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大学本科英语专业3.Mytelephonenumberisnot65031609.4.Idon’tliketheblackjumper.5.Hewon’tcomebythe7:30train.(Thewordordigitinboldhasthemoststress)Exercise:ABABBDrivingCarefullyDrivecarefullyandslowlywhenpedestriansareabout,particularlyincrowdedshoppingstreets,whenyouseeabusstopped,ornearaparkedmobileshop.Watchoutforpedestrianscomingfrombehindparkedorstoppedvehicles,orfromotherplaceswhereyoumightnotbeabletoseethem.Threeoutoffourpedestrianskilledorseriouslyinjuredareeitherunderfifteenoroversixty.Theyoungandelderlymaynotjudgespeedsverywell,andmaystepintotheroadwhenyoudonotexpectthem.Givethem,andtheinfirm,orblind,ordisabledpeople,plentyoftimetocrosstheroad.Driveslowlynearschools,andlookoutforchildrengettingonoroffschoolbuses.StopwhensignalledtodosobyaschoolcrossingpatrolshowingaStop-Childrensign.Becarefulnearaparkedice-creamvan—childrenaremoreinterestedinice-creamthenintraffic.Whencomingtoazebracrossing.bereadytoslowdownorstoptoletpeoplecross.Youmustgivewayoncetheyhavesteppedontoacrossing.Signaltootherdriversthatyoumeantoslowdownorstop.Giveyourselfmoretimetoslowdownorstoponwetoricyroads.Neverovertakejustbeforeazebracrossing.1.Drivecarefullyandslowlywhenpedestriansareabout.2.Threeoutoffourpedestrianskilledareeitherunderfifteenoroversixty.3.Becarefulnearaparkedice-creamvan—childrenaremoreinterestedinice-creamthanintraffic.4.Whencomingtoazebracrossing,bereadytoslowdownorstoptoletpeoplecross.5.Youmustgivewayoncetheyhavesteppedontoacrossing.DrivingCarefullyI.LookoutforpedestriansA.Drivecarefullyatcrowdedshoppingstreets.B.Drivecarefullynearabusstop.C.Drivecarefullynearaparkedmobileshop.II.Lookoutfortheyoung,theoldandthedisabledA.Threeoutoffourpedestrianskilledorseriouslyinjuredareeitherunderfifteenoroversixty.B.Theyoungandtheelderlymaynotjudgespeedsverywell.C.Givethem,andtheinfirm,orblind,ordisabledpeople,plentyoftimetocrosstheroad.III.LookoutforchildrenA.StopataStop—ChildrensignB.Driveslowlynearaparkedice-creamvanIV.ComingtoazebracrossingA.Slowdownorstoptoletpeoplecross.B.Signaltootherdriversthatyoumeantoslowdownorstop.C.Neverovertakejustbeforeazebracrossing.
1Dialogue1MakingArrangementsMum:Hello.Tessa:Hi,Mum.It’sme.Howareyou?Mum:Oh,I’mfine,Tessa.Iexceptyou’rephoningtofindouthowthearrangementsforyourpartyaregoing?Tessa:Yes.That’sright.Youknow,it’sreallygoodofyouandDadtomakeallthearrangementswhileI’maway.Ireallydon’tknowwhatI’ddowithoutyou!Mum:Oh,thereisnotthatmuchtodoreally.Infact,yourfatherandIarequiteenjoyingitTessa:Good.Sohowarethinggoing?Mum:Well,let’ssee.I’vealreadyhiredthehall,sothat’sOK.Tessa:Haveyoufoundanyonetodothediscoyet?Mum:No,notyet,dear.Tessa:Well,doyouthinkyoucoulddothatsoon,Mum?Itmightnotbeeasy.Whatabouttheequipment?Mum:Well,we’rehavingthesoundsystemandrecordsdeliveredbyalocalcompanynextweek.Tessa:Good.Thatshouldbeallright.Whataboutthebar?Mum:That’sallundercontrol.We’rehavingthedrinksdeliverednextweek.Tessa:Great!Haveyouorganisedthefood?Areyoucookingit?Mum:What,for70people?Youmustbejoking!No,IthinkI’llhaveitdonebythecaterers*inthevillage.Tessa:You’lldothatsoon,won’tyou?They’llneedabitofnotice.Mum:Mmm.Ofcourse.Now,Ihadtheinvitationsprintedlastweek.Thestationer’sdidthem,butIhaven’thadtimetosendthemyet…Tessa:Oh,Mum,buttheparty’sintendays!Sendthemsoon,willyou,orwe’llhavenoguests!Mum:Yes,I’msorry,dear.Look,I’llphoneeveryonetoo.I’vebeensobusywithallthearrangements…DoneTobedoneRelevantinformationTheplace√Thehallhasbeenhired.Thedisco√Tofindsomeonetodoit.Theequipment√Thesoundsystemandrecordswillbedeliveredbyalocalcompanynextweek.Thebar√Thedrinkswillbedeliverednextweek.Thefood√Tohaveitdonebythecaterersinthevillage.Theinvitations√Theyareprintedandwillbesentsoon.Dialogue2FastFoodSurveyA:Excuseme,doyoumindansweringafewquestions?B:No.A:Umfirstly,doyouevereatfastfood.B:Yes,yes,Ido.A:Whatkindoffastfooddoyounormallyeat?B:Oh,eryouknow,burgers,sandwiches,wellsometimeslikeapizzaor,youknow,
2kebabs*.A:Oh,right.Andhowoftendoyoueatfastfood?Everyday,morethanonceaweekorlessthanonceaweek?B:Er,wellMondaytoFridaywhenI’mworkinger,yeaheveryday,umbutnot…notusuallyattheweekends.A:Andwhattimeofdaydoyoueatfastfood?B:Well,atworkasIsaid,youknowatlunchtime,umyouknow,Isortofgooutandgetaburgerorsandwich.Sometimes,youknow,if,ifI’mgoingoutandI’venotimetocookintheeveningsthenI’ll,I’llsendoutforapizza.A:Oh,right.Doyouonlyeatitasamainmealordoyousnackbetweenmeals?B:No,onlyasamainmeal,youknowlunchor,orintheevening.A:Andwhatdoyouthinkoffastfood?Whichstatementsdoyouthinkaretrue?Um,either“It’sconvenient”B:Oh,definitely.Imean,that’ssortofthemainreasonthatIeatit.A:Right.Howabout“Ittastesgood”?B:Yeah.Um,Imean,notasgoodasfoodlikeina,inagoodrestaurant,butit’snotbad.A:“It’sgoodforyou”?B:No.Sortofeatingquicklyandstandingup.It’ssortofbadforyou.Thefooditselfisn’tverygoodforyou,youknowthere’snotenoughgreens,umyouknow,vegetablesorsalad.A:Mm.Howabout“It’sanexpensivewayofeating”?Whatdoyouthinkofthat?B:Oh,yesitis,erbutyou’repayingfortheconvenience,youknowthespeedofit.Er,well,Icertainlythinkthatit’scheaperthanyouknowcookingyourownfood.A:Er,andwhataboutlastly“Itcreateslitter.”Doyouthinkthat’strue?B:Yes,yes,itdoes.OnlyI,Ialwaysputmineinayouknowinalitterbin,buterunfortunatelyalotofpeopledon’t,umbutinthepackagingthereisalotofpaperinvolvedandplasticandsometimespolystyrene*.Howoftendoyoueatfastfood?EverydayEveryweekdaysAttheweekendsOccasionally√Atwhattimeofthedaydoyoueatfastfood?BreakfastLunchDinnerBetweenmeals√√B:Itisconvenientandfast,thoughtitdoesn’ttasteasgoodasfoodingoodarestaurant.Howeveritisbadtoone’shealthbecausetherearenotenoughvegetables.Itisalsoquiteanexpensivewayofeating,butyou’repayingfortheconvenience.Anditcreateslitterbecauseinthepackagingthereisalotofpaper,plasticandsometimespolystyreneinvolved.Passage1SnackIt’s3:15intheafternoonandhalftheofficejuststeppedout*foracoffeebreak.Youreyelidsarestartingtocloseand7-11isjustaroundthecorner.Asodaorabagofchipswouldbejustthethingtoperkyouup*.Soyou,too,gooutforanafternoonsnack.
3Sometimesweeatsimplybecauseeveryoneelseisdoingit.Othertimesweeatwhenwefeeltired,boredordepressed.Snackingforthewrongreasonscanleadtoovereatingandunhealthydiet.Ofcourse,therearetimeswhenourbodiesreallyneedextraenergy.Herearefourtipstokeepyoursnackingontherighttrack.1.Knowwhyyou’reeating.Usingfoodtochangeyourfeelingscanbeadangeroushabit.AnorderofFrenchfriesmightdistract*youfromfeelingsadforawhile,butit’sonlyatemporarycure.Oncethefriesaregone,theproblemisstillthere.Ifyou’refeelinglonely,don’treachintotherefrigerator.Callafriend.Ifyou’refeelingstressed,takea10-minutewalk.2.Findahealthypick-me-up*.Ifyou’retrulyhungry,ahealthysnackcangiveyoutheboostofenergyyouneed.Ifyoulikefreshfoods,bringasmallbagoftomatoesorapplesslicestoworkwhityou.Totameyoursweettooth,tryahandfulofdriedfruit.Aservingofnutscanbeaperfectpick-me-up.Theyhavetherightcombinationofnutrientstogiveyoutheenergyyouneed.Butwaituntilyou’rehungrytofindsomethingtoeat.Planaheadandbringsomethinghealthywhityou.3.Eatjustoneserving.Don’topenupawholeboxofcrackersandstartmunchingaway.Instead,pulloutjustoneservingandputawaythebox.4.Thinkofsnacksasmini-meals.Eatingsmall,healthysnackcankeepyoufromstuffingyourselfatthenextmeal.Insteadofeatingthreebigmealseachday,splitthemintofourorfivemini-meals.Youmayactuallyeatlessfoodoverall.Usethesetipstohelpyouplansnacksaheadoftime.Thenexttimeyouhaveasnackattack,tameyourhungerthehealthyway.ExerciseA:asodaorabagofchips;apieceofcake;asandwich;asmallbagoftomatoes;asmallbagofappleslices;aservingofnuts;aglassoflow-fat-milk;aservingofcrackers,etc.ExerciseB:ADBCDBCAExerciseC:1.Asodaorabagofchipswouldbejustthethingtoperkyouup.2.Usingfoodtochangeyourfeelingcanbeadangeroushabit.3.Ifyou’refeelinglonely,don’treachintotherefrigerator.Callafriend.4.Aservingofnutscanbeaperfectpick-me-up.5.Eatingsmall,healthysnackscankeepyoufromstuffingyourselfatthenextmeal.Passage2TipstoHealthyEatingandPhysicalActivityBreakfastfillsyour“emptytank”togetyougoingafteralongnightwithoutfood.Anditcanhelpyoudobetterinschool.Easy-to-preparebreakfastsincludecoldcerealwithfruitandlow-fatmilk,whole-wheattoastwithpeanutbutter,yogurtwithfruit,whole-grainwafflesorevenlastnight’spizza!It’seasytofitphysicalactivitiesintoyourdailyroutine.Walk,bikeorjogtoseefriends.Takea10-minuteactivitybreakeveryhourwhileyouread,dohomeworkorwatchTV.Climbstairsinsteadoftakinganescalatororelevator.Trytodothesethingsforatotalof30minuteseveryday.Snacksareagreatwaytorefuel.Choosesnacksfromdifferentfoodgroups—aglassoflow-fatmilkandafewgraham*crackers,anappleorcelerystickswithpeanutbutterandraisins*,orsomedrycereal.Ifyoueatsmartatothermeals,cookies,chipsandcandyareOKforoccasionalsnacking.
4Vigorouswork-outs*—whenyou’rebreathinghardandsweating—helpyourheartpumpbetter,giveyoumoreenergyandhelpyoulookandfeelbest.Startwithawarm-upthatstretchesyourmuscles.Include20minutesofaerobicactivity,suchasrunning,jogging,ordancing.Followupwithactivitiesthathelpmakeyoustrongersuchaspush-upsorliftingweights.Thencooldownwithmorestretchinganddeepbreathing.Beingactiveismuchmorefunwithfriendsorfamily.Encourageotherstojoinyouandplanonespecialphysicalactivityevent,likeabikerideorhiking,withagroupeachweek.Youdon’thavetogiveupfoodslikehamburgers,Frenchfriesandicecreamtoeathealthy.Youjusthavetobesmartabouthowoftenandhowmuchofthemyoueat.Yourbodyneedsnutrientslikeprotein*,carbohydrates*,fatandmanydifferentvitaminsandmineralssuchasvitaminsCandA,ironandcalcium*fromavarietyoffoods.BalancingfoodchoicesfromtheFoodGuidePyramidandcheckingouttheNutritionFactspanelonfoodlabelswillhelpyougetallthesenutrients.Eatmoregrains,fruitsandvegetables.Thesefoodsgiveyoucarbohydratesforenergy,plusvitamins,mineralsandfiber.Besides,theytastegood!Trybreadssuchaswhole-wheat,bagels*andpita*.Spaghettiandoatmealarealsointhegraingroup.Bananas,strawberriesandmelonsaresomegreattastingfruits.Tryvegetablesraw,onasandwichorsalad.Ahealthyeatingstyleislikeapuzzlewithmanyparts.Eachpart—orfood—isdifferent.Somefoodsmayhavemorefat,sugarorsaltwhileothersmayhavemorevitaminsorfiber.Thereisaplaceforallthesefoods.Whatmakesadietgoodorbadishowfoodsfittogether.Balancingyourchoicesisimportant.Fitinahigher-fatfood,likepepperoni*pizza,atdinnerbychoosinglower-fatfoodsatothermeals.Anddon’tforgetaboutmoderation.Iftwopiecesofpizzafillyouup,youdon’tneedathird.A:Peopleshouldeatnaturalfoodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditivesandwhichhavenotbeenaffectedbychemicalfertilizerswidelyusedinfarmingtoday.Eatmoregrainfruitsandvegetables.Tokeepfit,youshoulddoregularphysicalexerciseeveryday,suchasrunning,jogging,dancingorridingabike,etc.B:BCDAADBDC:1.Breakfastfillsyour“emptytank”togetyougoingafteralongnightwithoutfoodanditcanhelpyoudobetterinschool.2.Walking,bikingorjoggingiseasytofitintoyourdailyroutine.3.Youmustbesmartabouthowoftenandhowmuchofthemyoueat.4.Grains,fruitsandvegetablesgiveyoucarbohydratesforenergy,plusvitamins,mineralsandfiber.5.Tomakeagooddietyoushouldfitfoodstogetherandbalanceyourchoices.NewsItem1InChinatheeconomyexpandedattherateofmorethan9%betweenJulyandSeptember.ThegovernmentsaysChina’stotaloutputgoodsandserviceswas9.1%highercomparedtothesameperiodlastyear.Thestronggrowthsurprisesmostexperts.TheyhaveexpectedexpansiontoslowearlierthisyearastheeffectsofdiseaseSARScurbed*China’stransportationandtravelindustry.Expertsnowsay
5theyexpecttheeconomytogrowby8.5%forallofthisyear.Chinahastheworldfastestgrowingmajoreconomy.AThisnewsitemisabouttherapidgrowthofChina’seconomy.B:FFFTNewsItem2WorldTradeOrganizationministersaremeetinginMontreal*,Canada.Thetradeministershavebeendebatingtheissueofreducingimporttaxesandgovernmentaidforcertainservices,especiallyfarming.MajoragriculturalexportersliketheUnitedStates,AustraliaandBrazilwantallimportdutiescuttoanaverageof25%.ImporterssuchastheEuropeanUnions,Japanandsomedevelopingcountriessayimporttaxesshouldbecutbysomereasonablepercentagebasedonthecountry.TheUnitedStatesandEuropeanUnionsareunderpressuretoreachafarmingagreementthatotherWTOmemberscansupport.TheWTOisalsodividedontheissueofprovidingnecessarydrugstopoorcountries.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutaworldtradeorganizationmeetingonreducingtaxesandgovernmentaidforcertainservices.ExerciseB:Thetradeministershavebeendebatingtheissueofreducingimporttaxesandgovernmentaidforcertainservices,especiallyfarming.MajoragriculturalexportersliketheUnitedStates,AustraliaandBrazilwantallimportdutiescuttoanaverageof25%.ImporterssuchastheEuropeanUnions,Japanandsomedevelopingcountriessayimporttaxesshouldbecutbysomereasonablepercentagebasedonthecountry.NewsItem3UnitedNation’ssecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanhassharplycriticizedwealthycountriesfortheirtradepolicy.HisstatementswerereadinalettertodelegatesWednesdayattheWorldTradeOrganizationmeetinginCankon,Mexico.IntheletterMrAnnanurgedwealthycountriestolowertradebarriers*andtoapprovenewwaystodeveloptheworldforallcountries.Hesaidthedelegatesdecisioncouldmakedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathformillionsofpeople.Themeetingbringstogetherrepresentativesfromalmost150countries.TheWTOdelegatesareexpectedtodiscussagricultural,tradeandotherissues.Thedelegateshopethetalkwillleadtoatradeagreementbytheendof2004.Protestorshavedemonstratedaroundtheworldagainstthefive-daymeeting.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisabouttheWTOmeetingbeingheldinMexico.ExerciseB:1.WhathasMrKofiAnnansharplycriticized?MrKofiAnnanhassharplycriticizedwealthycountriesfortheirtradepolicy.2.WhatdidMrAnnanurgeinthelettertodelegatesofWTOmeeting?IntheletterMrAnnanurgedwealthycountriestolowertradebarriersandtoapprovenewwaystodeveloptheworldforallcountries.3.WhataretheWTOdelegatesexpectedtodiscuss?TheWTOdelegatesareexpectedtodiscussagricultural,tradeandotherissues.4.Whatdothedelegateshope?Thedelegateshopethetalkwillleadtoatradeagreementbytheendof2004.5.Arethereanypeoplewhoareagainstthemeeting?Yes,protestorshavedemonstratedaroundtheworldagainstthefive-daymeeting.SectionThree
6HowlongcananyoneliveinGermanywithoutapurchaseofeitheracoldstein*ofbeeroraclock?Itdidn’ttakelongforthebeer,butmysearchforjusttherightclocktookafewyears.InmysearchIfoundacuckooclock,anoldFrenchTic-Tacclock,andagoldtimepiecegivingtheprecisetimeanywhereintheworld.Thancamethegrandmotherclockwiththelovelycrystalpanes*—butstillnochiminggrandfatherclock.SuddenlyIreceivedaphonecallfromafriend.Sheknewamanwhosemotherhadtomoveoutofherhomeandfurniturewasbeingsold.SheaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinaveryoldclock.ImadethetripintothecountrysideandfoundasmallGermanhomewithlovelyflowergardens.Thefamilygreetedmeasalong-lostfriend.Wehadcoffeeandapplecakesandthenweheadedfortheattic.IknewtheminuteIsawhim—theoldgrandfather.Surelyhewouldbeexpensive!Isaid,“Yes!”WereturnedtoourcoffeeandIaskedthebigquestion.“Howmuch?”Ipaid45GermanMarksincash,onelargecanofpeaches,apoundofcoffee,andaboxofLiptonTea.FOURAnestimated135millionpeoplehavelowvision.40to50millionotherscannotseeatall.Healthyexpertswarmthatthenumberofblindpeoplewillincreasesharplyastheworldpopulationgrows,andgrowsolder.Theysaythenumberofblindpeoplecouldalmostdoubleby2020.YettheWorldHealthyOrganizationsaysthatineightoutoftencases,blindnesscanbecuredoravoided.OctobertheninthwasWorldSightDay.Acampaigncalledvision2020released*materialstohelpgovernmentandhealthworkersdevelopnationalplanstopreventblindness.Vision2020isajointeffortoftheWHOandInternationalAgencyforthePreventionofBlindness.Thegoalistoendpreventionblindnessby2020.Thecampaigntargetsfourmaincauses.Cataractscausethelensoftheeyetobecomecloudy.InmostofAfricaandAsia,cataractscauseatleasthalfthecasesofblindnessthatcanbecured.Asimpleoperationcanremovecataracts*.Trachoma*isaninfectiousdiseasespreadperson-to-personandbyinsects.Trachomacausesabout15percentofallcasesofblindness.MostofthecasesareinAfrica.Thediseasecanbetreatedwithantibioticmedicinesandanoperationtocorrectthedamage.ThediseaseknownasriverblindnessisalsofoundmostlyinAfrica.Fliesspreadtheinfection.AyearlytreatmentofthedrugMectizancancontrolthedisease.Finally,alackofvitaminAasaresultofpoornutritionistheleadingcauseofpreventableblindnessinchildren.Vision2020saysthateveryfivesecondsanotherpersonintheworldgoesblind.Mostblindpeopleliveindeveloping,nations.Indiahasatleastninemillion.AboutsixmillionareinChina,andsevenmillioninAfrica.Officialsestimatethattheworldeconomylosesabout28,000milliondollarseachyearfromcurableblindness.
7AresolutionpassedbytheWorldHealthAssemblyinMayurgesallgovernmentstodevelopnationalplanstopreventblindness.ExerciseA:1.TheworldSightDayisonOctobertheninth.2.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysineightoutoftencases,blindnesscanbecuredoravoided.3.AcampaigncalledVision2020aimsatthepreventionofblindness.4.Theblindnessthatcanbecuredoravoidedmostlyoccursindevelopingnations.ExerciseB:1.Name:CataractsTreatment:Asimpleoperationcanremovecataracts.2.Name:TrachomaTreatment:Antibioticmedicinesandanoperationcancorrectthedamage.3.Name:RiverblindnessTreatment:ThedrugMectizancancontrolthedisease.4.MalnutritionleadstoalackofvitaminA.Treatment:FoodandmedicinewithamplevitaminAcancurethedisease.Unit21.A:Mybrotherisanaccountant.Hebuildsbridges.B:Butengineers(↘)buildbridges(↗).2.A:WhenareyougoingtoNewYork?;B:I'mflying(↗)atteno'clock(↘).3.A:HowlonghaveyoubeenabletospeakFrench?B:I'vebeenlearningFrench(↗)forsixyears(↘),4.A:WhendidyoulastseeMike?B:Tuesday(↘)wasthelasttimeIsawhim(↗).5.A:DoIturnitonwiththisswitch?B:Presstheredone(↘)nottheblackone(↗).Exercise:ABBAARalphNaderRalphNaderisamanoffewpossessions.Heownsverylittleandlivesinasmallapartment.Hedoesn'thaveacaroraTVset.Hedoesn'thavemanyclothesandhedoesn'tcareaboutmoneywhenhemakesalotofmoney,hegivesitaway.Hedoesn'tsmokeandheworksfromsixinthemorninguntillateatnight,sevendaysaweek:heispayingbacktoAmericahisdebtasacitizen.Whenhewenttopartiesasayoungman,peoplecomplainedthatallhetalkedaboutwasthedangersofcars,andhowbadcardesigncausedthedeathsofsomanypeopleeachyear.AfterhegraduatedfromHarvard,hepublishedanarticleentitled"UnsafeatAnySpeed,"whichwasaboutacarcalledCorvair.Later,hemadeabigattackonthecarindustryandshowedhowmanydeathsincaraccidentswerebecauseofbadly-madecars.Hesaidnewlawswereneededtomakecarssafer.In1966,becauseofNader'swork,alawwaspassedtomakecarsafer.Afterthissuccess,Naderbecameinterestedinsomethingverydifferent.Thiswasthequalityofmeatandtheamountofmeatthatisputintofoodslikesausagesandhamburgers.Ayearlater,in1967,againbecauseofNader'swork,alawwaspassedto
8ensurethatproductslikesausagesandhamburgerscontainedtherightamountofmeat.In1968,threemorelawswerepassedbecauseofNader'sefforts.Thefirstwastoensurethesafetyofgaspipelines--thesearethepipesthattakegasacrossthecountryfromonetowntoanother.Thesecondwastoprotectpeoplefromradiation--thatis,thedangerousradiationwhichmayleakfromnuclearsources.Thethirdwastoensuretheproperstandardofpoultry--thatis,thechickenandturkeymeat.RalphNader,nowoneofthemostinfluentialpeopleintheUnitedStates,hassetawonderfulexampleofwhatdeterminedmenandwomencandotoimprovethequalityoflifeintheircountry.ExerciseA:1.RalphNaderisamanoffewpossessions.2.HeispayingbacktoAmericahisdebtasacitizen.3.Hesaidnewlawswereneededtomakecarssafer.4.Alawwaspassedtoensurethatproductslikesausagesandhamburgerscontainedtherightamountofmeat.5.RalphNaderhassetawonderfulexampleofwhatdeterminedmenandwomencandotoimprovethequalityoflifeintheircountry.ExerciseB:RalphNaderI.RalphNader,amanoffewpossessionsA.Heownsverylittleandlivesinasmallapartment.B.Hedoesn'thaveacaroraTVset.C.Hedoesn'thavemanyclothes.D.Hedoesn'tcareaboutmoney.II.HisearlyeffortstomakecarsaferA.Hetalkedaboutthedangersofcar,andhowbadcardesigncausedthedeathsofsomanypeopleeachyearatparties.B.AfterhegraduatedfromHarvard,hepublishedanarticleentitled"UnsafeatAnyspeed.C.Later,hemadeabigattackonthecarindustryandshowedhowmanydeathsincaraccidentswerebecauseofbadly-madecars.D.In1966,becauseofNader'swork,alawwaspassedtomakecarsafer.IIIHisinterestsinsomethingverydifferentA.ThequalityofmeatandtheamountofmeatthatisputintofoodslikesausagesandhamburgersB.In1968,threemorelawswerepassedbecauseofNader'sefforts.a.Thefirstwastoensurethesafetyofgaspipelines.b.Thesecondwastoprotectpeoplefromradiation.c.Thethirdwastoensuretheproperstandardofpoultry.IV.RalphNader.oneofthemostinfluentialpeopleintheUnitedStatesA.Hehassetawonderfulexampleofwhatdeterminedmenandwomencandotoimprovethequalityoflifeintheircountry.Dialogue1GiveThemTimetoGettoKnowYouFather:Well,whosefaultdoyouthinkitis,then?
9Daughter:Idon'tknow.Father:Itcouldn'tbeyours?Daughter:What?ThatIfeellonelybecauseIhaven'tanyfriendsthere?Father:No,thatyouhaven'tgotanyfriends.Daughter:ButI'vetoldyou!They'renotveryfriendlythere.Theynevertalktome!Theyjustleavemealone.Father:Butwhy?Daughter:HowshouldIknow?Father:Isn'titpossibleit'sbecauseyou'renotveryfriendlytowardsthem?Daughter:Whatdoyoumean?Father:Haveyoutalkedtothem?Haveyoutriedtomakeconversation?Daughter:I'vetoldyou!They'renotinterestedintalkingtome.Father:Howdoyouknow?Daughter:Because...forexample...atlunchtime,theyallsittogetherinvgroups!Father:Yes,butwhydon'tyousitwithoneofthegroups?Daughter:Don'tbesilly.Icouldn't.Itwouldbeawful!Facher:why?Daughter:Itjustwould.That'sall.Father:Howdoyouknow?Daughter:Ijustdo!Father:Well,you'llnevermakefriendsifyoudon'ttry,willyou?Imean,you'vegottomeetthem,too,atleasthalfway.Daughter:Itjustwouldn'twork!Father:YouknowwhatIthink.Ithinkyou'rejustsayingthatbecauseyou'reimpatient.Daughter:Impatient?Me?Father:Yes,impatient.Youalwayshavebeen,eversinceyouwereachild.Ifyoudon'tgetwhatyouwantimmediately,yougetdepressedandyougiveuptooeasily!Daughter:Look,ifyoucamewithmesomemorning,you'dunderstand...Father:You'veonlybeenthereforfourweeks.Thesethingstaketime.Daughter:Iknow,butIstillfeel...Father:Listen,givethemtimetogettoknowyou...andgiveyourselftimegettoknowthem,andthingswillchange.Believeme!TTFTTTDialogue2GesturesNumber1Woman:Youknow,a"nod"--movingyourheadupanddown--means“yes”inmostplaces,butnoteverywhere.DidyouknowthatinGreeceanodmeans"no"?Man:Itmeans"no"inGreece?I'msurprised.Number2Man:Ididn'tknow"raisedeyebrows"means"yes"inTonga.ItmeanssomethingverydifferentinPeru.Woman:Yeah?Whatdoesitmeanthere?
10Man:Money."Raisedeyebrows"isagestureformoneyinPeru.Woman:Hmm.Number3Woman:Um,Alberto,yousaidthat"tappingyourhead"means"I'mthinking"inArgentina.Man:That'sright.Woman:You'dbetterbecarefulaboutusingthatgesturehereinCanada.Itmeanssomeoneiscrazy.Man:Oh,itmeans"crazy"inCanada?Ididn'tknowthat.I'llbecareful.Number4Man:Youknow,it'sinterestingthatintheNetherlands,"tappingyourelbow"meansyoucan'tdependonsomeone.InColombia,theyusethesamegesture,butithasadifferentmeaning.Woman:WhatdoesitmeaninColombia?Man:Well,itmeanssomeoneischeap.Thatpersondoesn'tliketospendmoney.Woman:Oh.Number5Woman:Here'saninterestingone.Youknowhow"circlingyourhead"meansthataperson'scrazy?Man:Yeah.Woman:GuesswhatitmeansintheNetherlands.Man:TheNetherlands?Ihavenoidea.Woman:Itmeanssomeoneiscallingonthetelephone.Youknow,likedialingaphone.Man:That'sinteresting.Number6Man:So"flickingyourchin"means"goaway"inItaly,rightWoman:Yes.Man:GuesswhatitmeansinBrazil.Woman:InBrazil?Idon'tknow.Man:That'sright.Woman:Huh?Man:InBrazil,"flickingyourchin"means"Idon'tknow."Woman:"Idon'tknow"isthemeaning?Man:Right.Number7Woman:Well,everythingis"thumbsup"formytriptoNigeria.I'veneverbeentoAfricabefore.I'mreallylookingforwardtoit.Man:Ah,you'dbetterbecarefulwiththatexpressioninNigeria.Woman:Huh?Man:Thumbsup.InNigeria,itmeans...um...well,ithasaverybadmeaning.Don'tusethatgesture.Itwillgetyouintoalotoftrouble.Woman:Oh,thanksfortellingme.
11Number8Man:Yousaid"tossingyourhead"means"comehere"forGermans?Woman:That'sright.Butthereaxesomeothermeanings.InIndia,itmeans"yes."ButithastheoppositemeaninginItaly.InItalyitmeans"no."Man:Hmm,"yes"inIndia,"no"inItaly.Isn'titinterestinghowthesamethingcanhavesuchdifferentmeanings?Woman:Itsureis.GestureMeaningCountryNod(Yes)Most.placesNod(No)ArgentinaRaisedeyebrows(Yes)BrazilRaisedeyebrows(Formoney)CanadaTappingyourhead(I'mthinking)ColombiaTappingyourhead(Crazy)GermanyTappingyourelbow(Can'tdependonsomeone)GreeceTappingyourelbow(Thatpersondoesn'tliketospendmoney)IndiaCirclingyourhead(Someoneiscallingonthetelephone)ItalyFlickingyourchin(Goaway)NetherlandsFlickingyourchin(Idon'tknow)NigeriaThumbsup(IthasverybadmeaningPeruTossingyourhead(Comehere)TongaTossingyourhead(Yes)Tossingyourhead(No)passage1WhyShouldn'tyouGobyFirstImpressions?Oneshouldn'talwaysgoby*firstimpressions.Inmyhometowntherelivedagiantofamanwithhugehandsandamannersofierceandunfriendlythathealwayssataloneinanypublicplace.Yettothosewhoknewhim,hewasakindandgenerousfriend.Inthesamewayoneshouldneverassume*thatsomebodywholooksinoffensiveisalwaysgoingtobehaveinaninoffensivemanner.Recmntlymyyoungbrother,whoworksforafamousAmericanairline,wasremindedofthistruth.Theplanewasoverbookedandforonceallthepassengersturnedup.Somybrotherhadthedifficulttaskofchoosingthreepassengersandinformingthemthattheycouldn'ttravelontheflightinquestion.Knowingthattheyoungaregenerallyimpatientandoftenaggressive,mybrotherchosethreeelderlytravellers,anEnglishcoupleandalittleoldAmericanlady.TheEnglishcoupleacceptedthesituationandwenttohaveadrinkwhilewaitingforthenextflight.ThenmybrotherapproachedtheAmericanlady,whosenamewasMrsPepper,withasadsmileonhisface,"MrsPepper?MayIhaveafewwords?I'm
12afraidwehaveaproblem.""Aproblem?Whatdeyoumean,wehaveaproblem,youngman?"“Wouldyouliketocomeintotheoffice”askedmybrother,sensingthatthiswasnotgoingtobeeasy."Oh,verywell,butonlyforamoment.Ihaveaplanetocatch,youknow.""Er...yes."Mybrotherexplainedtheposition.Thelittleladylookedathimwithsteely,blueeyes."Youngman,"shesaid."Idon'tbelieveyouareawarethatyouaretalkingtoMrsKatherinePepper,widowofGeneralArnoldPepper,oftheUnitedStatesArmyAirForceandI'dliketoinformyou,further,thatthePresidentofyourairlinewasapersonalfriendoftheGeneral's.InthecircumstancesI'dadviseyoutosortthisoutrightaway,otherwiseyou'regoingtobeinalotoftrouble.DoImakemyselfclear?"ExerciseA:Appearancesareoftendeceptive.Inthispassage,thetwoexamplestellusthereasonwhyweshouldn'tgobyfirstimpressions.ExerciseB:CDABCDABExerciseC:1.Tothosewhoknewhim,hewasakindandgenerousfriend.2.Recentlythenarrator'sbrother,whoworksforafamousAmericanairline,rememberedthetruththattheplanewasoverbookedandforonceallthepassengersturnedup.Sohehadthedifficulttaskofchoosingthreepassengersandinformingthemthattheycouldn'ttravelontheflightinquestion.3.Thenarrator'sbrotherchosethreeelderlytravellers,anEnglishcoupleandalittleoldAmericanlady.4.TheEnglishcoupleacceptedthesituationandwenttohaveadrinkwhilewaitingforthenextflight.5.ThelittleoldAmericanladyadvisedtheyoungmantosortouttheproblemrightaway,otherwisehewouldbeinalotoftrouble.Passage2CommunicationWehearalotaboutcommunicationthesedays."Alllifecomesbacktothequestionofourspeech,themediumthroughwhichwecommunicatewitheachother;foralllifecomesbacktothequestionofourrelationswithoneanother,"wroteHenryJames.Justhowimportantapartdoesspeechplayinthismatterofcommunication?Speechisman'smostdirectformofcommunicatlonandtheusesmorethananyotherThinkforamomentofthenumberofpeoplewithwhomyoucommunicateinoneday.Therearethemembersofyourfamily,friends,colleagues,employers,clients,shopassistants,andthePeopleyoumaynevermeetbutwithwhomyoucommunicateoverthetelephone.Themainmethodsofcommunicationinbusiness--apartfromdirectcontact--arethetelephone,theteleprinter*andthebusinessletter.Inordertomakeasuccessfulcommunication,itisnecessaryforthesendertoknowwithwhomandwhathewantstocommunicate,andthentodecideonthebestmeansofconveyinghismessage.Thechoiceofwhichmethodtousedependsonseveralfactorsincludingthetimeavailable;lengthofmessage;whetherthemessageisprivateorpersonal;whetherawrittenrecordisrequired;thecostinvolved;theaccessibilityofthepersontobecontactedandthepersonalaspect.
13Aletterisacustomary*andsecuremethodofcommunicatingwithaperson,butthetelephoneismorepersonal,anditmayenablethecallertoinfluencetherecipient*bythemannerinwhichheconductstheconversation.Also,itisoftenpossibletoreceiveanimmediateresponsebymakingatelephonecall.Whatevermethodisused,itisimportanttorememberthatcommunicationisatwo-wayprocessinwhichthereisanactofsendingandofreceiving.Theoralconversationisoftenadvantageousinthisrespectbecauseitiseasiertodetermineatoncewhetherthemessagehasbeensatisfactorilyunderstoodandaccepted.Theessentialqualityingoodcommunicationisclearspeech.Mumbled,indistinctvoices,inwhichtheendsofwordsarenon-existent,oftenresultinmisunderstanding.Thespeakerfailstocommunicatebecausecommunicationisatwo-wayprocessinvolvingaspeakerandalistener.Listeningisimportantinallbranchesofcommunication.Therearesomepeoplewhoaresoeagertocontributetoaconversationthattheyforgetthatlisteningitselfisavitalcontribution.Bygivingothersourfullandcourteousattentionwearehelpingthemtocommunicate.ExerciseA:Theessentialqualityingoodcommunicationisclearspeech.Mumbled,indistinctvoices,inwhichtheendsofwordsarenon-existent,oftenresultinmisunderstanding.ExerciseB:DACBABCDExerciseC:1.Speechisman'smostdirectformofcommunication.2.Inordertomakeasuccessfulcommunication,itisnecessaryforthesendertoknowwithwhomandwhathewantstocommunicate,andthentodecideonthebestmeansofconveyinghisorhermessage.3.Thetelephoneismorepersonalbecauseitmayenablethecallertoinfluencetherecipientbythemannerinwhichheconductstheconversation.4..Theoralconversationisoftenadvantageousincommunicationbecauseitiseasiertodetermineatoncewhetherthemessagehasbeensatisfactorilyunderstoodandaccepted.5.Listeningisimportantinallbranchesofcommunication.Newsltem1TheUnitedStateshasissuedanewworldwideterrorismwarning.TheDepartmentofHome-landSecuritysaidhijackedplanescouldbeusedinattackssimilartothoseonSeptemberllthtwoyearsago.Officialssaidthereisnospecificinformationondatesorpossibletargets.Officialsalsowarnedpossibleterroristbombingsorkidnappings.AlsotheDefenseDepartmenthascancelleditsplanforacomputerwebsitethatwouldallowpeopletochoosedateswhentheythinkfutureterroristattacksormurdersmighthappen.Peoplewouldhaveearnedmoneyiftheychosethecorrectdates.DefenseDepartmentofficialssaidthewebsitecouldhaveprovidedearlywarningaboutfutureattacks.Opponentsstronglycondemntheplan.A:ThisnewsitemisaboutanewworldwideterrorismwarningintheUSA.B:
14I.TheUnitedStateshasissuedanewworldwideterrorismwarning.1.HijackedplanescouldbeusedinattackssimilartothoseonSeptemberllthtwoyearsago.2.Officialsalsowarnedpossibleterroristbombingsorkidnappings.II.TheDefenseDepartmenthascancelleditsplanforcomputerwebsite.1.Thiswebsitewouldallowpeopletochoosedateswhentheythinkfutureterroristattacksormurders.2.DefenseDepartmentofficialssaidthewebsitecouldhaveprovidedearlywarningaboutfutureattacks3.Opponentsstronglycondemntheplan.NewsItem2Atruckbombhaskilledatleast35peopleinaRussianmilitaryhospitalinthetownofMusdak.Manyotherswereinjured.Theforceoftheexplosiondestroyedthebuilding.ThetownisthemainmilitarycenterforRussianforcesfightingChechen*separatists.Reportssayabout150peoplewereinthehospitalatthetimeoftheexplosion.Thenumberofthosekilledisexpectedtoincreaseasemergencyworkercontinuetosearchforbodies:Noonehasclaimedresponsibilityfortheattack.AChechenspokesmandeniedtheresponsibilityforthebombing.Theattackisthe8thbombinginRussiainlessthan3months.FivebombingshavehappenedinornearCbechnya.ExerciseA:Thisnewsaboutthe8thbombingthatoccursinRussiaExerciseB:ATruckBombingNumberofpeoplekilledAtleast35.ThenumberisexpectedtoincreasePlaceInthetownofMusdak.DestructionTheforceoftheexplosiondestroyedthebuildings.ResponsibilityclaimedNoonehasclaimedresponsibilityfortheattack.TherankingorderofthisattackThe8thbombinginRussiainlessthan3months.NewsItem3IndonesiaisexpectedtoannouncestrongersecuritymeasuresWednesdayafteradeadlybombinginJakarta*.Atleast13peoplewerekilledwhenacarbombexplodednearahotel.149peoplewereinjured.ThehotelisoperatedbyaUnitedStatescompany.ThegovernorofJakartasaiditwasverylikelythatthebomberwaskilledintheattack.IndonesianPresidentMegawatiSukarnoputrivisitedthedamagedhotel.Buildingsnearbyalsoweredamaged.Theexplosioncomes2daysbeforeanIndonesiancourtdecidesthefirstcaseconnectedtothedeadlybombingslastyearinBali*.Thoseattackskilled202people.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutthe2ndseriousbombingthattookplaceinIndonesiawithin2years,ExerciseB:FTFFTTRetellingAsSusanandherdaughterJennywalkedaroundtheparktheywerehoundedbybeggars.Thegirlwasshockedwhenshesawaskeletalyoungbeggarwomanwrappedinagrayshawl*.Hereyesweresunken*andsheheldoutabonyhandlikeshewasreceivingcommunion,Asshedid,hershawlfellawayrevealingayoungchildstandingunderit.Jennyjuststartedthrowinghermoneyintothatbonyhand.Susangrabbedherbeforeshecouldstarttakingoffherjewelry,andthemotherdecidedto
15haveatalkwithheraboutthebeggarswhentheygotbacktothehotel.Theyboardedthereturnbus.TheywerestoppedataredlightwhenJennystoodstraightupandscreamed,"Mother?Susanwenttoherwindowandshepointedtoataxinexttothebus.There,inairconditionedcomfort,satthebeggarwomanwithherchildnexttoher,eatinganicecreamcone.CollegeCostsintheU.S.AnewreportsaysthecostofstudiesatpubliccollegesintheUnitedStatesincreased14percentthisyear.Thisisthebiggestincreaseintuition*in30years.Butthestudyalsofoundthattheaveragestudentpaysalotlessthanthepublishedcostsofacollegeeducation,becauseofgrants*.AnditpointsoutthatAmericanstudentsreceivedarecordamountoffinancialaidlastyear.Studentsdonothavetorepaygrants,unlikefinancialaidintheformofloans.AbouthalfofAmericancollegestudentsreceivegrants.Thismeansthateducationcostsdifferfromstudenttostudent.ThereportisfromtheCollegeBoard.Thisisanon-profitmembershipgroupofschoolsandothereducationalorganizations.Oneofitsbest-knownjobsistoadministercollegeentrancetests.TheCollegeBoardsaystuitionattwo-yearpubliccollegesroseatthesamerateasfour-yearsschools.TheCollegeBoardsaystheincreasesweremainlycausedbycutsinstatespendingoneducation.Butacongressmansayscollegeshaveincreasedtheirpricesinbothgoodandbadeconomictimes.JohnBaehner[pronouncedbay-ner]ofOhioischairmanoftheHouseCommitteeonEducationandtheWorkforce.Hesayscollegesdonotwanttotalkabouttheirdecisionstospendmoneytobuildthingslikerock-climbingwalls.TheCollegeBoardcollectedinformationfrom4,000collegesanduniversities.Itsaystheaveragetotalchargeforstudentswholiveatapubliccollegeintheirstateis10,600dollars.Whiletuitionrose14percentthisyear,housingandothercostsincreasedatalowerrate.Ataprivatecollege,totalchargesarealmost27,000dollars.Thatisanincreaseofaboutsixpercentoverlastyear.DavidWardispresidentoftheAmericanCouncilonEducation.Hisgrouprepresentscollegesanduniversities.MisterWardcalledtheCollegeBoardfindingsbadnews.Buthesayspercentageincreasesintuitiondonottellthewholestory.Hesaystherewasgoodnewsaboutgrantsandotherstudentaid.TheCollegeBoardsaysfinancialaidforthelastschoolyearreached105,000milliondollars.Thatamountwasupsharplyfromtheyearbefore.A:1.Becauseofgrants,theaveragestudentpaysalotlessthanthepublishedcostsofacollegeeducation.2.Twoformsoffinancialaidforthestudentsaregrantsandloans.3.Whenstudentsreceiveloans,theyhavetorepaythemlater.4.Theincreasesintuitionaremainlycausedbycutsinstatespendingoneducation.5.Thetotalchargeforthestudentswholiveatacollegeincludestuition,housingandothercosts.B:l.ThisyearthecostofstudiesatpubliccollegesintheUnitedStatesincreased14percent.
162.Theaveragetotalchargeforstudentswholiveatapubliccollegeintheirstateis10.600dollars.Whileataprivatecollege,totalchargesarealmost27.000dollars.3.Theaboveinformationiscollectedfrom4.000collegesanduniversities.4.Itissaidthatthisyear'sincreaseinthecostofstudiesisthebiggestonein30years.5.Americanstudentsreceivedarecordamountoffinancialaidlastyear,whichreached105.000milliondollars~Unit3a.It'sontopofthebookcase.b.Withmilk,please.c.Atfivepastone.d.Atfivepastone.e.It'sontopofthebookcase.f.Withmilk,please.Exercise:FCEBADATerritoryWhenwetalkaboutaterritory,wemeanadefendedspace.Animalshavetheirterritories,whichtheymarkoutwiththeirpersonalscent.Thescentistheirterritorialsignal.Humanbeingshaveotherterritorialsignals.Therearethreekindsofhumanterritory,markedbydifferentterritorialsignals.First,therearetheTribalTerritories,whichinmodemtermsareknownascountries.Countrieshaveanumberofterritorialsignals.Thebordersareoftenguardedbysoldiersandtheyusuallyhavecustomsbarriers,flags,andsigns.Othersignalsofthetribalterritoryareuniformsandnationalanthems.Thesesignalsareimportant,becausetheywarnthevisitorthatheisenteringaforeigncountryand,whileheisthere,hemustbehavelikeavisitor.Second,thereistheFamilyTerritory,atthecenterofwhichisthebedroom.Thisisusuallyasfarawayaspossiblefromthefrontdoor.Betweenthebedroomandthefrontdoorarethespaceswherevisitorsareallowedtoenter.Peoplebehavedifferentlywhenthey'reinsomeoneelse'shouse.Assoonastheycomeupthedrivewayorwalkthroughthefrontdoor--thefirstsignalsoffamilyterritory--theyareinanareawhichdoesnotbelongtothem.Theydonotfeelathome,becauseitisfullofotherpeople'sbelongings--fromtheflowersinthegardentothechairs,tables,carpets,ornaments,andotherthingsinthehouse.Inthesameway,whenafamilygoestothebeachortotheparkforapicnic,theymarkoutasmallterritorywithtowels,baskets,andotherbelongings;otherfamiliesrespectthis,andtrynottositdownrightbesidethem.Finally,thereisthePersonalTerritory.Inpublicplaces,peopleautomaticallymarkoutanareaofpersonalspace.Ifamanentersawaitingroomandsitsatoneendofarowofchairs,itispossibletopredictwherethenextmanwillsit.Itwon'tbenexttohimorattheotherendoftheroom,buthalfwaybetween.Inacrowdedspacelikeatrain,wecan'thavemuchpersonalterritory,sowestandlookingstraightinfrontofuswithblankfaces.Wedon'tlookatortalktoanyonearoundus.ExerciseA:1.Whenwetalkaboutaterritory,wemeanadefendedspace.2.Thesesignalsareimportant,becausetheywarnthevisitorthatheisenteringaforeigncountry.3.Peoplebehavedifferentlywhenthey'reinsomeoneelse'shouse.4.Inpublicplaces,peopleautomaticallymarkoutanareaofpersonalspace.5.Itwon'tbenexttohimorattheotherendoftheroom,buthalfwaybetween.
