大学英语六级阅读技巧训练

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大学英语六级阅读技巧训练阅读理解技巧训练2.1细节题Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity（紧缩）programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seed,andfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1930s.In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers. PresidentHoover'ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandprovidingflood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation'ssoilwasinthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid（杂交）grain,andfertilizers.（2002年6月）21.WhatbroughtaboutthedeclineinthedemandforAmericanfarmproducts?A）TheimpactoftheGreatDepression.B）Theshrinkingofoverseasmarkets.C）ThedestructioncausedbytheFirstWorldWar.D）TheincreasedexportsofEuropeancountries.23.TheAgriculturalAdjustmentActencouragedAmericanfarmersto.A）reducetheirscaleofproductionB）makefulluseoftheirlandC）adjustthepricesoftheirfarmproductsD）beself-sufficientinagriculturalproduction24.TheSupremeCourtrejectedtheAgriculturalAdjustmentActbecauseitbelievedthattheAct.

1A）mightcausegreaterscarcityoffarmproductsB）didn'tgivetheSecretaryofAgricultureenoughpowerC）wouldbenefitneitherthegovernmentnorthefarmersD）benefitedonegroupofcitizensattheexpenseofothers25.ItwasclaimedthatthenewlawspassedduringtheRooseveltAdministrationwereaimedat.A）reducingthecostoffarmingB）conservingsoilinthelong-terminterestofthenationC）loweringtheburdenoffarmersD）helpingfarmerswithoutshiftingtheburdenontoothertaxpayers2.2词汇、单句理解题2.2.1词汇题Theword...inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans_____.Whatisthemeaningof...?By...theauthorrefersto...（1）Wemustrecognizethatenvironmentalhealthissuesdonotstopatcitylimits,countylines,stateorevenfederalboundaries.Wecannolongeraffordtobetunnel-visionedinourapproach.Wemustvisualizeissuesfromeveryperspectivetomaketheobjectivedecisions.Wemustexpressourviewsclearlytopreventmediadistortionandpublicconfusion.（1999.6）18.Theword"tunnel-visioned"（Line2,Para.4）mostprobablymeans“”.A）narrow-mindedC）short-sightedB）blindtothefactsD）abletoseeonlyoneaspect（2）Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.（1998.1）31.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“”.A）thriveonB）accountforC）originatefromD）descendfrom（3）其它逻辑推导方式例1Itisnosecretamongathletesthatinordertoimproveperformanceyou’vegottoworkhard.However,hardtrainingbreaksyoudownandmakesyouweaker.Itisrestthatmakesyoustronger.Improvementonlyoccursduringtherestperiodfollowinghardtraining.Thisadaptationisaccomplishedbyimprovingefficiencyoftheheartandcertainsystemswithinthemusclecells.Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelstocompensateforthestressthatyouhaveapplied.Theresultisthatyouarenowatahigherlevelofperformance.Ifsufficientrestisnotincludedinatrainingprogram,imbalancebetweenexcesstrainingand　inadequaterestwilloccur,andperformancewilldecline.The“overtrainingsyndrome（综合症）”isthenamegiventothecollectionofemotional,behavioral,andphysicalsymptomsduetoovertrainingthathaspersistedforweekstomonths.Itismarkedbycumulativeexhaustionthatpersistsevenafterrecoveryperiods.2.By“overtraining”theauthormeans________.A）aseriesofphysicalsymptomsthatoccuraftertraining

2B）undueemphasisontheimportanceofphysicalexertionC）trainingthatisnotadequatelycompensatedforbyrestD）trainingthathasexceededanathlete’semotionallimits2.2.2单句理解题Thesentence...meansthat______.Whatdoesthesentence...imply?Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothesentence...?例1．Reebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalled"footwearforyuppies（雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士）”.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments,especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren'sshoesfortheunder-18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics（健身操）orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarket（高档消费人群的）retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany'sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors（andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores）,partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok'sexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcraze,replacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.（2000年6月）37.Reebok'sviewthat"consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution"（Line5,Para.2）impliesthat.A）thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB）thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC）thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellitD）consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores例2．Theviolencewithasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgment

3andpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.（2002.6）33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"...inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused"（Lines5-6,Para.2）?A）Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B）Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C）Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D）Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.2.3多项细节题WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE,accordingtotheauthor?Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?CarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandone-fourththegreenhouse（温室）gases.Theytakeasimilarloss（损耗）ofresourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuestoincreaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworldsuggeststhatitisverydifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoanysignificantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpooling（合伙用车）havedeclinedsinceWorldWarII.EveninWesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan$1aliter（about$4agallon）andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor80percentofallpassengertravel.Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhouseemissions（especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartodeveloplesspollutingtypesofgasoline）.35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A）ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinWesternEurope.B）CarsarepopularinWesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhigh.

4C）ThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedWesternEurope.D）WesternEuropeanoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuels.2.4解推理类题Wecaninferfromthepassagethat...Itcanbeinferredfromthepassage（third,last…paragraph）that…Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...例1：Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm'slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.（2001年6月）1.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably.A）standstillB）jumpasideC）stepforwardD）drawback例2Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress.UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.Bothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareshedinresponsetoemotion.Tearsshedbecauseofexposuretocutonionwouldcontainnosuchsubstance.（2003年9月）5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?A）Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.B）Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.C）Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.D）Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears.2.5解主旨类题Thepassageismainlyabout_____.Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith_____.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?Thebesttitleofthispassageis_____.Thekeyelementtosuccessfulinterviewingisnotyourexperience,yourgrades,whatclassesyoutook,yourextracurricularactivities,oranyoftheotherbasicnecessities.Thoseskillsarewhatgotyoutheinterview.Thekeyelementtosuccessfulinterviewingcanbesummedupinoneword:attitude.Ifyouwanttoriseaboveotherswithbetterexperience,bettergrades,orbetteranything,youwillneedtoworkondevelopingahighlypositiveworkattitude.Yourattitudedetermineswhetheryouwill“makethecut”orbediscarded.Remember,thereareplentyofcompetitorswiththeabilitytodoalmostanygivenjob—especiallyattheentrylevel.Thewaymostemployersdifferentiateattheentrylevelisbycandidates’attitudestowardthejob.Yourattitudeisoftenwhatrecruiterswillrememberwhenthedusthassettledafterreviewingten,twenty,orevenonehundredcandidates—theonewhowassincerelywillingtoputforthhisverybesteffort.Ifyouhavetheattitudeofwantingtodoyourverybestforthecompany,ofbeingfocusedonthecompany’sneeds,ofputtingyourselfforthasthepersonwho

