40天攻克大家英语四级(阅读·简答分册)

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40天攻克大家英语四级(阅读·简答分册)Day1典型英语文章的写作脉络和答题步骤　　典型英语文章的　　写作脉络和答题步骤及技巧　　总的来说，英语文章结构比较严谨，脉络清楚，所以我们在读任何文章的时候，脑子里面一定要有一根线，先掌握了典型文章的展开方法，再加上一些引子等，就成了所有四级阅读文章的结构。我们先以2000年6月的文章为例进行讲解体会。　　请在2分钟以内读完这篇文章：　　2000.6　　Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?　　Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian（百姓的）clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity（身份）thantostepoutofuniform?　　Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible（可减税的）.Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.　　Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.　　Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelonglasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.　　同学们肯定说2分钟不可能读完，但实际上我们只需要读下面这些划线的句子，这篇文章的脉络就出来了。　　Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,…WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?　　Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian（百姓的）clothes.　　Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.　　Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.　　Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.　　文章第一段给出了主题：uniforms，并且提出了问题：WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?（为什么制服在美国如此受欢迎？）

1　　在第二段作者讨论支持制服的主要原因，我们需要注意两个词：for,first。第三段紧接着提到制服的一些实际的好处。　　第四段作者的笔锋一转，提到反对制服的主要原因，两个关键词是：primary,against。同样，在第五段给出的是一些反对制服实际的问题。　　本文可以分为主题段（第一段）和展开段（第二、三和四、五段）。其中二、三段是一个小的展开，四、五段是第二个小的展开。读到这里，同学们实际上应该知道，这篇文章主要讲的是制服的优点（第二、三段）和缺点（第四、五段）。那么做本文的第五题就很容易了：　　5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.　　A)UniformsandSociety　　B)TheImportanceofWearingaUniform　　C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform　　D)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms　　答案显而易见是D)。而且我们可以有这样的判断：第二、四段应该是老师出题的重点，因为它们讲的是主要的方面；而三、五段可以一带而过，因为讨论的是一些次要的内容。同时，我们应该了解每篇文章不是每一句话都要仔细读的。实际上，每篇文章都有四分之一左右的内容不需要读。如果我们觉得有一句话不读就不放心的话，那么可以读，但是对那些次要的内容不能花过多的时间，基本上扫一眼知道不重要就行了。　　请读本文的前四题，并且找到它们在文中对应的地方（先不要做题）：　　1.ItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyandindividuality.　　A)stilljudgeamanbyhisclothes　　B)holdtheuniforminsuchhighregard　　C)enjoyhavingaprofessionalidentity　　D)willrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneralinuniform　　2.Peopleareaccustomedtothinkingthatamaninuniform.　　A)suggestsqualitywork　　B)discardshissocialidentity　　C)appearstobemorepractical　　D)lookssuperiortoapersonincivilianclothes　　3.Thechieffunctionofauniformisto.　　A)providepracticalbenefitstothewearer　　B)makethewearercatchthepubliceye　　C)inspirethewearer’sconfidenceinhimself　　D)providethewearerwithaprofessionalidentity　　4.Accordingtothepassage,peoplewearinguniforms.　　A)areusuallyhelpful　　B)havelittleornoindividualfreedom　　C)tendtolosetheirindividuality　　D)enjoygreaterpopularity　　可以看出，第一题出自第一段，中间两题出自第二段，第四题出自第四段。　　【文章大意】　　美国人特别为自己的多样性和个性而自豪，但是他们却非常喜爱和尊重制服，无论是电梯操作员的制服还是五星上将的制服。为什么制服在美国那么受欢迎呢?

2　　最重要的原因之一是，在很多人看来穿制服比穿便装看上去更加职业化，人们习惯于期待从穿制服的人身上得到更好的服务。如果电视机修理工穿着制服去修电视，就比穿便装更能给人带来信任感，穿制服的汽车修理工给人的感觉也是这样。另外，对于护士、警察、理发师和侍者来说，要想让别人不知道自己的职业身份，有什么方法比脱掉制服更加容易呢?　　制服还有一些很实际的好处，比如说你不需要花钱买别的衣服了，也不需要花钱去清洗它，而且它是可减税的。而且制服相对普通衣服来说更舒服，更耐穿。　　反对制服的观点主要是它们缺少变化，穿制服使人失去个性。尽管有很多种制服，但是一旦穿上了某一种制服，就一辈子穿下去了，没有任何变化，一直到退休为止。当人们看上去相像时，他们的思想、语言、行动也会变得相像，至少在工作中是这样的。　　制服也会带来一些很实际的问题。尽管它们比较耐穿，但是起初花费在制服上的钱可能会比普通衣服要高。还有一些制服，保养起来是非常花钱的，它们需要专业化的干洗，而不能在家里做普通的清洗。　　总结起来，英语文章如下图所示：　　　　　　图1　　英文行文方式：倒金字塔形，即最重要的内容一般放在最前面加以介绍，越往后重要性越低。　　在做阅读理解题时有两个标准：速度和准确度。四级阅读的速度要求是70wpm(wordsperminute)，准确度要求是70%以上。一般同学们有两种阅读顺序：　　①读文章→读题目和选项→回到文章中找答案→检查；　　②读题目和选项→读文章→做题→检查。　　分析一下，第一种方法可能同学们读得比较细，准确度的要求容易达到，但绝大部分人是无法在9分钟之内读完文章并做题的；而第二种方法容易达到速度的要求，准确度的要求又很难达到。　　综合这两种方法，可以归纳出既照顾速度又考虑准确度的阅读步骤：　　1）Skim→2）Readthequestions(withoutthechoices)→3）Scanandlocate→4）Review。　　1）为浏览全文。拿到一篇文章我们先花2分钟左右的时间读第一段的头三句话和后面每一段的第一句话，目的是掌握全文主题和每段大意。因为绝大部分英语文章的行文方式呈倒金字塔形（见上述），通常最重要的内容放在前面。　　2）为读题干，但不要读选项，花1.5分钟左右。读时应把题干的关键词注上下划线，这样带着问题读文章，定位就精确多了。　　3）为查读和定位。花5～7分钟找到题目所在的地方，并且做题。　　4）为检查。注意在检查时如果没有确凿把握，不要随意改动自己的第一选择，因为研究证明第一选择比第二选择的正确可能性大。　　大家再看下面这篇文章：　　ForanincreasingnumberofstudentsatAmericanuniversities,oldissuddenlyin.Thereasonisobvious:thegrayingofAmericameansjobs.Coupledwiththeagingofthebaby-boom（生育高峰）generation,alongerlifespanmeansthatthenation’selderlypopulationisboundtoexpandsignificantlyoverthenext50years.By2050,25percentofallAmericanswillbeolderthan65,upfrom14percentin1995.Thechangeposesprofoundquestionsforgovernmentandsociety,ofcourse.Butitalsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessions,andinlawandbusinessaswell.“Inadditiontothedoctors,we’regoingtoneedmoresociologists,biologists,urbanplannersandspecializedlawyers,”saysProfessorEdwardSchneiderofthe

