.B39.C40.D1999年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　ManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere.”　　Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides(杀虫剂).Sayshe:“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens-asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms(磨菇)mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives(添加剂).DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We’vegotfatworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”来源：考试大　　Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.　　Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenits

80regulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychain,fromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.　　21.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmericans’viewoftheirfood?　　A)Theyoverstatethegovernment’sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.　　B)Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.　　C)Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.　　D)Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.　　22.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause________.　　A)nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironment　　B)pesticidesarewidelyusedinagriculture　　C)manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicals　　D)almostallfoodshaveadditives　　23.Bysaying“theyemploychemicalwarfare”(Line4,Para.2),BruceAmesmeans“________”.　　A)plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseases　　B)plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowth　　C)farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplants　　D)farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases　　24.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson________.　　A)thegovernment　　B)theconsumer　　C)theprocessor　　D)thegrower采集者退散　　25.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?　　A)Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.　　B)Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.　　C)Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.　　D)Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Therearesomeeachphenomenayoucancounton,butthemagneticfield,somedayisnotofthem.Itfluctuatesinstrength,driftsfromitsaxis,andeveryfew100,000yearsundergo,dramaticpolarityreversal-aperiodwhenNorthPolebecomesSouthPoleandSouthPolebecomesNorthPole.Buthowisthefieldgenerated,andwhyisitsounstable?　　GroundbreakingresearchbytwoFrenchgeophysicistspromisestoshedsomelightonthemystery.Using80metresofdeepseasediment(沉淀物)core,theyhaveobtainedmeasurementslotsofmagnetic-fieldintensitythatspan11polarityreversalsandfourmillionyears.Theanalysisrevealsthatintensityappearstofluctuatewithaclear,well-definedrhythm.Althoughthestrengthofthemagneticfieldvariesirregularlyduringtheshortterm,thereseemstobeaninevitablelong-termdeclineprecedingeachpolarityreversal.Whenthepolesflip—aprocessthattakesseveralhundredthousandyears-themagneticfieldrapidlyregainsitsstrengthandthecycleis

81repeated.　　Theresultshavecausedastiramonggeophysicists.Themagneticfieldisthoughttooriginatefrommolten(熔化的)ironintheoutercore,3,000kilometersbeneaththeearth’ssurface.Bystudyingmineralgrainsfoundinmaterialrangingfromrockstoclayarticles,previousresearchershavealreadybeenabletoidentifyreversalsdatingback170millionyears,includingthemostrecentswitch730,000yearsago.Howandwhytheyoccur,however,hasbeenwidelydebated.Severaltheorieslinkpolarityflipstoexternaldisasterssuchasmeteor(陨星)impacts.ButPeterOlson,ageophysicistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,saysthisisunlikelyiftheFrenchresearchersareright.Infact,Olsonsaysintensitythatpredictablydeclinesfromonereversaltothenextcontradicts90percentofthemodelscurrentlyunderstudy.Iftheresultsprovetobevalidgeophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth’sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch.　　26.Whichofthefollowingtitlesismostappropriatetothepassage?　　A)PolarityReversal:AFantasticPhenomenonofNature.　　B)MeasurementoftheEarth’sMagnetic-FieldIntensity.　　C)FormationoftheTwoPolesoftheEarth.　　D)ANewApproachtotheStudyorGeophysics.　　27.Theword“flip”(Line6,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“________”.　　A)decline　　B)intensify考试大论坛　　C)fluctuate　　D)reverse　　28.WhathavethetwoFrenchgeophysicistsdiscoveredintheirresearch?　　A)Someregularityinthechangesoftheearth’smagneticfield.　　B)Somecausesofthefluctuationoftheearth’smagneticfield.　　C)Theoriginoftheearth’smagneticfield.　　D)Thefrequencyofpolarityreversals.　　29.TheFrenchgeophysicists’studyisdifferentfromcurrentlyprevailingtheoriesin________.　　A)itsidentificationoftheoriginoftheearth’smagneticfield　　B)thewaytheearth’smagneticintensityismeasured　　C)itsexplanationoftheshiftintheearth’spolarity　　D)thewaytheearth’sfluctuationrhythmisdefined　　30.InPeterOslo’sopiniontheFrenchexperiment________.　　A)islikelytodirectfurtherresearchintheinnerphysicsoftheearth　　B)hassuccessfullysolvedthemysteryofpolarityreversals　　C)iscertaintohelppredictexternaldisasters考试大论坛　　D)hascausedgreatconfusionamongtheworld’sgeophysicists　　Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion-aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,anxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.They

82couldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmembersofgroups.Society’seconomicunderpinnings(支柱)wouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10,therewouldbenoincentivetowork.Infact,therewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.　　Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.Trueweconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject’sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous—hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsaregoodandothersarebad,andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife—fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexploitsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyaltymorality,prideshame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitselfItgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperformimportanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalpenal(刑法的)systemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.　　31.Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat________.　　A)theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjects　　B)theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothem　　C)theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutlove　　D)theywoulddothingsthathurteachother’sfeelings　　32.Accordingtothepassage,people’slearningactivitiesarepossiblebecausethey________.　　A)believethatemotionsarefundamentalforthemtostayalive　　B)benefitfromprovidinghelpandsupporttooneanother　　C)enjoybeingrewardedfordoingtherightthing　　D)knowwhatisvitaltotheprogressofsociety　　33.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheeconomicfoundationofsocietyisdependenton________.　　A)theabilitytomakemoney　　B)thewilltoworkforpleasure　　C)thecapacitytoenjoyincentives　　D)thecategorizationsofouremotionalexperiences　　34.Emotionsaresignificantforman’ssurvivalandadaptationbecause________.　　A)theyprovidethemeansbywhichpeopleviewthesizeorshapeofobjects　　B)theyarethebasisforthesocialfeelingofagreementbywhichsocietyismaintained　　C)theyencouragepeopletoperformdangerousachievements　　D)theygeneratemorelovethanhateamong

83people　　35.Theemotionalaspectsofanobjectaremoreimportantthanitsphysicalaspectsinthatthey________.　　A)helpsocietyexploititsmembersforprofit　　B)encourageustoperformimportanttasks　　C)helptoperfectthelegalandpenalsystem采集者退散　　D)helpusadaptourbehaviortotheworldsurroundingus　　Questions36to40basedonthefollowingpassage:　　TheCarnegieFoundationreportsaysthatmanycollegeshavetriedtobe“allthingstoallpeople”.Indoingso,theyhaveincreasinglycateredtoanarrowmindedcareerismwhilefailingtocultivateaglobalvisionamongtheirstudents.Thecurrentcrisis,itcontends,doesnotderivefromalegitimatedesiretoputlearningtoproductiveends.Theproblemisthatintoomanyacademicfields,theworkhasnocontext;skills,ratherthanbeingmeans,havebecomeends.Studentsareofferedavarietyofoptionsandallowedtopicktheirwaytoadegree.Inshort,drivenbycareerism,“thenation’scollegesanduniversitiesaremoresuccessfulinprovidingcredentials(文凭)thaninprovidingaqualityeducationfortheirstudents.“Thereportconcludesthatthespecialchallengeconfrontingtheundergraduatecollegeisoneofshapinganintegratedcoreofcommonlearning.Suchacorewouldintroducestudentstoessentialknowledge,toconnectionsacrossthedisciplines,andintheend,toapplicationofknowledgetolifebeyondthecampus.“　　Althoughthekeytoagoodcollegeisahigh-qualityfaculty,theCarnegiestudyfoundthatmostcollegesdoverylittletoencouragegoodteaching.Infact,theydomuchtoundermineit.Asoneprofessorobserved:“Teachingisimportant,wearetold,andyetfacultyknowthatresearchandpublicationmattermost.”Notsurprisingly,overthelasttwentyyearscollegesanduniversitieshavefailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidates.Facultymemberswhodedicatedthemselvestoteachingsoondiscoverthattheywillnotbegrantedtenure(终身任期),promotion,orsubstantialsalaryincreases.Yet70percentofallfacultiessaytheirinterestsliemoreinteachingthaninresearch.Additionally,afrequentcomplaintamongyoungscholarsisthat“Thereispressuretopublish,althoughthereisvirtuallynointerestamongadministratorsorcolleaguesinthecontentofthepublications.”　　36.Whenacollegetriestobe“allthingstoalpeople”(Lines1-2,Para.1)itaimsto________.　　A)satisfytheneedsofallkindsofstudentssimultaneously　　B)focusontrainingstudentsinvariousskills　　C)encouragestudentstotakeasmanycoursesaspossible　　D)makelearningserveacademicratherthanproductiveends　　37.Bysayingthat“intoomanyacademicfields,theworkhasnocontext”(Lines4-5,Pare.1)theauthormeansthattheteachingintheseareas________.　　A)ignorestheactualsituation　　B)isnotbasedontherightperspective　　C)onlyfocusesonanintegratedcoreofcommonlearning　　D)givesprioritytothecultivationofaglobalvisionamongstudents　　38.OneofthereasonsforthecurrentcrisisinAmericancollegesanduniversitiesisthat________.　　A)anarrowvocationalismhascometodominatemany

84colleges　　B)studentsdon’thaveenoughfreedominchoosingwhattheywanttolearn　　C)skillsarebeingtaughtasameanstoanend　　D)studentsareonlyinterestedinobtainingcredentials　　39.Americancollegesanduniversitiesfailedtograduatehalfoftheirfour-yeardegreecandidatesbecause________.　　A)mostofthemlackhigh-qualityfaculties　　B)theinterestsofmostfacultymemberslieinresearch　　C)therearenotenoughincentivesforstudentstostudyhard　　D)theyattachgreaterimportancetoresearchandpublicationthantoteaching　　40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathigh-qualitycollegeeducationcallsfor________.　　A)puttingacademicworkinthepropercontext来源：www.examda.com　　B)acommitmenttostudentsandeffectiveteaching　　C)thepracticeofputtingleaningtoproductiveends　　D)dedicationtoresearchinfrontierareasofknowledge　　21.C22.C23.A24.B25.D26.D27.D28.A29.C30.A31.B32.C33.C34.B35.D36.C37.B38.A39.D40.B1999年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldmot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.考试大－全国最大教育类网站(www．Examda。com)　　Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.　　Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmune

85systemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.　　11.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity________.　　A)wasstrengthened　　B)wasnotaffected　　C)wasaltered　　D)wasweakened　　12.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto________.　　A)trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli　　B)turnofftheelectricity　　C)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations　　D)becomeabnormallysuspicious　　13.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat________.　　A)theydislikeditstaste　　B)itaffectedtheirimmunesystems　　C)itledtostomachpains　　D)theyassociateditwithstomachaches　　14.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat________.　　A)theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin　　B)thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem　　C)theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind　　D)theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning　　15.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals________.　　A)canbeweakenedbyconditioning　　B)canbesuppressedbydruginjections来源：www.examda.com　　C)canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin　　D)canbealteredbyelectricshocks　　Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinueoccur,largelybecauseoftheextremedifficultyinaffixing(把…固定)legalresponsibilityonthosewhocontinuetotreatourenvironmentwithrecklessabandon(放任).Attemptstopreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandfriendlypersuasionhavebeennetbylawsuits,personalandindustrialdenialandlongdelays—notonlyinacceptingresponsibility,butmoreimportantly,indoingsomethingaboutit.　　Itseemsthatonlywhengovernmentdecidesitcanaffordtaxincentivesorproductionsacrificesisthereanyinitiativeforchange.Whereisindustry’sandourrecognitionthatprotectingmankind’sgreattreasureisthesinglemostimportantresponsibility?Ifevertherewillbetimefor

86environmentalhealthprofessionalstocometothefrontlinesandprovideleadershiptosolveenvironmentalproblems,thattimeisnow.　　Wearebeingasked,and,infact,thepublicisdemandingthatwetakepositiveaction.Itisourresponsibilityasprofessionalsinenvironmentalhealthtomakethedifference.Yes,theecologists,theenvironmentalactivistsandtheconservationistsservetocommunicate,stimulatethinkingandpromotebehavioralchange.However,itisthoseofuswhoarepaidtomakethedecisionstodevelop,improveandenforceenvironmentalstandards,Isubmit,whomustleadthecharge.　　Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimits,countylines,stateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtobetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.　　Ibelievewehaveathree-partmissionforthepresent.First,wemustcontinuetopressforimprovementsinthequalityoflifethatpeoplecanmakeforthemselves.Second,wemustinvestigateandunderstandthelinkbetweenenvironmentandhealth.Third,wemustbeabletocommunicatetechnicalinformationinaformthatcitizenscanunderstand.Ifwecanaccomplishthesethreegoalsinthisdecade,maybewecanfinallystopenvironmentaldegradation,andnotmerelyholditback.Wewillthenbeabletospendpollutiondollarstrulyonpreventionratherthanonbandages.　　16.Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthattheindustrialistsdisregardenvironmentalprotectionchieflybecause________.　　A)theyareunawareoftheconsequencesofwhattheyaredoing　　B)theyarereluctanttosacrificetheirowneconomicinterests　　C)timehasnotyetcomeforthemtoputdueemphasisonit　　D)itisdifficultforthemtotakeeffectivemeasures　　17.Themaintasknowfacingecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationistsis________.　　A)topreventpollutionbylegislation,economicincentivesandpersuasion　　B)toarousepublicawarenessoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotection　　C)totakeradicalmeasurestocontrolenvironmentalpollution　　D)toimprovethequalityoflifebyenforcingenvironmentalstandards　　18.Theword“tunnel-visioned(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablymeans“________”.　　A)narrow-minded　　B)blindtothefacts　　C)short-sighted　　D)abletoseeonlyoneaspect　　19.Whichofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,shouldplaytheleadingroleinthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems?　　A)Legislationandgovernmentintervention.　　B)Theindustry’sunderstandingandsupport.　　C)Theeffortsofenvironmentalhealthprofessionals.　　D)Thecooperationofecologists,environmentalactivistsandconservationists.　　20.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?　　A)Effortsshouldbeexertedonpollutionpreventioninsteadofonremedial

87measures.　　B)Moremoneyshouldbespentinordertostoppollution.来源：考试大　　C)Ordinarycitizenshavenoaccesstotechnicalinformationonpollution.　　D)Environmentaldegradationwillbestoppedbytheendofthisdecade.　　Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Britishuniversities,groaningundertheburdenofahugeincreaseinstudentnumbers,arewarningthatthetraditionofafreeeducationisatrisk.Theuniversitieshavethreatenedtoimposeanadmissionfeeonstudentstoplugagapinrevenueifthegovernmentdoesnotacttoimprovetheirfinancesandscrapsomepublicspendingcutbacks.　　Thegovernmentrespondedtotheuniversities’threatbysettingupthemostfundamentalreviewofhighereducationforageneration,underanon-partytroubleshooter(调停人)，SirRonDearing.　　Oneinthreeschool-leaversentershighereducation,fivetimesthenumberwhenthelastreviewtookplacethirtyyearsago.　　Everyoneagreesasystemthatisfeelingthestrainafterrapidexpansionneedsalotmoremoney-butthereislittlehopeofgettingitfromthetaxpayerandnotmuchscopeforattractingmorefinancefrombusiness.　　Mostcollegesbelievestudentsshouldcontributetotuitioncosts,somethingthatiscommonelsewhereintheworldbutwouldmarkarevolutionarychangeinBritain.Universitieswantthegovernmenttointroducealoanschemefortuitionfeesandhavesuspendedtheirownthreatenedactionfornow.TheyawaitDearing’sadvice,hopingitwillnotbetoolate-somearealreadyreportedtobeinfinancialdifficulty.　　Asthecenturynearsitsend,thewholeconceptofwhatauniversityshouldbeisunderthemicroscope.Expertsponderhowmuchtheycanusecomputersinsteadofclassrooms,talkoftheneedforlifelonglearningandrefertostudentsas“consumers.”　　TheConfederation(联盟)ofBritishIndustry,thekeyemployers’organization,wantsevenmoreexpansioninhighereducationtohelpfightcompetitiononworldmarketsfromboomingAsianeconomies.Butthegovernmenthasdoubtsaboutmoreexpansion.TheTimesnewspaperegress,complainingthatqualityhassufferedasstudentnumberssoared,withclosetutorialsupervisiongivingwayto“massproductionmethodsmoretypicalofEuropeanuniversities.”　　21.ThechiefconcernofBritishuniversitiesis________.　　A)howtotackletheirpresentfinancialdifficulty　　B)howtoexpandtheenrollmenttomeettheneedsofenterprises　　C)howtoimprovetheireducationaltechnology　　D)howtoputanendtothecurrenttendencyofqualitydeterioration　　22.WecanlearnfromthepassagethatinBritain________.　　A)thegovernmentpaysdearlyforitsfinancialpolicy　　B)universitiesaremainlyfundedbybusinesses来源：www.examda.com　　C)highereducationisprovidedfreeofcharge　　D)studentsarereadytoacceptloanschemesfortuition　　23.WhatwasthepercentageofhighschoolgraduatesadmittedtouniversitiesinBritainthirtyyearsago?　　A)20%orso.　　B)About

8815%.　　C)Above30%.　　D)Below10%.　　24.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.　　A)theBritishgovernmentwillbeforcedtoincreaseitsspendingonhighereducation　　B)Britishemployersdemandanexpansioninenrollmentattheexpenseofquality　　C)thebestwayoutforBritishuniversitiesistofollowtheirEuropeancounterparts　　D)Britishstudentswillprobablyhavetopayfortheirhighereducationinthenearfuture　　25.WhichofthefollowingistheviewpointoftheTimesnewspaper?　　A)ExpansioninenrollmentisboundtoaffectthequalityofBritishhighereducation.　　B)Britishuniversitiesshouldexpandtheirenrollmenttomeettheneedsofindustry.　　C)Europeanuniversitiescanbettermeettheneedsofthemodernworld.　　D)Britishuniversitiesshouldhelpfightcompetitiononworldmarkets.　　Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:　　There’ssimplepremisebehindwhatLarryMyersdoesforaliving:Ifyoucansmellit,youcanfindit.　　MyersisthefounderofAuburnUniversity’sInstituteforBiologicalDetectionSystems,themaintaskofwhichistochasetheultimateindetectiondevices—anartificialnose.　　Fornow,thesubjectoftheirresearchislittlemorethanastackofgleamingchipstuckedawayinalaboratorydrawer.Butsoon,suchatoolcouldbehangingfromthebeltsofpolice,arson(纵火)investigatorsandfood-safetyinspectors.　　Thetechnologythattheyareworkinginwouldsuggestquitereasonablythat,withinthreetofiveyears,we’llhavesomeworkablesensorsreadytouse.Suchdevicesmightfindwideuseinplacesthatattractterrorists.Policecoulddetectdrugs,bodiesandbombshiddenincars,whilefoodinspectorscouldeasilytestfoodandwaterforcontamination.来源：www.examda.com　　Theimplicationsforrevolutionaryadvancesinpublicsafetyandthefoodindustryareastonishing.Butso,too,arethepossibilitiesforabuse;Suchmachinescoulddeterminewhetherawomanisovulating(排卵),withoutaphysicalexam-orevenherknowledge.　　OneofthetraditionalprotectorsofAmericanlibertyisthatishasbeenimpossibletosearcheveryone.That’sgettingnottobethecase.　　ArtificialbiosensorscreatedatAuburnworktotallydifferentlyfromanythingeverseenbefore.AromaScan,forexample,isadesktopmachinebasedonabankofchipssensitivetospecificchemicalsthatevaporateintotheair.Asairissuckedintothemachine,chemicalspassoverthesensorsurfacesandproducechangesintheelectricalcurrentflowingthroughthem.Thosecurrentchangesareloggedintoacomputerthatsortsoutodorsbasedontheirelectricalsignatures.　　Myerssaystheyexpecttoloadasinglefingernail-sizechipwiththousandsofodorreceptors(感受器)，enoughtocreateasensorthat’snearlyassensitiveasadog’snose.　　26.Whichofthefollowingiswithinthecapacityoftheartificialnosebeingdeveloped?　　A)Performingphysicalexaminations.　　B)Locatingplaceswhichattractterrorists.　　C)Detectingdrugsandwatercontamination.　　D)Monitoringfoodprocessing.　　27.Apotentialproblemwhichmightbecausedbytheuseofanartificialnoseis

89________.　　A)negligenceofpublicsafety　　B)anabuseofpersonalfreedom　　C)ahazardtophysicalhealth　　D)athreattoindividualprivacy　　28.Theword“logged“(Line5,Para.7)mostprobablymeans”________“.　　A)preset　　B)entered　　C)processed　　D)simulated　　29.Toproduceartificialnosesforpracticaluse,itisessential________.　　A)todevelopmicrochipswiththousandsofodorreceptors　　B)toinventchipssensitivetovariouschemicals　　C)todesignacomputerprogramtosortoutsmells　　D)tofindchemicalsthatcanaltertheelectricalcurrentpassingthrough　　30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsLarryMyers’worksis________.　　A)cautious　　B)approving　　C)suspicious来源：考试大的美女编辑们　　D)overenthusiastic　　11.B12.C13.D14.C15.A16.B17.B18.D19.C20.C21.A22.C23.D24.D25.A26.C27.D28.B29.A30.B2000年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof“trashtalk(废话)”.Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety’smoralcatastrophes(灾难),yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments(困境)ofotherpeople’slives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual’squalityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweek,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.

90Jerryendseveryshowwitha“finalword”.Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.Cleanasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow’smaintargetaudiencesaremiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,money,andstabilitytodealwithlife’stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow’sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday,bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.21.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare________.A)morefamily-orientedB)unusuallypopularC)moreprofoundD)relativelyformal（B）22.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience________.A)remainfascinatedbythemB)arereadytofaceuptothemC)remainindifferenttothemD)arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem（A）23.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A)Anewtypeofrobot.B)Racisthatred.C)Familybudgetplanning.D)Streetviolence.（C）24.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth________.A)ironicalB)sensitiveC)instructiveD)cynical（C）25.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows________.A)havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB)exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC)appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD)aretargetedatdifferentaudiences（D）Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.

91Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!26.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,________.A)thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB)makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC)thecustomer-centredapproachD)aformofpersuasivesalesmanship（C）27.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A)Theneedsofthemarket.B)Theefficiencyofproduction.C)Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D)Thepreferencesofthedealer.（B）28.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Lines3-4,Para.1)means“________”.A)tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodsB)totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC)todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD)toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction（A）29.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?A)Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B)Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C)Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D)Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.（D）30.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson________.A)itsmaincharacteristicB)itssocialimpactC)itspossibleconsequenceD)itstheoreticalbasis（A）Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreeds

92apathy(冷漠)andstagnation(呆滞).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisiveness(分裂)andhostility.Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeopleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.RecentresearchbyProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk,however,suggeststhattheoptimallevelofconflictmaybemorecomplextodeterminethanthesesimplegeneralizations.Hestudiedperceptionsofconflictamongasampleofexecutives.Someoftheexecutivesworkedforprofit-seekingorganizationsandothersfornot-for-profitorganizations.Somewhatsurprisingly,Schwenkfoundthatopinionsaboutconflictvariedsystematicallyasafunctionofthetypeoforganization.Specifically,managersinnot-for-profitorganizationsstronglybelievedthatconflictwasbeneficialtotheirorganizationsandthatitpromotedhigherqualitydecisionmakingthanmightbeachievedintheabsenceofconflict.Managersoffor-profitorganizationssawadifferentpicture.Theybelievedthatconflictgenerallywasdamagingandusuallyledtopoor-qualitydecisionmakingintheirorganizations.Schwenkinterpretedtheseresultsintermsofthecriteriaforeffectivedecisionmakingsuggestedbytheexecutives.Intheprofit-seekingorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasmostoftenassessedinfinancialterms.Theexecutivesbelievedthatconsensusratherthanconflictenhancedfinancialindicators.Inthenot-for-profitorganizations,decision-makingeffectivenesswasdefinedfromtheperspectiveofsatisfyingconstituents.Giventhecomplexitiesandambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituentsexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.31.Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononconflictis________.A)wrongB)oversimplifiedC)misleadingD)unclear（B）32.ProfessorCharlesR.Schwenk’sresearchshows________.A)theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconflictB)therealvalueofconflictC)thedifficultyindeterminingtheoptimallevelofconflictD)thecomplexityofdefiningtherolesofconflict（C）33.WecanlearnfromSchwenk’sresearchthat________.A)aperson’sviewofconflictisinfluencedbythepurposeofhisorganizationB)conflictisnecessaryformanagersoffor-profitorganizationsC)differentpeopleresolveconflictsindifferentwaysD)itisimpossibleforpeopletoavoidconflict（A）34.Thepassagesuggeststhatinfor-profitorganizations________.A)thereisnoendofconflictB)expressionofdifferentopinionsisencouragedC)decisionsmustbejustifiableD)successliesingeneralagreement（D）35.Peopleworkinginanot-for-profitorganization________.A)seemtobedifficulttosatisfyB)arefreetoexpressdiverseopinions

93C)arelesseffectiveinmakingdecisionsD)finditeasiertoreachagreement（B）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Imagineeatingeverythingdeliciousyouwant-withnoneofthefat.Thatwouldbegreat,wouldn’tit?New“fakefat”productsappearedonstoreshelvesintheUnitedStatesrecently,butnoteveryoneishappyaboutit.Makersoftheproducts,whichcontainacompoundcalledolestra,sayfoodmanufacturerscannoweliminatefatfromcertainfoods.Critics,however,saythenewcompoundcanrobthebodyofessentialvitaminsandnutrients(营养物)andcanalsocauseunpleasantsideeffectsinsomepeople.Soit’suptodecidewhetherthenewfat-freeproductstastegoodenoughtokeepeating.Chemistsdiscoveredolestrainthelate1960s,whentheyweresearchingforafatthatcouldbedigestedbyinfantsmoreeasily.Insteadoffindingthedesiredfat,theresearcherscreatedafatthatcan’tbedigestedatall.Normally,specialchemicalsintheintestines(肠)“grab”moleculesofregularfatandbreakthemdownsotheycanbeusedbythebody.Amoleculeofregularfatismadeupofthreemoleculesofsubstancescalledfattyacids.ThefattyacidsareabsorbedbytheintestinesandbringwiththemtheessentialvitaminsA,D,E,andK.Whenfatmoleculesarepresentintheintestineswithanyofthosevitamins,thevitaminsattachtothemoleculesandarecarriedintothebloodstream.Olestra,whichismadefromsixtoeightmoleculesoffattyacids,istoolargefortheintestinestoabsorb.Itjustslidesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingbrokendown.Manufacturerssayit’sthatabilitytoslideunchangedthroughtheintestinesthatmakesolestrasovaluableasafatsubstitute.Itprovidesconsumerswiththetasteofregularfatwithoutanybadeffectsonthebody.ButcriticssayolestracanpreventvitaminsA,D,E,andKfrombeingabsorbed.Itcanalsopreventtheabsorptionofcarotenoids(类胡萝卜素),compoundsthatmayreducetheriskofcancer,heartdisease,etc.ManufacturersareaddingvitaminsA,D,E,andKaswellascarotenoidstotheirproductsnow.Evenso,somenutritionistsarestillconcernedthatpeoplemighteatunlimitedamountsoffoodmadewiththefatsubstitutewithoutworryingabouthowmanycaloriestheyareconsuming.36.Welearnfromthepassagethatolestraisasubstancethat________.A)containsplentyofnutrientsB)rendersfoodscalorie-freewhileretainingtheirvitaminsC)makesfoodseasilydigestibleD)makesfoodsfat-freewhilekeepingthemdelicious（D）37.Theresultofthesearchforaneasilydigestiblefatturnedouttobe________.A)commerciallyuselessB)justasanticipatedC)somewhatcontroversialD)quiteunexpected（D）38.Olestraisdifferentfromordinaryfatsinthat________.A)itpassesthroughtheintestineswithoutbeingabsorbedB)itfacilitatestheabsorptionofvitaminsbythebodyC)ithelpsreducetheincidenceofheartdisease

94D)itpreventsexcessiveintakeofvitamins（A）39.Whatisapossiblenegativeeffectofolestraaccordingtosomecritics?A)Itmayimpairthedigestivesystem.B)Itmayaffecttheoverallfatintake.C)Itmayincreasetheriskofcancer.D)Itmayspoiltheconsumers’appetite.（C）40.Whyarenutritionistsconcernedaboutaddingvitaminstoolestra?A)Itmayleadtotheover-consumptionofvitamins.B)Peoplemaybeinducedtoeatmorethanisnecessary.C)Thefunctionoftheintestinesmaybeweakened.D)Itmaytriggeranewwaveoffakefoodproduction.（B）21.B22.A23.C24.C25.D26.C27.B28.A29.D30.A31.B32.C33.A34.D35.B36.D37.D38.A39.C40.B2000年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.PresidentHoover’ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation’ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernment

95guaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A)TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B)Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.C)ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D)TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.（B）22.ThechiefconcernoftheAmericangovernmentintheareaofagricultureinthe1920swas________.A)toincreasefarmproductionB)toestablishagriculturallawsC)topreventfarmersfromgoingbankruptD)topromotethemechanizationofagriculture（C）23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto________.A)reducetheirscaleofproductionB)makefulluseoftheirlandC)adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD)beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction（D）24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct________.A)mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB)didn’tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC)wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD)benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers（D）25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat________.A)reducingthecostoffarmingB)conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC)loweringtheburdenoffarmersD)helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayers（D）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence(AI)predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they’renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversation:themostpowerfulcomputersstruggletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobject,themostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwherethefieldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigital

96computersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.Imitatingthebrain’sneural(神经的)networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“Peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors”,heexplains,“butit’snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepatternrecognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.Rightnow,theoptionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.26.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday________.A)arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheshapeofanobjectB)areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehaviorC)arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50’sD)stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage（D）27.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom________.A)theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjectsB)thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprogramsC)theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchildD)theeffortsmadebyscientistsinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells（B）28.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto________.A)findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputersB)buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitchesC)findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnatureD)separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought（C）29.What’stheauthor’sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?A)Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.B)It’sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.C)It’smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.D)Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.（B）30.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase“theonlygameintown”(Line3,Para.4)?A)Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.B)Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.C)Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.D)Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.（D）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:CarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandonefourththegreenhouse(温室)gases.Theytakeasimilartollof(损耗)resourcesinotherindustrial

97nationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworldsuggeststhatitisverydifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoanysignificantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpooling(合伙用车)havedeclinedsinceWorldWarII.EveninWesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan$1aliter(about$4agallon)andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor80percentofallpassengertravel.Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhouseemissions(especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartodeveloplesspollutingtypesofgasoline).31.Fromthepassageweknowthattheincreaseduseofcarswill________.A)consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworldB)haveseriousconsequencesforthewell-beingofallnationsC)widenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesD)imposeanintolerableeconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecities（B）32.TheU.S.hastodealwiththeproblemsarisingfromvehicleusebecause________.A)mostAmericansarereluctanttoswitchtopublictransportationsystemsB)thepresentlevelofoilpricesisconsideredunacceptableC)othercountrieswillprotestitsincreasinggreenhouseemissionsD)itshouldtakealeadinconservingnaturalresources（C）33.Whichofthefollowingisthebestsolutiontotheproblemsmentionedinthepassage?A)Thedesigningofhighlyefficientcarengines.B)Areductionofvehicleuseincities.C)Thedevelopmentofelectriccars.D)Theuseoflesspollutingfuels.（C）34.Whichofthefollowingispracticalbutonlymakesamarginalcontributiontosolvingtheproblemofgreenhouseemissions?A)Theuseoffuelsotherthangasoline.B)Improvedenergyefficiency.C)Theintroductionoflesspollutingdrivingsystems.D)Reducingcarusebycarpooling.（B）35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A)ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinWesternEurope.

98B)CarsarepopularinWesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhigh.C)ThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedWesternEurope.D)WesternEuropeanoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuels.（B）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Reebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalled“footwearforyuppies(雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments,especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren’sshoesfortheunder-18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics(健身操)orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarket(高档消费人群的)retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany’sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok’sexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcraze,replacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.36.OnereasonwhyReebok’smanagerialpersonneldon’tliketheirshoestobecalled“footwearforyuppies”isthat________.A)theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroupsB)newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoesC)“yuppies”usuallyevokesanegativeimageD)thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitiveprices（A）37.Reebok’sviewthat“consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution”(Line5,Para.2)impliesthat________.A)thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB)thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC)thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellitD)consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores（D）38.Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause________.A)itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemand

99B)toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofitsC)thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarketD)itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts（A）39.AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders,it________.A)doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetworkB)stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostoresC)isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproductsD)stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts（C）40.WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike’sdistributionproblems?A)Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.B)Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.C)Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.D)Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.（D）21.B22.C23.D24.D25.D26.D27.B28.C29.B30.D31.B32.C33.C34.B35.B36.A37.D38.A39.C40.D2001年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Birdsthatareliterallyhalfasleep—withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping—controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalfbrainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere’seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,endoftherowsleepers.Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Also,birdsdozing(打盹)attheendofthelineresortedtosinglehemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsinafourduckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalfasleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.“Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain,”theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalongstandingsuppositionthatsinglehemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutside

100couldbewidespread,hepredicts.He’sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingsidebysideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbyamirror.Themirrorsideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalfsleepingmightbe,it’sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals(哺乳动物)asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshewondersifbirds’halfbrainsleep“isjustthetipoftheiceberg(冰山)”Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.11.Anewstudyonbirds’sleephasrevealedthat________.A)halfbrainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirdsB)halfbrainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwavesC)birdscancontroltheirhalfbrainsleepconsciouslyD)birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest（C）12.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause________.A)theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacksB)theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorestC)thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructuredD)theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions（A）13.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat________.A)thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespreadB)birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurityC)evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurityD)asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror（C）14.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto________.A)alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemyB)emergefromwaternowandthentobreatheC)besensitivetotheeverchangingenvironmentD)avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents（B）15.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2,Para.8),Siegelsuggeststhat________.A)halfbrainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweatherB)themysteryofhalfbrainsleepisclosetobeingsolvedC)mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepersD)halfbrainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspecies（D）PassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anineyearoldschoolgirlsinglehandedlycooksupasciencefairexperimentthatendsupdebunking(揭穿…的真相)awidelypracticedmedicaltreatment.EmilyRosa’stargetwasapracticeknownastherapeutic(治疗的)touch(TTforshort),whoseadvocatesmanipulatepatients’“energyfieldtomakethemfeelbetterandeven,saysome,tocurethemofvariousills.YetEmily’stestshowsthattheseenergyfieldscan’tbedetected,evenbytrainedTTpractitioners(行医者).Obviouslymindfulofthepublicityvalueofthesituation,JournaleditorGeorgeLundbergappearedonTVtodeclare,“Agedoesn’tmatter.It’sgoodsciencethatmatters,andthisisgoodscience.”

101Emily’smotherLindaRosa,aregisterednurse,hasbeencampaigningagainstTTfornearlyadecade.LindafirstthoughtaboutTTinthelate‘80s,whenshelearneditwasontheapprovedlistforcontinuingnursingeducationinColorado.Its100,000trainedpractitioners(48,000intheU.S.)don’teventouchtheirpatients.Instead,theywavedtheirhandsafewinchesfromthepatient’sbody,pushingenergyfieldsarounduntilthey’rein“balance.”TTadvocatessaythesemanipulationscanhelphealwounds,relievePainandreducefever.TheclaimsaretakenseriouslyenoughthatTTtherapistsarefrequentlyhiredbyleadinghospitals,atupto$70anhour,tosmoothpatients’energy,sometimesduringsurgery.YetRosacouldnotfindanyevidencethatitworks.Toprovidesuchproof,TTtherapistswouldhavetositdownforindependenttesting—somethingtheyhaven’tbeeneagertodo,eventhoughJamesRandihasofferedmorethan$1milliontoanyonewhocandemonstratetheexistenceofahumanenergyfield.(He’shadonetakersofar.Shefailed.)AskepticmightconcludethatTTpractitionersareafraidtolaytheirbeliefsontheline.Butwhocouldturndownaninnocentfourthgrader?SaysEmily:“Ithinktheydidn’ttakemeveryseriouslybecauseI’makid.”Theexperimentwasstraightforward:21TTtherapistsstucktheirhands,palmsup,throughascreen.Emilyheldherownhandoveroneoftheirsleftorrightandthepractitionershadtosaywhichhanditwas.Whentheresultswererecorded,they’ddonenobetterthantheywouldhavebysimplyguessing.Iftherewasanenergyfield,theycouldn’tfeelit.16.WhichofthefollowingisevidencethatTTiswidelypracticed?A)TThasbeeninexistencefordecades.B)Manypatientswerecuredbytherapeutictouch.C)TTtherapistsareoftenemployedbyleadinghospitals.D)Morethan100,000peopleareundergoingTTtreatment.（C）17.VeryfewTTpractitionersrespondedtothe$1millionofferbecause________.A)theydidn’ttaketheofferseriouslyB)theydidn’twanttorisktheircareerC)theywereunwillingtorevealtheirsecretD)theythoughtitwasnotinlinewiththeirpractice（C）18.ThepurposeofEmilyRosa’sexperimentwas________.A)toseewhyTTcouldworkthewayitdidB)tofindouthowTTcuredpatients’illnessesC)totestwhethershecouldsensethehumanenergyfieldD)totestwhetherahumanenergyfieldreallyexisted（D）19.WhydidsomeTTpractitionersagreetobethesubjectsofEmil’sexperiment?A)Itinvolvednothingmorethanmereguessing.B)Theythoughtitwasgoingtobealotoffun.C)Itwasmorestraightforwardthanotherexperiments.D)Theysensednoharminalittlegirl’sexperiment.（D）20.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A)Somewidelyacceptedbeliefscanbedeceiving.B)Solidevidenceweighsmorethanpuretheories.C)LittlechildrencanbeascleverastrainedTTpractitioners.D)TheprincipleofTTistooprofoundtounderstand.（A）PassageThree

102Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecialpurposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanualdrivencars.Aspecialpurposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreeway(高速公路)capacity.Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwaywasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitablyequippedroads.Ifspecialpurposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp(入口引道).Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa“transition”lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationoftheselanestoautomatedtrafficwould,presumably,bewellrespected,becausealltrespassers(非法进入者)couldbeswiftlyidentifiedbyauthorities.)Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmergingwithouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.Andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedriverwouldbefreetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.21.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways________.A)arebeingplannedB)arebeingmodifiedC)arenowinwideuseD)areunderconstruction（A）22.Aspecialpurposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat________.A)itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighwaysB)itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiencyC)ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehiclesD)itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehicles（B）23.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedhighway?A)Vehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirdestinations.B)Acarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlanesystem.C)Thedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoit.D)Thedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththoseofregularvehicles.（C）24.Weknowfromthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecialpurposelane________.

103A)bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionallaneB)bywayofarampwithelectroniccontroldevicesC)throughaspeciallyguardedgateD)afteralltrespassersareidentifiedandremoved（B）25.Whendrivinginanautomatedlane,thedriver________.A)shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringcarsB)doesn’thavetorelyonhiscomputersystemC)shouldwatchoutforpotentialaccidentsD)doesn’thavetoholdontothesteeringwheel（D）PassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomeveryprevalentmyths.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels;andtoresolveabstractequationsquickly.Thisvisionofintelligenceassertsformaleducationandbookishexcellenceasthetruemeasuresofselffulfillment.Itencouragesakindofintellectualprejudicethathasbroughtwithitsomediscouragingresults.Wehavecometobelievethatsomeonewhohasmoreeducationalmeritbadges,whoisverygoodatsomeformofschooldisciplineis“intelligent.”Yetmentalhospitalsarefilledwithpatientswhohavealloftheproperlyletteredcertificates.Atruerindicatorofintelligenceisaneffective,happylifelivedeachdayandeachpresentmomentofeveryday.Ifyouarehappy,ifyouliveeachmomentforeverythingit’sworth,thenyouareanintelligentperson.Problemsolvingisausefulhelptoyourhappiness,butifyouknowthatgivenyourinabilitytoresolveaparticularconcernyoucanstillchoosehappinessforyourself,orataminimumrefusetochooseunhappiness,thenyouareintelligent.YouareintelligentbecauseyouhavetheultimateweaponagainstthebigN.B.D.—NervousBreakDown.“IntelligentpeopledonothaveN.B.D.’sbecausetheyareinchargeofthemselves.Theyknowhowtochoosehappinessoverdepression,becausetheyknowhowtodealwiththeproblemsoftheirlives.Youcanbegintothinkofyourselfastrulyintelligentonthebasisofhowyouchoosetofeelinthefaceoftryingcircumstances.Thelifestrugglesareprettymuchthesameforeachofus.Everyonewhoisinvolvedwithotherhumanbeingsinanysocialcontexthassimilardifficulties.Disagreements,conflictsandcompromisesareapartofwhatitmeanstobehuman.Similarly,money,growingold,sickness,deaths,naturaldisastersandaccidentsarealleventswhichpresentproblemstovirtuallyallhumanbeings.Butsomepeopleareabletomakeit,toavoidimmobilizingdepressionandunhappinessdespitesuchoccurrences,whileotherscollapseorhaveanN.B.D.Thosewhorecognizeproblemsasahumanconditionanddon’tmeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsarethemostintelligentkindofhumansweknow;also,themostrare.26.Accordingtotheauthor,theconventionalnotionofintelligencemeasuredintermsofone’sabilitytoread,writeandcompute________.A)isawidelyheldbutwrongconceptB)willhelpeliminateintellectualprejudiceC)istherootofallmentaldistressD)willcontributetoone’sselffulfillment（A）27.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatholdingauniversitydegree________.

104A)mayresultinone’sinabilitytosolvecomplexreallifeproblemsB)doesnotindicateone’sabilitytowriteproperlywordeddocumentsC)maymakeonementallysickandphysicallyweakD)doesnotmeanthatoneishighlyintelligent（D）28.Theauthorthinksthatanintelligentpersonknows________.A)howtoputupwithsomeveryprevalentmythsB)howtofindthebestwaytoachievesuccessintireC)howtoavoiddepressionandmakehislifeworthwhileD)howtopersuadeotherstocompromise（C）29.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortellsusthat________.A)difficultiesarebutpartofeveryone’slifeB)depressionandunhappinessareunavoidableinlifeC)everybodyshouldlearntoavoidtryingcircumstancesD)goodfeelingscancontributetoeventualacademicexcellence（A）30.Accordingtothepassage,whatkindofpeoplearerare?A)Thosewhodon’temphasizebookishexcellenceintheirpursuitofhappiness.B)Thosewhoareawareofdifficultiesinlifebutknowhowtoavoidunhappiness.C)ThosewhomeasurehappinessbyanabsenceofproblemsbutseldomsufferfromN.B.D’s.D)Thosewhoareabletosecurehappinessthoughhavingtostruggleagainsttryingcircumstances.（B）11.C12.A13.C14.B15.D16.C17.C18.D19.D20.A21.A22.B23.C24.B25.D26.A27.D28.C29.A30.B2001年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(语言上的)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.

105EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual(多语言的)guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Thenattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwayshetheupperhand.21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably________.A)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback（D）22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir________.A)culturalself-centerednessB)casualmannersC)indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsD)arrogancetowardsothercultures（A）23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans________.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants（B）24.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans’culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill________.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar（C）25.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat________.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures（D）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Indepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearance

106seemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels—awoman’sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating(使通气)lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone’sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist(足病医生)，andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate(阴沟栅)andbeingthrowntotheground—possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.26.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.（D）27.Theauthor’spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant________.A)tobeironicB)topokefunatwomenC)tobefairtothefashionindustryD)tomakehispointconvincing（B）28.Theauthorusestheexpression“thosebabies”(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels________.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesC)toshowwomen’saffectionforthemD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize（D）29.Theauthor’schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat________.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen’shealthC)theydon’tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense（B）

10730.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould________.A)seethroughtheverynatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD)avoidfollowingfashiontooclosely（D）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering(闪烁)atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(独处的状态)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(心理的),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfactofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is________.A)ratherbleakB)fairlybrightC)veryimpressiveD)quiteencouraging（A）32.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis________.A)elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass（D）33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis________.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliterature

108C)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput（C）34.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis________.A)tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue（A）35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels________.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimistic（B）PassageFourQuestions35to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheApolloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms（隐约出现）ashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita（未探明之地）.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteorite（陨石）fromvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas________.A)todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymight

109B)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationD)topursuecommercialandstateinterests（D）37.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis________.A)internationalcooperationB)scientificresearchC)nationalisticreasonsD)long-termprofits（C）38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.（A）39.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat________.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue（B）40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould________.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverse（C）21.D22.A23.B24.C25.D26.D27.B28.D29.B30.D31.A32.D33.C34.A35.B36.D37.C38.A39.B40.C2002年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Navigationcomputers,nowsoldbymostcar-makers,cost$2,000andup.Nosurprise,then,thattheyaremostoftenfoundinluxurycars,likeLexus,BMWandAudi.Butitisadevelopingtechnology—meaningpricesshouldeventuallydrop—andthemarketdoesseemtobegrowing.Evenatcurrentprices,anavigationcomputerisimpressive.Itcanguideyoufrompointtopointinmostmajorcitieswithpreciseturn-by-turndirections—spokenbyaclearhuman-soundingvoice,andwrittenonascreeninfrontofthedriver.