5willbecommittedanddedicatedtofulfillingtheirneeds,youwilllikelybetheonechosen.Whyisattitudesoimportant?Becausemostcompaniesalreadyhavetheirfullshareofmulti-talentedsuperstarswhocareaboutnoonebutthemselves.Askanymanagerwhothemostvaluablememberofhisteamis,andhewillpointnottotheoverratedsuperstar,buttothepersonwhohasthe“cando”attitude,thepersonwhocanbecountedoninanysituation,thepersonwhotrulystrivesforexcellence.Givemeateamplayerwhoisachievingat99%andIwilltakeheroveraflashysuperstarwhoisrunningat50%efficiencyanydayoftheweek.Andsowill99%ofallhiringmanagers.Sodon’tworryifyouarenot“superstar”quality.Ifyoucanshowme,inyourwordsandactions,thatyouarereadytoputforthyourverybestefforttowardachievingexcellence,youwillbechosenoverthesuperstar.Youcanshowyourwinningattitudeinthewayyoupresentyourself.Incorporatetheactualwords“positiveattitude,”“excellence,”and“strivingtobemybest”intoyourinterviewlanguage.Thenshowbyyourstoriesandexampleshowthesewordspositivelyaffectyourlife.Showmewhenandwhereandhowyouhaveputforthextraeffortaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.Showmehowyoubeatadeadline,howyouexcelledinaproject,orhowyoumadeadifferencebygoingtheextramile.Ifyoucanshowme,bywordsandexamples,your“cando”attitude,itisyouIwillhire,whileallofthesuperstarswillreceivepoliterejectionletterstoaddtotheirgrowingcollections.1.Whatisthekeyelementtosuccessfulinterviewingaccordingtothispassage?A）CoursestakenbeforeB）AvariedexperienceC）ApositiveworkattitudeD）Interviewees’capability2.Whichofthefollowingstatementiscorrectintheauthor’sopinion?A）Thereareinadequatecompetitorswiththeabilitytodoalmostanygivenjob—especiallyattheentrylevel.B）Mostinterviewersgenerallydependonthecandidates’attitudestowardthejobtochoosetheemployees.C）Mostemployerstellthedifferencebetweencandidatesbytheirentrylevel.D）Betterexperienceandbettergradesbecomethemostimportantelementstobechosen.3.Whoisthemostvaluablememberofhisteamtoamanager?A）Themulti-talentedsuperstar.B）Thepersonwhotrieshisbestforexcellence.C）Thepersonwhocountsonhimselfanddoesnotcooperatewithothers.D）Theflashystarthatmakesthecompanyfamous.4.Inaninterview,whatmakesyouleaveagoodimpressionontheinterviewer?A）YourboastingwordsB）Thewordssuchaspositiveattitude,excellence,andstrivingtobemybest.C）YourownstoriesD）Wordsandexamplestoshowyourpositiveattitude5.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A）YourAttitudeDeterminesWhetherYouWill“MakeTheCut”orBeDiscarded.B）HowtoFindaGoodJob.C）TheMostImportantAspectofInterviewing.

6D）ASuccessfulInterviewing.2.6态度、语气题Whatistheauthor'sattitudetoward…?Theauthor’sattitudetowards…couldbedescribedas_______.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'stoneinthispassage?Fromthetoneofthepassageweknowthattheauthoris.一社会现象与问题类Passage1Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurge（剧增）ofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverse（反面）ofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriages.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebounds,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.　　Coincidentwiththeincreaseinwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoanysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife'sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingafamily'sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily'sfinancialandemotionalstability.　　Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.　　Also,amajorpartofwomen'sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthat,inmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinners.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsideofthehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepowerwithinthefamily.Aworkingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.（2003年12月）　1.Theword"portend"（Para.1）isclosestinmeaningto"_____".A）defyB）signalC）sufferfrom　　D）resultfrom　2.Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,_____.　　A）menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartners　　B）morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurity　　C）evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriages

7　　D）morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing　3.Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,_____.　　A）theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartners　　B）theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehousework　　C）theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthened　　D）theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage　4.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat_____.　　A）theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedom　　B）theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbands　　C）theyfeelthattheirpartnersfailtoliveuptotheirexpectations　　D）theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands'loyaltytotheirmarriage　5.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor'sviewinthepassage?　　A）Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.　　B）Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.　　C）InordertosecuretheirmarriagewomenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependentD）Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.Passage2Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchess（公爵夫人）ofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn'tbebadeither,butthatwon'thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity'ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwassymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoralsandfatnessasignofwealthandwellbeing.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat—orevenonlysomewhatoverweight—isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsession（迷恋）withthinnessisalsofuelledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthatinmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—hanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenough

8noreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetthinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory（虚荣）.（2002年6月）1.Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat.A）theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB）lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC）beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD）religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous2.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor.A）hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB）couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC）hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativesD）hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes3.Inhumanhistory,people'sviewsonbodyweight.A）werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB）changedfromtimetotimeC）variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD）ledtodifferentmoralstandards4.Theauthorcriticizeswomen'sobsessionwiththinness.A）fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB）fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC）fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD）inthelightofmoralprinciples5.What'stheauthor'sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?A）Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.B）Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C）Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D）Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.Passage3Indepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels—awoman'sworstenemy（whethersheknowsitornot）.Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating（使通气）lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctional

9fordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone'sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist（足病医生），andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate（阴沟栅）andbeingthrowntotheground—possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.（2001年6月）1.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A）Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.B）Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.C）Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.D）Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.2.Theauthor'spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant.A）tobeironicB）topokefunatwomenC）tobefairtothefashionindustryD）tomakehispointconvincing3.Theauthorusestheexpression"thosebabies"（Line3,Para.2）torefertohighheels.A）toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsB）toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesC）toshowwomen'saffectionforthemD）toemphasizetheirsmallsize4.Theauthor'schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat.A）theyposeathreattolawns　　　　　B）theyareinjurioustowomen'shealthC）theydon'tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD）theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould.A）seethroughtheverynatureoffashionmythsB）boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC）gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD）avoidfollowingfashiontoocloselyPassage4Intheworldofentertainment,TVtalkshowshaveundoubtedlyfloodedeveryinchofspaceondaytimetelevision.Andanyonewhowatchesthemregularlyknowsthateachonevariesinstyleandformat.Butnotwoshowsaremoreprofoundlyoppositeincontent,whileatthesametimestandingoutabovetherest,thantheJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyshows.JerrySpringercouldeasilybeconsideredthekingof"trashtalk（废话）".Thetopicsonhisshowareasshockingasshockingcanbe.Forexample,theshowtakestheever-commontalkshowthemesoflove,sex,cheating,guilt,hate,conflictandmoralitytoadifferentlevel.Clearly,theJerrySpringershowisadisplayandexploitationofsociety'smoralcatastrophes（灾难）,yetpeoplearewillingtoeatuptheintriguingpredicaments（困境）ofotherpeople'slives.LikeJerrySpringer,OprahWinfreytakesTVtalkshowtoitsextreme,butOprahgoesintheoppositedirection.Theshowfocusesontheimprovementofsocietyandanindividual's