17ATerritoryI.Territory,adefendedspaceA.Territoryismarkedbyterritorialsignals.a.Animalsmarkouttheirterritorieswiththeirpersonalscent,theirterritorialsignals.│b.Humanbeingshavethreekindsofhumanterritory,markedbydifferentterritorialsignals.II.ThreekindsofhumanterritoryA.TribalTerritoriesorcountriesa.Countrieshaveanumberofterritorialsignals.1.Theborders,guardedbysoldiers,withcustomsbarriers,flags,andsigns2.Uniformsandnationalanthems.B.FamilyTerritorya.FamilyTerritory1.Thefrontdoor.2.Thedriveway.b.Whenafamilygoestothebeachortotheparkforapicnic,theymarkoutasmallterritorywithtowels,baskets,andotherbelongingsC.PersonalTerritorya.Inpublicplacespeopleautomaticallymarkoutanareapersonalspace.b.Inacrowdedspace,westandlookingstraightinfrontofuswithblankfaces.DialogueICreditCard—IrecentlytouringaroundAmericafoundtherewasachapIwaswith...He...wewerebookedinbyanAmericanorganizationintoahotel,paidforbythem,buttheywouldnotlethimgothroughthelobbytohisroomunlesstheyhadacreditcardnumbertoprovethathewasahumanbeingthatwastrustworthy,{right,right}.Inotherwordswe'vegottothestagenowwithcreditcards,howeverfriendlyyoulook,howeverwealthyyoulook,orhoweverniceyoulook...(That'sright,itdoesn'tmatter,theyjustwanttoseethatnumber.)Excuseme,whereisyourcreditcard?—Becauseyouknowyoucan'trentamajorautomobileintheStates,youknow,youcan'trentwithout,withoutusingacreditcard,youcan't,youknowlikeyouweresaying,gointoahotel...—Ithinkthatwhat'sunderneaththatisthesocietyinwhichyou'reonlygoodifyouhavenumbersattachedtoyou,(Mm.)thatarecomputerised,(Yeah.)andcantraceyou,andeverybody'sinsuredagainsteverybodyelse(Yeah.)and...thatsideofcreditIfindratherupsetting.—It'skindofugly,isn'tit?—Likealotofpeople，it'sagreatfacility,ifyou'redisciplinedwithit.DDCDialogue2CardInsurances—I'lltellyouaboutoneawfulexperiencethathappenedtome,erm,Itookout,erm...oneofthesecardinsurancesthatcoverallyourcards(Mm.)shouldyourcardsbestolenandIhadmyhandbagsnatched*inastoreandimmediatelygotthestoresecurity,whowereveryquick,gotmeintotheirofficeandwephonedallofthecreditcardsthatIhadonme,withintenminutes.
18—Whichiswhattheytellyoutodo?—Yeah.When,Isupposebythetimewe’dgottoallofthemitabouthalfanafterthebaghadbeensnatched.Gotuptothetopflooroftheoffice,startedringinground,andthewholethingwasdonewithinhalfanhour.Erm,whenthebagwassnatcheditwentthroughapparentlyachainofpeople,outofthestore,anditwenttwomilesawayandtheymanagedto...threedifferentpeoplehadspentover￡2,000onfourofmycards...—Butyou'reonlyliable*forthefirst50.—Iwasn'tliableforanyofit.BecausethankgoodnessIhadthisinsurance.—Noneofit.Yeah.—But...—Touchwood*quick.Thatwas...—..They'dspentitwithintwentyminutesofstealing.—That'sincredible,isn'tit?—AndthethingthatabsolutelyhorrifiedmewasIwasclosetolimitsontwoofthecards,theonesthatIdocleareverymonth(Mm–mm.)IwasclosetothelimitI'mallowedonthose,andthey,bothofthosecardstheywentintobanks,saidtheywereme,andgot(No!)welloverwhatthetoplimitwouldhavebeen.—Really!Wellitjustgoestoshow,youcouldwalkintoabankandgetmorethanyoucouldpossiblyeverpayoff*!—Icouldn'tprobably,becauseIgoin,andtheysay,"No,you'vespentitallalready?—Right,right.FFFTTTFTPassage1CreditCardsThesystemofbankcreditcardsoperatesinmuchthesamewayasastorecreditaccountexceptthattheholderisnotrestrictedtomakingpurchasesinoneplace.Cardscanbepresentedatanyplacewherethebankcardsignisdisplayed,andthatcouldbeatashop,aservicestation,ahotel,arestaurantorinfactatallkindsofbusinesses.Thesalesassistantimprintsthecarddetailsontoasalesvoucher*whichthecustomersigns,andthecardisthenreturnedtothecustomer.Eachmonththebanksendstheholderacreditcardstatementsettingoutwherepurchasesweremadeandtotallingwhatisowing.Apaymenthastobemadewithin25daysofthedateofthestatement,butnotnecessarilythefullamount.Ifthecustomerpaysinfullwithinthistimetheuseofthecarddoesnotcostanything,Butifhedecidestopayonlytheminimumrepaymentshownonthestatement–￡5or5%oftheoutstanding*balance*,which-everisthegreater--heautomaticallychoosestousethesystem'sextendedrepaymentfacility.Theremainingbalanceisthencarriedforwardandattractsinterestattherateof2.25%permonth.Bankcreditcardsaremoreversatilethanstorecreditaccountsinthattheyalsoenablepeopletoobtaincash.Anybankdisplayingthebankcardsignwillarrangeacashadvance*foracardholder,whetherornotbeisoneoftheirowncustomers.Formoneydrawninthiswaythebankmakesachargeattherateof225%amonthcalculated.cashadvancesappearonthemonthlybankcardstatement.Thebankcreditcardsystemoperatesentirelyseparatelyfromchequeaccountsbut
19neverthelessitisacustomer'spreviousrelationshipwithhisbankthatisusedasaguidetotheamountofcredithewillbeextended.Whenacardisissuedapersonalcreditlimitisimposedindicatingthemaximumthatcanbeowingatanyonetime.Thisisconfidential*betweencustomerandbankanddoesnotappearonthecard.ExerciseA:Thesystemofbankcreditcardsoperatesinmuchthesamewayasastorecreditaccountexceptthattheholderisnotrestrictedtomakingpurchasesinoneplace.Bankcreditcardscanbepresentedatanyplacewherethebankcardsignisdisplayedandinfactatallkindsofbusinesses.Bankcreditcardsalsoenablepeopletoobtaincash.ExerciseB:ACCBDDBBExerciseC:1.Bankcreditcardscanbepresentedatanyplacewherethebankcardsignisdisplayed,e.g.atashop,aservicestation,ahotel,arestaurant,etc.2.Eachmonththebanksendstheholderacreditcardstatementsettingoutwherepurchasesweremadeandtotallingwhatisowing,3.Thecustomercanpayinfullwithin25daysofthedateofthestatementorhecanpayonlytheminimumrepaymentshownonthestatement4.Becausetheyalsoenablepeopletoobtaincash.5.Whenacardisissuedapersonalcreditlimitisimposedindicatingthemaximumthatcanbeowingatanyonetime.Passage2YourLegalRightsattheSalesJustwhoisdoingthefavourforwhominthesales?Aretheshopsreallygivingusshoppersachancetobuybargains?Orarewejusthelpingthemtocleartheirshelvestwiceayeartomakewayfornewlines*--buyingup*therubbishtheywouldotherwisethrowaway?Inmostsalesthereisabitofboth.Somebargainsaremoregenuinethanothers.Somepriceclaimsaretrue,whileothersaremisleadingorplainfalse.Ifthesalenoticesays"Coats--reducedfrom￡30to￡10”itshould,bylaw,betrue.Therulesarethat,unlessashopsaysotherwise,thecoatsmusthavebeenonsaleatthehigherpriceforatleast28consecutivedaysintheprevioussixmonths.Theycan,however,getarounditbysaying"Lastweek￡30.Now￡10."Beabitsuspiciousaboutaticketwhichjustsays"Saleprice￡5.'Itmaymeanthegoodsarespeciallyboughtinforthesaleanddoesnotnecessarilyindicateanyreduction.Andthereisnothingtopreventtheshopkeeperboasting:"Worth￡50,only￡20'oreven"Normally￡300,only￡150."Anotherpracticewhichisfrownedupon,thoughnotillegal,isanimpreciseoffer,like"Upto￡l0offlatestmodels."Itgivesnoclearideaofhowmuchyouhavetospendorexactlywhatyouhavetobuytobenefit.Ifyouseeapriceclaimyoudonotbelieveorfeeltobemisleading,youcancomplaintothelocalTradingStandardsOffice--thetownhallwillputyouintouch.Ifyouseeanoticesaying"Norefundsonsalesgoods,"ignoreit,butdon'tforgetit.ItisillegalforshopstosaythisandyoushouldreportittotheTradingStandardsOfficer.Hecanorderthesignstoberemoved.
20Saleornosale,nothingcanremoveyourrighttoyourmoneybackifthegoodsarefaulty.Ifontheotherhand,youjustchangeyourmindaboutsomethingyoubuyinthesaletheshopdoesnothavetogiveyouanythingback.Goodslabelled"seconds"havetheirownpeculiarproblems.Youcannotexpectsomethingdescribedas"seconds"tobeperfectineveryway,buttheshophasnorighttosellyouanythingthatisnotfitforthepurposeforwhichitwasmade.A"slightlyimperfect"kettleshouldstillboilwaterandyoucandemandyourmoneybackifitdoesn't.Sotakeyourspectacleswithyouandneverbeafraidtoaskwhatissubstandardaboutthethingyouareabouttobuy.ExerciseA:Youhavetherighttoknowthetrueprice.Youhavetherighttoknowthequalityofgoods.Saleornosale,nothingcanremoveyourrighttoyourmoneybackifthegoodsarefaulty.ExerciseB:DDCAADCBExerciseC:1.Inmostsales,somebargainsaremoregenuinethanothersandsomepriceclaimsaretrue,whileothersaremisleadingorplainfalse.2.Becausetheywanttomakewayfornewlines.3.Theshopkeeper'sboasting,like"Worth￡50,only￡20"oreven"Normally￡300,only￡150";andanimpreciseoffer,like"Upto￡l0offlatestmodels?'4.Theshophasnorighttosellyouanythingthatisnotfitforthepurposeforwhichitwasmade.5.Whenyoujustchangeyourmindaboutthethingsyoubuyinthesale.NewsItem1ThousandsofpublicworkershavebeguntodemonstrateviolentlyagainstaretirementreformplanpassedbyBrazilianlawmakersWednesday.DemonstratorsclashedwithriotpoliceinfrontofCongressafterthechamberofdeputiesapprovedthemeasure.Brazilianmediareportssayatleast60peoplewereinjured.SomedemonstratorssaidthepresidenthadbetrayedthembyseekingapprovalofthemeasureinCongress.Themeasureisdesignedtocutretirementassistance,raisetheretirementageofpublicworkersandtaxtheirretirementmoney.Thegovernmentsaysthechangesarenecessarytosavethegovernmentthousandsofmillionsofdollars.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutpublicworkers'reactiontoaretirementreformplanpassedbyBrazilianlawmakers.ExerciseB:ThousandsofpublicworkershavebeguntodemonstrateviolentlyagainstaretirementreformplanpassedbyBrazilianlawmakersWednesday.DemonstratorsclashedwithriotpoliceinfrontofCongressafterthechamberofdeputiesapprovedthemeasure.SomedemonstratorssaidthepresidenthadbetrayedthembyseekingapprovalofthemeasureinCongress.Themeasureisdesignedtocutretirementassistance,raisetheretirementageofpublicworkersandtaxtheirretirementmoney.NewsItem2AccordingtoareporttoCongress,morethan4.5millionstudentsenduresexualmisconductbyemployeesattheirschools,frominappropriatejokesallthewaytoforcedsex.Thebestestimateavailableshowsnearlyoneinl0kidsfacesmisbehaviour
21rangingfromunprofessionaltocriminalsometimebetweenkindergartenand12thgrade.Thereport,deliveredtoCongressonWednesday,isthefirsttoanalyzeresearchaboutsexualmisconductatschools.Someeducatorstookissuewiththewaythereportcombinessexualabusewithotherbehaviourssuchasinappropriatejokes,inonebroadcategoryofsexualmisconduct.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutprevalentsexualmisconductenduredbystudentsaccordingtoareporttoCongress.ExerciseB:BDCANewsItem3HotelworkersinAthensarestaginga24-hourstriketodemandanextrabonusforworkingduringtheforthcomingGames,Theunionrepresentingabout7,500employeeslaunchedtheactionWednesdaytopressforanincreaseintheirbasicmonthlywage.Itthreatenedmorewalkoutsintherun-uptotheAugust13-29Gamesiftheirdemandwasnotmet.Hotelownerssaidtheone-daystrikewasnotexpectedtodisruptbusiness.PublictransportworkersintheGreekcapitalhavealsoscheduledawalkout*onThursdayinsupportoftheirdemandforbonuses.TheGreekgovernmentistryingtokeepdownOlympiccosts,whichareprojectedtotop10billioneuros.Butthehotelworkers'laborunionsareangrythatthegovernmentisgivingbonusestothesecurityforcesduringtheGames,whiletheprivatehoteloperatorswillpayonlybasicwages.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutthe24-hourstrikebeingstagedbyhotelworkersinAthens.ExerciseB:Who:hotelworkersWhere:inAthensWhen:WednesdayTimeduration:24hoursPurpose:todemandanextrabonusforworkingduringtheforthcomingGames.Reasons:ThegovernmentisgivingsecurityforcesbonusesduringtheGames.whiletheprivatevatehoteloperatorswillpayhotelworkersonlybasicwages.RetellingBobandPeter'sfatherhadbeenonabusinesstripforweeksonend.Duringthoseabsent-fatherdays,thebrotherscausedalotoftroublefortheirshort,Italianmother.Oneparticulartime,theywerefightinginaroomwhereachinacabinetblockedthedoorwayoftheroomoppositethem.Asthefightprogressed,oneofthemtriedtoescapeandpushedthechinacabinetwhichcauseditfelloverinthenextroom.Themotherwashysterical*andcalledhereldestdaughterforhelp.Theboys'auntwaswillingandable.Shepaidsomeonetodeliveratelegramtothehouse.Itsaid:"Onmywayhome.Stop.GetBeltReady.Stop.Papa."Theboys'auntiefailedtotellhermotheritwasafaketelegram.Themotherwasinherroomprayingandtheboyswereontheirkneesintheirroomprayingwhentheirauntiearrivedhomefromwork.Shewasadmonished.Theboyswereangelsforweeks!
22Parent-TeacherAssociations6millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesbelongtoparent-teacherassociations*,orPTA.PTA'sworkistohelpschoolsandstudentsintheircommunities.Membersgivetheirtimetoserveoncommittees.Theyplanschoolprojectsandspecialactivities,suchassalesandothereventstoassistschools.Membersalsoserveasactivistsforchildren'sissues*beforegovernmentagenciesandotherorganizations.Therearenational,stateandlocalPTAorganizations.PTAgroupsexistinthe50AmericanstatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.ThePTAalsooperatesintheUnitedStatesVirginIslandsandinDepartmentofDefenseschoolsinthePacificandEurope.TheseareschoolsforchildrenofAmericanmilitaryfamilies.ThreewomenareresponsibleforestablishingtheParent-TeacherAssociation.Twoofthem,AliceMcLellanBirneyandPhoebeAppersonHearst,establishedtheCongressofMothersin1897.BothwomenlivedinWashington,D.C.AliceBirneyproposedtheplanforthegroupin1895.Twoyearslater,shemetPhoebeHearswhoprovidedthemoneytostarttheorganization.Later,fathers,educatorsandotherinterestedcitizensjoinedthegroup.ItthenchangeditsnametotheNationalCongressofParent-TeacherAssociations.SelenaSloanButlerisconsideredthethirdfounderofthePTA.SheestablishedandservedasthefirstpresidentoftheNationalCongressofColoredParentsandTeachers.In1970,thecongressunitedwiththeNationalPTA.TheNationalPTAprovidesmemberswith,amongotherthings,informationonlineabouteducationalissues.Itpublishesafreenewslettercalled"ThisWeekinWashington"onitswebsite.Ittellsaboutdevelopmentsthataffecteducation.TherearecriticsoftheNationalPTA.Inarecentbook,educationresearcherCharleneHaarsaysthepositionsofthegroupmainlyservetheinterestsofteachersunions.PTAspokeswomanJenniSopkosaysthegroupspeaksforparents,studentsandteachers,andisnotinfluencedbytheunions.ShealsonotesthatothercountrieshaveusedthePTAintheUnitedStatesasanexampletodeveloptheirownparent-teacherassociations.ExerciseA:1.Itstandsforparent-teacherassociations.2.Itsworkistohelpschoolsandstudentsintheircommunities.3.SixmillionpeopleintheUnitedStatesbelongtoparent-teacherassociations.4.SheestablishedandservedasthefirstpresidentoftheNationalCongressofColoredParentsandTeachers.5.TheNationalPTAcanprovideitsmemberswithinformationonlineabouteducationalissues.ExerciseB:1.TheplantoestablishPTAgroupwasproposedin1895byAliceBirney.Twoyearslater,shemetPhoebeHearstwhoprovidedthemoneytostarttheorganization.Later,fathers,educatorsandotherinterestedcitizensjoinedthegroup.2.MembersofPTA'sshouldgivetheirtimetoserveoncommittees.Theyplanschoolprojectsandspecialactivities.Membersalsoserveasactivistsforchildren'sissuesbeforegovernmentagenciesandotherorganizations.3.PTAgroupsexistinthe50AmericanstatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.ThePTAalsooperatesinDepartmentofDefenseschoolsinthepacificandEurope.These
23areschoolsforchildrenofAmericanmilitaryfamilies.4.TheNationPTApublishesafreenewslettercalled"ThisWeekinWashington"onitswebsite.Ittellsaboutdevelopmentsthataffecteducation.5.TherearecriticsoftheNationalPTA.AneducationresearcherCharleneHaarsaysthepositionsofthegroupmainlyservetheinterestsofteachersunions.Unit41.A:Excuseme.Couldyoutellmewherethesecretary'sofficeisplease?B:Yes.It'supthestairs,thenturnleft,...↗2.A:Excuseme.Canyoutellmewherethetoiletsare?B:Yes,they'reatthetopofthestairs.↘3.A:Whatdidyoudoafterworkyesterday?B:Ah,well,Iwentforadrinkinthepuboppositethecar-park.↘4.A:Whatdidyoudoafterworkyesterday?B:Oh,IranintoJaneandTom.....↗5.A:Excuseme,canyoutellmehowthemachineworks?B:Certainly.Erm,firstofallyouadjusttheheightofthestool,andthenputfour10pencepiecesthere,...↗6．A：Excuseme,canyoutellmehowthemachineworks?B：Yes.Youput30penceintheslotandtaketheticketouthere.↘Exercise:NYYNNYFroglegsPeoplewantfrogsmostlyforfood.ManyAsiancultureshaveincludedfroglegsintheirdietsforcenturies--oratleastuntiltheyhaverunoutoffrogs.Butthemostfamousfrog-eaters,andthepeoplewhoinspiredfrog-eatinginEuropeandtheUnitedStatesaretheFrench.By1977theFrenchgovernment,soconcernedaboutthescarcityofitsnativefrog,bannedcommercialhuntingofitsownamphibians.SotheFrenchturnedtoIndiaandBangladeshforfrogs.AshappenedinFrance,Americanfrog-legfanciersandrestaurantsalsoturnedincreasinglytofrozenimports.Accordingtofigurescollectedfromgovernmentagencies,theUnitedStatesimportedmorethan6.5millionpoundsoffrozenfrogmeateachyearbetween1981and1984.SomanyfrozenfroglegswereexportedfromIndiatoEuropeandtheUnitedStates.OneoftheattractionsofIndianfrogs,apartfromthefactthattheyhavebiggerlegsthanFrenchfrogs,wastheprice.InLondon,apoundoffrozenfrog'slegsfromIndiacostabout￡1.75,comparedwith￡3.75fortheFrenchvariety.Indianscientistshavedescribedas"disastrous"therateatwhichfrogsaredisappearingfromthericefieldsandwetlands,wheretheyprotectcropsbydevouringdamaginginsects.ssincetheIndiaandBangladeshfrog-exportbans,IndonesiahasbecomethemajorexporteroffroglegstotheUnitedStatesandEurope.Butnomatterwhatcountrythelegscomefrom,onethingisusuallyconstant:Thelegsoncebelongedtofrogsaretakenfromthewild,notfromfarms.Frogsarenearlyimpossibletofarmeconomicallyinthecountrieswherefrogsarecommerciallyharvestedfromthewild.A:1.ManyAsiancultureshaveincludedfroglegsintheirdietsforcenturies.
242.By1977theFrenchgovernmentbannedcommercialhuntingofitsownamphibians.3.Indianscientistshavedescribedas"disastrous"therateatwhichfrogsaredisappearingfromthericefieldsandwetlands.4.TheUnitedStatesimportedmorethan6.5millionpoundsoffrozenfrogmeateachyearbetween1981and1984.5.OneoftheattractionsofIndianfrogswastheprice.ExerciseB:FroglegsPeoplewantfrogsmostlyforfood.ManyAsiancultureshaveincludedfroglegsintheirdietsforcenturies,Themostfamousfrog-eaters,andthepeoplewhoinspiredfrog-eatinginEuropeandtheUnitedStatesaretheFrench.By1977theFrenchgovernmentbannedcommercialhuntingofitsownamphibians.SotheFrenchturnedtoIndiaandBangladeshforflogs.AndtheUnitedStatesimportedmorethan6.5millionpoundsoffrozenfrogmeateachyearbetween1981and1984.OneoftheattractionsofIndianfrogswastheprice.Indianscientistshavedescribedas"disastrous"therateatwhichfrogsaredisappearingfromthericefieldsandwetlands,wheretheyprotectcropsbydevouringdamaginginsects.SincetheIndiaandBangladeshfrog-exportbans,IndonesiahasbecomethemajorexporteroffroglegstotheUnitedStatesandEurope.Butnomatterwhatcountrythelegscomefrom,onethingisusuallyconstant:Thelegsoncebelongedtofrogsaretakenfromthewild.notfromfarms.Dialogue1HealthClubInterviewer:Lorna,youandyourhusbandopenedthishealthclubherelastsummer.Canyoutellmesomethingabouttheclub?Lama:Yes,wellweofferachoiceoffacilities--gym,sunbed*,sauna*andJacuzzi*--that'salsofromScandinavia--aswellasourregularfitnessclasses,thatis.Andthere'sawholefoodbarforrefreshmentsafterwardsInterviewer:Anddoesitcostalot?Imean,mostpeoplethinkhealthclubsarereallyexpensive.Lama:Actuallyourratesarereallyquitecompetitive.SinceweonlystartedlastJuly,we'vekeptthemdowntoattractcustomers.It'sonly￡30ayeartojoin.Thenanhourinthegymcosts￡2.50--thesameashalfanhouronthesunbed.SaunaandJacuzziareboth~1.50forhalfanhour.Interviewer:Andistheclubdoingwell?Lama:Well,sofar,yes,it'sdoingreallywell.Ihadnoideaitwasgoingtobesuchasuccess,actually.We'rebothverypleased.Thesunbed'ssopopular,especiallywiththeover65s,thatwe'regettinganotheroneinAugust.Interviewer:Whatkindofpeoplejointheclub?Lama:Wehavepeopleofallageshere,fromsmallchildrentoold-agepensioners,thoughofcoursethemajority,aboutthree-quartersofour
25members,areintheir20sand30s.Theycomeintheirlunchhour,tousethegym,mostly,orafterwork,whiletheYoungsterscomewhenschoolfinishes,aroundhalfpastthreeorfour.TheJacuzzi'sverypopularwiththelittleones.Interviewer:Whatabouttheold-agepensioners?Loma:They'reusuallyaroundinthemornings,whenweofferthemspecialreducedratesfortheJacuzziorsauna,plussunbed,it'sonly￡2,whichishalfprice,actually.Itdoesn'taffectourprofitsreally--onlyabout5%ofourmembersareretired.Exercise:FacilitiesGym2.￡2,50foranhourSunbed3.￡2.50forhalfanhour1.Sauna4.￡1.50forhalfanhourJacuzzi(极可意漩水浴缸)5.￡1.50forhalfanhourOtherfacilities:WholefoodbarMembershipFee:6.￡30ayearpeoplewhojoinmehealulclubAgegroupProportionFacilitiestheyuseUsualvisitingtime7.Youngpeopleintheirorafter20sand30s8.75%gymLunchhourorafterworkYoungstersAfterschoolChildrenJacuzziOldagepensioners5%9.morningSpecialoffer;10.reducedrateforoldpensionersDialogue2skiinqSimon:Thisoneshowstheviewfromthetopofthemountain.Sally:Oh,it'slovely!Teresa:That'smewiththeredbobblehat.Sally:Isit?Teresa:Yet,itlookskindofsilly,doesn'tit?Sally:Yes,itdoesrather.Teresa:Oh,don'tworry.Iknowitlooksridiculous.Simon:Look.That'sourinstructor,Werner.Teresa:Yeah,wewereinthebeginners'class.Sally:Well,everyonehastostartsomewhere.Simon:Ah,now,thisisagoodone.Sally:Whatonearthisthat?Simon:Can'tyouguess?
26Sally:Well,itlookslikeapileofpeople.Youknow,sortofontopofeachother.Teresa:Itis!Sally:Howdidthathappen?Simon:Well,youseewewereallprettyhopelessatfirst.EverydayWernerusedtotakeustothenurseryslope*topractise,andtogettothetopyouhadtogouponaskilift.Teresa:Whichwasn'treallyveryeasy.Simon:No,andifyoufelloffyou'dstartslidingdowntheslope,rightintoallthepeoplecomingup!Sally-Mmm.Simon:Well,onthatdaywewereallgoingupontheskilift,youknow,wewerejustgettingusedtoit,and,youseetherewasthisonewomaninourclasswhonevergotthehangof*it.Shedidn'thaveanysortofcontroloverherskisandwhenevershestartedsliding,shewouldsortofstickherskisticksoutinfrontofher,youknow,likeswordsorsomething.Teresa:Ialwaystriedtoavoidher,butonthatdayIwasrightbehindherontheskilift*andjustasshewasgettingtothetop,sheslippedandstartedslidingdowntheslope.Sally:Didshe?~Simon:Mmm,withherskistickswavingaroundinfrontofher!Teresa:Soofcourseeveryonesortofletgoandtriedtojumpofftheskilifttogetoutoftheway.Simon:Andthat'showtheyallendedupinapileatthebottomoftheslope--itwasluckyIhadmycamerawithme.Sally:Ibetthatwomanwaspopular!Simon:oh,yes.everybody'sfavourite!A:1.Theyarelookingatsomepictures.2.Askiclassforbeginners.3.Two.B:Everydaythecoachtookthemtoanurseryslope.Theygottothetoponaskilift.Intheirclasstherewasonewomanwhocouldneverlearnhowtoski.Shecouldn'tcontrolherskisandwhenevershestartedsliding,shewouldstickherskisticksoutinfrontofher.Peoplealwaystriedtoavoidher.Onedayasshewasgettingtothetop,sheslippedandstartedslidingdowntheslope.Everyoneletgoandtriedtojumpofftheskilifttogetoutofthewayandtheyallendedupinapileatthebottomoftheslope.Passage1FatigueFatigueisafeelingofweariness,tiredness,orlackofenergy.Fatigueisdifferentfromdrowsiness.Ingeneral,drowsinessisfeelingtheneedtosleep,whilefatigueisalackofenergyandmotivation.Drowsinessandapathy(afeelingofindifferenceornotcaringaboutwhathappens)canbesymptomsoffatigue.Fatiguecanbeanormalandimportantresponsetophysicalexertion,emotionalstress,boredom,orlackofsleep.However,itcanalsobeanonspecificsignofamoreseriouspsychologicalor,physicaldisorder.Fatiguethatisnotrelievedbyenoughsleep,goodnutrition,oralow-stressenvironmentshouldbeevaluatedbyyourdoctor.Becausefatigueisacommoncomplaint,sometimesapotentiallyseriouscausemay
27beoverlooked.Thepatternoffatiguemayhelpyourdoctordetermineitsunderlyingcause.Forexample,ifyouwakeupinthemorningrestedbutrapidlydevelopfatiguewithactivity,youmayhaveanongoingpysicalconditionlikeanunderactivethyroid*.Ontheotherhand,ifyouwakeupwithalowlevelofenergyandhavefatiguethatlaststhroughouttheday,youmaybedepressed.Herearesometipsforreducingfatigue:lGetadequate,regular,andconsistentamountsofsleepeachnight.lEatahealthy,well-balanceddietanddrinkplentyofwaterthroughouttheday.lExerciseregularly.lLearnbetterwaystorelax.Tryyoga*ormeditation*.lMaintainareasonableworkandpersonalschedule.lChangeyourstressfulcircumstances,ifpossible.Forexample,switchjobs,takeavacation,anddealdirectlywithproblemsinarelationship.lTakeamultivitamin.Talktoyourdoctoraboutwhatyouneedandwhatisbestforyou.lAvoidalcohol,nicotine*,anddraguse.Ifyouhavechronic*painordepression,treatingeitheroftenhelpsaddressthefatigue.However,someantidepressant*medicationsmaycauseorworsenfatigue.Yourmedicationmayhavetobeadjustedtoavoidthisproblem.Donotstoporchangeanymedicationswithoutinstructionfromyourdoctor.Stimulants*(includingcaffeine)arenoteffectivetreatmentsforfatigue,andcanactuallymaketheproblemworsewhenthedrugsarediscontinued.Sedatives*alsotendtointensifyfatigueinthelongrun.ExerciseA:Fatigueisafeelingofweariness,tiredness,orlackofenergy.Fatigueisdifferentfromdrowsiness.Ingeneral,drowsinessisfeelingtheneedtosleep,whilefatigueisalackofenergyandmotivation.Drowsinessandapathycanbesymptomsoffatigue.ExerciseB:DABDABCCExerciseC:1.Fatigueisanormalandimportantresponsetophysicalexertion,emotionalstress,boredom,orlackofsleep.2.Drowsinessandapathycanbesymptomsoffatigue.3.Enoughsleep,goodnutrition,oralow-stressenvironmentcanusuallyrelievefatigue.4.Treatmentforchronicpainordepressionoftenhelpsaddressfatigue.5.Theymaycauseorworsenfatigue.Passage2TheTruthabouttheFrench!SkiinginFranceisheavenonEarthforadedicatedskier.ThereareresortswhereyoucanaccessskiingterrainthatislargerthanalltheskiresortsinUtah*andColoradocombined.Thelargerresortshaveanadequatenumberofrestaurantsanddiscos.Itisagoodideatoeatagoodlunchbecausethemountainrestaurantsarenormallymuchbetterthantherestaurantsintheskistations.Frenchresortsaremostlygovernmentownedandoperated.Thesocialsystem
28putsahighpercentageofmoneybackintotheareas.Thisprovidesstate-of-the-art*lifts,snowmakingandsnowgrooming.Ingeneral,anintermediateskierwhocanreadaliftmapwilleasilybeabletoskialldayavoidingliftlinesandcrowds,evenduringthebusiestseason.TheFrenchschoolsystemshaveastaggered*two-weekwintervacationperiod.Whenthesnowisgood,nearlyallofFrancemigratestothemountainsforthisperiod.ThebreakusuallycoversthelasttwoweeksofFebruaryandthefirstweekofMarch.Thetimetoabsolutelyavoidisthe"Parisschoolholidayweek"whichwillalwaysbeinthemiddleperiodofthevacationtimebutalternatesstartingthefirstorsecondweekofthebreak.Noonehasamoreundeserved*reputationabouthisorhercharacterthantheFrench.TheFrencharenotgenerallyarrogantandrude.Tree,inlargetouristcentersthereareunpleasantpeopleandifyou'relookingfororexpectingrudeness,youmayjustprovoke*it.GenerallytheFrench,especiallyinthecountryside,areaskindasyouwishandyouwillfindwarmthandacceptance.Themostfractious*Frenchmaniseasilydisarmedbyalittlesincerity*.Whengreetingsomeoneorsayinggood-bye,alwaysshakehands.Don'tuseafirm,pumpinghandshake,butaquick,slightpressureone.Whenyouenteraroomorasbopyoushouldgreeteveryonethere.Ifyoumeetapersonyouknowverywellusetheirfirstnameandkissbothcheeks.Mendon'tusuallykissunlesstheyarerelatives.Goodtopicsofconversationincludefood,sports,hobbiesandwhereyoucomefrom.Topicstoavoidareprices,whereitemswerebought,whatsomeonedoesforaliving,incomeandage.Questionsaboutpersonalandfamilylifeareconsideredprivate.ExpecttofindtheFrenchwell-informedaboutthehistory,cultureandpoliticsofothercountries.Togaintheirrespect,bepreparedtoshowsomeknowledgeofthehistoryandpoliticsofFrance.Franceisgenerallyaverysafecountrytovisit.Pickpockets,however,arenotunheardof.Inlargecitiesparticularly,takeprecautionsagainsttheft.Alwayssecureyourvehicles,leavenothingofvaluevisibleanddon'tcarryyourwalletinyourbackpocket.Bewareofbeggingchildren!ExerciseA:Whengreetingsomeoneorsayinggood-bye,alwaysshakehands.Don'tuseafirm,pumpinghandshake,butaquick,slightpressureone.Whenyouenteraroomorashopyoushouldgreeteveryonethere,lfyoumeetapersonyouknowverywellusetheirfirstnameandkissbothcheeks,mendon'tusuallykissunlesstheyarerelatives.ExerciseB:CAABBCDDExerciseC:1.SkiinginFranceisheavenonEarthforadedicatedskier.2.Anintermediateskierwhocanreadaliftmapwilleasilybeabletoskialldayavoidingliftlinesandcrowds,evenduringthebusiestseason.3.Thisstaggeredtwo-weekwintervacationperiodusuallycoversthelasttwoweeksofFebruaryandthefirstweekofMarch.4.TheFrencharenotgenerallyarrogantandrude,Theyareaskindasyouwish.5.InlargecitiesinFrance,alwayssecureyourvehicles,leavenothingofvaluevisible
29anddon'tcarryyourwalletinyourbackpocket.BewareofbeggingchildrenNewsItem1France'sbusiestairportwillreopenpartofaterminalthatwasnotdamagedwhenasegmentoftheroofcollapsedinMay,killingfourpeople.TheTransportMinisterGillesdeRobiensaidasegmentofthethree-building2EterminalatCharlesdeGaulleairportwouldreturntoserviceonJuly15.IntheMay23disaster,failingglass,steelandmasonry*killedfourtravelers--twoChinese,oneCzech*andoneLebanese*.Threeotherswereinjured.ApreliminaryreportbyexpertssaidTuesdaythataweaknessintheconcretethatformedthefuturisticterminal'svaultedroofmayhavecontributedtothecollapse.Officialsarestillunsureaboutwhatexactlycausedittocollapse.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutthenewinformationOfFranceCharlesdeGaulleairportwhereasegmentoftheroofcollapsedinMay.ExerciseB:1.France'sbusiestairportwillreopenthewholeterminapartofaterminal.√2.AsegmentoftheroofcollapseinMay.√July.3.Asegmentofthethree-building2Eterminalreturn√toserviceonJuly15delay4.InthedisasterFallingstoneKillfourtravelersFallingsteel√5.Itisalreadyclearwhatexactlycausedtherooftocollapse.Itisstilluncertain√NewsItem2AnAntonov26planecrashedinnorthwesternCongoshortlyaftertake-offonSaturday,killingall22Congolesepassengersandthecrew.ItwasnotknownhowmanycrewmemberswereontheplanewhenitcrashednearthetownofBoende,morethan600kmnortheastofthecapitalKinshasa.Thecauseofthecrashwasunknown.Astringofaccidentsthisweekhasunderlinedtheparlous*stateofDemocraticRepublicofCongo'stransportinfrastructure*afterfiveyearsofwaranddecadesofmisrule.Morethan160peopledrownedwhenaferrysankduringastormonLakeMai-Ndombe,northeastofKinshasa,onTuesday.OnSaturday,18peoplewerekilledorinjuredwhenasmalltruckexperiencedbraketroubleandcrashedneartheeasterntownofGoma.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutastrineofaccidentsthisweekinCongo.B:AStringofAccidentsThisWeekTypeofAccidentTimePlaceCasualtiesCauseoftheaccidentaferrysinkTuesdayOnLakeMai-Ndombe,morethan160peoplestorm
30northeastofKinshasaatruckcrashSaturdayneartheeasterntownofGoma18peoplewerekilledorinjuredBraketroubleanaircrashSaturdaynearthetownofBoende,innorthwesternCongoall22CongolesepassengersandthecrewunknownNewsItem3ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandpartsofCanadaareslowlyrecoveringfromamajorelectricityfailure.AtonetimeonThursdayabout50millionpeopledidnothaveelectricalservice.ItwasthelargestdevourelectricityfailureinNorthAmerica.ThemidwesterncityofDetroit,Michiganstilldoesnothaveelectricalservice.Over2millionpeopletheremayhavetowaituntilSundaybeforeelectricalpowerisoperating.NewYorkCityMayorMichaelBloombergsayspowerhasbeenreturnedto85%ofthatcity.OfficialsinbothNewYorkandintheCanadianprovinceofOntariohavewarnedthatelectricalservicemaystopagainuntiltheelectricalsystemcanbecompletelyrepaired.InthecityofCleveland,Ohio*,peoplearebeingwarnedtoboilwaterbeforedrinkingitatleastuntilSunday.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutthemajorelectricityfailureinthenortheasternUnitedStatesandpartsofCanada.ExerciseB:1.Amajorelectricityfailure.2.About50millionpeoplesufferthedevourelectricityfailure.3.No.powerhasbeenreturnedto85%ofthatcity,4.Theyhavewarnedthatelectricalservicemaystopagainuntiltheelectricalsystemcanbecompletelyrepaired.5.InthecityofCleveland.Ohio.peoplearebeingwarnedtoboilWaterbeforedrinkingitatleastuntil.SundayRetellingThereisastreetcalled"TheStrand"inGalveston,wherehundredsofthousandsoftouristsvisittoday.ThisstreetwasMama'sstomping*groundasakid.BeforeMamadied,wetookastreetcararoundGalvestontoseeallthelovely,restoredhomes.Whatagreatday.Sheknewmorethanthetourguide.Aswesatenjoyingthesights,Mamasaid,"Liz,doyouknowwhymynoseisalittlecrooked*?"(Ithought,"Wheredidthatcomefrom?")"No,Mama,youhaven'tevermentionedit,"Ireplied."Well,"saidmother,"onedayIfollowedmybrotherstoTheStrand,andastreetcarranoverme.Iputmyselfflatdownbetweentherailsandpushedmyfaceinthegroundsohard,Ibrokemynose!Itsurecausedalotofchaos*.Peoplescreamed,thepolicecame,andIjustcrawledout,brushedmyselfoffandwenthome.Theonlything1evernoticeddifferentaboutmewasacrookedIjustlookedathernoseandlookedatMamainutterdisbelief!BabiesandIntelligenceSomepeoplethoughtbabieswerenotabletolearnthingsuntiltheywerefiveorsixmonthsold.YetdoctorsintheUnitedStatessaybabiesbeginlearningontheirfirstdayoflife.
31ResearchscientistsattheNationalInstituteofChildHealthandDevelopmentnotethatbabiesarestronglyinfluencedbytheirenvironment.Theysayababywillsmileifhermotherdoessomethingthebabylikes.Ababylearnstogetthebestcarepossiblebysmilingtopleasehermotherorothercaregiver.Thisishowbabieslearntoconnectandcommunicatewithotherhumans.Thisabilitytolearnexistsinababyevenbeforebirth.Theysaynewbornbabiescanrecognizeandunderstandsoundstheyheardwhiletheywerestilldevelopinginsidetheirmothers.TheFinnishresearchersuseddevicestomeasuresthebabies'brainactivity.Theresearchersplayedrecordingsofspokensoundsforuptoonehourwhilethebabiesslept.Theheadofthestudybelievesthatbabiescanlearnwhileasleepbecausethepartoftheirbrainscalledthecerebralcortex*remainsactiveatnight.Thecortexisveryimportantforlearning.Thispartofthebrainisnotactiveinadultswhiletheysleep.Manyexpertssaythefirstyearsofachild'slifeareimportantforalllaterdevelopment.AnAmericanstudyshowshowmotherscanstronglyinfluencesocialdevelopmentandlanguageskillsintheirchildren.Thestudyinvolvedmorethan1,200mothersandchildren.Researchersstudiedthechildrenfromtheageofonemonthtothreeyears.Theyobservedthemothersplayingwiththeirchildrenfourtimesduringthisperiod.Theresearchersattemptedtomeasurethesensitivityofthemothers.Thewomenwereconsideredsensitiveiftheysupportedtheirchildren'sactivitiesanddidnotinterfereunnecessarily.Theytestedthechildrenforthinkingandlanguagedevelopmentwhentheywerethreeyearsold.Thechildrenofdepressedwomendidnotdoaswellontestsasthechildrenofwomenwhodidnotsufferfromdepression.Thechildrenofdepressedwomendidpoorlyontestsoflanguageskillsandunderstandingwhattheyhear.Thesechildrenalsowerelesscooperativeandhadmoreproblemsdealingwithotherpeople.Anotherstudysuggeststhatbabieswhoarebiggeratbirthgenerallyaremoreintelligentlaterinlife.Itfoundthattheintelligenceofachildatsevenyearsofageisdirectlylinkedtohisorherweightatbirth.Studyorganizerssaythisisprobablybecauseheavierbabiesreceivedmorenutrition*duringimportantperiodsofbraindevelopmentbeforetheywereborn.Thestudyinvolvedalmost3,500children.ResearchersinNewYorkCityusedtraditionalteststomeasureintelligence.Brothersandsistersweretestedsothattheeffectsofbirthweightalonecouldbeseparatedfromtheeffectsofdietorotherconsiderations.Theresearchersfoundthatchildrenwithhigherbirthweightsgenerallydidbetterontheintelligencetests.Also,thelinkbetweenbirthweightandintelligencelaterinlifewasstrongerforboysthanforgirls.ExerciseA:1.Somepeoplethoughtbabieswereabletolearnthingswhentheywerefiveorsixmonthsold.2.Doctorsthinkbabiesbeginlearningthingsontheirfirstdayoflife.
