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雅思作文必背40篇1.OnOpenPolicyTheopenpolicymeansthatourcountryisopentoinvestment,tradeandtechnicalandeconomiccooperationwithothercountriesonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit.Thepurposeofopenpolicyistoacquireadvancedtechnology,managementskillstoserveoursocialistconstructionsoastopromotetherealizationofthefourmodernizations.Wemustadheretotheopenpolicy.Becauseeconomicrelationsbetweenstatestodayhavebecomeincreasinglyclose,andnocountrycanpossiblyadvancebehindclosedoors.Onlyinthisway,canwegraduallyclosethegapbetweenourcountryandthedevelopedcountries.Throughtheimplementationofpolicy,wecanlearnadvancedtechnologyandmanagerialexpertisefromabroad;makefulluseoftheforeigncapitalstosetupgreatenterprises;absorbusefulandhealthyideasandnewknowledgeofthemoderncivilization;andbroadenourviewsandraiseourlevelofcompetence. 2.TheplaceofScienceandTechnologyinModernLife.

1Humanlifecannotcontinuewithoutscienceandtechnology.Formanyyears,humansocietyhasdevelopedwiththeadvanceofscienceandtechnologywhilethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhasinturnbroughttheprocesstomankind.Sothelifewearelivingnowismorecivilizedthanthatofourforefathers.Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhavebroughtaboutmanychangesinpeople'slife.Forexample,theinventionoftelevisionandspacerockethaveopenedaneweraformankind.ThroughtheuseofTVpeoplecanhearthesoundandlearntheeventshappeningthousandsofmilesaway.Owingtotheinventionofspaceshipandrocket,thedreamofman'slandingonthemoonhasnowcometrue.Scienceandtechnologyalsoplayanimportantroleinoursocialistconstruction.Wemaysay,oursocialistconstructionisjustlikeaskyscraper,whilescienceandtechnologyareitsbase.Withoutthebase,theskyscrapercan'tbebuilt.Therefore,weshouldtryourbesttocontributetothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologysoastoprovideamoresolidbasetobuildourcountry.3.ImportanceofEducation

2China,asadevelopingcountry,isdeterminedtocatchupwithandevensurpassthedevelopedones.Ithinkthatoneofthebestpossiblewaystodosoistogivefirstpriority(优先）tothedevelopmentofculture,scienceandespeciallyeducation.Inmoderntimes,whenscienceandtechnologyaremakinggreatprogress,theeducationoftheworkforceisofprimaryimportance.Moreover,manyofthesuccessinadvancedcountrieshavedemonstratedthatanation'sprosperitymainlydependsonthequalityofitslabourforce,namelythosewhohavebeenwelleducated.InadevelopingcountrysuchasChina,ourinvestmentinculture,educationandscience,andespeciallyelementaryeducation,mustenjoytoppriority.Thisiscrucial(决定性的）forChinatocatchupwiththedevelopednationsintoday'ssurging(汹涌的)wavesoftechnologicalrevolution.Otherwise,thegapbetweenChinaandadvancedcountrieswillbewidenedratherthanbridged.4.AirPollutionAirpollutionisoneofthemajorproblemsofthemodernworld.Agreatdealofenergyisneededtorunthefactoriesofmodernindustrialnations.Automobile,trains,planesandbussesneed

3energy,too.Nearlyallofthisenergyisproducedbyburningfuels.Theburningproduceswastes,someofwhichremainintheair,causingairpollution.Scientistsarefindingwaystostopairpollutionespeciallyinbigindustrialareasanddensely-populatedcities.Theyarestudyingnewwaysofgeneratingelectricitythatmaybelessdamagingtotheenvironment.Inthemeantime,manypowerplantsarebeingmodernizedtogiveofflesspollutedmaterial.Also,engineerstrytodesignandlocatenewpowerplantstodominimumdamagetotheenvironment.However,itmaybethatwestillhavealongwaytogobeforewehavea"clean"world.Nearlyallofthecountriesaretryinghardtopreventandcontrolairpollution.Thereindeedseemstobenoendtotasksthatenvironmentalistswillberequiredtodo.Peoplewillcontinuallyfindnewwaystocontrolpollution.5.EnvironmentalProtectionTodaythequalityofournaturalenvironmenthasbecomeanimportantissue.Theworldpopulationisrisingsoquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcesandatthesametimepollutingourenvironmentwith

4dangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,lifeonearthcannotsurvive.Concernedpeoplehavemadesomeprogressinenvironmentalprotection.Governmentsofmanycountrieshaveestablishedlawstoprotecttheair,forestsandsearesourcesandtostopenvironmentalpollution.Stillmoremeasuresshouldbetakentosolveenvironmentalproblems.Peopleshouldbefurthereducatedtorecognizetheimportanceoftheproblems,tousemodernmethodsofbirthcontrol,toconserve(保存）ournaturalresourcesandrecycle（再循环）ourproducts. Wearesurethatwecanhaveabetterandcleanerplaceinthefuture.6.AutomobilesAutomobiles,asaproductofmoderncivilization,havebeenplayingavitalpartinthedailyactivitiesofhumansociety.Industryneedsautomobilesforfarmingaswellastransportation.Everyday,automobilesdrivepeopletoandfromwork.Onweekendsautomobilestakefamiliesforjoyfuloutings.Andduringholidayseasons,automobilesfillthehighwayseverywhere,eveninremote

5areas.Itcouldbesaidthatthewheelsofautomobilesmovesocietyforward.Butautomobileshavealsogivenrisetoaseriesofproblems.Forexample,citiesareovercrowdedwithautomobiles.Theycreatealotofnoiseandtrafficaccidentswhichdisable（伤残）orkillmanypeopleeachyear.Worstofallperhapsistheairpollutioncausedbytheexhaustgasesproducedbyautomobiles.Someofthegasesarehighlytoxic(有毒的）andaserioushealthhazard.7.ComputerThecomputeriswidelyusedinallfieldsofsociety.Today,whereveryougo,youwillfindcomputersbeingused.Forexample,computersareusedinuniversities,largecorporations,andsmalloffices,etc.Ithasevenenteredthehomesofordinarypeople.Asitisabletostoreandprocessalargeamountofinformation,thecomputerbringaboutgreatconvenienceandhighefficiencytopeopleofallwalksoflife.Computerscanhelppeopleindifferentways.Forexample,computerhelpscientistsinanalyzingdataanddoingcomplexcalculation.Foranotherexample,computersaremadeuseofbyengineersindesigningaplane,oraspaceship.Besides,computersmayalso

6playagreatroleinhelpingchildrenwiththeirlesson.Whateveryouaredoing,youmanyfindcomputerausefulaid.However,thecomputermustbedesignedandinstructedbyman.Whatismore,itistruethatcomputerscanmakedecisions,buttheyneeddetailedinstructionsandprogramspreparedbyhumanstooperate.Therefore,thecomputercanneverreplacethehumanbrain.8.TravellingItisexcitingtovisitdifferentplaces.Asyoutravel,youwillseebeautifulsceneriestypicaloftheregion.Besides,youcanmeetandmakefriendswithpeopleofdifferentcolorsandraces.Finally,youcangettoknowthecustomsandlivinghabitsofthelocalpeople.Todaypeoplearesofondoftravellingthattourismhasbecomeoneofthefastergrowingindustriesinmostcountries.Themainreasonwhypeopletravelis,perhaps,forpleasure.Forexample,havingworkedhardthroughouttheweekdays,peoplewillfindawidenedtriptothenearbymountainsorbeachesarealrelaxation.Foranotherexample,spendinganannualholidaytravellingabroadisanespeciallysatisfyingexperienceforthosewhodonothavemuchofanopportunitytobeawayfromtheir

7homelands.Whenpeoplereturnfromtheirtravel,theywillgenerallyfeelfreshandenergetic,readytoworkharder.Travellingisalsooneofthebestmeansforlearning.Youmayhavereadorheardaboutsomethingbutyoucannevergetanaccuratepictureofituntilyouseeitforyourself.Seeingisbelieving.Furthermore,ifyouareacarefulobserver,youcanlearnmuchduringyourtravelaboutthegeography,biology,andhistoryoftheplacesyouvisit.Nomatterhowwelleducatedyouare,thereisalwaysalotforyoutolearnthroughtravelling.Theknowledgeacquiredfromtravel,asyouwillhavefoundinyourlife,isnolessvaluablethanthatfromanyinfluentialreferencebook.9.TheWorldPopulationExplosionThehumanracehasexperiencedaconsistentincreaseinpopulationsincethebeginningofitshistory.Famineanddiseasehavedonelittletooffset(抵消）thissteadyincrease.Toomanypeopleareaddedannuallytothepopulationoftheworld.Soboththecausesofpopulationincreaseandtheresultsofhavingmorepeopleareworthcarefulstudy.

8Cultureevolutionisthemajorfactorresponsibleforpopulationincrease.Earlyinhumandevelopment,peopleinventedtoolstohuntanimals.Latertheybuiltshelterstoprotectthemselves.Stepbystep,theymadelifeeasier.Asaresult,fewerdiedfromnaturalforces,suchasharshclimateanddisease.Inthepast,whenpopulationgrew,therewasunexploredterritorytoinhabit.Butnow,almostallthehabitablelandhasbeenexplored.Theworld'spopulationmayreach8.7billionin2033.Itisclearthatworldpopulationisaseriousissuethatneedscarefulattention.Humanbeingsareuniquetosolveproblemsthroughculturalevolution.(发展）Facingtheworldpopulationexplosioninthenearfuture.Wemustcarryoutthebirthcontrolprograminordertosavethemankindandsavetheworld.10.Opening-doorPolicyistheOnlyWaytoMakeChinaStrongModernChinesehistoryleadsustotheconclusionthatsocialism,notcapitalismisbestforChina.ButhowasocialistChinashouldlookatcapitalismandmoreimportantly,makeuseofthebettersideofcapitalismforitsownadvantageisofvital(至关）importancetothecountry.

9Asfarasourcountry'seconomicconstructionisconcerned,takingadvantageofthepartofcapitalismthatisusefultousmeansweneedtodevelopforeigntrade,introduceadvancedtechnologyandbettermanagement,andmakeuseofforeignfunds.Italsomeanswecanabsorbsomeoftheeconomictheories,andmakeuseofthoseeconomicpolicies,methodsandmeasuresthatcomplywith(遵循）thelawofmassproductionandacommodityeconomy.Byopeningourwindowswidertotheoutsideworld,peoplecanlearnmoreaboutotherpeoplesandlearntomakesensiblejudgments.Absorbingthebetterpartoftheculturesofotherpeopletoenrichourselvesisthebestwaytosafeguardoursocialistculture.SotakingadvantageofcapitalismandsteppingupeconomicreformsistheonlywaytomakeChinastrong.Closingthecountytointernationalexchangeswillonlykeepitweak.11.ChoosinganOccupationEveryonefacestheproblemofchoosinganoccupationaftergraduationfromcollegeoruniversity,whichplaysavitalroleinhislife.Anappropriateoccupationmakesamanworkwithzest(热情）andvigor,aswellascontributetohiscountry.

10Tomakeawisechoice,twoimportantthingsshouldbetakenintoconsideration.Oneistheinterest,theother,thedemandsofpeopleandsociety.Onlyifthetwoaspectsareconnected,canamanshowhistalentandabilitytothebestadvantage.Ifthetwoconflict,theformershouldbeunderthelatter,forthepeople'sinterestsaremoreimportantthantheindividual's.Inregardtomychoiceinthefuture,Iamfondoflearningforeignlanguages;whatismore,withtheimplementationoftheOpen-DoorPolicy,exchangebetweenhomeandabroadineconomyandculturehasbeengrowingsignificantly,thusI'mdeterminedtobeaqualifiedinterpreter.12.TheBrainandtheComputerSomerecentdevelopmentsinthecomputerindustrymakescientistspredictthatthegapbetweenhumanbeingsandmachineswillbeclosedabouttheyear20000.Tounderstandthesignificanceofthispredictionletuscomparethehumanbrainwithexistingcomputers.Thebrainconsumeselectricalenergyattherateof25wattsandoccupiesavolumeofonetenthofacubicfoot.Thebrainhousesbetween10billionand100billionitemsofinformation.Everybraincellisdirectly

11connectedtomanyothercells.Asaresult,thecellsinwhichinformationisstoredcancommunicatewiththousandsofothercells.However,thecomputerconsumes1000,000wattsofelectricalpowerandoccupieshundredsofcubicfeetofspace.Itsmillionitemsofimmediatelyaccessibleinformation.Incontrast,thecomputermemoryislikeacellofpigeonholes,withnothinkingcapacityandnoconnectionselsewhere.Inaword,theelectronicbrainsarehopelesslyinadequateincomparisonwiththehumanbrains.13.HealthandLifeAsthesayinggoes,youdon’tknowwhathappinessisuntilyouloseit’youdon’tknowwhathealthisuntilyouareill.“Healthisofvitalimportancetolife”soundslikeaclichetoeveryone,butitisabsolutelytrue.Thenegligenceofthedelicatebalanceofyourbodyandsoul,theharmfulhabitssuchassmoking,excessivedrinkingandburningmid-nightoilwillcatchupwithyousomeday.Howmanybigplansareinterruptedbybadhealth!Evenanormallifeisunimaginablewithouttheguaranteeofhealth.

12Howtokeepfitisaneternaltopicofdiversityandcontroversy.Regardlessofallthedifferentsuggestionspouredfromallkindsofsources,oneshoulddoatleasttwothingsforhim/herself.First,holdanactiveandoptimisticattitudetowardlifeandmaintainamentalwell-being.Second,livearegularlifeandkeepabalanceddiet.Anyway,ahealthylifeiswithinreachwhenyoubegintoadjustyourmindandbody.14.EnergyResourcesChinaisrichinvariousenergyresources.Coalandpetroleum,forinstance,aretwomajorones.Theyareessentialindevelopingthecountry'sindustry,scienceandtechnology.Chinahasdoneagreatdealinthepastfewdecadestoraiseitsoutputofcoalandpetroleum.Threeenergyresourcesarebeinguseduprapidly,Withthebuildingoffourmodernization,newindustrialandscienceprojectsarespringinguplikebambooshootsafterrain.Theyareallbigconsumersofenergyresources.Besidestherehasbeenconsiderablewasteintheutilizationoftheseresources.   Toavoidanenergycrisisinthefuture,thegovernmentmusttakecertainmeasures.First,itshouldletpeopleknowthe

13importanceofsavingenergy.Second,effortsshouldbemadetodevelopnewenergyresources,suchassolarenergy,geothermal(地热）energyandsoon.Wehavereasontobeoptimisticinthisrespect.15.CompetitionCompetitionmakespeopleoriginalandcreative.Itverynecessarytocompeteifhumansocietywantstoadvance.(Evenanimalscompeteforsurvival.)Withoutit,wewouldbecomelazyandnobodywouldrakeanyresponsibility.Whenthreemonkslivetogether,therewillbenodrinkingwater.ThisChineseproverbvividlydescribeswhyChina'sproductivitywassolowbeforeMrDengcametopower.Atthattime,wehadtheso-calledplannedeconomy.Therewasnocompetitionatall.Soneitherfarmersnorworkersworkedhard.Chinawasontheedgeofcollapse.Competitioncanstimulatepeopletotrytheirbesttodoanything.Forexample,in100-meterrace,eachsportsmanrunsasquicklyaspossible,tryingtowinthechampion.Thesamethingshappeninoursocietyandinourdailylife.Ifacompanywantstosurpassothers,itmustcompetewiththem.Itmustraiseitsefficiency.Allthecompaniesdoingthiswillnodoubtbenefitthewholesocietyandthewholehumanrace.

14   Beingastudent,Imustcompetewithotherstudentsinourstudies.ImuststudyhardinallthefieldssothatIcanbeausefulmanwhenIenterthesocietyaftergraduation.16.Students’Part-timejobsTherearemanyadvantagesforastudenttohaveaparttimejob.Forinstance,ithelpshimtorealizethatnosuccesscomesfromnothing.Itenableshimtobeindependentandbuildsuphisself-confidence.Therefore,part-timejobscangetthestudentsoutoftheivorytowerandgivethemtheopportunitytoknowmoreofhimselfandofhispersonalvalueinsociety.Aseverythinghastwosides,thedisadvantagescan’tbeignored.Part-timejobscutintostudents’studytime;someevenbecomesopreoccupiedwithmakingmoneythattheyca‘tfocustheirattentiononstudying.Intheend,thestudentsmayfallbehindorfailintheirstudies.Inmyopinion,studentscanchoosetotakeupajobaccordingtotheirownsituation.Themostimportantthingisforhimtokeepagoodbalance,puthisstudyontopofthelistandassignanadequateamountoftimetoit.17.WealthandHappiness

15Everybodywantstogetwealth.Intoday’smaterialworld,makingmoneyorbecomingwealthysymbolizesaperson’ssuccessandcapability.Manypeoplejustmakeeveryeffort,payanypricetoattaingreaterwealth.Withmoney,theycanbutnice,largeapartmentsinniceneighborhood;withmoney,theycanownstatelyluxurycars.Wealthseemswithmoney,theycanownstatelyluxurycars.Wealthseemstobringallhappinessinlife.Inmyopinion,peoplecannotdoanythingwithoutmoney,butmoneyisnoteverything.Whatmoneywillbringyoudependsonyourpersonalbeliefandgoalinlife.Ifyouarekindenoughtohelpothers,especiallythepoor,moneyisagoodthingtoyou.Withit,youcandomuchmoreforthebenefitofpeopleandyourcountry,anditwillandtoyourownhappiness.Ifyouwantmoneyjustforyourownneeds,you’llneverbesatisfiedorhappy.Inaword,youshouldhavemoneyspentformorepeople,onlythencanmoneybethesourceofyourhappiness.18.IdealsEveryonehashisideals.Abusinessmanwishestomakegreaterprofit;afarmerexpectsbumperharvests;astudenttriestolearnmoreandbetter.Andeveryonestrives,withmoreorlesseffort,torealizehisideal.

16Oneshouldbesensibleaboutwhetherhisidealiswellfoundedornot.Ifitis,onehastoplanandworkhardforitsrealization.Effort,skillandpersistenceareallnecessary.Andveryoften,onehastogethelpfromothers,includingadviceandsupportinoneformoranother.Myidealistobecomeadoctor,Itissaidthatthefieldofmedicineisawell-paidprofession,butItakeitasaloftyprofessionentrustedwithsavingpeople’slives.TorealizemyidealIhaveconcentratedonlaboratoryworktodeveloptheanalyticalskillsnecessarytobecomeaqualifieddoctor.IamsureIwillrealizemyidealifIpersevereinthispursuit.19.PopularSportsinChinaSportsareflourishinginchinanow.Moreandmorepeoplearewillingtotakepartinsportsofdifferentkinds,suchastable-tennis,football,volleyball,andsoon.Everyyeartherearemanymatchesplayedonthecity,provincialornationallevel.Sportsarenolongerlimitedtoafewprofessionalplayers.   Earlyinthemorningpeoplemaybeseendoingexercise.Martialarts(likeChineseboxingorswordplay)whichformerlywerecultivatedforself-defense,nowhavebecomeaformof

17physicalexerciseandarepracticedinparks,streets,gardens,oroncampuses.Inadditionyoungandoldpeoplearealsooftenseenrunninginordertobuilduptheirbodies.Chinapromotessportstoenhancethephysicalconditionofitspeople;sheisformulatingpoliciestoprovideencouragementofthisactivity.Sheawardsprizestotheexcellentplayersforthebestrecordsbothinchinaandtheworld.IntheworldtheChinesehavebecomeastrongpeopleinsteadof“theweaklingsofEastAsia”.20.IsFailureaBadThing?Failureiswhatoftenhappens.Itiseverywhereinourlife.Studentsmayfailinexams,scientistsmayfailintheirresearchwork,andathletesmayfailincompetitions.Althoughfailurehappenstoeveryone,attitudestowardsfailurearevarious.Somepeopledon’tthinktheirfailureisaveryimportantthingatall.Sotheypaynoattentiontoit.Asaresult,theywillhavethesamefailureaperiodlater.Somepeoplethinkthemselvesarefoolsandlosetheirheartsineverythingaftertheygetafailure.Consequently,theyspendtheirtimeandenergy

18onuselessthingsandtheymayreallybefoolsastheyhavethought.Otherpeoplearequitedifferentfromthetwokindsofpeoplementionedabove.Insteadofbeingdistressedandlost,theydrawalessonfromeveryfailureandbecomemoreexperienced.Afterhardwork,theywillbesuccessfulintheend.Itissaidthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.Successwillbegainedaftertimesoffailuressolongaswearegoodatdrawinglessonfromourfailures.   Inmyopinion,failureisnotabadthing,thereallybadthingistakingafailureasfailureorevenloseourheartafterfailure.21.ModernizationofFamilyLifeWiththerapiddevelopmentofthesociety,familylifeisbecomingmodernized.Yearsago,peopleconsideredowingradios,sewingmachines,watchesandbicyclesasbeingmodernized.Butinrecentyears,almostallfamilieshaveTVsets,refrigeratorsandwashingmachines.Itisverycommontoseepeopleridemotorcyclesorevendriveprivatecarsandmoreandmorefamilieshavetelephones,computersandair-conditioners.

19Themodernizationoffamilylifebringsusconvenienceandcomfort.OnemayenjoyTVorradioprograms,communicatewithhisfriendsthroughtelephoneorworkwithhiscomputerwhilehiswashingmachine,refrigeratorandair-conditionersarerunning.Andbycarormotorcycleonecanquicklyreachwhereverhewantstogo.Inspiteofthis,thesemodernfacilitiesalsobringusdisadvantages.Forexample,radiationfromTVsetsandcomputersisharmfultoourhealth;improperdrivingofcarsandmotorcyclesbecomesthemajorcauseoftrafficaccidents.Thequietnessofafamilyisoftendisturbedbyafalsedialingorunwelcomephonecall.Butitisbelievedthatthesedisadvantageswillbedisposedofwiththeimprovementofmodernizationandourlifewillbemorehealthyandmorecomfortable.22    TheLanguageofMusicApainterhangshisorherfinishedpicturesonawall,andeveryonecanseeit.Acomposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,forthecomposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaslongandasarduousatrainingtobecomeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobecomeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshaveto

20havethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoandfrowiththerightarm—twoentirelydifferentmovements.  Singersandinstrumentshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waitingforthem,anditisthepianotuner’sresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties;thehammersthathitthestringhavetobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosoundclear.Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundwithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.Techniqueisofnouseunlessitiscombinedwithmusicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Greatartistsarethosewhoaresothoroughlyathomeinthelanguageofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninanycentury.

2123SchoolingandEducationItiscommonlybelievedinUnitedStatesthatschooliswherepeoplegotogetaneducation.Nevertheless,ithasbeensaidthattodaychildreninterrupttheireducationtogotoschool.Thedistinctionbetweenschoolingandeducationimpliedbythisremarkisimportant.Educationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanschooling.Educationknowsnobounds.Itcantakeplaceanywhere,whetherintheshowerorinthejob,whetherinakitchenoronatractor.Itincludesboththeformallearningthattakesplaceinschoolsandthewholeuniverseofinformallearning.Theagentsofeducationcanrangefromareveredgrandparenttothepeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,fromachildtoadistinguishedscientist.Whereasschoolinghasacertainpredictability,educationquiteoftenproducessurprises.Achanceconversationwithastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.Peopleareengagedineducationfrominfancyon.Education,then,isaverybroad,inclusiveterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschool,andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone’sentirelife.

22Schooling,ontheotherhand,isaspecific,formalizedprocess,whosegeneralpatternvarieslittlefromonesettingtothenext.Throughoutacountry,childrenarriveatschoolatapproximatelythesametime,takeassignedseats,aretaughtbyanadult,usesimilartextbooks,dohomework,takeexams,andsoon.Theslicesofrealitythataretobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstandingoftheworkingofgovernment,haveusuallybeenlimitedbytheboundariesofthesubjectbeingtaught.Forexample,highschoolstudentsknowthattherenotlikelytofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpoliticalproblemsintheircommunitiesorwhatthenewestfilmmakersareexperimentingwith.Therearedefiniteconditionssurroundingtheformalizedprocessofschooling.24TheDefinitionof“Price”Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisacomplexnetworkcomposedofthepricesofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabor,professional,transportation,andpublic-utilityservices.Theinterrelationshipsofallthese

23pricesmakeupthe“system”ofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,complicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythingseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine“price”,manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductorserviceor,inotherwordsthatpriceisthemoneyvaluesofaproductorserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes.Foracompleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwiththeamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoneytobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatapplytothetransaction,guaranteesontheproductorservice,deliveryterms,returnprivileges,andotherfactors.Inotherwords,bothbuyerandsellershouldbefullyawareofallthefactorsthatcomprisethetotal“package”beingexchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoneyinorderthattheymayevaluateagivenprice.

2425ElectricityThemodernageisanageofelectricity.Peoplearesousedtoelectriclights,radio,televisions,andtelephonesthatitishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutthem.Whenthereisapowerfailure,peoplegropeaboutinflickeringcandlelight,carshesitateinthestreetsbecausetherearenotrafficlightstoguidethem,andfoodspoilsinsilentrefrigerators.Yet,peoplebegantounderstandhowelectricityworksonlyalittlemorethantwocenturiesago.Naturehasapparentlybeenexperimentinginthisfieldformillionofyears.Scientistsarediscoveringmoreandmorethatthelivingworldmayholdmanyinterestingsecretsofelectricitythatcouldbenefithumanity.Alllivingcellsendouttinypulsesofelectricity.Astheheartbeats,itsendsoutpulsesofrecord;theyformanelectrocardiogram,whichadoctorcanstudytodeterminehowwelltheheartisworking.Thebrain,too,sendsoutbrainwavesofelectricity,whichcanberecordedinanelectroencephalogram.Theelectriccurrentsgeneratedbymostlivingcellsareextremelysmall–oftensosmallthatsensitiveinstrumentsareneededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecellshavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsthattheydonotworkas

25musclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellarelinkedtogether,theeffectscanbeastonishing.Theelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcanseedajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlive.(Anelectrichousecurrentisonlyonehundredtwentyvolts.)Asmanyasfour-fifthsofallthecellsintheelectriceel’sbodyarespecializedforgeneratingelectricity,andthestrengthoftheshockitcandelivercorrespondsroughlytolengthofitsbody.26TheBeginningofDramaTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonmostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassed

26someritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused,Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisviestales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferent

27person.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.雅思作文1．Arecomputersanessentialfeatureofmoderneducation?Whatsubjectscanbebettertaughtusingcomputers?Arethereaspectsofagoodeducationthatcannotbetaughtusingcomputers?Computersarenowessentialinmanyareasoflife–modernbanking,retailandinformationexchangeamongothers.However,thisisnottrueforeducation.Atasimplelevelsomesubjectsmaybebettertaughtusingcomputers,buttoexplainimportantconceptsahumanteacherisstillindispensable.-IntroductionshowsmainideaTherearesomesubjectsinwhichacomputercanbeusedsuccessfullytoteach.Elementarymathematics,elementarylanguageleaning,anyareawhichrequiresastudenttomemorizebasicfactsthroughrepetitioniswellsuitedtocomputerlearning.Thecomputercanbeprogrammedtoprovideanendlessnumberofsimplequestions,andasthestudentanswersthesequestionsthe

28factsarelearnedandreinforced.-Whycomputersdowell,withexamplesHowever,inthelearningandpracticeofmorecomplexideas,thecomputerisnotadequate.Acomputercanevaluateananswerasrightorwrong,butitcannotdeterminewhy.Itcannotfindoutwhyastudentismakingmistakes,andthenre-presentimportantconceptsinadifferentwaysothestudentwillunderstand.Itcannotdetermineatwhatstageinamathematicsproblemthestudenthasmadeanerror,itcanonlyindicatethatthefinalansweriswrong.Tasksinvolvingreasoningcannotbetaughtbycomputers,astherearetoomanyvariablesforacomputertodealwithsuccessfully.-Whatcomputerscannotbe,withanexampleThus,whilecomputersmaybeusefulasatoolforpracticingsimpleskills,theyarenotanessentialfeatureofmoderneducation,becausetheycannotmonitorastudent'sgraspofconcepts,norevaluateastudent'sreasoning.Untilfurtherdevelopmentsincomputersaremadethehumanteacherwillremainindispensable.-Conclusionre-statesmainideasRemember:thissampleanswerisoneofseveralsatisfactorywaystoanswerthequestion.Otheressayswhichrespondtothewritingtaskwouldalsobeacceptable

292．SampleEssayTheprivatemotorvehiclehasgivenusafreedomourancestorscouldnotdreamabout.Wecantravelswiftly,andusuallysafely,overtheroadswhichhavebeenbuilttoaccommodateourcars.Peoplecandisplaytheirwealthbydrivingacarwhichmaycostasmuchasanotherperson'shome.-Introduction:advantagesofcars(brief)Sadlythecarhasbecomeadisadvantageaswellasaboom.Thecarpollutestheatmosphere,maybeinvolvedinseriousaccidents,andbyitsverynumbersblocksroadsandchokescities.Howcanwereduceitsuse?-Briefstatementofproblem:disadvantagesofcarsThecarisonlydesirableifwecanuseiteasily,sowemightbeginbyreducingaccesstoparkingspacesinthecitiesandsimultaneouslyincreasingthequalityandavailabilityofpublictransport.Carscouldbebannedformcertainpartsofthecity,thusforcingpeopletowalkortousepublictransport.-IdeasforcuttingthenumberofcarsTheexpenseofbuyingandrunningacarcanberaised.Ifthemotoristisfacedwithahighpurchaseprice,highroadtax,high

30insurancepremiumsandsubstantialfinesheorshemayreconsiderthepurchase.Acorrespondingreductioninthepriceofpublictransportwouldhelpthisfinancialargumentagainstcarownership.Neitheroftheseargumentswillswaythesuperrichwhocanaffordthestatuscars,butitwouldperhapsencouragethemtolookatotherwaysofdemonstratingtheirwealth.Howeverwedoit,reducingthenumberofcarsontheroadwillreducetheproblemsofpollutionandthecongestionwhichcanbringcitiestoastandstill.-Conclusions:statesthebenefitsofreducingthenumberofcars3．Awiderangeofmedicaltreatmentsisavailabletoday.Patientsmaywonderwhichwillbethemosteffective,andwhethertheirownmentalattitudetothetypeoftreatmentmightaffectitssuccess.Thisessaywillconsiderthesecondofthesequestions.-Topicwordsused.Taskofessayexplained.Manypeoplevisittheirdoctororgotohospitalwithcompletetrustintheexpertcareofferedbyconventionalservices.However,somepeopledonotgetasatisfactoryresult.Forexample,thedrugstheyareprescribedmayhaveunpleasantside-effects.Theirinitialpositiveattitudetowardstheirtreatmentdoesthem

31littlegood.-Ideainbothparagraphs:thatpeoplemaynotgetwhattheyexpect;withexamples.Similarly,thosepatientswhotrustfullychoosealternativetreatmentsovertraditionalmedicinemayfindthemselvesdisillusioned.Lessrigorousqualificationstandardsamongalternativepractitionersmaymeanthatsomehealersgiveineffectiveordamagingadvice.Theresult,again,isthatapatientwhoenteredtreatmentwithconfidenceleavesthattreatmentdisillusioned.Ontheotherhand,patientsmaytryastyleoftreatmentwithsomeskepticism.Apersonusedtoconventionalmedicinesanddrugsmaybesuspiciousoftreatmentsbasedondietandlifestylechanges.Yetiftheyfollowsuchprograms,theymayinfactnoticeimprovementsintheirconditions,inspiteoftheirskepticism.Equally,apatientopposedtoconventionalmedicinemayhaveanaccidentandbesavedbytheeffectivetreatmentofconventionalemergencyservices.-Idea:thatsomethingyoudon'tlikecanstillhelpyou.Inconclusion,itappearsthatthementalattitudeofthepatientisnotthemostsignificantfactorindeterminingtheoutcomeofthetreatment.Patientswhoentertreatmentconfidentlymayleave

32disillusionedwhilethosewhobegintreatmentskepticaloftheresultsmayfindthemselvessurprisedwithwhattheyhavegained.Patientsshouldseektheadvantageswhicheachstyleofcarecanoffer.-Mainargumentofessayisstated.