10qualityoflife.Topicsrangefromteachingyourchildrenresponsibility,managingyourworkweek,togettingtoknowyourneighbors.ComparedtoOprah,theJerrySpringershowlookslikepoisonouswastebeingdumpedonsociety.Jerryendseveryshowwitha"finalword".Hemakesasmallspeechthatsumsuptheentiremoraloftheshow.Hopefully,thisisthepartwheremostpeoplewilllearnsomethingveryvaluable.Cleanasitis,theOprahshowisnotforeveryone.Theshow'smaintargetaudiencearemiddle-classAmericans.Mostofthesepeoplehavethetime,moneyandstabilitytodealwithlife'stougherproblems.JerrySpringer,ontheotherhand,hasmoreofanassociationwiththeyoungadultsofsociety.Theseare18-to21-year-oldswhosemaintroublesinlifeinvolvelove,relationship,sex,moneyandpeers.Theyaretheoneswhoseesomevalueandlessonstobelearnedunderneaththeshow'sexploitation.Whilethetwoshowsareasdifferentasnightandday,bothhaveruledthetalkshowcircuitformanyyearsnow.Eachonecaterstoadifferentaudiencewhilebothhaveastrongfollowingfromlargegroupsoffans.Ironically,bothcouldalsobeconsideredpioneersinthetalkshowworld.（2000年1月）1.ComparedwithotherTVtalkshows,boththeJerrySpringerandtheOprahWinfreyare.A）morefamilyorientedB）unusuallypopularC）moreprofoundD）relativelyformal2.ThoughthesocialproblemsJerrySpringertalksaboutappeardistasteful,theaudience.A）remainfascinatedbythemB）arereadytofaceuptothemC）remainindifferenttothemD）arewillingtogetinvolvedinthem3.WhichofthefollowingislikelytobeatopicoftheOprahWinfreyshow?A）Anewtypeofrobot.B）Racisthatred.C）Familybudgetplanning.D）Streetviolence.4.Despitetheirdifferentapproaches,thetwotalkshowsareboth.A）ironicalB）sensitiveC）instructiveD）cynical5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthetwotalkshows.A）havemonopolizedthetalkshowcircuitB）exploittheweaknessesinhumannatureC）appearatdifferenttimesofthedayD）aretargetedatdifferentaudiences二、社会科学类Passage1FormostthinkerssincetheGreekphilosophers,itwasself-evidentthatthereissomethingcalledhumannature,somethingthatconstitutestheessenceofman.Therewerevariousviewsaboutwhatconstitutesit,buttherewasagreementthatsuchanessenceexists——thatistosay,thatthereissomethingbyvirtueofwhichmanisman.Thusmanwasdefinedasarationalbeing,asasocialanimal,ananimalthatcanmaketools,orasymbol-makinganimal.　　Morerecently,thistraditionalviewhasbeguntobequestioned.Onereasonforthischangewastheincreasingemphasisgiventothehistoricalapproachtoman.Anexaminationofthehistoryofhumanitysuggestedthatmaninourepochissodifferentfrommaninprevioustimesthatitseemedunrealistictoassumethatmenineveryagehavehadincommonsomethingthatcanbecalled"humannature."Thehistoricalapproachwasreinforced,particularlyintheUnited

11States,bystudiesinthefieldofculturalanthropology（人类学）.Thestudyofprimitivepeopleshasdiscoveredsuchadiversityofcustoms,values,feelings,andthoughtsthatmanyanthropologistsarrivedattheconceptthatmanisbornasablanksheetofpaperonwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Anotherfactorcontributingtothetendencytodenytheassumptionofafixedhumannaturewasthattheconcepthassooftenbeenabusedasashieldbehindwhichthemostinhumanactsarecommitted.Inthenameofhumannature,forexample,Aristotleandmostthinkersuptotheeighteenthcenturydefendedslavery.Orinordertoprovetherationalityandnecessityofthecapitalistformofsociety,scholarshavetriedtomakeacaseforacquisitiveness,competitiveness,andselfishnessasinnate（天生的）humantraits.Popularly,onereferscynicallyto"humannature"inacceptingtheinevitabilityofsuchundesirablehumanbehaviorasgreed,murder,cheatingandlying.　　Anotherreasonforskepticismabouttheconceptofhumannatureprobablyliesintheinfluenceofevolutionarythinking.Oncemancametobeseenasdevelopingintheprocessofevolution,theideaofasubstancewhichiscontainedinhisessenceseemeduntenable.YetIbelieveitispreciselyfromanevolutionarystandpointthatwecanexpectnewinsightintotheproblemofthenatureofman.（2003年12月）　1.Thetraditionalviewof"humannature"wasstronglychallengedby_____.　　A）theemergenceoftheevolutionarytheory　　B）thehistoricalapproachtoman　　C）newinsightintohumanbehavior　　D）thephilosophicalanalysisofslavery　2.Accordingtothepassage,anthropologistsbelievethathumanbeings_____.　　A）havesometraitsincommon　　B）arebornwithdiversecultures　　C）arebornwithoutafixednature　　D）changetheircharactersastheygrowup　3.TheauthormentionedAristotle,agreatancientthinker,inorderto_____.　　A）emphasizethathecontributedalottodefiningtheconceptof"humannature"　　B）showthattheconceptof"humannature"wasusedtojustifysocialevils　　C）provethathehadaprofoundinfluenceontheconceptof"humannature"　　D）supporttheideathatsomehumantraitsareacquired　4.Theword"untenable"（Line3）inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostprobablymeans_____.　　A）invaluableC）changeable　　B）imaginableD）indefensible　5.Mostphilosophersbelievedthathumannature_____.　　A）isthequalitydistinguishingmanfromotheranimals　　B）consistsofcompetitivenessandselfishness　　C）issomethingpartlyinnateandpartlyacquired　　D）consistsofrationalityandundesirablebehaviorPassage2Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthe

12humanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality（守卫地盘的天性）areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate（天生的）survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservationthatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstance.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategizingpowerofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical（道德上的）patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheircommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity'sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.（2002年6月）1.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat.A）itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsB）itisinfluencedbysocietyC）ithasrootsinreligiousconflictsD）itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw2.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassage,is.A）tocontrolviolencewithinasocietyB）toprotecttheworldfromchaosC）tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevengeD）togivethegovernmentabsolutepower3.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"...inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused"（Para.2）?A）Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B）Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C）Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D）Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.4.Theword"allegiance"（Para.3）isclosestinmeaningto.A）loyaltyB）objectiveC）survivalD）motive5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A）Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.

13B）Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.C）Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheirpeople.D）Governmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwar.三、工商经济类Passage1In1985whenaJapanAirLines（JAL）jetcrashed,itspresident,YasumotoTakagi,calledeachvictim’sfamilytoapologize,andthenpromptlyresigned.Andin1987,whenasubsidiaryofToshibasold　sensitivemilitarytechnologytotheformerSovietUnion,thechairmanofToshibagaveuphispost.Theseexecutiveactions,whichToshibacalls“thehighestformofapology,”mayseembizarretoUSmanagers.NooneatBoeingresignedaftertheJALcrash,whichmayhavebeencausedbyafaultyBoeingrepair.Thedifferencebetweenthetwobusinessculturescentersarounddifferentdefinitionsofdelegation.WhileUSexecutivesgivebothresponsibilityandauthoritytotheiremployees,Japaneseexecutivesdelegateonlyauthority—theresponsibilityisstilltheirs.AlthoughthesubsidiarythatsoldthesensitivetechnologytotheSovietshaditsownmanagement,theToshibatopexecutivessaidthey“musttakepersonalresponsibilityfornotcreatinganatmospherethroughouttheToshibagroupthatwouldmakesuchactivityunthinkable,eveninanindependentlyrunsubsidiary.”SuchacceptanceofcommunityresponsibilityisnotuniquetobusinessesinJapan.SchoolprincipalsinJapanhaveresignedwhenheirstudentscommittedmajorcrimesafterschoolhours.Eveniftheydonotquit,Japaneseexecutiveswilloftenacceptprimaryresponsibilityinotherways,suchastakingthefirstpaycutwhenacompanygetsintofinancialtrouble.Suchpersonalsacrifices,eveniftheyarelargelysymbolic,helptocreatethesenseofcommunityandemployeeloyaltythatiscrucialtotheJapanesewayofdoingbusiness.HarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorGeorgeLodgecallstheritualacceptanceofblame“almostafeudal（封建的）wayofpurging（清除）thecommunityofdishonor,”andtosomeintheUnitedStates,suchresignationslookcowardly.However,inanerainwhichbothbusinessandgovernmentalleadersseemparticularlygoodatevadingresponsibility,manyUSmanagerswouldprobablywelcomeaninfusion（灌输）oftheJapanesesenseofresponsibility,If,forinstance,USautomobilecompanyexecutivesofferedtoreducetheirownsalariesbeforetheyaskedtheirworkerstotakepaycuts,negotiationswouldprobablytakeonaverydifferentcharacter.（2003年9月）1.WhydidthechairmanofToshibaresignhispositionin1987?A）InJapan,theleakageofaslatesecrettoRussiansisagravecrime.B）Hehadbeenunderattackforshiftingresponsibilitytohissubordinates.C）InJapan,thechiefexecutiveofacorporationisheldresponsibleforthemistakemadebyitssubsidiaries.D）Hehadbeenaccusedofbeingcowardlytowardscrisesthatweretakingplaceinhiscorporation.2.AccordingtothepassageifyouwanttobeagoodmanagerinJapan,youhaveto________.