323.Babiescommunicatewithotherpeoplebysmiling.4.Theycanrecognizeandunderstandsoundstheyheardwhiletheywerestilldevelopinginsidetheirmothers.5.Babiescanlearnwhileasleep.6.Theyareimportantforachild'salllaterdevelopment.Exercise:BStudy1ObjectiveMothers'influenceontheirchildrenintermsofsocialdevelopmentandlanguageskillsPeopleinvolvedMorethan1,200mothersandchildrenLengthofthestudyAlmostthreeyearsActivityMothersplaywiththeirchildrenMethodusedObservationFindings1.Thechildrenofsensitivewomandidwellontestsoflanguageskillsandunderstandingwhattheyhear.Theywerecooperativeandhadnoproblemdealingwithotherpeople.2.Thechildrenofdepressedwomendidpoorlyontestsoflanguagekillsandunderstandingwhattheyhear.Thesechildrenalsowerelesscooperativeandhadmoreproblemsdealingwithotherpeople.Study2ObjectiveBirthweightandintelligenceNumberofchildreninvolvedAlmost3,500childrenMethodusedTraditionaltestsFindings1.Babieswhoarebiggeratbirthgenerallyaremoreintelligentlaterinlife.2.Thelinkbetweenbirthweightandintelligencelaterinlifewasastrongerforboysthanforgirls.Unit51.A:Doyouwantsomegrapes?B:No,thanks,Idon'tlikethem.2.A:WhatdoyouthinkofScotland?B:I'veneverbeenthere.3.A:Myson'scalledDavid,B:Howoldishe?4.A:CanIbookatablefortonight,please?B:Certainly.Howmanyisitfor?A:There'llbethreeofthem.5.A:Canyougetsomecornflakes?B:Doyouwantalargeorsmallpacket?A:Asmallone.Exercise:1.A:a.wantb.grapesB:a.1ikeb.them2.A:a.thinkb.scotland
33B:a.beenb.there3.A:a.callb.DavidB:a.oldb.he4.A:a.bookb.tonightB:a.certainlyb.manyA:a.threeb.them5.A:a.getb.cornflakesB:a.largeorsmallb.packetA:asmallb.oneReadingWhenshouldachildstartlearningtoreadandwrite?ThisisoneofthequestionsIammostfrequentlyasked.Thereisnohardandfastrule,fornotwoarealike,anditwouldbewrongtosetatimewhenallshouldstartbeingtaughttheinsandoutsofreadingletterstoformwords.Ifathree-year-oldwantstoread(orevenatwo-year-oldforthatmatter),thechilddeservestobegiveneveryencouragement.Thefactthatheorshemightlaterbe"bored"whenjoiningaclassofnon-readersatinfantschoolistheteacher'saffair.Itisuptotheteachertoseethatsuchachildisgivenmoreadvancedreadingmaterial.Similarly,thechildwhostillcannotreadbythetimehegoestojuniorschoolattheageofsevenshouldbegiveneveryhelpbyteachersandparentsalike.Theyshouldmakecertainthatheisnotdyslexic*.Ifheis,specialisthelpshouldimmediatelybesought.Althoughparentsshouldbecarefulnottoforceyoungstersagedtwotofivetolearntoread(ifbadlydoneitcouldputthemoffreadingforlife)thereisnoharminpreparingthemforsimplerecognitionoflettersbylabellingvariousitemsintheirroom.Forinstance,byanicepieceofcardboardtiedtotheirbedwithBEDwritteninneat-bigletters.Shouldtheyoungchildaskhisparentstoteachhimtoread,andiftheparentsarecapableofdoingso,suchanappealshouldnotbeignored.Butthetaskshouldbeundertakengently,withgreatpatienceandasenseofhumour.Readingshouldneverbemadetolooklikeachoreandthechildshouldneverbeforcedtocontinue,shouldhisintereststarttoflag.ExerciseA:1.Thereisnohardandfastrule,fornotwoarealike.2.Thefactthatheorshemightlaterbe"bored"whenjoiningaclassofnon-readersatinfantschoolistheteacher'saffair.3.Ifbadlydoneitcouldputthemoffreadingforlife4.Butthetaskshouldbeundertakengently.5.Readingshouldneverbemadetolooklikeachore.ExerciseB:Itwouldbewrongtosetatimewhenachildshouldstartlearningtoreadandwrite.Parentsshouldencourageyoungstersagedtwotofivetoreadiftheyshowinterestsinit,butneverforcethemtolearntoread.Heorshemightlaterbe"bored"whenjoiningaclassofnon-readersatinfantschool.Thenitisuptheteachertosee
34thatsuchachildisgivenmoreadvancedreadingmaterial.Similarly,ifachildcannotreadattheageofseventeachersandparentsshouldmakecertainthatheisnotdyslexic.Ifheis,specialisthelpshouldimmediatelybesoughtParentsshouldnotignoretheyoungchild'sappealtoteachhimtoread.Butthetaskshouldbeundertakengently,withgreatpatienceandasenseofhumourReadingshouldneverbemadetolooklikeachoreandthechildshouldneverbeforcedtocontinue,ifhisinterestsstarttofalgDialogue1DigitalSoundMIKE:Wow!Nice.CDshavesuchgoodsound.DoyoueverwonderhowtheymakeCDs?KATHY:Well,theygetabunchofmusicianstogether,andtheysingandplay.MIKE:Comeon.YouknowwhatImean.Whyisthesoundqualitysogood?Imean,whydoCDssoundsomuchclearerthancassettetapes?KATHY:Actually,Idoknowthat.MIKE:Really'?KATHY:It'sallbasedondigitalsound.CDsaredigital.Digitalsoundislikeseveralphotos,alltakenoneafteranother.It'skindoflikepicturesofsound.Theintensityofthesound–howstrongitis--ismeasuredveryquickly.Thenit'smeasuredagainandagain.Whenwehearthesound,itallsoundslikeonelongpieceofsound,butit'sreallylotsofpiecesclosetogether.Andeachpieceisreallyclear.M1KE:Sodigitalislikelotsofshort"pieces"ofsound.KATHY.Exactly.Thisisdifferentfromanalog*--that'showtheyusedtorecord.Analogismorelikeonewaveofsound.Itmovesupanddownwithvolumeandpitch.Anyway,analogislikeasinglewave.Digitalislikeaseriesofpieces.MIKE:OK,Iunderstandthat.ButhowdotheymaketheCDs?KATHY:Itoldyou.Theygetahunchofmusicianstogether,andtheysingandplay.QualityRecordingtechniqueDigitalsoundMuchclearerDigitalsoundislikeseveralphotosalltakenoneafteranother.It'sKindoflikepicturesofsound,Digitalislikeaseriesofpieces.AnalogicalsoundAanlogismorelikeonewaveofsound.Itmovesupanddownwithvolumeandpitch.AnalogislikeasinglewaveDialogue2HowDoTheyMakeCDs?MIKE:OK,Iunderstandthat.ButhowdotheymaketheCDs?KATHY:Itoldyou,Mike.Theygetabunchofmusicianstogether,andtheysingandplay.MIKE:Kathy!KATHY:No.Whatreallyhappensisfirsttheydoadigitalrecording–on
35videotape.MIKE:Onvideotape.KATHY:Yeah,theyusevideotape.Sothenthevideotapeisplayedthroughacomputer.MIKE:OK.Whatdoesthecomputerdo?KATHY:Well,thecomputerisusedtofigureoutthe"pieces"ofsoundweweretalkingabout;howlongeverythingis,howfarapartspacesare.MIKE:OK.Sothecomputerisfiguringoutthoseseparate"pieces"ofsound.KATHY:Yeah.Theyneedtodothattomakethemaster.MIKE:Themaster?KATHY:ThemasteristheoriginalthatalltheotherCDsarecopiedfrom.It'smadeofglass.It'saglassdiskthatspinsaround--justlikearegularCD.Andtheglassdiskiscoveredwithachemical.Theyusealasertobumthesignal,orthesong,intotheglassplate.Thelaserburnsthroughthechemical,butnotthroughtheglass.MIKE:Sothelasercutsthesoundintotheplate.KATHY:Right.Whatit'sdoingiscuttinglittleholes.intothebackofthedisk.Thoseholesarecalled"pits."Thelaserputsinthepits.MIKE:SoCDsreallyhavelittleholesontheback?Ididn'tknowthat.KATHY:Yeah.Tinypits.They'retoosmalltosee.[Pause.]Anyway,thenthey'vegotthemaster,andtheymakecopiesfromit.ThenyoubuyyourcopyandputitintheCDplayer.MIKE:PutitintheCDplayer...ThatpartIunderstand.KATHY:There'sanotherlaserinyourCDplayer.ThelightofthelaserreflectsofftheCD.ThesmoothpartoftheCDreflectsstraightback,likeamirror.Butthelightthatbouncesoffthepitsisscattered.Anyway,thecomputerinyourCDplayerreadsthelightthatbouncesoffthepits.Andyougetthemusic.MIKE:Reflectedlight,huh?...Uh...youknewwhatIlike?Justrelaxing,listeningtomusic,andnotreallyworryingabouthowitgetsonthedisk.KATHY:Youwantmetoexplainitagain?
36I.ThemakingoftheCDsA.Recordinga.Theygetabunchofmusicianstogether,singingandplaying.b.Firsttheydoadigitalrecording--onvideotape.c.Thenthevideotapeisplayedthroughacomputer.d.Thecomputerfiguresoutthoseseparate"pieces"ofsoundtomakethemaster.B.Themakingofthemastera.ThemasteristheoriginalthatalltheotherCDsarecopiedfrom.b.It'smadeofglass,coveredwithachemical.c.Theyuselasertoburnthesignal,orthesong,intotheglassplate.Thelaserbumsthroughthechemical,butnotthroughtheglass.d.Itcutslittleholesintothebackofthedisk.Thoseholesarecalled"pits."e.Theymakecopiesfromit.II.PlayingbackA.YoubuythecopyandputitintheCDplayer.B.ThelightofthelaserreflectsofftheCD.a.ThesmoothpartoftheCDreflectsstraightback,likeamirror.b.Butthelightthatbouncesoffthepitsisscattered.c.ThecomputerinyourCDplayerreadsthelightthatbouncesoffthepits.d.Yougetthemusic.Passage1ToothbrushBrushingourteeth--suchacommonplaceactivitytoday,hasbeenaroundforalongtime.Imagine:theancientEgyptianswerealreadyconcernedabouttheirdentalhygiene!Weknowthistodaybecausetheyalsohadthegoodhabitofbeingentombed*withalltheirtreasures...Sowewereabletodiscoverthattombsfrom3,000yearsbeforeChristcontainedsmalltreebrancheswhoseendshadbeenfrayed*intosoftfibers.It'scomicaltoimagineanEgyptianstoppingtobrushhisteethafterameal,onhisbreakfrombuildingapyramid!Thetrueancestorofourtoothbrush,however,wasinventedbytheChineseinthe15thcenturyandbroughtbacktoEuropebytravellers.ThistoothbrushwasmadeofhairsfromtheneckofaSiberianwildboarwhichwerefixedtoabambooorbonehandle.ThepeopleoftheOccident*,however,foundthewildboarhairstoostiff.Atthetime,veryfewpeopleintheWesternworldbrushedtheirteeth,andthosewhodidpreferredhorsehairs,whichweresofterthanthoseofthewildboar!InEurope,itwasmorecustomaryaftermealstouseagoosefeathertoothpick,oronemadeofsilverorcopper.Otheranimals'hairwasalsousedfordentalcare,rightupuntilthiscentury.ButitwasthepoorSiberianwildboarthattookthebruntofit.Theanimalwasimportedforitsneckhairsforalong,longtime...infact,untilnylonwasinvented,inthe20thcentury!In1937,intheDuPontlaboratoriesinNemours,U.S.,nylonwasinventedbyWallaceH.Carothers.In1938,thisnewmaterialbecameasymbolofmodernismandprosperitythroughthecommercializationofnylonstockingsandofDr.West'smiracletoothbrushwithnylonbristles.Thewildboarswerefinallyoffthehook!
37Atfirst,evenifthereweremanyadvantagestousingthisnewbrushinsteadoftheonemadewithwildboarhairs(whichfellout,wouldn'tdryverywellorbecamefullofbacteria),theconsumerswerenotentirelysatisfied.Thisisbecausethenylonbristleswereverystiffandhurtthegums.In1950,DuPontimprovedtheirtoothbrushbygivingitsofterbristles.Todaythebrands,types,andcoloursoftoothbrushesonthemarketarealmostendless.Inspiteofthis,certainAfricanandAmericanpopulationsstillusetreebranchestocarefortheirteeth!ExerciseA:First,thetoothbrushwasmadeofhairsfromtheneckofaSiberianwildboar.Second,thetoothbrushwasmadeofhorsehairsandotheranimals'hairs.Inthe20thcentury,thetoothbrushwasmadeofnylonbristles.ExerciseB:ABCBADCDExerciseC:1.InEgypt,tombsfrom3,000yearsbeforeChristcontainedsmalltreebrancheswhoseendshadbeenfrayedintosoftfibers.2.Inthe15thcentury,Europeansusuallyuseagoosefeathertoothpick,oronemadeofsilverorcoppertocarefortheirteeth.3.Peopleusedanimals'hairfordentalcarerightupuntilthe20thcenturywhennylonwasinvented.4.In1937,intheDuPontlaboratoriesinNemours,U.S.,nylonwasinventedbyWallaceH.Carothers.5.CertainAfricanandAmericanpopulationsstillusetreebranchestocarefortheirteeth.Passage2CottonToday,cottonisthebestsellingfiberintheworld.Currently,cottonaccountsfora61.5%shareofthetotalretailmarketforapparel*andhomefurnishings,excludingcarpetintheU.S.In2000,cottonconsumptioninmen'sapparelreached76%.Currently,theaverageconsumerusesabout37poundsofcottoneachyear--50%morecottontodaythantheydidtenyearsago.Duringthepastthirtyyears,CottonIncorporated'sresearchandpromotionactivitieshavetremendouslyaidedinincreasingconsumerdemandforcottonproducts.In1960,cottondominatedapproximately~66%ofthetotalretailapparelandhomefurnishingsmarket,excludingcarpet.Nevertheless,from1961to1975,cotton'sshareofU.S.retailapparelandhomefabrics,excludingcarpet,plummetedtoalowof34percent.Projectionsatthattimesuggestedthatiftherapiddeclineinconsumerdemandforcottonhadcontinued,U.S.cotton'smarketsharemayhavefallentounder20%by1995--meaningtherewouldnowbeverylittle,ifany,cottonproducedintheU.S.Nike'sforayintoorganiccottonclothingflowedoutofcompany-wideenvironmentalgoalsaimedatreducingairandwateremissions*anddesigningfootwear,apparelandaccessoriesaccordingtoprinciplesofsustainabilityandindustrialecology.TheSportsGraphicsdivision,responsibleforproducingNike's40millionannualunitsofprintedandpromotionalT-shirts,wasdeemed*themostlogicaldepartmentwithinthecompanyforintroducingorganicfibersintoproducts.SportsGraphicsconsumedahighvolumeoffiber.
38Afteranalyzingthemarketandcrunching*thenumbers,Nikedecidedtoblendsomeoftheirconventional5.4ouncejerseyT-shirtfabricwiththreepercentorganiccotton,aneasy-to-arrangeproductionstepthatwouldaddjusttwocentsF.O.B.perunittothebottomline.Aspinnerwasidentifiedtopurchaseorganicfiberforyarn,whichwasthenblendedwithconventionalcottonforthefinishedproduct.AsNike'sorganicprojectprogresses,thecompanyplanstoaddstylesandvendors*eachyeartoincreasetheircommitmenttoorganiccotton.Theirgoalistoblendallcottonfabricswithaminimumofthreepercentorganicfiberby2003.Interestinglyenough,hadNikechosentoconvertto100percentorganicfiberratherthanblending,theywouldhavedevoured*theexistingsupplyoforganiccottoninshortorder.Thisisallthemorereasontoanalyzeyourcottonneedsintermsoftheoverallorganiccottonindustry,andplanwellinadvancetoprocurefiber.ExerciseA:TheUSCottonBeltfollowsthecoastalplainfromSouthernVirginiatoTexas.CottonisaleadingcommercialcropintheSouthoftheUnitedStates.Americaisanexporterofcotton.ExerciseB:BDCDBAACExerciseC:1.Currently,cottonaccountsfora61.5%shareofthetotalretailmarketforapparelandhomefurnishings,excludingcarpetintheU.S.2.From1961to1975,cotton'sshareofU.Sretailapparelandhomefabrics,excludingcarpet,plummetedtoalowof34percent.3.TheSportsGraphicsdivisionisresponsibleforproducingNike's40millionannualunitsofprintedandpromotionalT-shirts.4.Becausetheywanttoachievethecompany-wideenvironmentalgoalsaimedatreducingairandwateremissionsanddesignfootwear,apparelandaccessoriesaccordingtoprinciplesofsustainabilityandindustrialecology.5.Theywouldhavedevouredtheexistingsupplyoforganiccottoninshortorder.NewsItem1PresidentBushandBritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhavedefendedtheirdecisiontogotowarinIraq.ThetwoleadersspokeattheWhiteHouseThursday.TheysaidtheywouldbeprovenrightaboutIraq'sweaponsprogram.MrBlairdismissedcriticismthattheUnitedStatesandBritainarealoneinpostwarIraq.Hesaidothercountriesareofferingtroopsandsupport.MrBushsaidremovingSaddamHusseinfrompowerwasimportanttowinningthewaragainstterrorism.EarlierThursdayMrBlairtoldatjointmeetingoftheUnitedStatesCongressthathebelievescoalitionforces*wererightingoingtowarinIraq.Hethankedlawmakersforgivinghimthecongressionalgoldmedal.Itisthehighesthonorgiventoaforeignleader.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisabouttheUSandtheBritish’sjustificationforgoingtowarinIraq.ExerciseB:FTTTFNewsItem2BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhassaidthatweaponsofmassdestructionmayneverbefoundinIraq,butheinsistedformerleaderSaddamHusseinhadposedathreatto"thewiderworld."
39BlairandPresidentBushusedIraq'sallegedweaponsprogramasamainreasonforinvadingthecountry.SofartheIraqSurveyGroup,whichisinchargeofthehuntforillicitweapons,hasyettoturnupanystockpiles.TheBritishleadersaidevidenceuncoveredbythegroupshowedthatSaddamhadthe"strategiccapability"andintenttousesuchweapons."Whethertheywerehiddenorremovedordestroyedeven,theplainfactisthathewasinbreachofUnitedNationsresolutions,"Blairsaid.Beforethewar,BlairstatedthatIraqwasa"seriousandcurrent'threatandthatithadcontinuedtoproducechemicalandbiologicalweapons.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutthefactthatweaponsofmassdestructionmayneverbefoundinIragExerciseB:BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhassaidthatweaponsofmassdestructionmayneverbefoundinIraq,butheinsistedformerleaderSaddamHusseinhadposedathreatto"thewiderworld."BlairandPresidentBushusedIraq'sallegedweaponsprogramasamainreasonforinvadingthecountry.TheBritishleadersaidevidenceuncoveredbythegroupshowedthatSaddamhadthe"strategiccapability"andintenttousesuchweapons.Beforethewar,BlairstatedthatIraqwasa"seriousandcurrent"threatandthatithadcontinuedtoproducechemicalandbiologicalweapons.NewsItem3Iraq'sinterim*government*wassworninMondayaftertheUnitedStatesreturnedsovereigntytothenationtwodaysaheadofschedule.Theofficialhandoverofsovereigntyoccurredat10:26a.m.,whenformercoalitionciviladministratorL.PaulBremergaveinterimPrimeMinisterAyadAllawialeather-boundtransferdocument.SomelraqisdismissedtheeventasmeaninglessaslongasU.S.troopsoccupythenation,butotherssaidthehandoverwasastepintherightdirection.Allawicallednationalunity"asacredduty"andcalledfortheinternationaicommunity,includingArabnations,"toworktogethertohandleproblemsintheareainacivilizedmanner."ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisabouttheofficialhandoverofsovereigntvinIraq.ExerciseB:Event:Iraq'sinterimgovernmentwassworninMonday.Time:Theofficialhandoverofsovereigntyoccurredat10:26a,m.Peopleinvolved:FormercoalitionciviladministratorL.PaulBremerInterimPrimeMinisterAyadAllawiComment:SomeIraqisdismissedtheeventasmeaninglessaslongasU.S.troopsoccupythenation,butotherssaidthehandoverwasastepintherightdirectionAllawi'sremark:Hecallednationalunity"a.sacredduty”andcalledfortheinternationalcommunity,includingArabnations,"towork
40togethertohandleproblemsintheareainacivilizedmannerRetellingScheduledtoaddressthenationoneday,WinstonChurchill,runningunusuallylate,hailedacabinLondon'sWestEndandorderedhimtodrivetotheBBCasquicklyaspossible."Sorry,sir,"thedriverreplied."You'llhavetofindyourselfanothercab.""Andwhyisthat?"Churchillasked."Ordinarilyitwouldn'tbeaproblem,sir,"thedriverapologeticallyexplained,"butMrChurchillisbroadcastingatsixo'clockandIwanttogethomeintimetohearhim."Churchill,greatlyflattered,tookapoundnotefromhiswalletandhandedittothecabbie.Themangladlytookthetip:"Hopin,sir?heexclaimed."ThedevilwithMrChurchill!"ReadingRecoveryMorethan1millionschoolchildrenintheUnitedStateshavegonethroughaprogramcalledReadingRecovery.Theprogramisforsix-year-oldswhoarestrugglingtolearntoread,TheReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmericasaysmorethanone-fifthofUnitedStatespublicschoolswithfirstgradesusetheprogram.TheReadingRecoverymethodcallsforaspeciallytrainedreadingteachertoworkWithchildrenoneatatime.Thelessonstakeahalf-houreachschoolday.Theyemployreading,writingandthestudyofthelettersofthealphabet.ReadingRecoverycametotheUnitedStatesin1984.EducationexpertMarie(pronouncedMAHR-ee)ClayofNewZealanddevelopedtheprogram.Anumberofothercountriesalsousethismethod.Programscandifferfromschooltoschool.ReadingRecoverylessonstakeplacefortwelvetotwentyweeks.Duringthelessons,theteacherlooksforwaysthatthechildseemstolearnbest.Thentheteacherworkstohelpthestudentdevelopthesestrategiestosolveproblemsinreading.Theideaisforthestudenttocontinuetouseandextendthesestrategieseachtimeheorshereads.ReadingRecoverystudentsreadmanyshortbooks.Someofthebooksarewritteninawaysimilartospokenlanguage.Childrenalsoreadandwritestoriesormessagesintheirownwords.Thematerialgetsharderwithtime.Thelessonsendwhenthestudent'sreadingabilityiswithintheaverageleveloftheclass.TheReadingRecoveryCouncilofNorthAmericasayseightypercentofstudentswhofinishthelessonscanreadandwritewithintheirclassaverage.Thecouncilisagroupwith11,000members.Thegroupnamedanewpresidentthismonth.MaryJacksonisdirectorofspecialprogramsfortheFortBendpublicschoolsysteminSugarLand,Texas.MizzJacksonsaysmorethan99percentoftheReadingRecoverystudentsintheschoolspassedthestatereadingexamination.Someadministrators*maynotlikethehighercostoftheReadingRecoverymethodcomparedtootherinterventions*.Teachers,afterall,workwithonlysmallnumbersoffirstgraders.Butsupporterssayitsavesmoneyintheend.Theysayithelpspreventthesadresultsandexpenseoflettingchildrenfailinschool.
41ExerciseA:NameoftheprogramReadingRecoveryTargetgroupSix-year-oldchildrenwhoarestrugglingtolearntoreadTypeofteacherrequiredSpeciallvtrainedreadingteachersLengthofeachlessonHalfahoureachschooldayLengthofthewholelessonsTwelvetotwentyweeksThingslearnedduringthelessonsReading.writingandthestudyofthelettersofalphabetTheoutcomeoftheprogramEightypercentofReadingRecoverystudentscanreadandwritewithintheirclassaverage.(Morethan99percentoftheReadingRecoverystudentsintheschoolspassedthestatereadingexamination.)ExerciseB:ReadingRecoveryisaprogramdevelopedbyaNewZealandeducationexpertMarieClay.Itaimsatfirstgraderswhofailtolearntoreadatschool.ThisprogramcametotheUSin1984anduptonowmorethanonemillionschoolchildrenhavegonethroughthisprogram.Duringthelessons,theteacherworkswiththechildrenoneatatime.He/shelooksforwaysthatthechildseemstolearnbest.Thentheteacherworkstohelpthestudentdevelopthesestrategiestosolveproblemshireading.Whenthestudent'sreadingabilityiswithintheaverageleveloftheclass,thelessonsend.Someadministratorsmaynotlikethehighercostoftheprogrambutsupporterssayitsavesmoneyintheend.Ithelpspreventthesadresultsandexpenseoflettingchildrenfailinschool.Unit6Peter:You'vebeentoZanada,haven'tyou?↘Peter:Ohyes,Iremember.Youwentacoupleofyearsago,didn'tyou?↗Peter:Now,let'ssee...It'ser,it'samainlyagriculturalcountry,isn'tit?"↘Peter:Wellyes,Iknow,butthere'snotmuchindustryonceyou'veleftthecoast,isthere?↗Peter:lsee...Mm,sotheNorthwouldbethebestplacetogoto,wouldn'tit?'↘Peter:Yeah.Mindyou,IshouldthinktheSouthisverybeautiful,isn'tit?'↘Peter:(laughs)Yeah.That'sright.Ohandwhatabouttransport?It'dbebettertohireacar,wouldn'tit?↗Peter:Really?That'scheap.Itcoststhatmuchadayhere,doesn'tit?↘Peter:Yeah,wellthat'sfine,Maggie.Thanksalot.Bye.Exercise:12345678AmIright?√√√Agreewithme√√√√√Part2ListeningandNote-takingIdentifyingCriminalsCancomputershelpthepolicetoidentifycriminals?Expertsnowthinkcomputerscanmakeiteasierforthepolicetofindpeopletheywanttoquestion.Atpresent,thesystemmostwidelyusedbytheBritishpoliceiscalledPhotofit.Witnessesdescribeasuspectandthenapictureisbuiltuplikeajigsaw,usingfivedifferentsets
42offeatures.Theseare:hair,eyes,nose,mouthandchin.Thissystemcanbeveryusefulitlfindingcriminals,butonlyinonecaseoutoftwenty,Quiteoften,almosthalfthetime,infact,Photofitpicturesaremisleading.Therearetworeasonsforthis.Firstly,thepicturemaylooknothingatalllikethesuspect.Secondly,thelikenessmaybesogeneralthatitisnotatallhelpful.Andunfortunately,abadlikenesscanleadtothearrestofaninnocentperson.Witnesses'attitudescaninfluencetheirdescriptions.Inarecentexperiment,agroupofpeoplewasshownapictureofamanandtoldthathewasamassmurderer.WhenaskedtoproducePhotofitpicturesofthisman,theymadepicturesthatshowedamurderous-lookingindividual.Butatthesametime,asecondgroupwasshownthesamepictureandtoldthatthesamemanwasalifeboatcaptainwhohadreceivedamedalforbravery.WhenthesecondgroupproducedPhotofitpictures,theseshowedamanwhowashandsomeandwell-groomed.Thepolicehaveanotherwayofidentifyingcriminals.Policerecordscontaintensofthousandsofphotographsofpeopleconvictedofcrimes.Witnessescanlookthroughtheseinthehopeofrecognisingsuspects;however,ithasbeendiscoveredthatawitnessbeginstoforgettheculprit'sfeaturesafterspendingalongtimelookingthroughthesephotographs.AcomputersystemcalledFRAME(FaceRetrievalandMatchingEquipment)combinesthebestfeaturesofbothmethods.Allthephotographsonrecordareputonthecomputerfile.Whenawitnessdescribesasuspect,thecomputer'searchesthefileforphotographsthatfitthedescription.Thewitnessisthenpresentedwithasmallnumberofphotographstolookthrough.Ofcourse,thissystem,asitexistsatpresent,willonlyhelptoidentifypeoplewhosephotographsarealreadyonpolicefiles.Sonow,expertshavetoworkontheproblemofgettingaccuratedescriptionsfromwitnesses.Onethingtheyhavediscoveredisthatwitnessesgivebetterdescriptionswhentheyareencouragedtorecallthesceneofthecrime.Theydonotneedtogothere;justimaginingthesceneworksjustaswell.ExerciseA:1.Computerscanmakeiteasierforthepolicefindpeopletheywanttoquestion.2.Abadlikenesscanleadtothearrestofaninnocentperson.3.Awitnessbeginstoforgettheculprit'sfeaturesafterspendingalongtimelookingthroughthesephotographs.4.Expertshavetoworkontheproblemofgettingaccuratedescriptionsfromwitnesses.5.Witnessesgivebetterdescriptionswhentheyareencouragedtorecallthesceneofthecrime.B:
43IdentifyingCriminalsI.ThePhotofitsystemA.Witnessesdescribeasuspect.B.Thenapictureisbuiltup,usingfivedifferentsetsoffeatures.1.Hair.2.Eyes3.Nose.4.Mouth.5.Chin.C.Advantage1.Thissystemcanbeveryusefulinfindingcriminals.D.Disadvantage1.Butonlyinonecaseoutoftwentythemethodisaccurate.2.AlmosthalfthetimePhotofitpicturesaremisleading.3.Therearetworeasonsformisleading.i.Firstly,thepicturemaylooknothingatalllikethesuspectii.Secondly,thelikenessmaybesogeneralthatitisnotatallhelpful.E.Witnesses'attitudescaninfluencetheirdescriptions.II.AnotherwayofidentifyingcriminalsA.Policerecordstensofthousandsofphotographsofpeopleconvictedofcrimes.B.Witnesseslookthroughtheseinthehopeofrecognisinvsusnects.III.FRAME(FaceRetrievalandMatchingEquipment)A.Acomputersystemcombinesthebestfeaturesofbothmethods.B.Allthephotographsonrecordareputonthecomputerfile.C.Thecomputersearchesthefileforphotographsthatfitthedescription.D.Thewitnessisthenpresentedwithasmallnumberofphotographstolookthrough.E.Disadvantage1.Thesystemwillonlyhellotoidentifypeoplewhosephotographsarealreadyonpolicefiles.2.Descriptionsfromwitnessesmustbeaccurate.Dialogue1IDon'tBelieveItA:No,Ithinkit'saloadofrubbishmyself.Imean,somepeoplebelieveanything,don'tthey?Well,itdoesn'tmakesense,doesit?Thingsflyingaroundinthesky,comingdownfromanotherplanetandallthat?No,Ithinkwhenthescientistssayit'shappenedandwecanexplainhowithappened--Imean,whenwehavesomerealproof,thenI'llbelieveit.B:Therecouldbesometruthinit,butItendtothinkit'sjustatouristattraction.1can'texplainthephotographs.Andthentherearethephotographsof"Bigfoot,"theermer,AbominableSnowmaninthemountainsofIndia.Well,that'sthesamesortofthing.Isupposeitcouldbetrue,butit'sthesamewithallthesestories,you'dliketoseeitforyourselfbeforeyoubelieveit.C:Oh,yes.Theydefinitelyexist.Yes,Ibelievethatsomepeoplecomebackto
44haunt*us.1mean,we'veallhadstrangefeelingsaboutpeoplewhoarenolongerwithns,orstrangefeelingsaboutcertainplaces.Ithinkthosefeelingsareakindofghost.Wedon'talwaysseesomething,youknow,inalongwhitedressgoing"whooo-ooo"inthemiddleofthenight,butwecanhavestrongfeelingsaboutthepast.Somepeoplehaveverystrongfeelingssotheyactuallybegintoseethings,somethingmoving,ashape,alight,Idon'tknow.Scientificfactscan'texplaineverythinginthisworld,youknow.ExerciseA:1.Probablysomephotographsofmysteriousshapes,footprintsorthatsortofthings.2.Thefirstspeaker.ExerciseB:1.Ionlybelievethingswhenthereisrealprooforscientificexplanation.2.Peoplesometimesjustduplicateoldmysteriousstoriesinanewsettingtoattracttourists.3.Theredeexistghosts.Whenpeoplehaveaverystrongfeelingaboutthepast,theybegintoseeghosts.Dialogue2UnidentifiedFlyingObjectsInterviewer:MrBurton,yousaythatyouhaveseenaUFO.Isthatright?MrBurton:Yes,absolutelyright.Ithappenedjustoverayearago.Interviewer:Andwherewasthis?MrBurton:NearmyhomeinAldershot,inthesouthofEngland.IlivenearthebigmilitarybaseinAldershot.Interviewer:Whattimeofdaywasit?MrBurton:Itwasaboutoneo'clockinthemorning.Iwasoutfishing.Theweatherforecastsaiditwasgoingtobeawarm,clearnightwithnoclouds,andthat'sperfectforfishing.Interviewer:Andwhathappened?MrBurton:Well,Isawabrightlightcomingtowardsmeataboutthreehundredfeet,andthenitstartedtoland.Itwasbehindsometrees,butIcouldseeitclearlybecausetherewasafullmoon.ThenIsawtwoformscomingtowardsme,andwhentheywereaboutfivefeetaway,theyjuststoppedandlookedatmeforagoodtenorfifteenseconds.Interviewer:Whatdidtheylooklike?MrBurton:Theywerequitesmall,aboutfourfeettall,dressedingreensuitsfromheadtofoot,andtheyhadhelmetsofthesamecolourwitharedvisor*,soIcouldn'tseetheirfaces.Theybothcarriedspaceguns.Interviewer:Didtheyspeaktoyou?MrBurton:Yes.Theoneontherightsaid"Comethisway,please."Interviewer:Weren'tyoufrightened?...Imean,weren'tyousurprisedthattheyspokeEnglish?MrBurton:Theyspokeinafunnyaccent.Itsoundedmorelikeamachinetalkingthanaperson.No,Iwasn'tfrightened.Idon'tknowwhy.Theonewhospokestartedtowalktowardsthelight,andIfollowedhim,withtheotheronebehindme.Wegottoawallandthefirst"form"justwalked
45throughit!Icouldn'tbelieveit!Ihadtoclimboverit,andthenwegottothespaceship.Interviewer:Whatdidthatlooklike?MrBurton:Itwasaboutforty-fivefeetacross,andsilver,very,veryshiny,andtherewereroundwindowsallroundtheside.Interviewer:Didyougoinside?MrBurton:Yes,Idid.Therewerestepsgoingup,andwewentintoanoctagonal*room.Istoodthereforabouttenminutes.Thewalls,thefloor,andtheceilingwereallblack.Icouldn'tseeanycontrolsorinstruments,buttherewasacentralcolumngoingupfromthefloortotheceiling,aboutfourfeelwide,rightinthemiddleoftheroom.Interviewer:Werethereanymoreofthese"forms"?MrBurton:No,justthetwo.Suddenly,oneofthemsaid"Standundertheredlight."Icouldn'tseeanyredlight,butthenImovedtotherightandIcouldseeituponthewall,justundertheceiling.Istoodthereforaboutfiveminutes,andthenavoicesaid"Whatisyourage?"Isaid"Seventy-four."Thentheytoldmetoturnaround.Afteraboutfivemoreminutesoneofthemsaid"Youcango.Youaretoooldandillforourpurposes."SoIleftandwentback,tothefiver.Interviewer:Didthespaceshiptakeoff?MrBurton:Yes,Iheardaveryhigh-pitchednoise,likeascream,andthethingtookoffstraightintotheskyanddisappeared.Isatbytheriverandwatcheditgo.Thiswasabouttwoo'clock.Interviewer:Thenwhatdidyoudo?MrBurton:NextmorningIwenttothepolice,andintheafternoonsomeonefromtheMinistryofDefensecametomyhousetointerviewme.Hetoldmetokeepquietaboutthewholething,andtellabsolutelynoone.Ithoughtthiswasverystrange,butIdidashetoldme.Interviewer:Whyhaveyoudecidedtotellpeopleaboutitnow?MrBurton:BecauseIwantpeopletoknowwhathappenedtome.Ididn'tusetobelieveinUFOs,butnowIknowtheyexist.Ithinkgovernmentsaretryingtohidesomething,butpeoplehavearighttoknow,interviewer:Thankyou,MrBurton,verymuch.Afascinatingstory
46Exercise:AUFOReportTime:Oneo'clockinthemorningPlace:Aldershot,inthesouthofEnglandDescription:Abrightlightwascomingtowardsmeataboutthreehundredfeet.anditlandedbehindsometrees.ThenIsawtwoformscomingtowardsmeLifeform:Theywerequitesmallaboutfourfeettall,dressedingreensuitsfromheadtofoot,andtheyhadhelmetsofthesamecolourwitharedvisor.Theybothcarriedspaceguns.Spaceship:Itwasabout45feetacross,andsilver,very,veryshiny,andtherewereroundwindowsallroundtheside.Therewerestepsgoingup.Theinteriorofthespaceshipisanoctagonalroom.Thewalls,thefloor,andtheceilingwereallblack.Therewerenocontrolsorinstruments,buttherewasacentralcolumngoingupfromthefloortotheceiling,aboutfourfeetwide,rightinthemiddleoftheroom.Passage1TheLochNessMonsterOneofthestrangestandmostfascinatingthingsaboutScotland*istheLoch*NessMonster,Somepeoplebelieveinthemonster'sexistence.Manydonot!However,veryimportantbodiesofpeopledobelievethereissometruthinthefamousmonsterstory:expertsfromBritain'sRoyalAirForce*,scientistsfromtheBostonAcademyofAppliedScience*andcomputerspecialistsfromNASA(NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,U.S.A.),tomentionbutafew!LochNessisanenormouslakeinNorthernScotland.Itisabouttwenty-fourmileslongandonemilewide,andhasanapproximatedepthof1,000feet,whichmakesitverydifficultforanybodytofindandexaminethehighlyelusive*monster.InfactthefirstconvincingreportsofpeopleseeingthemonsterdatefromonlyaboutsixyearsbeforethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWar.Sincethentherehavebeenothersightings,andphotographsofthemonsterhavebeentaken!Manyofthesephotographshavelaterbeenrecognisedasfakes--sillyjokesplayedonanunsuspectingpublic!However,otherphotographshaveamazedthemostsearchingscientificminds.Infact,itseemscertainthatsomething(andprobablyseveralofthem)doesexistinthedeepwatersofLochNess.Themostamazingphotographsshowaflipper--theflipperperhapsofaverylargeanimal(twentyorthirtyfeetlong,itisimagined).FromthesephotosBritishspecialistinanimallife,SirPeterScott,whoisalsoanartist,hasconstructedthispictureofwhathebelievesthemonstermightlooklike.Butwheredidthemonstercomefrom?Diditmysteriouslyclimboutofaprehistoricworldbeneaththeearth'scrust*?Diditoriginallyswimintothelakefromthesea?BeforetheIceAge,LochNessopenedintothesea.Wastheyoungmonster'seggfrozenintotheiceoftheIceAge?Andsomehowdidthemonstercomealiveagainwhentheicewentaway?Wejustdonotknow!Canweeverfindtheanswerstoallthequestionssurroundingthelegend*oftheLochNessMonster,doyouthink?
47ExerciseA:LochNessisanenormouslakeinNorthernScotland.Itisabouttwenty-fourmileslongandonemilewide,andhasanapproximatedepthof1,000feet.ExerciseB:CADABBCDExerciseC:l.OneofthestrangestandmostfascinatingthingsaboutScotlandistheLochNessMonster.2.TheyareBritain'sRoyalAirForce,theBostonAcademyofAppliedScienceandNASA.3.Becausethemostamazingphotographsshowaflipper--theflipperperhapsofaverylargeanimal(twentyorthirtyfeetlong,itisimagined).4.BecausebeforetheIceAge,LochNessopenedintothesea.5.SirPeterScottisaBritishspecialistinanimallifeandalsoanartist.Passage2FossilFossil,remainsortracesofprehistoricplantsandanimals,buriedandpreservedinsedimentaryrock,ortrappedinorganicmatter.Fossilsrepresentingmostlivinggroupshavebeendiscovered,aswellasmanyfossilsrepresentinggroupsthatarenowextinct.Fossilsrangeinigefrom3.5-billion-year-oldtracesofmicroscopiccyanbacteria*(blue-greenalgae)to10,000-year-oldremainsofanimalspreservedduringthelastIceAge.Fossilsaremostcommonlyfoundinlimestone,sandstone,andshale(sedimentaryrock).Remainsoforganismscanalsobefoundtrappedinnaturalasphalt,amber,andice.Thehard,indigestibleskeletonsandshellsofanimalsandthewoodymaterialofplantsareusuallypreservedbest.Fossilsoforganismsmadeofsofttissuethatdecaysreadilyaremorerare.Paleontologists*(scientistswhostudyprehistoriclife)usefossilstolearnhowlifehaschangedandevolvedthroughoutearth'shistory.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreserved.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.Thefossilizationofanorganismdependsonthechemistryoftheenvironmentandonthebiochemicalmakeupoftheorganism.Asaresult,notallorganismsinacommunitywillbepreserved.Plantsaremostcommonlyfossilizedthroughcarbonization.Inthisprocess,themobileoilsintheplant'sorganicmatterareleachedout*andtheremainingmatterisreducedtoacarbonfilm.Plantshaveaninnerstructureofrigidorganicwallsthatmaybepreservedinthismanner,revealingtheframeworkoftheoriginalcells.Animalsofttissuehasalessrigidcellularstructureandisrarelypreservedthroughcarbonization.Althoughpaleontologistshavefoundthecarbonizedskinofsomeichthyosaurs*,marinereptilesfromtheMesozoic*Era(240to65millionyearsbeforepresent),themicroscopicstructureoftheskinwasnotpreserved.Differenttypesoffossilsarefoundindifferentgeologicalformations,dependingontheprehistoricenvironmentrepresentedandtheageoftherock.Olderrocksarefoundonlow,erodedcontinentsneartheedgesoflargeoceans.Youngerrocksarefoundmore'commonlywherethereisactivemountainbuildingand
48volcanicactivity.Oldfossilsaremostcommonlyfoundwhereanoldmountainrangehaseroded,suchasineasternNorthAmericaandnorthernEurope,orwheretwooldcontinentshavecollided,suchasinRussia.Youngerfossilsarefoundattheoceansideofyoungmountainswhereanoceanplateiscollidingwithacontinentalplate,suchasinwesternNorthandSouthAmericaandinNewZealand.ExerciseA:Plantsaremostcommonlyfossilizedthroughcarbonization.Inthisprocess,themobileoilsintheplant'sorganicmatterareleachedoutandtheremainingmatterisreducedtoacarbonfilm.ExerciseB:ABCBDACDExerciseC:1.Fossil,remainsortracesofprehistoricplantsandanimals,buriedandpreservedinsedimentaryrock,ortrappedinorganicmatter.2.Paleontologistsusefossilstolearnhowlifehaschangedandevolvedthroughoutearth'shistory.3.Theremainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsordissolvedbyanacidicsolution.4.Oldfossilsaremostcommonlyfoundwhereanoldmountainrangehaderoded,suchasineasternNorthAmericaandnorthernEurope,orwheretwooldcontinentshavecollided,suchasinRussia.5.Youngerfossilsarefoundattheoceansideofyoungmountainswhereanoceanplateiscollidingwithacontinentalplate,suchasinwesternNorthandSouthAmericaandinNewZealand.Part3NewsThePhilippinegovernmenthasbarredfurtherworkersfromtravelingtoIraqafteroneofitscitizenswaskidnappedinBaghdad.Thegroupthreatenedtokillthehostagewithin72hoursunlessthePhilippinegovernmentwithdrawsitstroopsfromIraq.ThePhilippineLaborSecretaryorderedanimmediatehaltinthedeployment*ofanyfurtherFilipinoworkerstoIraq.Some4,000FilipinociviliansareworkinginU.S.militarybasesinIraqascooks,mechanicsorinotherjobs.Thegovernmenthasofferedhelpforanyworkerswhowanttocomehome.A:ThisnewsitemisaboutthePhilippinegovernment’sprohibitionagainstdeployinganyfurtherworkerstoIraq.B:ThePhilippinegovernmenthasbarredfurtherworkersfromtravelingtoIraqafteroneofitscitizenswaskidnappedinBaghdad.Thegroupthreatenedtokillthehostagewithin72hoursunlessthePhilippinegovernmentwithdrawsitstroopsfromIraq.ThePhilippineLaborSecretaryorderedanimmediatehaltinthedeploymentofanyfurtherFilipinoworkerstoIraq.Some4,000FilipinociviliansareworkinginU.S.militarybasesinIraqascooks,mechanicsorinotherjobs.Thegovernmenthasofferedhelpforanyworkerswhowanttocomehome.NewsItem2Anewroundofsix-nationtalksonNorthKorea'snuclearprogramwillbeheldnextweekinBeijing.ThetalksinvolvingChina,Russia,Japan,theUnitedStates,andNorthand
49SouthKoreahavebeenscheduledforJune23-26.WorkinggrouptalkssetforJune21-22willlaythegroundworkfordiscussionslaterintheweek.Beijinghasalreadyhostedtworoundsoftheso-calledsix-partytalks,butbothhavemadelittleheadwayintoresolvingthestandoff*.Chinahopesallsideswilldeepentheirdiscussionsbasedonpreviouslyreachedagreements,includingtoresolve.thecrisispeacefullythroughdialogueandreachingthefinalgoalofanuclearfreedKoreanPeninsula.TheUnitedStatesanditskeyAsianallies,SouthKoreaandJapan,havebeenpushingPyongyangtoabandonitsnuclearprogramsincetheextentoftheprogrambecameknowninDecember2002.A:Thisnewsitemisaboutanewroundofsix-nationtalksonNorthKorea'snuclearprogram.B:1.WhatkindoftalkswillbeheldnextweekinBeijing?Anewroundofsix-nationtalksonNorthKorea'snuclearprogramwillbeheldnextweekinBeijing.2.Whenhavethetalksbeenheld?TheyhavebeenscheduledforJune23-26.3.Whichcountriesareinvolved?ThetalksinvolveChina.Russia.JapantheUnitedStatesandNorthandSouthKorea,4.Hasmuchheadwaybeenmadeintoresolvingthestandoffaftertworoundsofsix-partytalks?No.littleheadwayhasbeenmadeintoresolvingthe(standoff.5.WhatdoesChinahope?Chinahonesallsideswilldeepentheirdiscussionsbasedonpreviouslyreachedagreements,includingtoresolvethecrisispeacefullythroughdialogueandreachingthefinalgoalofanuclearfreedKoreanPeninsula.NewsItem3TheBushadministrationhasclaimedvictoryinadisputewithChinaoversemiconductors.ThesettlementbroughtaswiftclosetotheWorldTradeOrganizationcomplaintfiledMarch18againstChina,thefirstsuchsuitagainstBeijingsinceitjoinedtheWTOin2001.Thepact*willhelpU.S.companiesexpandwhatwasa$2billionsemiconductormarketopportunitylastyear.A17-percentvalue-addedtaxonU.S.integratedcircuitsalsowillbeeliminated*.TheU.S.semiconductorindustry,withabout255,000domesticallybasedworkers,applaudedthedeal.InApril,ChinaandtheUnitedStatessortedoutanothersemiconductor-relatedtradedisputethatrelatedtoaproprietarysecuritytechnologythatChinahadplannedtoimposeonwirelessnetworkingchips.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutthesemiconductor-relatedtradedisputebetweentheU.S.andChina.ExerciseB:FTFFTSectionThreeOralWorkMarkTwainwasthoughtbymanyknowledgeableobserverstosmoketheworstcigarsintheworld."Theybringtheirowncigarswhentheycometomyhouse,"heonceremarked."TheybetrayanunmanlyterrorwhenIofferthemacigar;theytellliesandhurryawaytomeetengagementswhichtheyhavenotmadewhentheyarethreatenedwiththehospitalitiesofmybox."Twain,feltunhappy,conductedanexperiment.