110Thecomputerworkswithanantenna(天线)thattakessignalsfromnofewerthanthreeofthe24globalpositioningsystem(GPS)satellites.Bymeasuringthetimerequiredforasignaltotravelbetweenthesatellitesandtheantenna,thecar’slocationcanbepinneddownwithin100meters.Thesatellitesignals,alongwithinputsonspeedfromawheel-speedsensoranddirectionfromameter,determinethecar’spositionevenasitmoves.Thisinformationiscombinedwithamapdatabase.Streets,landmarksandpointsofinterestareincluded.Mostsystemsarebasicallyidentical.Thedifferencescomeinhardware—thewaythecomputeracceptsthedriver’srequestfordirectionsandthewayitpresentsthedrivinginstructions.Onmostsystems,adriverentersadesiredaddress,motorwayjunctionorpointofinterestviaatouchscreenordisc.ButtheLexusscreengoesastepfurther:youcanpointtoanyspotonthemapscreenandgetdirectionstoit.BMW’ssystemoffersasetofcrosshairs(瞄准器上的十字纹)thatcanbemovedacrossthemap(youhaveseveralchoicesofmapscale)topickapointyou’dliketogetto.Audi’sscreencanbeswitchedtoTVreception.Eventhevoicesthatrecitethedirectionscandiffer,withbettersystemslikeBMW’sandLexus’shavingawidervocabulary.TheinstructionsareavailableinFrench,German,Spanish,DutchandItalian,aswellasEnglish.Thedrivercanalsochooseparametersfordeterminingtheroute:fastest,shortestornofreeways(高速公路),forexample.21.Welearnfromthepassagethatnavigationcomputers________.A)willgreatlypromotesalesofautomobilesB)mayhelpsolvepotentialtrafficproblemsC)arelikelytobeacceptedbymoredriversD)willsoonbeviewedasasymbolofluxury（B）22.Withanavigationcomputer,adriverwilleasilyfindthebestroutetohisdestination________.A)byinputtingtheexactaddressB)byindicatingthelocationofhiscarC)bycheckinghiscomputerdatabaseD)bygivingvocalorderstothecomputer（A）23.Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars________.A)aremoreorlessthesamepriceB)providedirectionsinmuchthesamewayC)workonmoreorlessthesameprinciplesD)receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites（C）24.Thenavigationcomputerfunctions________.A)bymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetectorB)basicallyonsatellitesignalsandamapdatabaseC)mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirectionsD)byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals（B）25.ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow________.A)theimmaturityofthenewtechnologyB)thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystemC)thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipmentD)thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedriver（B）

111PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Theworld’senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss.”Ifthatwereanexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapart,offeringalonglistofcomplaints:fromlocalsmog(烟雾)toglobalclimatechange,fromthefelling(砍伐)offoreststotheextinctionofspecies.Thelistwouldlargelybeaccurate,theconcernlegitimate.Yetthestudentswhoshouldbegiventhehighestmarkswouldactuallybethosewhoagreedwiththestatement.Thesurpriseishowgoodthingsare,nothowbad.Afterall,theworld’spopulationhasmorethantripledduringthiscentury,andworldoutputhasrisenhugely,soyouwouldexpecttheearthitselftohavebeenaffected.Indeed,ifpeoplelived,consumedandproducedthingsinthesamewayastheydidin1900(or1950,orindeed1980),theworldbynowwouldbeaprettydisgustingplace:smelly,dirty,toxicanddangerous.Buttheydon’t.Thereasonswhytheydon’t,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenmined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.Thatiswhy,today’senvironmentalproblemsinthepoorcountriesought,inprinciple,tobesolvable.Rawmaterialshavenotrunout,andshownosignofdoingso.Logically,onedaytheymust:theplanetisafiniteplace.Yetitisalsoverybig,andmanisveryingenious.Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisenand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessofthematerial,orlookedforanewsubstitute.Forthisreasonpricesforenergyandformineralshavefalleninrealtermsduringthecentury.Thesameistrueforfood.Pricesfluctuate,inresponsetoharvests,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability;andwhentheyrise,ittakessometimebeforenewsourcesofsupplybecomeavailable.Buttheyalwaysdo,assistedbynewfarmingandcroptechnology.Thelongtermtrendhasbeendownwards.Itiswherepricesandmarketsdonotoperateproperlythatthisbenign(良性的)trendbeginstostumble,andthegenuineproblemsarise.Marketscannotalwayskeeptheenvironmenthealthy.Ifnooneownstheresourceconcerned,noonehasaninterestinconservingitorfosteringit:fishisthebestexampleofthis.26.Accordingtotheauthor,moststudents________.A)believetheworld’senvironmentisinanundesirableconditionB)agreethattheenvironmentoftheworldisnotasbadasitisthoughttobeC)gethighmarksfortheirgoodknowledgeoftheworld’senvironmentD)appearsomewhatunconcernedaboutthestateoftheworld’senvironment（A）27.Thehugeincreaseinworldproductionandpopulation________.A)hasmadetheworldaworseplacetoliveinB)hashadapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentC)hasnotsignificantlyaffectedtheenvironmentD)hasmadetheworldadangerousplacetolivein（C）28.Oneofthereasonswhythelong-termtrendofpriceshasbeendownwardsisthat________.A)technologicalinnovationcanpromotesocialstabilityB)politicalinstabilitywillcauseconsumptiontodropC)newfarmingandcroptechnologycanleadtooverproductionD)newsourcesarealwaysbecomingavailable（D）

11229.Fishresourcesarediminishingbecause________.A)nonewsubstitutescanbefoundinlargequantitiesB)theyarenotownedbyanyparticularentityC)impropermethodsoffishinghaveminedthefishinggroundsD)waterpollutionisextremelyserious（B）30.Theprimarysolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsis________.A)toallowmarketforcestooperateproperlyB)tocurbconsumptionofnaturalresourcesC)tolimitthegrowthoftheworldpopulationD)toavoidfluctuationsinprices（A）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit(诉讼)inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate’sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.(Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.)Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartially,hisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild’sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild’sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.31.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?A)Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B)Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.C)Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D)Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.（B）32.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto________.A)drawpublicattentiontoIQtesting

113B)putanendtospecialeducationC)removethestate’sbanonintelligencetestsD)havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools（C）33.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting________.A)mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB)canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC)mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesD)canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren’seducation（A）34.Theauthor’sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat________.A)noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedB)whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC)adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD)cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated（D）35.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat________.A)goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB)socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenC)intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasD)Americanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissues（D）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious”bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople’snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestokin(亲戚)andneighbors,andsubstitutedintheirplacesuperficialrelationshipswithpassingacquaintances.However,inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofresearchhasrevealedthatthe“obvious”isnottrue.Itseemsthatifyouareacityresident,youtypicallyknowasmallerproportionofyourneighborsthanyoudoifyouarearesidentofasmallercommunity.But,forthemostpart,thisfacthasfewsignificantconsequences.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatifyouknowfewofyourneighborsyouwillknownooneelse.Eveninverylargecities,peoplemaintainclosesocialtieswithinsmall,privatesocialworlds.Indeed,thenumberandqualityofmeaningfulrelationshipsdonotdifferbetweenmoreandlessurbanpeople.Small-townresidentsaremoreinvolvedwithkinthanarebig-cityresidents.Yetcitydwellerscompensatebydevelopingfriendshipswithpeoplewhosharesimilarinterestsandactivities.Urbanismmayproduceadifferentstyleoflife,butthequalityoflifedoesnotdifferbetweentownandcity.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.However,citydwellersdoworrymoreaboutcrime,andthisleadsthemtoadistrustofstrangers.Thesefindingsdonotimplythaturbanismmakeslittleornodifference.Ifneighborsarestrangerstooneanother,theyarelesslikelytosweepthesidewalkofanelderlycouplelivingnextdoororkeepaneyeoutforyoungtroublemakers.Moreover,asWirthsuggested,theremaybealinkbetweenacommunity’spopulationsizeanditssocialheterogeneity(多样性).Forinstance,sociologistshavefoundmuchevidencethatthesizeofacommunityisassociatedwithbadbehaviorincludinggambling,drugs,etc.Large-cityurbanitesarealsomorelikelythantheirsmall-towncounterpartstohaveacosmopolitan(见多识广者的)outlook,todisplayless

114responsibilitytotraditionalkinshiproles,tovoteforleftistpoliticalcandidates,andtobetolerantofnontraditionalreligiousgroups,unpopularpoliticalgroups,andso-calledundesirables.Everythingconsidered,heterogeneityandunusualbehaviorseemtobeoutcomesoflargepopulationsize.36.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?A)Twocontrastingviewsarepresented.B)Anargumentisexaminedandpossiblesolutionsgiven.C)Researchresultsconcerningthequalityofurbanlifearepresentedinorderoftime.D)Adetaileddescriptionofthedifferencebetweenurbanandsmall-townlifeisgiven.（A）37.Accordingtothepassage,itwasonceacommonbeliefthaturbanresidents________.A)didnothavethesameinterestsastheirneighborsB)couldnotdeveloplong-standingrelationshipsC)tendedtobeassociatedwithbadbehaviorD)usuallyhadmorefriends（B）38.Oneoftheconsequencesofurbanlifeisthatimpersonalrelationshipsamongneighbors________.A)disruptpeople’snaturalrelationsB)makethemworryaboutcrimeC)causethemnottoshowconcernforoneanotherD)causethemtobesuspiciousofeachother（C）39.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthebiggeracommunityis,________.A)thebetteritsqualityoflifeB)themoresimilaritsinterestsC)themoretolerantandopen-mindeditisD)thelikelieritistodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsofstress（C）40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Similaritiesintheinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweenurbanitesandsmall-towndwellers.B)Advantagesoflivinginbigcitiesascomparedwithlivinginsmalltowns.C)Thepositiverolethaturbanismplaysinmodernlife.D)Thestrongfeelingofalienationofcityinhabitants.（A）21.B22.A23.C24.B25.B26.A27.C28.D29.B30.A31.B32.C33.A34.D35.D36.A37.B38.C39.C40.A2002年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance(异乎寻常地).Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,

115floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates(灵长目动物)some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign(宜人的)globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.21.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged________.A)togiveuphisformerwayoflifeB)toleavethecoastalareasC)tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetationD)toabandonhisoriginalsettlement（A）22.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate________.A)isgoingthroughafundamentalchangeB)hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000yearsC)willeventuallychangefromhottocoldD)hasgonethroughperiodicalchanges（D）23.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution________.A)hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchangesB)hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchangesC)haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchangesD)hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges（C）24.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat________.A)humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironmentB)Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterferenceC)Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefuture

116D)Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture（C）25.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat________.A)humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchangesB)mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimateC)manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocessD)humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnature（B）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowwomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchess(公爵夫人)ofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat—orevenonlysomewhatoverweight—isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsession(迷恋)withthinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory(虚荣).26.Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat________.A)theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB)lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC)beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD)religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous（C）27.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor________.A)hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB)couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC)hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelatives

117D)hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes（A）28.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight________.A)werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB)changedfromtimetotimeC)variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD)ledtodifferentmoralstandards（B）29.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness________.A)fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB)fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC)fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD)inthelightofmoralprinciples（B）30.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?A)Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.B)Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C)Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D)Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.（A）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality(守卫地盘的天性)areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate(天生的)survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservationthatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistencesofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction.Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical(道德上的)patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombatingtosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheircommitmentallegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.31.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat________.

118A)itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsB)itisinfluencedbysocietyC)ithasrootsinreligiousconflictsD)itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw（B）32.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassage,is________.A)tocontrolviolencewithinasocietyB)toprotecttheworldfromchaosC)tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevengeD)togivethegovernmentabsolutepower（A）33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“...inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines4-5,Para.2)?A)Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B)Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C)Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D)Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.（D）34.Theword“allegiance”(Line4,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto________.A)loyaltyB)objectiveC)survivalD)motive（A）35.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.B)Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.C)Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheirpeople.D)Governmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwar.（D）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudied.Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach,theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptanetic

119approachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,BlackAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto________.A)beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasuresB)viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspectiveC)guardagainstinterferencefromtheirowncultureD)acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture（B）37.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?A)Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues.B)Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.C)Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.D)Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.（A）38.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore________.A)culturallyinteractiveB)culturallybiasedC)culture-orientedD)culture-specific（D）39.Theeticapproachisconcernedwith________.A)thegeneralcharacteristicsofminorityfamiliesB)culture-relatedconceptsofindividualethnicgroupsC)featuressharedbyvariousculturesorethnicgroupsD)theeconomicconditionsofdifferenttypesoffamilies（C）40.Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheethnicminorityfamiliesinthe________U.S.accordingtothepassage?A)Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.B)Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.C)Theydon’tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.D)TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies.（D）21.A22.D23.C24.C25.B26.C27.A28.B29.B30.A31.B32.A33.D34.A35.D36.B37.A38.D39.C40.D

1202002年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed(贪婪)onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,”saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience.“Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,‘ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends.”ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.,hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders.ThearticlecalledMBAhires“extremelydisappointing”andsaid“MBAswanttomoveuptoofast,theydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they’reoutlookingforotherjobs.”Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光环)offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklash(反冲)againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement.BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness”,saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm.21.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampusesdominatedbypurerdisciplines?A)Scornful.B)Appreciative.C)Envious.D)Realistic.（A）22.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevalueofMBAdegreeshadbeenfueledmainlyby________.A)thecomplaintsfromvariousemployersB)thesuccessofmanynon-MBAsC)thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplines

121D)thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork（B）23.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtotheHarvardBusinessReview?A)Theyareusuallyself-centered.B)Theyareaggressiveandgreedy.C)Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs.D)Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople.（D）24.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs________.A)canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquicklyB)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmatesC)receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltrainingD)cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture（D）25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms.B)ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.C)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree.D)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses.（C）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenschoolofficialsinKalkaska,Michigan,closedclasseslastweek,themediaflockedtothestory,portrayingthetown’s2,305studentsasvictimsofstingy(吝啬的)taxpayers.Thereissometruthtothat;theproperty-taxratehereisone-thirdlowerthanthestateaverage.ButshuttingtheirschoolsalsoallowedKalkask’seducatorsandthestate’slargestteachers’union,theMichiganEducationAssociation,tomakeapoliticalpoint.TheiraimwastospurpassageoflegislationMichiganlawmakersaredebatingtoincreasethestate’sshareofschoolfunding.ItwasnocoincidencethatKalkaskashutitsschoolstwoweeksafterresidentsrejecteda28percentproperty-taxincrease.Theschoolboardarguedthatwithouttheincreaseitlackedthe$1.5millionneededtokeepschoolsopen.Buttheschoolsystemhadnotdoneallitcouldtokeeptheschoolsopen.Officialsdeclinedtoborrowagainstnextyear’sstateaid,theyrefusedtotrimextracurricularactivitiesandtheydidnotconsiderseekingasmaller—perhapsmoreacceptable—taxincrease.Infact,closingearlyiscostingKalkaskaasignificantamount,including$600,000inunemploymentpaymentstoteachersandstaffand$250,000inloststateaid.InFebruary,theschoolsystempromisedteachersandstafftwomonthsofretirementpaymentsincaseschoolsclosedearly,adealthatwillcostthedistrict$275,000more.Othersignssuggestschoolauthoritieswereatleastaseagertomakeapoliticalstatementastokeepschoolsopen.TheMichiganEducationAssociationhiredapublicrelationsfirmtostagearallymarkingtheschoolclosing,whichattracted14localandnationaltelevisionstationsandnetworks.ThepresidentoftheNationalEducationAssociation,theMEA’sparentorganization,flewfromWashington,D.C.,fortheevent.Andtheuniontutoredschoolofficialsintheartoftelevisioninterviews.SchoolsupervisorDoyleDisbrowacknowledgesthedistrictcouldhavekeptschoolsopenbycuttingprogramsbutdeniesthemoveswerepoliticallymotivated.Michiganlawmakershavereactedangrilytotheclosings.ThestateSenatehasalreadyvotedtoputthesystemintoreceivership(破产管理)andreopenschoolsimmediately;theMichiganHouseplanstoconsiderthebillthisweek.

12226.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolsinKalkaska,Michigan,arefunded________.A)byboththelocalandstategovernmentsB)exclusivelybythelocalgovernmentC)mainlybythestategovernmentD)bytheNationalEducationAssociation（A）27.Oneofthepurposesforwhichschoolofficialsclosedclasseswas________.A)toavoidpayingretirementbenefitstoteachersandstaffB)todrawtheattentionoflocaltaxpayerstopoliticalissuesC)tomakethefinancialdifficultiesoftheirteachersandstaffknowntothepublicD)topressureMichiganlawmakersintoincreasingstatefundsforlocalschools（D）28.Theauthorseemstodisapproveof________.A)theMichiganlawmakers’endlessdebatingB)theshuttingofschoolsinKalkaskaC)theinvolvementofthemassmediaD)delayingthepassageoftheschoolfundinglegislation（B）29.WelearnfromthepassagethatschoolauthoritiesinKalkaskaareconcernedabout________.A)araiseintheproperty-taxrateinMichiganB)reopeningtheschoolsthereimmediatelyC)theattitudeoftheMEA’sparentorganizationD)makingapoliticalissueoftheclosingoftheschools（D）30.Accordingtothepassage,theclosingoftheschoolsdevelopedintoacrisisbecauseof________.A)thecomplexityoftheproblemB)thepoliticalmotivesonthepartoftheeducatorsC)theweakresponseofthestateofficialsD)thestrongprotestonthepartofthestudents’parents（B）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.GermanChancellor(首相)OttoVonBismarckmaybemostfamousforhismilitaryanddiplomatictalent,buthislegacy(遗产)includesmanyoftoday’ssocialinsuranceprograms.Duringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedentedrashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion(怜悯)forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement,ChancellorBismarckcreatedtheworld’sfirstworkers’compensationlawin1884.By1908,theUnitedStateswastheonlyindustrialnationintheworldthatlackedworkers’compensationinsurance.America’sinjuredworkerscouldsuefordamagesinacourtoflaw,buttheystillfacedanumberoftoughlegalbarriers.Forexample,employeeshadtoprovethattheirinjuriesdirectlyresultedfromemployernegligenceandthattheythemselveswereignorantaboutpotentialhazardsintheworkplace.Thefirststateworkers’compensationlawinthiscountrypassedin1911,andtheprogramsoonspreadthroughoutthenation.AfterWorldWarII,benefitpaymentstoAmericanworkersdidnotkeepupwiththecostofliving.Infact,realbenefitlevelswerelowerinthe1970sthantheywereinthe1940s,andinmoststatesthemaximumbenefitwasbelowthepovertylevelforafamilyoffour.In1970,PresidentRichard

123Nixonsetupanationalcommissiontostudytheproblemsofworkers’compensation.Twoyearslater,thecommissionissued19keyrecommendations,includingonethatcalledforincreasingcompensationbenefitlevelsto100percentofthestates’averageweeklywages.Infact,theaveragecompensationbenefitinAmericahasclimbedfrom55percentofthestates’averageweeklywagesin1972to97percenttoday.But,asmoststudiesshow,every10percentincreaseincompensationbenefitsresultsina5percentincreaseinthenumbersofworkerswhofileforclaims.Andwithsomuchmoremoneyfloatingintheworkers’compensationsystem,it’snotsurprisingthatdoctorsandlawyershavehelpedthemselvestoalargesliceofthegrowingpie.31.Theworld’sfirstworkers’compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck________.A)tomakeindustrialproductionsaferB)tospeedupthepaceofindustrializationC)outofreligiousandpoliticalconsiderationsD)forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement（C）32.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope________.A)wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidentsB)resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprogramsC)requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplaceD)metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines（A）33.OneoftheproblemstheAmericaninjuredworkersfacedingettingcompensationintheearly19thcenturywasthat________.A)theyhadtohavethecouragetosuefordamagesinacourtoflawB)differentstatesintheU.S.hadtotallydifferentcompensationprogramsC)America’saveragecompensationbenefitwasmuchlowerthanthecostoflivingD)theyhadtoproduceevidencethattheiremployerswereresponsiblefortheaccident（D）34.After1972workers’compensationinsuranceintheU.S.becamemorefavorabletoworkerssothat________.A)thepovertylevelforafamilyoffourwentupdrasticallyB)therewerefewerlegalbarrierswhentheyfiledforclaimsC)thenumberofworkerssuingfordamagesincreasedD)moremoneywasallocatedtotheircompensationsystem（C）35.Theauthorendsthepassagewiththeimplicationthat________.A)compensationbenefitsinAmericaaresoaringtonewheightsB)theworkersarenottheonlyonestobenefitfromthecompensationsystemC)peoplefromallwalksoflifecanbenefitfromthecompensationsystemD)moneyfloatinginthecompensationsystemisahugedrainontheU.S.economy（B）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Earlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarII,anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate.”AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow’scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingeverprevalent.

124Overconsumptionbytheworld’sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate.Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches.Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow—that,misledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.Ofcourse,theoppositeofover-consumption—poverty—isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剥夺得一无所有的)peasantsslash-and-burntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert.Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendoeshavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?36.TheemergenceoftheaffluentsocietyafterWorldWarII________.A)gavebirthtoanewgenerationofupperclassconsumersB)gaverisetothedominanceofthenewegoismC)ledtothereformoftheretailingsystemD)resultedintheworshipofconsumerism（D）37.Apartfromenormousproductivity,anotherimportantimpetustohighconsumptionis________.A)theconversionofthesaleofgoodsintoritualsB)thepeople’sdesireforariseintheirlivingstandardsC)theimbalancethathasexistedbetweenproductionandconsumptionD)theconceptthatone’ssuccessismeasuredbyhowmuchtheyconsume（D）38.Whydoestheauthorsayhighconsumptionisamixedblessing?A)Becausepovertystillexistsinanaffluentsociety.B)Becausemoralvaluesaresacrificedinpursuitofmaterialsatisfaction.C)Becauseoverconsumptionwon’tlastlongduetounrestrictedpopulationgrowth.D)Becausetraditionalritualsareoftenneglectedintheprocessofmodernization.（B）39.Accordingtothepassage,consumeristculture________.A)cannotthriveonafragileeconomyB)willnotaggravateenvironmentalproblemsC)cannotsatisfyhumanspiritualneedsD)willnotalleviatepovertyinwealthycountries（C）40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A)humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluenceB)thereisneveranendtosatisfyingpeople’smaterialneedsC)whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissueD)howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem（D）21.A22.B23.D24.D25.C

12526.A27.D28.B29.D30.B31.C32.A33.D34.C35.B36.D37.D38.B39.C40.D2003年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld’sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking(黑客的)tricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle(闯入…...行窃).ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsiteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthatautomaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandothertypesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.Allthesemakewonderfultoolsforantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcausedamage.Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn’tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(恶意破坏)isn’tmuchfununlessyouhaveapeculiardislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let’senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.21.Bysaying“...ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors”(Lines3-4,Para.2),theauthormeansthat________.A)thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithusB)theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryaboutC)manysitesarenotwell-protectedD)hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin（C）22.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFannercanbeused________.

126A)toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsitesB)toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystemC)topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsitesD)todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation（A）23.Fanner’sprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause.A)itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsersB)itcanbreakintoInternetsitesC)itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsitesD)itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent（D）24.Theauthor’sattitudetowardSATANis________.A)enthusiasticB)criticalC)positiveD)indifferent（C）25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat________.A)weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthenedB)weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurityC)influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurityD)netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternet（A）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Icameawayfrommyyearsofteachingonthecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconvictionthatenactment(扮演角色),performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteaching.Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningprocess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils“cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,”andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents“gladtheywerethere.”Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecturemethod,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,muchtruthinPatriciaNelsonLimerick’sobservationthat“lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGoddidnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbytheurgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15minutesatatime...foronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...IdonotbelievethatthisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo.”Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents’emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.Thecult(推崇)oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,someyears.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed“apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniform

127intheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromoldlecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcardsthathadservedforyears,tojudgebythewornedges...Theteachersbeganontime,endedontime,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheirstudents,veryseldombeingdetainedbyquestioners...Theclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswereraisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours.”26.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto________.A)makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents’learningB)makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocessC)improvestudents’learningperformanceD)makestudyjustaseasyasplay（B）27.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat________.A)itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudentsB)itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreatorC)itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemannerD)ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily（C）28.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat________.A)collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasuresB)morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudiesC)traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperformancesD)interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching（D）29.Bysaying“Theyseemed‘apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing...’”(Lines3-4,Para.4),theauthormeansthat________.A)professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesamewayB)professorsarelikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplayC)thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmeritsD)professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethemlooklikepriests（A）30.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?A)EzekielCheever’s.B)CottonMather’s.C)AlfredNorthWhitehead’s.D)PatriciaNelsonLimerick’s.（A）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingof

128helegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenhatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute(贫民).OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B)Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C)Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.D)Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.（B）32.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A)Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B)Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C)Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D)People’sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.（B）33.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause________.A)theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducationB)anewleisureclasshasdevelopedC)theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD)anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem（D）34.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment________.A)shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB)shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC)shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD)shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment（A）35.Whydoestheauthorsay“OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire”(Lines10-11,Para.3)?A)OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B)CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederal

129funds.C)Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.D)EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.（A）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anewhigh-performancecontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityofHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingpeople’svisionsharperthanthatofcats.Billeandhisteamworkwithanopticalinstrumentcalledanactivemirror—adeviceusedinastronomicaltelescopestospotnewlyemergingstarsandfardistantgalaxies.Connectedtoawave-frontsensorthattracksandmeasuresthecourseofalaserbeamintotheeyeandback,thealuminummirrordetectsthedeficienciesofthecornea,thetransparentprotectivelayercoveringthelensofthehumaneye.Thehighlyprecisedatafromthetwoinstruments—which,Billehopes,willonedaybefoundattheopticians(眼镜商)allovertheworld—serveasabasisfortheproductionofcompletelyindividualizedcontactlensesthatcorrectandenhancethewearer’svision.Byday,Bille’scontactlenseswillfocusraysoflightsoaccuratelyontheretina（视网膜）thattheimageofasmallleafortheoutlineofafardistanttreewillbeformedwithasharpnessthatsurpassesthatofconventionalvisionaidsbyalmosthalfadiopter(屈光度).Atnight,thelenseshaveanevengreaterpotential.“Becausethenewlens—incontrasttothealreadyexistingones—alsoworkswhenit’sdarkandthepupiliswideopen,”saysBille,“lenswearerswillbeabletoidentifyafaceatadistanceof100meters”—80metersfartherthantheywouldnormallybeabletosee.Inhisexperimentsnightvisionwasenhancedbyanevengreaterfactor:insemi-darkness,testsubjectscouldseeupto15timesbetterthanwithoutthelenses.Bille’slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2000,andonetentativeplanistousetheInternettotransmitinformationonpatients’visualdefectsfromtheopticiantothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.Thephysicistexpectsthelensestocostaboutadollarapair,aboutthesameasconventionalone-daydisposablelenses.36.Thenewcontactlensismeantfor________.A)astronomicalobservationsB)thenightblindC)thosewithvisiondefectsD)opticalexperiments（C）37.Whatdothetwoinstrumentsmentionedinthesecondparagraph(Line5)referto?A)Theastronomicaltelescopeandthewave-frontsensor.B)Thealuminummirrorandthelaserbeam.C)Theactivemirrorandthecontactlens.D)Thealuminummirrorandthewave-frontsensor.（D）38.Individualizedcontactlenses(Line7,Para.2)arelensesdesigned________.A)toworklikeanastronomicaltelescopeB)tosuitthewearer’sspecificneedsC)toprocessextremelyaccuratedata

130D)totestthewearer’seyesight（B）39.AccordingtoBille,withthenewlensesthewearer’svision________.A)willbefarbetteratnightthaninthedaytimeB)maybebroadenedabout15timesthanwithoutthemC)canbebetterimprovedinthedaytimethanatnightD)willbesharperbyamuchgreaterdegreeatnightthaninthedaytime（D）40.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBille’slenses?A)Theirproductionprocessiscomplicated.B)Theywillbesoldataverylowprice.C)Theyhavetobereplacedeveryday.D)PurchaseorderscanbemadethroughtheInternet.（D）21.C22.A23.D24.C25.A26.B27.C28.D29.A30.A31.B32.B33.D34.A35.A36.C37.D38.B39.D40.D2003年9月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.In1985whenaJapanAirLines(JAL)jetcrashed,itspresident,YasumotoTakagi,calledeachvictim’sfamilytoapologize,andthenpromptlyresigned.Andin1987,whenasubsidiaryofToshibasolesensitivemilitarytechnologytotheformerSovietUnion,thechairmanofToshibagaveuphispost.Theseexecutiveactions,whichToshibacalls“thehighestformofapology,”mayseembizarretoUSmanagers.NooneatBoeingresignedaftertheJALcrash,whichmayhavebeencausedbyafaultyBoeingrepair.Thedifferencebetweenthetwobusinessculturescentersarounddifferentdefinitionsofdelegation.WhileUSexecutivesgivebothresponsibilityandauthoritytotheiremployees,Japaneseexecutivesdelegateonlyauthority—theresponsibilityisstilltheirs.AlthoughthesubsidiarythatsoldthesensitivetechnologytotheSovietshaditsownmanagement,theToshibatopexecutivessaidthey“musttakepersonalresponsibilityfornotcreatinganatmospherethroughouttheToshibagroupthatwouldmakesuchactivityunthinkable,eveninanindependentlyrunsubsidiary.”SuchacceptanceofcommunityresponsibilityisnotuniquetobusinessesinJapan.SchoolprincipalsinJapanhaveresignedwhentheirstudentscommittedmajorcrimesafterschoolhours.Eveniftheydonotquit,Japaneseexecutiveswilloftenacceptprimaryresponsibilityinotherways,suchastakingthefirstpaycutwhenacompanygetsintofinancialtrouble.Suchpersonalsacrifices,eveniftheyarelargelysymbolic,helptocreatethesenseofcommunityandemployee

131loyaltythatiscrucialtotheJapanesewayofdoingbusiness.HarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorGeorgeLodgecallstheritualacceptanceofblame“almostafeudal(封建的)wayofpurging(清除)thecommunityofdishonor,”andtosomeintheUnitedStates,suchresignationslookcowardly.However,inanerainwhichbothbusinessandgovernmentalleadersseemparticularlygoodatevadingresponsibility,manyUSmanagerswouldprobablywelcomeaninfusion(灌输)oftheJapanesesenseofresponsibility.If,forinstance,USautomobilecompanyexecutivesofferedtoreducetheirownsalariesbeforetheyaskedtheirworkerstotakepaycuts,negotiationswouldprobablytakeonaverydifferentcharacter.21.WhydidthechairmanofToshibaresignhispositionin1987?A)BecauseinJapan,theleakageofastatesecrettoRussiansisagravecrime.B)Becausehehadbeenunderattackforshiftingresponsibilitytohissubordinates.C)BecauseinJapan,thechiefexecutiveofacorporationisheldresponsibleforthemistakemadebyitssubsidiaries.D)Becausehehadbeenaccusedofbeingcowardlytowardscrisesthatweretakingplaceinhiscorporation.（C）22.AccordingtothepassageifyouwanttobeagoodmanagerinJapan,youhaveto________.A)apologizepromptlyforyoursubordinates’mistakesB)beskillfulinacceptingblamesfromcustomersC)makesymbolicsacrificeswhenevernecessaryD)createastrongsenseofcompanyloyalty（A）23.What’sProfessorGeorgeLodge’sattitudetowardstheresignationsofJapanesecorporateleaders?A)Sympathetic.B)Biased.C)Critical.D)Approving.（C）24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)BoeinghadnothingtodowiththeJALaircrashin1985.B)Americanexecutivesconsiderauthorityandresponsibilityinseparable.C)Schoolprincipalsbearlegalresponsibilityforstudents’crimes.D)Persuadingemployeestotakepaycutsdoesn’thelpsolvecorporatecrises.（B）25.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A)resignationasaneffectivewayofdealingwithbusinesscrisesB)theimportanceofdelegatingresponsibilitytoemployeesC)waysofevadingresponsibilityintimesofcrisesD)thedifferencebetweentwobusinesscultures（D）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asmachinesgo,thecarisnotterriblynoisy,norterriblypolluting,norterriblydangerous;andonallthosedimensionsithasbecomebetterasthecenturyhasgrownolder.Themainproblemisitsprevalence,andthesocialcoststhatensuefromtheusebyeveryoneofsomethingthatwouldbefairlyharmlessif,say,onlytherichweretouseit.Itisapricewepayforequality.Beforebecomingtoogloomy,itisworthrecallingwhythecarhasbeenarguablythemostsuccessfulandpopularproductofthewholeofthepast100years—andremainsso.Thestory

132beginswiththeenvironmentalimprovementitbroughtinthe1900s.InNewYorkcityin1900,accordingtotheCarCulture,a1975bookbyJ.Flink,ahistorian,horsesdeposited2.5millionpoundsofmanure(粪)and60,000gallonsofurine(尿)everyday.Everyyear,thecityauthoritieshadtoremoveanaverageof15,000deadhorsesfromthestreets,itmadecarssmellofroses.Carswerealsowonderfullyflexible.Themainearliersolutiontohorsepollutionandtrafficjamswastheelectrictrolleybus(电车).Butthatrequiredfixedoverheadwires,andrailsandplatforms,whichwereexpensive,ugly,andinflexible.ThecarcouldgofromanyAtoanyB,andallowedtownstodevelopinalldirectionswithlow-densityhousing,ratherthanjustbeingconcentratedalongthetrolleyorraillines.Ruralareasbenefitedtoo,fortheybecamelessremote.However,sincepollutionbecameaconcerninthe1950s,expertshavepredicted—wrongly—thatthecarboomwasabouttoend.InhisbookMr.Flinkarguedthatby1973theAmericanmarkethadbecomesaturated,atonecarforevery2.25people,andsohadthemarketsofJapanandWesternEurope(becauseoflandshortages).Environmentalworriesanddiminishingoilreserveswouldprohibitmasscaruseanywhereelse.Hewaswrong.Between1970and1990,whereasAmerica’spopulationgrewby23%,thenumberofcarsonitsroadsgrewby60%.Thereisnowonecarforevery1.7peoplethere,oneforevery2.1inJapan,oneforevery5.3inBritain.Around550millioncarsarealreadyontheroads,nottomentionallthetrucksandmocorcyeles,andabout50millionnewonesaremadeeachyearworldwide.Willitgoon?Undoubtedly,becausepeoplewantitto.26.Asisgiveninthefirstparagraph,thereasonwhythecarhasbecomeaproblemisthat________.A)poorpeoplecan’tafforditB)itistooexpensivetomaintainC)toomanypeopleareusingitD)itcausestoomanyroadaccidents（B）27.Accordingtothepassage,thecarstartedtogainpopularitybecause________.A)itdidn’tbreakdownaseasilyasahorseB)ithadacomparativelypleasantodorC)itcausedlesspollutionthanhorsesD)itbrightenedupthegloomystreets（C）28.Whatimpactdidtheuseofcarshaveonsociety?A)Peoplewerecompelledtoleavedowntownareas.B)Peoplewereabletoliveinlesscrowdedsuburbanareas.C)Businessalongtrolleyandraillinesslackened.D)Citystreetswerefreeofuglyoverheadwires.（B）29.Mr.Flinkarguedinhisbookthatcarswouldnotbewidelyusedinothercountriesbecause________.A)theonceboomingcarmarkethasbecomesaturatedB)trafficjamsinthosecountriesaregettingmoreandmoreseriousC)expensivemotorwaysarenotavailableinlessdevelopedcountriesD)peopleworryaboutpollutionandthediminishingoilresources（D）30.What’swrongwithMr.Flink’sprediction?A)Theuseofautomobileshaskeptincreasingworldwide.B)Newgenerationsofcarsarevirtuallypollutionfree.

133C)ThepopulationofAmericahasnotincreasedasfast.D)People’senvironmentalconcernsareconstantlyincreasing.（A）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,orjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncomfortableandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating(毁灭性的)tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudgingfromrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefinitelyknowntoshedemotionaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponses,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormorefunctionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytoelicitassistancefromothers(asacryingbabymightfromitsmother),thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention.So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress.UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.Bothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareshedinresponsetoemotion.Tearsshedbecauseofexposuretocutonionwouldcontainnosuchsubstance.Researchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansofdiagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity’sTeatAnalysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication(药物),todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybeuncomfortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye”syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDr.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsforcluestothediagnosisofdiseasesawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytinyamountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedanalyses.31.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat________.A)sheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmericanB)cryingmayoftenimitatepeopleorevenresultintragedyC)cryingusuallywinssympathyfromotherpeopleD)onewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeblamed（A）32.Whatdoes“boththoseresponsestotears”(Line5,Para,1)referto?A)Cryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsforhappiness.B)Theembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationoftheobservers.C)Thetearshedder’sapologyandtheobserver’sefforttostopthecrying.D)Linkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionoftears.（C）33.“Counterproductive”(Lines5,Para,1)veryprobablymeans“________”.

134A)havingnoeffectatallB)leadingtotensionC)producingdisastrousimpactD)harmfultohealth（D）34.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcrying?A)Itisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheenvironment.B)Itmusthavearoletoplayinman’ssurvival.C)Itismeanttogetattentionandassistance.D)Itusuallyproducesthedesiredeffect.（B）35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?A)Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.B)Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.C)Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.D)Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears.（A）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itisnosecretamongathletesthatinordertoimproveperformanceyou’vegottoworkhard.However,hardtrainingbreaksyoudownandmakesyouweaker,itisrestthatmakesyoustronger.Improvementonlyoccursduringtherestperiodfollowinghardtraining.Thisadaptationisaccomplishedbyimprovingefficiencyoftheheartandcertainsystemswithinthemusclecells.Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelstocompensateforthestressthatyouhaveapplied.Theresultisthatyouarenowatahigherlevelofperformance.Ifsufficientrestisnotincludedinatrainingprogram,imbalancebetweenexcesstrainingandinadequaterestwilloccur,andperformancewilldecline.The“overtrainingsyndrome(综合症)”isthenamegiventothecollectionofemotional,behavioral,andphysicalsymptomsduetoovertrainingthathaspersistedforweekstomonths.Itismarkedbycumulativeexhaustionthatpersistsevenafterrecoveryperiods.Themostcommonsymptomisfatigue.Thismaylimitworkoutsandmaybepresentatrest.Theathletesmayalsobecomemoody,easilyimitated,havealteredsleeppatterns,becomedepressed,orlosethecompetitivedesireandenthusiasmforthesport.Somewillreportdecreasedappetiteandweightloss.Physicalsymptomsincludepersistentmuscularsoreness,increasedfrequencyofviral(病毒性的)illnesses,andincreasedincidenceofinjuries.Thetreatmentfortheovertrainingsyndromeisrest.Thelongertheovertraininghasoccurred,themorerestrequired,therefore,earlydetectionisveryimportant.Iftheovertraininghasonlyoccurredforashortperiodoftime(e.g.3-4weeks)theninterruptingtrainingfor3-5daysisusuallysufficientrest.Itisimportantthatthefactorsthatleadtoovertrainingbeidentifiedandcorrected.Otherwise,theovertrainingsyndromeislikelytorecur.Theovertrainingsyndromeshouldbeconsideredinanyathletewhomanifestssymptomsofprolongedfatigueandwhoseperformancehasleveledoffordecreased.Itisimportanttoexcludeanyunderlyingillnessthatmayberesponsibleforthefatigue.36.Thefirstparagraphofthepassagetellsusthat________.A)theharderanathletetrains,thebetterhisperformancewillbeB)restaftervigoroustrainingimprovesanathlete’sperformanceC)strictsystematictrainingisessentialtoanathlete’stopperformance

135D)improvementofanathlete’sperformanceoccursinthecourseoftraining（B）37.By“overtraining”theauthormeans________.A)aseriesofphysicalsymptomsthatoccuraftertrainingB)undueemphasisontheimportanceofphysicalexertionC)trainingthatisnotadequatelycompensatedforbyrestD)trainingthathasexceededanathlete’semotionallimits（C）38.Whatdoesthepassagetellusaboutthe“overtraining”syndrome?A)Itoccurswhenathletesloseinterestinsports.B)Itappearsrightafterahardtrainingsession.C)Thefatigueitresultsinisunavoidableintheathlete’strainingprocess.D)Itmanifestsitselfinfatiguewhichlingersevenafterarecoveryperiod.（D）39.Whatdoesthephrase“leveloff”(Line5,Para.4)mostprobablymean?A)Slowdown.B)Becomedull.C)Stopimproving.D)Beonthedecline.（C）40.Theauthoradvisesattheendofthepassagethat________.A)overtrainingsyndromeshouldbetreatedasaseriousillnessB)overtrainingsyndromeshouldbepreventedbeforeitoccursC)anathletewithovertrainingsyndromeshouldtakealengthyrestD)illnesscausingfatigueshouldnotbemistakenforovertrainingsyndrome（D）21.C22.A23.C24.B25.D26.B27.C28.B29.D30.A31.A32.C33.D34.B35.A36.B37.C38.D39.C40.D2003年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Foryears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemextensiveurine(尿).Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollarsyouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.Oratleastthat’stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.WalterWillettandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementswouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whileresearchersworkonfiguringoutwherethetruthlies,itjustmakessensetosaythe

136potentialbenefitoutweighsthecost.Thebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.It’sbeenprovedtolimitthenumberofdefectsinembryos(胚胎),andarecenttrialfoundthatfolateincombinationwithvitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalrepair.ThenewsonvitaminEhasbeenmoremixed.Healthyfolkswhotake400internationalunitsdailyforatleasttwoyearsappearsomewhatlesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.ButwhendoctorsgivevitaminEtopatientswhoalreadyhaveheartdisease,thevitamindoesn’tseemtohelp.ItmayturnoutthatvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionbutcannotundoseriousdamage.DespitevitaminC’sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes(排泄)anyexcess.Themultivitaminsquestionboilsdowntothis:Doyouneedtowaituntilalltheevidenceisinbeforeyoutakethem,orareyouwillingtoacceptthatthere’senoughevidencethattheydon’thurtandcouldhelp?Ifthelatter,there’snoneedtogotoextremesandbuythebiggesthorsepillsorthemostexpensivebottles.Largedosescancausetrouble,includingexcessivebleedingandnervoussystemproblems.Multivitaminsarenosubstituteforexerciseandabalanceddiet,ofcourse.Aslongasyouunderstandthatanypotentialbenefitismodestandsubjecttofurtherrefinement,takingadailymultivitaminmakesalotofsense.21.Atonetimedoctorsdiscouragedtakingmultivitaminsbecausetheybelievedthatmultivitamins________.A)couldnoteasilybeabsorbedbythehumanbodyB)werepotentiallyharmfultopeople’shealthC)weretooexpensivefordailyconsumptionD)couldnotprovideanycureforvitamindeficiencies（A）22.Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements________.A)oftenresultinmisleadingconclusionsB)taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresultsC)shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscaleD)appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources（B）23.IthasbeenfoundthatvitaminE________.A)shouldbetakenbypatientsregularlyandpersistentlyB)caneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofheartdiseaseC)hasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartdiseaseD)shouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyaspossible（C）24.Itcanbeseenthatlargedosesofmultivitamins________.A)maybringaboutserioussideeffectsB)mayhelppreventexcessivebleedingC)arelikelytoinducetheblockageofarteriesD)areadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies（A）25.Theauthorconcludesthepassagewiththeadvicethat________.A)thebenefitofdailymultivitaminintakeoutweighsthatofexerciseandabalanceddietB)it’sriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificfunction

137C)thepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeoverestimatedD)it’sreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsdaily（D）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurge(剧增)ofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverse(反面)ofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriages.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.Coincidentwiththeincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife’sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily’sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily’sfinancialandemotionalstability.Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.Also,amajorpartofwomen’sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinthefamily.Aworkingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.26.Theword“portend”(Line2,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto“________”.A)defyB)signalC)sufferfromD)resultfrom（B）27.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,________.A)menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartnersB)morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurityC)evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriagesD)morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing（D）28.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,________.A)theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartnersB)theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehouseworkC)theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthened

138D)theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage（C）29.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat________.A)theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedomB)theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbandsC)theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectationsD)theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands’loyaltytotheirmarriage（A）30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor’sviewinthepassage?A)Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.B)Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.C)Inordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependent.D)Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.（D）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.FormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists—thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled“humannature.”Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnitedStates,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology(人类学).Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate(天生的)humantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto“humannature”inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.31.Thetraditionalviewof“humannature”wasstronglychallengedby________.A)theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheory

139B)thehistoricalapproachtomanC)newinsightintohumanbehaviorD)thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery（A）32.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings________.A)havesometraitsincommonB)arebornwithdiverseculturesC)arebornwithoutafixednatureD)changetheircharactersastheygrowup（C）33.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinker,inorderto________.A)emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof“humannature”B)showthattheconceptof“humannature”wasusedtojustifysocialevilsC)provethathehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof“humannature”D)supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired（D）34.Theword“untenable”(Line3)inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostprobablymeans________.A)invaluableB)imaginableC)changeableD)indefensible（D）35.Mostphilosophersbelievedthathumannature________.A)isthequalitydistinguishingmanfromotheranimalsB)consistsofcompetitivenessandselfishnessC)issomethingpartlyinnateandpartlyacquiredD)consistsofrationalityandundesirablebehavior（A）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners(从业者).“Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(头盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.At

140WayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor(肿瘤).Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures—operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered—surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”36.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine________.A)willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldB)canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldC)willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldD)canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield（D）37.RichardSatavahasvisionsof________.A)usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseasB)woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldC)woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonsD)settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas（A）38.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?A)Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.B)Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.C)Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothem.D)A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.（C）39.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause________.A)heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreenB)thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglesC)thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedD)heiswearing3-Dglasses（B）40.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey________.A)causelesspaintothewoundedB)allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyC)willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstediousD)aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision（D）21.A22.B23.C24.A25.D26.B27.D28.C29.A30.D31.A32.C33.D34.D35.A36.D37.A38.C39.B40.D

1412004年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay‘abouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adultswhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人轶事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,“Neverwassodullaboy.”Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheirgiftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:“BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach.”Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformityandstubbornness(andYeats’slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.21.Themainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthat________.A)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossibleB)theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents’abilityC)theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudentsD)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgrounds（C）22.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith’steachers________.A)toshowhowpoorOliver’sperformancewasatschoolB)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildrenC)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessfulD)toprovidesupportforhisargument（D）23.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwho________.A)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfully

142B)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclassC)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooftenD)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers（A）24.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess________.A)lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalentB)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathomeC)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents’coachingD)moretotheirparents’encouragementthantoschooltraining（B）25.Therootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthat________.A)theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachersB)schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethemC)theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftroubleD)teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparents（B）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It’shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,it’sbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫机者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That’sbeenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS)(移民归化局)lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentionallyoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness(马虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeiteasiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat’sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncethey’rehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenblockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they’vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyearsbecome

143toofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept,11tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthemillionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation’sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.26.Terroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageof________.A)theirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpointsB)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeignersC)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeopleD)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService（D）27.WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciesto________.A)limitthenumberOfimmigrantstotheU.S.B)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapersC)wardoffterroristsuspectsattheborderD)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisas（C）28.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisas________.A)mightstayonforaslongas[heywishedB)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsC)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportationD)mighthavethemextendedwithouttrouble（A）29.ItisbelievedbymanythatalltheseyearstheINS________.A)hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctionsB)hasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbiesC)hasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation’ssecurityD)hasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminately（C）30.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.Congresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecause________.A)educationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationalsecurityB)resourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcementC)itwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmenD)theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplabor（D）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritime(航海的)history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoes(鱼雷)firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.I’llneverforgetthescreams,”saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermany’sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.

144Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn’tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:“Nobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.”Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:“BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn’thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.”ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry’smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize(使…不得势)theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today’sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey’yenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.31.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?A)ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B)Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.C)Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.D)Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.（B）32.Hundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhen________.A)thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideB)astrongicestormtiltedtheshipC)thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenD)thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats（A）33.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermans________.A)wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB)hadbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitC)wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighborsD)feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarII（D）34.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?A)Bydescribingtheship’ssinkingingreatdetail.B)BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.C)Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.D)Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.（D）35.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthat________.A)theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenation’spastmisdeedsB)GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIIC)theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyD)it-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountries（C）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

145Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It’sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland’slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It’sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat’sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda“freetrialoffer”had30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.They,didn’tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanydeniesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields“transactionandexperience”information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefirms.They’vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Self-regulationdoesn’twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that“allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential.”ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn’t“sell”yourdataatall.Itmerely“shares”itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.36.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople’sprivacy________.A)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBIB)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscirclesC)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSD)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettaping（B）37.Weknowfromthepassagethat________.A)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers’buying

146habits（D）38.Whenthe“freetrial”deadlineisover,you’llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceif________.A)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberB)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodC)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadlineD)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactory（B）39.Businessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecause________.A)itisconsidered“transactionandexperience”informationunprotectedbylawB)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicC)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulationD)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicy（A）40.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.A)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)“freetrial”practicewilleventuallybebannedC)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedD)consumers’privacywillcontinuetobeinvaded（D）21.C22.D23.A24.B25.B26.D27.C28.A29.C30.D31.B32.A33.D34.D35.C36.B37.D38.B39.A40.D2005年1月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Throughoutthenation’smorethan15,000schooldistricts,widelydifferingapproachestoteachingscienceandmathhaveemerged.Thoughtherecanbestrengthindiversity,anewinternationalanalysissuggeststhatthisvariabilityhasinsteadcontributedtolackluster(平淡的)achievementscoresbyU.S.childrenrelativetotheirpeersinotherdevelopedcountries.Indeed,concludesWilliamH.SchmidtofMichiganStateUniversity,wholedthenewanalysis,“nosingleintellectuallycoherentvisiondominatesU.S.educationalpracticeinmathorscience.”Thereason,hesaid,“isbecausethesystemisdeeplyandfundamentallyflawed.”Thenewanalysis,releasedthisweekbytheNationalScienceFoundationinArlington,Va.,isbasedondatacollectedfromabout50nationsaspartoftheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.NotonlydoapproachestoteachingscienceandmathvaryamongindividualU.S.communities,thereportfinds,butthereappearstobelittlestrategicfocuswithinaschooldistrict’scurricula,itstextbooks,oritsteachers’activities.Thiscontrastssharplywiththecoordinatednationalprogramsofmostothercountries.

147Onaverage,U.S.studentsstudymoretopicswithinscienceandmaththantheirinternationalcounterpartsdo.Thiscreatesaneducationalenvironmentthat“isamilewideandaninchdeep,”Schmidtnotes.Forinstance,eighthgradersintheUnitedStatescoverabout33topicsinmathversusjust19inJapan.Amongsciencecourses,theinternationalgapisevenwider.U.S.curriculaforthisagelevelresemblethoseofasmallgroupofcountriesincludingAustralia,Thailand,Iceland,andBulgaria.SchmidtaskswhethertheUnitedStateswantstobeclassedwiththesenations,whoseeducationalsystems“shareourpatternofsplintered(支离破碎的)visions”butwhicharenoteconomicleaders.Thenewreport“couldn’tcomeatabettertime,”saysGeraldWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationinArlington.“ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsprovidethatfocusedvision,”includingthecall“todoless,butingreaterdepth.”Implementingthenewsciencestandardsandtheirmathcounterpartswillbethechallenge,heandSchmidtagree,becausethedecentralizedresponsibilityforeducationintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatanyreformsbetailoredandinstitutedonecommunityatatime.Infact,Schmidtargues,reformssuchastheseproposednationalstandards“faceanalmostimpossibletask,becauseeventhoughtheyareintellectuallycoherent,eachbecomesonlyonemorevoiceinthebabble(嘈杂声).”21.Accordingtothepassage,theteachingofscienceandmathinAmericais________.A)losingitsvitalitygraduallyB)characterizedbyitsdiversityC)goingdownhillinrecentyearsD)focusedontappingstudents’potential（B）22.ThefundamentalflawofAmericanschooleducationisthat________.A)itattachestoomuchimportancetointensivestudyofschoolsubjectsB)itreliesheavilyontheinitiativeofindividualteachersC)itsetsaverylowacademicstandardforstudentsD)itlacksacoordinatednationalprogram（D）23.BysayingthattheU.S.educationalenvironmentis“amilewideandaninchdeep”(Line2,Para.5),theauthormeansU.S.educationalpractice________.A)scratchesthesurfaceofawiderangeoftopicsB)laysstressonqualityattheexpenseofquantityC)encourageslearningbothindepthandinscopeD)offersanenvironmentforcomprehensiveeducation（A）24.ThenewNationalScienceEducationStandardsaregoodnewsinthattheywill________.A)solvemostoftheproblemsinschoolteachingB)providedepthtoschoolscienceeducationC)quicklydominateU.S.educationalpracticeD)beabletomeetthedemandsofthecommunity（B）25.Puttingthenewscienceandmathstandardsintopracticewillprovedifficultbecause________.A)manyschoolteacherschallengetheacceptabilityofthesestandardsB)thereisalwayscontroversyineducationalcirclesC)notenougheducatorshaverealizedthenecessityfordoingso

148D)schooldistrictsareresponsibleformakingtheirowndecisions（D）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ihadanexperiencesomeyearsagowhichtaughtmesomethingaboutthewaysinwhichpeoplemakeabadsituationworsebyblamingthemselves.OneJanuary,Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfortwoelderlywomeninmycommunity.Bothhaddied“fullofyears,”astheBiblewouldsay;bothyieldedtothenormalwearingoutofthebodyafteralongandfulllife.Theirhomeshappenedtobeneareachother,soIpaidcondolence(吊唁)callsonthetwofamiliesonthesameafternoon.Atthefirsthome,thesonofthedeceased(已故的)womansaidtome,“IfonlyIhadsentmymothertoFloridaandgottenheroutofthiscoldandsnow,shewouldbealivetoday.It’smyfaultthatshedied.”Atthesecondhome,thesonoftheotherdeceasedwomansaid,“IfonlyIhadn’tinsistedonmymother’sgoingtoFlorida,shewouldbealivetoday.Thatlongairplaneride,theabruptchangeofclimate,wasmorethanshecouldtake.It’smyfaultthatshe’sdead.”Whenthingsdon’tturnoutaswewouldlikethemto,itisverytemptingtoassumethathadwedonethingsdifferently,thestorywouldhavehadahappierending.Priestsknowthatanytimethereisadeath,thesurvivorswillfeelguilty.Becausethecourseofactiontheytookturnedoutbadly,theybelievethattheoppositecourse-keepingMotherathome,postponingtheoperation—wouldhaveturnedoutbetter.Afterall,howcouldithaveturnedoutanyworse?Thereseemtobetwoelementsinvolvedinourreadinesstofeelguilt.Thefirstisourpressingneedtobelievethattheworldmakessense,thatthereisacauseforeveryeffectandareasonforeverythingthathappens.Thatleadsustofindpatternsandconnectionsbothwheretheyreallyexistandwheretheyexistonlyinourminds.Thesecondelementisthenotionthatwearethecauseofwhathappens,especiallythebadthingsthathappen.Itseemstobeashortstepfrombelievingthateveryeventhasacausetobelievingthateverydisasterisourfault.Therootsofthisfeelingmaylieinourchildhood.Psychologistsspeakoftheinfantilemythofomnipotence(万能).Ababycomestothinkthattheworldexiststomeethisneeds,andthathemakeseverythinghappeninit.Hewakesupinthemorningandsummonstherestoftheworldtoitstasks.Hecries,andsomeonecomestoattendtohim.Whenheishungry,peoplefeedhim,andwhenheiswet,peoplechangehim.Veryoften,wedonotcompletelyoutgrowthatinfantilenotionthatourwishescausethingstohappen.26.Whatissaidaboutthetwodeceasedelderlywomen?A)Theylivedoutanaturallife.B)Theydiedduetolackofcarebyfamilymembers.C)Theydiedofexhaustionafterthelongplaneride.D)Theyweren’taccustomedtothechangeinweather.（A）27.Theauthorhadtoconductthetwowomen’sfuneralsprobablybecause________.A)hehadgreatsympathyforthedeceasedB)hewantedtoconsolethetwofamiliesC)hewaspriestofthelocalchurchD)hewasanofficialfromthecommunity（C）28.Peoplefeelguiltyforthedeathsoftheirlovedonesbecause________.A)theybelievethattheywereresponsibleB)theyhadneglectedthenaturalcourseofevents

149C)theycouldn’tfindabetterwaytoexpresstheirgriefD)theydidn’tknowthingsoftenturnoutintheoppositedirection（A）29.Inthecontextofthepassage,“...theworldmakessense”(Line2,Para,4)probablymeansthat________.A)wehavetobesensibleinordertounderstandtheworldB)everythingintheworldispredeterminedC)there’sanexplanationforeverythingintheworldD)theworldcanbeinterpretedindifferentways（C）30.Peoplehavebeenmadetobelievesinceinfancythat________.A)everystoryshouldhaveahappyendingB)theirwishesarethecauseofeverythingthathappensC)lifeanddeathisanunsolvedmysteryD)everybodyisattheircommand（B）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“I’venevermetahumanworthcloning,”sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromhislabatTexasA&MUniversity.“It’sastupidendeavor.”That’saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteamhavenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocowsandexpecttocloneacatsoon.TheyjustmightsucceedincloningMissythisspring—orperhapsnotforanother5years.Itseemsthereproductivesystemofman’sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.Westhusin’sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimupsetbyallthistalkofhumancloning.InthreeyearsofworkontheMissyproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofdog’seggs,theA&Mteamhasproducedonlyadozenorsoembryos(胚胎)carryingMissy’sDNA.Nonehavesurvivedthetransfertoasurrogate(代孕的)mother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetuses(胎)maybeacceptablewhenyou’redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans.“Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,”hesays.Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin’sphonehasbeenringingwithpeoplecallinginhopesofduplicatingtheircatsanddogs,cattleandhorses.“Alotofpeoplewanttoclonepets,especiallyifthepriceisright,”saysWesthusin.CostisnoobstacleforMissy’smysteriousbillionaireowner;he’sputup$3.7millionsofartofundA&M’sresearch.Contrarytosomemediareports,Missyisnotdead.TheownerwantsatwintocarryonMissy’sfinequalitiesaftershedoesdie.Theprototypeis,byallaccounts,athletic,good-naturedandsupersmart.Missy’smasterdoesnotexpectanexactcopyofher.Heknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.Inastatementofpurpose,Missy’sownerandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare“bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonesdifferfromMissy.”Besidescloningagreatdog,theprojectmaycontributeinsightintotheoldquestionofnaturevs,nurture.Itcouldalsoleadtothecloningofspecialrescuedogsandmanyendangeredanimals.However,Westhusiniscautiousabouthiswork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogpregnant,theoffspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems~“Whywouldyoueverwanttoclonehumans,Westhusinasks,“whenwe’renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?”

15031.By“stupidendeavor”(Line2,Para.1),Westhusinmeanstosaythat________.A)humancloningisafoolishundertakingB)animalcloningisabsolutelyimpracticalC)humancloningshouldbedoneselectivelyD)animalcloningisnotworththeeffortatall（A）32.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin’sdogcloningproject?A)Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.B)Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.C)Itisprogressingsmoothly.D)Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.（D）33.BycloningMissy,MarkWesthusinhopesto________.A)examinethereproductivesystemofthedogspeciesB)findoutthedifferencesbetweenMissyanditsclonesC)searchforwaystomodify.itstemperamentD)studythepossibilityofcloninghumans（B）34.Welearnfromthepassagethatanimalclonesarelikelytohave________.A)anabnormalshapeB)abadtemperC)defectiveorgansD)immunedeficiency（C）35.Itcanbeseenthatpresentcloningtechniques________.A)provideinsightintothequestionofnaturevs,nurtureB)havebeenwidelyusedinsavingendangeredspeciesC)haveprovedquiteadequateforthecloningofhumansD)stillhavealongwaytogobeforereachingmaturity（D）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.FrustratedwithdelaysinSacramento,BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion’sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.ASanJosecouncilwomanandaSanFranciscosupervisorsaidtheywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly.TheyareamongagrowingnumberofCaliforniacitiesandcountiesthathaveexpressedthesameintention.Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.Anestimated6milliontelevisionsandcomputersarestockedinCaliforniahomes,andanadditional6,000to7,000computersbecomeoutdatedeveryday.Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills(垃圾填埋场).LegislationbySenatorByronSherwouldrequireconsumerstopayarecyclingfeeofupto$30oneverynewmachinecontainingacathode(阴极)raytube.Usedinalmostallvideomonitorsandtelevisions,thosedevicescontainfourtoeightpoundsofleadeach.Thefeeswouldgotowardsettinguprecyclingprograms,providinggrantstonon-profitagenciesthatreusethetubesandrewardingmanufacturersthatencouragerecycling.AseparatebillbyLosAngeles-areaSenatorGloriaRomerowouldrequirehigh-tech

151manufacturerstodevelopprogramstorecycleso-callede-waste.Ifpassed,themeasureswouldputCaliforniaattheforefrontofnationaleffortstomanagetherefuseoftheelectronicage.Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronicsAssociation,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.“Whatreallyneedstooccurisconsumereducation.Mostconsumersareunawarethey’renotsupposedtothrowcomputersinthetrash,”saidRoxanneGould,vicepresidentofgovernmentrelationsfortheelectronicsassociation.Computerrecyclingshouldbealocaleffortandpartofresidentialwastecollectionprograms,sheadded.Recyclingelectronicwasteisadangerousandspecializedmatter,andenvironmentalistsmaintainthestatemustsupportrecyclingeffortsandensurethatthejobisn’tcontractedtounscrupulous(毫无顾忌的)junkdealerswhosendthetoxicpartsoverseas.“Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina,”saidTedSmith,directoroftheSiliconValleyToxicsCoalition.HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher’sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.36.WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal?A)Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.B)LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.C)Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.D)Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.（C）37.ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern________.A)thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestateB)regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfillsC)thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrashD)thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountries（A）38.Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause________.A)thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernmentB)somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhereC)unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofitD)theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstances（D）39.High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill________.A)hesitatetoupgradetheircomputersB)abandononlineshoppingC)buythemfromotherstatesD)stronglyprotestagainstsuchacharge（C）40.WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia’selectronicwastehasbeen________.A)dumpedintolocallandfillsB)exportedtoforeigncountriesC)collectedbynon-profitagenciesD)recycledbycomputermanufacturers（B）21.B22.D23.A24.B25.D

15226.A27.C28.A29.C30.B31.A32.D33.B34.C35.D36.C37.A38.D39.C40.B2005年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn’tharmrainforest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfarming.ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom“blackcarbon”—theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred(烧成炭的)woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfarming.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil,“saysGlaser.Unburntvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure(粪肥).”Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrainforestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfarmers.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpottery(陶器)confirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.

15311.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat________.A)itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherainforestB)itdestroysrainforestsoilsC)ithelpsimproverainforestsoilsD)itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrainforestsoils（B）12.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause________.A)thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstableB)blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrainsC)organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrainD)long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth（C）13.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby________.A)studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazonB)examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizationsC)test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazonD)radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils（A）14.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrainforests?A)Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.B)Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.C)Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.D)Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.（D）15.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat________.A)humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorainforestsB)AmazonrainforestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworldC)farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrainforestsD)thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrainforests（D）PassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimatelyalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemplations,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkforcehavegreatlywreakedhavocon(扰乱)Europeans’privatelives.Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy(精通技术的)workershaveembracedafreemarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,

154makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”OnlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”16.MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsinglebecause________.A)theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseofindividualismB)theyhaveenteredtheworkforceatamuchearlierageC)theyhaveembracedabusinesscultureofstabilityD)theyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicfuture（A）17.WhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyinthepassage?A)Ithasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallfamilies.B)ItisgettingclosertoAmerican-stylecapitalism.C)Ithaslimitedconsumerchoicedespiteafreemarket.D)Itisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleprivatization.（B）18.AccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsinglesare________.A)warmandlightheartedB)oneithersideofmarriageC)negativeandgloomyD)healthyandwealthy（D）19.TheauthorquotesEppendorftoshowthat________.A)somemodernwomenpreferalifeofindividualfreedomB)thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-dayEuropeC)someprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeellonelyD)mostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasunacceptable（A）20.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A)Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.B)Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.C)Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.D)Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.（C）PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershe

155testifiedtotheNewZealandgovernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganisations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.ButInghamstandsbyhercommentsandsaysthecomplaintsareanattempttosilenceher.“They’retryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,”InghamtoldNewScientist.Thecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand’sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyplantsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatplants,alloftheplantsdiedwithinaweek.“Wewouldloseterrestrial(陆生的)plants...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothecontinuedsurvivalofhumanbeings,”shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof“presentinginaccurate,carelessandexaggeratedinformation”and“generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界末日的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable”.Theysaythatherstudydoesn’tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofplants.What’smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham’sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA’sbio-pesticides(生物杀虫剂)division,says“thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest”theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It’salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilenceher.“Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn’tbeharassedinthisway,”saysAnnClarke,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission.“It’sanattempttosilencetheopposition.”21.Thepassagecentersonthecontroversy________.A)betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticmodificationB)astowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbecontinuedC)overthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonplantsD)aboutwhetherElaineInghamshouldbefiredbyheruniversity（C）22.Inghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbasedon________.A)evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedStatesB)theresultsofanexperimentsheconductedherselfC)evidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermanbiologistsD)theresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,Oregon（B）23.AccordingtoJanetAnderson,theEPA________.

156A)hascancelleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMorganismB)hasn’treviewedthefindingsofIngham’sresearchC)hasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMorganismD)hasn’tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMorganism（B）24.AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork________.A)shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham’sclaimsB)shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulatedC)shouldn’tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviewsD)shouldn’tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway（C）25.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?A)Hertestimonyhasn’tbeensupportedbytheEPA.B)Hercredibilityasascientisthasn’tbeenundermined.C)Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.D)ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.（A）PassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Everyfall,likeclockwork,LindaKrentzofBeaverton,Oregon,feltherbraingoonstrike.“Ijustcouldn’tgetgoinginthemorning,”shesays.“I’dgetdepressedandgain10poundseverywinterandlosethemagaininthespring.”Thenshereadaboutseasonalaffectivedisorder,aformofdepressionthatoccursinfallandwinter,andshesawthelight-literally.Everymorningnowsheturnsonaspeciallyconstructedlightboxforhalfanhourandsitsinfrontofittotrickherbrainintothinkingit’sstillenjoyingthoselongsummerdays.Itseemstowork.Krentzisnotalone.Scientistsestimatethat10millionAmericanssufferfromseasonaldepressionand25millionmoredevelopmilderversions.Butthere’sneverbeendefinitiveproofthattreatmentwithverybrightlightsmakesadifference.Afterall,it’shardtodoadouble-blindtestwhenthesubjectscanseeforthemselveswhetherornotthelightison.That’swhynobodyhaseverseparatedtherealeffectsoflighttherapyfromplacebo(安慰剂)effects.Untilnow.Inthreeseparatestudiespublishedlastmonth,researchersreportnotonlythatlighttherapyworksbetterthanaplacebobutthattreatmentisusuallymoreeffectiveintheearlymorningthanintheevening.Intwoofthegroups,theplaceboproblemwasresolvedbytellingpatientstheywerecomparinglightboxestoanewanti-depressantdevicethatemitsnegativelychargedions(离子).Thethirdusedthetimingoflighttherapyasthecontrol.Whydoeslighttherapywork?Noonereallyknows.“Ourresearchsuggestsithassomethingtodowithshiftingthebody’sinternalclock,”sayspsychiatristDr.Lewey.Thebodyisprogrammedtostartthedaywithsunrise,heexplains,andthisgetslaterasthedaysgetshorter.Butwhysuchsubtleshiftsmakesomepeopledepressedandnotothersisamystery.Thathasn’tstoppedthousandsofwinterdepressivesfromtryingtohealthemselves.Lightboxesforthatpurposeareavailablewithoutadoctor’sprescription.ThatbotherspsychologistMichaelTermanofColumbiaUniversity.Heisworriedthattheboxesmaybetriedbypatientswhosufferfrommentalillnessthatcan’tbetreatedwithlight.Termanhasdevelopedaquestionnairetohelpdeterminewhetherexpertcareisneeded.Inanyevent,youshouldchooseareputablemanufacturer.Whateverproductyouuseshouldemitonlyvisiblelight,becauseultravioletlightdamagestheeyes.Ifyouarephotosensitive(对光敏感的),youmaydeveloparash.Otherwise,themaindrawbackishavingtositinfrontofthelightfor