14A）apologizepromptlyforyoursubordinates'mistakesB）beskillfulinacceptingblamesfromcustomersC）makesymbolicsacrificeswhenevernecessaryD）createastrongsenseof　company　loyalty3.What’sProfessorGeorgeLodge’sattitudetowardstheresignationsofJapanesecorporateleaders?A）Sympathetic.　　　　B）Biased.　　　C）Critical.　　　　　　D）Approving.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A）BoeinghadnothingtodowiththeJALaircrashin1985.B）Americanexecutivesconsiderauthorityandresponsibilityinseparable.C）Schoolprincipalsbearlegalresponsibilityforstudents'crimes.D）Persuadingemployeestotakepaycutsdoesn’thelpsolvecorporatecrises.5.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A）resignationasandefectivewayofdealingwithbusinesscrisesB）theimportanceofdelegatingresponsibilitytoemployeesC）waysofevadingresponsibilityintimesofcrisesD）thedifferencebetweentwobusinessculturesPassage2BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld'sfavoriteacademictitle;theMBA（MasterofBusinessAdministration）.TheMBA,a20thcenturyproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed（贪婪）onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday."Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,"saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,`ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,'theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends."ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernonMBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders.ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswantstomoveuptoofast,theydon'tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren'tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthey'reoutlookingforotherjobs."Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura（光环）offuturerichesandpowerforbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedthe

15assumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklash（反冲）againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen'smovement.BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon'tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness,"saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm.（2002年12月）1.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampusesdominatedbypurerdisciplines?A）Envious.B）Scornful.C）Realistic.D）Appreciative.2.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevaluesofMBAdegreeshasbeenfueledmainlyby.A）thesuccessofmanynonMBAsB）thecomplaintsfromvariousemployersC）theperformanceofMBAsatworkD）thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplines3.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtoTheHarvardBusinessReview?A）Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople.B）Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs.C）Theyareusuallyself-centered.D）Theyareaggressiveandgreedy.4.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs.A）canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquicklyB）cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfutureC）quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmatesD）receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltraining5.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A）Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses.B）DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree.C）WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms.D）ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.Passage3Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon"persuasivesalesmanship"tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertsthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

16Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolent（慈善的）orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandthecustomer—andeachmustbesatisfiedbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtotheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid-1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenew.KingCustomerruled!1.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,.A）hepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB）makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC）thecustomer-centeredapproachD）aformofpersuasivesalesmanship2.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?A）Theneedsofthemarket.B）Theefficiencyofproduction.C）Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D）Thepreferencesofthedealer.3.Accordingtothepassage,"tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible"（Para.1）means"".A）tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodsB）totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC）todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD）toredesignthesegoodsforlarge-scaleproduction4.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?A）Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B）Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C）Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D）Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.5.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson.A）itsmaincharacteristicB）itssocialimpactC）itspossibleconsequenceD）itstheoreticalbasis四、教育、文化类Passage1Icameawayfrommyyearsofteachingonthecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconvictionthatenactment（扮演角色）,performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteaching.Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningprocess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils"cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,"andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents"gladtheywerethere."Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecturemethod,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,much

17truthinPatriciaNelsonLimerick'sobservationthat"lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGoddidnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbytheurgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15minutesatatime...foronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...IdonotbelievethatthisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo."Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents'emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.Thecult（推崇）oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,someyears.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed"apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromoldlecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcardsthathadservedforyears,tojudgebythewornedges....Theteachersbeganontime,endedontime,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheirstudents,veryseldombeingdetainedbyquestioners....Theclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswereraisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours."（2003年6月）1.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto_____.A）makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents’learningB）makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocessC）improvestudents'learningperformanceD）makestudyjustaseasyasplay2.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat______.A）itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudentsB）itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreatorC）itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemannerD）ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily3.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat_______.A）collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasuresB）morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudiesC）traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperformancesD）interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching4.Bysaying"Theyseemed'apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing...'"（Para.4）,theauthormeansthat_____.A）professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesamewayB）professorsarelikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplayC）thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmeritsD）professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethem

18looklikepriests5.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?A）EzekielCheever's.B）CottonMather's.C）AlfredNorthWhitehead's.D）PatriciaNelsonLimerick's.Passage2Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenhatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute（贫民）.OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.（2003年6月）1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A）Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B）Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C）Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.D）Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.2.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A）Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B）Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C）Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D）People'sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.3.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause_____.A）theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducation

19B）anewleisureclasshasdevelopedC）theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD）anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem4.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment_____.A）shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB）shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC）shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD）shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment5.Whydoestheauthorsay"OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire"（Lines10-11,Para.3）?A）OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B）CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.C）Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.D）EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.Passage3Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit（诉讼）inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate'sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.（Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.）Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartiallyhisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild'sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatare

20thebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild'sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.（2002年1月）1.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?A）Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B）Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.C）Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D）Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.2.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto.A）drawpublicattentiontoIQtestingB）putanendtospecialeducationC）removethestate'sbanonintelligencetestsD）havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools3.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting.A）mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB）canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC）mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesD）canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren'seducation4.Theauthor'sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat.A）noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedB）whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC）adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD）cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated5.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat.A）goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB）socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenC）intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasD）AmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissuesPassage4OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone'sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat"Gift"meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm'slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic（语言上的）andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.

21Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual（多语言的）guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives-usuallythericher-whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation'sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,Americawasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.（2001年6月）1.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably.A）standstillB）jumpasideC）stepforwardD）drawback2.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir.A）culturalself-centerednessB）casualmannersC）indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsD）arrogancetowardsothercultures3.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericansA）areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB）arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC）tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD）needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants4.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans'culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill.A）affecttheirimageintheneweraB）cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC）limittheirroleinworldaffairsD）weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar5.Theauthor'sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat.A）itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB）itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC）itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD）itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures五、科技类Passage1InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn'tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld'sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsites

22havesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking（黑客的）tricksonanInternetsitewith-outactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle（闯入……行窃）.ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsiteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthatautomaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandothertypesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.Allthesemakewonderfultoolsforantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcausedamage.Butlet'slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld'sbiggest（almost）crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn'tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism（恶意破坏）isn'tmuchfununlessyouhaveapeculiardislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let'senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.（2003年6月）1.Bysaying“...ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors"（Lines3-4,Para.2）,theauthormeansthat_____.A）thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithusB）theresimplywasn'tanycrimetoworryaboutC）manysitesarenotwell-protectedD）hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin2.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFarmercanbeused____________.A）toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsitesB）toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystemC）topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsitesD）todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation3.Farmer'sprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause.A）itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsersB）itcanbreakintoInternetsitesC）itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsitesD）itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardSATANis_____.A）enthusiasticB）criticalC）positiveD）indifferent5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat.