50Heinvitedtwelvepersonalfriendstosupperonenight.OneofthemwasasnotoriousforcostlyandelegantcigarsasMarkTwainwasforcheapanddevilish*ones.BeforethatdayMarkTwaincalledathishouseandwhennoonewaslookingborrowedahandfulofhiscigarswhichcosthimfortycentsapieceandborered-and-goldlabelsinsignoftheirnobility.ThenMarkTwainremovedthelabelsandputthecigarsintoaboxwithhisfavoritebrandonit.Theytookthesecigarswhenofferedattheendofthesupper,andlitthemandstruggledwiththem--indreary*silence.Thentheymadeexcusesandfiledout,treading*ononeanother'sheelswithindecenteagerness;andinthemorningwhenMarkTwainwentouttoobserveresultsthecigarslayallbetweenthefrontdoorandthegate.Allexceptone--thatonelayintheplateofthemanwhocouldstandonlyoneortwowhiffs*.HetoldMarkTwainafterwardthatsomedayTwainwouldgetshotforgivingpeoplethatkindofcigartosmoke.SectionFour"MegaSkills'forChildrenMegaSkillsisaprogramusedinschoolsacrosstheUnitedStates.Thisprogramtrainsadultstohelpchildrendeveloptheskillsneededforwhateducatorscalllifelonglearning.MegaSkillsisbasedontheideathatparentsandteacherscanhelpchildrengainskillsthroughnormal,dailyactivities.DorothyRichcreatedtheprogram.SheheadsanonprofitorganizationinWashington,DC,calledtheHomeandSchoolInstitute.MizzRichidentifiedelevenmajorskillsthatchildrenneedtosucceedinlife.Shebasedthemoninformationshegatheredfromeducatorsandemployers.Shedescribesthemas"innerenginesoflearning"forschoolandwork.TheseMegaSkillsincludefeelingabletodowhatisneeded,andwantingtodoit.BeingwillingtoworkhardanddoingwhatisrightareotherMegaSkills.Soarecompletingwhatyoustart,showingconcernfarothers,andusinggoodjudgment.DorothyRichsayschildrenalsoneedtolearnhowtosolveproblems,andhowtoworkwithagoalinmind.MegaSkillsEducationOnlineofferssuggestionsforactivitiestobuildtheseskills.Forexample,thereareideasabouthowparentscanhelpchildrengetorganizedinschool.Parentscanbeginbyhelpingachildplanaschoolproject,likeascienceproject.Aparentcansuggestthatthechildthinkaboutallthesuppliesneededfortheproject.Whatspecialsuppliesmightthechildneed?Thechildcanwritedowneachsteprequiredfortheproject,thennumberthestepstohelpfollowthem.Otherideasofferwaystohelpyoungerchildrenplantheirtime.MegaSkillsEducationOnlinesuggeststhatparentsandchildrenlistactivitiesforadaywhenthere
51isnoschool.Forexample,thefamilymightplantowakeupateighto'clockandeatbreakfastbynine.Asthedayprogresses,childrencanwritedownthetimetheystarteachactivityonthelist.Attheendoftheday,thefamilycanseehowclosetheycametofollowingtheirplan.MegaSkillssaysthisexerciseisonewaytoreducethetimespentwatchingtelevision.Itcanalsoincreasethetimechildrenspendonschoolwork.ThereareotherfreesuggestionsandactivitiesattheMegaSkillswebsite.ExerciseA:"MegaSkills"forChildrenI.Definitionoftheword"MegaSkills"MegaSkillsisaprogramthattrainsadultstohelpchildrendeveloptheskillsthroughnormal.dailyactivities.II.CreatorofMegaSkillsMegaSkillsiscreatedbyDorothyRichwhorunsanonprofitorganizationinWashington,DC,calledtheHomeandSchoolInstitute.III.ServicesofferedbyMegaSkillsEducationOnline1.Itofferssuggestionsforactivitiestodeveloptheskillsthatareneededforschoolandwork.2.Itofferswaystohelpyoungerchildrenplantheirtime.IV.Advantagesofthetimeplanningactivity1.Theactivitycanreducethetimespentwatchingtelevision.2.Itcanalsoincreasethetimechildrenspendonschoolwork.ExerciseB:1.Feelingabletodowhatisneeded,andwantingtodoit;2.Beingwillingtoworkhardanddoingwhatisright;3.Completingwhatyoustart;4.Showingconcernforothers;5.Usinggoodjudgment;6.Learninghowtosolveproblems;7.Learninghowtoworkwithagoalinmind.Unit7American:W-e-ell,ljustlo-o-vericeandfish...↗American:Well,asIwassaying,Ijustlovericeandfishandtomatosauce.↘American:AndIsupposeyouwanttoknowwhatdrinksIlikeandsoon...Well,IguessIdon'tmuchcareforwhisky...↗American:AndIdon'tcareforrum...↗American:AndIdon'tlikelemonadeatall.↘American:Andmyfavouritemusicismyown...↗American:AndCatStevens,Iguess.↘Exercise:1234567Hehasfinishedhissentence√√√
52Hewantstoaddsomething√√√√Part2ListeningandNote-TakingMountainRescueServiceWhenanaccidentisreportedtotheMountainRescueServicethefirstthingthathappensisthatthepersonwhoreportstheaccidentiscloselyquestioned.Therescuegroupneedstofindoutanumberofdetails.First,theyneedtoknowexactlywheretheaccidenthappened,withamapreferenceifpossible.Thentheywillwanttoknowthetimeoftheaccident.Theywillalsoneedtoknowhowmanypeoplewereinvolvedintheaccidentandwhatkindofinjuriestherewere.Finally,theywillaskforotherusefuldetails,suchasthecolourofthevictim'sclothingandtheweatherconditions.Thentherescueteam'scall-outprocedurebegins.Teammemberskeeptheirpersonalequipmentathomesoastobereadytosetoffwithinfifteenminutesofreceivingthecall.Theadvancepartyofaboutfourpeoplesetsoffrightaway.Theycarryaradiotelephonewiththemtosenddetailstothemainpartyandtothebase.Theyarealsoequippedandtrainedtogiveimmediatemedicalassistance.Themainpartyfollowstheadvanceparty.Theycarryaradiotelephoneandmoresupplies,includingastretcherforthevictim.Thethirdpartyonthemountainistheback-upgroup.Theirjobistohelpthemainpartyonitsreturnjourney.Rescuecontrolissetupinamobilebase.Thisvehiclecarriestheteam'ssuppliesotherthanpersonalequipment.Itisequippedwithradiotelephoneandthemeansofprovidinghotfoodanddrinks.Thebaseissetupnearatelephonesothatextrahelp,forexampleambulance,doctor,helicopterorreserves,canbecontactedwithoutdelay.ExerciseA:1.Thefirstthingthathappensisthatthepersonwhoreports'theaccidentiscloselyquestioned.2.Theywillalsoneedtoknowhowmanypeoplewereinvolvedintheaccidentandwhatkindofinjuriestherewere.3.Thethirdpartyonthemountainistheback-upgroup.4.Theirjobistohelpthemainpartyonitsreturnjourney.5.Thebaseissetupnearatelephonesothatextrahelpcanbecontactedwithoutdelay.ExerciseB:
53MountainRescueServiceI.Therescuegroupfindsoutanumberofdetails.A.Theplacewheretheaccidenthappened.B.Thetimeoftheaccident.C.Detailsaboutthevictim.II.Thentherescueteam'scall-outprocedurebegins.A.Teammemberskeeptheirpersonalequipmentathomesoastobereadytosetoffwithinfifteenminutesofreceivingthecall.B.Theadvancepartyofaboutfourpeoplesetsoffrightaway.1.Theycarryaradiotelephonewiththemtosenddetailstothemainpartyandtothebase.2.Theyarealsoequippedandtrainedtogiveimmediatemedicalassistance.C.Themainpartyfollowstheadvanceparty.1.Theycarryaradiotelephoneandmoresupplies,includingastretcherforthevictim.D.Thethirdpartyonthemountainistheback-upgroup.1.Theirjobistohelpthemainpartyonitsreturnjourney.III.Rescuecontrolissetupinamobilebase.A.Thisvehiclecarriestheteam'ssuppliesotherthanpersonalequipment.B.Itisequippedwithradiotelephoneandthemeansofprovidinghotfoodanddrinks.C.Thebaseissetupnearatelephonesothatextrahelp,forexampleambulance,doctor,helicopterorreservescanbecontactedwithoutdelay.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1StressedOutFriend:AreyouOK,Mia?Youlookbeat.Youlookreallytired.Mia:Iam.Ican'tseemtosleepatnight.I'vebeenunderalotofpressurelately--alotofstress.Friend:What'sup?Mia:I'vegotamillionthingstodo.I'mbusyatwork.I'mworkingonthehousetoo,youknow.I'mtryingtofixitup.Ineedtofinishitbeforewinter.Justlotsofdeadlines.Friend:AnywayIcanhelp?Mia:Thanks,butnotreally.It'sjustthingslhavetodo.Friend:Well,youneedtomanagethatstressalittlebetter.Areyougettinganyexercise?Mia:Whohastime?Friend:Youreallyshouldrideabicycletothestore,orwalktoworkacoupleofdaysaweek,orgoswimmingatthecommunitycenter.IthelpsmetogetexercisewhenI'mbusy.Youdon'thavetobecomeafitnessnut*,youknow.
54Mia:Thatisagoodsuggestion.It'sjustthetime,youknow.I'malwaysthinkingofwhatIshouldbedoing.Friend:Nowonderyoucan'tsleep.Alotofpeoplelearntomeditate*orlearnyoga.Meditationandyogaaresupposedtobegoodwaystodealwithstress.Theyhelpyourelax.Mia:Yoga?MaybeI'llcallthecommunitycenter.Theymighthavesomeclassesthere.Friend:Youknow,anotherthingyoucandoistotakevitamins.Youuseupalotofvitaminsandyoudon'tgettheminyourmealsallthetime.Theywon'thelpthestress,buttheymighthelpyourbodyhandleitbetter.Youreallyshouldtakevitaminseveryday.Mia:Yeah,Ishouldgetsome.Thanks.Friend:HowaboutgoingoutwithRosaandmethisFriday?It'lldoyougood.Wecouldseeamovie,makeyouforgetyourproblems.Havealittlefun.Mia:Youknow,you'rerightaboutallofthis.Let'sgosomewhereFridaynight,havedinner,seeamovie.That'llbefun.Friend:Nowyou'retalking!Mia:OK.SeeyouFriday.Gottogetbacktowork!Friend:Mia,you'rehopeless,trulyhopeless.ExerciseA:FI.Mialooksfiredandbeaten.(Youlookbeatmeansyoulooktired.)T2.Miahasbeenunderalotofpressureprobablybecauseshefindsitdifficulttomeetthedeadlines.(Mia:I'veg6tamillionthingstodo....Justlotsofdeadlines.)T3.Sheisrepairingherhouseherself.(Mia:I'mworkingonthehousetoo,youknow.I'mtryingtofixitup.)T4.Herfriendbelievesexercisecanhelpyourelax.T5.Herfriendalsobelievesthatifyougetregularexercisesyouwillprobablybecomeafitnessnut.(Friend:Well,youneedtomanagethatstressalittlebetter.Areyougettinganyexercise?)T6.Miahasinsomnia.(Mia:Ican'tseemtosleepatnight.)T7.Meditationandyogaaresupposedtobegoodwaystodealwithstress.(Friend:Alotofpeoplelearntomeditateorlearnyoga.Meditationandyogaaresupposedtobegoodwaystodealwithstress.)F8.Medicationcanalsorelievestress.(Friend:Theywon'thelpthestress,buttheymighthelpyourbodyhandleitbetter.)T9.MiawillgooutwithherfriendFridayevening.(Mia:OK.SeeyouFriday.)T10.Miaisprobablyaworkaholic.(Mia:...Gottogetbacktowork!/Friend:Mia,you'rehopeless,trulyhopeless.)Dialogue2ReflexologyReflexologyisfootmassage.ItcomesfromideasoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Reflexologybelievesthatrubbingpartsofthefootcanhelpotherpartsofthebody.Woman:DidItellyouaboutthereflexologyclassI'mtakingattheAsiaCenter?Man:Thewhatclass?
55Woman:Reflexology.It'sfootmassage...youknow,fromChinesemedicine.Man:Footmassage?Woman:Yeah.It'swonderful.Here,letmeshowyouwhatI'velearned.Takeoffyourshoesandsocks.Man:Areyouserious?Woman:JusttryitMan:OK.Woman:Theimportantthingtounderstandisthatpartsofyourfootareconnectedtootherpartsofyourbody.Man:Yeah,mylegs.Woman:No.Imeancertainplacesonyourfootareconnectedtootherplaces,otherpartsofyourbody.Sowhenyoumassageapartofyourfoot,it'sgoodforanotherpart.Forexample,lookatyourbigtoe.Man:Uh-huh.Woman:Theareaonthebottomofthebigtoeisconnectedtoyourbrain.Doyouhaveheadaches?Man:Headaches?Sometimes.Woman:Sojustrubtheareaonthebottomofyourbigtoe.Itwillhelpyourbrain.Man:Huh?Huh.[pause]Actually,myeyeshurtmoreoftenthanmyhead.Myeyesgettiredfromusingthecomputeratwork.Woman:Massagingyourothertoescanhelpyoureyes.Onthebottomofeachtoe,there'sasmallarea.They'reround,likecircles.Well,rubbingthesecirclesmakesyoureyesfeelbetter.Itrelaxestiredeyes.Man:Here?Thisareaundereachtoe?Woman:Yeah.Butthat'snottheonlyplacefortiredeyes.Ifyoureyesreallyhurt,findtheareaunderyourtwosmallesttoes...therebyyourtwosmallesttoes.Man:Uh-huh.Woman:Itlookssomethingliketheletter"U."MassagethatU.Itwillhelpwhenyoufeelreallybadpaininyoureyes.[pause]Man:Whatelse?Woman:Well,nowmovedownyourfootontheoutside.Findthewidestpartofyourfootontheoutside,there'sanarearelatedtoyourshoulders.Massageitfirmly--notsohardthatithurts,butyoushouldbefirm.Thiswillhelpthemusclesinyourshoulders.Man:Likestiffshoulders,thatkindofthing?Woman:Right.[pause]Nowlet'slookattheothersideofyourfoot.Ontheinsideofyourfoot,putyourfingersnearthetop--ontheinside,justunderthebigtoe.Slowlyandfirmly,rubfromthetopallthewaytoyourheel...totheendofyourfoot.Thisareawillhealyourback.Ifyouhavebackaches,rubthislong,narrowareaseveraltimesaday.Man:Thewholeinsideedgehelpstheback?Woman:That'sright.[pause]How'syourstomach?Doyougetstomachaches?Man:Notveryoften...well,sometimes,ifIeattoomuch.Woman:Findtheareainthecenterofyourfoot.Itgoesfromtheinsideedgeof
56yourfootalmostallthewaytotheotherside.It'salmostlikeasmallegg.Massageitfirmly.Itcanhelpyourstomach.Man:Here,inthemiddle?Woman:Right.[pause]Youcanworkonyourknees,too.Ifyouhavesoreknees,moveyourhandtothebottom,outsideedgeofyourfoot,thesoleofyourfoot,bytheheel.Rubfirmly.[pause]Man:Youknow,thisiskindofinteresting.Butactually,youknowwhathurtsthemost?Myfeet.Igetblistersalot.Woman:Blisters?Maybeyouneedbiggershoes.Exercise:ThepartofyourfootConnectedpartofthebodyApplicationsBigtoeBrainItwillhelprelieveyourheadaches.ThebottomofothertoesEyesItrelaxestiredeyesTheareaundertwosmallesttoes,whichlookssomethingliketheletter"U"EyesMassagethatUwhenyoufeelreallybadpaininyoureyes.ThewidestpartofyourfootontheoutsideShouldersThiswillhelpthemusclesinyourshoulderslikestiffshoulders.Ontheinsideofyourfoot,justunderthebigtoe,fromthetopallthewaytoyourheelofyourfootBackThisareawillhealyourbackwhenyouhavebackaches.TheareainthecenterofyourfootStomachItcanhelpyourstomachwhenyougetstomachaches.ThesoleofyourfootbytheheelKneesWhenyouhavesoreknees.Passage1EpidemicsEpidemics*occurroughlyeverythreetofiveyearsandaworldwidepandemic*ishappeningnow.AmongtheareasmostaffectedrecentlyareIndia,VietNamandtheCaribbean*.CaseshappeninMexicooften,andeveninSouthTexas.Thisvirus*hasfourflavors,calledserotypes*,whicharecreativelynamed1,2,3and4.Gettinginfectedwithoneserotypedoesnotprotectyouagainsttheotherstereotypes:infact,gettingaseconddengueinfection,particularlywithtype2,leadstoanevenworseinfection.ThismanifestsaseitherDengue*HemorrhagicFever*orDengueShockSyndrome*,whichcanbefatal.Theseareparticularlydangerousinchildren,whosufferthemostandwhoareatthegreatestriskofdyingfromdengue.Still,mostcasesofdenguearebenign*(not-serious),endingafterapproximately7days.Denguehasashortincubation*period--oftendays,usuallylessthanaweek.Thissignsandsymptomsofdengueincludeasudden,rapidlyclimbingfever,asevereheadache,nausea*andvomiting,lossofappetite,rashanddeepmuscleandjointpains.Thediseaseisnicknamed"breakbonefever"fortheselasttwosymptoms.Therashusuallyshowsup3-4daysafterthestartofthesymptomsandbeginsonthetorso,spreadingouttothe
57face,armsandlegs.Therecanbeafewdaysrespitebutthefeverandrashoftenrecur,andthisisknownasthe"saddlebackpattern."WithDengueHemorrhagicFeverthebloodcellsarecrippledandbleedingdevelops--inthegums,theskin,theintestinaltract*.Withtheshocksyndrome*thebloodvesselsdon'tworkquiteright,andthebloodpressuredropsprecipitously;asaresultthebloodfailstomeetthemetabolic*demandsofthecellsinthebody--whichisthedefinitionofshock.Wellthen,whatcanwedoaboutit?Thereisnovaccine*andthereisnocure,goifonecontractsdengue,thetreatmentis"supportive"--whichmeansrest,plentyoffluids,acetaminophen*(Tylenol),andhospitalizationifthehemorrhagicfeverorshockformsdevelop.Thisleavesuswithprevention,themostsensibleoption.ExerciseA:Thesignsandsymptomsofdengueincludeasudden,rapidlyclimbingfever,asevereheadache,nauseaandvomiting,lossofappetite,rashanddeepmuscleandjointpains.ExerciseB:BACCDDABExerciseC:1.Itwillprobablyleadtoanevenworseinfection,DengueHemorrhagicFeverorDengueShockSyndrome.2.Childrensufferthemostfromdengueandtheyareatthegreatestriskofdyingfromdengue.3.Thesignsandsymptomsofdengueincludeasudden,rapidlyclimbingfever,asevereheadache,nauseaandvomiting,lossofappetite,rashanddeepmuscleandjointpains.4.BecausewithDengueHemorrhagicFeverthebloodcellsarecrippled.5.Withtheshocksyndromethebloodvesselsdon'tworkquiteright,andthebloodpressuredropsprecipitously;asaresultthebloodfailstomeetthemetabolicdemandsofthecellsinthebody—whichisthedefinitionofshock.Passage2CancerCanceristhegeneralnameforalargegroupofdiseases.Itoccurswhencellsinthebodygrowanddivideoutofcontrol.Ourbodiesaremadeupofmillionsofcells.Layersofcellsformtissues.Normalcellsgrow,divide,anddieinanorderlyway.Thisprocesshelpskeepourbodieshealthy.Cancercellsgrowanddividetooquickly.Theprocessusuallystartswhensomethingdamagesthegeneticstructure(DNA*)insidethecells,insteadofdyinginanorderlyway,cancercellskeepgrowing,lumptogether*andformanextramassoftissues.Thismassiscalledamalignanttumor.Asamalignant*tumorgrows,itdamagesnearbytissue.Amalignanttumorcantakealongtime(upto30years)orashorttime(2or3years)tocausesymptoms.Cancercanbegininonepartofthebodyandspreadtoothers.Thisiscalledmetastasis*.Duringmetastasis;cancercellstravelthroughthebody.Inthenewlocation,cancercellscreateanewmalignanttumorandgrowoutofcontrol.Notalltumorsaremalignant.Somearebenign,whichmeanstheyaren'tcancerous.Benigntumorsusuallyaren'tlifethreatening.Theycanusuallyberemovedandrarelycomeback.We'renotexactlysurewhatcausescancer.Wedon'talwaysknowwhyoneperson
58getsitandanotherdoesn't.However,wedoknowalotabouttheriskfactorsforcancer.Themoreweknowabouttheriskfactors,themorewecandotoprotectourselves.Riskisaperson'schanceofgettingadiseaseoveracertainperiodoftime.Aperson'sriskfactorsmakeupaperson'srisk.Ariskfactorisanythingthatraisesorlowersaperson'schanceofgettingadisease.Youcancontrolsomeofthem,butnotallofthem.Riskfactorsforcancerinclude:uAlifestylechoice,likewhatapersoneats;uAnenvironmentalexposure,likesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes;uGeneticmake-uporfamilyhistory;uAnotherdiseaseormedicalproblem.Thesethingsmixtogetherwithdifferenteffectsondifferentpeople.Somepeoplearemoresensitivetoriskfactorsthanothers.Justbecauseyouhaveoneorevenseveralriskfactorsdoesnotmeanyouwilldefinitelygetcancer.Andavoidingriskfactorsdoesnotguaranteeyouwillbehealthy.A:Riskfactorsforcancerincludethefollowings:1.Alifestylechoice,likewhatapersoneats;2.Anenvironmentalexposure,likesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes;3.Geneticmake-uporfamilyhistory;4.Anotherdiseaseormedicalproblem.B:CDDABABCC:1.Canceroccurswhencellsinthebodygrowanddivideoutofcontrol. 2.Theprocessofnormalcellshelpskeepourbodieshealthy.3.Notalltumorsaremalignant.Benigntumorscanusuallyberemovedandrarelycomeback.4.Ariskfactorisanythingthatraisesorlowersaperson'schanceofgettingadisease.5.Somepeoplearemoresensitivetoriskfactorsthanothers.Justbecauseyouhaveoneorevenseveralriskfactorsdoesnotmeanyouwilldefinitelygetcancer.Andavoidingriskfactorsdoesnotguaranteeyouwillbehealthy.NewsItem1HaitihasbecomethefirstcountrytolaunchaBushAdministrationplantoreducethepassingofHIVandAIDSfrommotherstochildren.TheprogrambeganMondayatahospital.Haitiwillreceive$4millionforthefirstyearofthefive-yearprogram.Officialssaythemoneyisexpectedtoincreaseto$60millionoverfiveyears.Theprojectispartofthe$15thousandmillionAIDSplanforAfricanandCaribbeanthatPresidentBushrecentlysignedintolaw.Everyyearasmanyas6thousandHaitianchildrenarereportedlybornwithH1V--thevirusthatcausesAIDS.A:ThisnewsitemisaboutthelaunchofaBushAdministrationplantoreducethepassingofHIVandAIDSfrommotherstochildreninHaiti.B:HaitihasbecomethefirstcountrytolaunchaBushAdministrationplantoreducethepassingofHIVandAIDSfrommotherstochildren.Theprogram
59beganMondayatahospital.Haitiwillreceive$4millionforthefirstyearofthefive-yearprogram.Officialssaythemoneyisexpectedtoincreaseto$60millionoverfiveyears.Theprojectispartofthe$15thousandmillionAIDSplanforAfricanandCaribbeanthatPresidentBushrecentlysignedintolaw.Everyyearasmanyas6thousandHaitianchildrenarereportedlybornwithHIV--thevirusthatcausesAIDS.NewsItem2AnewWorldBankstudywarnsthatHIVandAIDSmaydamageAfricaneconomiesfarworsethanhadbeenbelieved.ThereportssaidAfricannationswithhighratesofAIDScouldseeasmuchashalfoftheirentiredomesticproductdisappearwithin90years.ThestudyshowsthatAIDSkillsmostlyyoungadults.Manychildrenarethenleftwithoutparents.ItsaidchildrenwhoseparentsdieofAIDSarelesslikelytocompletetheireducation.Asaresult,theyfailedtogaintheskillstomakethemproductiveadults.Thestudysaidthatimmediateactionmustbetakentokeepinfectedpeoplealivesothattheycancareforandeducatetheirchildren.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutanewWorldBankstudywhichwarnsthatHIVandAIDSmaydamageAfricaneconomiesfarworsethanhadbeenbelieved.ExerciseBI.AnewWorldBankstudywarning1.HIVandAIDSmaydamageAfricaneconomiesfarworsethanhadbeenbelieved.2.AfricannationswithhighratesofAIDScouldseeasmuchashalfoftheirentiredomesticproductdisappearwithin90years.11.Harmfulinfluenceonyoungadultsandtheirchildren1.ThestudyshowsthatAIDSkillsmostlyyoungadults.Manychildrenarethenleftwithoutparents2.ItsaidchildrenwhoseparentsdieofAIDSarelesslikelytocompletetheireducation.Asaresult,theyfailedtogaintheskillstomakethemproductiveadults.3.Thestudysaidthatimmediateactionmustbetakentokeepinfectedpeoplealivesothattheycancareforandeducatetheirchildren.NewsItem3TheannualAIDSreportfromtheUnitedNationssaidTuesdaythatalmost5millionpeoplebecameinfectedwithHIVlastyear--thelargestnumberofnewinfectionssincethediseasewasdiscoveredin1981.ThereportcalledforexpandedAIDS-preventionefforts,whichitsaidreachjustoneinfivepeopleworldwide.ThefaceofAIDShasbecomeincreasinglyfemaleandyoung--nearlyhalfofthealmost38millionpeopleinfectedwithHIVworldwidearewomenandhalfarebetweentheagesof15and24.AlmostthreemillionpeoplediedfromAIDSlastyear,bringingtomorethan20millionthenumberofAIDSdeathsinmorethantwodecades.Sub-SaharanAfrica--withjustI0percentoftheworld'spopulationishometomorethan60percentofpeoplelivingwithHIV--remainedthehardest-hitregion.An
60estimated25millionpeopleareinfectedwithHIV,2.2millioninthelastyear.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisabouttheseriousconditionoftheexpansionofthenewinfectionwithHIV.ExerciseB:FTFTFTRetellingScreenwriters,asTomSchulmanquicklylearned,havelongbeenthelowestmembersontheHollywoodtotem*pole."IfIhadanyinclinationtogetabighead,theOscarscuredthat,"heoncerecalled."Thepresenterwhogavemetheaward[forDeadPoet'sSociety]wasJaneFondaShehadrecentlybeeninthenewsbecauseshehadstarteddatingTedTurner.Anyway,shehandedmetheOscarand1mademylittlespeechandwewenttogetherintothepressroomwheretherewasasmallstageinfrontofbleachers*filledwithabout60pressmembers,whoweresupposedtoaskthewinnerquestions.Jane'and1tookthestageandshesaid,"I'dliketointroduceyoutoTomSchulmanwho'sjustwonanOscarforBestOriginalScreenplay.Doyouhaveanyquestions?"Therewasabarrage*ofquestions."Jane,what'sitlikewithTed?Areyougettingmarried?"etc.Andshesaid,"Comeon,thisisn'tmynight,it'sTom'snight.Pleasedirectyourquestionstohim."Sothere'salittlepauseandsomebodysays,"Tom,what'sitlikegettinganOscarfromJane'?What'syourthought--youthinkshe'llmanyTed?''SectionFourThePublicLibraryofScienceBeforescientistscanearnaNobelPrize,oranyrecognition,firsttheymustgettheirworkpublished.TherearemajorpublicationslikeScienceandNature,butalsomanyothers.Somescientificpublicationscostalottoreceiveinpaperform.ButmostpublishersalsochargetoreadreportsovertheInternet.Thereportsoftenincludefindingsofresearchpaidforwithpublicmoney.Somescientiststhinkitiswrongtochargeforscientificknowledge.Threeyearsago,anumberofmedicalresearchersorganizedthePublicLibraryofScience.TheyurgedscientificpublisherstoreleasereportsontheInternetwithoutcharge.Theywerenotsatisfiedwiththestepstaken.Sothelibrarydecidedtopublishresearchonitsown.Theorganizerssaytheyhopetoshowthatfreesharingofscientificknowledgewillspeedtheprogressofscienceandmedicine.NextyearthePublicLibraryofScience,orPLOS,willlaunchapublicationcalledPLOSMedicine.Earlierthismonththelibraryreleaseditsfirstpublication,PLOSBiology.Itcameoutinprintandonline.Thewritersofthereportspaythecostsofeditingandpublishing.Aswithmanypublications,otherscientistsreadthearticlestojudgeiftheworkshouldbepublished.OneofthereportsinPLOSBiologymadealotofnews.Thereporttellsaboutexperimentsinwhichscientistsconnecteddevicestothebrainsofmonkeys.Thesedevicespermittedthemonkeystocontrolamechanicalarmwiththeirthoughts.ExerciseA:DACCBExerciseB:TTFTTUnit8Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentJoanna:Who?Mary?Shedoesn'tgooutwithanyone,youknow.
61Joanna:No.Well,ifyouaskme,shedoesn'tlikeanybody.Joanna:Oh,ameal.Yes,that'd-benice.Butwhere?Idon'twanttoeatanywhere.Joanna:Doyouthinkso?Mm--ofcourse,shedoesn'tapproveofanyone.Joanna:Yes.Butwhatd'yousuggest?Shewon'tenjoyanything,willshe...Joanna:No,Iaskedher.Ithinkshedoesn'twanttogoanywhere.Joanna:Iknow.It'soddisn'tit.Nevermind.Wedon'thavetogooutwithanyone.Joanna:Infact.let'snotgooutwithanyone.Joanna:OK.Justyouandme.Bye!Exercise:注意12345678Notatall√√√√Onlyinspecialcases√√√√Part2SleepIt'sclearthateveryoneneedstosleep.Mostpeoplerarelythinkabouthoworwhytheysleephowever.Weknowthatifwesleepwellwefeelrested.Ifwedon'tsleepenough,weoftenfeeltiredandirritable.Itseemsthattherearetwopurposesofsleep:physicalrestandemotionalorpsychologicalrest.Weneedtorestourbodiesandourminds.Bothareimportantinorderforustobehealthy.Eachnightwealternatebetweentwokindsofsleep:activesleepandpassivesleep.Thepassivesleepgivesourbodytherestthatisneededandpreparesusforactivesleepinwhichdreamingoccurs.Andwearebeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofthedreamstageinoursleepcycles.Let'slookatthedifferenthindsofsleep.They'requitedifferent.Inpassivesleep,thebodyisatrest.Theheartslowsdown.Thebodyprocessesbecomeveryslow.Wemoveverylittle.Andthebrainbecomesveryinactive.Thisstageofsleepisknownasslow-wavesleepbecausethebrainwavesmoveinaveryslowregularrhythm.Ifapersoncontinuestosleep,sheorheentersanewstage,amoreactivestage.Thebodygoesthroughseveralchanges:thebraintemperaturerises,theamountofbloodinthebrainincreases,thebodybecomesvery,verystill,andthebraingoesfrombeingveryinactivetobeingactive.Andasthebrainbecomesmoreactive,theeyesbegintomoverapidly.Whentheeyesbegintomove,thisisasignofanotherchange--thechangeisthatthepersonisdreaming.,Throughoutthenight,peoplealternatebetweenpassiveandactivesleep.Thebrainrests,thenitbecomesactive,thendreamingoccurs.Thecycleisrepeated:thebrainrests,thenitbecomesactive,thendreamingoccurs.Thiscycleisrepeatedseveraltimesthroughoutthenight.Duringeighthoursofsleeppeopledreamforatotalofoneandahalfhours,ontheaverage.Allpeopleexperiencethesedreamcycles.Manypeoplesaytheydon'tdream,orthattheyrarelydream.Doctorshavestudiedthesleepcycleandhavefoundthateveryonedreams--infact,thateveryoneneedstodreaminordertostayhealthy.Itappearsweneedbothkindsofsleep.Weneedpassivesleepinordertorestourbodies.Weneedactivesleepinordertodream.Anddreaminghelpsustorestourminds.ExerciseA:
621.Wearebeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofthedreamstageinoursleepcycles.2.Thisstageofsleepisknownasslow-wavesleepbecausethebrainwavesmoveinaveryslowregularrhythm.3.Whentheeyesbegintomove,thisisasignofanotherchange--thechangeisthatthepersonisdreaming4.Duringeighthoursofsleeppeopledreamforatotalofoneandahalfhours,ontheaverage.5.Doctorshavestudiedthesleepcycleandhavefoundthateveryonedreams--infact,thateveryoneneedstodreaminordertostayhealthy.ExerciseB:SleepEveryoneneedstosleep.Itseemsthattherearetwopurposesofsleep:physicalrestandemotionalorpsvchologicalrest.WeneedtorestourbodiesandourmindsEachnightwealternatebetweentwokindsofsleep:activesleepandpassivesleep.Inpassivesleep,thebodyisatrest.Theheartslowsdown.Thebodyprocessesbecomeveryslow..Thisstageofsleepisknownasslow-wavesleepbecausethebrainwavesmoveinaveryslowreeularrhythm.Ifapersoncontinuestosleep,sheorheentersanewstage,amoreactivestage.Thebraintemperaturerises,theamountofbloodinthebrainincreases,thebodybecomesverystill,andthebraingoesfrombeingveryinactivetobeingactive.Andtheeyesbegintomoverapidly.Thisisasignthatthepersonisdreaming.Throughoutthenight,peoplealternatebetweenpassiveandactivesleep.Thiscycleisrepeatedseveraltimesthroughoutthenight.Duringeighthoursofsleeppeopledreamforatotalofoneandahalfhours,ontheaverage.Weneedpassivesleepinordertorestourbodies.Weneedactivesleepinordertodream.Anddreaminghelpsustorestourminds.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1GuessWhat!Jackie:YouaskedBethtobeherearoundseveno'clock,didn'tyou?Bill:Yes.Whattimeisitnow?Jackie:It'snearlyaquartertoeight,iwonderwhathappened.Bill:Hmm.Shemighthaveforgottenthetime.Whydon'tIcallandseeifshe'sonherway?(Afewminuteslater.)Bill:Igotheransweringmachine,soIguessshemusthaveleftalready.Jackie:Ihopeshedidn'thaveaproblemontheroad.Hercarcouldhavebrokendownorsomething.Bill:Ofcourseshemayhavesimplyforgottenourinvitationanddonesomethingelsetoday.Jackie:No,shecouldn'thaveforgotten.Italkedtoheronlyyesterday.Let'sjuststart
63withouther.Bill:Oh,herecomesBethnow.Beth:Hey,guys.SorryI'mlate.Ihadanemergency.Jackie:Oh.Nothingserious,Ihope.Beth:Well,kindof.ItwasSally.Jackie:Sally,yourdog?Whathappened?Beth:Well,Iwasjustabouttoleavewhenshestartedactingstrange.Thenshejustpassedout.Jackie:Oh,mygosh.Beth:Ipanicked.Ithoughtshehaddiedatfirst.Ihadtorushhertothevet*.Jackie:ButissheOK?She'ssocute.Ihopeshe'sallright.Beth:Yeah,she'sgoingtobefine.Thevetsaiditwassomekindofvirus.Sohegaveheraninjection,andIhadtoleaveherwithhim.I'llgobylaterandpickherup.Oh,butguesswhat!Jackie:What?Beth:She'sgoingtohavepuppies!Bin:Congratulations!You'regoingtobeagrandmother!Jackie:Veryfunny.Bill!Beth:Yeah,Bill.Veryfunny!ExerciseA:T1.TheyweresupposedtomeetBethatseveno'clock.(Jackie:YouaskedBethtobeherearoundseveno'clock,didn'tyou?/BilkYes.)F2.Itwasalreadypassedeighto'clock.(Jackie:lt'snearlyaquartertoeight.)F3.BillcalledBethbuttherewasnoanswer.(Bill:!gotheransweringmachine.)T4.Bethmusthaveleftalready.F5.Bethwasdelayedbythetraffic.(Beth:Hey,guys.SorryI'mlate.1hadanemergency..../Beth:...ItwasSally./Jackie:Sally,yourdog?)T6.ThedogfaintedjustbeforeBethwasabouttoleave.(Beth:Well,Iwasjustabouttoleavewhenshestartedactingstrange.Thenshejustpassedout.)T7.ThevetgaveSallyaninjection.T8.Thevetdidn'tallowBethtotakeSallyhome.(Beth:...hegaveheraninjection,andIhadtoleaveherwithhim.)T9.Sallywaspregnant.(Beth:She'sgoingtohavepuppies!)F10.Bethwouldhavegrandchildrensoon.(Bill:Congratulations!You'regoingtobeagrandmother![Billwasjoking.])Dialogue2SnakesNowalotofpeoplewillsay,"Ohdearthisissomethingverysignificant...herdreamingofsnakes"butit'snothingtodowithanykindoferm...doublemeaningthattheremaybe.It'sbecauseasachild,IlivedintheEastandIhadmanynastyexperienceswithsnakes.OnceIwasuponatree...Iwasaverylittlegirlanddownbelowacobra*andaratsnake*,theyactuallywerefighting,andtheyfoughttothedeathandIusedtoputmyarmsroundthetreeandIwasjuststuckthereandthen
64aftereverythingwasfinished,theyhadtosendsomepeopleupthetreetoprisemyarmsopenandbringmedownagain.Andanothertimewehadjustmovedfromoneconventwhichwasinasortofa...fairlycivilisedpartofthecitytotheoutskirtsandIreachedouttogetwhatIthoughtwasabelthangingupandofcourseitwasawretchedsnake.(Terrible!)Thenwehadpatchedroofsinsomeofthetemporaryschoolbuildingsandsnakeslikedtogoupontothisroof.AndIhappenedtobestandingtalkingtoanun,andyouknowhowinthecourseofconversationyoutendtochangeplaces(Mm!)andwehadjustchangedplaceswhenthiswretchedsnakefellonmyheadandIwentintohysterics...andIjustcan'tseemtogetoverthisfearandIhavethisrecurringnightmare...--Isitalwaysthesame,isit...areyoualwaysinthesameplaceandthesamesnakesand...--No,differentplacesandthey'realwayssocolouffulandtheyalwaystrytogetmyneck,roundmyneckortheytrytogetmykneeandit's...--Whereaboutsasamatterofinterest,whereaboutswasthis,whenyouwereachild?--ThiswasinSriLanka.(SriLanka?)Yes(Goodheavens{...Extraordinary!)andasaresult,Icanbeofferedworkifthere'sanythingtodowithsnakesIwilljustsayno,Ican't...youcanoffermeamillionpoundsandIwillnotdoit.Ican'tbeartoseethepictureofasnakeonthescreenorinamagazine.IcanbeallalonebutIgointohysterics.Exercise:CDCDPart2PassagesPassage1WhatIsaBlackHole?Ablackhole*isaregionofspacetimefromwhichnothingcanescape,evenlight.Toseewhythishappens,imaginethrowingatennisballintotheair.Theharderyouthrowthetennisball,thefasteritistravellingwhenitleavesyourhandandthehighertheballwillgobeforeturningback.Ifyouthrowithardenoughitwillneverreturn;thegravitational*attractionwillnotbeabletopullitbackdown.Thevelocity*theballmusthavetoescapeisknownastheescapevelocity*andfortheearthisabout7milesasecond.Asabodyiscrushedintoasmallerandsmallervolume,thegravitationalattractionincreases,andhencetheescapevelocitygetsbigger.Thingshavetobethrownharderandhardertoescape.Eventuallyapointisreachedwhenevenlight,whichtravelsat186thousandmilesasecond,isnottravellingfastenoughtoescape.Atthispoint,nothingcangetoutasnothingcantravelfasterthanlight.Thisisablackhole.Itisimpossibletoseeablackholedirectlybecausenolightcanescapefromthem;theyareblack.Buttherearegoodreasonstothinktheyexist.Whenalargestarhasburntallitsfuelitexplodesintoasupernova*.Thestuffthatisleftcollapsesdowntoanextremelydenseobjectknownasaneutron*star.Weknowthattheseobjectsexistbecauseseveralhavebeenfoundusingradiotelescopes.Iftheneutronstar*istoolarge,thegravitationalforcesoverwhelmthepressuregradients*andcollapsecannotbehalted.Theneutronstarcontinuestoshrink*untilit
65finallybecomesablackhole.Thismasslimitisonlyacoupleofsolarmasses,thatisabouttwicethemassofoursun,andsoweshouldexpectatleastafewneutronstarstohavethismass.Oursunisnotparticularlylarge;infactitisquitesmall.Asupernovaoccursinourgalaxy*onceevery300years,andinneighbouringgalaxiesabout500neutronstarshavebeenidentified.Thereforewearequiteconfidentthatthereshouldalsobesomeblackholes.ExerciseA:Ablackholeisaregionofspacetimefromwhichnothingcanescape,evenlight.ExerciseB:DDABABCCExerciseC:1.Thegravitationalattractionmakesthetennisballturnback.2.Thevelocitytheballmusthavetoescapeisknownastheescapevelocity.3.Aneutronstarisanextremelydenseobject.4.Theneutronstarcontinuestoshrinkuntilitfinallybecomesablackhole.5.About500neutronstarshavebeenidentifiedinneighbouringgalaxies.Passage2MyAncestorWasaRhinoceros*AtonetimeIthoughtmyfamilywasverydifferentfromeveryotherfamilyintheworld,ithappenedbecauseIhadtroublewithaword.Thatwordwasancestor.Today,Iknowwhatitmeans.Anancestorissomeone,amanorwoman,inyourfamily.Thatpersonisnowdead,anddiedmanyyears,evenhundredsofyears,ago.Ifirstheardthewordinastorymymothertoldmeonenight."What,"Iaskedher,"isanancestor?"Mymothernevermadethingseasyforme.Shewenttoaboxandbroughtoutaphotograph."That,"shesaid,"isyourancestor."1lookedatthephotograph.Lyingonthegroundwasalargeanimal.Ithadtwosmalleyes,abigwhitehornonitsnose,andasmalltail.Theanimalwasnotasleep,Iwassureofthat.Itwasdead.So,thatwasmyancestor.Iwenttosleepanddreamtoflargeanimals.ThenextdayIwenttomymotherandsaid,"Areancestorsalwaysdead?""Oh,yes,"shetoldme."Theyhavetobedead.Youcan'thavealiveancestor.""Onlydeadones?""Yes."SomedayslaterIwenttoafriend'shouse."Haveyougotanyphotographsofyourancestors?"Iasked."Lots,"hesaid."CanIsee?'!Iasked.Hisancestorsweredifferent.Hisancestorswereallpeople.Menandwomen.Ifeltverybadthatmyancestorwasananimal.AtschoolIaskedtheteacheraquestion."What,"Iasked,"isanancestor?""Ancestors,"theteachersaid,"arethefathersandmothersofyourgrandmothersand
66grandfathers."IknewthenthatIwasdifferentfromeveryoneelseintheworld.Forseveralmonthsmydreamswerefulloflargedeadanimals.Ilookedcarefullyatallmyrelatives,andstoodalongtimeeachdayinfrontofthemirror.Oneday,1wassure,somethingwasgoingtohappentomyface."Tellmemoreaboutmyancestor,"Isaidtomymother."Didhereallyhaveatailandahornontheendofhisnose?"Shefetchedthephotographdownfromupstairs,andforthefirsttimeIsawamanwithagun,standingbehindtheanimal."There'saman!"Ishouted.Mymotherlookedatmestrangely."Myancestor'saman!"Ishouted.ExerciseA:Anancestorissomeone,amanorwoman,inyourfamily.Thatpersonisnowdead,anddiedmanyyears,evenhundredsofyears,ago.ExerciseB:ADBCDABCC:1.Atonetimethenarratorthoughthisfamilywasverydifferentfromothersbecausehehadtroublewithaword"ancestor."2.Thenarratorfirstheardthewordinastoryhismothertoldhimonenight.3.Thenarratorthoughthisancestorswereanimals.4.Becausehewasworriedthatsomethingwasgoingtohappentohisface.5.Becausesheneverexpectedhissonwouldthinkofhisancestorsasanimals.NewsItem1AcarbombhasexplodedineasternColumbia.Atleastfivecivilianshavebeenkilled.Twoofthemwerechildren.Theexplosiontookplacenearamilitarybasewhere70UnitedStatesspecialforcessoldiersaretrainingColumbiantroops.Officialssayamilitarysecuritygroupthatwaspassingbywasthetarget.Noonehasclaimedresponsibilityfortheattack.Officialsareofferinga$17,000rewardforinformationthatleadstoanarrest.Inanotherdevelopmentreportssaythepresidenthasincreasedhissecurity.ThemovefollowsreportsthatColumbia'slargestrebelgroupisplanningtokillthepresident.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutacarbombexplosionineasternColumbia.B:Event:AcarbombhasexplodedineasternColumbia.Casualties:Atleastfivecivilianshavebeenkilled.Twoofthemwerechildren.Place:Theexplosiontookplacenearamilitarybasewhere70UnitedStatesspecialforcessoldiersaretrainingColumbiantroops.Theintendedtarget:Amilitarysecuritygroupthatwaspassingbvwasthetarget.Responsibilityclaimed:Noonehasclaimedresponsibilityfortheattack.Rewardfortheinformation:Officialsareofferinga$17.000rewardforinformationthatleadstoanarrest.NewsItem2TheGovernmentofMailsaysall14EuropeansheldhostagebyAlgerian
67militantsintheSaharaDeserthavebeenreleased.AMalianofficialsaidtheformerhostagesarewithgovernmentofficials.Thehostagesinclude9Germans,4SwissandIDutchmen.Theywereheldfor5months.Officialsgavenodetailsaboutthehostages'condition.Officialsalsodidnotsayiftheypaidthemilitantstoreleasethehostages.Thehostageswereamong32EuropeanskidnappedbymilitantsinsouthernAlgeriainFebruary.TheAlgerianarmyfreed17ofthehostagesinarescueoperationinMay.Onehostageissaidtohavediedoftheextremeheat.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutAlgerianhostageincident.ExerciseB:TheGovernmentofMallsaysall14EuropeansheldhostagebyAlgerianmilitantsintheSaharaDeserthavebeenreleased.AMalianofficialsaidtheformerhostagesarewithgovernmentofficials.Thehostagesinclude9Germans,4Swissand1Dutchman.Theywereheldfor5months.Officialsgavenodetailsaboutthehostages'condition.Officialsalsodidnotsayiftheypaidthemilitantstoreleasethehostages.Thehostageswereamong32EuropeanskidnappedbymilitantsinsouthernAlgeriainFebruary.TheAlgerianarmyfreed17ofthehostagesinarescueoperationinMay.Onehostageissaidtohavediedoftheextremeheat.NewsItem3American'sSecretaryofStateColinL.Powell*saysnegotiatorsareclosetoanagreementforLibyatoacceptresponsibilityforthebombingofapassengerplaneoverScotland.MrPowellspokeMondayaftertalksinLondonbetweenAmerican,BritishandLibyanofficials.ReportssayLibyawouldplacealmost$3,000millioninaSwissbankforthefamiliesofthosewhodiedinthebombing.LibyawouldalsodeclarethatitacceptsresponsibilityforthebombingofthePamAmAirlinein1988.Theexplosionkilledall259peopleontheplane.11othersonthegroundinLockerbiewerekilled.ALibyanagentisinprisonforlifeforplacingabombontheplane.A:ThisnewsitemisabouttherecentdevelopmentoftherepaymentforRockerbieaircrash.B:1.NegotiatorsareclosetoanagreementforLibyatodowhat?NegotiatorsareclosetoanagreementforLibyatoacceptresponsibilityforthebombingofapassengerplaneoverScotland.2.Officialsfromwhichcountriesholdtalks?American.BritishandLibyanofficialsheldtalksinLondon.3.HowmuchmoneywouldLibyaplaceinaSwissbankforthefamiliesofthosewhodiedinthebombing?Libyawouldplacealmost$3.000millioninaSwissbankforthefamiliesofthosewhodiedinthebombing.4.WhatwouldLibyaalsodeclare?LibyawouldalsodeclarethatitacceptsresponsibilityforthebombingoftheParaAmAirlinein1988.5.Howmanypeoplewerekilledintheexplosion?Theexplosionkilledal1259peopleontheplane.11othersonthegroundinLockerbiewerekilled.