15730to60minutesinthemorning.That’saninconveniencemanywinterdepressivescanlivewith.26.WhatistheprobablecauseofKrentz’sproblem?A)Anunexpectedgaininbodyweight.B)Unexplainedimpairmentofhernervoussystem.C)Weakeningofhereyesightwiththesettinginofwinter.D)Pooradjustmentofherbodyclocktoseasonalchanges.（D）27.BysayingthatLindaKrentzsawthelight”(Line4,Para.1),theauthormeansthatshe________.A)learnedhowtoloseweightB)realizedwhatherproblemwasC)cametoseetheimportanceoflightD)becamelight-heartedandcheerful（B）28.WhatistheCURRENTviewconcerningthetreatmentofseasonaldepressionwithbrightlights?A)Itseffectremainstobeseen.B)Itservesasakindofplacebo.C)Itprovestobeaneffectivetherapy.D)Ithardlyproducesanyeffects.（C）29.WhatispsychologistMichaelTerman’smajorconcern?A)Winterdepressiveswillbeaddictedtousinglightboxes.B)Nomentalpatientswouldbothertoconsultpsychiatrists.C)Inferiorlightboxeswillemitharmfulultravioletlights.D)Lighttherapycouldbemisusedbycertainmentalpatients.（D）30.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Winterdepressivespreferlighttherapyinspiteofitsinconvenience.B)Lighttherapyincreasesthepatient’sphotosensitivity.C)Eyedamageisasideeffectoflighttherapy.D)Lightboxescanbeprogrammedtocorrespondtoshiftsinthebodyclock.（A）11.B12.C13.A14.D15.D16.A17.B18.D19.A20.C21.C22.B23.B24.C25.A26.D27.B28.C29.D30.A2005年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageoneToomanyvulnerablechild-freeadultsarebeingruthlessly(无情的)manipulatedintoparent-hoodbytheirparents,whothinkthathappinessamongolderpeopledependsonhavingagrand-childtospoil.Weneedanorganizationtohelpbeatdownthepersistentcampaignsofgrandchildless

158parents.It’stimetoestablishPlannedGrandparenthood,whichwouldhavemanyglobalandlocalbenefits.Partofitsmissionwouldbetopromotetherisksandrealitiesassociatedwithbeingagrandparent.Thestaffwouldincludedepressedgrandparentswhowouldexplainhowgrandkidsbreaklamps,bite,screamandkick.Otherswoulddetailhowanhourofbaby-sittingoftenturnsintoacryingmarathon.Moregrandparentswouldtestifythattheyhadtopayfortheirgrandchild’sexpensivecollegeeducation.Plannedgrandparenthood’scarefullywrittenliteraturewoulddetailallthejoysoflifegrand-child-freeacalmlivingroom,extramoneyforluxuriesduringthegoldenyears,etc.Potentialgrandparentswouldberemindedthat,withoutgrandchildrenaround,it’spossibletohaveaconversationwithyourkids,who—incidentally—wouldhavemoretimefortheirownparents.Meanwhile,mostchildrenarevulnerabletotheenormousinfluenceexertedbygrandchildlessparentsaimingtopersuadetheirkidstoproducechildren.Theywilltakeacallfromapersistentparent,evenifthey’reloadedwithworks.Inaddition,someparentsmakehandsomemoneyofferspayableuponthegrandchild’sbirth.Sometimesthesegiftsnotonlycoverexpensesassociatedwiththeinfant’sbirth,butextras,too,likeavacation.Inanycase,cashgiftscanweakentheresolveofeventhenoblestperson.AtPlannedGrandparenthood,childrentargetedbytheirparentstoreproducecouldobtainnon-biasedinformationabouttheinsanityofhavingtheirownkids.Thecatastrophicpsychologicalandeconomiccostsofchildbearingwouldbeemphasized.Thesymptomsofmorningsicknesswouldbelistedandhorrorsofchildbirthpictured.Amonthlynewsletterwouldcontainstoriesaboutoverwhelmedparentsandofferguidanceonhowchildlessadultscanrespondtothedifferentlobbyingtacticsthatwould-begrandparentsemploy.WhenIthinkaboutalltheproblemsofouroverpopulatedworldandlookatourboygrabbingatthelampbythesofa,IwishIcouldhaveturnedtoPlannedGrandparenthoodwhenmyparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme.IfIcouldhave,Imightnotbeinthisparenthoodpredicament(窘境).Buthere’sthecrazyirony,Idon’twantmychild-freelifeback.Dylan’stoomuchfun.21.What’sthepurposeoftheproposedorganizationPlannedGrandparenthood?A)Toencouragechildlesscouplestohavechildren.B)Toprovidefacilitiesandservicesforgrandchildlessparents.C)Tooffercounselingtopeopleonhowtoraisegrandchildren.D)Todiscouragepeoplefrominsistingonhavinggrandchildren.（D）22.PlannedGrandparenthoodwouldincludedepressedgrandparentsonitsstaffinorderto________.A)showthemthejoysoflifegrandparentsmayhaveinraisinggrandchildrenB)drawattentiontothetroublesanddifficultiesgrandchildrenmaycauseC)sharetheirexperienceinraisinggrandchildreninamorescientificwayD)helpraisefundstocoverthehighexpenseofeducationforgrandchildren（B）23.Accordingtothepassage,somecouplesmayeventuallychoosetohavechildrenbecause________.A)theyfindithardtoresistthecarrot-and-stickapproachoftheirparentsB)theyhavelearnfromotherparentsaboutthejoysofhavingchildrenC)theyfeelmoreandmorelonelyadtheygrowolder

159D)theyhavefounditirrationaltoremainchildless（A）24.Bysaying“...myparentswereputtingthegrandchildsqueezeonme”(Line2-3,Para.6),theauthormeansthat________.A)herparentskeptpressuringhertohaveachildB)herparentslikedtohaveagrandchildintheirarmsC)herparentsaskedhertosavefortheexpensesofraisingachildD)herparentskeptblamingherforherchild’sbadbehavior（A）25.Whatdoestheauthorreallyoftheideaofhavingchildren?A)Itdoesmoreharmthangood.B)Itcontributestooverpopulation.C)Itistroublesomebutrewarding.D)Itisapsychologicalcatastrophe.（C）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericansinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote.“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfettered(无拘无束的)andunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself...Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil(干苦力活)，starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.Ournationalmythology(神化)isfullofillustrationtheAmericansuccessstory.There’sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillioneveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.26.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?A)Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.B)Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.

160C)Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.D)Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.（D）27.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Line10,Para.1),theauthormeans________.A)themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnsB)laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryC)aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystepD)acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardwork（A）28.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho________.A)succeedinrealestateinvestmentB)earnedenormousfortunesbychancesC)becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoorD)becamefamousdespitetheirmodestorigins（C）29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat________.A)businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriageB)AmericanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifeC)goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccessD)successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildren（B）30.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?A)TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.B)Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.C)TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.D)WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.（D）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryandmanufacture.Mostgovernment,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureonscientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehabroughtinthepastandwillbringinthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvotersofthesplendidmachines‘ourscientists’haveinvented,thenewdrugstorelieveoldailments(病痛),andthenewsurgicalequipmentandtechniquesbywhichpreviouslyintractable(难治疗的)conditionsmaynowbetreatedandlivessaved.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto‘economicsneeds’,thattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare‘nearthemarket’andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,onpoliticiansformuchoftheirfunding,scientistshavelittlechoicebuttocomply.Liketherestofus,theyaremembersofasocietythatratesthecreationofwealthasthegreatestpossiblegood.Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasaclimatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.Insuchcircumstancesnooneshouldbetoohardonpeoplewhoaresuspiciousofconflictsofinterest.Whenwelearnthatthedistinguishedprofessorassuringusofthesafetyofaparticularproductholdsaconsultancywiththecompanymakingit,wecannotbeblamedforwonderingwhetherhisfeemightconceivablycloudhisprofessionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemanystilldistrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwith

161thosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomehisresearchfunding.Thisattitudecanhavedamagingeffects.Itquestionstheintegrityofindividualsworkinginaprofessionthatprizesintellectualhonestyasthesupremevirtue,andplaysintothehandsofthosewhowouldliketodiscreditscientistsbyrepresentingthenavenal(可以收买的).Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas‘experts’.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstandthesafetyofanuclearreactor,forexample,isanuclearengineerdeclaresthatareactorisunsafe,webelievehim,becauseclearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehemaywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.31.Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?A)Supportfromthevotes.B)Thereductionofpublicexpenditure.C)Quickeconomicsreturns.D)Thebudgetforaresearchproject.（B）32.Scientisthavetoadapttheirresearchto‘economicneeds’inorderto________.A)impressthepublicwiththeirachievementsB)pursueknowledgeforknowledge’ssakeC)obtainfundingfromthegovernmentD)translateknowledgeintowealth（C）33.Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?A)Theythinktheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.B)Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionstothemselves.C)Theyknowittakespatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.D)Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.（A）34.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause________.A)theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobewrongB)sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfundingC)someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonestyD)theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned（D）35.Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?A)Itmakesthingsdifficultforscientistsseekingresearchfunds.B)Peoplewouldnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.C)Itmaydampentheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.D)Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.（B）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inmanyways,today’sbusinessenvironmenthaschangedqualitativelysincethelate1980s.TheendoftheColdWarradicallyalteredtheverynatureoftheworld’spoliticsandeconomics.Injustafewshortyears,globalizationhasstartedavarietyoftrendswithprofoundconsequences:theopeningofmarkets,trueglobalcompetition,widespreadderegulation(解除政府对…的控制)ofindustry,andanabundanceofaccessiblecapital.Wehaveexperiencedboththebenefitsandrisksofatrulyglobaleconomy,withbothWallStreetandMainStreet(平民百姓)feelingthepainsofeconomicdisorderhalfaworldaway.

162Atthesametime,wehavefullyenteredtheInformationAge,Startingbreakthroughsininformationtechnologyhaveirreversiblyalteredtheabilitytoconductbusinessunconstrainedbythetraditionallimitationsoftimeorspace.Today,it’salmostimpossibletoimagineaworldwithoutintranets,e-mail,andportablecomputers.Withstunningspeed,theInternetisprofoundlychangingthewaywework,shop,dobusiness,andcommunicate.Asaconsequence,wehavetrulyenteredthePost-Industrialeconomy.Wearerapidlyshiftingfromaneconomybasedonmanufacturingandcommoditiestoonethatplacesthegreatestvalueoninformation,services,support,anddistribution.Thatshift,inturn,placeanunprecedentedpremiumon“knowledgeworkers,”anewclassofwealthy,educated,andmobilepeoplewhoviewthemselvesasfreeagentsinaseller’smarket.Beyondtherealmofinformationtechnology,theacceleratedpaceoftechnologicalchangeinvirtuallyeveryindustryhascreatedentirelynewbusiness,wipedoutothers,andproducedaPervasive(广泛的)demandforcontinuousinnovation.Newproduct,process,anddistributiontechnologiesprovidepowerfulleversforcreatingcompetitivevalue.Morecompaniesarelearningtheimportanceofdestructivetechnologies—innovationsthatholdthepotentialtomakeaproductline,orevenanentirebusinesssegment,virtuallyoutdated.Anothermajortrendhasbeenthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets.There’sagrowingappreciationthatsuperficiallysimilargroupsofcustomersmayhaveverydifferentpreferencesintermsofwhattheywanttobuyandhowtheywanttobuyit.Now,newtechnologymakesiteasier,faster,andcheapertoidentifyandservetargetedmicro-marketsinwaysthatwerephysicallyimpossibleorprohibitivelyexpensiveinthepast.Moreover,thetrendfeedsonitself,abusiness’sabilitytoservesub-marketsfuelscustomers’appetitesformoreandmorespecializedofferings.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thechancesinthebusinessenvironmentinthepastdecadescanbeattributedto________.A)technologicaladvancesB)worldwideeconomicdisorderC)thefiercecompetitioninindustryD)theglobalizationofeconomy（D）37.whatideadoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthesecondparagraph?A)Therapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhastakenbusinessmenbysurprise.B)Informationtechnologyhasremovedtherestrictionsoftimeandspaceinbusinesstransactions.C)TheInternet,intranets,e-mail,andportablecomputershavepenetratedeverycorneroftheworld.D)Thewaywedobusinesstodayhasbroughtaboutstartlingbreakthroughsininformationtechnology.（B）38.IfabusinesswantstothriveinthePost-Industrialeconomy,________.A)ithastoinvestmorecapitalinthetrainingoffreeagentstooperateinaseller’smarketB)itshouldtryitsbesttosatisfytheincreasingdemandsofmobileknowledgeablepeopleC)itshouldnotoverlooktheimportanceofinformation,services,support,anddistributionD)ithastoprovideeachofitsemployeeswiththelatestinformationaboutthechangingmarket（C）39.Intheauthor’sview,destructivetechnologiesareinnovationswhich________.A)caneliminateanentirebusinesssegmentB)demandaradicalchangeinprovidingservices

163C)maydestroythepotentialofacompanytomakeanyprofitD)callforcontinuousimprovementinwaysofdoingbusiness（A）40.Withthefragmentationofconsumerandbusinessmarkets________.A)anincreasingnumberofcompanieshavedisintegratedB)manufacturersmustfocusononespecialproducttoremaincompetitiveinthemarketC)itisphysicallyimpossibleandprohibitivelyexpensivetodobusinessintheoldwayD)businesseshavetomeetindividualcustomers’specificneedsinordertosucceed（D）21.D22.B23.A24.A25.C26.D27.A28.C29.B30.D31.B32.C33.A34.D35.B36.D37.B38.C39.A40.D2006年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Therearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies,Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat’swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted“biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors”asallplayingtheirparts.Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontributetoviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.Thetroublecomeswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality(因果关系).SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:“Atthistime,wellover1,000studies...pointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren.”Freedom-of-speechadvocatesaccusedthesocietiesofcateringtopoliticians,andevendisputedthenumberofstudies(mostwerereviewarticlesandessays,theysaid).WhenJonathanFreedman,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofToronto,reviewedtheliterature,hefoundonly200orsostudiesoftelevision-watchingandaggression.Andwhenheweededout“themostdoubtfulmeasuresofaggression”,only28%supportedaconnection.Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread‘aggressive’or‘non-aggressive’wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?TheintentofthenewHarvardCenteronMediaandChildHealthtocollectandstandardizestudiesofmedia

164violenceinordertocomparetheirmethodologies,assumptionsandconclusionsisanimportantstepintherightdirection.Anotherappropriatestepwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.21.Whyistheresomuchviolenceshowninmovies,TVandvideogames?A)Thereisalotofviolenceintherealworldtoday.B)Somethinghasgonewrongwithtoday’ssociety.C)Manypeoplearefondofgunplayandbloodshed.D)Showingviolenceisthoughttobeentertaining.（D）22.Whatistheskeptics(Line3.Para.3)viewofmediaviolence?A)Violenceontelevisionisafairlyaccuratereflectionofreal-worldlife.B)Moststudiesexaggeratetheeffectofmediaviolenceontheviewers.C)Acausalrelationshipexistsbetweenmediaandreal-worldviolence.D)Theinfluenceofmediaviolenceonchildrenhasbeenunderestimated.（B）23.Theauthorusestheterm“alarmists”(Line1.Para.5)torefertothosewho________.A)usestandardizedmeasurementsinthestudiesofmediaviolenceB)initiatedthedebateovertheinfluenceofviolentmediaonrealityC)assertadirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandaggressivebehaviorD)useappropriatemethodologyinexaminingaggressivebehavior（C）24.Inrefutingthealarmists,theauthoradvanceshisargumentbyfirstchallenging________.A)thesourceandamountoftheirdataB)thetargetsoftheirobservationC)theirsystemofmeasurementD)theirdefinitionofviolence（D）25.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedebateconcerningtherelationshipbetweenthemediaandviolence?A)Morestudiesshouldbeconductedbeforeconclusionsaredrawn.B)Itshouldcometoanendsincethematterhasnowbeensettled.C)Thepaststudiesinthisfieldhaveprovedtobemisleading.D)Hemorethanagreeswiththeviewsheldbythealarmists.（A）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.You’reintroubleifyouhavetobuyyourownbrand-nameprescriptiondrugs.Overthepastdecade,pricesleapedbymorethandoubletheinflationrate.Treatmentsforchronicconditionscaneasilytop$2,000amonth-nowonderthatoneinfourAmericanscan’saffordtofilltheirprescriptions.Thesolution?Aheartychorusof“OCanada.”Northoftheborder,wherepricecontrolsreign,thosesamebrand-namedrugscost50%to80%less.TheCanadianoptionisfastbecomingapoliticalwake-upcall,“Ifourneighborscanbuydrugsatreasonableprices,whycan’twe?Eventowhisperthatthoughtprovokesanger.“Un-American!”And-thepropagandists’trumpcard(王牌)—“Wreckourbrillianthealth-caresystem.”Supersiz

165edrugprices,theyclaim,fundtheresearchthatsparksthenextgenerationofwonderdrugs.Nosky-highdrugpricetoday,nocureforcancertomorrow.Soshutupandpayup.Commonsensetellsyouthat’safalsealternative.Therewardforfinding,say,acancercureissohugethatnoone’sgoingtohangitup.Nevertheless,ifCanada-levelpricingcametotheUnitedStates,theindustry’sprofitmarginswoulddropandthepaceofnew-drugdevelopmentwouldslow.HereliestheAmericandilemma.Whoisallthissplendidmedicinefor?Shouldourhealth-caresystemcontinueitsdrivetowardthebestofthebest,eventhoughrisingnumbersofpatientscan’taffordit?Orshouldwedirectourwealthtowardlettingeveryoneinontoday’slevelofcare?Measuredbysavedlives,thelatterisalmostcertainlythebettercourse.Todefendtheirprofits,thedrugcompanieshavewarnedCanadianwholesalersandpharmacies(药房)nottoselltoAmericansbymail,andarecuttingbacksuppliestothosewhodare.Meanwhile,theadministrationisplayingthefearcard.OfficialsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationwillarguethatCanadiandrugsmightbefake,mishandled,orevenapotentialthreattolife.DobaddrugsflyaroundtheInternet?Sure-andthemorewelook,themorewe’llfind,ButIhaven’theardofanyragingepidemicsamongthehundredsofthousandsofpeoplebuyingcrossborder.Mostusersofprescriptiondrugsdon’tworryaboutcostsalot.They’reshelteredbyemployeeinsurance,owingjusta$20co-pay.Thefinancialblowsrain,instead,ontheuninsured,especiallythechronicallyillwhoneedexpensivedrugstolive,Thisgroupwillstillincludemiddle-incomeseniorsonMedicare,who’llhavetodigdeeplyintotheirpocketsbeforegettingmuchfromthenewdrugbenefitthatstartsin2006.26.WhatissaidabouttheconsequenceoftherocketingdrugpricesintheU.S.?A)AquarterofAmericanscan’taffordtheirprescriptiondrugs.B)ManyAmericanscan’taffordtoseeadoctorwhentheyfallill.C)ManyAmericanshavetogotoCanadatogetmedicaltreatment.D)Theinflationratehasbeenmorethandoubledovertheyears.（A）27.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericacanfollowtheCanadianmodelandcurbitssoaringdrugpricesby________.A)encouragingpeopletobuyprescriptiondrugsonlineB)extendingmedicalinsurancetoallitscitizensC)importinglow-priceprescriptiondrugsfromCanadaD)exercisingpricecontrolonbrand-namedrugs（D）28.HowdopropagandistsarguefortheU.S.drugpricingpolicy?A)LowpriceswillaffectthequalityofmedicinesinAmerica.B)Highpricesareessentialtofundingresearchonnewdrugs.C)Lowpriceswillbringabouttheangerofdrugmanufacturers.D)High-pricedrugsareindispensableincuringchronicdiseases.（B）29.WhatshouldbethepriorityofAmerica’shealth-caresystemaccordingtotheauthor?A)Toresolvethedilemmainthehealth-caresystem.B)TomaintainAmerica’sleadinthedrugindustry.C)Toallowthevastmajoritytoenjoyitsbenefits.D)Toquickenthepaceofnewdrugdevelopment.（C）30.WhatareAmericandrugcompaniesdoingtoprotecttheirhighprofits?

166A)LabelingdrugsboughtfromCanadaasbeingfakes.B)Threateningtocutbackfundingfornewdrugresearch.C)ReducingsuppliestouncooperativeCanadianpharmacies.D)AttributingtheragingepidemicstotheineffectivenessofCanadiandrugs.（C）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AgehasitsprivilegesinAmerica.Andoneofthemoreprominentofthemistheseniorcitizendiscount.Anyonewhohasreachedacertainage—insomecasesaslowas55—isautomaticallyentitledtoadazzlingarrayofpricereductionsatnearlyeverylevelofcommerciallife.Eligibilityisdeterminednotbyone’sneedbutbythedateonone’sbirthcertificate.Practicallyunheardofagenerationago,thediscountshavebecomearoutinepartofmanybusinesses—ascommonascolortelevisionsinmotelroomsandfreecoffeeonairliners.Peoplewithgrayhairoftenaregiventhediscountswithoutevenaskingforthem；yet,millionsofAmericansaboveage60arehealthyandsolvent(有支付能力的).Businessesthatwouldneverdareofferdiscountstocollegestudentsoranyoneunder30freelyofferthemtoolderAmericans.Thepracticeisacceptablebecauseofthewidespreadbeliefthat“elderly”and“needy”aresynonymous(同义的).Perhapsthatoncewastrue,buttodayelderlyAmericansasagrouphavealowerpovertyratethantherestofthepopulation.Tobesure,thereiseconomicdiversitywithintheelderly,andmanyolderAmericansarepoor,Butmostofthemaren’t.Itisimpossibletodeterminetheimpactofthediscountsonindividualcompanies.Formanyfirms,theyareastimulustorevenue.Butinothercasesthediscountsaregivenattheexpense,directlyorindirectly,ofyoungerAmericans.Moreover,theyareadirectirritantinwhatsomepoliticiansandscholarsseeasacomingconflictbetweenthegenerations.GenerationaltensionsarebeingfueledbycontinuingdebateoverSocialSecuritybenefits,whichmostlyinvolvesatransferofresourcesfromtheyoungtotheold.Employmentisanothersorepoint,Buoyed(支持)bylawsandcourtdecisions,moreandmoreolderAmericansaredecliningtheretirementdinnerinfavorofstayingonthejob-therebylesseningemploymentandpromotionopportunitiesforyoungerworkers.Farfromakindofcharitytheyoncewere,seniorcitizendiscountshavebecomeaformidableeconomicprivilegetoagroupwithmillionsofmemberswhodon’tneedthem.Itnolongermakessensetotreattheelderlyasasinglegroupwhoseeconomicneedsdeservepriorityoverthoseofothers.Seniorcitizendiscountsonlyenhancethemyththatolderpeoplecan’ttakecareofthemselvesandneedspecialtreatment；andtheythreatenthecreationofanewmyth,thattheelderlyareungratefulandtakingforthemselvesattheexpenseofchildrenandotheragegroups.SeniorcitizendiscountsaretheessenceoftheverythingolderAmericansarefightingagainst-discriminationbyage.31.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.A)offeringseniorcitizensdiscountshasbecomeroutinecommercialpracticeB)seniorcitizendiscountshaveenabledmanyoldpeopletoliveadecentlifeC)givingseniorcitizensdiscountshasboostedthemarketfortheelderlyD)seniorcitizenshavetoshowtheirbirthcertificatestogetadiscount（A）32.Whatassumptionliesbehindthepracticeofseniorcitizendiscounts?A)Businesses,havingmadealotofprofits,shoulddosomethingforsocietyinreturn.B)Oldpeopleareentitledtospecialtreatmentforthecontributiontheymadetosociety.

167C)Theelderly,beingfinanciallyunderprivileged,needhumanehelpfromsociety.D)SeniorcitizendiscountscanmakeupfortheinadequacyoftheSocialSecuritysystem.（C）33.Accordingtosomepoliticiansandscholars,seniorcitizendiscountswill________.A)makeoldpeopleevenmoredependentonsocietyB)intensifyconflictsbetweentheyoungandtheoldC)haveadversefinancialimpactonbusinesscompaniesD)bringamarkedincreaseinthecompaniesrevenues（B）34.HowdoestheauthorviewtheSocialSecuritysystem?A)Itencourageselderlypeopletoretireintime.B)Itopensupbroadcareerprospectsforyoungpeople.C)Itbenefitstheoldattheexpenseoftheyoung.D)Itshouldbereinforcedbylawsandcourtdecisions.（C）35.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’smainargument?A)Seniorcitizensshouldfighthardagainstagediscrimination.B)Theelderlyareselfishandtakingseniordiscountsforgranted.C)Priorityshouldbegiventotheeconomicneedsofseniorcitizens.D)Seniorcitizendiscountsmaywellbeatypeofagediscrimination.（D）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.In1854mygreat-grandfather,MorrisMarable,wassoldonanauctionblockinGeorgiafor$500.Forhiswhiteslavemaster,thesalewasjust“businessasusual.”ButtoMorrisMarableandhisheirs,slaverywasacrimeagainstourhumanity.ThispatternofhumanrightsviolationsagainstenslavedAfrican-Americanscontinuedunderracialsegregationfornearlyanothercentury.ThefundamentalproblemofAmericandemocracyinthe21stcenturyistheproblemof“structuralracism”thedeeppatternsofsocio-economicinequalityandaccumulateddisadvantagethatarecodedbyrace,andconstantlyjustifiedinpublicspeechesbybothraciststereotypesandwhiteindifference.DoAmericanshavethecapacityandvisiontoremovethesestructuralbarriersthatdenydemocraticrightsandopportunitiestomillionsoftheirfellowcitizens?Thiscountryhaspreviouslywitnessedtwogreatstrugglestoachieveatrulymulticulturaldemocracy.TheFirstReconstruction(1865-1877)endedslaveryandbrieflygaveblackmenvotingrights,butgavenomeaningfulcompensationfortwocenturiesofunpaidlabor.Thepromiseof“40acresandamule(骡子)”wasformostblacksadreamdeferred(尚未实现的).TheSecondReconstruction(1954-1968),orthemoderncivilrightsmovement,endedlegalsegregationinpublicaccommodationsandgaveblacksvotingrights.ButthesesuccessesparadoxicallyobscurethetremendoushumancostsofhistoricallyaccumulateddisadvantagethatremaincentraltoblackAmericans’lives.Thedisproportionatewealththatmostwhitesenjoytodaywasfirstconstructedfromcenturiesofunpaidblacklabor.Manywhiteinstitutions,includingsomeleadinguniversities,insurancecompaniesandbanks,profitedfromslavery.Thispatternofwhiteprivilegeandblackinequalitycontinuestoday.Demandingreparations(赔偿)isnotjustaboutcompensationforslaveryandsegregation.Itis,moreimportant,aneducationalcampaigntohighlightthecontemporaryrealityof“racialdeficits”ofallkinds,theunequalconditionsthatimpactblacksregardlessofclass.Structuralracism’s

168barriersinclude“equityinequity.”theabsenceofblackcapitalformationthatisadirectconsequenceofAmerica’shistory.Onethirdofallblackhouseholdsactuallyhavenegativenetwealth.In1998thetypicalblackfamily’snetwealthwas$16,400,lessthanonefifththatofwhitefamilies.Blackfamiliesaredeniedhomeloansattwicetherateofwhites.Blacksremainthelasthiredandfirstfiredduringrecessions.Duringthe1990-91recession,African-Americanssuffereddisproportionately.AtCoca-Cola,42percentofemployeeswholosttheirjobswereblacks.AtSears,54percentwereblack,Blackshavesignificantlyshorterlifespans,inpartduetoracisminthehealthestablishment.Blacksarestatisticallylesslikelythanwhitestobereferredforkidneytransplantsorearly-stagecancersurgery.36.Totheauthor,theauctionofhisgreat-grandfatherisatypicalexampleof________.A)crimeagainsthumanityB)unfairbusinesstransactionC)racialconflictsinGeorgiaD)racialsegregationinAmerica（A）37.Thebarriertodemocracyin21stcenturyAmericais________.A)widespreaduseofraciststereotypesB)prejudiceagainstminoritygroupsC)deep-rootedsocio-economicinequalityD)denialoflegalrightstoordinaryblacks（C）38.WhatproblemremainsunsolvedinthetwoReconstructions?A)Differencesbetweenracesaredeliberatelyobscured.B)Theblacksarenotcompensatedfortheirunpaidlabor.C)Thereisnoguaranteeforblackstoexercisetheirrights.D)Theinterestsofblacksarenotprotectedbylaw.（B）39.Itisclearthatthewealthenjoyedbymostwhites________.A)hasresultedfrombusinesssuccessesovertheyearsB)hasbeenaccompaniedbyblackcapitalformationC)hasderivedfromsizableinvestmentsineducationD)hasbeenaccumulatedfromgenerationsofslavery（D）40.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthecurrentsituationregardingracialdiscrimination?A)Racismisnotamajorobstacletoblacks’employment.B)Inequalityofmanykindsremainsvirtuallyuntouched.C)Amajorstephasbeentakentowardsreparations.D)Littlehasbeendonetoensureblacks’civilrights.（B）21.D22.B23.C24.D25.A26.A27.D28.B29.C30.C31.A32.C33.B34.C35.D36.A37.C38.B39.D40.B

1692006年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Eachsummer,nomatterhowpressingmyworkschedule,Itakeoffonedayexclusivelyformyson.Wecallitdad-sonday.Thisyearourthirdstopwastheamusementpark,wherebediscoveredthathewastallenoughtorideoneofthefastestrollercoasters(过山车)intheworld.Weblastedthroughface-stretchingturnsandloopsforninetyseconds.Then,aswesteppedofftheride,beshruggedand,inadistressinglycalmvoice,remarkedthatitwasnotasexcitingasotherrideshe’dbeenon.AsIlistened,Ibegantosensesomethingseriouslyoutofbalance.Throughouttheseason,Inoticedsimilareventsallaroundme.Parentsseemedhardpressedtofindnewthrillsforindifferentkids.Surroundedbyever-greaterstimulation,theiryoungfaceswerelookingdisappointedandbored.Facingtheirchildren’scomplaintsof“nothingtodo“,parentswereshellingoutlargenumbersofdollarsforvariousformsofentertainment.Inmanycasesthemoneyseemedtodolittlemorethanbuytransientrelieffromtheterriblemoansoftheirboredchildren.Thissetmeponderingtheobviousquestion:“Howcanitbesohardforkidstofindsomethingtodowhenthere’sneverbeensucharangeofstimulatingentertainmentavailabletothem?”Whatreallyworriesmeistheintensityofthestimulation.Iwatchmylittledaughter’sfaceassheabsorbsthepowerfulonslaught(冲击)ofarousingvisualsandbloodyspecialeffectsinmovies.Whydochildrenimmersedinthismuchexcitementseemstarvedformore?Thatwas,Irealized,thepoint.Idiscoveredduringmyownrecklessadolescencethatwhatcreatesexcitementisnotgoingfast,butgoingfaster.Thrillshavelesstodowithspeedthanchangesinspeed.I’mconcernedaboutthecumulativeeffectofyearsattheselevelsoffeverishactivity.Itisnomysterytomewhymanyteenagersappearapathetic(麻木的)andburnedout,witha“beenthere,donethat”airofindifferencetowardmuchoflife.Asincreasingnumbersoffriends’childrenareprescribedmedications-stimulantstodealwithinattentivenessatschooloranti-depressantstohelpwiththelossofinterestandjoyintheirlives-Iquestiontheroleofkids’boredominsomeofthediagnoses.Myownworkisfocusedonthechemicalimbalancesandbiologicalfactorsrelatedtobehavioralandemotionaldisorders.Thesearecomplexproblems.YetI’vebeenreflectingmoreandmoreonhowthepaceoflifeandtheintensityofstimulationmaybecontributingtotherisingratesofpsychiatricproblemsamongchildrenandadolescentsinoursociety.21.Theauthortellsurprisedintheamusementparkatfactthat________.A)hissonwasnotasthrilledbytherollercoastersrideasexpectedB)hissonblastedthroughtheturnsandloopswithhisfacestretchedC)hissonappeareddistressedbutcalmwhileridingtherollercoastersD)hissoncouldkeephisbalancesowellonthefastmovingrollercoasters（A）22.Accordingtotheauthor,childrenarebored________.A)unlesstheirparentscanfindnewthrillsforthemB)whentheydon’thaveanyaccesstostimulatingfungamesC)whentheyareleftaloneatweekendsbytheirworkingparentsD)eveniftheyareexposedtomoreandmorekindsofentertainment（D）23.Fromhisownexperience,theauthorcametotheconclusionthatchildrenseemtoexpect

170________.A)amuchwidervarietyofsportsfacilitiesB)activitiesthatrequiresophisticatedskillsC)ever-changingthrillingformsofrecreationD)physicalexercisesthataremorechallenging（C）24.InPara6theauthorexpresseshisdoubtabouttheeffectivenessoftryingtochangechildren’sindifferencetowardmuchoflifeby________.A)divertingtheirinterestfromelectronicvisualgamesB)prescribingmedicationsfortheirtemporaryreliefC)creatingmorestimulatingactivitiesforthemD)spendingmoremoneyontheirentertainment（B）25.Inordertoalleviatechildren’sboredom,theauthorwouldprobablysuggest________.A)adjustingthepaceoflifeandintensityofstimulationB)promotingthepracticeofdad-sondaysC)consultingaspecialistinchildpsychologyD)balancingschoolworkwithextracurricularactivities（A）PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itusedtobethatpeoplewereproudtoworkforthesamecompanyforthewholeoftheirworkinglives.They’dgetagoldwatchattheendoftheirproductiveyearsandadinnerfeaturingspeechesbytheirbossespraisingtheirloyalty.Buttoday’srichcapitalistshaveregressed(倒退)tothe“survivalofthefittest”ideasandtheirloyaltyextendsnottotheirworkersoreventotheirstockholdersbutonlytothemselves.Insteadofgivingoutgoldwatchesworthahundredorsodollarsforfortyorsoyearsofword,theygrabtensandevenhundredsofmillionsofdollarsastheysellfortheirownprofitthecompanytheymayhavebeenwithforonlyafewyears.Thenewrichselfishlyactontheirowntounfairlygrabthewealththatthecountryasawholehasproduced.Thetop1percentofthepopulationnowhaswealthequaltothewholebottom95percentandtheywantmore.Theirselfishnessismostshamelesslyexpressedindownsizingandoutsourcing(将产品包给分公司做)becausethesebusinessmaneuversdon’tacttocreatednewjobsasthefounderofnewindustriesusedtodo,butonlyoutjobswhilekeepingthemoneyvalueofwhatthosejobsproducedforthemselves.Tokeepthemoneymachineworkingsmoothlytherichhaveboughtallthepoliticiansfromthetopdown.ThepresidenthimselfisconstantlyleavingWashingtonandthebusinessatthenationbecauseheissummonedto“fundraisingdinners”wherefatcatspayathousandorsodollarsaplatetowormtheirwayintogovernmentnotthroughservicebutthroughdonationsofvastamountsofmoney.Onceontheinsidetheyhavebothpoliticalpartiesbusilytearingupalltheregulationsthatprotecttherestofusfromthegreedoftherich.Themiddleclassusedtobeloyaltothefreeenterprisesystem.Inthepast,thepeopleofthemiddleclassmostlythoughtthey’dberichthemselvessomedayorhaveagoodshotatbecomingrich.Butnowadaysincomeisbeingdistributedmoreandmoreunevenlyandcorporateloyaltyisathingofthepast.Themiddleclassmayalsowakeuptoforgetitsloyaltytotheso-calledfreeenterprisesystemaltogetherandthegovernmentwhichgovernsonlytherestofuswhilelettingthecorporationsdowhattheypleasewithourjobs.Asthingsstand,ifsomebodydoesn’twakeup,themiddleclassisonapathtobeingdownsizedallthewaytothebottomofsociety.

17126.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleusedtoplaceahighvalueon________.A)jobsecurityB)bosses’praiseC)corporateloyaltyD)retirementbenefits（C）27.Theauthorisstronglycriticaloftoday’srichcapitalistsfor________.A)notgivingnecessaryassistancetolaid-offworkersB)maximizingtheirprofitsattheexpenseofworkersC)notsettinguplong-termgoalsfortheircompaniesD)rewardingonlythosewhoareconsideredthefittest（B）28.Theimmediateconsequenceofthenewcapitalists’practiceis________.A)lossofcorporatereputationB)lowerpayfortheemployeesC)ahigherrateofunemploymentD)adeclineinbusinesstransactions（C）29.Therichtrytoswaythepolicyofthegovernmentby________.A)occupyingimportantpositionsinbothpoliticalpartiesB)makingmonetarycontributionstodecision-makersC)pleasingthepublicwithgenerousdonationsD)constantlyhostingfundraisingdinners（B）30.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)tocallonthemiddleclasstoremainloyaltothefreeenterprisesystemB)towarnthegovernmentoftheshrinkingoftheAmericanmiddleclassC)topersuadethegovernmenttochangeitscurrenteconomicpoliciesD)tourgethemiddleclasstowakeupandprotecttheirowninterests（D）PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.IntelchairmanAndyGrovehasdecidedtocuttheGordianknotofcontroversysurroundingstemcellresearchbysimplywritingacheck.Thecheck,whichhepledgedlastweek,couldbeforasmuchas55million,dependingonhowmanydonorsmakegiftsofbetween550,000and5,500,000,whichhehaspromisedtomatch.ItwillbemadeouttotheUniversityofCalifornia-SanFrancisco(UCSF).Thanksinparttosuchprivatedonations,universityresearchintousesforhumanstemcells—thecellsattheearlieststagesofdevelopmentthatcanformanybodypart—willcontinueinCalifornia.Withprivatefinancialsupport,thestatewillbelesslikelytolosetalentedscientistswhowouldbetemptedtoleavethefieldorevenleavethecountryasresearchdependentonfederalmoneyslowstoglacial(极其缓慢的)pace.HinderedbylimitsPresidentBushplacedonstemcellresearchayearage,scientistsareturningtolaboratoriesthatcancarryoutworkwithoutusingfederalmoney.Thisisawkwardforuniversities,whichmustspendextramoneybuildingseparatelabsandkeepingrigorcotsrecordsprovingnofederalfundswereinvolved.Grove’sdonation,afirststeptowarda$20milliontargetatUCSF,willeasetheburden.Thepresident’sdecisionayearagotoallowresearchonalreadyexistingstemcelllineswas

172portrayedasareasonablecompromisebetweenscientists’needsforcellstoworkwith,andconcernsthatthiskindofresearchcouldleadtowholesalecreationanddestructionofhumanembryos(胚胎),clonedinfantsandageneralcontemptforhumanlife.ButBush’sefforttopleasebothsidesendeduppleasingneither.Anditcertainlydidn’tprovidethebasisforcuttingedgeresearch.Ofthe78existingstemcelllineswhichBushsaidareallthatsciencewouldeverneed,onlyoneisinthiscountry(attheUniversityofWisconsin)andonlyfivearereadyfordistributiontoresearchers.Allweregrowninconjunctionwithmousecells,makingfuturetherapeutic(治疗的)usesunlikely.TheBushadministrationseemsbentonsatisfyingthesmallbutvocalgroupofAmericanswhoopposestemcellresearchunderanyconditions.Fortunately,GroveandothersaremoreinterestedinadvancingscientificresearchthatcouldbenefitthelargenumberofAmericanswhosufferfromParkinson’sdisease,nerveinjuries,heartdiseasesandmanyotherproblems.31.WhenAndyGrovedecidedtocuttheGordianknot,hemeatto________.A)putanendtostemcellresearchB)endIntel’srelationswithGordianC)settlethedisputeonstemcellresearchquicklyD)expelGordianfromstemcellresearchforgood（C）32.ForUCSFtocarryonstemcellresearch,newfundshavetocomefrom________.A)interestedbusinessesandindividualsB)theUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentC)afoundationsetupbytheIntelCompanyD)executivesofleadingAmericancompanies（A）33.AsaresultofthelimitBustplacedonstemcellresearch.Americanuniversitieswill________.A)conducttheresearchinlaboratoriesoverseasB)abandontheresearchaltogetherinthenearfutureC)havetocarryouttheresearchsecretlyD)havetoraisemoneytobuildseparatelabs（D）34.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatfuturetherapeuticusesofstemcellswillbeunlikelyunless________.A)humanstemcellsareusedintheresearchB)alotmoreprivatedonationscanbesecuredC)morefederalmoneyisusedfortheresearchD)talentedscientistsareinvolvedintheresearch（A）35.ThereasonlyingbehindPresidentBush’splacinglimitsonstemcellresearchisthat________.A)hisadministrationisfinanciallypinchedB)hedidnotwanttooffenditsopponentsC)itamountstoacontemptforhumanlifeD)itdidnotpromiseanytherapeuticvalue（B）PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thislooksliketheyearthathard-pressedtenantsinCaliforniawillrelief-notjustinthemarketplace,wheretentshaveeased,butfromthestatecapitalSacramento.

173Twosignificanttenantreformsstandagoodchanceofpassage.Onebill,whichwillgivemoretimetotenantsbeingevicted(逐出),willsoonbeheadingtothegovernor’sdesk.Theother,protectingsecuritydeposits,facesavoteintheSenateonMonday.Formorethanacentury,landlordsinCaliforniahavebeenabletoforcetenantsoutwithonly30days’notice.ThatwillnowdoubleunderSB1403,whichgotthroughtheAssemblyrecently.Thenewprotectionwillapplyonlytorenterswhohavebeeninanapartmentforatleastayear.Even60daysinatighthousingmarketwon’tbelongenoughforsomefamiliestofindanapartmentnearwheretheirkidsgotoschool.ButiswillbeanimprovementincitieslikeSanJose,whererentersrightsgroupschargethatunscrupulous(不择手段的)landlordshavekickedouttenantsonshortnoticetoputuptents.TheCaliforniaLandlordsAssociationarguedthatlandlordsshouldn’thavetowait60daystogetridofproblemtenants.ButthebillgainedsupportwhenaJapaneserealestateinvestorsentout30-dayevictionnoticesto550familiesrentinghomesinSacramentoandSantaRosa.ThelandlordslobbyeventuallydroppeditsoppositionandinsteadturneditsforcesagainstAB2330,regardingsecuritydeposits.SponsoredbyAssemblywomanCaroleMigdenofSanFrancisco,thebillwouldestablishaprocedureandatimetablefortenantstogetbacksecuritydeposits.Somelandlordsviewsecuritydepositsasafreemonth’srent,theirsforthetaking.Inmostcases,though,therearehonestdisputesoverdamages-whatconstitutesordinarywearandtearAB2330wouldgiveatenanttherighttorequestawalk-throughwiththelandlordandtomaketherepairsbeforemovingout;reputablelandlordsalreadydothis.Itwouldincreasethepenaltyforfailingtoreturnadeposit.Theoriginalbillwouldhaverequiredthelandlordtopayinterestonthedeposit.Thelandlordslobbyprotestedthatitwouldinvolvetoomuchpaperworkovertoolittlemoney-lessthan$10ayearona$1,000deposit,atcurrentrates.OnWednesday,thesponsordroppedtheinterestsectiontoincreasethechanceofpassage.Eveninitsamendedform,AB2330is,likeSB1403,vitallyimportantfortenantsandshouldbemadestatelaw.36.WelearnfromthepassagethatSB1403willbenefit________.A)long-termrealestateinvestorsB)short-termtenantsinSacramentoC)landlordsintheStateofCaliforniaD)tenantsrentingahouseoverayear（D）37.A60-daynoticebeforeevictionmaynotbeearlyenoughforrentersbecause________.A)movinghouseissomethingdifficulttoarrangeB)appropriatehousingmaynotbereadilyavailableC)moretimeisneededfortheirkids’schoolregistrationD)thefurnishingofthenewhouseoftentakesalongtime（B）38.Veryoftenlandlordsdon’treturntenants’depositsonthepretextthat________.A)theirrenthasnotbeenpaidintimeB)therehasbeenordinarywearandtearC)tenantshavedonedamagetothehouseD)the30-daynoticeformovingoutisover（C）39.WhydidthesponsoroftheAB2330billfinallygiveinontheinterestsection?

174A)Toputanendtoalengthyargument.B)Tourgelandlordstolobbyforitspassage.C)Tocutdowntheheavypaperworkforitseasypassage.D)TomakeiteasierfortheStateAssemblytopassthebill.（D）40.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat________.A)bothbillsarelikelytobemadestatelawsB)neitherbillwillpassthroughtheAssemblyC)AB2330standsabetterchanceofpassageD)SacramentoandSanJosesupportSB1403（A）21.A22.D23.C24.B25.A26.C27.B28.C29.B30.D31.C32.A33.D34.A35.B36.D37.B38.C39.D40.A2005年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案(A)PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse.“Ananimalthatcan’tdetectdangercan’tstayalive,”saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神经元)deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃核).LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalereceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdaleappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey’reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,“ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear.”Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worry.That’snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell.“Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,”hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere’sarightwaytoworry.“Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan.”Hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe’refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.

175Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit’sbeendifficulttogetfactabouthowweshouldrespond.That’swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro(抗炭疽菌的药物)andbuyinggasmasks.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”(Line2,Para.1)refersto“________”.A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolvesB)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdangerC)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecisionD)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation（B）53.FromthestudiesconductedbyLeDouxwelearnthat________.A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictableB)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistressC)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingoffearD)theamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger（D）54.Fromthepassageweknowthat________.A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperlyB)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecessionC)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedangerD)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents（A）55.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?A)Askforhelpfromthepeoplearoundyou.B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.（D）56.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas________.A)ridiculousB)understandableC)over-cautiousD)sensible（B）PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AmitaiEtzioniisnotsurprisedbythelatestheadingsaboutschemingcorporatecrooks(骗子).AsavisitingprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolin1989,heendedhisworktheredisgustedwithhisstudents’overwhelminglostformoney.“They’retaughtthatprofitisallthatmatters,”hesays.“Manyschoolsdon’tevenofferethics(伦理学)coursesatall.”Etzioniexpressedhisfrustrationabouttheinterestsofhisgraduatestudents.“Byandlarge,IclearlyhadnotfoundawaytohelpclassesfullofMBAsseethatthereismoretolifethanmoney,power,fameandself-interest.”Hewroteatthetime.Todayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthese“business-leaders-to-be.”“IreallylikeIfailedthem,”hesays.“IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.”EtzioniwasarespectedethicsexpertwhenhearrivedatHarvard.Hehopedhisworkattheuniversitywouldgivehiminsightintohowquestionsofmoralitycouldbeappliedtoplaceswhereself-interestflourished.Whathefoundwasn’tencouraging.Thosewouldbeexecutiveshad,says

176Etzioni,littleinterestinconceptsofethicsandmoralityintheboardroom—andtheirprofessorwasmetwithblankstareswhenheurgedhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.EtzioniseestheexperienceatHarvardasaneye-openingoneandsaysthere’smuchaboutbusinessschoolsthathe’dliketochange.“Alotofthefacultyteachingbusinessarebadnewsthemselves,”Etzionisays.Fromofferingclassesthatteachstudentshowtolegallymanipulatecontracts,toreinforcingthenotionofprofitovercommunityinterests,Etzionihasseenalotthat’slefthimshakinghishead.Andbecauseofwhathe’sseentaughtinbusinessschools,he’snotsurprisedbythelatestrashofcorporatescandals.“Inmanywaysthingshavegotalotworseatbusinessschools,Isuspect,”saysEtzioni.Etzioniisstillteachingthesociologyofrightandwrongandstillcallingforethicalbusinessleadership.“Peoplewithpoormotiveswillalwaysexist.”Hesays.“Sometimesenvironmentsconstrainthosepeopleandsometimesenvironmentsgivethosepeopleopportunity.”Etzionisaystheboomingeconomyofthelastdecadeenabledthoseindividualswithpoormotivestogetrichbeforegettingintrouble.Hishopenow:thatthecriesforreformwillprovidemorefertilesoilforhislong-standingmessagesaboutbusinessethics.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.WhatimpressedAmitaiEtzionimostaboutHarvardMBAstudents?A)Theirkeeninterestinbusinesscourses.B)Theirintensedesireformoney.C)Theirtacticsformakingprofits.D)Theirpotentialtobecomebusinessleaders.（B）58.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisay“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem”(Line4,Para.2)?A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.B)Hedidn’tteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.D)Hedidn’toffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness-leaders-to-be.（C）59.Mostwould-beexecutivesattheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievedthat________.A)questionsofmoralitywereofutmostimportanceinbusinessaffairsB)self-interestshouldnotbethetoppriorityinbusinessdealingsC)newanddifferentprinciplesshouldbetaughtatbusinessschoolsD)therewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings（D）60.InEtzioni’sview,thelatestrashofcorporatescandalscouldbeattributedto________.A)thetendencyinbusinessschoolstostressself-interestoverbusinessethicsB)theexecutives’lackofknowledgeinlegallymanipulatingcontractsC)theincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernbusinessworldD)themoralcorruptionofbusinessschoolgraduates（A）61.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.A)thecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethicsB)businessmenwithpoormotiveswillgaintheupperhandC)businessethicscoursesshouldbetaughtinallbusinessschoolsD)reforminbusinessmanagementcontributestoeconomicgrowth（A）

1772007年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.

178C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.（B）53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety（D）54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.（A）55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.（D）56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.（C）PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhen

179playinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow（B）58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.（B）59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.（D）60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress（A）61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday（C）52.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness?53.D)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety54.A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

18055.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs56.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints57.B)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapan58.B)Theyusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticform59.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval60.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelations61.C)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsociety2007年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingerminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤杂工)plentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked—cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently.Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduatedschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinordertogetwhattheywant,IthinkI’lltakethemtodinnerfirst,andseehowtheytreatsomeonewhoseonlyjobistoservethem.

18152.Theauthorwasdisappointedtofindthat_______.[A]one’spositionisusedasagaugetomeasureone’sintelligence[B]talentedpeoplelikehershouldfailtogetarespectablejob[C]one’soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasaperson[D]professionalstendtolookdownuponmanualworkers53.Whatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytheexampleinthesecondparagraph?[A]Somecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservethem.[B]Peopleabsorbedinaphoneconversationtendtobeabsent-minded.[C]Waitressesareoftentreatedbycustomersascasualacquaintances.[D]Somecustomersliketomakeloudcomplaintsfornoreasonatall.54.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenwaitingtablesattheageof19?[A]Shefeltitunfairtobetreatedasamereservantbyprofessional.[B]Shefeltbadlyhurtwhenhercustomersregardedherasapeon.[C]Shewasembarrassedeachtimehercustomersjokedwithher.[D]Shefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasinferior.55.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“…manyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant”(Lines3-4,Para.7)?[A]Thosewhocatertoothers’needsaredestinedtobelookeddownupon.[B]Thoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn’tbetreatedasservants.[C]Thoseservingothershavetoputupwithroughtreatmenttoearnaliving.[D]Themajorityofcustomerstendtolookonaservantasservernowadays.56.Theauthorsaysshe’llonedaytakeherclientstodinnerinorderto________.[A]seewhatkindofpersontheyare[B]experiencethefeelingofbeingserved[C]showhergenerositytowardspeopleinferiortoher[D]arousetheirsympathyforpeoplelivingahumblelifePassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.What’shotfor2007amongtheveryrich?A$7.3milliondiamondring.AtriptoTanzaniatohuntwildanimals.Oh,andincomeinequality.Sure,someleftishbillionaireslikeGeorgeSoroshavebeenrailingagainstincomeinequalityforyears.Butincreasingly,centristandright-wingbillionairesarestaringtoworryaboutincomeinequalityandthefateofthemiddleclass.InDecember,MortimerZuckermanwroteacolumninU.S.News&WorldReport,whichheowns.“ournation’scorebargainwiththemiddleclassisdisintegrating,”lamented(哀叹)the117th-richestmaninAmerica.“Mostofoureconomicgainshavegonetopeopleattheverytopoftheincomeladder.Averageincomeforahouseholdofpeopleofworkingage,bycontrast,hasfallenfiveyearsinaraw.”Henotedthat“TensofmillionsofAmericansliveinfearthatamajorhealthproblemcanreducethemtobankruptcy.”WilburRossJr.hasechoedZuckerman’sangeroverthebitterstrugglesfacedbymiddle-classAmericans.“It’sanoutragethatanyAmerican’slifeexpectancyshouldbeshortenedsimplybecausethecompanytheyworkedforwentbankruptandendedhealth-carecoverage,”saidtheformerchairmanoftheInternationalSteelGroup.What’shappening?TheveryricharejustastrendyasyouandI,andcanbesowhenit

182comestopoliticsandpolicy.GiventherecentchangeofcontrolinCongress,thepopularityofmeasureslikeincreasingtheminimumwage,andeffortsbyCalifornia’sgovernortoofferuniversalhealthcare,theseguysdon’tneedtheirownpersonalweathermentoknowwhichwaythewindblows.It’spossiblethatplutocrats(有钱有势的人)areexpressingsolidaritywiththestrugglingmiddleclassaspartofanefforttoinsulatethemselvesfromconfiscatory(没收性的)taxpolicies.Buttheprospectthatincomeinequalitywillleadtohighertaxesonthewealthydoesn’tkeepplutocratsupatnight.Theycanlivewiththat.No,whattheyfearwasthatthepoliticalchallengesofsustainingsupportforglobaleconomicintegrationwillbemoredifficultintheUnitedStatesbecauseofwhathashappenedtothedistributionofincomeandeconomicinsecurity.Inotherwords,ifmiddle-classAmericanscontinuetostrugglefinanciallyastheultrawealthygroweverwealthier,itwillbeincreasinglydifficulttomaintainpoliticalsupportforthefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalacrossborders.AndwhentheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods,it’slikelytoencouragereciprocalactionabroad.Forpeoplewhobuyandsellcompanies,orwhoallocatecapitaltomarketsallaroundtheworld,that’stherealnightmare.57.WhatisthecurrenttopicofcommoninterestamongtheveryrichinAmerica?[A]Thefateoftheultrawealthypeople.[B]Thedisintegrationofthemiddleclass.[C]Theinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.[D]Theconflictbetweentheleftandtherightwing.58.WhatdowelearnfromMortimerZuckerman’slamentation?[A]Manymiddle-incomefamilieshavefailedtomakeabargainforbetterwelfare.[B]TheAmericaneconomicsystemhascausedcompaniestogobankrupt.[C]TheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth.[D]ThemajorityofAmericansbenefitlittlefromthenation’sgrowingwealth.59.Fromthefifthparagraphwecanlearnthat________.[A]theveryricharefashion-conscious[B]theveryricharepoliticallysensitive[C]universalhealthcareistobeimplementedthroughoutAmerica[D]Congresshasgainedpopularitybyincreasingtheminimumwage60.Whatistherealreasonforplutocratstoexpresssolidaritywiththemiddleclass?[A]Theywanttoprotectthemselvesfromconfiscatorytaxation.[B]Theyknowthatthemiddleclasscontributesmosttosociety.[C]Theywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomicintegration.[D]Theyfeelincreasinglythreatenedbyeconomicinsecurity.61.WhatmayhappeniftheUnitedStatesplacesobstaclesinthewayofforeigninvestorsandforeigngoods?[A]Thepricesofimportedgoodswillinevitablysoarbeyondcontrol.[B]Theinvestorswillhavetomakegreateffortstore-allocatecapital.[C]Thewealthywillattempttobuyforeigncompaniesacrossborders.[D].Foreigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.

18352COne’soccupationaffectsthewayoneistreatedasaperson.53ASomecustomerssimplyshownorespecttothosewhoservethem.54DShefounditnaturalforprofessionalstotreatherasinferior.55BThoseworkingintheserviceindustryshouldn’tbetreatedasservants.56ASeewhatkindofpersontheyare.57CTheinequalityinthedistributionofwealth.58CTheAmericannationisbecomingmoreandmoredivideddespiteitswealth59BTheveryricharepoliticallysensitive.60CTheywanttogainsupportforglobaleconomics’integration.61DForeigncountrieswillplacethesameeconomicbarriersinreturn.2008年6月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifmovietrailers(预告片)aresupposedtocauseareaction,thepreviewfor"United93"morethansucceeds.Featuringnofamousactors,itbeginswithimagesofabeautifulmorningandpassengersboardinganairplane.Ittakesyouaminutetorealizewhatthemovie’sevenabout.That’swhenaplanehitstheWorldTradeCenter.theeffectisvisceral(震撼心灵的).Whenthetrailerplayedbefore"InsideMan"lastweekataHollywoodtheater,audiencemembersbegancallingout,"Toosoon!"InNewYorkCity,theresponsewasevenmoredramatic.TheLoewstheaterinManhattantooktherarestepofpullingthetrailerfromitsscreensafterseveralcomplaints.“United93”isthefirstfeaturefilmtodealexplicitlywiththeeventsofSeptember11,2001,andiscertaintoigniteanemotionaldebate.Isittoosoon?Shouldthefilmhavebeenmadeatall?Moretothepoint,willanyonewanttoseeit?Other9/11projectsareonthewayasthefifthanniversaryoftheattacksapproaches,mostnotablyOliverStone's"WorldTradeCenter."butastheforerunner,“United93”willtakemostoftheheat,whetheritdeservesitornot.TherealUnited93crashedinaPennsylvaniafieldafter40passengersandcrewfoughtbackagainsttheterrorists.Writer-directorPaulGreengrasshasgonetogreatlengthstoberespectfulinhisdepictionofwhatoccurred,proceedingwiththefilmonlyaftersecuringtheapprovalofeveryvictim'sfamily."WasIsurprisedattheagreement?Yes.Very.Usuallythere’reoneortwofamilieswho'remorereluctant,"Greengrasswritesinane-mail."IwassurprisedattheextraordinarywaytheUnited93familieshavewelcomedusintotheirlivesandsharedtheirexperienceswithus."CaroleO'Hare,afamilymember,says,“Theywereveryopenandhonestwithus,andtheymadeusapartofthiswholeproject.”Universal,whichisreleasingthefilm,planstodonate10%ofitsopeningweekendgrosstotheFlight93NationalMemorialFund.Thathasn'tstoppedcriticismthatthestudioisexploitinganationaltragedy.O’Harethinksthat’sunfair.“Thisstoryhastobetoldtohonorthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,”shesays.“Butmorethanthat,itraisesawareness.Ourportsaren’tsecure.Ourbordersaren’tsecure.Ourairlines

184stillaren’tsecure,andthisiswhathappenswhenyou’renotsecure.That’sthemessageIwantpeopletohear.”47.Thetrailerfor“United93”succeededin________whenitplayedinthetheatersinHollywoodandNewYorkCity.48.Themovie“United93”issuretogiveriseto_______________.49.Whatdidwriter-directorPaulGreengrassobtainbeforeheproceededwiththemovie?50.Universal,whichisreleasing“United93”,hasbeencriticizedfor_________.51.CaroleO’Harethinksthatbesideshonoringthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,thepurposeoftellingthestoryisto_________aboutsecurity.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Imaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you’renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn’tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,（屈辱），foranation’sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It’salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan’taffordtojointhemerrymaking.

185Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006. IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you’reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola’sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke’sbeverage（饮料）business.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald’sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn’texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon’tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.52.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?A)TheireconomyisplungingB)TheircurrencyhasslumpedC)Theycan’taffordtripstoEuropeD)Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.53.HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?A)TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.B)Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-poprestaurants.C)Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.D)Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.54.HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?A)TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB)Theyaresympatheticwithit.C)Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D)Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.55.whatistheauthor’sadvicetoAmericans?A)TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB)Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargambleC)TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD)Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.56.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon’tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?A)Thedollar’svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.B)ThevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadimeC)Thedollar’svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.D)FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefights.We’repushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.I’vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids’collegebackgroundasaprizedemonstratinghowwell

186we’veraisedthem.Butwecan’tacknowledgethatourobsession(痴迷)ismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn’tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon’tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearfulparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteria(歇斯底里)isthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible—andmostlywrong.Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanlessselectiveschools.Ontwomeasures—professors’feedbackandthenumberofessayexamsselectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates’lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2-4%forevery100-poinntincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke(偶然).Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.GettingintoYalemaysignifyintelligence,talentandambition.Butit’snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisnotlife’sonlycompetition.Inthenextcompetition—thejobmarketandgraduateschool—theresultsmaychange.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.princetoneconomistAlanKruegerstudiedadmissionstoonetopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGREhelpedexplainwhogotin;degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdidn’t.So,parents,lightenup.Thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.Uptoapoint,wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.Buttoomuchpushinesscanbedestructive.TheveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.Onestudyfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtobeingontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.57.Whydosetheauthorsaythatparentsarethetruefightersinthecollege-admissionswars?A)Theyhavethefinalsayinwhichuniversitytheirchildrenaretoattend.B)Theyknowbestwhichuniversitiesaremostsuitablefortheirchildren.C)Theyhavetocarryoutintensivesurveysofcollegesbeforechildrenmakeanapplication.D)Theycaremoreaboutwhichcollegetheirchildrengotothanthechildrenthemselves.58.Whydoparentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever?A)Theywanttoincreasetheirchildren’schancesofenteringaprestigiouscollege.B)Theyhopetheirchildrencanenterauniversitythatoffersattractivescholarships.C)Theirchildrenwillhaveawiderchoiceofwhichcollegetogoto.D)Eliteuniversitiesnowenrollfewerstudentthantheyusedto.59.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“kidscountmorethantheircolleges”Line1,para.4?A)Continuingeducationismoreimportanttoaperson’ssuccess.B)Aperson’shappinessshouldbevaluedmorethantheireducation.C)Kids’actualabilitiesaremoreimportantthantheircollegebackground.

187D)Whatkidslearnatcollegecannotkeepupwithjobmarketrequirements.60.WhatdoesKrueger’sstudytellus?A)GettingintoPh.D.programsmaybemorecompetitivethangettingintocollege.B)Degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdonotguaranteeentrytograduateprograms.C)GraduatesfromprestigiousuniversitiesdonotcaremuchabouttheirGREscores.D)Connectionsbuiltinprestigiousuniversitiesmaybesustainedlongaftergraduation.61.Onepossibleresultofpushingchildrenintoeliteuniversitiesisthat______A)theyearnlessthantheirpeersfromotherinstitutionsB)theyturnouttobelesscompetitiveinthejobmarketC)theyexperiencemorejobdissatisfactionaftergraduationD)theyoveremphasizetheirqualificationsinjobapplication52.B)53.C)54.D)55.C)56.A)57.D）58.A）59.C）60．B）61.C）2008年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（营养成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（栖息地）lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons（正反两方面）ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprint

188andbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.52.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?A)ByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheenvironmentB)ByitssustainabilityD)Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth53.Specialisationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin________.A)LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromoverseasB)theshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofbiodiversity54.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?A)TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB)TheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowthC)TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD)Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly55.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcenturyA)ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB)ItwillsupplymoreanimalproductsC)ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD)Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment56Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A)ToremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopmentB)TosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproductionC)ToadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogressD)TourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureisPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thepercentageofimmigrants(includingthoseunlawfullypresent)intheUnitedstateshasbeencreepingupwardforyears.At12.6percent,itisnowhigherthanatanypointsincethemid1920s.WearenotabouttogobacktothedayswhenCongressopenlyworriedaboutinferiorracespollutingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortnewcomers.Theirloudestcriticsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thantheirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinue.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoundasimilartrendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-Americansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsof

189Americanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemired（陷入）inaseeminglypermanentstateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-Americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandardschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforanyethnicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tforeverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelatestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.57.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?A)Theywereofinferiorraces.B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorruption.C)Theywereathreattothenation’ssecurity.D)Theywerepartofthenation’sbloodstream.58.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewimmigrants?A)TheywillbeadynamicworkforceintheU.S.B)Theycandojustaswellastheirpredecessors.C)Theywillbeverydisappointedonthenewland.D)Theymayfindithardtofitintothemainstream.59.WhatdoesEdwardTelles’researchsayaboutMexican-Americans?A)Theymayslowlyimprovefromgenerationtogeneration.B)Theywilldobetterintermsofeducationalattainment.C)TheywillmeltintotheAfrican-Americancommunity.D)Theymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.60.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?A)Ridthemoftheirinferioritycomplex.B)UrgethemtoadoptAmericancustoms.C)Preventthemfrombeingmarginalized.D)TeachthemstandardAmericanEnglish.61.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationis_______.A)HowtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withoutdocumentsB)HowtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericansocietyC)HowtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingtheborderD)HowtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoentertheU.S.52.B.53.D54.C.55.A56.D.57.A.58.B.59.D.60.C.61.B.

1902009年12月大学英语六级阅读理解真题及答案PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustype.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthenation’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmugly（自鸣得意的）greenvillageofBerkeley,Calif.,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecity’spublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenters,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentsbreathinginalaboratory’sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.SinceDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivists（活跃分子）andvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity:overtheguiltofthesteel-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren’shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere,weaskedoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatisit?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouprotestingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhowtoday’sparentsperceiverisk,howwetrytokeepourkidssafe—whetherit’spossibletokeepthemsafe—inwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglythreateningworld.Itraisesthequestionofwhat,inourtime,“safe”couldevenmean.“There’snowayaroundtheuncertainty,”saysKimberlyThompson,presidentofKidRisk,anonprofitgroupthatstudieschildren’shealth.“Thatmeansyourchoicescanmatter,butitalsomeansyouaren’tgoingtoknowiftheydo.”A2004reportinthejournalPediatricsexplainedthatnervousparentshavemoretofearfromfire,caraccidentsanddrowningthanfromtoxicchemicalexposure.TowhichIsay:Well,obviously.Butsuchconcretehazardsarebesidethepoint.It’sthedangersparentscan’t—andmaynever—quantifythatoccurallofsudden.That’swhyI’veridmycupboardofmicrowavefoodpackedinbagscoatedwithapotentialcancer-causingsubstance,butalthoughI’velivedblocksfromamajorfaultline(地质断层)formorethan12years,Istillhaven’tboltedourbookcasestothelivingroomwall.52.WhatdoesarecentinvestigationbyUSATodayreveal?A)Heavymetalsinlabteststhreatenchildren’shealthinBerkeley.B)Berkeleyresidentsarequitecontentedwiththeirsurroundings.C)TheairqualityaroundBerkeley’sschoolcampusesispoor.D)ParentsinBerkeleyareover-sensitivetocancerriskstheirkidsface.53.WhatresponsedidUSAToday’sreportdraw?A)Aheateddebate.B)Popularsupport.C)Widespreadpanic.D)Strongcriticism.54.Howdidparentsfeelinthefaceoftheexperts’studies?

191A)Theyfeltverymuchrelieved.B)Theywerefrightenedbytheevidence.C)Theydidn’tknowwhotobelieve.D)Theyweren’tconvincedoftheresults.55.Whatistheviewofthe2004reportinthejournalPediatrics?A)Itisimportanttoquantifyvariousconcretehazards.B)Dailyaccidentsposeamoreseriousthreattochildren.C)Parentsshouldbeawareofchildren’shealthhazards.D)Attentionshouldbepaidtotoxicchemicalexposure.56.Ofthedangersineverydaylife,theauthorthinksthatpeoplehavemosttofearfrom__________.A)theuncertainB)thequantifiableC)anearthquakeD)unhealthyfoodPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiaries（老年医保受惠人）.ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsawatotalofsevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists—inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbelief,themorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguaranteebettercare.Actually,increasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterhe’sreimbursed(返还费用).Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient’sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlygraduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.Howdowefixthisproblem?Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimally

192(最佳地)managingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.We’reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,thefirstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswillbecomeeligibleforMedicare.Patientsolderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.Whowillbetheretotreatthem?57.Theauthor’schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcaresystemis__________.A)theinadequatetrainingofphysiciansB)thedecliningnumberofdoctorsC)theshrinkingprimarycareresourcesD)theever-risinghealthcarecosts58.Welearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethat__________.A)themorecostlythemedicine,themoreeffectivethecureB)seeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticerrorsC)visitingdoctorsonaregularbasisensuresgoodhealthD)themoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,thebetter59.Facedwiththegovernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminately,primarycarephysicianshaveto__________.A)increasetheirincomebyworkingovertimeB)improvetheirexpertiseandserviceC)makevariousdealswithspecialistsD)seemorepatientsattheexpenseofquality60.Whydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheircareer?A)Theyfindtheneedforprimarycaredeclining.B)Thecurrentsystemworksagainstprimarycare.C)Primarycarephysicianscommandlessrespect.D)Theythinkworkinginemergencyroomstedious.61.Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthcare?A)Bridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycarephysicians.B)Extendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicdiseases.C)Recruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemloans.D)Reducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirmajor.(答案选项不对，看句子)52.D)theshrinkingprimarycareresources53.C)themoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,thebetter54.A)seemorepatientsattheexpenseofquality55.B)Thecurrentsystemworksagainstprimarycare56.D)Bridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycarephysicians57.B)TheairqualityaroundBerkeley’sschoolcampusesispoor。58.C)Aheateddebate。59.D)Theydidn’tknowwhotobelieve。

19360.D)Dailyaccidentsposeamoreseriousthreattochildren。61.A)theunceertain