23A）weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthenedB）weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurityC）influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurityD）netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternetPassage2Navigationcomputers,nowsoldbymostcarmakers,cost$2,000andup.Nosurprise,then,thattheyaremostoftenfoundinluxurycars,likeLexus,BMWandAudi.Butitisadevelopingtechnology－meaningpricesshouldeventuallydrop—andthemarketdoesseemtobegrowing.Evenatcurrentprices,anavigationcomputerisimpressive.Itcanguideyoufrompointtopointinmostmajorcitieswithpreciseturn-by-turndirections—spokenbyaclearhuman-soundingvoice,andwrittenonascreeninfrontofthedriver.Thecomputerworkswithanantenna（天线）thattakessignalsfromnofewerthanthreeofthe24globalpositioningsystem（GPS）satellites.Bymeasuringthetimerequiredforasignaltotravelbetweenthesatellitesandtheantenna,thecar'slocationcanbepinneddownwithin100meters.Thesatellitesignals,alongwithinputsonspeedfromawheel-speedsensoranddirectionfromameter,determinethecar'spositionevenasitmoves.Thisinformationiscombinedwithamapdatabase.Streets,landmarksandpointsofinterestareincluded.Mostsystemsarebasicallyidentical.Thedifferencescomeinhardware—thewaythecomputeracceptsthedriver'srequestfordirectionsandthewayitpresentsthedrivinginstructions.Onmostsystems,adriverentersadesiredaddress,motorwayjunctionorpointofinterestviaatouchscreenordisc.ButtheLexusscreengoesastepfurther:youcanpointtoanyspotonthemapscreenandgetdirectionstoit.BMW'ssystemoffersasetofcrosshairs（瞄准器上的十字纹）thatcanbemovedacrossthemap（youhaveseveralchoicesofmapscale）topickapointyou'dliketogetto.Audi'sscreencanbeswitchedtoTVreception.Eventhevoicesthatrecitethedirectionscandiffer,withbettersystemslikeBMW'sandLexus'shavingawidervocabulary.TheinstructionsareavailableinFrench,German,Spanish,DutchandItalian,aswellasEnglish.Thedrivercanalsochooseparametersfordeterminingtheroute:fastest,shortestornofreeways（高速公路）,forexample.（2002年1月）1.Welearnfromthepassagethatnavigationcomputers.A）willgreatlypromotesalesofautomobilesB）mayhelpsolvepotentialtrafficproblemsC）arelikelytobeacceptedbymoredriversD）willsoonbeviewedasasymbolofluxury2.Withanavigationcomputer,adriverwilleasilyfindthebestroutetohisdestination.A）byinputtingtheexactaddressB）byindicatingthelocationofhiscarC）bycheckinghiscomputerdatabaseD）bygivingvocalorderstothecomputer3.Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars.A）aremoreorlessthesamepriceB）providedirectionsinmuchthesamewayC）workonmoreorlessthesameprinciplesD）receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites

244.Thenavigationcomputerfunctions.A）bymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetectorB）basicallyonsatellitesignalsandamapdatabaseC）mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirectionsD）byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals5.ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow.A）theimmaturityofthenewtechnologyB）thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystemC）thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipmentD）thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedriverPassage3Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheApolloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms（隐约出现）ashumanity'snextgreatterraincognita（未探明之地）.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet'sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace? WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanethadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteorite（陨石）fromMars.AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinonedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.（2001年6月）1.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas____.A）todisplaytheircountry'smilitarymightB）toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC）tofindnewareasforcolonizationD）topursuecommercialandstateinterests2.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventures

25is.A）InternationalcooperationB）scientificresearchC）nationalisticreasonsD）long-termprofits3.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A）Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B）Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C）Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D）Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration4.Bysaying"WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen"（Para.4）,theauthormeansthat.A）withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB）inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC）inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD）withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue5.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould.A）makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB）confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC）revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD）provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverse六、交通类Passage1Asmachinesgo,thecarisnotterriblynoisy,norterriblypolluting,norterriblydangerous;andonallthosedimensionsithasbecomebetterasthecenturyhasgrownolder.Themainproblemisitsprevalence,andthesocialcoststhatensuefromtheusebyeveryoneofsomethingthatwouldbefairlyharmlessif,say,onlytherichweretouseit.Itisapricewepayforequality.Beforebecomingtoogloomy,itisworthrecallingwhythecarhasbeenarguablythemostsuccessfulandpopularproductofthewholeofthepast100years—andremainsso.Thestorybeginswiththeenvironmentalimprovementitbroughtinthe1900s.InNewYorkcityin1900,accordingtotheCarCulture,a1975bookbyJ.Flink,ahistorian,horsesdeposited2.5millionpoundsofmanure（粪）and60,000gallonsofurine（尿）everyday.Everyyear,thecityauthoritieshadtoremoveanaverageof15,000deadhorsesfromthestreets.Itmadecarssmellofroses.Carswerealsowonderfullyflexible.Themainearliersolutiontohorsepollutionandtrafficjamswastheelectrictrolleybus（电车）.Butthatrequiredfixedoverheadwires,andrailsandplatforms,whichwereexpensive,ugly,andinflexible.ThecarcouldgofromanyAtoanyB,andallowedtownstodevelopinalldirectionswithlow-densityhousing,ratherthanjustbeingconcentratedalongthetrolleyorraillines.Ruralareasbenefitedtoo,fortheybecamelessremote.However,sincepollutionbecameaconcerninthe1950s,expertshavepredicted—wrongly—thatthecarboomwasabouttoend.InhisbookMr.Flinkarguedthatby1973theAmericanmarkethadbecomesaturated,atonecarforevery2.25people,andsohadthemarketsofJapanandWesternEurope（becauseoflandshortages）.Environmentalworriesanddiminishingoilreserveswouldprohibitmasscaruseanywhereelse.

26Hewaswrong.Between1970and1990,whereasAmerica’spopulationgrewby23%,thenumberofcarsonitsroadsgrewby60%.Thereisnowonecarforevery1.7peoplethere,oneforevery2.1inJapan,oneforevery5.3inBritain.Around550millioncarsarealreadyontheroads,nottomentionallthetrucksandmotorcycles,andabout50millionnewonesaremadeeachyearworldwide.Willitgoon?Undoubtedly,becausepeoplewantitto.（2003年9月）1.Asisgiveninthefirstparagraph,thereasonwhythecarhasbecomeaproblemisthat　________.A）poorpeoplecan’taffordit　　　B）itistooexpensivetomaintainC）toomanypeopleareusingit　　D）itcausestoomanyroadaccidents2.Accordingtothepassage,thecarstartedtogainpopularitybecause________.A）itdidn’tbreakdownaseasilyasahorse　B）ithadacomparativelypleasantodorC）itcausedlesspollutionthanhorses　　　D）itbrightenedupthegloomystreets3.Whatimpactdidtheuseofcarshaveonsociety?A）Peoplewerecompelledtoleavedowntownareas.B）Peoplewereabletoliveinlesscrowdedsuburbanareas.C）Businessalongtrolleyandraillinesslackened.D）Citystreetswerefreeofuglyoverheadwires.4.Mr.Flinkarguedinhisbookthatcarswouldnotbewidelyusedinothercountriesbecause_____.A）theonceboomingcarmarkethasbecomesaturatedB）trafficjamsinthosecountriesaregettingmoreandmoreseriousC）expensivemotorwaysarenotavailableinlessdevelopedcountriesD）peopleworryaboutpollutionandthediminishingoilresources5.What’swrongwithMr.Flink’sprediction?A）Theuseofautomobileshaskeptincreasingworldwide.B）Newgenerationsofcarsarevirtuallypollutionfree.C）ThepopulationofAmericahasnotincreasedasfast.D）People’senvironmentalconcernsareconstantlyincreasing.Passage2Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecial-purposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanualdrivencars.Aspecial-purposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreewaycapacity.Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwaywasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitablyequippedroads.Ifspecial-purposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp（入口引道）.

27Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa"transition"lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.（Thelimitationoftheselanestoautomatedtrafficwould,presumably,bewellrespected,becausealltrespassers（非法进入者）couldbeswiftlyidentifiedbyauthorities.）Eitherapproachtojoiningalaneofautomatedtrafficwouldharmonizethemovementofnewlyenteringvehicleswiththosealreadytraveling.Automaticcontrolhereshouldallowforsmoothmergingwithouttheusualuncertaintiesandpotentialforaccidents.Andonceavehiclehadsettledintoautomatedtravel,thedriverwouldbefreetoreleasethewheel,openthemorningpaperorjustrelax.（2000年12月）1.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthattwosystemsofautomatedhighways.A）arebeingplannedB）arebeingmodifiedC）arenowinwideuseD）areunderconstruction2.Aspecial-purposelanesystemisprobablyadvantageousinthat.A）itwouldrequireonlyminorchangestoexistinghighwaysB）itwouldachievethegreatesthighwaytrafficefficiencyC）ithasalaneforbothautomatedandpartiallyautomatedvehiclesD）itoffersmorelanesforautomatedvehicles3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdrivingonanautomatedhighway?A）Vehiclestravelingonitareassigneddifferentlanesaccordingtotheirdestinations.B）Acarcanjoinexistingtrafficanytimeinamixedlanesystem.C）Thedrivershouldinformhiscarcomputerofhisdestinationbeforedrivingontoit.D）Thedrivershouldsharetheautomatedlanewiththoseofregularvehicles.4.Weknowfromthepassagethatacarcanenteraspecial-purposelane.A）bysmoothlymergingwithcarsontheconventionallaneB）bywayofarampwithelectroniccontroldevicesC）throughaspeciallyguardedgateD）afteralltrespassersareidentifiedandremoved5.Whendrivinginanautomatedlane,thedriver.A）shouldharmonizewithnewlyenteringcarsB）doesn'thavetorelyonhiscomputersystemC）shouldwatchoutforpotentialaccidentsD）doesn'thavetoholdontothesteeringwheelPassage3CarsaccountforhalftheoilconsumedintheU.S.,abouthalftheurbanpollutionandone-fourththegreenhouse（温室）gases.Theytakeasimilarloss（损耗）ofresourcesinotherindustrialnationsandinthecitiesofthedevelopingworld.Asvehicleusecontinuesto

28increaseinthecomingdecade,theU.S.andothercountrieswillhavetodealwiththeseissuesorelsefaceunacceptableeconomic,health-relatedandpoliticalcosts.ItisunlikelythatoilpriceswillremainattheircurrentlowlevelorthatothernationswillacceptalargeandgrowingU.S.contributiontoglobalclimaticchange.Policymakersandindustryhavefouroptions:reducevehicleuse,increasetheefficiencyandreducetheemissionsofconventionalgasoline-poweredvehicles,switchtolessharmfulfuels,orfindlesspollutingdrivingsystems.Thelastofthese—inparticulartheintroductionofvehiclespoweredbyelectricity—isultimatelytheonlysustainableoption.Theotheralternativesareattractiveintheorybutinpracticeareeitherimpracticalorofferonlymarginalimprovements.Forexample,reducedvehicleusecouldsolvetrafficproblemsandahostofsocialandenvironmentalproblems,butevidencefromaroundtheworldsuggeststhatitisverydifficulttomakepeoplegiveuptheircarstoanysignificantextent.IntheU.S.,mass-transitridershipandcarpooling（合伙用车）havedeclinedsinceWorldWarII.EveninWesternEurope,withfuelpricesaveragingmorethan$1aliter（about$4agallon）andwitheasilyaccessiblemasstransitanddensepopulations,carsstillaccountfor80percentofallpassengertravel.Improvedenergyefficiencyisalsoappealing,butautomotivefueleconomyhasbarelymadeanyprogressin10years.Alternativefuelssuchasnaturalgas,burnedininternal-combustionengines,couldbeintroducedatrelativelylowcost,buttheywouldleadtoonlymarginalreductionsinpollutionandgreenhouseemissions（especiallybecauseoilcompaniesarealreadyspendingbillionsofdollarseveryyeartodeveloplesspollutingtypesofgasoline）.（2000年6月）1.Fromthepassageweknowthattheincreaseduseofcarswill.A）consumehalfoftheoilproducedintheworldB）haveseriousconsequencesforthewell-beingofallnationsC）widenthegapbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesD）imposeanintolerableeconomicburdenonresidentsoflargecities2.TheU.S.hastodealwiththeproblemsarisingfromvehicleusebecause.A）mostAmericansarereluctanttoswitchtopublictransportationsystemsB）thepresentlevelofoilpricesisconsideredunacceptableC）othercountrieswillprotestitsincreasinggreenhouseemissionsD）itshouldtakealeadinconservingnaturalresources3.Whichofthefollowingisthebestsolutiontotheproblemsmentionedinthepassage?A）Thedesigningofhighlyefficientcarengines.B）Areductionofvehicleuseincities.C）Thedevelopmentofelectriccars.D）Theuseoflesspollutingfuels.4.Whichofthefollowingispracticalbutonlymakesamarginalcontributiontosolvingtheproblemofgreenhouseemissions?A）Theuseoffuelsotherthangasoline.B）Improvedenergyefficiency.C）Theintroductionoflesspollutingdrivingsystems.D）Reducingcarusebycarpooling5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A）ThedeclineofpublictransportationaccountsforincreasedcaruseinWesternEurope.