686.Howisthebomberpunished?ALibyanagentisinprisonforlifeforplacingabombontheplane.RETELLINGIn1920,thelegendaryartdealerJosephDuveenandseveralofhiscolleaguesmadeaplantopersuadeHenryFordtobuysomeart.Togethertheyproducedexquisite*full-colorreproductionsofthe"hundredgreatestpaintingsintheworld,"hadtheplatesboundintothreeextraordinaryvolumes,andvisitedFordathisDearbornhome.Fordadmiredthevolumes,thankedthedelegationforbringingthem,andappearedonthevergeofshowingthemout;thedealersquicklymadetheirmove.Byaremarkablecoincidence,theyexplained,eachoftheworksreproducedinthebookswasavailableforsale.Moreover,theywouldbedelightedtoassisthiminacquiringthemforhispersonalenjoyment.ApuzzledlookpassedacrossFord'sfaceandhecourteouslyexplainedthat,asbeautifulasthesevolumeswere,hewasnotinthemarketforsuchexpensivebooks.Duveenrepliedthatthebookswereagift;promptlyForddeclaredthathecouldnotacceptsuchgenerosityfromstrangers.Atlast,Duveenwasforcedtoadmitthatthebookshadbeenmadetoconvincehimtobuysomeofthepiecesinthem.AtlastFordunderstood."But,gentlemen,"hedeclared,"whywouldIwanttobuyoriginalswhenthepictureshereinthesebooksaresobeautiful?"ChildbirthSomeproblemscanhappenduringchildbirth.Oneofthemostseriousistoomuchbleeding.Wepresentthestoryoftwonewmothers:onefromIndia,theotherfromNicaragua*.Onestoryhasahappyending.Theotherdoesnot.Together,theyshowtheimportanceofknowingwhattodoincasethereisaproblemwhenawomangivesbirth.FromIndia,theWhiteRibbonAllianceforSafeMotherhoodtellsthestoryofSunita.Shewaspregnant*withhersecondchild.Herpregnancy,forthemostpart,wasnormal.Sunitagavebirthtoahealthybabyboy.Butjustafterthebabyarrived,Sunitabecamecoldandcouldnotmoveherbody.Asmalllossofbloodisnormalduringchildbirth.Buttherewasalargeamountofbloodaroundherbody.ThelocalhealthworkersaidSunitaneededtobetakentoahospitalrightaway.Ittookanhourforthefamilytogetreadytoleave.Whentheyarrivedatthehospitalhourslater,itwastoolate.Sunitadiedofshock.Shehadlosttoomuchblood.Shewas22yearsold.Fromtheothersideoftheworld,thePopulationReferenceBureaurelatesthestoryofLeonorinNicaragua.Thestorywastoldbyavisitortoaprojectthatworkedtoimprovebirthcareinseveralhealthcentersinthatcountry.Leonorwasatherhomeinasmallvillage.Shewasgivingbirthtoherfirstchild.Awomanknownasatraditionalbirthattendantwaswithhertohelp.Thiswomansawthattheplacenta*hadnotcomeoutwithinthirtyminutesafterthebabywasborn.Theplacentaistheorganthatconnectsthebabytothemother'suterus*bywayoftheumbilicalcord*.ThewomanassistingLeonorknewtherewasaproblem.Whentheplacentadoesnotcomeout,thereisariskoftoomuchbleeding.ThePopulationReferenceBureausaysthisproblemistheleadingcauseofdeathamongwomen
69duringchildbirthinNicaragua.SoLeonor'sbrotherwalkedtoahighwaynearthevillage.Hestoppedadriverandrodetothelocalhealthcentertogethe1p.AnemergencyvehiclewenttobringLeonortothecenter.Shearrivedwithinninetyminutesofgivingbirth,andadoctortreatedherimmediately.Soon,Leonorwasresting,andwasabletobreastfeedherbabyson.Evenifawomanhasonepregnancywithoutproblems,thenextonecouldbedifferent.Thisiswhyhealthexpertssayitisimportantforaskilledpersontobepresentwhenababyisborn,toidentifyanyproblemsquickly.Andtheysayfamiliesshouldknowwhen,whereandhowtheywilltakethemothertogethelpifthereareproblems.TheWhiteRibbonAlliancesaysthatineverycasethecordthatconnectsthebabytothemothershouldbecutandtied.Cuttingtheumbilicalcordhelpsthewoman'suterusgetsmaller,sothereislessbleeding.And,finally,thealliancesaysnewmothersshouldbegintobreastfeedtheirbabiesimmediately.Amother'sfirstmilkisveryhealthyforthenewborns,andbreastfeedinghelpsprotectbabiesfromdisease.ExerciseA:1.Whatthemostseriousproblemthatcanhappenduringthechildbirth?Themostseriousproblemthatcanhappenduringthechildbirthistoomuchbleeding2.Whyisitimportantforaskilledpersontobepresentwhenababyisborn?Theskilledpersoncanidentifyanyproblemsquickly.3.Whatshouldthefamiliesknowwhenawomangivesbirthathome?Thefamiliesshouldknowwhen,whereandhowtheywilltakethemothertogethelpifthereareproblems.4.Whatshouldbecutandtiedimmediatelyafterababywasborn?Thecordthatconnectsthebabytothemothershouldbecutandtied.5.Whyshouldnewmothersbegintobreastfeedtheirbabiesimmediately?Amother’sfirstmilkisveryhealthyforthenewborns,andbreastfeedinghelpsprotectbabiesfromdisease.ExerciseB:ThefirststorySunita,atwenty-two-year-oldIndianwomanwaspregnantwithhersecondchild.Herpregnancywasnormalandshegavebirthtoahealthybabyboy.Butjustafterthebabyarrived,Sunitabecamecoldandcouldnotmoveherbody.Therewasalargeamountofbloodaroundherbody.Sheneededtobetakentoahospitalrightaway.Unfortunatelyittookanhourforthefamilytogetreadytoleave.Whentheyarrivedatthehospitalhourslater,itwastoolate.Sunitadiedofshock.Shehadlosttoomuchblood.ThesecondstoryLeonor,aNicaraguanwoman,wasgivingbirthtoherfirstchildatherhomeinasmallvillage.Awomanknownasatraditionalbirthattendantwaswithhertohelp.Whenthiswomanfoundthattheplacentahadnotcomeoutwithinthirtyminutesafter
70thebabywasbornsheknewtherewasaproblem.Itmeanttherewasariskoftoomuchbleeding.SoLeonor'sbrotherwalkedtoahighwaynearthevillage.Hestoppedadriverandrodetothelocalhealthcentertogethelp.AnemergencyvehiclewenttobringLeonortothecenter.Shearrivedwithinninetyminutesofgivingbirth,andadoctortreatedherimmediately.Soon,shewassavedandabletobreastfeedherbabyson.Unit9Policeman:Canyoutellmeanything,madam?Woman:Well...erm...Ididn't...er...well...really...er...seeanything,youknow.Policeman:Nowyou,sir.Didyouseeanything?Man:Yousee...I...nm...well...wasn't...er...looking...yousee...atthetime.Policeman:Well,Miss,yousawsomething.Whosefaultwastheaccident,doyouthink'?Gift:Well,Imean...itwas...er...Imean...itwasthelorry's...er,well...fault,ImeanBoy:CanI...er...gonow?Imean...I'm...I'm...youknow...late.Policeman:Allright.Offyougo,son.Man:Youknow...ifIcan...erm...help...youknow...inanyway,I'dbe...er...glad,youknow,to...er...doso.Policeman:Thanksverymuch,sir.I'llgetintouchwithyouifthere'sanything.Woman:Um...perhapswecanallum...youknow...wellum...gonow.Exercise:1.Woman:Ididn'treallyseeanything2.Man:Iwasn'tlookingatthetime.3.Girl:Itwasthelorry'sfault.4.Boy:CanIgonow?I'mlata5.Man:IfIcanhelpinanyway,l'dbegladtodoso.6.Woman:perhapswecanallgonow.CanLightAffectyourHealth?Canlightaffectyourhealth?Manyresearchersnowbelievethatitdoesaffectbothyourphysicalandyourmentalstate.Fromdaylight,ourbodiesabsorbvitaminDthroughtheskin.Oldpeopleespeciallyneedthisvitamintostrengthentheirbones.Certainskindiseasesalsobenefitfromexposuretosunlight.Lessdirectly,lightabsorbedthroughtheeyecanstimulatehormone*production,whichinturnaffectsourmood.Recentresearchhasestablishedthatsomepeoplebecomedepressedinwinter,whenthedaysaredarkandmostpeoplespendlesstimeintheopenair.Thesepeoplefindthattheylackenergy,havedifficultyconcentrating,andoftengainweightinthewintermonths,Whenspringcomes,thesesymptomsdisappear.ReseamhershavecalledthisconditionSAD--seasonalaffectivedepression.Theconditioncanbetreatedbyexposingpatientstospeciallights,knownas
71full-spectrumlights.Ordinarylightbulbsproducelightattheredendofthespectrum,andfluorescentlightsareinthegreen-yellowrange.Full-spectrumlights*,ontheotherhand,reproducemoreaccuratelytheeffectsofnaturalsunlight.Aswellashelpingsufferersfromseasonaldepression,thislightinghasbeenusedtotreatpatientssufferingfromjet-lag.Itisalsobeingtriedasammansofimprovinglearninginschool-childreninRussiaandAmerica,andimprovingtheefficiencyofJapanesefactoryworkers.Ifyouspendalotoftimeinartificiallightorindoors,orifyoufeeldepressedinwinter,youshouldtrytospendmoretimeintheopenair.Youngpeopleneedatleastfifteenminutesadayinrealdaylightinsummer,thirtyminutesinwinter.Oldpeople,whoriskvitaminDdeficiency,shouldspendevenlongerexposedtonaturaldaylight.ExerciseA:1.Manyresearchersnowbelievethatitdoesaffectbothyourphysicalandyourmentalstate.2.Oldpeopleespeciallyneedthisvitamintostrengthentheirbones.3.Thesepeoplefindthattheylackenergy,havedifficultyconcentrating,andoftengainweightinthewintermonths.4.Full-spectrumlightsreproducemoreaccuratelytheeffectsofnaturalsunlight!.5.Ifyouspendalotoftimeinartificiallightorindoors,youshouldtrytospendmoretimeintheopenair.ExerciseB:CanLightAffectYourHealth?Manyresearchersbelievethatlightcanaffectbothyourphysicalandyourmentalstate.Fromdaylight,ourbodiesabsorbvitaminDthroughtheskin.Certainskindiseasesalsobenefitfromexposuretosunlight.Lightabsorbedthroughtheeyecanstimulatehormoneproduction,whichinturnaffectsourmood.Somepeoplebecomedepressedinwinter,whenthedaysaredarkandmostpeoplespendlesstimeintheopenair.Whenspringcomes,thesesymptomsdisappear.ResearchershavecalledthisconditionSAD--seasonalaffectivedepression.Theconditioncanbetreatedbyexposingpatientstospeciallights,knownasfull-spectrumlights.Thislightinghasalsobeenusedtotreatpatientssufferingfromjet-lag,toimprovelearninginschool-childreninRussiaandAmerica,andtheefficiencyofJapanesefactoryworkers,YoungpeopleneedatleastfifteenminutesadayinrealdaylightinSummerthirtyminutesinwinter.Oldpeople,whoriskvitaminDdeficiency,shouldspendevenlongerexposedtonaturaldaylight.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1BrainA:Abrainislikeawalnut,withtwohalves,aleftsideandarightside.Theleft-handsideweuseforlanguage,wespeakwiththatside,weread,wemakesums,docalculations,keeptime,allthekindofpracticalsides,andasaresultthat'sthesidemostpeopleusemostofthetime.Theright-handsideistheimaginaryside,thesideweusefordreaming,for(urn)
72enjoyingabstractthingsmaybelikecoloursandnature,andthatkindofthings.It'salsothesideweusefordrawing.Whatyoumustlearntobeabletoseelikeanartististoshiftfromtheleftsidetotherightside,andthatissomethingeverybodycanlearn.B:Sohowdoyoumovefromusingonesideofthebraintousingtheotherside?A:Well,it'sjustaquestionoflearningtoreusethatside,becauseweallusedtherightsidewhenwewerechildren,andeverybodycoulddrawwithoutworryeverythingthattheywantedtodraw.Andthenwhenyou'reabout12suddenlyyouwanttodrawitexactlyright,aswhatyouthinkisexactlyright,anddiscoveryoucan'tdoitanymore,andstopdrawing,soyouhavetolearnagaintouseyourbraininthatfreeandopenway.B:Whyisitthatchildrenstopusingthatsideofthebrain?Whathappenstothematthatagetomakethemstopusingbothsidesoftheirbrain?A:Theygotosecondaryschool,andtheysuddenlyhavetodolotsofhomework,lotsofmathematicalthings,andtheirwholeeducationisgearedtowards*usingtheleftside,andtherightsideissimplynotconsideredimportant.Exercise:F1.Mathematiciansusetheright-handsideofthebrainalot,(Theleft-handsideweuse...docalculations.)T2.Thereisaspecialpartinthebrainthatcontrolslanguagelearning.(Theleft-handsideweuseforlanguage,wespeakwiththatside...)T3.Youhavetouseyourimaginationwhenenjoyingabstractpaintings.(Theright-handsideistheimaginaryside,forumenjoyingabstractthings...)T4.Peopleuseleft-handsideofthebrainfordreaming.(Theright-handsideistheimaginaryside,thesideweusefordreaming...)F5.Everyonecanbeanartistifyouhavelearnttoshiftfromtheleftsidetotherightside.(Whatyoumustlearntobeabletoseelikeanartististoshiftfromtheleftsidetotherightside,andthatissomethingeverybodycanlearn.)T6.Thebesttimeforhumanbeingsmlearndrawingiswhentheyarechildren.(Weallusedtherightsidewhenwewerechildren,andeverybodycoulddrawwithoutworryeverythingthattheywantedtodraw.)T7.Childrenbegintouseleft-handsidemoreattheageof12.(B:...Whathappenstothematthatagetomakethemstopusingbothsidesoftheirbrain?/A:Theygotosecondaryschool,andtheysuddenlyhavetodolotsofhomework,lotsofmathematicalthings.)T8.Itseemsthatsomethinghastobedonesothatchildrencandevelopbothsidesoftheirbrain.(,,.theirwholeeducationisgearedtowardsusingtheleftside,andtherightsideissimplynotconsideredimportant.)Dialogue2DoyouBelieveIt?Interviewer:Erm,doyoubelieveinspacemen?MarkandSarah:Yes!Interviewer:OK,Whydoyoubelieveinspacemen?Sarah:BecauseI'veheardoflotsofpeoplegoinguptothemoon.Interviewer:Andhowaboutyou,Mark?Whydoyoubelieveinspacemenandnotin,enMmsuperheroes?
73Mark:Well,becausesuperheroes,youknowthey'renottrue.Interviewer:Howdoyouknow?Mark:Becauseyou'veneverseenthemoutsidetheTV,andnoneofyourfriendshave,andbecauseonthetitlesofthefilm,ittellsyouthatpeoplemadethefilm,soyouknowthat'snottrue.Interviewer:Isee.Nowhowaboutthetoothfairy*?Whydoyoubelieveinthetoothfairy?Yes?Sarah:BecauseIalwaysendupwithmoney.Interviewer:Uh-huh.Andhowaboutyou,Mark?Mark:Same.Interviewer:Mhm.Andyou'resurethatit'sthetoothfairythatputsthemoneythere?Girls:Yes,Interviewer:Youdon'tthinkitcouldpossiblybeanybodyelse?Mark,Sarah:No.Interviewer:OK.HowaboutFatherChristmas?Mark:'CauseIdon'tbelievethatanyoneelsecouldbringuspresentsatChristmastime.Idon'tthinkanyoneelsewouldtryandjumpdownthechimneyexceptFatherChristmas.Interviewer:OK.Why,doyoubelieveindinosaursandor"iiidragons"?Sarah:Because1haven'tseenanydragonbones.AndI'veseenlotsofdinosaurbones.Interviewer:Oh?Wherewasthat?Sarah:Inmuseums.Ofcourse.Mark:Samewithme.Interviewer:OK...lsthereanythingelseyoubelievein?Yes?Mark:Ibelieveabitinsea-monsters.Interviewer:Whyisthat?Mark:Becausetheycouldbethelastdescendants*ofthedinosaursasitsaysinmyFirstBookofFacts.Interviewer:Mmm.Doyoubelieveinsea-monsters?Sarah:No.Interviewer:No?Whynot?Sarah:Because,erm,I'vebeentotheseasidelotsoftimes,andIhaven'tseenaseamonsteryet.Interviewer:OK.Mark:Butmaybethey'reoutfartherthanyou'veseen.Andyoucan'tseethem.Sarah:Ifthey'remonstersthey'rebig,aren'tthey?Mark:Yes.Sara_h:Soyou'dprobablyseethem,wouldn'tyou?Mark:Yes,butiftheyweresofaraway,theywereinthemiddleofthesea,thatyoucouldn't--youcouldseethem,butyouwouldthinktheywerejustfish,'causetheywouldbesosmall,becauseyouwouldbesofarawayfromthem.Sarah:ButIhaven'teverseenanyfishintheseaatthemoment.Exercise
74ThingsMarkSarahspacemen√√I'veheardoflotsofpeoplegoinguptothemoonsuperheroes×Becauseyou’veneverseensuperheroesoutsidetheTVtoothfairy√Thesamereason√BecauseIalwaysendupwithmoney.FatherChristmas√ldon'tbelievethatanyoneelsecouldjumpdownthechimneyandbringuspresentsatChrist-mastime.dinosaurs√Thesamereason.√I'veseenlotsofdinosaurbonesinmuseums.sea-monsters√Becausetheycouldbethelastdescendantsofthedinosaurs.×I'vebeentotheseasidelotsoftimes,andIhaven'tseenasea-monsteryet.Passage1TheOfficeLadyAnestimated70%ofsingleworkingwomeninTokyolivewiththeirparentsandonlyabouthalfpaysomerent.Thesewomendidnotreturntothenestaftercollege,theyneverleft.Theirincomesaremostlydisposableandspentonleisureandluxury.Themainreasonforthisphenomenonisthatlifeathomeiscomfortable.Theydon'tcook,dolaundryorhousework.Theirmotherstakecareofthem.Theseyoungwomenareinnohurrytogetmarried.Gettingmamedmeanslessmoneyandlowerstandardofliving."Theproblemwithmarriageisthatthehusbandusuallydoesn'twantthewifetowork,"says26yearoldYurikoKuramochi,whoisemployedbyamoviedistributor*."IntheUnitedStatesandEurope,it'spossibletopursueacareerevenaftermarriage,evenafterhavingababy,"addedTamakoSarada,awriter."ButinJapan,ifaftermarryingawomanthenrealizesthereissomethingshewantstodo,shehasalmostnochancetocomebacktoit."/ThisisthefirstsignificantgroupofJapanesewomentostaysinglebeyondtheirearlytwenties.Inthepast15years,thenumberofwomenwhoaresingleintotheirlatetwentieshasrisento50%.Theyaretargetedbythetravelmarketas"OfficeLadies."AccordingtotheJTB,in1998theyheldanimpressive11%shareofthetotaloutbound*leisuretravelmarketfromJapan.MikiTakasuisatypical"OfficeLady."Sheis26,drivesaBMW*,carriesa$2,800
75Chanel*purse,andvacationsinSwitzerland,Thailand,LosAngeles,NewYorkandHawaii.Sheearns$28,000ayearandfrequentlymakesquickshoppingtripstoSouthKorea,Hawaii,Malaysiaand~Egypt,travelingwithhergirlfriends,whoarealso"OfficeLadies."Inthespringof1998,theJTB*organizedashoppingtourofItalythatattracted800"OfficeLadies"inthreemonths.ThetourconcentratedsolelyonshoppingatItalianoutlets*,andfeaturednoneofItaly'sfamoustouristattractions.Theparticipantsdidn'tevenpartakeofItaly'scelebratedfood,butgrabbedsnacksontherun.TheSheratonGrandeTokyoBayHoteloffersthepopularCinderellaNight*thatincludesadeluxe*room,aromatherapy*session,useofthepool,gymandsauna,androomservicebreakfastfor$225perperson.ExerciseA:Theseofficeladieswithgoodeducationusuallyhavetheirownlife-style.Theypreferfreedomandspontaneity,privacyandleisure.Theyaimhighandworkdiligently.Theyaresmartandintelligentwithfirmdetermination.ExerciseB:BDCAABCDExerciseC:1.About70%.3.11%share.4.$2,8002.Becausetheyweretakencareofbytheirmothers.5.BecausetheywereinterestedonlyinshoppinginItaly.Passage2SimpleChoicesCanBoostNutritionin2004InsteadofmakingaNewYear'sresolutionforadietoverhaul,howaboutmakingsomesimpleeatingchoicesthatimprovehealthinthelongrun?Herearesomepicks*thatcanbeeasilyworkedintodiets.Mostpeopleprobablyhaven'teventhoughtaboutthesefoodsasbeingsuperhealthy.Manytrytocutdownontheintakeofcarbohydrates*,stayingawayfrompasta*andrefinedsugars.Butthenexttimeyou'reatthesupermarket,eliminatepastafromthatguilty-pleasurelistbychoosingWholewheatpasta,whichishighinfiber.”Choosingwhole~wheatpastacontributestoaloweredriskofheartdisease,reducedcomphcationslinkedtodiabetes*,alowerlikelihoodofhavingcancerandbettergastrointestinal*healthbecauseofmorefiber.Forsnacking,pickoutawhole-wbeatpretzel*orwhole-wheattortillas*insteadofwhite.Othergoodchoices?HavingabowlofoatmealforbreakfastortryingwholegraincrackerssuchasTrisketsinsteadofregularsaltier,butterychoices.Anotherfavoritefoodof2004hastobesalmon.ItcontainsOmega-3fattyacids*,whichreducetheriskofheartattacksandhelplowerbloodcholesterol*.ItsvitaminAandcarotenoids*mayalsopreventcancer.Andthere'smuchlesssaturatedfat*insalmonthaninequalamountsofjustaboutanymeatorpoultryproteinsource.Beansandotherlegumes*suchaslentils*andpeasareinexpensivetobuy,buttheyarerichinprotein,ironandfolicacid*andfiber.Unlikeothervegetables,theycanstepinformeat,poultry,eggsorotherproteinfoods,cuttingdownontheriskforheartdiseaseandcancersthatsomeofthosemeatsmighthave.Anotherwinningchoiceisacupofchili,containingonlyabouttwogramsofsaturatedfat.Choosingbeandiporhummus*overcheeseorcream-basedclipscan
76alsobeahealthyalternative.Orhowaboutthrowingsomegarbanzobeansintoasalad?Thesweetpotatohasbeenrankedcontinuouslyasthemostnutritiousvegetablesourcearound.They'reloadedwithfourtimestherecommendeddailyallowanceofbetacarotene,whichiscriticalforhealthyvision,bonegrowth,toothdevelopmentandgoodskinandhair.AndforAtkinsdieterswhoarecuttingdownonsugarsandcarbs*,sweetpotatoesareonthesafelistasagreatsubstituteforotherstarchessuchasrice,potatoesandcorn.Soinsteadofvaguelyresolvingtoeathealthy,takesomesimple,butspecificstepssuchaslearningtorecognizegoodfatoverbadfatandgoodcarbsoverbadcarbs.Payattentiontothecaloriesbutalsoknowwhichfoodsstandoutfortheirhighnutritionalcontent.ExerciseA;Theymightbetomato,cucumber,pumpkin,carrot,onion,potato,cabbage,spinach,asparagus,lettuce,parsley,mushroom,leek,pea,bean,cauliflower,lamb,beef,pork,chicken,duck,andallkindsoffish.ExerciseB:ADBCABCDExerciseC:1.Hesuggeststomakesomesimpleeatingchoicesthatimprovehealthinthelongrun.2.Becausechoosingwholewheatpastacontributestoaloweredriskofheartdisease,reducedcomplicationslinkedtodiabetes,alowerlikelihoodofhavingcancerandbettergastrointestinalhealthbecauseofmorefiber.3.Hethinksofsalmonasthebestfoodof2004whichcontainssomeveryhealthyingredientssuchasOmega-3fattyacids,vitaminAandcarotenoids.4.Becausetheyareloadedwithfourtimestherecommendeddailyallowanceofbetacarotene,whichiscriticalforhealthyvision,bonegrowth,toothdevelopmentandgoodskinandhair.5.Thereareseveralpicks—wholewheatpasta,salmon,beansandotherlegumes,acupofchili,sweatpotato,etc.NewsItem1AsIraqiandcoalitionforcesbattledinsurgents*inBaghdad,IraqiofficialsweretoannounceWednesdayanewsecurityplanthatwouldincreasedetention*powersandallowtheprimeministertomobilizethecountry'sarmedforcestodealwiththeproblem.InterimPrimeMinisterAyadAllawihassignedtheplanintolaw,accordingtoanofficialinhisoffice,andIraqiministerswillannouncedetailsofthemeasurelaterWednesday.Wordofthetightersecurityplancameasviolenceflared*intheIraqicapital.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutanewsecurityplantobeannouncedinBaghdadasviolenceflaredinthecapital.ExerciseB:1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T
77NewsItem2ThePalestinianauthorityhasorderedsecurityforcestofindthemilitantsresponsibleforthebombinginJerusalemTuesday.Theattackkilledtwentypeopleandwoundedmorethanonehundredothers.EarlierPrimeMinisterMahmoudAbbasendedcommunicationswithHamas*andIslamicJihad*.Thetwogroupsclaimedtheresponsibilityforthebombing.HamasandIslamicJihadofficialssaytheattackdoesnotmeananendtothecease-firetheirgroupsannouncedinlateJune.Theofficialssaidthebombingwastoanswerthekillingofoneoftheirmembers.MrAbbashascancelledtheplannedtriptoNorwayandItalytodealwiththecrisis.IsraelhascancelledthetalkswithPalestiniansandplannedsurrender*oftwoPalestiniantowns.TheIsraeliarmyalsohasclosedallbordersconnectingtotheWestBankandGaza.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutabombinginJerusalemanditsinfluence.ExerciseB:ThePalestinianauthorityhasorderedsecurityforcestofindthemilitantsresponsibleforthebombinginJerusalemTuesday.EarlierPrimeMinisterMahmoudAbbasendedcommunicationswithHamasandIslamicJihad.Thetwogroupsclaimedtheresponsibilityforthebombing.Theofficialssaidthebombingwastoanswerthekillingofoneoftheirmembers.MrAbbashascancelledtheplannedtriptoNorwayandItalytodealwiththecrisis.IsraelhascancelledthetalkswithPalestiniansandplannedsurrenderoftwoPalestiniantownsNewsItem3Abombattackhaskilledatleast17peopleattheUnitedNationsHeadquartersinBaghdad.Officialssaidtheattackinjuredatleast100otherpeople.TheUnitedNationshasabout300peopleworkinginBaghdad.UnitedStatesmilitaryofficialsaiditwastooearlytoknowwhowasresponsiblefortheattack.ButtheofficialsaidtheysuspectedtheAnsaral-Islamgroup.Reportssaythegroupislinkedtotheal-Qaidaterroristgroup.UNSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnanhasstronglycondemnedthebombingoftheUnitedNationsofficeinBaghdad.MrAnnansaidtherewasnoreasonforsuchmurderousviolence.HesaidthemenandwomenoftheUNwenttoIraqtohelptheIraqipeoplerecovertheirindependence.TheactingpresidentoftheUNSecurityCouncilsaysthiskindofterrorismcannotbreakthewilloftheworldtohelpthepeopleofIraq.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutthebombingoftheUnitedNationsofficeinBaghdad.ExerciseB:1.T2.F3.T4.F5.TRetellingTwomenwereadriftinalifeboatfollowingadramaticescapefromaburningfreightvessel.Whilerummaging*throughtheboat'sprovisions*,oneofthemen
78stumbled*acrossanoldlamp.SecretlyhopingthataGenie*wouldappear,herubbedthelampvigorously.Totheamazementofthecastaways,aGeniedidappear!ThisparticularGenie,however,statedthatshecouldonlydeliveronewish,notthestandardthree.Withoutgivingmuchthoughttothematterthemanblurted*out,"Maketheentireoceanintobeer!"ImmediatelytheGenieclappedherhandswithadeafeningcrash,andtheentireseaturnedtothefinestbrew*eversampledbymortals*.Simultaneously,theGenievanishedtoherfreedom.Onlythegentlelappingofbeeronthehullbrokethesuddenstillnessasthetwomenconsideredtheircircumstances.Theothermanlookeddisgustedlyattheonewhosewishhadbeengranted.Afteralong,tension-filledmoment,hespoke:"Nicegoing!Nowwe'regoingtohavetopee*intheboat!!"LeadPoisoningForyears,scientistshaveknownthatleadcandamagethebrain.Leadisasoftmetalwithanumberofindustrialuses.Itmaybefoundinpaintandfuel.Leadisespeciallydangeroustochildren.Inthemostseverecases,achildcandie.Inlessseverecases,childrencandevelopleamingdifficulties.Leadpoisoningcanbehardtorecognize,exceptthroughbloodtests.Bloodtestscanidentifyaproblemearlywhenitmaybepossibletotreat.Leadismeasuredinmicrogramsperdeciliter*ofblood.IntheUnitedStates,federalofficialsconsiderlevelsbelowtenmicrogramsperdeciliteracceptable.Thegovernmentestablishedthislevelin1991.Before1970,childrenwereconsideredtohaveleadpoisoningatlevelsabovesixtymicrogramsperdeciliter.By1985,officialshadreducedthattotwenty-fivemicrogramsperdeciliter.Butastudyreportedearlierthisyearsuggestedthateventhecurrentlevelisnotsafe.Infact,inthestudy,levelsbelowtenmicrogramsperdeciliterappeiiredtocausethegreatestdamagetointelligence.TwoscientistsfromComellUniversityinIthaca,NewYork,reportedthefindingsintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Thestudyfollowed172childrenfromtheRochester,NewYork,area.Scientistsdidbloodtestsonthechildrenanumberoftimesbetweentheagesofsixmonthsandfiveyears.Thechildrenalsotookteststomeasuretheirintelligence.Theresearcherssaymostofthedamagetointelligencehappenedatbloodlevelsbelowtenmicrogramsperdeciliter.Theyfoundthathigherlevelsproducedonlysmalladditionalreductionsinintelligence.Theyalsonotedthatthefindingswillneedtoberepeatedinfurtherstudies.IntheUnitedStates,leadhasbeenbannedfrompaintandfuel.Asaresult,levelsofleadinchildren'sbloodhavedroppedmorethaneightypercentinthepastthirtyyears.However,theresearcherssayleadpoisoningisstillaproblemamongchildreninpoorfamilies.Manyofthesechildrenliveinolderhousing,whichismorelikelytostillcontainleadpaint.Leadparticles*canfallontofloorsandontochildren'stoys.Childrenwhotouchleaddustcangetthematerialintheirsystemsiftheyputtheirhandsintotheirmouths.Babiesoftenputobjectsintotheirmouth,and
79canalsogetleadintotheirbloodthatway.ExerciseA:1.Whatislead?Leadisasoftmetalwithanumberofindustrialuses2.Wherecanitbefound?Itcanbefoundinpaintandfuel3.Whyisitdangeroustochildren?Itdamageschildren'sintelligence.4.Howtorecognizeleadpoisoning?Leadpoisoningcanberecognizedbybloodtests,5.Howtomeasurelevelsofleadinblood?Leadismeasuredinmicrogramsperdeciliterofblood.6.Whatdoscientiststhinkofthecurrentlevel?Theythinkthecurrentlevelisnotsafe.Theysaymostofthedamagetointelligencehappenedatbloodlevels'belowtenmicrogramsperdeciliter.7.Whatarethepossibilitiesthatchildrencangetleadintotheirblood?Onepossibilityisthatchildrenliveintl!~olderhousewhichstillcontainsleadpaintTheotherpossibilityisleadparticlescanfallontofloororontochildren'stoy.lfchildrenputtheirhandsinto(theirmouths'aftertheyteachthetoy,theymayleadintotheirbloodit!thatway.ExerciseB:TheChangeofAcceptableLevelsofLeadinBloodYearLevelsofleadBefore1970sixtymicrogramsperdeciliterorbelowBy1985twenty-fivemicrogramsperdeciliterorbelow1991belowtenmicrogramsperdeciliterUnit10Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentAlejandro:Willyoupleaseexcusemeforonemoment.Itisnecessaryformetofindthegentlemen'sconveniences.Henry:Certainly,Alexander.Quiteunderstand.Loosarejustdownthere...pastthebank.Alejandro:Excuseme,sir.Iamlookingforthegentlemen'sconveniences.Man:Youmeanthegents,don'tyou.？WellgostraightontillyoureachtheLeftLuggageOffice.There'sanarrowpointingdownthestairsandanotice.Thinkitsaystoilets.Youwanttogodownthestairsandturnright.Mindhowyougo.Theladiesisontheleft.Haha.Alejandro:Iamsosorry.Youarewaiting.Susan:That'sallright,Aleiandro.Let'sorganiseyourluggage,shallwe?Doallthesecasesbelongtoyou?Alejandro:No,notall.Thetwolongonesaremineandalsotheroundone.Thesmallonehasgiftsfrommyparent.Thesmallonehasaspeciallabel.Henry:Hmm.Theylooktooheavytocarrytothecarpark.George,goandgetatrolley,willyou.？Wecanputthefourcasesonthetrolley.George:(Resentful)DoIhaveto?
80Henry:(Forceful)George,go!Exercise:Heislookingforthetoilet.ThecasesareA,E,F,G.Part2PredictionandInference1.Woman:We'regoingoutfordinnerafterclass.Doyou...?2.Man:There'sanewMexicanrestaurantnearhere.Woman:Iwenttherelastweek.IloveMexicanfood,butthatrestaurant...3.Woman:Howoftendoyoureadmagazinesafterdinner?Man:Readmagazinesafterdinner?No,...4.Man:Ihearthenewcomedy'sreallyfunny.Woman:Yeah,it'sgotalotofgoodpeopleinit.Shouldbegreat....5.Woman:Excuseme,officer.Officer:Yes?Woman:I'mlookingfortheCenturyHotel.Officer:TheCenturyHotel....Exercise:Possibleanswers:1....wanttocome.too.2....isnotverygood.3.....Ineverreadthem.4.Let'sgo.5.That'stwoblocksfromhere.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1AreyouStillCarryingHer?Woman:Longago,inacertainvillage,itmined.Itrainedveryhardeverydayforamonth.Therainwassohard,noonecouldgooutside.Finally,therainstopped.Twomonksdecidedtogoforawalk.Firstman:Ah,itfeelssogoodtobeoutsideagain.Secondman:Yes,itdoes.Firstman:Butlook,therainhasturnedtheroadtomud.Peoplearegettingcoveredwithdirtandmud.Secondman:Yes,theyare.Woman:Onacomer,themonkssawawoman.Shewaswearingverybeautifulandexpensiveclothes.Shewasstandingonthecorner.Shecouldn'tcrosstheroad.Itwastoodirty.Themudwouldhaveruinedherclothing.[pause]Theoldermonkwalkeduptothewoman.Silentlyhelookedather.Hepickedupthewomanandcarriedheracrossthestreet.Theothermonkfollowed.[pause]Whentheygottotheotherside,themonksetthewomandown.Hebowed.Shebowedtooandthankedhim.Themonkdidn'tsayaword.Heandhisfriendwalkedon.[pause]Thatnight,thetwomonkstalked.Firstman:Ican'tunderstandit.Youknowwearenotallowedtohavecontactwithwomen.Yetyoupickedherup.Youcarriedherallthewayacross
81theroad.Secondman:Oh,myson.Areyoustillcarryingthatwoman?Youarestillcarryingher.Iputherdownmanyhoursago.Iputherdown...ontheothersideoftheroad.Exercise:B(Theyoungisstillthinkingofthewomanwhiletheoldmonkhasalreadyforgotit.Thinkingaboutpresentandfutureismoreimportant.)Dialogue2LostinTranslationMan:Here'soneIwouldn'thavethoughtof.Youknowthose"beforeandafter"commercialsforlaundrysoap?Woman:Theoneswithapileofdirtyclothesononesideandthenthesameclothesafterthey'vebeenwashed?Sure.Man:TherewasanAmericancompanythathadoneofthoseads.ItwasreallysuccessfulinNorthAmerica.Intheadtherewasapileofdirtyclothesontheleft,aboxofthelaundrysoapinthemiddle,andapileofcleanclothesontheright.So,themessagewasthataboxofthisdetergent*wouldmakereallydirtyclothesclean.Woman:Yeah?Man:SowhatdoyouthinkhappenedwhentheyusedtheadintheMiddleEast?Woman:Idon'tknow.Man:Thinkaboutit.IntheMiddleEast,languagesarewrittenfromrighttoleft.Peoplelookatthingsfromrighttoleft.Woman:Soitlookedlikethesoapmadetheclothesdirty?Man:"Oursoapwillmakeyourclothesdirty!"Notaverysmartadcampaign.Woman:Theyshouldhavechangedtheorderofthepictures.Theyshouldhaveputthepictureofthecleanclothesontheleftsideandthedirtyclothesontheright.Man:Really.Man:Oh,here'sanotherone.SomeshirtmakerputanadinaMexicanmagazine.Woman:And?Man:Well,theadwassupposedtosay,"WhenIworethisshirt,1feltgood."Buttheymadeatranslationmistake.Woman:Whatdidtheysay?Man:Insteadof"WhenIworethisshirt,"theadsaid,"Until1worethisshirt,Ifeltgood."Woman:"UntilIworethisshirt,Ifeltgood"?Gee,changingonelittlewordgaveittheoppositemeaning.Man:Thearticlesayssometimesit'snotjusttheadvertisingsloganthatgetscompaniesintotrouble.Sometimesthecompanynamecanscareoff
82business.Woman:Whatdoyoumean?Man:Well,therewasalargeoilcompanyintheUnitedStatescalledEnco:E-N-C-O.Woman:Yeah,Irememberthem.Man:TheyopenedsomegasstationsinJapan,andtheyadvertisedusingtheirAmericanname.Unfortunately,theydidn'tknowwhatthewordmeansinJapanese.Woman:Whatdoesitmean?Man:"Enco"isashortwayofsaying"Enginestop"inJapanese.Woman:Great.Wouldyoubuygasolinefromacompanythatsaidyourcarenginewouldstop?Man:No,andneitherdidtheJapanese.Exercise:ProductadvertisedDescriptionoftheadMessageMistakemadedetergentIntheadtherewasapileofdirtyclothesontheleft,aboxofthelaundrysoapinthemiddle,andapileofcleanclothesontheright.Thisdetergentwouldmakereallydirtyclothesclean.IntheMiddleEast,theyshouldhavechangedtheorderofthepictures.shirtWhenIworethisshirt,Ifeltgood.Theymadeatranslationmistake,whichchangedthemeaninginto"untilIworethisshirt,Ifeltgood."gasTheyadvertisedusingtheirAmericanname.Unfortunately,whichisashortwayofsaying"Enginestop"inJapanese.Part2PassagesPassage1MurderAt1a.m.thetelephonerangandDetectiveSergeantBobReidwascalledfromhisbedtogotothepolicestation.Asixty—nineyearoldwomanhadreturnedhomejustaftermidnight.Shelivedalone.Itwassnowing.Assoonasshehadenteredherhouseandwalkedtothestairsshefeltthatsomebodywasthere.Shedidn'tputthe
83lightson,sosheneversawthemanthatattackedher,althoughshedidhearhisvoice.Shehadseriousheadinjuries.Therewasnowayofknowingevenifthemanwasoldoryoung.Thewomansimplyhadnotseenherattacker,soshecouldgivenodescription.WhatcouldtheC.I.D.*do?DetectiveSergeantBobReidwenttothesceneofthecrime.Hefoundfootprintsinthefreshsnowatthebackofthehouseleadinguptothebackdoor.Hefoundsomeverysmallfibres*fromclothesonthebackwall,whichwasveryhigh.Awindowinthedooratthebackofthehousehadbeenbroken.Thatwashowthemanhadgotin.Insidethedoorhungagreenbaize*curtain,tokeepoutthedraught*.Reidcutasmallpieceoffthebottomofthiswithsomescissorshefoundinthehouse.Asmallcarpetnearthebottomofthestairshadbeenmoved.Reidcutalittlesquareoffthiscarpetaswell.Hesentthefibres,thepieceofgreenbaizecurtain,andthepieceofcarpettotheexpertsattheforensic*sciencelaboratory.Everypossiblesuspecthadan'alibi*.SixmonthslaterReidinterviewedayoungmansuspectedofattackingtwoyounggirls.Hesentclothesandsnowbootsfromthisman'shousetotheforensicsciencelaboratory.Littletinybitsofgreenbaizecurtainwerefoundstickingtotheboots,andmicroscopicspotsofbloodwerefoundonajacket.Theforensicsciencelaboratoryhadprovedthatthisyoungman,whohadattackedthetwoschool-girls,wastheverysameman,whohadattackedtheelderlywomansixmonthsbefore.ExerciseA:(Reference:Somepeoplemaybeshocked,somemayscreamandothersmaydefendthemselves.Anyhow,italldependsonthesituations.)ExerciseB:1.A2.D3.D4.B5.D6.A7.A8.BExerciseC:1.Hewascalledtogotothepolice.2.Becauseanelderlywomanwasattackedinherownhouseatnight.3.Hefoundfootprintsinthefreshsnowatthebackofthehouse,someverysmallfibresfromclothes,andawindowbroken.4.Becauseeverypossiblesuspecthadanalibi.5.DetectiveSergeantBobReidinterviewedayoungmansuspectedofattackingtwoyounggirls,andthensentclothesandsnowbootsfromthisman'shousetotheforensicsciencelab,andfinallythisyoungmanwasprovedthathewastheverymanwhohadattackedtheelderlywomansixmonthsbefore.Passage2TheEnglishLanguageManypeoplethinktheEnglishdonotliketospeakotherlanguages.Infact,Englishisamixtureofwordsfrommanydifferentlanguages.Becauseofthis,thevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguageisverylarge.Itismuchlargerthanalmosteveryotherlanguageintheworld.
84ManyEnglishwordscomefromLatin,theoldlanguageofRome,andalsofromoldGreekFromLatinwegetwordslike"wine,""use"and"day."FromGreekwehavewordssuchas"photograph,""bible"and"ink."BecausethesetwolanguagesaredeadthewordshavemostoftencomethroughotherlanguagessuchasFrench,ortheoldGermanlanguages.TherearealsomanywordsfrombothGreekandLatintogether--"television,"forexampleHere"tele"isGreekfor"far"and"vision"comesfromLatinandmeans"seeing."ManycommonEnglishwordscomefromverystrangeplaces."Tea,"forexample,comesfromChina,and"banana"comesfromWestAfrica."Potato"cameintotheEnglishlanguagefromtheislandofHaiti,intheWestIndies,and"tomato"firstcamefromMexico.OnereasonwhytheEnglishlanguagehassomanywordsfromotherlanguagesisbecausepeoplefrommanydifferentcountrieshavecometoliveinBritain.TwothousandyearsagotheRomanscamefromItaly,andstayedforoverfourhundredyears.Aftertheyleft,theAngles*,Saxons*andJutes*camefromthenorthernpartofmodemGermany.IntheninthandtenthcenturiesScandinavians*cameintothenorthernandeasternpartsofthecountry.Finally,intheeleventhcenturyWilliamofNormandy*camefromFrance,andbecameKingofEngland.WithhimcameFrenchcivilisationandtheFrenchlanguage.InmodernBritaintherearefourseparatelanguages:English,Welsh(twenty-sixpercentofthepopulationofWalesspeakWelsh*),ScottishGaelic*andIrishGaelic*.AndtheEnglishlanguageitselfisverydifferentfromoneplacetoanother,havingdifferentformsindifferentpartsofthecountry.Therearealsomanydifferencesinspelling,vocabularyandpronunciationbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglish.TheEnglishlanguagecontinuestogrow.ItisnotonlythelanguageofBritain,butalsoofNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNewZealand,andmillionsofpeopleinAfricaandAsia.Today,itistheinternationallanguageoftrade,andmaybemostimportantofall,thelanguageofscienceandtechnology.ExerciseA:(Reference:Unlikemanyotherwidelyusedlanguages,Englishcanbecorrectlyusedinaverysimpleformwithlessthanonethousandwordsandveryfewgrammaticalrules.C.K.Ogden[Englishlinguist1889-1957]andI.A.Richards[Englishliterature1893-1979]discoveredthateighthundredandfiftywordsnamedBasicEnglishcoulddefinealloftheotherwordsinEnglish.)ExerciseB:1.C2.B3.D4.A5.B6.C7.A8.DExerciseC:
851.TheattitudeoftheEnglishtowardsspeakingotherlanguagesisnegative.2.BecausepeoplefrommanydifferentcountrieshavecometoliveinBritain.3.ItcomesfromChina.4.Intheeleventhcentury.5.Itwillcontinuetogrow.Part3NewsNewsItem1NASAofficialsonSaturdayordereda48-hourdelayinthelaunchofanatmosphericstudiessatelliteafterengineersdiscoveredthatashield*wasnotaligned*properly.TheAurasatellitewastohavebeenlaunchedfromVandenbergAirForceBaseinCaliforniaat3:01a.m.Sunday.Aninspectorspottedanapparentproblemwiththesatellite'sfairing*duringastandardwalkdown*Friday.Thefairingisashieldthatsurroundsthesatelliteduringliftoff.Aura,whichcost$785milliontodevelop,carriesinstrumentstostudythecompositionofEarth'satmosphere.Themission'sgoalistoanswerquestionsaboutwhetherthedepleted*stratospheric*ozoneLayerisrecovering,whatprocessescontrolairquality,andhowclimateischanging.ExerciseA'Thisnewsitemisaboutadelayinthelaunchofanatmosphericstudiessatellite.ExerciseB:1.D2.B3.C4.DNewsItem2Astronomershavediscoveredaplanetorbitingistarintheconstellation*Orion*--withouteveractuallyseeingit.Theywatchedthestar,about140light-yearsorroughly800trillionmilesaway,anddeducedthepresenceofaplanetbyhowmuchthestartwisted.Theplanet,calledHD37605b,isagasgiantatleast2.8timesthemassofJupiter.Itis123rdplanetknownbeyondthesolarsystem.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutadiscoveryofanewplanet.DiscoveryofaPlanetName:HD37605bVolumeagasgiantatleast2.8timesthemassofJupiterPlace:aplanetorbitingastarintheconstellationOrionDistance:about140light-yearsorroughly800trillionmilesawayNewsItem3Arevitalized*Brazilianspaceprogram,whosemoraleandreputationweredamagedbyadeadlyaccidentin2003,willlaunchthecountry'sfirstrocketby2006.TheprogramwasdealtahugeblowinAugust2003whenitsVLSrocketandlaunchingplatformexplodedinafieryballatthespaceagency'sAlcantaralaunchcenterinMaranhaostate,850miles(1,400kilometers)northofBrasilia.Theaccidentkilled21spaceagencyemployees.