3UniversityofSouthernCalifornia’s(USC)SchoolofGerontology（老年学）.　　Lawyerscanspecializein“elderlaw,”whichcoverseverythingfromtrustsandestatestonursing-homeabuseandagediscrimination（歧视）.Businessmenseehugeopportunitiesintheeldermarketbecausethebabyboomers,74millionstrong,arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory.“Anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,anMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney,”oneprofessorsays.　　MargariteSantosisa21-year-oldsenioratUSC.Shebegancollegeasabiologymajorbutfoundshewas“reallyboredwithbacteria.”Soshetookaclassingerontologyanddiscoveredthatshelikedit.Shesays,“Ididvolunteerworkinretirementhomesanditwasverysatisfying.”　　实际上我们只要读下面划线的部分就知道本文的中心和每段的主题了。　　ForanincreasingnumberofstudentsatAmericanuniversities,oldissuddenlyin.Thereasonisobvious:thegrayingofAmericameansjobs.Coupledwiththeagingofthebaby-boom（生育高峰）generation,alongerlifespanmeansthatthenation'selderlypopulationisboundtoexpandsignificantlyoverthenext50years.By2050,25percentofallAmericanswillbeolderthan65,upfrom14percentin1995.Thechangeposesprofoundquestionsforgovernmentandsociety,ofcourse.Butitalsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessions,andinlawandbusinessaswell.“Inadditiontothedoctors,we'regoingtoneedmoresociologists,biologists,urbanplannersandspecializedlawyers,”saysProfessorEdwardSchneideroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia’s(USC)SchoolofGerontology（老年学）.　　Lawyerscanspecializein“elderlaw,”whichcoverseverythingfromtrustsandestatestonursing-homeabuseandagediscrimination（歧视）.Businessmenseehugeopportunitiesintheeldermarketbecausethebabyboomers,74millionstrong,arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory.“Anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,anMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney,”oneprofessorsays.　　MargariteSantosisa21-year-oldsenioratUSC.Shebegancollegeasabiologymajorbutfoundshewas“reallyboredwithbacteria.”Soshetookaclassingerontologyanddiscoveredthatshelikedit.Shesays,“Ididvolunteerworkinretirementhomesanditwasverysatisfying.”　　我们知道文章的主题是“oldissuddenlyin.ThegrayingofAmericameansjobs”，即美国人的老年化给社会带来了多样的工作机会，也即老年学“gerontology”变得受欢迎。第二段作者从律师和商人两方面加以论证，第三段用一个学生的例子进行进一步说明。　　我们要想准确知道哪一个选项是正确选项，就需要了解迷惑项的出题方式。知道正确答案为什么对和错误选项为什么错。　　请先花五分钟时间做上面第二篇文章的五个问题：　　1.“…oldissuddenlyin”(Line1,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“”.　　A)Americahassuddenlybecomeanationofoldpeople　　B)gerontologyhassuddenlybecomepopular　　C)moreelderlyprofessorsarefoundonAmericancampuses　　D)Americancollegeshaverealizedtheneedofenrollingolderstudents　　2.WiththeagingofAmerica,lawyerscanbenefit.　　A)fromtheadoptionofthe“elderlaw”　　B)fromrenderingspecialservicestotheelderly　　C)byenrichingtheirprofessionalknowledge

4　　D)bywinningthetrustoftheelderlytopromotetheirowninterests　　3.Whycanbusinessmenmakemoneyintheemergingeldermarket?　　A)Retireesaremoregenerousinspendingmoney.　　B)Theycanemploymoregerontologists.　　C)Theelderlypossessanenormouspurchasingpower.　　D)Therearemoreelderlypeopleworkingthanbefore.　　4.Whocanmakebigmoneyinthenewcenturyaccordingtothepassage?　　A)Retireeswhoarebusiness-minded.　　B)Thevolunteerworkersinretirementhomes.　　C)CollegegraduateswithanMBAorlawdegree.　　D)Professionalswithagoodknowledgeofgerontology.　　5.ItcanbeseenfromthepassagethattheexpansionofAmerica’selderlypopulation.　　A)willprovidegoodjobopportunitiesinmanyareas　　B)willimposeanunbearableburdenonsociety　　C)mayleadtonursinghomeabuseandagediscrimination　　D)willcreatenewfieldsofstudyinuniversities　　老师在出迷惑选项时会有如下四种错误方式：　　图2　　第一步我们浏览文章，找到文章中心和每段大意。　　第二步同学们把题干中的关键词划线，然后就可以知道第1题应从头两句中找到答案，第2题应在第二段的第一句话找，第3题在第二段的第二句话找答案，第4题接着读第二段就可以，而最后一题为主旨题。　　第三步具体做题。　　1．【答案解析】B。我们通过头两句话可以知道答案。A)选项犯了二类错误，文中提到美国老年人越来越多，但这只是一个事实，不是作者的主题；C)选项犯了一类错误，文中根本没有提到美国校园里有越来越多的老年教授；D)选项也犯了一类错误，并没有提到美国大学认识到招收老年学生的必要性。　　2．【答案解析】A。第二段的第一句话意思是“律师可以专业于‘老年人法’，‘老年人法’包括了从信托到资产，从养老院虐待到年龄歧视的各种事情”。从这句话可知答案)。本题中的B)选项迷惑性最大，“律师可以从给老年人提供特殊服务中得益”。仔细分析，这个选项犯了三类错误，因为它的范围超出了原文，原文只是说了“老年人法”，而“特殊服务”的范畴比它大得多。C)容易排除，为一类错误。D)选项中的“trust”一词意思为“信任”，和原文中的“信托”并不是同一个意思，注意不要被出题老师迷惑。　　3．【答案解析】C。第二段的第二句话说“商人在老年人市场看到巨大的机会，因为七千四百多万生育高峰时期出生的人口很可能是人类历史上最富有的一群退休者。”故答案为C)，“老年人拥有巨大的购买力”。其中B)和D)容易排除，均为一类错误，无关选项。但很多同学会把A)误选为正确答案，这些同学的主观性太强。A)说“退休者花钱更大方”，是对原文进行的过分引申：有钱不一定就花钱大方。　　4．【答案解析】D。第二段最后一句话引用一位教授的话说明老年学的重要性。“任何学生如果把老年学的专业知识和比如工商管理硕士或法学位结合起来就有了印钱的执照”。本句话用一个比喻说明了这类学生可以挣大钱。故答案为D)，“有老年学知识的职业人士”。此处“职业人士”即指“商人或律师等”，与原文完全吻合。本题A)和B)选项容易排除，为一类错误。但C)迷惑性很大。C)说“有工商管理硕士或法学位的大学毕业生”，只说出了原文的一个方面，但“大学毕业生”的范畴远大于“有老年学专业知识的学生”