29B）CarsarepopularinWesternEuropeeventhoughfuelpricesarefairlyhigh.C）ThereductionofvehicleuseistheonlysustainableoptionindenselypopulatedwesternEurope.D）WesternEuropeanoilcompaniescannotsustainthecostofdevelopingnew-typefuels.七、医学类Passage1Foryears,doctorsadvisedtheirpatientsthattheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemexpensiveurine（尿）.Afterall,truevitamindeficienciesarepracticallyunheardofinindustrializedcountries.Nowitseemsthosedoctorsmayhavebeenwrong.Theresultsofagrowingnumberofstudiessuggestthatevenamodestvitaminshortfallcanbeharmfultoyourhealth.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollarsyouspendonthemisprobablyagoodinvestment.　　Oratleastthat'stheargumentputforwardintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Ideally,sayDr.WalterWillettandDr.MeirStampferofHarvard,allvitaminsupplementswouldbeevaluatedinscientificallyrigorousclinicaltrials.Butthosestudiescantakealongtimeandoftenraisemorequestionsthantheyanswer.Atsomepoint,whileresearchersworkonfiguringoutwherethetruthlies,itjustmakessensetosaythepotentialbenefitoutweighsthecost.　　Thebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.It'sbeenprovedtolimitthenumberofdefectsinembryos（胚胎）,andarecenttrialfoundthatfolateincombinationwithvitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalrepair.　　ThenewsonvitaminEhasbeenmoremixed.Healthyfolkswhotake400internationalunitsdailyforatleasttwoyearsappearsomewhatlesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.ButwhendoctorsgivevitaminEtopatientswhoalreadyhaveheartdisease,thevitamindoesn'tseemtohelp.ItmayturnoutthatvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionbutcannotundoseriousdamage.　　DespitevitaminC'sgreatpopularity,consuminglargeamountsofitstillhasnotbeenpositivelylinkedtoanygreatbenefit.ThebodyquicklybecomessaturatedwithCandsimplyexcretes（排泻）anyexcess.　　Themultivitaminsquestionboilsdowntothis:Doyouneedtowaituntilalltheevidenceisinbeforeyoutakethem,orareyouwillingtoacceptthatthere'senoughevidencethattheydon'thurtandcouldhelp?　　Ifthelatter,there'snoneedtogotoextremesandbuythebiggesthorsepillsorthemostexpensivebottles.Largedosescancausetrouble,includingexcessivebleedingandnervoussystemproblems.　　Multivitaminsarenosubstituteforexerciseandabalanceddiet,ofcourse.Aslongasyouunderstandthatanypotentialbenefitismodestandsubjecttofurtherrefinement,takingadailymultivitaminmakesalotofsense.（2003年12月）　1.Atonetimedoctorsdiscouragedtakingmultivitaminsbecausetheybelievedthatmultivitamins____.　　A）couldnoteasilybeabsorbedbythehumanbody　　B）werepotentiallyharmfultopeople'shealth　　C）weretooexpensivefordailyconsumption　　D）couldnotprovideanycureforvitamindeficiencies

30　2.Accordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplements____.　　A）oftenresultinmisleadingconclusions　　B）taketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveresults　　C）shouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerscale　　D）appeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandresources　3.IthasbeenfoundthatvitaminE_____.　　A）shouldbetakenbypatientsregularlyandpersistently　　B）caneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofheartdisease　　C）hasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartdisease　　D）shouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyaspossible　4.Itcanbeseenthatlargedosesofmultivitamins_____.　　A）maybringaboutserioussideeffects　　B）mayhelppreventexcessivebleeding　　C）arelikelytoinducetheblockageofarteries　　D）areadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies　5.Theauthorconcludesthepassagewiththeadvicethat_____.　　A）thebenefitofdailymultivitaminintakeoutweighsthatofexerciseandabalanceddiet　　B）it'sriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificfunction　　C）thepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeoverestimated　　D）it'sreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsdailyPassage2　　RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea"virtual"orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners（从业者）.　　"Withvirtualrealitywe'llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,"saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.　　ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets（头盔）thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.　　AlthoughSatava'svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovides,feedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.　　Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpath

31tothetumor（肿瘤）.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient'sbraintakenbeforesurgery.　　Duringtheseprocedures—operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered—surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.　　Satavasays,"Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine."（2003年12月）　1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine_____.　　A）willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefield　　B）canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield　　C）willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefield　　D）canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefield　2.RichardSatavahasvisionsof_____.　　A）usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseas　　B）woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefield　　C）woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeons　　D）settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseas　3.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?　　A）Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.　　B）Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.　　C）Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinkedtothem.　　D）A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.　4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause_____.　　A）heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreen　　B）thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentangles　　C）thecutshavebeenhighlymagnified　　D）heiswearing3-Dglasses　5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey.　　A）causelesspaintothewounded　　B）allowthepatienttorecovermorequickly　　C）willmakehumansurgeons'worklesstediousD）aredonebyrobotsurgeons’withgreaterprecisionPassage3Cryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,orjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncomfortableandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating（毁灭性的）tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudging

32fromrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefinitelyknowntoshedemotionaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponse,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormorefunctionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytoelicitassistanceformothers（asacryingbabymightfromitsmother）,thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention.So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress.UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.Bothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareshedinresponsetoemotion.Tearsshedbecauseofexposuretocutonionwouldcontainnosuchsubstance.Researchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansof　diagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity’sTeatAnalysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication（药物）,todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybeuncomfortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye”syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDr.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsforcluestothediagnosisof　diseasesawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytiny　amountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedanalyses.（2003年9月）1.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat________.A）sheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmericanB）cryingmayoftenirritatepeopleorevenresultintragedyC）cryingusuallywinssympathyfromotherpeopleD）onewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeblamed2.Whatdoes“boththoseresponsestotears”（Line6,Para,1）referto?A）Cryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsforhappiness.B）Theembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationoftheobservers.C）Thetearshedder’sapologyandtheobserver’sefforttostopthecrying.D）Linkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionoftears.3.“Counterproductive”（Para,1）veryprobablymeans“________”.A）havingnoeffectatallB）leadingtotensionC）producingdisastrousimpactD）harmfultohealth4.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcrying?A）Itisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheenvironment.B）Itmusthavearoletoplayinman’ssurvival.C）Itismeanttogetattentionandassistance.

33D）Itusuallyproducesthedesiredeffect.5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?A）Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.B）Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.C）Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.D）Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears.Passage4Itisnosecretamongathletesthatinordertoimproveperformanceyou’vegottoworkhard.However,hardtrainingbreaksyoudownandmakesyouweaker.Itisrestthatmakesyoustronger.Improvementonlyoccursduringtherestperiodfollowinghardtraining.Thisadaptationisaccomplishedbyimprovingefficiencyoftheheartandcertainsystemswithinthemusclecells.Duringrecoveryperiodsthesesystemsbuildtogreaterlevelstocompensateforthestressthatyouhaveapplied.Theresultisthatyouarenowatahigherlevelofperformance.Ifsufficientrestisnotincludedinatrainingprogram,imbalancebetweenexcesstrainingand　inadequaterestwilloccur,andperformancewilldecline.The“overtrainingsyndrome（综合症）”isthenamegiventothecollectionofemotional,behavioral,andphysicalsymptomsduetoovertrainingthathaspersistedforweekstomonths.Itismarkedbycumulativeexhaustionthatpersistsevenafterrecoveryperiods.Themostcommonsymptomisfatigue.Thismaylimitworkoutsandmaybepresentatrest.Theathletemayalsobecomemoody,easilyirritated,havealteredsleeppatterns,becomedepressed,orlosethecompetitivedesireandenthusiasmforthesport.Somewillreportdecreasedappetiteandweightloss.Physicalsymptomsincludepersistentmuscularsoreness,increasedfrequencyofviral（病毒性的）illnesses,andincreasedincidenceofinjuries.Thetreatmentfortheovertrainingsyndromeisrest.Thelongertheovertraininghasoccurred,themorerestrequired.Therefore,earlydetectionisveryimportant.Iftheovertraininghasonlyoccurredforashortperiodoftime（e.g.3-4weeks）theninterruptingtrainingfor3-5daysisusuallysufficientrest.Itisimportantthatthefactorsthatleadtoovertrainingbeidentifiedandcorrected.Otherwise,theovertrainingsyndromeislikelytorecur.Theovertrainingsyndromeshouldbeconsideredinanyathletewhomanifestssymptomsofprolongedfatigueandwhoseperformancehasleveledoffordecreased.Itisimportanttoexcludeanyunderlyingillnessthatmayberesponsibleforthefatigue.（2003年9月）1.Thefirstparagraphofthepassagetellsusthat________.A）theharderanathletetrains,thebetterhisperformancewillbeB）restaftervigoroustrainingimprovesanathlete’sperformanceC）strictsystematictrainingisessentialtoanathlete’stopperformanceD）improvementofanathlete’sperformanceoccursinthecourseoftraining2.By“overtraining”theauthormeans________.A）aseriesofphysicalsymptomsthatoccuraftertrainingB）undueemphasisontheimportanceofphysicalexertionC）trainingthatisnotadequatelycompensatedforbyrestD）trainingthathasexceededanathlete’semotionallimits3.Whatdoesthepassagetellusaboutthe“overtraining”syndrome?