86Agovernmentreportontheaccident,issuedearlierthisyear,blamedpoormaintenanceforaseriesofmechanicalfailuresthatledtotheexplosion.SpaceagencydirectorresignedfollowingreleaseofthereportinMarch.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisabouttherecollectionoftheBrazilianspaceaccidentinAugust2003.ExerciseB:1.WhyistheBrazilianspaceprogramcalledarevitalizedone?BecausethemoraleandreputationoftheBrazilianspaceprogramweredamagedbyadeadlyaccidentin20032.WhatisthecontentoftherevitalizedBrazilianspaceprogram?Brazilwilllaunchthecountry’sfirstrocketby20063.PleasebrieflydescribetheaccidentinAugust2003.BrazilianVLSrocketandlaunchingplatformexplodedinafieryballatthespaceagency’sAlcantaralaunchcenterinMaranhaostate,850miles(1,400kilometers)northofBrasilia.Theaccidentkilled21spaceagencyemployees4.Whatisthecauseoftheaccidentrevealedbythegovernmentreport?Agovernmentreportontheaccident,issuedearlierthisyear,blamedpoormaintenanceforaseriesofmechanicalfailuresthatledtotheexplosion.SectionThreeOralWorkAfteralongtwo-weekcriminaltrialinahighprofilebankrobberycase,thejuryfinallyendedits14hoursofdeliberations*andenteredthecourtroomtodeliveritsverdict*tothejudges.Thejudgeturnedtothejuryforemanandasked,"Hasthejuryreachedaverdictinthiscase?""Yes,YourHonor,"theforemanresponded."Wouldyoupleasepassittome?"thejudgedeclared,ashemotioned*forthebailiff*toretrieve*theverdictslipfromtheforemananddeliverittohim.Afterthejudgereadtheverdicthimself,hedeliveredtheverdictslipbacktohisbailifftobereturnedtotheforemanandinstructedtheforeman,"Pleasereadyourverdicttothecourt."'"wefindthedefendantNOTGUILTYofallfourcounts*ofbankrobbery,"statedtheforeman.Thefamilyandfriendsofthedefendantjumpedforjoyatthesoundofthe"notguilty"verdictandhuggedeachotherastheyshoutedexpressionsofdivine*gratitude.Thedefendant'sattorneyturnedtohisclientandasked,"So,whatdoyouthinkaboutthat?"Thedefendantlookedaroundthecourtroomslowlywithabewilderedlookonhisfaceandthenturnedtohisdefenseattorneyandsaid,"I'mrealconfusedhere.DoesthismeanthatIhavetoreturnthemoney?"AgingandCancerStudiesofyeastmayhelpscientistsbetterunderstandwhytheriskofcancerincreasesas
87peoplegetolder.Yeastcellsdonotgetcancer.Buttheycouldbeausefultoolinthestudyofgeneticchangesthathappenashumancellsage.Yeastisaone-celledfungi*.Itisfoundinsoilandonplants.Itisalsofoundontheskinandintheorgansofwarm-bloodedanimals.Somekindsofyeastcauseinfections*.Butothersareusedtomakebreadandwine.ThemagazineSciencerecentlypublishedfindingsbyresearchersattheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterinSeattle,Washington.Theyfoundstrongsimilaritiesinthechangesthattakeplaceasgenes*ageinbothhumansandyeast.Theresearchersobservedseveralkindsofsimplebaker'syeast.Mostyeastcellssurviveforabout30or35celldivisions.Thewholeprocesstakesaboutfivedays.Cellsdividetoproducenewonestokeepanorganism*alive.Scientiststalkilltermsofmothercellsanddaughtercells.Eachgenerationisrepresentedbyamothercell'sproductionofanewdaughtercell.Theresearchersfoundthatgeneticmistakesstartedtohappenasthedaughtercellsreachedtheequivalentofmiddleage.Thesechangescoulddamagetheabilitytocontrolcellgrowth.Cancerisuncontrolledcellgrowth.Theresearchersfoundthatthedamagealwayshappenedaroundthe25thgenerationofcelldivision.Theresearchershopetofindsomewaytoturnoffwhatever"switch"causesthegeneticchanges.Gettingolderisconsideredthebiggestriskfactorforcancer.Middleageiswhenhumansstarttodevelopgeneticchangesthatcanleadtothedisease.Butresearchersnotethatitwillbemuchmoredifficulttofindouthowtheprocessworksinpeople.TheAmericanCancerSocietysaysalmost80percentofcancersarediscoveredaftertheageof55.Itsaysmenfacea50percentchanceofdevelopingcanceraftertheyreachlatemiddleage.Womenhavea35percentchance.ExerciseA:1.B2.C3.A4.DExerciseB:1.Whenobservingseveralkindsofsimplebaker'syeast,theresearchersfoundmostyeastcellssurvivedforabout30or35celldivisions.Thewholeprocesstakesaboutfivedays.2.Thegeneticchangealwayshappenedaroundthe25thgenerationofcondivision.3.Almost80percentofcancersarefoundaftertheageof55.4.Womenhavea35percentchanceofdevelopingcanceraftertheyreachmiddleage,whilemenfacea50percentofchance.Unit11Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentReceptionist:Right,...wejusthavetofillinthiscardforyou....Couldyoutellmeyournameplease?MrSharma:MrSharma.Receptionist:Oh,that'syoursurname,isit?Right,couldyouspellthatplease?
88Sharma:S-H-A-R-M-A.Receptionist:Andyourfirstnames?Sharma:KrishnaLal.That'sK-R-I-S-H-N-A-L-A-L.Receptionist:Right,dateofbirth?Sharma:Aprilthe14th,1941.Receptionist:Address?Sharma:73GreenhamPark,LondonW5.Receptionist:Townandcountryofbirth?Sharma:Sorry?Receptionist:Imean,wherewereyouborn?Sharma:Oh,Iwasborn...inIndia.ButI'velivedinKenyamostofmylife.InNairobi.Receptionist:Ah,youhaverecentlyarrivedinthiscountry?Sharma:Well,I,IcameonDecember9thlastyear.Receptionist:Isee.Right.Well,I'llputyouonDrJones'list.Youhaven'tregisteredwithanyotherdoctor,haveyou?Sharma:No.Receptionist:No.Right.Well,couldyoujustsignhereplease....That'sit.Right.Thankyou.ExerciseRegistrationFormSurnameFirstnameDateofBirthTownandCountryofBirthSHARMAKrishnaLalApril14th,1941IndiaAddress73GreenhamPark,LondonW5TimeofArrivalDecember9thlastyearDoctorDrJonesPart2PredictionandInference1.Woman:Wherecanwegetsomechange?I'llgoandaskthatwoman...2.Man:ThetroublewithgoinguptoLondonisthatittakessolong.Imeanifthere'salotoftraffic...3.Anna:Buthowarewegoingtogettoherhouse?Sylvia:Well,shesaidsomethingaboutabus,Ithink.Waitaminute.Yes,hereweare."...anumber32busasfarasBrixtonRoad..."Iwonder...4.Man.'IcomefromaplacecalledMacclesfield.Woman:Macclesfield?AndwhereaboutsisMacclesfield?Idon'tthink...5.David:Hello,MrsElkins.MrsElkins:Oh,hello,David.You'rebackearly.David:Yes,classesfinishedabitearly--andIcaughtthetwentypastbus.MrsElkins:Welllunchisn'tquitereadyyet,I'mafraid.Ididn'texpect...Exercise:
89l.ifshe'sgotany.2.itcantakehoursifyougobycarorbus.3.wherewecatchaNo.32bus.4.I'veeverheardofit.5.youfor20minutesorso.Dialogue1BudgetGary:Right,asyoucanseefrommyreport,therearequitealotofspecialprojectswecouldchoosebuttheproblemisthecost.ThelatestnewsonthisisthattheFinanceCommitteehasofferedus￡30,000,butonlyifwehavedefiniteproposalsbeforethenextfinancemeeting.So,anysuggestions?Liz:Yes,Ithinkweshouldusethemoneytoprovideanewbarinthecommonroom.That'snumberthreeonthelist.Imean,peoplehavebeencomplainingaboutthatoldbarforyears.Let'sfaceit,itreallyisn'tbigenough.Gary:Yesitis!It'sjustthatit'ssoold--itdoesn'tneedtobeanybigger,itjustneedsmodernising.Liz:Yes,that'swhatImean.Ithinkthat'sthemainpriority.Jane:Well,Ican'tgoalongwiththat,Liz.Therearefarmoreimportantthingsthanbars.Ireallythinkweshouldgofornumbertwo--thecreche*.That'ssomethingwhichwouldbereallyusefulforlotsofpeople.Liz:Well,I'mnotsosureaboutthat.Hardlyanyofthestudentshavesmallchildren,buteveryoneusesthebar.Jane:Notheydon't!It'sonlyaminority.Whataboutthenewbadmintoncourts?They'donlycost￡25,000,sothatwouldleavequiteabitover.Gary:Andthenewcomputersfortheaccommodationoffice...theyoughttobeconsidered...Liz:Don'tyouthinkweshouldtrytofindoutwhatthestudentsthemselveswant?Youknow,circulateaquestionnaireorsomething?Gary:Yes,Ido.Jane:Yeah,you'reabsolutelyright.Exercise:1.C2.B.3.B4.D5.DDialogue2DatingMan:Hey,look.IjustgotaletterfromChen.Firstwoman:FromChen?BackinTaiwan?Man:Yeah.Guesswhat?He'sgettingmarried.Firstwoman:Gettingmarried?That'sgreat!Butwhen--andwho?Ididn'tevenknowhehadagirlfriend.Man:Hesayshejustmethertwomonthsago.Someoneintroducedthem--a
90matchmaker.Firstwoman:Amatchmaker?Secondwoman:That'snotsounusualinAsia...inpartsofAsia,anyway.Manypeople--whentheywanttogetmarried--haveamatchmakerintroducethem...youknow,tosomeoneelsewhowantstogetmarried.Lotsofpeopleactasmatchmakers:uh...relatives,friendsofthefamily..,thereareevensomeprofessionalmatchmakers.Firstwoman:Really?Secondwoman:Yes.Lotsofpeoplegotoamatchmaker.It'sverycommon.Man:Sothematchmakerjustarrangesthemarriage?Secondwoman:Notexactly.Ehthematchmakerjustintroducesthepeople.Iknowthisseemsunusualtoyou,butactuallytherearealotofadvantages.Bothpeoplefindoutabouteachother’sbackgroundandschools,jobs,money,It’saprettyopenandhonestsystem.Youcan’tlie,Well,mostpeopledon’tFirstwoman:ButifChen’sonlyknownthiswomanfortwomonths,doeshereallyloveher?Howcouldyouknowinsuchashorttime?Secondwoman:Remember,they’rereadytogetmarried.TheywanttofallinloveMan:Urn...butwhatiftheydon't?Secondwoman:Theyusuallydo,but--yes--that'sthedisadvantage.Sometimespeoplegetmarriedbutneverreallyfallinlove.Thatcanleadtoabadmarriage.[pause]Firstwoman:Youknow,Iguessgoingtoamatchmakerisn'treallyallthatdifferentfrombeingintroducedbyafriend--orsomeoneinyourfamily--likewhentheyknowsomeonetheywantyoutomeet.It'sjustalittlemoreformal.Man:Sowhenfriendsorsomeoneinthefamilyintroducesyou,they'reactinglikematchmakers?Yeah,Ithinkyou'reright.Firstwoman:Uh-huh,Andeverybodyknowswhoeveryoneis.Plusyourfriendsknowwhatyourinterestsare,sotheyintroduceyoutopeoplewithsimilarinterests.Peoplewhoareyourfriendslikeyou,andtheyliketheotherperson,too.It'sthebestofbothworlds.Man:Idon'tknow.Theproblemwithfriends--orevenworse,yourmother!--is...well,there'spressure."Sowhatdoyouthink.?,"She'sgreat,isn'tshe?"IguessthatIthinkwhoIfallinlovewithisaprettypersonaldecision,Idon'treallywantthepressure.Sortoflike"Thankyouverymuch,butit'snoneofyourbusiness."
91Secondwoman:Ithinkthebestwayisbychance.Youknow,alovematch.Youjustmeetsomeone.Maybesomeoneatschool.Maybesomeonewholikesthesamethingsyoudo.Youlearnmoreaboutthepersonanddothingstogether.Youdate--gotorestaurants,movies.Youknow,justfallinlove.Iliketheideaofmeetingtherightperson...justbychance.Firstwoman:Yeah.Butwhatifyoudon't?Whatifyounevermeet"MrRight"?Youcouldgoyourwholelifeandneverfallinlove.Thatwouldbeawful.Secondwoman:Well,atleastyou'renotinabadmarriage.Exercise:1.Lotsofpeopleactasmatchmakers:relatives,friends,friendsofthefamilyormembersofthefamily.Thereareevensomeprofessionalmatchmakers.2.Bothpeoplefindoutabouteachother'sbackground.,.andschools,jobs,money.It'saprettyopenandhonestsystem.Theyusuallyintroduceyoutopeoplewithsimilarinterests.3.Sometimespeoplegetmarriedbutneverreallyfallinlove.Thatcanleadtoabadmarriage.4.Youlearnmoreaboutthepersonbydoingthingstogether:yondateandfallinlove.5.Whatifyounevermeet"MrRight"?Youcouldgoyourwholelifeandneverfallinlove.Thatwouldbeawful.Part2PassagesPassage1ChangesintheWayWeLiveMorepeopleintheUnitedStateshavewashingmachines,televisions,andcarstodaythantheydidin1946.Theyalsohavemorefearofviolenceandcrime.Whereasoncethenation'sheroesusedtobesoldiersorpoliticians,todaytheyaremorelikelytobefamousfacesfromtelevisionorthemovies,suchasSylvesterStallone*.ThesearejustsomeofthechangesdiscoveredinasurveybytheMarketResearchAssociation.Morethan3,000peoplewerequestioned,andtheresultswerecomparedwithasimilarsurveymadein1946.Inmanycases,thenewsurveytellsuswhatwealreadyknew,suchasthefactthatmanypeoplearebetteroffinamaterialsenseandthatwomenspendmuchlesstimeatthekitchensinkorinthehometakingcareoftheirfamilies.However,wealsolearnanumberofotherthings.Forexample,tastesinclothingandentertainmenthavechangedconsiderably.Peopledressmuchmorecasuallythantheyusedto.Andwhereas"aneveningout"formostpeopleusedtomeanatriptothemovietheater,todayitismuchmorelikelytoinvolvegoingtoarestaurantortoadisco.Somethingshavenotchanged.PeoplestilladorethefilmsofHumphreyBogart*andIngridBergman*eventhoughtheyaremorelikelytowatchthemontelevisionoronvideocassette.Andinspiteofthevarietyofforeignfoodnowavailable,morethanaquarterofthepeopleinthesurveysaidtheystillpreferredamealofsteakandpotatoes.Theonlychangeisthatalargenumberwouldalsolike
92beerorwinewiththeirmealinsteadofcoffee.In1946onlyasmallproportion--lessthan10percent--everdrankalcoholwiththeirmeals.Oneofthemostsurprisingthingstocomeoutofthisnewresearchisthelackofambitionamongthemiddle-aged.Manymenandwomen--includingsomebusinessexecutives--feelthatbythetimetheyareintheirlatefortiesorearlyfifties,theyhaveworkedenough.Mostofthemsaidtheywouldprefertoretirethangoonworkingformoremoneyorapromotion.ExerciseA:Themembersofatraditionalfamilyarethehusband,thewife,andtwoorthreechildren.Thehusbandisatworkallday,andthewifestaysathomewiththechildren.Shedoesthemostofthehousework,andtakescareofthechildren.TheyallbelieveinreligionandoftengotochurchonSundays.ExerciseB:1.A2.C3.B4.C5.A6.B7.B8.DExerciseC:1.Theyhavewashingmachines,televisions,andcars.2.Theyonceadmiredsoldiersandpoliticians.3.Theydressmuchmorecasuallynow.4.Theystillpreferamealofsteakandpotatoes.5.Becausetheythinktheyhavealreadyworkedenough.Passage2BrainDrainPerhapstheoldestquestionineconomicsiswhysomecountriesarerichwhileothersarepoor.Economictheoryhasemphasizedthatdifferencesintheeducationallevelsofthepopulationareanimportantpartoftheanswerandthatimprovedschoolingopportunitiesshouldraiseincomesindevelopingcountries,Yet,whilethereislittledoubtthathighlyeducatedworkersinmanydevelopingcountriesarescarce,itisalsotruethatmanyscientists,engineers,physicians,andotherprofessionalsfromdevelopingcountriesworkinCanada,theUnitedStates,andWesternEurope.Thisphenomenon,oftenreferredtoasthe"braindrain,"wasnoticedasearlyasthe1960sandhasbeenacontentious*issueintheNorth-Southdebateeversince.Oneimportantimplicationofthebraindrainisthatinvestmentineducationinadevelopingcountrymaynotleadtofastereconomicgrowthifalargenumberofitshighlyeducatedpeopleleavethecountry.Also,effortstoreducespecificskillshortagesthroughimprovededucationalopportunitiesmaybelargelyfutile*unlessmeasuresaretakentooffsetexistingincentives*forhighlyeducatedpeopletoemigrate.Buthowextensiveisthebraindrain?Whichcountriesandregionsareespeciallyaffected?Dohighlyeducatedprofessionalsfromdevelopingcountrieslivingabroadrepresentasizable*proportionofthepoolofskilledworkersintheircountriesoforiginortoosmallanumbertoworryabout?Unfortunately,attemptstoanswertheseimportantquestionsquicklycomeupagainstaformidable*barrier:thereisnouniformsystemofstatistics*onthenumberandcharacteristicsofinternationalmigrants.Also,sourcecountriestypicallydonotkeeptrackofemigrants'characteristics,and,althoughsomereceivingcountriesdo,theirdefinitionsofimmigrationdiffer.Thus,itisdifficulttomeasure
93preciselytheflowandlevelsofeducationofimmigrants.Further,ithasonlyrecentlybecomepossibletomeasurethestockofeducatedworkersineachsourcecountry--thepoolfromwhichbrainpowerisdrained.ThefirststrikingfeatureoftheU.S.migrationdataisthatimmigrationflowsofindividualswithnomorethanaprimaryeducationarequitesmall,bothinabsolutetermsandrelativetoothereducationalgroupings(about500,000individualsoutofatotalof7millionimmigrants).Foreign-bornindividualswithlittleornoeducation,however,maybeundercountedbythecensusiftheyareinthecountryillegallyordonotspeakEnglish.ThelargestgroupofimmigrantsintotheUnitedStates(about3.7million)consistsofindividualswithsecondaryeducationfromotherNorthAmericancountries(understoodheretoincludeCentralAmericanandCaribbeancountries),primarilyMexico.Perhapssurprisingly,thesecondlargestgroup(almost1.5millionindividuals)consistsofhighlyeducatedmigrantsfromAsiaandthePacific.TotalimmigrationfromSouthAmericaand,especially,Africaisquitesmall.Itisnoteworthy,however;thatimmigrantsfromAfricaconsistprimarilyofhighlyeducatedindividuals(about95,000ofthe128,000Africanmigrants).ExerciseA'Mostofthemwanttoseekopportunitiestodevelopthemselves,makemoremoneyandhaveabetterlife.ExerciseB:1.D2.B3.A4.C5.A6.B7.C8.DExerciseC:1.Theissueisthatmanyscientists,engineers,physicians,andprofessionalshavemovedtoCanada,theUnitedStates,andWesternEurope.2.Highlyeducatedpeopletoemigrateshouldbeprovidedwithincentives.3.Becausethereisnouniformsystemofstatisticsonthenumberandcharacteristicsofinternationalmigrants.4.Inthesentence"...representasizableproportionofthepoolofskilledworkers...,"itmeansthewholegroupofskilledworkers;inthesentence..ithasonlyrecentlybecomepossibletomeasurethestockofeducatedworkersineachsourcecountry--thepoolfromwhichbrainpowerisdrained...,"itmeansthesourcecountry.5.ThesemigrantsarehighlyeducatedthoughthenumberofAfricanmigrantsissmall.NewsItem1TheWorldTradeOrganizationhasagreedtoletpoorcountriesimportlesscostlyversionofdrugstofightseriousdiseases.DiplomatsfromtheOrganizationof146nationsreachedanagreementoftheirsixdaysofmeetingsinGeneva.Themeasuremakesiteasierforpoornationswithoutdrugindustriestoimportcheapercopiesofexpensivedrugs.ThesedrugscantreatseriousdiseaseslikeAIDSandmalaria*.Themeasurelimitsthesalerightsofdrugmakersthatproducesomecostlymedicine.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisabouttheagreementreachedbyWTOtoletpoorcountriesimport
94cheapercopiesofexpensivedrugstofightseriousdiseases.ExerciseB:I.ProblemA.Poornationshavenodrugindustries,B.PoorcountrieshaveseriousdiseaseslikeAIDSandmalaria.IISolutionA.TheWorldTradeOrganizationhasagreedtoletpoorcountriesimportlesscostlyversionofdrugs(cheapercopiesofexpensivedrugs)tofightseriousdiseasesB.Themeasurelimitsthesalerightsofdrugmakersthatproducesomecostlymedicine..NewsItem2SouthAfricanPhilipRabinowitzbecametheworld'sfastest100-year-oldonSaturday,slashingmorethanfivesecondsofftherecordforthe100metersprint*forcentenarians*.About50peoplewereonhandattheGreenPointStadiuminCapeTown*forRabinowitz'srecordsprint.SouthAfricanathleticsofficialsusedelectronictimerstoverifytherecord.Rabinowitzbroketherecordaweekago,butafaultyelectronictimerkeptthemarkoutofthebooks.TheSouthAfrican,whoworksasabookkeeperforhisdaughterandtriestowalkatleastfourmilesaday,isalreadylistedintheGuinnessBookofRecordsastheworld'soldestcompetitivewalker.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutaSouthAfricanwhobecametheworld'sfastest100-year-old.ExerciseB:1.F2.F3.F4.T5.TNewsItem3Asiahasbeenhitbyanotherbout*ofbirdflu,withreportsofcasesinchickensinbothThailandandChina.OnWednesdayDeputyAgricultureMinisterNewinChidchobtoldReuters,ThailandhastwonewoutbreaksoftheH5NIbirdflu.AndnearlyfourmonthsaftertheChinesegovernmentclaimedvictoryoverthedisease,officialshaveconfirmedanewoutbreakinacentralprovince.Earlierthisyear,thebirdfludamagedAsia'spoultry*industryandjumpedtohumansinVietnamandThailand,killing24.About100millionchickensacrosstheregionwereslaughteredtohalt*itsspread.Thailand,theworld'sfourthlargestchickenexporter,slaughteredmorethan40millionbirdsinabidtoeradicate*thevirusearlierthisyear.TheviruskilledeightpeopleinthisSoutheastAsiannation.InChina,chickensonafarminChaohu,Anhuiprovince,about300kilometreswestofShanghai,havediedofthevirulent*H5NIstrain*andagricultureofficialsorderedtheculling*ofallpoultrywithinathree-kilometerradius.Anagriculturalbureauofficialfromtheprovincesaidthesourceoftheoutbreakhadbeensealedandsaidmigratory*birdshadspreadthevirus.
95ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutnewoutbreakofbirdflyinbothThailandandChina.ExerciseB:ReportsonCasesofBirdFluinChickensInThailandOnWednesdayThailandhastwonewoutbreaksoftheH5N1birdflu.Earlierthisyear,thebirdflujumpedtohumansinVietnamandThailand,killing24.Thailand,theworld'sfourth-largestchickenexporter,slaughteredmorethan40millionbirdsinabidtoeradicatethevirusearlierthisyear.InChinaOfficialshaveconfirmedanewoutbreakinacentralprovinceinChina.ChickensonafarminChaohu,Anhuiprovince,havediedofthevirulentH5NIstrainandagricultureofficialsorderedthecullingofallpoultrywithinathree-kilometerradius.Itwassaidthatthesourceoftheoutbreakhadbeensealedandmigratorybirdshadspreadthevirus.RetellingJuliusheardarumorthathisfather,grandfatherandgreat-grandfatherhadallwalkedonwaterontheir21stbirthdays.So,onhis21stbirthday,JuliusandhisgoodfriendBrianheadedouttothelake."Iftheydidit,Icantoo!"heinsisted.WhenJuliusandBrianarrivedatthelake,theyrentedaboatandbeganpaddling.Whentheygottothemiddleofthelake,Juliussteppedoffthesideoftheboat...andalmostdrowned.Furiousandsomewhatshamed,heandBrianheadedforhome.WhenJuliusarrivedbackatthefamilyfarm,heaskedhisgrandmotherforanexplanation."Grandma,whycann'tIwalkonwaterlikemyfather,andhisfather,andhisfatherbeforehim?"ThefeebleoldgrandmothertookJuliusbythehands,lookedintohiseyes,andexplained,"That'sbecauseyourfather,grandfather,andgreat-grandfatherwereborninJanuary...youwereborninJuly,dear."CellPhoneTechnologyMorethan150millionAmericans,oroverhalfthepeopleinthecountry,usewirelessphones.Americansusuallycallthemcellphones,whichdescribesthetechnology.Signalstravelfromonearea,orcell,toanotherasapersontravels.And,wirelesstechnologykeepsmovingalongtoo.Cellphonescanorganizeinformation,receivee-mail,sendinstantmessagesandsearchtheInternet.Theycanalsostoremusic,playgamesanddootherthings.And,ohyes,youcanstilltalkonthemtoo.Manufacturersarediscussingthedevelopmentofphonesthatcanbeusedasvideocameras.Fornow,though,mostofthetalkisaboutphonesthattakepictures.CameraphoneswerefirstusedinJapanin2000.Theycombinethetechnologyofadigitalcamerawithatelephone.Userscantakepictureswiththeircellphones,thensendtheimagestoothers.Thecolorscreensonthephonesaresmall,buttheimagescanalsobeputontoacomputer.MillionsofcameraphonesareinuseinJapanandotherAsiancountries.Someplaces
96haveexperiencedproblems.InSouthKorea,picturestakenofwomeninpublicbathhouseshaveappearedontheInternet.InJapan,policehavecaughtsomepeopleaimingtheircameraphonesundertheclothesofwomenintrainstations.Othersgointostoresandtakepicturesofpagesinbooksandmagazines.Thatwaytheydonothavetobuythem.Alltheseactivitieshaveledofficialstobancameraphonesinsomepublicplaces.Now,theUnitedStatesisalsoexperiencingproblemswiththisnewtechnology.SomeAmericanhealthclubshavebannedtheuseofcameraphonesintheirbuildings.InonesportsclubinWashington,D.C.,membersarenotpermittedtousecellphonesofanykindinthechangingrooms.Newsreportssaidtheclubwantedtobecarefulandpreventanyproblems.HealthclubsinLosAngeleshavealsobannedtheuseofcameraphones.Alotoffamouspeopleexerciseinthoseclubs.Officialsareconcernednottoviolate*theirprivacy.Exercise:ANameMobilephoneorcellphoneFunctions1.Itcanorganizeinformation.2.Itcanreceivee-mail3.Peoplecansendinstantmessages.4.TheycansearchtheInternet.5.Theycanalsostoremusic.6.Theycanplaygames.7.Theycanofcoursetalkonit.Exercise:BNameCameraphoneFunctionpeoplecanmirepictureswiththeircellphones,thensendtheimagestoothersCountrythatfirstuseitJapanProblemsitcauses1PicturestakenofwomeninpublicbathhouseshaveappearedontheInternet.2.Somepeopleaimedtheircameraphonesundertheclothesofwomenintrainstations.3.SomepeoplegointostoresandtakepicturesofpagesinbooksandmagazinesCounter-measureOfficialshavetobancameraphonesinsomepublicplacesinordertoprotectpeopleprivacy.Unit12Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccent1.Itranslateeverything.IspeakEnglishlikeaGerman,2.Ihavealotofproblemswithpronunciation.Ican'tpronouncewordslikethingandrightverywell.Ihaveproblemswiththandr.3.Idon'tknowmanywords.Myvocabularyisverysmall.
974.1don'tunderstandwhenpeoplespeakquickly,Ican'tfollowthewords.Exercise:1GerdTranslateeverything;pronunciation2ChristenePronunciation3IsabellaVocabulary4MariaCan'tfollowthespeakerPart2PredictionandInference1.FourrockfansdiedinastampedeataconcertinChicago.Theincidentoccurredwhengateswereopenedtoadmitahugecrowdofyoungpeoplewaitingoutsidethestadiumforthesaleofunreservedseattickets.Peoplewereknockedoverintherushandtrampledunderfootasthecrowdsurgedforward.2.IusedtoliveinKorea.Itcangetreallycoldduringthewinter,butthehouseIlivedinhadanondolfloor.That'safloorwithpipesinit.Thepipescarrytheheat.Theyheatupthewholefloor.Wesatoncushionsonthefloor.Theentirefloorwasaheater.3.WeBritisharereputedtohavesomethingofapreoccupationwiththeweather.WhentwoEnglishmenmeetcasually,thetraditionalexchangeisacommentoncurrentclimateconditions.Exercise:1.stampede:asuddenrapidmovementofamassofpeopleinresponsetoaparticularcircumstance(Theparticularcircumstancehereisthesaleofunreservedseattickets.)2.ondolfloor:akindoffloorheater.3.preoccupation;asubjectthatonetalksaboutulothere.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1ADrivingLessonJack:Turnrightatthenextsetoftrafficlights.Ann:Sorry,right,didyousay?Jack:Yes,right....Ann,youshouldbeslowingdownabit.Ann:Iam,Jack.Jack:No,youshouldbechangingdownagear*ortwo.Ann;Butthelightsaregreen.Jack:Theyarenow.Buttheymightnotbeintenseconds'time.Ann:There!Isthatbetter?Jack:Now,yousee,they'rechangingtored,you'llhavetostop,butnottoosuddenlybecausetherearetwocarsrightbehindyou.Ann:Allright.Jack:Ann,whatshouldyouhavedone?Ann:Ohno!I'veforgottentoputthehandbrakeon.Jack:Youmustalwaysuseit.Youneverknow,youcouldbeonaslope.Ann:I'msorry.Jack.Ican'tconcentratetoday.Jack:It'sallright.Youmustbethinkingabouttheexamtomorrow.Let'scallitaday!Exercise;
98T1.Theyarenearthetrafficlights.F2.Thewomanshouldtakethesecondturningontheright.(Turnrightatthenextsetoftrafficlights.)T3.Annshouldchangegeartoslowdown.(Jack:youshouldbeslowingdownabit./Ann:Iam,Jack./Jack:No,youshouldbechangingdownagearortwo.)T4.Annprobablydoesn'tnoticethattherearetwocarsbehindher.(Jack:Now,you'llhavetostop,butnottoosuddenlybecausetherearetwocarsfightbehindyou./Ann:Allright.)F5.Thetrafficlightschangetoredassoonastheyhavecrossedtheroad.(Beforetheycrosstheroad.)T6.Youshouldputthehandbrakeonwhenyoupark.(Ann:Ohno!I'veforgottentoputthehandbrakeon./Jack:Youmustalwaysuseit.Youneverknow,youcouldbeonaslope.)T7.Annishavingadrivinglesson.(Sheisprobablyanewdriver,withanexperienceddriversittingbesideher.)T8.Annisprobablyastudent.(Ann:I'msorry.Jack.lcan'tconcentratetoday./Jack:It'sallright.Youmustbethinkingabouttheexamtomorrow.)Dialogue2BodyLanguageInterviewer:Inyourexperience,arepeopleawareofbodylanguage?DrCrowe:Well,er,peoplelikeactors,salesmen,politicians,havebeenreadingandusingbodylanguageforsometime.Butit'salanguagethatmostordinarypeoplearenotawareof.Peopledon'trealiseit,butonly7%ofamessagecomesfromtheactualwordsweuse.Therest,that's93%ofamessage,comesfromourtoneofvoiceandbodylanguage.Interviewer:Really?That'samazing!Soifpeopledon'tunderstandbodylanguage,canthisleadtomisunderstandings?DrCrewe:Ohyes.Letmegiveyouanexample.Imentionedpersonalspace?Interviewer:Yes.DrCrewe:Well,asIsuggested,peoplewithasmallerpersonalspace,liketheJapanese,willstandorsitmuchclosertooneanotherthanpeoplewithalargerpersonalspace,likeanAmerican.Interviewer:Urn-hum.DrCrewe:Well,I,er,attendedaconferencerecentlyinAmericaandInoticedthatwhenaJapanesewasspeakingtoanAmerican.thetwoactuallybegantomovearoundtheroom.TheAmericanwasmovingbackwardsandtheJapanesegraduallymovingtowardshim.Interviewer:Really?Whywasthat?DrCrewe:Well,becausewhenthelapanesebusinessman,withhissmallerpersonalspace,movedforward,heenteredtheAmerican'slargerpersonalspace.ThismadetheAmericanuncomfortable,sohe
99movedback.TheJapaneseinturnmovedforward,theAmericanmovedback,andsoon.Infact,videorecordingsplayedathighspeedgivetheimpressionthatbothmenaredancingaroundtheconferenceroom,withtheJapaneseleading.Interviewer:Socanthisleadtomisunderstandings?DrCrewe:Well,ofcourse.IntheexampleIjustgaveyou,itcouldleadtotheJapanesebusinessmanthinkingthattheAmericanwascoldandunfriendly,becausehekeptmovingawayfromhim.Ontheotherhand,theAmericancouldthinkthattheJapanesebusinessmanwastooaggressive.Notunderstandinganotherculture'sbodylanguagecanleadtoallsortsofmisunderstandings.Exercise:1.D2.A3.C4.C5.CPassage1TheSourceofMeaning:LanguageThebasicunitoflanguageistheword.Wordsaresymbolsthatdenotethemeaningofsomething.Wordscanbeconveyedthroughwriting,speech,andsign.Thepowerofthewordtorepresenttherangeofhumanactivitycanbeseeninthefollowingexercise.Writedownalistofasmanyemotionsasyoucanthinkof.Readoveryourlistwithsomeoneelse.Chancesarethattheywillcomprehendthevariouspossiblestatesofbeingthateachemotionwordsuggests.Now,selectanemotionwordthatiswellunderstoodamongthosewhoshareyourlanguageandattempttocommunicatethisemotiontosomeoneelsethroughdirectphysicalcontactwithouttheuseoflanguageOnewaytotrythisistotouchthepersoninawaythatissuggestiveoftheemotionalstate.Generalemotionssuchasanger,lust*,andfrightmaybecommunicatedbytouch.However,itislikelythatthelistofemotionwordsthatyougeneratedconveysamuchwiderrangeofemotionanddegreeofemotionalsubtletythanyoucancommunicateeffectivelywithoutresortingtolanguage.Doesthismeanthattherearemoreemotionsthantherearewaysofexpressingthem?No.Itimpliesthatthereareasmanyemotionsastherearewordsfordescribingthem.Wordsarenamesorlabelsthatassign*meaningtoourexperiences.Inmanyinstancesaphysiologicalstateofarousalismeaninglessuntiltheexperiencehasbeennamed.Thestoryistoldofayoungmanwho,whiletravelingbyplane,experiencedashakystomachandsweatypalms.Hewasunabletoascertain*whetherhewasexperiencingairsicknessorattractiontothewomansittingnexttohim.Bothexperiencesentail*thesamephysiologicalresponses,butdifferentcoursesofactionareprescribeddependingonwhetheronelabelstheexperience"nausea*"or"love."ThelinguistBenjaminWhorfpursuesthisthemeinthereading"TheNameoftheSituationasAffectingBehaviour."ExerciseA:Wordisaunitoflanguage.Itisasoundoracombinationofsounds,oritsrepresentationinwritingorprinting,thatsymbolizesandcommunicatesameaning.Itmayconsistofasinglemorphemeorofacombinationofmorphemes.ExerciseB:BADCADCBExerciseC;
1001.Wordsaresymbolsthatdenotethemeaningofsomething.2.Thepowerofthewordtorepresenttherangeofhumanactivitycanbeseen.3.Becausethemeaningofanemotionwordcanbefullyunderstoodamongthosewhosharethesamelanguageandattempttocommunicatethisemotiontosomeoneelsethroughdirectphysicalcontactwithouttheuseoflanguage.4.Theuseoflanguage.5.Wordsarethenamesorlabelsthatassignmeaningtoourexperiences.Passage2HowtoReadaDictionaryIfwerememberthatadictionaryisabookaboutwords,wecanderivefromthatfactalltherulesforreadingadictionaryintelligently.Wordscanbelookedatinfourways.First,wordsarephysicalthings--writablemarksandspeakablesounds.Theremust,therefore,beuniformwaysofspellingandpronouncingthem,thoughtheuniformity*isoftenspoiledbyvariations.Second,wordsarepartsofspeech.Eachsinglewordplaysagrammaticalroleinthemorecomplicatedstructureofaphraseorasentence.Accordingtothepartitplays,weclassifyitasacertainpartofspeech--nounorverb,adjectiveoradverb,articleorpreposition.Thesamewordcanvaryindifferentusages,shiftingfromonepartofspeechtoanother,aswhenwesay"Mantheboat"or'Takethejump."Anothersortofgrammaticalvariationinwordsarisesfromtheirinflection*,butinarelativelyuninflectedlanguagelikeEnglish,weneedpayattentiononlytotheconjugationoftheverb(infinitive,participle,pasttense,ete.),thenumberofthenoun(singularandplural),andthedegreeoftheadjective(especiallythecomparativeandsuperlative).Third,wordsaresigns.Theyhavemeanings,notonebutmany.Thesemeaningsarerelatedinvariousways.Sometimestheyshadefromoneintoanother;sometimesonewordwillhavetwoormoresetsoftotallyunrelatedmeanings.Throughtheirmeaningswordsarerelatedtooneanother--assynonymssharinginthesamemeaningeventhoughtheydifferinitsshading;orasantonymsthroughoppositionorcontrastofmeanings.Furthermore,itisintheircapacityassignsthatwedistinguishwordsasproperorcommonnames(accordingastheynamejustonethingormanywhicharealikeinsomerespect);andasconcreteorabstractnames(accordingastheypointtosomethingwhichwecansense,orrefertosomeaspectofthingswhichwecanunderstandbythoughtbutnotobservethroughoursenses).Finally,wordsareconventional*.Theymeanorsignifynaturalthings,buttheythemselvesarenotnatural.Theyareman-madesigns.Thatiswhyeverywordhasahistory,justaseverythingelsemanmakeshasatimeandplaceoforigin,andaculturalcareer,inwhichitgoesthroughcertaintransformations*.Thehistoryofwordsisgivenbytheiretymological*derivation*fromoriginalword-roots,prefixes,andsuffixes;itincludestheaccountoftheirphysicalchange,bothinspellingandpronunciation;ittellsoftheirshiftingmeanings,andwhichamongthemarearchaicandobsolete,whicharecurrentandregular,whichareidiomatic,colloquial,orslang.ExerciseA:Peopleusuallyusethedictionarytogettheinformationofthewords,suchaspronunciation,meanings,andusagesofthewords.
101ExerciseB:1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A6.C7.B8.DExerciseC:1.Wecanlearnalltherulesforreadingadictionaryintelligently.2.Wordsarewritablemarksandspeakablesounds.3.Wordsarepartsofspeech,4.Becausesignshavemeanings,notonebutmany.5.Itcantellusaboutnotonlythephysicalchangeofwords,butalsotheshiftingmeaningsofwords.NewsItem1TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilhasapprovedanAmericanResolutionaboutrebuildingIraq.All15SecurityCouncilmembersvotedfortheresolution,Syriahasbeenthelastundecidedcountry.TheresolutionincludesamendmentsproposedbyRussia,FranceandGermany.However,thethreecountriessaidtheywouldnotprovidetroopsoradditionalmoneyfortheAmericanledcoalitioninIraq.ThethreewereleadingopponentsofthewarinIraq.ThevotewasthediplomaticvictoryfortheUnitedStatesandBritain,PresidentBushtoldtheCaliforniagroupthattheresolutionwouldhelpmakeIraqpeacefulandfree.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutanAmericanResolutionaboutrebuildingIraqapprovedbytheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.ExerciseB:TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilhasapprovedanAmericanResolutionaboutrebuildingIraq.All15SecurityCouncilmembersvotedfortheresolution.Syriahasbeenthelastundecidedcountry.TheresolutionincludesamendmentsproposedbyRussia.FranceandGermany.However,thethree'countriessaidtheywouldnotprovidetroopsoradditionalmoneyfortheAmericanledcoalitioninIraq.ThethreewereleadingopponentsofthewarinIraq.ThevotewasthediplomaticvictoryfortheUnitedStatesandBritain.PresidentBushtoldtheCaliforniagroupthattheresolutionwouldhelpmakeIraqpeacefulandfree.NewsItem2TheUnitedNationsSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnansaystheUNwillcontinueitsworkinIraq.HesaystheUNwillnotbefrightenedawaybythebombingatitsheadquartersinBaghdad.AUNspokesmansaystwentyemployeeshurtintheattackhavebeenflownoutofIraqtoJordanfortreatment.Thespokesmanaddedthatonlytwoemployeeswhowerenotinjuredhadacceptedanoffertoleavethecountry.Inanotherdevelopment,theEuropeanUnionsaiditwasrecallingthreeofficialswhoworkedintheUNbuilding.TheEUofficialswereinIraqtoinvestigateneedsforrebuilding.AtleastseventeenpeoplewerekilledinthetruckbombattackTuesday,butitcouldincludethechiefUNrepresentativeinIraqSergioVieiradeMello.Morethanonehundredotherswereinjured.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutnewdevelopmentsafterthebombingoftheUNheadquartersinBaghdad.
102ExerciseB:Directions:Listentothenewsitemandcompletethechart1.MrAnnansaystheUnitedNationswillsuspendItsworkinIraqgoon√2.TwentyemployeeshurtinthebombingHavebeensenttoJordan√fortreatmentHavebeenleftinBaghdad3.Onlytwo√EmployeeswhowerenotinjuredhadacceptedanoffertoleavethecountryOnlythree4.TheEuropeanUnionsaiditwasrecallingTwoOfficialswhoworkedintheUNbuildingthree√5.ThetruckbombattackmayhavekilledTheEuropeanUnionofficialSergioVieiradeMelloThechiefUNrepresentativeinIraq√NewsItem3Withnewviolenceflaring,IraqiofficialsannouncedanationalsecuritylawWednesdaythatgivestheinterimgovernmentthepowertodeclaremartiallawanddetainsuspectsduringanti-terrorsweeps.TheannouncementtookplacewhileadeadlybattleragedincentralBaghdadbetweeninsurgentsandIraqisecurityforces.Themovegivestheinterimgovernmentthepowertodeclaremartiallaw*,setcurfews*anddetainsuspectedinsurgents.AnystateofemergencyorderissuedbytheprimeministershouldbeagreeduponunanimouslybythePresidencyCouncil,whichincludesthepresidentandtwovicepresidents.AstateofemergencyalsorequiresthemajorityapprovaloftheCouncilofMinisters,whichconsistsoftheprimeminister,hisdeputiesandtheCabinet.Thelawalsoprovidesthatifmartiallawisdeclared,itcannotexceed60daysorcontinueiftheconflicthasendedunlessthegovernmenthasreneweditwiththeapprovaloftheCabinet.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutanationalsecuritylawannouncedbyIraqiofficials.ExerciseB:1.WhatdidIraqiofficialsannouncewithnewviolenceflaring?IraqiofficialsannouncedanationalsecuritylawWednesday.2.Whatdoesitgivetheinterimgovernmentthepowertodo?Itgivestheinterimgovernmentthepowertodeclaremartiallawanddetain
103suspectsduringanti-terrorsweep3.Whendidtheannouncementtakeplace?TheannouncementtookplacewhileadeadlybattleragedincentralBaghdadbetweeninsurgentsandIraqisecurityforces.4.Bywhomshouldanystateofemergencyorderbeagreedupon?AnystateofemergencyorderissuedbytheprimeministershouldbeagreeduponunanimouslybythePresidencyCouncil.whichincludesthepresidentandtwovicepresidents.5.Whatdoesastateofemergencyalsorequire?AstateofemergencyalsorequiresthemajorityapprovaloftheCouncilofMinisters.Whichconsistsoftheprimeminister,hisdeputiesandtheCabinet.6.Canmartiallawexceed60days?No,ifmartiallawisdeclared,itcannotexceed60days.RetellingTwomorons*,TomandJack,weresittinginabaronedaywhentwofishermenwalkedinwithtwohugetrout.Oneofthemoronsaskedwheretheguysgotthefish.Thefishermentoldhimthattheygodowntothebridge,andoneguywouldholdtileotherbytheanklesuntilafishwascaught.Themoronsfiguredthattheycoulddothat.AfterholdingTomforabout20minutes,JackaskedTomifhehadanything,thereplywas"No."Another20moreminutespassed,soJackaskedagain,andagainthereplywas"No."Finally,Tomyelled"Pullmeup!!Pullmeup!!"Jackexclaimed,"Yougotone?"Tomsaid,"No!There'satraincoming!!"RecyclingScrapMetalPeoplehavebeenrecyclingmetalsforhundredsofyears.Today,re-usingmetalwasteorscrap*providesworkformanypeople,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Threekindsofmetalsarerecycled.Theyareferrousmetals,non-ferrousmetalsandpreciousmetals.Ferrous*metalscontainiron.Theyarelowincostandrecycledinhugeamounts.Metalliciron*calledpigiron*isproducedwhenironisheatedinahotindustrialstove.Thiskindofstoveiscalledablastfurnace*.Pigironalsocontainsanotherelement,carbon,Pigironisusefulbecauseitcanbeformedintosolid,heavyobjectsorobjectswithunusualshapes.Anotherkindofironissteel,whichisironwithoutthecarbon.Makingsteelissimplyremovingthecarbonbyburningitaway.Thismakesthesteelstrongerandeasiertocutthaniron.Bothpigironandsteelwasteorscrapareusefulbecausetheycanbemeltedtomakenewproducts.Incountrieswherethereisashortageofsteelscrap,oldtincansaresometimesusedandmelted.Tincansaremostlysteel.Ifthescrapisheatedbeforethetemperaturegetstothemeltingpoint,theblastfurnacecanbemoresimplydesignedandlesscostly.Thesesimplerfurnacesare
104calledfoundries*.Productsaremadeinfoundriesallovertheworld,butespeciallyinAsia.Non-ferrousmetalsincludecopperandaluminum*.Copperistheperfectmaterialforrecycling.Itisvaluable,easytoidentifyandeasytoclean.Peoplewhooperatefoundriesaroundtheworldbuycopperwireandcabletorecycle.Aluminumisanotherverypopularnon-ferrousscrapmetal.Itischeaptoproduceandveryeasytoworkwith.Indevelopingcountries,smallfoundriesproducealuminumbars,sheetsandwire.Preciousmetalslikesilveralsoarerecycled.Silvercanbefoundinpicturesmadewithanoldblack-and-whitecamera.AnditcanbefoundinX-raysaftertheyhavebeendeveloped.X-rayfilmisveryvaluableforrecyclingsilver,becausebothsidesofthefilmareusuallydeveloped.ExerciseA:FerrousmetalNon-ferrousmetalPreciousmetalsteel,pigironcopper,aluminumsilverExerciseB:ferrousmetal:atypeofmetalthatcontainsironpigiron:atypeofironthatcontainssomeelementssuchascarbonExerciseC:1.Thewordthatmeansrecyclingisre-using.2.Thedifferencebetweenironandsteelistheformerwithcarbonandthelatterwithoutcarbon.3.Oldtincansaresometimesusedandmeltedifthecountrieslacksteelscrap.4.Copperwireandcableareoftencollectedtorecycle.5.Silvercanbefoundinpicturesmadewithanoldblack-and-whitecamera.AnditcanbefoundinX-raysaftertheyhavebeendeveloped.Unit13Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentReporter:Excuseme,butareyouSwiss?Yves:No,I'mnot.I'mFrench.Reporter:Tellme,doyouhavealotoffastfoodinFrance?Yves:Yes,quitealot,butIhardlyevereatit.Ipreferhomecooking.Reporter:Doyoueatthreemealsaday?Yves:Yes,Ido.Butformedinneristhemostimportantmealoftheday.Reporter:Whattimedoyouhavebreakfast?Yves:Atabouteighto'clock,orlater,maybequarterpastsometimes,whenI'mlate.Reporter:Howmuchtimedoyouspendoverbreakfast?Yves:Oh,verylittle,Ieatbreakfastveryquickly.InFranceit'sasimplemeal--
105justsomecoffeeandarollortwo.Ispendnomorethantenorfifteenminutesoverbreakfast.Reporter:Andlunch,isthatasimplemeal?Yves:Notreally,Iusuallyeatlunchinarestaurant,betweenoneandtwoo'clock.Ispendaboutanhouroverlunch.Reporter:Wheredoyouhavedinner?Yves:Oh,athome.AndIamthecook.Weoftenhaveadrinkbeforedinnerandthenweusuallyeatatabouteightandwespendalongtimeoverdinner--neverlessthananhour.AfterthemealIalwayshavecoffee,andsometimesabrandy.TimetohavemealAmountoftimespentBreakfastabout8o'clock,orlaternomorethantenorfifteenminutesLunchbetweenoneandtwoo'clockaboutanhourDinnerabouteightoveranhourPart2Predictionandinference1.Neverhastherebeensuchawidechoiceofattractivefoodsforthehousewivestobuy.Produc-ersandmanufacturersusealltheirexpertisetogiveusfirst-classfoodinfirst-classconditionatcompetitiveprices.2.A:Look.There'samachineoverthere.B:Ohgood.I'llgetsomemoneyoutandwecanhaveadrink.Er...A:What'sup?B:Icanneverremembermycash-cardnumber.A:Ohno.B:Ohyes.Hangon.Letmethink.Ishouldhavewrittenitdown.Ithinkit's8976.A:Fingerscrossed!B:O.K.8..9..7..6,Great!Itworked.A:Luckyforus.3.TimesarechangingfortheU.S.nickel.Inthepast,thisyoungnationhasheldontighttoitsoriginalcoins,makingfarfeweralterationstotheirdesignsthanoldercountries.Butthosewhousethecoinskeptgivingtheir"twocents"toTimRiley,theDenverMint'splantmanager.Mayofthemweresaying,"Whyaren'tyouchangingthechange?"Sotheydid.Exercise:1.expertise:skillorknowledgeinaparticulararea(Producersandmanufacturersneedtousetheirskillorknowledgetogiveusfirst-classfoodinfirst-classconditionatcompetitiveprices.)
1062."Fingerscrossed!":Tohaveone'sfingerscrossedorkeepone'sfingerscrossedmeanstohopeforasuccessfuloradvantageousoutcome.(Theboycan'trememberthecash-cardnumber.Hethinksit's8976.Sothegirlsays"Fingerscrossed!",hopingheisright.)3.mint:aplacewherethecoinsofacountryaremanufacturedbyauthorityofthegovern-ment(ThepassageisaboutthechangeofthedesignoftheU.S.nickel.Thisisdoneatthemint.)"twocents":opinion(Peoplewhousethecoinskeptgivingtheir"twocents"toTimRiley,theDenverMint'splantmanager.Manyofthemweresaying,"Whyaren'tyouchangingthechange?"Sotheychangedthedesign.)SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1GlidingA:Frank,howlonghaveyoubeenagliderpilot?B:I'vebeenglidingforthepasttenyears.I'veactuallybeenflyingsinceIwasateenagerbutIgotintoglidingasasportabouttenyearsago.A:Howlongdoesittaketotraintoflyonyourowninaglider...usually?B:Usually...erm...theaverageisaboutersixteenhours,for42take-offsandlandings,somedoitquicker.A:Uhhuh,howbigisanaverageglider?B:Erm...thesedaystheytendtogotoabouteighteenmetresforthesingleseaters,Thebasictrainersarenineteenortwenty-metrewingspan*.A:Right,andthey'remadeoffibreglassthesedays'?B:Thesedaysfibreglass,inparticularforaboutthepastfifteentotwentyyears,itgivesamuchmoreefficientwingshape.A:NowifIwantedtogoonafirsttrainingflight,ermwherewouldIsitintheglider?B:Commonlythefrontseat,thereareveryfewside-by-sidetrainers.Inglidingyou'reseatedintandem*withtheinstructorintherearseat.A:Sothetraineesitsinthefront?B:That'scorrect.Exercise:A,ThegliderAnaveragegliderisabouteighteenmetresforthesingleseaters.Thebasictrainersarenineteenortwenty-metrewingspan.Andthey'remadeoffibreglass.B.ThetrainingflightItusuallytakesaboutsixteenhours,for42take-off~andlandings.Duringatrainingflightthetraineeisseatedintandemwiththeinstructorintherearseat.Dialogue2Sub-aquaDivingInterviewer:Well,MrMcKenzieisherethisafternoontotellusalittlebitaboutsub-aqua*diving.Wemayhavehearditunderthenameofscubadiving*.ButrecentlyIunderstandit'sbecomeaverypopularsport.
107Wouldyoutellushowyoufirstbecameinvolvedinit?MrMcKenzie:Surely.IstarteddivingonthewesternislandsofScotlandintheearlyfifties,Iwasbroughtintoitbyacousinwhowas...Interviewer:Soyouwereveryyoungatthetime.Whatagewasthis,about?MrMcKenzie:Well,youmakemeblushnow,butImusthavebeenaboutfourteenorfifteenyearsold.Interviewer:Ohreally?Soyoungchildrencanstartatthatage?MrMcKenzie:Well,yes,theycannowbecauseoftheimprovementofdivingtechniques,equip-mentandinstruction.Interviewer:Whatwasthemainpurposeofyourdoingsub-aquadiving,wasitforcatchingfishortheadventureinvolved...?MrMcKenzie:Well,asIsaid,Igotdraggedintoitbythiscousinwhosaidtheywantedsomeonetohelpthematthefishing.Hewas,atthetime,fishingforshellfish*andflyingthemdirectfromtheheartoftheHebrides*,wouldyoubelieve,toParis.ItwasonlyforcommercialinterestthatIgotinvolved.ButfromdayoneIloveditandI'vebeeninsub-aquaor,asyousay,scubaorskindivingeversince.Interviewer:Andwhatabouttheequipmentyouneed?Isitveryexpensive?MtMcKenzie:Well,it'snomoreexpensivethan...er...thanskiing;andcertainlylessexpensivethanafullsetofgolfclubs*.Youbasicallyneedjustabottleandatubefromthebottletoyourmouthandtherestofitissimplyleadweightsandrubber.Interviewer:Andthisequipmentcanbeobtainedfromsportsshopsordoyouhavetosendoffforit...?MrMcKenzie:Well,becauseoftheincreaseoftheer...er...thedevelopmentofthesportyoucanfinditinmany,manysportscentres.Further,becauseofthenumberofpeoplewhoarenowscubadiving,you'llfindthatthepriceofequipmenthasdecreasedinthelasttenyearstomakeitreallyquitereasonableasanexpense.Interviewer:Andwhatabouttrainingforthissport?MrMcKenzie:Well,trainingintheUKisveryextensive.Wehaveanationalsub-aquaclub.Thatclubwilltakeyoufromtheageofabouttwelveandwilltrainyoufromdayoneinaswimmingpoolandsomesixmonthslateryouwillfindthatyouareinthesea,divingandenjoyingitina...whatweclaimtobeperfectsafety.Interviewer:Yes,thisbringsme(fade)tomyfinalpointer...Exercise:1.B2.C3.D4.D5.A6.B7.C8.A
108Passage1FascinatingBubblesWhatissofascinatingaboutbubbles?TheprecisesphericaIshape,theincrediblyfragilenatureofthemicroscopically*thinsoapfilm,thebeautifulcolorsthatswirl*andshimmer*,ormostlikely,acombinationofallthesephenomena?Whydoesabubbleformasphereatall?Whynotacube*,tetrahedron*,orothergeometricalfigure?Let'slookattheforcesthatmoldbubbles.WhenIwasayoungboy,wonderfulfreegiftscameincerealboxes.ThingslikeFlashGordonspaceringsandDickTracydetectivemembershipcards.Onemorningwhileemptyingthecerealboxastrangeobjectfellout.Itlookedlikeaflattenedgraycoloredicecreamcone.LittledidIknowwhatmagicwasinstoreforme.Ipoppedopentheabsorbent*paperobjectintoafunnelorconeshapeandthenmixedupasoapsolutionasinstructedonthecerealbox.Iwasfamiliarwiththebubbleblowingsolutionsoldwithaplasticorwireblowingringavailableatourneighborhoodcornerstore,Iwasanexpertatblowingbubbles,nothingcouldsurpriseme.Isubmergedthefunnelintothebowlofsoapsolutionandstartedblowingabubble.Atfirsteverythingwasnormal,IblewwhatIthoughtwerelarge15cmbubblesandsetthemfloatingintheairseparatingthemfromthefunnelwithasnapofthewrist.SoonIwasblowinglargerbubbles20,25and30cmbubbles.Ilearnedthatasthebubblesbecamelarger,thesloweryourmovementsmustbesoasnottodislodge*thebubblefromthecone.Isoonwasblowing60cmdiameter,longlastingbubbleswithnoproblematall.ExerciseA:Oneofthemosteffectivewaysistousesoapsolution.ExerciseB:1.D2.C3.A4.B5.C6.A7.D8.DExerciseC:l,Thesphericalshape,theincrediblyfragilenature,thebeautifulcolours,andacombinationofallthesephenomenaaresofascinating.2.Henoticedthemwhenhewasaveryyoungboy.3.Astrangeobjectfellout,lookinglikeaflattenedgraycolouredicecreamcone.4.Hediditasinstructedonthecerealbox.5.Helearnedthatasthebubblesbecamelarger,theslowerthemovementsmustbesoasnottodislodgethebubblefromthecone,Passage2WaterPollutionTheoceansandtheriversoftheworldcontainmostofthewater.Thefiveoceansandthemanyseastogetherhave97.2percent.ThePacificOceanaloneislargerthanallthelandintheworld.Andonthelandtherearelakes.ManyofthemarelargerthancountriesthesizeofBelgium.Therearealsohugerivers,thirtyofthemmorethantwothousandkilometreslong.Thegreatareasoficeintheworld,suchasAntarctica,containanother
1092.15percentoftheworld'swater;therestisinrocksandunderground.Waterpollutionisthecontamination*ofstreams,lakes,undergroundwater,bays,oroceansbysubstancesharmfultolivingthings.Waterisnecessarytolifeonearth.Allorganismscontainit;someliveinit;somedrinkit.Plantsandanimalsrequirewaterthatismoderatelypure,andtheycannotsurviveiftheirwaterisloadedwithtoxicchemicalsorharmfulmicroorganisms*.Ifsevere,waterpollutioncankilllargenumbersoffish,birds,andotheranimals,insomecaseskillingallmembersofaspeciesinanaffectedarea.Pollutionmakesstreams,lakes,andcoastalwatersunpleasanttolookat,tosmell,andtoswimin.Fishandshellfishharvestedfrompollutedwatersmaybeunsafetoeat.Peoplewhoingestpollutedwatercanbecomeill,and,withprolongedexposure,maydevelopcancersorbearchildrenwithbirthdefects.Themajorwaterpollutantsarechemical,biological,orphysicalmaterialsthatdegradewaterquality.Pollutantscanbeclassedintoeightcategories,eachofwhichpresentsitsownsetofhazards.Redtideisahigh-than-normalconcentrationofthemicroscopicalgaeKarenia*.Thisorganismproducesatoxin*thataffectsthecentralnervoussystemoffishsothattheyareparalyzedandcannotbreathe.Statisticsshowthatpollutionwithlandsourcehaveaccountedforover70percentofcoastalpollution.IntheUnitedStates,theseriouscampaignagainstwaterpollutionbeganin1972,whenCongresspassedtheCleanWaterAct.Inurbanareas,oneobvioussignofthecampaignagainstnonpointpollutionisthepresenceofstenciled*noticesoftenseenbesidestormdrains:DrainsToBay,DrainsToCreek,orDrainsToLake.Thesesignsdiscouragepeoplefromdumpingcontaminants,suchasusedengineoil,downgratesbecausethematerialwilllikelypollutenearbywaterways.Atconstructionsites,buildersarerequiredtofightsoilerosionbylayingdowntarps*,buildingsedimenttraps*,andseedinggrasses.Inthecountryside,effortsareunderwaytoreducepollutionfromagriculturalwastes,fertilizers,andpesticides*.Farmersandforestersareencouragedtoprotectstreamsbyleavingstreamsidetreesandvegetationundisturbed.Cowsarekeptawayfromstreamsidesandhousedinbarnswheretheirwastecanbegatheredandtreated.Despitethesesteps,agreatdealremainstobedone.ExerciseA:Thelivingcreaturesontheearthalldependonwater.Theremightbeagreatmisfortunefallinguponusifwaterwereheavilypolluted.Thefruittreeswouldcomeintoflowers,butbearnofruit.Theriversandlakeswouldbelifeless,forallthefishdied.Everywhere,theremightbeashadowofdeath.Strangeillnesswouldsweepthechicken,theducks,thepigs,andthecattle,andpeople,whetheroldoryoung,woulddiemysteriouslyandsuddenly.Anyhow,greatmisfortunesmightcreepoveruswithoutournotice.ExerciseB:1.C2.B3.A4.A5.D6.C7.C8.DExerciseC:1.Theoceansandtheriverscontainmostofthewaterintheworld.
1102.Eight.3.Becauseredtide,ahigh-than-normalconcentrationofthemicroscopicalgaeKarenia,affectsthecentralnervoussystemoffishsothattheyareparalyzedandcannotbreathe.4.In1972.5.Theytrytoreducepollutionfromagriculturalwastes,fertilizers,andpesticides,andencouragefarmersandforesterstoprotecttheenvironment.Part3NewsNewsItemINigerianpolicehasrescuedmorethan70childlaborersfromminesinsouth-westernNigeria.ThechildrenweresecretlytransportedfromBenintoNigeriaandsoldasslaves.Thechildrenwerebreakingstonesinthemines.Someofthechildrenwereasyoungas4years.UnitedNationsofficialssaythechildrenwereweakforlackoffood.ThiswasthesecondtimechildworkershavebeenreturnedtoBeninfromNigeriasincethetwocountriesagreedinAugusttoactagainstchildlabor.NigerianofficialssaythousandsofchildrenfromBeninareworkingillegallyinNigeria.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutchildlaborerstransportedfromBenintoNigeriaworkingillegallyunderpoorconditions.ExerciseB:Nigerianpolicehasrescuedmorethan70childlaborersfromminesinsouth-westernNigeria.ThechildrenweresecretlytransportedfromBenintoNigeriaandsoldasslaves.Thechildrenwerebreakingstonesinthemines,Someofthechildrenwereasyoungas4years.UnitedNationsofficialssaythechildrenwereweakforlackoffood.ThiswasthesecondtimechildworkershavebeenreturnedtoBeninfromNigeriasincethetwocountriesagreedinAugusttoactagainstchildlabor.NigerianofficialssaythousandsofchildrenfromBeninareworkingillegallyinNigeria.NewsItem2Theformersuperintendent*ofoneofthecountry'stopschooldistrictswaschargedTuesdaywithembezzling*morethan$1millionforsuchthingsasairlineflights,cruises,dermatology*treatments,furnitureandjewelry.ThearrestofFrankTassone,57,cameamonthaftersimilarchargeswerefiledagainstPamelaGluckin,aformerassistantsuperintendentalsoaccusedoftakingmorethan$1millionfromLongIsland'sRoslynSchoolDistrict.Tassone,whowassuperintendentformorethanadecade,retireddaysafterGluckinwascharged.Theschooldistrict,lessthan20milesfromManhattan,isconsideredoneofthefinestinthenation.Morethan90percentofitsgraduatesgoontocollege.Prosecutors*said10to20otherseventuallycouldbeimplicated*.Theschoolboardsaidithasfoundnearly$8millioninsuspiciousspendingoverthepastseveralyears.
111Ifconvicted*,Tassonecouldget25yearsinprison.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutthearrestoftheformersuperintendentofoneofthecountry’stopschooldistrictswhoembezzledmorethan$1million.ExerciseB:Event:Theformersuperintendentofoneofthecountry'stonschooldistrictswaschargedTuesdaywithembezzlingmorethan$1million.Theschool:LoneIsland'sRoslynSchoolDistrict.lessthan20milesfromManhattan.Isconsideredoneofthefinestinthenation.Personsinvolved:PamelaGluckin.aformerassistantsuperintendentaccusedoftakingmorethan￡lmillionTassone.57.wassuperintendentformorethanadecade,retireddaysafterGluckinwascharged.ThearrestofFrankTassonecameamonthaftersimilarchargeswerefiledagainstPamelaGluckin.10to20otherseventuallycouldbeimnlicatedPunishment:Tassonecouldget25yearsinprisonifconvicted..NewsItem3ThousandsofTexasteachersarerushingtoretirebeforealucrative*loophole*inSocialSecuritylawcloses,butthere'sonecatch:Theymustfirstspendadaywashingwindowsorscrubbingfloors.MostTexasteachersdonotpayintoSocialSecurityandinsteadparticipateinastatepensionfund.ButtheloopholeallowsthemtoreceiveSocialSecuritybenefitsiftheirlastdayofworkbeforeretirementisinajobcoveredbySocialSecurity.Schooldistrictsaroundthestatehelpedteachersoutbyhiringthemtoworkjanitorial*ormaintenancejobsforjustaday.TheloopholeendsWednesday.JuniorhighschoolprincipalMargieNancarrowsaidshewantedtospendatleasttwomoreyearsatherschoolinsuburbanDallas,butthebenefitsweretootemptingatatimeofsoaringcostsforhealthinsuranceandprescriptiondrugs.CongresschangedthelawinFebruaryafterauditorsestimatedthattheloopholecouldcosttheSocialSecuritysystem$450million.Auditorsalsoreportedthatone-fourthofallTexaspubliceducationretirees,or3,521people,hadusedtheloopholein2002.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutthousandsofTexasteachersarerushingtoretirebeforealucrativeloophole,inSocialSecuritylawcloses.ExerciseB:1.WhatarethousandsofTexasteachersdoing?ThousandsofTexasteachersarerushingtoretirebeforealucrativeloopholeinSocialSecuritylawcloses.2.DomostTexasteacherspayintoSocialSecurity?No.mostTexasteachersdonotpavintoSocialSecurityandinsteadparticipateinastatepensionfund.
1123.AretheyallowedtoreceiveSocialSecuritybenefits?What'sthecondition?Yes,theyareallowedtoreceiveSocialSecuritybenefitsiftheirlastdayofworkbeforeretirementis'inajobcoveredbySocialSecurity.4.Howdidschooldistrictsaroundthestatehelpteachersout?Schooldistrictsaroundthestatehelpedteachersoutbyhiringthemtoworkjanitorialormaintenancejobsforjustaday,5.Whendocstheloopholeend?TheLooholeendsWednesday.6.Whywerethebenefitssotempting?Becauseit’stimeofsoaringcostsforhealthinsuranceandprescriptiondrugs.RetellingBill,JimandScottwereataconventiontogetherandweresharingalargesuiteonthetopofa75-storyskyscraper.Afteralongdayofmeetings,theywereshockedtohearthattheelevatorsintheirhotelwerebrokenandtheywouldhavetoctimh75flightsofstairstogettotheirroom.BillsaidtoJimandScott,"Let'sbreakthemonotonyofthisunpleasanttaskbyconcentratingonsomethinginteresting,I'11telljokesfor25flights,Jimcansingsongsforthenext25flightsandScottcantellsadstoriesfortherestoftheway."Atthe26thfloor,BillstoppedtellingjokesandJimbegantosing.Atthe51stfloorJimstoppedsingingandScottbegantotellsadstories.'Iwilltellmysaddeststoryfirst,"hesaid."Ilefttheroomkeyinthecar?SectionFourSupplementaryExercisesChangingSoybeanMarketItishardtoimaginethatasmallseedlikethesoybeancouldbesoimportant.Butitisabigexportcropformanycountries.Atthesametime,soybeansareingreatdemand.Wemaythinkofwheatandcornasthemostvaluablecrops.Ofcourse,theyremainveryimportant.Butinmanyways,thesoybeanisevenmorevaluable.Thesoybeanishighinproteinandcarbohydrates.Itsfatcanbemadeintooil.Soybeansareusedtomakefoodforpeopleandfarmanimals.Perhectareofland,thesoybeancanproducetentimesmoreproteinthanbeefcattle.Theseaxesomeofthereasonswhysoybeanshavebecomeoneofthethreemajorcrops.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculturestudiestheworld'scropproduction.ItreleasedareportinFebruary.Thereportprovidesinformationthatgoesbackmorethantwentyyears.Italsoestimateswhatworldmarketswillbelikeupto2012.Thereportsaysthattheuseofsoybeanshasincreasedformorethantwentyyears.Theamountofexportedsoybeansisaboutequaltowheat.Comremainsthebiggestexportcrop.But,soybeanpricesremainabouttwotimesashighasthoseofwheatandcorn.SoybeanpriceshaveremainedstronginAmericabecausecropsurpluses*areneververygreat.Inthemid-1980s,cornandwheatsurpluseswereextremelylarge.Pricesdroppedsharply.Today,soybeansurplusesareassmallastheyhaveeverbeen
113inrelationtotheamountused.Yet,worldcompetitionisstrong.Inyearspast,soybeansfromtheUnitedStatesfilledtheworldmarket.Today,ArgentinaandBrazilhaveequaledtheUnitedStatesinsoybeanexports.TheEuropeanUnionandChinaaremajorimporters.TheDepartmentofAgricultureexpectsSouthAmericanproductiontocontinuetogrow.ItexpectsBraziltobecometheworld'sbiggestsoybeanexporterinafewyears.ThisisbecauseBrazilisincreasingtheamountoflandusedforcropsatahighrate.SomeexpertsworrythatsoybeansmaynotremainacompetitivecropfortheUnitedStates.TheythinkthatAmericanfarmersmaybegintoimportsoybeanproductstofeedtheiranimals.Thisnewcompetitionalsocoulddrivepriceslower.Yet,thegovernmentestimatesthatdemandintheUnitedStateswillcontinuetoincrease--protectingprices.Withexpandingmarketseverywhere,thelittlesoybeanisabigpartoftheworldagriculturalmarket.ExerciseA:1.C2.D3.B4.B5.CExerciseB:l.Thesoybeancouldbeveryimportantbecauseitisabigexportcropformanycountries.Atthesametime,soybeansareingreatdemand.2.Perhectareofland,thesoybeancanproducetentimesmoreproteinthanbeefcattle.3.Forthepasttwentyyears,theamountofexportedsoybeansisaboutequaltowheat.But,soybeanpricesremainabouttwotimesashighasthoseofwheat.4.SoybeanpriceshavebecomestronginAmericabecausecropsurplusesareneververygreat.5.SomeexpertsworrythatthesoybeanmaynotremainacompetitivecropfortheUnitedStates.Unit14Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentHelene:Paula,I'vegotaproblem.CanIborrowyourhairdryer?Paula:Butyou'vejustboughtone.Iwaswithyou.Helene:Yes,butithasn'tgotaplug.Whyonearthdotheysellhairdryerswithoutplugs?InFrance,whenyoubuyahairdryer,yougetonewithaplug.Anyway,canIborrowyours?Paula:Yes,ofcourse.ButmineisItalianandIhaven'tgottherightplugeither.Waitaminute.I'llaskifthehotel'sgotanadaptor.Hoteldesk:Hello,reception.Paula:Hello.I'vegotaproblem.DoyouthinkIcouldborrowanadaptorplug.Yousee,I...Hoteldesk:I'msorry,Madam,I'mafraidwehaven'tgotone.Exercise:1.Whycan'tHeleneuseherhairdryer?
114Becausethereisn'taplugwiththehairdryer,2.Whycan'tPaulahelpher?BecauseherplugisItalianandshedoesn'thaveanadaptor.3.Whycan'tthereceptionisthelpher?Becausetheyhaven'tgotanadaptorinthehotel,either.Part2ParedictionandInference1.Man:I'vefigureditallout.Itlookslikeit'lltakeusaboutsixhourstodrivefromheretoChicago.Woman:It'dbemorerelaxingtotakethetrain.ButIguessweshouldwatchourexpenses.2.Man:IheardthatParkerElectronicsisgoingtobeholdinginterviewsoncampusnextweek.Woman:Yeah?I'dliketotalktothemanddropoffmyresume.3.Man:IfIcangetBriantopaybackthemoneyIlenthimlastweek,Icouldgetthatnewtennisracket.Woman:IhopeyouhavebetterluckthanIdid.Exercise:1.It'lltakesixhourstodrivetoChicagoandit'dbemorerelaxingtotakethetrain.However,thewomansays"weshouldwatchourexpenses,"soprobablytheywilldrivetoChicago.2.TheParkerElectronicsisgoingtobeholdinginterviewsoncampus.Thewomanwouldliketotalktothemanddropoffherresume.Thatimpliesshewantstoapplyforthejob.3.ThemanwantsBriantopaybackthemoneyhelenthimlastweek.However,thewomansays"IhopeyouhavebetterluckthanIdid."ThatimpliesBrainneverrepaysmoneyontime.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogueIMixedMarriageA:I'mmarriedtoaRussianwhoisnaturalized*British...Ihadthisthing,IneverreallythoughtofmyhusbandasRussian.ThenIdon'tthinkofmyselfastotally,asBritish,asbeingabsolutelytypical.WhenIwenttotheSovietUnionforthefirsttimeItriedtoimaginehimthere,andputhimintothisenvironment,andIcouldn'tseehimthereatall.B:CouldIjustask,whatdidhisparentsthinkaboutyoumarrying...theirson?A:They,er,theywantedtoknow,hismother'savery,verypracticalRussianladyandshewantedtoknoweverythingaboutmeandshewasveryworriedastowhatmyparentswouldthinkaboutmebeingwithhim.Er,thatwashergreatestconcern.And,erm,shecouldn'tunderstand,really,couldn'thefindaniceRussiangirl...(laughter)thathewantedtobewith,andthenerm,IwasabletogointotheSovietUnionandvisitandtheymetme,andgavemethegoing-over*
115and,er,withinafewhoursIwasin,IknewIwasin.They'reaverylovelyfamilyandtheywereveryverynicetome.Andshewasn'ttroubledbyitatall.Shecouldn'tunderstand,shewasveryconcernedthatI,Iwouldn'tbeabletototallyunderstandhim,butexm,we...she'shappynow,especiallysinceshewasabletovisit,itmadeagreatdifferencetoher.Exercise:T1.Thewoman'shusbandisaRussianBritish.(I'mmarriedtoaRussianwhoisnaturalizedBritish.)F2.HerhusbandstillkeepshisRussiantradition.(WhenIwenttotheSovietUnionforthefirsttimeItriedtoimaginehimthere,andputhimintothisenvironment,andIcouldn'tseehimthereatall.)F3.HerRussianmother-in-law'sgreatestconcernwastheharmonyoftheyoungcouple.(Shewasveryworriedastowhatmyparentswouldthinkaboutmebeingwithhim.Er,thatwashergreatestconcern.)T4.Hermother-in-lawwantedhersontomarryaRussiangirl.(Shecouldn'tunderstandwhyhecouldn'tfindaniceRussiangirl)T5.Thewomanwasprobablyaskedalotofquestionswhenshefirstvisitedherin-laws.(Theymetme,andgavemethegoing-over.)F6.Shewasletintothehouseafterafewhours.(WithinafewhoursIwasin,IknewIwasin=Iwasacceptedbythefamily.)T7.Shewasprobablyfeelingalittlebitnervouswhenshevisitedhermother-in-law.(They'reaverylovelyfamilyandtheywereverynicetome.Andshewasn'ttroubledbyitatall.)T8.Hermother-in-lawishappynowbecauseshehastheopportunitytovisitBritain.(She'shappynow,especiallysinceshewasabletovisit,itmadeagreatdifferencetoher.)Dialogue2HolidaysintheUnitedStatesSandra:So,whendoyoustartyourjob?John:Ah,tomorrow;firstdaytomorrow.Sandra:Great!Youlookingforwardtoit?John:Well,bitnervous,Isuppose,Sandra:Oh,you'llbeallright..,you'llheOK.John:Whatabout...whataboutyourholiday?Didyouhaveagoodtime?Sandra:Oh,ljusthadawonderfultime.SixweeksintheStates...California.John:IwenttotheStates.Sandra:Youdidn't!Where?John:Iwentto...ontheEastside,NewYork,Washington,BostonandthenI
116wentupNorthtotheGreatLakes(Terrific)...justbeautiful,justwonderful.Sandra:No,Iwastheotherside.IwenttoCaliforniaasIsaid...'cosI’vegotcousinsthere,andwewenttoNewOrleans,Disneyworld,oh...justhadsuchafantastictime...Mycousinsarecrazyonsailing,yousee,andI'mmadonit,too...andwedidsurfingandwindsurfingand...we'rejustallseamaniacs*ourfamily.John:Incredible!You'reluckytohavepeopletostaywith...I...er...hadto...well,IwascampingorstayinginYouthHostels.IhadfriendsinNewYork1stayedwith,which...helpedagreat...'cosNewYork'ssoexpensive!Sandra:Icanimagine...I'veneverbeen,but...John:Ijust..,gettingintoallthemuseumsand(Yes)things...theMetropolitanandtheWhitworthGallery...just...well,justgoinguptothetopoftheEmpireStateBuilding...allcostsmoney(Ohno)...everything...terriblyexpensive.Sandra:I'dlovetogooneyear.Itwasworthgoing,wasit?John:Oh,justwonderful...incredible,yes,allofit,andIwenttoacoupleofconcerts,too...rockconcerts...theywere...Sandra:Gosh...weretheyexpensive,yehtheywereexpensive?John:Oh,wow,yes,butgreat.Sandra:Oh,IwasjustsoluckyIwaswinedanddinedbymycousins,anditwasgreat...andthefoodthattheygavemewasjustfantastic...lotsoffreshfishandthings...fromthefishing...ah!John:Ihadtoliveoffhamburgersandhotdogs...Sandra:Youpoorthing!John:Icouldn'taffordtoeatintheposh*restaurantsoranythinglikethat...Ohso,workforyoutomorrow,eh?Sandra:Yes...afraidso...Ican'tfaceitreally.IjustwanttogobacktotheStates...tothegoodlife.ThepartoffileUnitedStatestheyvisitedAccommodationsActivitiesCommentsSandraWestpartoftheStatesStayingwithhercousinSailing,surfingandwindsurfingThefoodwasjustfantastic,
117lotsoffreshfishandthingsfromthefishingJohnEastpartoftheStatesCampingorstayinginYouthHostelsandwithfriendsinNewYorkGettingintoallthemuseums,theMetropolitanandtheWhitworthGallery,goinguptothetopoftheEmpireStateBuildingandconcertsNewYork'ssoex-pensive!Concertsandrestaurants,too.Passage1HowtoUnderstandaForeiqnCultureThesedaysitiseasytobelieveonefullyunderstandsaforeigncultureevenwithouthavingdirectlyexperiencedit.Imagesinthepopularmediaandinformationgleaned*frombooksorfromencounterswithafewnativescanprovidetheillusionofrealknowledge.Livinginaculture,havingtocometotermswithitsconventionsandcustoms,isadifferentmatterentirely.Everyculturehasdistinctcharacteristicsthatmakeitdifferentfromeveryotherculture.Somediffer-encesarequiteevident(e.g.,language,religion,politicalorganization,etc.).Otherscanbesosubtlethatlearningtodealwiththemisacomplexprocess.Afirst-timevisitormayremainuncomfortableandoffbalanceforquitesometime.Cultureis,"anintegrated*systemoflearnedbehaviorpatternsthatarecharacteristicofthemembersofanygivensociety.Culturereferstothetotalwayoflifeofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethinks,says,does,andmakes--itssystemsofattitudesandfeelings.Cultureislearnedandtransmitted*fromgenerationtogeneration."Livinginaforeignenvironmentforanextendedperiodoftimewillallowyoutoconfront*anddevelopabetterunderstandingofthedifferencesinvariousculturalsystems.Therearenorulesofbehaviourthatapplytoeveryculture.Thebestwaytolearnaboutlocalsocialcustomsistoinquirepolitely.Expectthingstobedifferentoverseas.Whenstudyingabroad,youshoulddevelopanappreciationforthepeopleandcustomsofatotallydifferentculture.Anyonewhogoesoverseasdemandingthateverythingbethesameaswhatheorsheisaccustomedtowillbesorelydisappointedandprobablybetterservedbystayingathome.Beflexibleandreceptiveindealingwiththesedifferences,andyouwillfindyourownlifeexperienceswillbegreatlyenriched.ExerciseA:
118OurschoolauthoritiesforbidthestudentstoliveoutsidethecampusbutthepeopleintheUnitedStatesdefinitelyfinditridiculous.Iftheypersistedindoingso,theymightgetintotrouble.Oranotherexample,cohabitationintheUnitedStatesisthoughttobeO.K.whilethislifestyleinChinaisconsideredtobeagainstourtraditionalculture,especiallyamongelderlypeople.ExerciseB:1.D2.A3.D4.C5.B6.A7.B8.CExerciseC:1.Becausetheytendtobelievethattheycanlearnitthroughvariousmeanswithouthavingdirectlyexperiencedit.2.Itisthedistinctcharacteristicsofthecultureitself.3.Cultureisanintegratedsystemoflearnedbehaviourpatternsthatarecharacteristicofthemem-bersofanygivensociety.4.Itistoinquirepolitely.5.Youshouldbeflexibleandreceptive.Passage2DesktopFolkloreInalargelectureroomatKansasStateUniversityananonymouswriterscratchedhisworkontoawoodendesktop.Themessage:"Eatgarbage,10millionfliescan'tbewrong.""That'soneofmyfavorites,"saidWilliamE.Kochwhohascompletedhissecondstudyintowhatstudentscarveontodesks.Koch'slatestprojectinvolvedstudyingthetopsof750desksinclassroomswithatleast100seats."Generally,thefartherbackyougotheworsethedesksare,"hesaid."Thelasttworowsinaclassroomareusuallytheworst--that'swhereyoufindtherealshockers."Inhislateststudy,the65-year-oldprofessorofEnglishandfolklorefoundthat63%ofthesamplesdealtwithhumorousorapparentlyserioussubjects,32%wereeitherpornographic*orerotic*and5%werereligious."Idon'tthinkyoucanreallysaythatyoucantellwhatstudentsarethinkingfromstudyingdesktops,"Kochsaid."That'sbecausecomparativelyfewpeoplefee]theurgetowritesomethingonadesk."Thegrey-hairedprofessorbecameinterestedindesktopspartlybecauseitisacontagious*hobby."Onceyoustartlookingatdesktopsit'shardtostop.Youwanttogothroughthewholeclassroom.Iguessit'sjustcuriosity--lookingforarealcorker*."But,Koch'sprimarymasoncamefromhisloveoffolklore*."I'mnotinterestedininterpretingthemeaningofthegraffiti,that'sforthepsychologist.Folkloreisconcernedwiththenon-academic.Thefolkloristisnotinterestedintruthorfalsity,justinthefactthatthesayingsandideasexist.Ialsoliketoseewhat'snew
119andwhat'sdroppingout."Religiousgraffitidroppedsharplyfrom21%in1973toamere5%in1978,Kochsaid.Fiveyearsagoreligiousgraffiti*tookuptopicssuchastheexistenceofGod.Forexample:"Godisdead,signedNietzsche"andthenbelowthat"Nietzscheisdead,signedGod."Kochsaidclassroomboredomanddrearinessplaythemajorrolealthoughcleandesksseemtoinvitesomecarvers."Theyalsotrytoshockthereader.Theyliketoenterintoforbiddenterritory.Andthereisadesiretoentertainotherstudents,bewittyorinstruct."Kochwouldliketoconductathirdstudy,ifthegraffiti'sNo.1enemydoesn'tputhimoutofbusiness."WehaveFormica*desktopsinthechemistrylabandthey'reallclean,"Kochsaid."It'sincredibletowalkintoaclassroomwith100desksandfindthemallclean.It'sdifficulttowriteonFormicaandstudentswon’tgotothatmuchtrouble.IguessyoucouldsayFormicaistheonlythingthatcankilldesktopgraffiti.ExerciseA:Iholdtheopinionthatthestudentswanttokillthetime.Perhapsthelectureisboringorthestudentsthemselvesmightnotbeinterestedinthesubject.ExerciseB:1.D2.B3.D4.A5.B6.C7.C8;AExerciseC:1.Hestudieswhatstudentscarveontodesksinhissecondstudy.2.Becausecomparativelyfewpeoplefeeltheurgetowritesomethingonadesk.3.Becausehelovesstudyingfolklore.4.Theytrytoshockthereaders,toentertainotherstudents,andtobewittyorinstruct.5.BecauseitisdifficulttowriteonFormica;Part2NewsNewsItem1TheInternationalCourtofJusticehassaidthebarrierIsraelisbuildingtosealofftheWestBankviolatesinternationallawbecauseitinfringes*ontherightsofPalestinians.ThenonbindingopinionalsofoundthatIsraelwasobligatedtoreturnconfiscated*landormakereparationsforanydestructionordamagetohomes,businessesandfarmscausedbythebarrier'sconstruction.Palestinianleaderssaythebarrieramountstoanillegitimate*landgrabbyIsraelisandanattemptbyIsraeliPrimeMinisterArielSharontounilaterallysetthebordersbetweenIsraelandaPalestinianstate,ratherthannegotiatingwiththemaspartofafinalsettlement.ThePalestiniansalsochargethattheplanviolatesthe"roadmap"topeace,theseriesofconfidence-buildingmeasuresandnegotiationsdesignedtoleadtotheestablishmentofaPalestinianstateexistingside-by-sideinpeacewithIsrael.
120Aboutathirdoftheplanned425-milebarrierhasbeenbuiltsince2002.Insomeareas,thebarrierisafence;inothers,ittakestheformofaconcretewall.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutundesirableeffectsproducedbythebarrierIsraelisbuilding.ExerciseB:IsraelisbuildingthebarriertosealofftheWestBank1.ItviolatesinternationallawbecauseitinfringesontherightsofPalestinians.2.Itsconstructioncauseddestructionordamagetohomes,businessesandfarmsthatIsraelwasobligatedtomakereparationsfor.3.ItamountstoanillegitimatelandgrabbyIsraelisandanattemptbyIsraeliPrimeMinisterArielSharontounilaterallysetthebordersbetweenIsraelandaPalestinianstate,ratherthannegotiatingwiththemaspartofafinalsettlement.4.Theplanviolatesthe"roadmap"topeace,theseriesofconfidence-buildingmeasuresandnegotiationsdesignedtoleadtotheestablishmentofaPalestinianstateexistingside-by-sideinpeacewithIsrael.5.Aboutathirdoftheplanned425-milebarrierhasbeenbuiltsince2002.Insomeareas,thebarrierisafence;inothers,ittakestheformofaconcretewall.NewsItem2EarlierTuesday,IsraeliforcesbattledPalestlnianmilitantsintheEinBeiIlmarefugeecampofNablusinwhatanIsraelDefenseForcesspokesmandescribedasheavyfightingduringanongoingoperationtoroundup*wantedPalestinians.OneIsraelisoldierdiedinthefirefightandthreewerewounded,accordingtotheIDF.PalestinianmedicalsourcessaidfourPalestinianswerekilled,includingtheWestBankmilitaryleaderforthePopularFrontfortheLiberationofPalestine,andhisdeputy.ThreePalestinianswerewounded--twowomenandaman.Elsewhere,twoarmedPalestinianswerekilledTuesdaynearanIsraelioutpost*onKissufimRoad,IsraelimilitaryandPalestiniansecuritysourcessaid.AccordingtoIsraelimilitarysources,twoPalestinianmilitantsopenedfireonandthrewgrenadesattheoutpost.Anexplosivedevicewasfoundneartheirbodies.Thefightingfollowedweekendofscatteredviolenceinwhichfourpeopledied.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutaseriesofconflictsbetweenIsraelisandPalestinianswhichledtocasualties.ExerciseB:1.F2.F3.T4.F5.F6.TNewsItem3AfterameetingwithIsraeliForeignMinisterSilvanShalom,Powellsaidthetwohadan"openandcandiddiscussion"aboutthesettlementissue.Powellsaidhetoldtheminister"thatwehavesomedisappointmentin
121therateatwhichoutpostshadbeenremoved."Shalomsaidthat"Israeliscommittedtoremovetheunauthorizedoutposts,"whichitisrequiredtodoundertheso-calledroadmaptopeacesponsoredbyUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,RussiaandtheUnitedNations.PowellandShalomalsodiscussedIsraeliplanstowithdrawfromthePalestinianterritories.IsraelseizedtheWestBankfromJordanandGazafromEgyptduringthe1967Six-DayWarandbeganbuildingsettlementstheresoonafter.Thereareabout230,000IsraelislivinginWestBanksettlements.Gazaishometoabout7,500Jewishsettlers.ExerciseA'ThisnewsitemisaboutameetingbetweenPowellandIsraeliForeignMinisteraboutsettlementissue.ExerciseB:1.WhatdidPowellsayafterameetingwithIsraeliForeignMinisterSilvanShalom?Powellsaidthetwohadan"openandcandiddiscussion"aboutthesettlementissue.2.AretheU.S.andothercountriessatisfiedwiththerateatwhichoutpostshadbeenremoved?No,PowelltoldtheIsraeliminister"thatwehavesomedisappointmentintherateatwhichoutpostshadbeenremoved."3.WhatisIsraelrequiredtodoundertheroadmaptopeace?.IsraelisrequiredtoremovetheUnauthorizedoutposts.4.Whichcountriessponsoredtheroadmaptopeace?TheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion.RussiaandtheUnitedNationssponsoredit.5.HowdidIsraelseizetheWestBankandwhatdiditbegindoingsoonafter?IsraelseizedtheWestBank.fromJordanandGazafromEgyptduringthe1967Six-DayWarandbeg{mbuildingsettlementstheresoonafter.6.BrieflyintroducethesettlementsinWestBankandGaza.Thereareabout230.000IsraelislivinginWestBanksettlements.Gazaishometoabout7,500Jewishsettlers.RetellingSherlockHolmesandDrWatsonwentonacampingtrip.Afteragoodmealandabottleofwinetheylaydownforthenight,andwenttosleep.Somehourslater,Holmesawokeandnudgedhisfaithfulfriend."Watson,lookupattheskyandtellmewhatyousee."Watsonreplied,"Iseemillionsandmillionsofstars.""Whatdoesthattellyou?"Watsonponderedforaminute."Astronomically*,ittellsmethattherearemillionsofgalaxiesandpotentiallybillionsofplanets.Astrologically*,IobservethatSaturnisinLeo*.Horologically*,Ideducethatthetimeisapproximatelyaquarterpastthree.
122Theologically*,IcanseethatGodisall-powerfulandthatwearesmallandinsignificant.Meteorologically*,Isuspectthatwewillhaveabeautifuldaytomorrow.Whatdoesittellyou?"Holmeswassilentforaminute,thenspoke,"Watson,youidiot.Someonehasstolenourtent."SectionFourSupplementaryExercisesCommodityFutures*MarketsConsiderthelifeofacropfarmer.Oneyear,thegrowingconditionsareexcellent.Thefarmerhasahugecrop.Butsodotheotherfarmers.Whentheyallselltheircrops,pricesgodown.Nextyear,conditionsarepoor.Pricesgoup.Butthefarmershavelesstosell.Thesearetheriskswhenfarmerstakeacroptomarketatharvesttime.Withsupplyhighest,pricesarelowest.Andthereisalwaysthedangerofabadharvest.Tocontrolrisk,farmersmayusecommodity*contracts*.Theseareagreementstobuyorsellaproductforasetprikewithinaperiodoftime.Commoditycontractsrepresentfinancialprotectionagainstchangesinprice.Inthe1800s,progressintransportationandcommunicationspermittednew'marketstobebuiltandlinked.TheChicagoBoardofTradeisoneoftheoldestofthesemarkets.Itopenedin1848.Atfirst,farmersreceivedimmediatepaymentascropsarrivedatthemarketbyhorseortrain.Soon,peoplerecognizedabettersystem:Guarantee*thepriceofgoodsthatwouldarriveinthefuture.Traderscalledtheseguaranteesforwardcontracts.Afarmercouldbuyacontractandknowexactlyhowmuchmoneytoexpect.By1865,theChicagoBoardofTradesetrulesfortradeinfutures.Futuresarecontractsthatrarelyinvolveanythingreal,exceptmoney.Farmersstillselltheircropsatharvesttime.Marketforcesstillsettheprices.Butfarmerscanusefuturestoprotectthemselvesiftheysellataloss.Thecontractspaythedifferencebetweenthepricetheyhopedforandthepricetheyreceived.Farmersarenottheonlyoneswhotradeinfutures.Companiesbuyfuturestoguaranteecostsformaterials.TheChicagoMercantile*ExchangeisthebiggestcommoditiesmarketintheUnitedStates.Traderssellfuturesforagriculturalandenergyproducts,valuablemetals--evenweather.Afuturesmarketcouldnotoperatewithoutanotherkindoftrader.Speculatorstrytoguessthedirectionofcommoditypricestomakeaprofit.Speculatorscancausebigchangesinthepriceoffutures.ButtheCommodityFuturesTradingCommissioninWashingtonsaysresearchsuggeststheydonotaffectthepriceofgoods.Thisfederalagencysaysmoneyfromspeculatorshelpsprovidethekindofcontinuousactivitythatispartofahealthymarket.ExerciseA:1.Commoditycontract:anagreementtobuyorsellaproductforasetpricewithinaperiodoftime.2.Forwardcontract:anagreementthatguaranteethepriceofgoodsthatwould
123arriveinthefuture.3.Futures:contractsthatrarelyinvolveanythingreal,exceptmoney.Theypaythedifferencebetweenthepricetradershopedforandthepricetheyreceived.4.Speculators:atypeoftraderswhotrytoguessthedirectionofcommoditypricestomakeaprofit.ExerciseB:1.Whatrisksarethefarmersfacedwithwhentheytakeacroptomarketatharvesttime?Withsupplyhighest,pricesarelowest.Withabadharvest,theyhavelesstosellthoughpricesgoup2.Whatdocommoditycontractsrepresent?Theyrepresentfinancialprotectionagainstchangesinprice.3.Whatcouldafarmerbuyinordertoknowexactlyhowmuchmoneytoexpect?Hecouldbuyaforwardcontract.4.Whatcanbetradedinfutures?Theyareagriculturalandenergyproducts,valuablemetals,andevenweather.5.Whatistheeffectofthespeculators'prediction?ItcancausebigchangesinthepriceoffuturesUnit15Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentML：Itdepends.IfIhavemoney,Itravel;illdon'thavemoney,IstayathomeandIreadabookordosomethinglikethat.Iliketo...totakephotos.Iliketodothat.But,ifIhavemoney...totravel.MB:Ah,yes.ML:Youtoo?MB:Metoo,yes,IlikeexploringthingsIdon'tknowyet,yes...travelordolongwalks,Imean,whatIusedtodoinScotland,forweeksandweeks._Ipassoverthehillsonfoot,withoutseeinghardlyanybodyorintheOrkneyIslandsandsoon.Ilikewalkingandtravellingandreadinganawfullot.TF:Well,whentheweatherisbeautiful,Iliketogo,uh,tothegolfcourseandplaygolf.MB:Oh,yes.TF:I'mnotaverygoodgolfer,butIlikeitverymuch.AlmosteverySaturday,Igotogolfcourse.MB:Oh,yes,unhhuh.TF:Butnotontherainydays,orwinter.AndIliketotraveltoo.Exercise
124MaryTravellingMariaTravellingandexploringnewthingsToruPlayinggolf,travellingPart2PredictionandInference1.Man.Yourcousinsjustcalled.They'restrandedatthebeach.Woman:Sotheydidn'tmanagedtogetaliftafterall.2.Woman:I'mreallylookingforwardtothepicnictomorrow.Man:Ifwe'reluck,we'llhavesomesunthisyearforachange.3.Man:Canyougoovermynoteswithme?I'llneverunderstandallthesechemistryexperiments.Woman:Youknow,reviewsessionsarebeingheldeverynightthisweek.They'resupposedtobegood.Exercise:1.Fromthewoman'stoneofvoicewecanhavethefeelingthatshehadthoughthercousincouldgetalift.2.Theyalwayshadbadweatherforpicnic.3.Themanwantsthewomantogooverthenoteswithhim.However,thewomansaysthereviewsessionsarebeingheldeverynightthisweek.They'resupposedtobegood.Soprobablythemanwillgotothesereviewsessions.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionDialogue1HowDoyouDoIt?Brian:Urn,Theresa,Iwonderifyoucouldhelpme.Er,Gillianhashadtorushofftoseehermother,(T:Yes.)and,I'vebeenlefttocookthechildren'smeal.(T:Um.)Now,we'verecentlyboughtthismicrowave.Now,I'velookedeverywhereforthebookofinstructions,andIcan'tfinditanywhere.(T:Ohdear.)Erm,I...couldyougivemealittlebitofinformation,howtoworkit?Theresa:Wellfirstofall,ifyoulookatyourmicrowave,faceit(B:Yeah.),andontherightthere'sacontrolpad.Okay.(B:Er...)Canyouseeitfromwhereyouare?Brian:Er,ontheright...ohyes,yes.(T:Controlpad.)Yes.Theresa:Er,well,firstofallyouopenthedoor(B:Yeah.)um,andyouputthefoodin,orthefoodinitscontainer,(B:Ye-es.)ontotherevolving*tray(B:Ye-e-es.).Allfight?Brian:Yes,yes.Theresa:Thenyoushutthedoor.(B:Uh-huh.)ffthedoorisn'tshutproperly,theovenwon'tstart,okay?Brian:Ah,fight.Theresa:Right,andthenyou'vegottosettheovencontrol.Brian:Yes.HowdoIgoaboutthat?Theresa:Um,whatdidGilliansay,urn,thepowerlevelshouldbe?(B:Aa-a-h.)
125Didshegiveyouanynumber?Brian:Ohshemutteredsomethingabout,er,level7,an...and(T:Level7.)hangon,andshesaidsomethingabout20minutes.Doesthatmeananythingtoyou?Theresa:Yes,that'sallright.(B:Uh-huh.)Wellwhatyoudonextis,youtouchthepowerlevelpad*(B:Ye-ah.)which,urn,isontheleftofthepads,ailfight?Brian:Y-yes,gotthat.Theresa:Andthentouchnumber7(B:yeah.),'costhat'swhatyousaidisn'tit,7?Brian:Yes,that'swhatGilliansaid,yes.Theresa:Thenyouwanttotouchthetimepad,whichisontherightofthepowerlevelpad.(B:Aah.)That'sthenextpadalong.(B:Yes.)Urn,thenyou'vegottofeedintheamountofminutes,so--howmanyminuteswasit?Brian:Er,Ithinkshesaid20,yes.Theresa:20,soyoutouch...Brian:So2andzero.Theresa:...2andzero.Brian:Right.Theresa:That'sfight.Andthenyou'vegottotouchthe,um,startpad,whichisthebottomright-handpad.Brian:Andthat'sail?Theresa:That'sit!Brian:Oh,that'sfairlystraightforward.Theresa:Yes.Quitesimplereally.Brian:Mmmm.Bitofapalaver*justforbakedbeansthough,isn'tit?(T:LAUGHS)Anyway,thankyouverymuchTheresa.Theresa:That'sokay.Brian:Bye-bye.Theresa:Bye.
126ExerciseInstructionManualOperation:1.Openthedoor.2.Putthefoodinitscontainerontotherevolvingtray.3.Shutthedoor4.Touchthepowerlevelpad(1~10fordifferentpurposes)5.Touchthetimepad(feedintheamountofminutes)6.Touchthestartpad.Dialogue2AStepAhead?Interviewer:It'sawellknownsciencefictionplottofreezeabodyandbringitbacktolifeyearslater.However,thismaynolongerbesofarfromthetruth.JoiningusfromourCardiffstudioisProfessorAndrewMorgan,who'sbeendoingsomeresearchintothissubject.ProfessorMorgan.ProfessorMorgan:Yes,well,I'vebeenlookingintothe...er...theabilityofcertainanimalstofreezethemselvesforacertainamountoftime,andthentocomebacktolifewhenthecircumstancesaroundthemchange.And,whatI'vebeenworkingonoverthepasttwoyearsistheparticularprocessthatenablesthemtodothis.Interviewer:Whathaveyouactuallydiscovered?ProfessorMorgan:Ithinkit'saparticularchemicalintheanimals'bodieswhichbeginstoworkundercertaincircumstances.AndI'mnowexperimentingwiththischemicaltoseeifIcangetotheranimalswhowouldn'tnormallybeabletofreezethemselvestobeabletodothis.Interviewer:Haveyouhadanysuccess?ProfessorMorgan:Ihavesofarit'sbeengoingverywell.AndI'mreasonablyconfidentthaterm...well,perhapswithintenyearsfromnowI'llbeabletofreezehumanbeingsforaslongorasshortatimeasIwouldliketo,andthenbringthembacktolifeagaininexactlythesamestatethattheywereinbeforetheywerefrozen...justasyoucandowithanimals.Interviewer:Andwhat'sthemainapplicationofyourresearch?ProfessorMorgan:Ithinkthemainapplicationofthisforhumanbeingswouldbeto...forpeoplewithterminal*illnesses,peoplewhohavegot
127illnessesthatcannotbecuredatthemoment.Wecouldfreezethem,findacurefortheillnessandthenbringthemback1olifeagainandadministerthecure.Interviewer:Isee.Erm...thesepeoplecouldactuallychoosetoprolongtheirlivesandthereforenotsuffer...ProfessorMorgan:Yes,Ithinkso.Somebodysufferingfrom,say,multiplesclerosis*,certaintypesofcancer,ofcourse,AIDSwouldbeanotherparticulardisease...Peoplewouldbeabletochoosetohavetheirlives,er....frozenatthatparticularmomentandthenbroughtbacktolifewhenacureappeared.Interviewer:Well,thisobviouslyisgoingtocreategreat...ergreatdebateIwouldthinkastothefightsandwrongsofwhetherweshouldbeactuallydoingthis.Exercise:FreezingaBodyandBringingItBacktoLifeYearsLaterI.PastresearchAsubject:theabilityofcertainanimalstofreezethemselvesforacertainamountoftimeandthentocomebacktolifewhenthecircumstancesaroundthemchanceB.Discovery:it’saparticularchemicalintheanimals'bodieswhichbeginstoworkundercertaincircumstances.II.PresentexperimentA.Experimentingotheranimalswiththischemical.B.Purpose;toseeifotheranimalswhowouldn'tnormallybeabletofreezethemselveswillbeabletodothisIII.ApplicationsAPeoplewithterminalillnesseswouldbeabletochoosetohavetheirlivesfrozenatthatparticularmomentandthenbroughtbacktolifewhenacureappeared.Part2PassagesPassage1TheBurningoftheGlobeShortlyafter2o'clockonaMondayafternooninJune,1613,aneagercrowdfilledtheGlobetheaterforthefirstproductionofanewShakespeareplay,HenryVIII.Neartheendofthefirstact,theactorplayingthekingmadehisentrance,announcedbythethunderofacannon*firedfromacupola*overthetheater'sthatched*roof.Nooneseemedtonoticeorcarethatsparksfromthecannonlandedonthethatch.Thesparkssmouldered*,smoked,flamedandinmomentsspectatorswererushingforthetwoexits."Somelosttheirhats,andsometheirswords,"saidaballadonsalethenextdayinSt.Paul's.Thefireblazedwildlyandalthougheverybodyescapedunscathed*--onemandoused*hisburningbritches*withabottleofale*--theGlobewasdone
128for.Itburnedtothegroundintwohours,thefinestfireLondonhadseensinceSt.Paul'ssteeple*burnedupin1561.TheGlobehadbeenbuiltin1599withthelumberfromanothertheater,London'sfirst,whichhadbeentorndownbecausethemanwhoownedthelandonwhichitstoodrefusedtorenewthelease.Thetheater'sownersboatedthelumberacrosstheThames.Withmoneyraisedbysellingsharestoagroupofactors,theyrebuiltthetheaterandnamedittheGlobe.Thenewtheaterwaslocatedinadisreputableborough*,officiallynamedtheClink,famedforitsprofusionofbrothels*,tenements,theatersandprisons.TheClinkwaschosenbecauseitwasoutsidethejurisdiction*oftheLondonCouncil.TheCouncil,composedofbusinessmen,politiciansandPuritans,hadrailed*againsttheGlobeandothertheatersasvile*breedingplacesof"seditious*matters,andmanyothercorruptionsofyouth."TheClink,however,wasruleddirectlybyQueenElizabeth,whohadlittlepatiencewiththecouncil'spuritanical*views.ThoughtheGlobewascompletelydestroyedbythe1613fire,ithadmadeitsowners--includingShakespeare--soprosperousthattheyrebuiltitwithintheyear"inafairermannerthanbefore."ExerciseA:Londonhasover100theatres,includingfringeandsuburbantheatres.HalfofthemmaybefoundintheWestEnd,centeredaroundShaftesburyAvenueandCoventGarden,suchastheNationalTheatre,andtheRoyalCourtTheatre.ExerciseB:1.C2.B3.D4.B5.A6.B7.D8.CExerciseC:1.Shortlyafter2o'clockonaMondayafternooninJune,1613.2.ThefinestfireLondonhadseensinceSt.Paul'ssteepleburnedupin1561.3.Byboat.4.Bysellingsharestoagroupofactors.5.Itwasrebuiltwithintheyear.Passage2TheHousesofParliamentTheHousesofParliamentareLondon'sfinestbuilding.Ourwalktakesyouroundtheexterior,tellsthebuilding'shistoryandcoverstheinterestinglittleareabeyond,withinthesoundofthedivisionbell.Sometimesyoucangetinsideanditisworthmakingeveryefforttodoso.Thearrangementsarecomplicatedbutopportunitiesareimproving.TherehasbeenapalaceatWestminster*sincebefore1066,occupiedbyroyaltyuntilHenryVIIIabandoneditforWhitehallPalacein1512.Itsuseforparliamentswasoriginallyaroyalconcession,beginninginthereign*ofEdwardI,whenthe"model"parliamentmetinWestminsterHall.There-afterthelordswereabletousethepalaceandtheCommonshadtomanageasbesttheycould,oftenintheChapterHouse*ofWestminsterAbbey.St.Stephen'sChapel,thepalace'sownchiefplaceofworship,wassecularized*attheReformationandbecameaconvenientmeetingplacefortheCommons.Itwashere,occupyingthechoirstallsarrangedoppositeoneanotherfor
129antiphonal*choralmusic,thatovertimethemembersdividedthemselvesintotwoopposing"parties."Thus,architectureeffectivelydeterminedthedevelopmentofthetwo-partysystemofBritishgovernment.Somatterscontinueduntil1834whenthechapelandnearlyalltherestofthemedieval*palaceweredestroyedbyafire,intendedtoburnoldtally-slicksbutwhichgottotallyoutofhand.Varioussuggestionsforrebuildinghadbeenmadeintheintervening*300yearsbuthadcometonothing.Nowtherewasnoalternative.AparliamentarycommitteeannouncedthatthedesignsforacompletelynewHousesofParliamentwereinvited,"intheGothic*orElizabethanstyle,"consciouslyrejectingtwocenturiesofClassicism*.Thisdesignspecificationwaspartlyareferencetothepartsoftheoldbuilding,includingWestminsterHall,whichhadsurvived,andtoWestminsterAbbeynearby,butalsoreflectedthethengrowingperceptionofGothicorTudor*asanationalstyle.Workbeganin1837:theHouseofLordswascompletedin1847andtheCommonsin1852.Someofthelaterpartstookanundulylongtime,andtheventilation*systemcausedparticulardifficulty.Specialtroublewastakenoverthedecorationoftheinterior,fromstainedglasstoinkwells*,butalsointheprovisionofpaintingsandsculpture.PrinceAlberttookapersonalinterestandchairedtheSelectCommittee,pressingonthedesignersthevalueoffresco*,incompatiblethoughthetechniquewaswithEnglishweather.In1940,mostoftheHouseofCommonswasdestroyedbybombs,andwaslaterrebuiltbySirGilesGilbertScott.ExerciseA:ThebestplaceswhichyouwanttovisitareWestminsterAbbey,BuckinghamPalace,TrafalgarSquare,Nelson'sColumn,St.Paul'sCathedral,theTowerofLondon,theLondonBridge,andthesightsofRiverThamesCruise.ExerciseB:1.B2.A3,C4.A5.D6.C7.B8.DExerciseC:1.In1512.2.Theyweredestroyedbyafire.3.PrinceAlbert,4.TheHouseofCommonswascompletedin1852.5.ItisthecelebrationofBritishgovernment,withitsmixtureofmonarchyanddemocracy.Part3NewsNewsItemIFightingbetweenArabandAfricantribeshaskilledatleast70peopleanddisplacedthousandsmorethisweekintheDarfurregionofwesternSudan.
130AfricanleadersmeetingintheEthiopiancapitalAddisAbabameanwhileWednesdaywereconsideringsendingtroopstotheDarfurregiontoprotecttheonemillioncivilianswhohavefledArabmili6as.TheAU'sPeaceandSecurityCouncilhasalreadyrecommendedsending300armedsoldierstoDarftlrtoprotectAUmonitorsofashakyceasefiresignedbetweenKhactoumandrebelsinApril.Sudansaiditwouldnotblockthedeployment.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutfightingbetweenArabandAfricantribesExerciseB:FightingbetweenArabandAfricantribeshaskilledatleast70peopleanddisplacedthousandsmorethisweekintheDarfurregionofwesternSudanAfricanleadersmeetingintheEthiopiancapitalAddisAbabameanwhileWednesdaywereconsideringsendingtroopstotheDarfurregiontoprotecttheonemillioncivilianswhohavefledArabmilitias.TheAU'sPeaceandSecurityCouncilhasalreadyrecommendedsending300armedsIdlerstoDarfurtoprotectAUmonitorsofashakyceasefiresignedbetweenKhartoumandrebelsinApril.Sudansaiditwouldnotblockthe.deploymentNewsItem2OpposingsidesintheLiberianconflicthavesignedapeaceagreementtoend14yearsofwar,Liberia's2rebelgroupsandgovernmentofficialssignedtheagreementMondayinGhana.Theyagreedtoapowersharingtemporarygovernmentandparliament.FormerVicepresidentMosesBlahwillruleLiberiauntilOctober.Thencandidatesfrompoliticalpartiesorciviliangroupswillbechosenforthe2toppositionsinanewadministration.Delegatesagreedthatmembersoftheformergovernmentorrebelgroupswouldnotbepermittedinthe2toppositions.ThisnewgovernmentwillruleLiberiauntilJanuary2006.Atthattimeelectionswillbeheld.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutapeaceagreementsignedinLiberiaandanewgovernmenttobeestablishedExerciseB:1.F2.T3.T4.F5.F6,TNewsItem3TheLibyangovernmentistomakepaymentstothefamiliesofvictimsofthebombingofPanAmFlight103overLockerbie,Scotland,in1988.Libyaacceptedresponsibilityforthebombinglastyear.TheliftingofthesanctionsdoesnotdetractfromLibya'sobligationtopay$2.7billion,or$10millionperfamily,incompensationforthe270victims.TheUnitedStatesimposedtravelandotherrestrictionsonLibyaintheearly.1980sandaddedbroadsanctionsin1986afterLibyawasblamedforthebombingofadiscoinBerlin,Germany,thatkilledtwoU.S.servicemenandaTurkishwoman,andwounded229,including79Americans.ExerciseA:
131ThisnewsitemisaboutLibya’sacceptancetomakecompensationforthebombingofPanAmflightoverLockerbie.ExerciseB:TimeofthebombingofPanAmFlight103overLockerbiein1988Numberofvictims270ResponsibilityacceptedbyLibyanlastyearLibya'scompensationtopay$2.7billionor$10millionperfamilyTravelandotherrestrictionsonLibyaintheearly1980sAddedbroadsanctionsin1986───────┘RetellingSallywasgoingonherfirstcampingtrip.Herhusband,whowasaScoutLeader,wassicksoshevolunteeredtotakeoverforhimoneweekend.Shegoteveryonetogetherandassigneddifferentdutiestoeachscout.Gabbywasresponsibleforthefoodsupplies.Mikewouldbethecookduringthistrip.Iohnniewasresponsiblefortheirmapsandmakingupatimeschedule.Timwastodecideontheirevents,andtofitthemintoJohnnie'sschedule.Sallywouldtestalltheirequipmentbeforesettingout.TheyarrivedatBigMooseMountainandeveryonewasexcited.Theyarrivedrightonscheduleandweregettingreadyfortheirfirstevent--hikingupthemountain.Theyfirstwantedtogetsomethingtoeat.SallyaskedMikeifhewouldpreparethemeal,andMikesaidhewould.About10minuteslaterhecamebackandtoldSally,"Ican'tmakesupper.Ican'tlightafirewiththematchesyoubrought."Sallyreplied,"1can'tunderstandthat.Thosematchesshouldbeperfectlyfine.Itestedthemalljustbeforeweleft."SectionFourSupplementaryExercises"G22'DevelopingNationsInSeptember,theWorldTradeOrganizationmeetinginCancan,Mexico,endedwithoutanagreement.Therewasstrongdebateaboutpaymentstofarmersindevelopednations.MorenegotiationsareplannedforDecemberinGeneva.AtCancun,theUnitedStateshadproposedthatmajorindustrialnationsreducepaymentstofarmersby66percentoverfiveyears.Italsoproposedtheyendallagriculturalsubsidies*by2015.Inreturn,theplancalledfordevelopingnationstolowertaxesonimportsandtoopentheirmarketstoforeigninvestors.Developingnationsformedacoalition*calledtheGroupof22.Theysaidrichnationswerenotwillingtoofferenough.Afterthetalksended,AmericanTradeRepresentativeRobertZoellicksaidtheUnitedStateswouldmovetowardfreetradewith"can-docountries."Hecriticizedwhathecalled"won't-docountries."BrazilianForeignMinisterCelsoAmorimtoldNewsweekmagazinethatthe
132talksdidnotendbecauseofagriculture.Hesaysthemeetingbrokedownoverdemandsbywealthynationstodiscussrulesforgovernmentpurchasing,tradefinancingandcompetitiveness.Brazilhasbeenamajororganizerofthegroup.ChinaandIndiaarealsomembers.OthersincludeArgentina*,Egypt,Indonesia,Mexico,Nigeria*,PakistanandSouthAfrica.Butthegroupnolongerhas22members.LastweekanotherLatinAmericancountryinformedtheothersofitsdecisiontoleave.CostaRica*joinedColombia,PeruandElSalvador*.Eachyear,richnationsspendabout300,000milliondollarsonfarmsubsidies.Subsidiespermitnationstoreducethepriceoftheirexports.Thiscanforcedownpricesonworldmarkets.'AtCancan,AfricanandCaribbean*nationsobjectedtothesubsidiesforAmericancottonfarmers.Thefarmershavehighproductioncosts.Thegovernmentpaysthemmorethan3,000milliondollarsayear.TheEuropeanUnionpayslargesubsidiestokeepitsagriculturalproductscompetitive.Japanplacesimporttaxesofupto1,000percentonforeignrice.AfterCancun,someexpertssaypoornationsareinabetterpositiontonegotiate.Others,liketheBrazilianforeignminister,saythetalkswereonlypartofacontinuingprocess.ExerciseA:TheWTOConferenceTimeInSeptemberPlaceCancun.MexicoIssuedebatePaymentstofarmersindevelopednationsProposalbytheU.SMajorindustrialnationsreducepaymentstofarmersby66percentoverfiveyears.Inreturn,developingnationslowertaxesonimportsandopentheirmarketstoforeigninvestorsExerciseB:1.AcoalitioncalledtheGroupof22isformedbydevelopingcountries.2,Brazilisamajororganizerofthegroup.MembersincludeChina,India,Argentina.EgyptIndonesia,Mexico.Nigeria.PakistanandSouthAfrica.3.Eachyear,richnationsspendabout300.000milliondollarsonfarmsubsidies,whichpermitnationstoreducethepriceoftheirexports.4.Japanplacesimporttaxesofupto1,000percentonforeignrice.5.Themeetingbrokedownduetodemandsbywealthynationstodiscussrulesforgovernmentpurchasing,tradefinancingandcompetitiveness.Unit16Part1Phonetics-Stress,IntonationandAccentLinda:Ilovefood,ingeneral.
133Kenneth:Yeah,Ilikefoodgenerally,also.Idon'thaveanyparticularfavoritefood,butIdon'tlikehotfood,Imean...Linda:Spicy?Kenneth:Uh,spicy,Imean,toomuchspicyfood,Imean,toobitter,orsour,orsomething,ortoosweet...Linda:Youlikekindofneutral...Kenneth:Yeah,neutral,right.Linda:Really?Oh,Ilovespicyfood.Kenneth:Oh.Linda:Youdon'tlikecurriesoranythinglikethat?Kenneth:Ilikecurry,butnottoomuchspice.Linda:Um,yeah,Idon'tlikesweetthingseither.Japanesesweetsareverysweet.Idon'tlikethat,no.Butspicyfood,yeah.Kenneth:Yeah,toosweetthingsandtoobitterthings,Idon'tlike.Ilike,Imean,inthemiddle...neutral...Linda:You'renotavegetarian,areyou?Kenneth:No,I'mnot.Linda:Meneither.Kenneth:Areyou?Linda:No...no.ExerciseLikeDislikeLindaSpicyfoodSweetthingsKennethNottoobitter,orsour,ortoosweetHotfoodorspicyfoodPart2PredictionandInferenceA:Thereheis.B:Where?A:Overthere.He'soverthere.Look.B:Him!ANo,theotherone.Inthefawn-colouredcoat.B:Oh,that'shim!Exercise:1.Theyareprobablyfriends.2.Theyaretalkingaboutacelebrity.3.ThedialogueprobablytakEsplaceatacrowdedplace,likeastadiumoratheatre.Dialogue1AFootballerBobby:Well,Frank,howdoyoufeelafterthat?Frank:Absolutelyshattered*.Jimmy:Comeon!Thatwasonlyalightday'straining.Youshouldseeahardday's
134work-out*!Frank:What!Exercisesallmorning,road-runningthisafternoon,whatmorecanyoudo?Bobby:He'sonlyjoking,Frank.He'sabitofaslave-driver.I'llsayonething,though.Hedoeseverythingthatheasksustodo.Frank:IthinkI'veprobablyoverdoneitabit.Jimmy:What'sthematter?Frank:IthinkI'vetwisted*myankle.Jimmy:Mm,itlooksalittleswollen.You'dbettergoandseethephysiotherapist*whenhecomesbackandgetitstrappedup*.Frank:Thanks,Iwill.Tellme,Jimmy,howlonghaveyoubeenusingthiscentrefortraining'?Jimmy:Aboutfifteenyearsnow,andit'sbeginningtoshow,I'mafraid.Actually,ifwegouptoDivisionOne...Bobby:Whenwegoup,youmean,boss...Jimmy:Isaid"if."Therearestilltwomatchestoplayandweneedtwopoints.Let'stakeitstepbystep.AsIwassaying,ifwegetpromotion,we'llhavethewholeplacedecorated.Ithinkwe'llgetsomenewshowersputinaswell.Ifthere'senoughmoney,we'llevenhaveaswimmingpoolinstalled.Bobby:Itsoundsmorelikeaholidaycampthanatrainingcentre.Jimmy:Veryfunny!Andyou'llhavetogetyourhaircutbeforeSaturdayoryouwon'tevenbeabletoseetheball,nevermindscore.Exercise:_T1.Frankisexhausted.(Frank:Absolutelyshattered.)_T2.Frankhasjustfinishedroadrunning.(Frank:What!Exercisesallmorning,road-runningthisafternoon,whatmorecanyoudo?)F3.Theyareallplayers.(Jimmyisprobablytheircoach.Bobby:He'sonlyjoking,Frank.He'sabitofaslave-driver.I'llsayonething,though.Hedoeseverythingthatheasksustodo.)T4.Frankisprobablyanewcomer.(Heknowsverylittleabouttheteam.)T5.Frankhassprainedhisankle.(Frank:IthinkI'vetwistedmyankle.)F.6.Frankshouldgotoseethedoctorimmediately.(Jimmy:Mm,itlooksalittleswollen.You'dbettergoandseethephysiotherapistwhenhecomesbackandgetitstrappedup,)T7.Thetrainingcentreprobablylooksshabby.(Jimmy:Aboutfifteenyearsnow,andit'sbeginningtoshow,I'mafraid.)T8.Probablytherewillbeamatchattheweekend.(Jimmy:Veryfunny!Andyou'llhavetogetyourhaircutbeforeSaturdayoryouwon'tevenbeableto
135seetheball,nevermindscore.)Dialogue2APensionSchemeYoungwoman:Goodmorning,MrSutton.Myname'sPatriciaDoddfromNeptuneLifeAssurance*.I...Clive:I'msorry,MissDodd,butIdon'twanttowasteanymoreofyourtime.I'mreallynotinterestedin...Youngwoman:I'mnotsellinglifeinsurance,ifthat'swhatyouweregoingtosay.Clive:Aren'tyou?Don'ttellmeyouaren'ttryingtosellmesomething.Youngwoman:MrSutton,you'reself-employed,yourbusinessisexpanding,buthowdoyotintendtolivewhenyoureachtheageofsixty-fiveorseventy'?.Clive:I'llhavesoldthebusinessbythen.Isupposethat'llbemypension.Youngwoman:Haveyouevenconsideredcontributingtoapensionscheme?Clive:Asamatteroffact,I'veoftenthoughtaboutit,butI'venevergotroundtoit.Look,I'mreallyverybusy,Now...Youngwoman:Doyourealise,MrSutton,thatatforty-five,it'syourlastchancetojoinbeforeitbecomesreallyexpensive?Andthegovernment'sthinkingofstop-pingtaxrelief*forpensionssoon.Ithinkit'dbeagreatpityifyoumissedtheopportunity.Clive:Mm,Isee.Couldyouquotemeanyroughfigures?Youngwoman:Yes,themostsensiblethingforyouwouldbetopayaround￡50permonth-wthat'dmeanonly￡37outofpocket,ofcourse.You'dbefullycoveredforsicknessandaccident,too.Clive:Andwhatsortofapensionwouldthatgivemeatsixty-five?Youngwoman:Youcouldlookforwardtoalumpsumof,say,￡18,000andanannualpensionofaboutfiveandahalfthousandpoundsforlife.Clive:Imustsay,thefiguresdosoundratherattractive.Youngwoman:Thenyou'llconsiderthescheme,MrSutton.Itisinyourowninterest.Exercise:BBDCCCABPassage1ImprovingStudyingResults(I)Ithasbeenproventhatshortburstsofconcentrationrepeatedfrequentlyaremuchmoreeffectivethanonelongsession*.So,evenifyouonlyhave10minutes,DOIT.Takeabreak.Thenstudyanother10minutes.This"distributedlearning"approachishighlyefficientbecauseithonorsthewaythebrainlikestowork,Thebrainneedsrecoveryandrechargingtimefor"proteinsynthesis."Therestperiodsarewhenyourbrainassimilates*youreffort.Theyareapowerfultoolwhichmanyteachersdonotacknowledge.Tositandstudyforhoursandhoursisnotonlyboring,itcreatesfatigue,stress,anddistraction.Youcannotlearnifyouarefatigued,stressed,
136anddistracted!Donotstudyifyouaretired,angry,distracted,orinahurry.Whenthebrainisrelaxed,itislikeaspongeanditnaturallyabsorbsdatawithouteffort.Ifyouareemotionallystressed,yourbrainliterallyrepelsdata.Forcingyourselftositandstudywhenyourmindisonotherthingsisacompletewasteoftime!Whenyoulearnsomethingnew,trytogooverthepointsthesameday.Ifyouwaitafewdaysandthenmakeeffortstoreviewthematerial,itwillseemmuchlessfamiliar.However,aquickreviewlaterinthedaywilltendtocementtheinformationintoyourbrainsothatthenext"official"studysession,youwillrecognizeitanditwillseemeasy.Thinkoftheactivitiesyoudidwhenyouwereinnurseryschool.Usingyourwholearm,youprobablyperformedthesongthatgoes:"Putyourrighthandin;Putyourrighthandout."Then,inkindergarten,usingyourhand,youmighthavebeenaskedtodrawlinesorcircleswithcrayons.Later,infirstgrade,nowholdingthepencilwithyourfingers,youdrewsmallerlinesandcirclestocreateletters.Believeitornot,thisnaturallearningsequence,movingfromlargetosmall,coarsetofine,stillremainseffectiveeventhoughwearenowolder.Whenyoustudy,ifyoutryfirsttograspthebigpictureandthenfillinthedetails,youoftenhaveamorelikelychanceofsuccess.Ifyourequirecertainelementsinyourenvironmenttohelpyoustudy,trytoalwaysmaketheseapriority.Forexample,doyouneedspeciallighting,silence,music,privacy,availablesnacks,etc.?Payattentiontowhatworksforyouandrepeatiteachtimeyoustudyforbestsuccess.A:Itishardtodefineit.Itmayvaryfrompersontoperson,andisgreatlyaffectedbylearningenvironment.B:DACBDBADC:1.Youwillfeelfatigued,stressed,anddistracted.2.Donotstudy.3.Itwillseemmuchlessfamiliar.4.Itstillremainseffective.5.Youshouldtryfirsttograspthebigpicture.Passage2ImprovingStudyingResults(11)Itisnormalforthebraintohaveanattrition*rateandtoforgetthings.Thisdoesnotmeanthatyouarestupid!Insteadofgettingmadaboutthisfact,youshouldexpectitanddealwithitaccordingly.Seeyourbrainasdepositinglayersofknowledge.Asyouplacemoreinformationontop,thelowerlevelsbecomeolderandlessavailabletoyourimmediaterecall.Thetrickhereissimplytoreview.Sincewecananticipatetheeventualfadingofourmemory,creatingareviewaspecttoourstudysessionwillsolvetheproblem.Onceeverytwoorthreestudysessions,simplyreviewoldermaterialthatyouwillbestillneedingtoremember.Often,aquickoverviewissufficient.Sometimes,acompletedetailedstudysessionoftheoldermaterialisrequired."Brainfade"iscompletelynormal.(Unlessyouaregiftedwithaphotographicmemory,whichisextremelyrare.)Generally,ifyouschedulecertaintimesofthedaytostudy,youwillgetintoaroutineand
137accomplishmore.Ifyoujust"fititin"duringyourday,chancesarethattherewillneverbeanytime.Aneffectivewaytodothisistoliterally*markitdowninyourdatebookcalendarasifyouhaveanappointment,likegoingtothedoctor.Forexample:"Tuesday3:00-4:30P.M.--Study."Oneofthemainreasonspeopledonotreachtheirgoalsisbecausetheysetthemtoohigh.Ifyousetgoalsthataremanageable,eveniftheyseemtoosimple,yougetinthehabitofaccomplishingthemandgraduallyyoucansethighergoals.Also,recognizethedifferencebetweenlong-termandshort-termgoals.Setyourvisiononthelong-termdream,butyourday-to-dayactivityshouldbefocusedexclusively*ontheshort-term,enablingsteps.Ironically,thequickertheperson'snervoussystem,thefastertheylearn.Yet,thisfastnervoussystemalsoworksovertimeinbeingself-critical.Sotheyaretheoneswhoalwaysthinktheyaren'tgoingfastenough!Incontrast,the"TypeB"lessintensepersonwholearnssloweryetismoreself-accepting,endsupultimatelylearningthematerialinashorterperiodoftime.Thisisbecause(he/shedoesn'twasteenergyblocking,gettingupset,andthinkingthatthey'renotgoodenough–theysimplykeepmovingforwardataslower(butunblocked)pace.A:Thesmartestisinyour20'sandaman'smemorybeginstofadearound30.B:CDBBABAC1.C2.D3.B4.B5.A6.B7.A8.CExerciseC:1.Creatingareviewaspecttoourstudysessionwillsolvetheproblem.2.Aneffectivewaytodothisistoliterallymarkitdowninyourdatebookcalendar.3.Forexample,likegoingtoseethedoctoronTuesday3:00-4:30P.M.--Study.4.Ifyousetgoalsthataremanageable,eveniftheyseemtoosimple,you'dbettergetinthehabitofaccomplishingthem,andgraduallyyoucansethighergoals.5.Thisisbecausehe/shedoesn'twasteenergyblocking,gettingupset,andthinkingthattheyarenotgoodenough.Part3NewsNewsItemINewapplicationsforU.S.mortgagesjumpedlastweek,asinterestrateson30-yearmortgages*averagedbelow6percentforthefirsttimesincemid-April.TheMortgageBankersAssociationsaiditsseasonallyadjustedmarketindex,ameasureofmortgageactivity,climbedfortheweekendedJuly2by19.5percentto687,itshighestlevelinnearlytwomonths,fromthepreviousweek's575.Thirty-yearmortgagerates,excludingfees,averaged5.96percent,down0.25percentagepointfromthepreviousweek's6.21percent.ExerciseA:Thisnewsitemisaboutinterestrateson30-yearmortageesaveragedbelow6percentforthefirsttimesincemid-AprilintheU.S.ExerciseB:NewapplicationsforU.S.mortgagesjumpedlastweek,asinterestrateson30-yearmortgagesaveragedbelow6percentforthefirsttimesincemid-April.
138TheMortgageBankersAssociationsaiditsseasonallyadjustedmarketindex,ameasureofmortgageactivity,climbedfortheweekendedJuly2by19.5percentto687,itshighestlevelinnearlytwomonths,fromthepreviousweek's575.Thirty-yearmortgagerates,excludingfees,averaged5.96percent,down0.25percentagepointfromthepreviousweek's6.21percent.NewsItem2EnergygiantTotal'ssubsidiary*hasshutdownoilandgasproductioninNigeriainthefaceofathreatenedlaborstrikethatraisedmanagementfearsforthe"safetyoflifeandproperty."ElfNigeria,subsidiaryofFranco-BelgianownedTotal,closedproductionofthe235,000barrelsofoiland187millioncubicfeetofnaturalgasitnormallyproduceseachday.Theshutdownaccountsfor*roughlyl0percentofNigeria'stotalproductionof2.5millionbarrelsaday.Nigeriaistheworld'sseventh-largestexporterandthefifth-biggestsourceofU.S.oilimports.ItisAfrica'slargestoilexporter.TheElfNigeriaspokesmansaidtheunusual,"precautionary*"shutdownbeganFridayto"avoidanydamagetolifeandproperty"includingsabotage*toequipment.Suspension*wouldlastindefinitely.ExerciseA:ThisnewsitemisaboutashutdownofoilandgasproductioninNigeria.ExerciseB:1.EnergygiantTotal'ssubsidiaryhasshutdownoilandgasproductioninNigeriainthefaceofathreatenedlaborstrike.2.ElfNigeriaclosedproductionofthe235,000barrelsofoiland187millioncubicfeetofnaturalgasitnormallyproduceseachday.3.Nigeriaistheworld'sseventh-largestexporterandthefifth-biggestsourceofU.S.oilimports.ItisAfrica'slargestoilexporter.4.Theunusual,"precautionary"shutdownbeganFridayto"avoidanydamagetolifeandproperty"includingsabotagetoequipment.5.No,suspensionwouldlastindefinitely.NewsItem3TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilhasapprovedaUnitedStatessupportedresolutionthatopensIraq'snewgoverningcouncil.ThemeasurealsowelcomesaUNaidoperationinIraq.Thecouncilvoted14to0onThursdaytoapprovetheresolution.Syriadidnotvoteafterfailingtogainmoretimetoconsiderchangesintheresolution.Theresolutioncomesalmost5monthsaftertheSecurityCouncilrefusedtoapprovetheUnitedStates-ledwarinIraq.TheUnitedStatesreachedtheagreementwith4otherpermanentSecurityCouncilmembersaboutthewordingoftheThursdayresolution.Russia,China,BritainandFranceagreedtothemeasurebeforeitwaspresentedtothe10non-permanentcouncilmembers,A:ThisnewsitemisabouttheUN'sapprovalofaUnitedStatessupportedresolution.ExerciseB:TFFTFTSpeedintheSupermarketAnAmericanhousewifewaspushingherbasketofshoppingthroughasupermarket
139withonehand.Withherotherhandshewasholdingontohersmallchildren.Shearrivedatthecheckoutcounterandthought:"Nowanother20minutes."Butherhillwasreadyin20seconds.Twentyseconds?Yes.A~newmachineishelpingcustomersinahurry.Anelectronicsystem"reads"asmallstampofblackandwhitelinesoneachtin,boxorbottle.Theselittlelinesgivethecomputeralltheinformationitneeds--thekindofproduct,thepriceandthetax.Thegirlatthecountersimplymovesthegroceriesalonginfrontofthe"eye"ofthemachine.Andthebillisreadyinnotime.Mostpeopleareverypleasedwiththisnewidea.Themachines--nowin20supermarketsintheUnitedStates--savealotoftimeandmoney.Andtheydon'tmakeasmanymistakesaspeople.Someshoppers,however,arecomplaining.Theycan'treadthepriceofthefoodonatinwhenalltheycanseeislittleblackandwhitelines.Thepricesareontheshelvesbuttheywantthemoneachtin.Manypeoplearen'tsurethatmachinesarehonestshopkeepers!Thenewmachinesareveryexpensive.Buteveryone,eventhesewordedshoppers,willbehappyif,intheend,theybringfoodpricesdown.TuskegeeAirmenTherewasalittlefogneartheground.Buttheskywasclear.Theairplanesflewintotheair.ItwasonlyafewminutesbeforetheplaneswereflyingovertheMediterraneanSea.Theseawascalm,andveryblue.ItwasJuly1st,1943.TheplaneswerepartoftheUnitedStatesArmyAirForces,the99thPursuitSquadron.TheywereresponsibleforguardingbomberairplanestravellingtoItaly.Thepilotstestedtheirguns.Whentheyweresatisfiedthattheirgunswereinfiringcondition,theyflewtheplanesintopositiontoguardthebombers.Atthetargetarea,thebombersbegantounloadtheirbombs.Cloudsofsmokerosefromtheexplosions.Agroupofenemyfightersimmediatelyappearedtoattackthebomberplanes.Theenemyairplanesflewnear.Thepilotsofthe99thattackedthem.Inthebattlethatfollowed,themenofthe99thgainedtheirfirstvictory.LieutenantCharlesB.HallshotdownaGermanairplane.Hesaiditwasthefirsttimehehadseentheenemycloseenoughtoshootat.HesawtwoGermanairplanesfollowingthebombersjustafterthebombsweredropped.CharlesHallwontheDistinguishedFlyingCrossforhisservicethatday.Heandtheotherpilotsofthe99thPursuitSquadronhadcomealongwayfromTuskegee,Alabama,tofightthatbattle.TheTuskegeeairmentookpartinthemostfamousbattlesinItaly.TheseincludedthebattlesovertheMonteCassinomonastery*betweenRomeandNaplesandtheinvasionsofSalerno*andAnzio.AtAnzio,inJanuaryof1944,thepilotsofthe99thsquadronshotdowneighteenenemyairplanes.Theirperformanceearnedthemtwoawards.And,theirrecordledtheArmyAirForcestodecidetousemoreblackpilotsinthewar.TheTuskegeeairmenguardedbomberairplanes.Theydestroyedmorethan100enemyair-planesintheairand150othersontheground.Theyflewmorethan200combatflightsinGermanyin1945.NotonealliedbomberfelltoenemyfighterswhenguardedbytheTuskegeeairmen.Theywereconsideredthebestattheirjob.
140996blackpilotsweretrainedatTuskegeeAirfieldbeforeWorldWarIlended.ForblackAmericansduringWorldWarII,theTuskegeeairmenrepresentedbothhonorandinequality.85ofthemwontheDistinguishedFlyingCrossduringthewar.Yettheirseparationfromwhitetroopswasapowerfulsignoftheracialpoliciesofthemilitary.Backincivilianlife,manyoftheTuskegeeairmenbecamelawyers,doctors,judges,congressmenandmayors.Theirfightingspirithadhelpedthemsurvivebattlesandunequaltreatment.Athome,theircontinuedfightingspirithelpedleadthewaytocivilrightsprogressintheUnitedStates.ExerciseA:1.Whatisthe99thPursuitSquadron?ItispartoftheUnitedStatesArmyAirForcesduringWorldWarI1.2.Whatwasthetaskofthe99thPursuitSquadron?Itstaskwastoguardbomberairplanes.3.Wheredidthepilotsofthe99thPursuitSquadroncomefrom?TheycamefromTuskegee.Alabama.4.Whataretheyproudof?.NotonealliedbomberfelltoenemyfighterswhenguardedbytheTuskegeeairmen.5.HowmanyTuskegeeairmenwereawardedduringthewar?85wontheDistinguishedFlyingCross.6.Wasthereanyracialdiscriminationinthearmy?Howdoyouknowit?Yes.therewas.TheTuskegeeairmenwereseparatedfromthewhitetroops.7.Whatdidtheydowhentheywerebackincivilianlife?Backincivilianlife.manyofthembecamelawyers,doctors,judges,congressmenandmayors.B:1.BeforeWorldWarIlended996blackpilotsweretrainedatTuskegeeAirfield.2.Themenofthe99thPursuitSquadrongainedtheirfirstvictoryinJuly1st.1943.3.TheTuskegeeairmentookpartinthemostfamousbattlesinItaly.AtAnzio,inJanuaryof1944thepilotsofthe99thsquadronshotdowneighteenenemyairplanes.4.Duringthewar,theydestroyedmorethan100enemyairplanesintheairand150othersontheground.5.Theyflewmorethan200combatflightsinGermanyin1945.
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