5，所以犯了三类错误。　　5．【答案解析】A。本题为主旨题。美国老年人口的增加会在很多领域提供很好的工作机会。B)过于夸大了老年人对社会造成的负担，为二类错误。C)选项只是现象，并不是结果，为二类错误。D)选项为一类错误，无关选项。　　经过了如此细致的分析，第四步检查时就可以很快完成了。　　【文章大意】　　对越来越多的美国大学生来说，老年学突然时髦起来。理由很明显：美国的人口老龄化意味一些就业机会。随着生育高峰一代的老龄化，人的寿命延长就意味着全国老年人口在今后50年内必然有相当大的增长。到2050年，65岁以上的美国人将从1995年的14%增长到25%。当然，这种变化给政府和社会提出一些深刻的问题。但是这也在医药卫生界以及法律和商业界创造了就业机会。南加利弗尼亚大学老年学学院的爱德华·施奈德教授说：“除了大夫，我们将迫切需要有更多的社会学家、生物学家、城市规划人员和专业律师。”　　律师可以成为“老年人法”专家，“老年人法”涉及从财产委托、房地产到敬老院虐待和年龄歧视等所有方面。商人在老年人市场看到巨大的商机，因为生育高峰期人数高达七千四百万的人口很可能将成为人类历史上最富有的退休群体。一位教授说：“任何学生只要有老年学的专门知识，又有一个学位，例如工商管理硕士或法律学位，就如同有印制钞票的许可证一般。”　　玛格丽特·桑托斯是南加利弗尼亚大学的一名21岁的四年级学生。她上大学时是个生物学专业的学生，但是她发现自己“实在厌烦细菌”。所以在她上了一堂老年学课程后，发现很喜欢这门课程。她说：“我在退休老人福利院做志愿者，这使我非常满意。”　　有的时候选项出得非常有迷惑性，同学们可能分析很长时间也难以找到正确答案，那么就需要用到上面的“双圆法”来帮助自己分析。请读下面这篇文章：　　Thefitnessmovementthatbeganinthelate1960sandearly1970scenteredaroundaerobicexercise（有氧操）.Millionsofindividualsbecameengagedinavarietyofaerobicactivitiesandliterallythousandsofhealthspasdevelopedaroundthecountrytocapitalize（获利）onthisemerginginterestinfitness,particularlyaerobicdancingforfemales.Anumberoffitnessspasexistedpriortothisaerobicfitnessmovement,evenanationalchainwithspasinmostmajorcities.Howevertheirfocuswasnotonaerobics,butratheronweight-trainingprogramsdesignedtodevelopmuscularmass,strength,andenduranceintheirprimarilymaleenthusiasts.Thesefitnessspasdidnotseemtobenefitfinanciallyfromtheaerobicfitnessmovementtobetterhealth,sincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthbenefits.Inrecentyears,however,weighttraininghasagainbecomeincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales.Manycurrentprogramsfocusnotonlyondevelopingmuscularstrengthandendurancebutonaerobicfitnessaswell.　　Historically,mostphysical-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics.However,inrecentyears,evidencehasshownthattrainingprogramsdesignedprimarilytoimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealthbenefitsaswell.TheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinenowrecommendsthatweighttrainingbepartofatotalfitnessprogramforhealthyAmericans.IncreasedparticipationinsuchtrainingisoneofthespecificphysicalactivityandfitnessobjectivesofHealthyPeople2000:NationalHealthPromotionandDiseasePreventionObjectives.　　并读下面这个问题：　　38.Whatwastheattitudeofdoctorstowardsweighttraininginhealthimprovement?

6　　A)Positive.B)Indifferent.C)Negative.D)Cautious.　　我们知道任何问题的正确答案必然在原文中有直接或间接的出处。本题的出处是这句话：　　Thesefitnessspasdidnotseemtobenefitfinanciallyfromtheaerobicfitnessmovementtobetterhealth,sincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthbenefits.　　很多同学看到原文中的“fewhealthbenefits”就毫不犹豫地选了C)Negative。“医生对于力量训练对提高健康状况的作用持否定意见。”但要知道“few”虽然是一个表示否定意义的词：“没有几个”，但实际上还是“有一两个”的，所以原文的意思是“这些健身中心看起来并没有从有氧健身中获得多大收益，因为医学上给出的建议是力量训练即使是对健康有益，那也是很少的。”归根到底还是有好处的，所以正确的答案是D)Cautious。医生的态度是“谨慎的”。C)是二类错误：与原文有一些联系，但重合度不足。　　ItcameassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana,PrincessofWales,madeatriptoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross’scampaignforatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines.WithinhoursofarrivinginAngola,televisionscreensaroundtheworldwerefilledwithimagesofhercomfortingvictimsinjuredinexplosionscausedbylandmines.“Iknewthestatistics,”shesaid.“Butputtingafacetothosefiguresbroughttherealityhometome;likewhenImetSandra,a13-year-oldgirlwhohadlostherleg,andpeoplelikeher.”　　ThePrincessconcludedwithasimplemessage:“Wemuststoplandmines”.Andsheusedeveryopportunityduringhervisittorepeatthismessage.　　But,backinLondon,herviewswerenotsharedbysomemembersoftheBritishgovernment,whichrefusedtosupportabanontheseweapons.AngrypoliticianslaunchedanattackonthePrincessinthepress.Theydescribedheras“veryill-informed”anda“loosecannon（乱放炮的人）.”　　ThePrincessrespondedbybrushingasidethecriticisms:“Thisisadistraction（干扰）wedonotneed.AllI’mtryingtodoishelp.”　　Oppositionparties,themediaandthepublicimmediatelyvoicedtheirsupportforthePrincess.Tomakemattersworseforthegovernment,itsoonemergedthatthePrincess’striphadbeenapprovedbytheForeignOffice,andthatshewasinfactverywell-informedaboutboththesituationinAngolaandtheBritishgovernment’spolicyregardinglandmines.Theresultwasasevereembarrassmentforthegovernment.　　Totryandlimitthedamage,theForeignSecretary,MalcolmRifkind,claimedthatthePrincess’sviewsonlandmineswerenotverydifferentfromgovernmentpolicy,andthatitwas“workingtowards”aworldwideban.TheDefenceSecretary,MichaelPortillo,claimedthematterwas“amisinterpretationormisunderstanding.”　　ForthePrincess,thetriptothiswar-torncountrywasanexcellentopportunitytouseherpopularitytoshowtheworldhowmuchdestructionandsufferinglandminescancause.Shesaidthattheexperiencehadalsogivenherthechancetogetclosertopeopleandtheirproblems.　　21.PrincessDianapaidavisittoAngolain1997.　　A)toclarifytheBritishgovernment’sstandonlandmines　　B)toestablishherimageasafriendoflandminevictims　　C)toinvestigatethesufferingsoflandminevictimsthere　　D)tovoicehersupportforatotalbanoflandmines　　22.WhatdidDianameanwhenshesaid“...puttingafacetothosefiguresbroughtthe

7realityhometome”(Line5,Para.1)?　　A)Meetingthelandminevictimsinpersonmadeherbelievethestatistics.　　B)Shejustcouldn’tbeartomeetthelandminevictimsfacetoface.　　C)TheactualsituationinAngolamadeherfeellikegoingbackhome.　　D)Seeingthepainofthevictimsmadeherrealizetheseriousnessofthesituation.　　23.SomemembersoftheBritishgovernmentcriticizedDianabecause.　　A)shehadnotconsultedthegovernmentbeforethevisit　　B)shewasill-informedofthegovernment’spolicy　　C)theywereactuallyopposedtobanninglandmines　　D)theybelievedthatshehadmisinterpretedthesituationinAngola　　24.HowdidDianarespondtothecriticisms?　　A)ShemademoreappearancesonTV.　　B)Shepaidnoattentiontothem.　　C)Sherosetoarguewithheropponents.　　D)Shemetthe13-year-oldgirlasplanned.　　25.WhatdidPrincessDianathinkofhervisittoAngola?　　A)IthadcausedembarrassmenttotheBritishgovernment.　　B)Ithadgreatlypromotedherpopularity.　　C)Ithadbroughtherclosertotheordinarypeople.　　D)IthadaffectedherrelationswiththeBritishgovernment.　　【文章大意】　　1997年，威尔士王妃戴安娜出访安哥拉，支持国际红十字会关于全面废除杀伤性地雷这一事件在当时引起了轰动。在到达安哥拉的几个小时内，全世界的电视屏幕都出现了她慰问地雷爆炸受害者的身影。王妃说：“我知道这些统计数据，但面对那些面孔，使我更身临其境。比如说我碰到了一名叫桑德拉的13岁的小女孩，她失去了一条腿，还有很多这样的人们。”　　王妃把它总结为简单的一句话：“我们必须废除地雷。”她在访问中利用每一次机会来重复这句话。　　但回到伦敦后，她的观点受到了一些拒绝废除地雷的英政府成员的反对。愤怒的政客们在媒体上抨击王妃，把她形容为“见识短浅的”和“乱放炮的人”。　　王妃以漠视来回应这些批评：“这是一种不必要的干扰。我所要做的就是帮助别人。”　　反对党、媒体和公众都对王妃表示了支持。对政府来说，更糟的是不久以后，事实表明王妃的行程已被外交部批准，实际上她是非常了解安哥拉的状况和英国政府对地雷的政策方针的。这一结果令英国政府非常尴尬。　　为了消除这一不良影响，外交部MalcolmRifkind发表声明，王妃对地雷的观点和政府的政策基本一致，政府正致力于在全世界范围内废除地雷。国防部长MichaelPortillo声明这件事仅仅是误解或者说是误会。　　对于王妃来说，到这个饱受战争蹂躏的国家的访问，是一次极好的机会，可以利用她的名气向世界表明，地雷带来了多么严重的破坏和灾难。王妃说，这次经历也给了她一个与人们接近并了解他们疾苦的机会。　　答案与解析　　21.【题目译文】戴安娜王妃1997年出访安哥拉的目的是。　　【答案解析】D。根据文章第一段第一句“ItcameassomethingofasurprisewhenDiana

8PrincessofWales,madeatriptoAngolain1997,tosupporttheRedCross’scampaignforatotalbanonallanti-personnellandmines”，可得出答案是D。　　22.【题目译文】戴安娜王妃说：“Puttingafacetothosefiguresbroughttherealityhometome”是什么意思？　　【答案解析】D。根据上下文，文章第一段第三句，即她说：“我知道这些统计数据，但面对那些面孔，使我更身临其境。比如说我碰到了一名叫桑德拉的13岁的小女孩，她失去了一条腿，还有很多这样的人们。”statistics后面but的转折以及like的运用和句中举到的受伤小女孩的例子都表示出D项的意思。　　23.【题目译文】部分英国政府官员批评戴安娜王妃是因为。　　【答案解析】C。根据文章第三段第一句，即“但回到伦敦后，她的观点受到了一些拒绝废除地雷的英政府成员的反对”可得出答案C。另外，我们从第五段第二句“itsoonemergedthattheprincess’striphadbeenapprovedbytheForeignOffice,andthatshewasinfactverywell-informedaboutboththesituationinAngolaandtheBritishgovernment’spolicyregardinglandmines”即“事实表明王妃的行程已被外交部批准，实际上她是非常了解安哥拉的情况和英国政府对地雷的政策方针的。”可排除其他三项。　　24.【题目译文】戴安娜王妃对给予她的批评如何反应？　　【答案解析】B。文章的第四段中有一个直接相关的句子“Theprincessrespondedbybrushingasidethecriticisms”即“王妃以漠视来回应这些批评”。短语动词brushaside意为“置之不理；漠视”和paynoattentionto是同义词组，因此答案是B。　　25.【题目译文】戴安娜王妃怎样看待她的安哥拉之行？　　【答案解析】C。答案在文章最后一句话，即“王妃说这次经历也给了她一个与人们接近并了解他们疾苦的机会。”显然答案为C。　　unit1总论Ｄay2题型及应对策略一（主旨题）　　题型及应对策略一（主旨题）　　主旨题在每一篇文章中都会直接或间接地涉及，所以读完一篇文章必须能够找出它的主题句，或自己归纳出主题。　　主旨题的题目形式一般为：　　Thepassageismainlyabout_____.　　Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?　　Whatisthegeneraltopicofthepassage?　　Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith_____.　　Themainthemeofthepassageis______.　　Paragraph2ismainlyabout_____.　　Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’sopinion?　　Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?　　Thebesttitleofthispassageis_____.　　主题句出现的位置：　　1）开门见山。绝大多数的文章主题句出现在开头。　　2）水到渠成。小部分文章的主题句出现在结尾处。

9　　3）前后呼应。即文章开头点题，结尾总结，首尾结合给出主题。　　4）中间也可点题。　　5）留给读者自己归纳。有些英语作者喜欢和读者捉迷藏，有时出题老师也愿意找这类文章给考生设置一些障碍。　　例一：主题句在文章开头（见上述头两例）　　例二：主题句在文章结尾（2001.6）　　Sportisnotonlyphysicallychallenging,butitcanalsobementallychallenging.Criticismfromcoaches,parents,andotherteammates,aswellaspressuretowincancreateanexcessiveamountofanxietyorstressforyoungathletes（运动员）.Stresscanbephysical,emotional,orpsychologicalandresearchhasindicatedthatitcanleadtoburnout.Burnouthasbeendescribedasdroppingorquittingofanactivitythatwasatonetimeenjoyable.　　Theearlyyearsofdevelopmentarecriticalyearsforlearningaboutoneself.Thesportsettingisonewherevaluableexperiencescantakeplace.Youngathletescan,forexample,learnhowtocooperatewithothers,makefriends,andgainothersocialskillsthatwillbeusedthroughouttheirlives.Coachesandparentsshouldbeaware,atalltimes,thattheirfeedbacktoyoungsterscangreatlyaffecttheirchildren.Youngstersmaytaketheirparents’andcoaches’criticismstoheartandfindaflaw（缺陷）inthemselves.　　Coachesandparentsshouldalsobecautiousthatyouthsportparticipationdoesnotbecomeworkforchildren.Theoutcomeofthegameshouldnotbemoreimportantthantheprocessoflearningthesportandotherlifelessons.Intoday’syouthsportsetting,youngathletesmaybeworryingmoreaboutwhowillwininsteadofenjoyingthemselvesandthesport.Followingagame,manyparentsandcoachesfocusontheoutcomeandfindfaultwithyoungsters’performances.Positivereinforcementshouldbeprovidedregardlessoftheoutcome.Researchindicatesthatpositivereinforcementmotivatesandhasagreatereffectonlearningthancriticism.Again,criticismcancreatehighlevelsofstress,whichcanleadtoburnout.　　本文主题在于强调积极强化对于年轻运动员的作用。前面的部分为铺垫，而在文章末尾才给出主题句。　　例三：主题句在文章中间（2002.1）　　Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.　　Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.　　Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion（拥挤）.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.　　Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable（可伸缩的）armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.　　Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar’smovements.

10　　Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer（蜂鸣器）thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.　　本文头两段指出了不同人对于汽车的前途的不同看法，在第三段，即文章中间才给出主题句，讲解决城市交通堵塞的一个方法是自动高速公路系统。后面两段具体介绍自动高速公路系统是如何工作的。　　请读下面的文章并且找到主题句，做出主旨题。　　Exercise1　　Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.　　RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviation（航空）industry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesban（禁止）suchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.　　Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicesemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.　　Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerable（易受损的）tointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosysteminordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.　　Q:Thepassageismainlyabout.　　A)anewregulationforallairlines　　B)thedefectsofelectronicdevices　　C)apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes　　D)effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight　　【题目译文】这篇文章是关于　　【答案解析】C。从每段的第一句话可知文章讲述电磁干扰对于飞机安全的影响和飞行事故的可能原因。　　Exercise2　　Believeitornot,opticalillusion（错觉）cancuthighwaycrashes.　　Japanisacaseinpoint.Ithasreducedautomobilecrashesonsomeroadsbynearly75percentusingasimpleopticalillusion.Bentstripes,calledchevrons（人字形）paintedontheroadsmakedriversthinkthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyare,andthusdriversslowdown.

11　　NowtheAmericanAssociationFoundationforTrafficSafetyinWashingtonD.C.isplanningtorepeatJapan’ssuccess.Startingnextyear,thefoundationwillpaintchevronsandotherpatternsofstripesonselectedroadsaroundthecountrytotesthowwellthepatternsreducehighwaycrashes.　　Excessivespeedplaysamajorroleinasmuchasonefifthofallfataltrafficaccidents,accordingtothefoundation.Tohelpreducethoseaccidents,thefoundationwillconductitstestsinareaswherespeed-relatedhazardsarethegreatest—curves,exitslopes,trafficcircles,andbridges.　　Somestudiessuggestthatstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroadscaninitiallycuttheaveragespeedofdriversinhalf.However,trafficoftenreturnstofullspeedwithinmonthsasdriversbecomeusedtoseeingthepaintedbars.　　Chevrons,scientistssay,notonlygivedriverstheimpressionthattheyaredrivingfasterthantheyreallyarebutalsomakealaneappeartobenarrower.Theresultisalongerlastingreductioninhighwayspeedandthenumberoftrafficaccidents.　　Q:Thepassagemainlydiscusses.　　A)anewwayofhighwayspeedcontrol　　B)anewpatternforpaintinghighways　　C)anewapproachtotrainingdrivers　　D)anewtypeofopticalillusion　　【题目译文】文章主要讨论了。　　【答案解析】A。文章以日本和美国在高速公路上喷涂不同图案的条带为例，阐述了利用视觉错觉可以减缓高速公路上的车速，并减少交通事故的发生。　　Exercise3　　Amtrak（美国铁路客运公司）wasexperiencingadown-slowinginridership（客运量）alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham,werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.　　Atonetime,trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast,veryluxurious,andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However,timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica’sstandardofconvenience.Also,airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravellinggreatdistances.Therefore,thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.　　Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers—thoseconcernedwithsafety,relaxation,andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers—thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed,casual,andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom,escape,relaxation,andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.　　Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder,etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtarget

12audiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead,enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.　　Q:What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?　　A)Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.　　B)TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica’sstandardofconvenience.　　C)Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.　　D)Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes.　　【题目译文】作者写该篇文章的目的是什么？　　【答案解析】D。本文首先分析了美国铁路客运公司客运量下降的原因，然后以该公司通过广告来吸引消费者，提高客运量为例，说明了广告在传递信息，引导并改变消费者的消费观念上的重要作用。　　Exercise4　　PriscillaOuchida’s“energy-efficient”houseturnedouttobeahorribledream.Whensheandherengineerhusbandmarriedafewyearsago,theybuilta$100,000,three-bedroomhomeinCalifornia.Tightlysealedtopreventairleaks,thehousewasequippedwithsmalldouble-paned（双层玻璃的）windowsandseveralotherenergy-savingfeatures.Problemsbeganassoonasthecouplemovedin,however.Priscilla’seyesburned.Herthroatwasconstantlydry.Shesufferedfromheadachesandcouldhardlysleep.Itwasasthoughshehadsuddenlydevelopedastrangeillness.　　Expertsfinallytracedthecauseofherillness.Thelevelofformaldehyde（甲醛）gasinherkitchenwastwicethemaximumallowedbyfederalstandardsforchemicalworkers.Thesourceofthegas?Hernewkitchencabinetsandwall-to-wallcarpeting. 　　TheOuchidasarevictimsofindoorairpollution,whichisnotgivensufficientattentionpartlybecauseofthenation’sdrivetosaveenergy.Theproblemitselfisn’tnew.“Theindoorenvironmentwasdirtylongbeforeenergyconservationcamealong,”saysMoschandreas,apollutionscientistatGeometTechnologiesinMaryland.“Energyconservationhastendedtoaccentuatethesituationinsomecases.”　　Theproblemappearstobemoretroublesomeinnewlyconstructedhomesratherthanoldones.Backinthedayswhenenergywascheap,homebuildersdidn’tworrymuchaboutunsealedcracks.Becauseofsuchleaks,theairinanaveragehomewasreplacedbyfreshoutdoorairaboutonceanhour.Asaresult,thepollutantsgeneratedinmosthouseholdsseldombuiltuptodangerouslevels.　　Q:Thispassageismostprobablytakenfromanarticleentitled“”.　　A)EnergyConservation　　B)HouseBuildingCrisis　　C)AirPollutionIndoors　　D)TrapsinBuildingConstruction　　【题目译文】这段文章最可能从《》文章中选取出来？　　【答案解析】C。本文主旨讲的是室内空气污染的危害原因及来历，所以C）最符合题目的要求。　　

13unit1总论Day3题型及应对策略二（推论题）　　题型及应对策略二（推论题）　　这类问题的难度相对较大，需要我们不仅读懂字面含义，而且理解其字里行间的隐含意思。　　一般题目形式为：　　Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against...　　Wecaninfer/assumethat...　　Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...　　Thepassagesuggeststhat...　　Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyimply...　　Itcanbelearnedthat...　　请读下面的文章，做出推论题。　　Exercise1　　Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.　　RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviation（航空）industry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesban（禁止）suchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.　　Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicesemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.　　Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerable（易受损的）tointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosysteminordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.　　Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor.　　A)isinfavorofprohibitingpassengers’useofelectronicdevicescompletely　　B)hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference　　C)hasn’tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem　　D)regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight　　【题目译文】从本文推断出作者。　　【答案解析】A。纵观全文我们知道，作者对电磁干扰影响飞行安全感到担忧，所以应该是倾向于完全禁止乘客使用电子设备的。

14　　Exercise2(1999.6)　　Theriseofmultinationalcorporations（跨国公司）,globalmarketing,newcommunicationstechnologies,andshrinkingculturaldifferenceshaveledtoanunparalleledincreaseinglobalpublicrelationsorPR.　　Surprisingly,sincemodernPRwaslargelyanAmericaninvention,theU.S.leadershipinpublicrelationsisbeingthreatenedbyPReffortsinothercountries.Tenyearsago,forexample,theworld’stopfivepublicrelationsagencieswereAmerican-owned.In1991,onlyonewas.TheBritishinparticulararebecomingmoresophisticatedandcreative.ArecentsurveyfoundthatmorethanhalfofallBritishcompaniesincludePRaspartoftheircorporate（公司的）planningactivities,comparedtoaboutone-thirdofU.S.companies.ItmaynotbelongbeforeLondonreplacesNewYorkasthecapitalofPR.　　WhyisAmericalaggingbehindintheglobalPRrace?First,Americansasawholetendtobefairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.Knowledgeofworldgeography,forexample,hasneverbeenstronginthiscountry.Secondly,AmericanslagbehindtheirEuropeanandAsiancounterparts（相对应的人）inknowingasecondlanguage.Lessthan5percentofBurson-Marshall’sU.S.employeesknowtwolanguages.OgilvyandMatherhasaboutthesamepercentage.Conversely,someEuropeanfirmshavehalformoreoftheiremployeesfluentinasecondlanguage.Finally,peopleinvolvedinPRabroadtendtokeepaclosereyeoninternationalaffairs.InthefinancialPRarea,forinstance,mostAmericansreadtheWallStreetJournal.Overseas,theircounterpartsreadtheJournalaswellastheFinancialTimesofLondonandTheEconomist,publicationsnotoftenreadinthiscountry.　　PerhapsthePRindustrymighttakealessonfromTedTurnerofCNN(CableNewsNetwork).Turnerrecentlyannouncedthattheword“foreign”wouldnolongerbeusedonCNNnewsbroadcasts.AccordingtoTurner,globalcommunicationshavemadethenationsoftheworldsointerdependentthatthereisnolongeranysuchthingasforeign.　　Q:WelearnfromthethirdparagraphthatemployeesintheAmericanPRindustry_______.　　A)speakatleastoneforeignlanguagefluently　　B)areignorantaboutworldgeography　　C)arenotassophisticatedastheirEuropeancounterparts　　D)enjoyreadingagreatvarietyofEnglishbusinesspublications　　【题目译文】从第三段我们可以得出在美国公共关系业中雇员是。　　【答案解析】C。在第二段作者讲到，英国人尤其变得更加老练和富有创造力，所以相对来说，美国人和欧洲同行比不那么老练。　　Exercise3　　Thereseemsnevertohavebeenacivilizationwithouttoys,butwhenandhowtheydevelopedisunknown.Theyprobablycameaboutjusttogivechildrensomethingtodo.　　Intheancientworld,asistoday,mostboysplayedwithsomekindsoftoysandmostgirlswithanother.Insocietieswheresocialrolesarerigidlydetermined,boyspatterntheirplayaftertheactivitiesoftheirfathersandgirlsafterthetasksoftheirmothers.Thisistruebecauseboysandgirlsarebeingprepared,eveninplay,tostepintotherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheadultworld.　　Whatisremarkableaboutthehistoryoftoysisnotsomuchhowtheychangedoverthecenturiesbuthowmuchtheyhaveremainedthesame.Thechangeshavebeenmostlyintermsof

15craftsmanship,mechanics,andtechnology.Itistheuniversalityoftoyswithregardtotheirdevelopmentinallpartsoftheworldandtheirpersistencetothepresentthatisamazing.InEgypt,theAmericas,China,JapanandamongtheArctic（北极的）peoples,generallythesamekindsoftoysappeared.Variationsdependedonlocalcustomsandwaysoflifebecausetoysimitatetheirsurroundings.Nearlyeverycivilizationhaddolls,littleweapons,toysoldiers,tinyanimalsandvehicles.　　Becausetoyscanbegenerallyregardedasakindofartform,theyhavenotbeensubjecttotechnologicalleapsthatcharacterizeinventionsforadultuse.Theprogressfromthewheeltotheoxcarttotheautomobileisadirectlineofascent（进步）.Theprogressfromarattle（拨浪鼓）usedbyababyin3000BCtooneusedbyaninfanttoday,however,isnotcharacterizedbyinventiveness.Eachrattleistheproductoftheartistictastesofthetimesandsubjecttothelimitationsofavailablematerials.　　Q:Whichofthefollowingistheauthor’sviewonthehistoricaldevelopmentoftoys?　　A)Thecraftsmanshipintoy-makinghasremainedessentiallyunchanged.　　B)Toyshaveremainedbasicallythesameallthroughthecenturies.　　C)Thetoyindustryhaswitnessedgreatleapsintechnologyinrecentyears.　　D)Toysareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinshapingachild’scharacter.　　【题目译文】关于玩具的历史发展，作者的观点是什么？　　【答案解析】B。从第三段第一句话，“关于玩具的历史，令人吃惊的并不是它们改变了多少，而是它们一直没有改变”，可以推断出“玩具在历史上基本上保持不变”。　　Exercise4　　Amtrak（美国铁路客运公司）wasexperiencingadown-slowinginridership（客运量）alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham,werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.　　Atonetime,trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast,veryluxurious,andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However,timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica’sstandardofconvenience.Also,airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravellinggreatdistances.Therefore,thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.　　Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliers—thoseconcernedwithsafety,relaxation,andcleanlinessand2)travel-lovers—thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed,casual,andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom,escape,relaxation,andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.　　Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder,etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead,enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.

16　　Q:ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedropinAmtrakridershipwasduetothefactthat.　　A)trainswerenotsuitableforshortdistancepassengertransportation　　B)trainswerenotthefastestandmostconvenientformoftransportation　　C)trainswerenotasfastandconvenientastheyusedtobe　　D)trainscouldnotcompetewithplanesintermsofluxuryandconvenience　　【题目译文】从文章中可以推断：美国铁路客运公司客流量下降的原因是。　　【答案解析】B。文章前半部分提到，随着时间的推移，汽车成了美国衡量便利的标准，此外飞机也轻而易举地确立了其长途旅行最快捷方式的地位。由此可推断出火车既不如汽车便利，又不如飞机快捷，因而其客流量不断下降。　　Exercise5　　Whilestillinitsearlystages,welfarereformhasalreadybeenjudgedagreatsuccessinmanystates—atleastingettingpeopleoffwelfare.It’sestimatedthatmorethan2millionpeoplehavelefttherollssince1994.　　Inthepastfouryears,welfarerollsinAthensCountyhavebeencutinhalf.But70percentofthepeoplewholeftinthepasttwoyearstookjobsthatpaidlessthan$6anhour.Theresult:TheAthensCountypovertyratestillremainsatmorethan30percent—twicethenationalaverage.　　Foradvocates（代言人）forthepoor,that’sanindicationmuchmoreneedstobedone.　　“Morepeoplearegettingjobs,butit’snotmakingtheirlivesanybetter,”saysKathyLairn,apolicyanalystattheCenteronBudgetandPolicyPrioritiesinWashington.　　AcenteranalysisofUSCensusdatanationwidefoundthatbetween1995and1996,agreaterpercentageofsingle,female-headedhouseholdswereearningmoneyontheirown,butthataverageincomeforthesehouseholdsactuallywentdown.　　Butformany,thefactthatpoorpeopleareabletosupportthemselvesalmostaswellwithoutgovernmentaidastheydidwithitisinitselfahugevictory.　　“Welfarewasapoison.Itwasatoxin（毒素）thatwaspoisoningthefamily,”saysRobertRector,awelfare-reformpolicyanalyst.“Thereformischangingthemoralclimateinlow-incomecommunities.It’sbeginningtorebuildtheworkethic（道德观）,whichismuchmoreimportant.”　　Mr.Rectorandothersarguedthatonce“thehabitofdependencyiscracked,”thenthecountrycanmakeotherpolicychangesaimedatimprovinglivingstandards.　　Q:Fromthepassageweknowthatwelfarereformaimsat.　　A)savingwelfarefunds　　B)rebuildingtheworkethic　　C)providingmorejobs　　D)cuttinggovernmentexpenses　　【题目译文】根据本文我们知道福利改革的目的在于。　　【答案解析】B。倒数第二段RobertRector说：“福利改革正在改变低收入社区的道德氛围，正开始重建工作道德观，而工作道德观是更为重要的。”从此可以推断这正是福利改革的目的。　　

17unit1总论Day4题型及应对策略三（态度题）　　题型及应对策略三（态度题）　　要做这类题目，需要我们了解全文的主题，而且还要找到一些信息词判断作者的态度或语气是什么。　　态度题的提问方式有：　　Whatistheauthor’sattitudeinwritingthispassage?　　Whatistheauthor’stone?　　解题技巧为：　　1）掌握文章中心；　　2）找到“信息词”。　　可能的选项如下：　　arbitrary武断的advisory建议的complimentary赞扬的　　concerned关心的，关注的critical批评的emotional情绪化的　　sarcastic嘲讽的ironical讥讽的humorous幽默的　　indifferent漠不关心的informative提供信息的outraged愤怒的　　descriptive描述的explanatory解释的sympathetic同情的　　enthusiastic热情的cautious小心翼翼的objective客观的　　neutral中性的，不偏不倚的compromising妥协的subjective主观的　　optimistic乐观的pessimistic悲观的　　请读下面的文章，做态度题：　　Exercise1　　Unlesswespendmoneytospotandpreventasteroids（小行星）now,onemightcrashintoEarthanddestroylifeasweknowit,saysomescientists.　　Asteroidsarebiggerversionsofthemeteorites（流星）thatraceacrossthenightsky.MostorbitthesunfarfromEarthanddon’tthreatenus.ButtherearealsothousandswhoseorbitsputthemonacollisioncoursewithEarth.　　Buy$50millionworthofnewtelescopesrightnow.Thenspend$10millionayearforthenext25yearstolocatemostofthespacerocks.Bythetimewespotafatalone,thescientistssay,we’llhaveawaytochangeitscourse.　　Somescientistsfavorpushingasteroidsoffcoursewithnuclearweapons.Butthecostwouldn’tbecheap.　　Isitworthit?Twothingsexpertsconsiderwhenjudginganyriskare:1)Howlikelytheeventis;and2)Howbadtheconsequencesiftheeventoccurs.ExpertsthinkanasteroidbigenoughtodestroylotsoflifemightstrikeEarthonceevery500,000years.Soundsprettyrare—butifonedidfall,itwouldbetheendoftheworld.“Ifwedon’ttakecareofthesebigasteroids,they’lltakecareofus.”saysonescientist,“It’sthatsimple.”　　Thecure,though,mightbeworsethanthedisease.DowereallywantfleetsofnuclearweaponssittingaroundonEarth?“Theworldhaslesstofearfromdoomsday（毁灭性的）rocksthanfromagreatnuclearfleetsetagainstthem.”saidaNewYorkTimesarticle.　　Q:Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthispassage?　　A)Optimistic.B)Critical.

18　　C)Objective.D)Arbitrary.　　【题目译文】下列选项中哪一项最恰当地表达了作者的态度？　　【答案解析】C。纵观全文可发现，文章通篇分析了小行星撞击地球的可能性并探讨其解决方法，没有给出作者自己的观点，都是引用“somescientists”，“thescientists”，“experts”和“aNewYorkTimesarticle”的话，由此可推断出作者的态度是客观的。选项A“乐观的”，B“批判的”，D“武断的”，均不符合题意。　　Exercise2(2000.12)　　Engineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexamplesofpracticalityandrationality,butwhenitcomestomycollegeeducationIamanidealistandafool.InhighschoolIwantedtobeanelectricalengineerand,ofcourse,anysensiblestudentwithmyaimswouldhavechosenacollegewithalargeengineeringdepartment,famousreputationandlotsofgoodlabsandresearchequipment.Butthat’snotwhatIdid.　　Ichosetostudyengineeringatasmallliberal-arts（文科）universitythatdoesn’tevenofferamajorinelectricalengineering.Obviously,thiswasnotapracticalchoice;Icamehereformorenoblereasons.Iwantedabroadeducationthatwouldprovidemewithflexibilityandavaluesystemtoguidemeinmycareer.Iwantedtoopenmyeyesandexpandmyvisionbyinteractingwithpeoplewhoweren’tstudyingscienceorengineering.Myparents,teachersandotheradultspraisedmeforsuchasensiblechoice.TheytoldmeIwaswiseandmaturebeyondmy18years,andIbelievedthem.　　IheadedofftocollegesureIwasgoingtohaveanadvantageoverthosestudentswhowenttobigengineering“factories”wheretheydidn’tcareifyouhadvaluesorwereflexible.Iwasgoingtobeacompleteengineer:technicalgeniusandsensitivehumanist（人文学者）allinone.　　NowI’mnotsosure.Somewherealongthewaymynobleidealscrashedintoreality,asallnobleidealseventuallydo.Afterthreeyearsofstrugglingtobalancemath,physicsandengineeringcourseswithliberal-artscourses,Ihavelearnedtherearereasonswhyfewengineeringstudentstrytoreconcile（协调）engineeringwithliberal-artscoursesincollege.　　Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon’tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.Thestruggletoreconcilethetwofieldsofstudyisdifficult.　　Q:Theauthor’sexperienceshowsthathewas.　　A)creativeB)ambitious　　C)unrealisticD)irrational　　【题目译文】作者的经历表明他是。　　【答案解析】C。本文以作者想到一所文科大学学习工科的不成功案例说明，文科和工科根本不能很容易地结合在一起，所以作者应该是“不现实的”。　　Exercise3　　Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.　　Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.

19Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution—freethanpresenttypes.　　Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion（拥挤）.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.　　Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable（可伸缩的）armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.　　Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar’smovements.　　Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer（蜂鸣器）thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.　　Q:Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?　　A)Enthusiastic.B)Pessimistic.　　C)Optimistic.D)Cautious.　　【题目译文】对于汽车的未来，作者的态度是什么？　　【答案解析】C。在最后一句话中，作者说明了自动高速公路系统的优势，平均每小时可以处理1万辆汽车，但是现在的高速公路每小时只能处理1500～2000辆汽车，所以作者对于汽车未来的态度应该是乐观的。　　unit1总论Day5题型及应对策略四（词义题）　　题型及应对策略四（词义题）　　有些问题是对于文章中的单词进行提问，即词义题。　　词义题的题目形式有：　　Theword...inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans_____.　　Whatisthemeaningof...?　　By...theauthorrefersto_____.　　Theexpression...canbereplacedby_____.　　词义题有两种情况：　　1）超纲词汇。出题老师故意给出难词，要求同学们运用上下文各种信息找到意思。如“accentuate”，“cushion”等。　　2）熟词生义。有些词同学们知道常用意思，但在文章中的意思就不一定了解。如“official”，“community”等。　　解题时有六大技巧帮助我们：　　1）下定义（Definition）：即在一个生词后面给出它的定义，我们从定义就可以容易地找出生词的意思。

20　　Hetakesaspecialinterestinbotany—thestudyofplants.　　从破折号后面的注释我们知道“botany”意思为“植物学”。　　2）重述（Restatement）：在生词后面用一句话或一个短语从另外一个角度解释一下这个词。　　Heisveryfastidious.Itisextremelyhardtopleaseandsatisfyhim.（挑剔的）　　1999.6　　28.Theword“provincial”mostprobablymeans_____.　　A)limitedinoutlook　　B)likepeoplefromtheprovinces　　C)rigidinthinking　　D)interestedinworldfinancialaffairs　　First,Americansasawholetendtobefairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.Knowledgeofworldgeography,forexample,hasneverbeenstronginthiscountry.　　【解析】从“provincial”后面的部分可知，美国人对于地方事务更感兴趣，比如对于世界地理的知识的了解在美国从来就不是很强。那么“provincial”最可能指美国人视野狭隘，答案为A)。　　3）相关信息（Relatedinformation）：用上下文的相关信息猜出生词的含义。　　2000.12　　30.Theword“they”in“...togethertheythreatentoconfuse”refersto_____.　　A)practicalityandrationality　　B)engineeringandtheliberalarts　　C)realityandnobleideals　　D)flexibilityandavaluesystem　　Therealitythathasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandtheliberalartssimplydon’tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallytheyshapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.　　【解析】从第一句话可知，“they”指的是“engineeringandtheliberalarts”，即工科和文科。答案为B)。　　4）举例（Exemplification）：即在生词后面用一个例子加以解释，我们从例子的含义可以推知生词的意思。　　2001.6　　29.Theauthormentionstheexampleof“backpacks”toshowtheimportanceof__________.　　A)increasingusageamongstudents　　B)exploringnewmarketsections　　C)pleasingtheyoungaswellastheold　　D)servingbothmilitaryandcivilneeds　　Theimportanceoftheproductlifecycletomarketersisthis:Differentstagesintheproductlifecyclecallfordifferentstrategies.Thegoalistoextendproductlifesothatsalesandprofitsdonotdecline.Onestrategyiscalledmarketmodification.Itmeansthatmarketingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections.Didyouknow,forexample,thatthebackpacksthatsomanystudentscarrytodaywereoriginallydesignedforthemilitary?　　【解析】文章提到后肩背包的例子是为了说明“marketmodification”和“marketingmanagerslookfornewusersandmarketsections”。所以答案应为B)。

21　　5）比较与对比。　　例一　　Nowadayssomeyoungpeoplearenotthrifty,sincetheyoftenwastemoneyonuselessthings.　　用对比法可知“thrifty”表示“节俭的”。　　例二　　Solongasteachersfailtodistinguishbetweenteachingandlearning,theywillcontinuetoundertaketodoforchildrenthatwhichonlychildrencandoforthemselves.Teachingchildrentoreadisnotpassingreadingontothem.Itiscertainlynotendlesshoursspentinactivitiesaboutreading.Douglasinsiststhat“readingcannotbetaughtdirectlyandschoolsshouldstoptryingtodotheimpossible.”　　Teachingandlearningaretwoentirelydifferentprocesses.Theydifferinkindandfunction.Thefunctionofteachingistocreatetheconditionsandtheclimatethatwillmakeitpossibleforchildrentodevisethemostefficientsystemforteachingthemselvestoread.Teachingisalsoapublicactivity:Itcanbeseenandobserved.　　Learningtoreadinvolvesallthateachindividualdoestomakesenseoftheworldofprintedlanguage.Almostallofitisprivate,forlearningisanoccupationofthemind,andthatprocessisnotopentopublicscrutiny.　　Ifteacherandlearnerrolesarenotinterchangeable,whatthencanbedonethroughteachingthatwillaidthechildinthequest（探索）forknowledge?Smithhasoneprincipalruleforallteachinginstructions.“Makelearningtoreadeasy,whichmeansmakingreadingameaningful,enjoyableandfrequentexperienceforchildren.”　　Whentherolesofteacherandlearnerareseenforwhattheyare,andwhenbothteacherandlearnerfulfillthemappropriately,thenmuchofthepressureandfeelingoffailureforbothiseliminated.Learningtoreadismadeeasierwhenteacherscreateanenvironmentwherechildrenaregiventheopportunitytosolvetheproblemoflearningtoreadbyreading.　　Q:Theword“scrutiny”(Line3,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“______”.　　A)suspicionB)control　　C)observationD)inquiry　　【题目译文】“Scrutiny”最可能表示_______。　　【答案解析】C。本题难度很大，在考试时绝大部分考生都做错了。需要结合第二和第三段用对比法做出。第二段最后一句话说：“教是一种公开的活动：可以看到和观察到”，而第三段第二句话说：“学习阅读似乎完全是私人的，因为学习是使用大脑，而且此过程对于公众的_______不公开”。我们知道“public”和“private”是反义词，所以此处的“scrutiny”应该等于“observation”。　　6）构词法：有时我们知道这个生词的词根，前缀或者后缀，就可以猜出词的意思。　　1999.6　　Q:Theword“provincial”mostprobablymeans_____.　　A)limitedinoutlookB)likepeoplefromtheprovinces　　C)rigidinthinkingD)interestedinworldfinancialaffairs　　First,Americansasawholetendtobefairlyprovincialandtakemoreofaninterestinlocalaffairs.Knowledgeofworldgeography,forexample,hasneverbeenstronginthiscountry.　　【解析】“Provincial”的词根为“province”，表示“省”，所以“provincial”指“首都以外各地的”，推测可知意思是“目光狭隘的，无知的”。

22