34A）Itoccurswhenathletesloseinterestinsports.B）Itappearsrightafterahardtrainingsession.C）Thefatigueitresultsinisunavoidableintheathlete’strainingprocess.C）Itmanifestsitselfinfatiguewhichlingersevenafterarecoveryperiod.4.Whatdoesthephrase“leveloff”（Para,4）mostprobablymean?A）Slowdown.B）Becomedull.C）Stopimproving.D）Beonthedecline.5.Theauthoradvisesattheendofthepassagethat________.A）overtrainingsyndromeshouldbetreatedasaseriousillnessB）overtrainingsyndromeshouldbepreventedbeforeitoccursC）anathletewithovertrainingsyndromeshouldtakealengthyrestD）illnesscausingfatigueshouldnotbemistakenforovertrainingsyndrome八、自然、环境、生物Passage1Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance（异乎寻常地）.Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet'senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.Mostimportant,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates（灵长目动物）some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs;fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangesarenothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign（宜人的）globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth'sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.1.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged_-.A）togiveuphisformerwayoflifeB）toleavethecoastalareas

35C）tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetationD）toabandonhisoriginalsettlement2.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate.A）isgoingthroughafundamentalchangeB）hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000yearsC）willeventuallychangefromhottocoldD）hasgonethroughperiodicalchanges3.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution.A）hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchangesB）hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchangesC）haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchangesD）hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges4.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat..A）humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth'senvironmentB）Earth'senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterferenceC）Earth'sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefutureD）Earth'sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture5.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat.A）humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchangesB）mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimateC）manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocessD）humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnaturePassage2"Theworld'senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss."Ifthatwereanexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapart,offeringalonglistofcomplaints:fromlocalsmog（烟雾）toglobalclimatechange,fromthefelling（砍伐）offoreststotheextinctionofspecies.Thelistwouldlargelybeaccurate,theconcernlegitimate.Yetthestudentswhoshouldbegiventhehighestmarkswouldactuallybethosewhoagreedwiththestatement.Thesurpriseishowgoodthingsare,nothowbad.Afterall,theworld'spopulationhasmorethantripledduringthiscentury,andworldoutputhasrisenhugely,soyouwouldexpecttheearthitselftohavebeenaffected.Indeed,ifpeoplelived,consumedandproducedthingsinthesamewayastheydidin1900（or1950,orindeed1980）,theworldbynowwouldbeaprettydisgustingplace:smelly,dirty,toxicanddangerous.Buttheydon't.Thereasonswhytheydon't,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenruined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.Thatiswhytoday'senvironmentalproblemsinthepoorcountriesought,inprinciple,tobesolvable.Rawmaterialshavenotrunout,andshownosignofdoingso.Logically,onedaytheymust:theplanetisafiniteplace.Yetitisalsoverybig,andmanisveryingenious.Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisenand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessofthematerial,orlookedforanewsubstitute.Forthisreasonpricesforenergyandformineralshavefalleninrealtermsduringthecentury.Thesameistrueforfood.Pricesfluctuate,inresponsetoharvests,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability;andwhentheyrise,ittakessometimebeforenewsourcesofsupplybecomeavailable.Buttheyalwaysdo,assistedbynewfarmingandcroptechnology.The

36long-termtrendhasbeendownwards.Itiswherepricesandmarketsdonotoperateproperlythatthisbenign（良性的）trendbeginstostumble,andthegenuineproblemsarise.Marketscannotalwayskeeptheenvironmenthealthy.Ifnooneownstheresourceconcerned,noonehasaninterestinconservingitorfosteringit:fishisthebestexampleofthis.（2002年1月）1.Accordingtotheauthor,moststudents.A）believetheworld'senvironmentisinanundesirableconditionB）agreethattheenvironmentoftheworldisnotasbadasitisthoughttobeC）gethighmarksfortheirgoodknowledgeoftheworld'senvironmentD）appearsomewhatunconcernedaboutthestateoftheworld'senvironment2.Thehugeincreaseinworldproductionandpopulation.A）hasmadetheworldaworseplacetoliveinB）hashadapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentC）hasnotsignificantlyaffectedtheenvironmentD）hasmadetheworldadangerousplacetolivein3.Oneofthereasonswhythelong-termtrendofpriceshasbeendownwardsisthat.A）technologicalinnovationcanpromotesocialstabilityB）politicalinstabilitywillcauseconsumptiontodropC）newfarmingandcroptechnologycanleadtooverproductionD）newsourcesarealwaysbecomingavailable4.Fishresourcesarediminishingbecause.A）nonewsubstitutescanbefoundinlargequantitiesB）theyarenotownedbyanyparticularentityC）impropermethodsoffishinghaveminedthefishinggroundsD）waterpollutionisextremelyserious5.Theprimarysolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsis.A）toallowmarketforcestooperateproperlyB）tocurbconsumptionofnaturalresourcesC）tolimitthegrowthoftheworldpopulationD）toavoidfluctuationsinpricesPassage3Birdsthatareliterallyhalf-asleep-withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleeping-controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake,accordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks.Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainsleepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbythesleepinghemispherekeepsshut,whilethewakefulhemisphere'seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerable,end-of-the-rowsleepers.Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.Also,birdsdozing（打盹）attheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleep,ratherthantotalrelaxation,moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsina

37four-duckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots."Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain，”theresearcherssay.Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalong-standingsuppositionthatsingle-hemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He'sseenitinapairofbirdsdozingside-by-sideinthezooandinasinglepetbirdsleepingbyamirror.Themirror-sideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.Usefulashalf-sleepingmightbe,it'sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammals（哺乳动物）asdolphins,whales,andseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsasleepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshewondersifbirds'half-brainsleep“isjustthetipoftheiceberg（冰山）”Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.（2000年12月）1.Anewstudyonbirds'sleephasrevealedthat.A）half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirdsB）half-brainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwavesC）birdscancontroltheirhalf-brainsleepconsciouslyD）birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest2.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause.A）theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacksB）theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorestC）thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructuredD）theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions3.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat.A）thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespreadB）birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurityC）evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurityD）asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror4.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfawakeinorderto________.A）alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemyB）emergefromwaternowandthentobreatheC）besensitivetotheever-changingenvironmentD）avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents5.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”（Para.8）,Siegelsuggeststhat.A）half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweatherB）themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsolvedC）mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepersD）half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspecies