Local Interactions Governing the Performances of Lithium- and Manganese-Rich Cathodes - Ali et al. - 2021 - Unknown

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pubs.acs.org/JPCLLetterLocalInteractionsGoverningthePerformancesofLithium-andManganese-RichCathodesShehabE.Ali,*WojciechOlszewski,AndreaSorrentino,CarloMarini,ArefehsadatKazzazi,NinaLaszczynski,AgneseBirrozzi,AngeloMullaliu,StefanoPasserini,DinoTonti,andLauraSimonelli*CiteThis:J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201ReadOnlineACCESSMetrics&MoreArticleRecommendations*sıSupportingInformationABSTRACT:ThelocalstructuralandelectronicaltransformationsoccurringalongthefirstchargeanddischargecycleofLi-andMn-richLi[Li0.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.08]O2cathodematerialhavebeencharacterizedbyX-rayabsorptionspectroscopyatseveralcomplementaryedges.Theirreversiblespinelformation,occurringattheexpensesofthecyclinglayeredphaseduringthefirstcharge,isquantified(about10%)andspatiallylocalized.ThelocalstrainsinducedbytheNioxidationhavebeenevaluated.TheyinducetheformationofalowspinMn3+inthelayeredstructureinparalleltotheirreversibleformationofthespinelphaseintheparticlesbulk.Thechargebalancehasbeenquantifiedforalltheelementsalongthefirstchargingcycle,confirmingareversibleoxygenoxidationalongthecharge.Overall,thesequantitativeresultsprovideanexperimentalbasisformodelingaimedtocontrolthestructureanditsevolution,forinstance,hinderingthespinelformationforthebenefitofthematerialcyclelife.hereductionofgreenhousegasgenerationassociatedmolecularO2insidethesolidasaresultoftheMnmigrationinTwiththeconsumptionoffossilresourcesandthethealkalinelayershasbeenproposed,togetherwiththeideaincreasingenergyneedsobligethequickdevelopmentofthatthefirst-cyclevoltagehysteresisisdeterminedbythelocalsustainableenergyalternatives,includingenergyharvestingandorderingoflithiumandtransition-metalionsinthetransition-22storage.Rechargeablebattery-basedtechnologiesareemergingmetallayers.Boththesepropositionsareinagreementwithtorespondtothelastchallenge.ThisrequiresthedevelopmentourrecentfindingthatMnispartiallyreducedduringcharge23ofbatteryelectrodematerialswithhigherenergyandpower(i.e.,lithiumremoval).Infact,apartiallylithiatedMnspinelphasewouldcontainMn3+,whileontheotherhand,adensitiesaswellasthesatisfactionofseveralrequirementssuchassafety,sustainability,cost-effectiveness,andlarge-scaleMn−η1−O2moietybondingforeseeninthecaseoftrappedO21−5formation22wouldcorrespondtoalocalMnreduction.9manufacturing.Li-richlayeredtransition-metal(TM)TwodifferentMn3+localelectronicconfigurationsareDownloadedviaUNIVOFNEWMEXICOonMay16,2021at10:00:25(UTC).oxidecathodematerials,storingextraLi-ionsintheTMlayers,areamongthemostpromising,showingoutstandingpossibleintheLi[Li0.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.08]O2chargedsystem,233+reversiblecapacities,exceeding250mAh/g.Thishasbeeninlowspin(LS)andhighspin(HS).TheHSMnphaseisSeehttps://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelinesforoptionsonhowtolegitimatelysharepublishedarticles.attributedtotheanionicredoxactivityinadditiontothatofcompatiblewiththeformationofaspinelphaseduringcharge.3+thetransitionmetals.5−8Instead,theMnLSphaseisexpectedtobelayeredandto24favorreversiblecycling.Interestingly,theMnredox-stateLi-richtransition-metaloxidesstructurecanbedescribedasuponcyclingiscorrelatedwiththeNioxidation/reduction,thesuperpositionofthelayeredrhombohedralstructurewitha6suggestingthatthestraininducedbythestrongNi−ObondmonoclinicLi2MnO3superlattice.InLi-richNMCcathodescontractionuponNioxidationtriggerstheMnreduction,theoxygennetworkconsistsofastatisticaldistributionof3+23favoringtheMnLSphase.TheimportanceoflocalstrainsvariousOsublattices,correspondingtothecationicdisorder9issuggestedalsobytheintrinsicdependenceonthetransitionandchemicalsubstitutions.Unfortunately,inmostofthemetalrelativeratiosindefiningthematerialbehavior,thatcancases,theanioniccapacityachievedinchargeispartly7,10−12beexploitedtodesignsystemssuchascore(Ni-rich)-shell(Mn-irreversibleindischarge.Theelectronicoriginofthisirreversibilityhasbeenproposed,withthereversibilityoftheanioniccapacitybeinglimitedtoacriticalnumberofOholesReceived:November20,2020peroxygen.9Accepted:January13,2021Moreover,ithasbeensuggestedthattheout-of-planecationPublished:January22,202113−16migrationandasubsequentphasetransitionfromlayered17−21tospinel-likephaseduringcyclingcouldberesponsibleforthepoorcyclability.Morerecentlytheformationoftrapped©2021AmericanChemicalSocietyhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c034621195J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201

1TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryLetterspubs.acs.org/JPCLLetterFigure1.(a)VoltageprofileofLi1.2Mn0.56Ni0.16Co0.08O2,wherethechargepointsP01(pristine),P03andP04(beginningandendofthevoltageplateau),P05(fullycharged),P08(fullydischargedafterthefirstcycle),P12(fullychargedafter5cycles),andP16(fullychargedafter50cycles)havebeenindicated.MnK-edgek2χ(k)EXAFSoscillations(b)andcorrespondingFouriertransformmagnitudes(c)collectedoversamplesrepresentingmainlythefirstcharge/dischargecycle(blacksolidlines).Thedashedlinesreportthefitsobtainedseparatelyforthefirst(red)andsecond(blue)shells.Figure2.(a)Estimationofthespinelvslayeredphaseratio.Theinsetinpanel(a)showstheNi4+vsNi2+phaseexchange.(b)QuantitativeamountoftheMn4+HSandMn3+LS/HScomponentsfordifferentchargepoints,estimatedbycombiningtheresultsreportedherewiththose23publishedearlier.(c)Estimatedoxygenoxidationstateand(d)quantificationofthepossibleO2formationalongthecharge,consideringtheresultsreportedinpanelsaandbandassumingtheexpectedCooxidationstateandpossibleoxygenvacancies,asdetailedintheSupportingInformation.rich)NCMcathodeparticlesshowingasynergisticeffectonedgeX-rayabsorptionspectroscopy(XAS)studyattheMn,25theelectrochemicalperformance.Ni,andOKandtheMnL3absorptionedges.Moreover,theInthepresentworkthespinelformationandtheroleoflocalenergy-resolvedsoftX-raytransmissionmicroscopy(ER-strainsontheLi[Li0.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.08]O2electrochemicalTXM)attheOK-andMnL3-edgesallowedforcharacterizingperformancehavebeenaddressedquantitativelybyamulti-thespinelandNi4+spatialdistributionalongisolatedparticles.1196https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201

2TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryLetterspubs.acs.org/JPCLLetterTheLi1.2Mn0.56Ni0.16Co0.08O2cathodevoltageprofileisreflectedinavariableaverageoxygenoxidationstate.InthereportedinFigure1a,togetherwiththelabelingofthesecondone,oxygenvacanciesaretakenintoaccount.Thesesamplesinvestigatedinthepresentwork,towhichwewillalsowouldexistalreadyinthepristineelectrodetocompensatetheMnoxidationstateiftheinitialO2−stateisassumed.refertoaschargepoints.TheMnK-edgeEXAFSoscillationsandcorrespondingFouriertransforms(FTs)oftheEXAFSFormationofadditionalvacanciesisalsoconsideredatthe29signal,providingreal-spaceinformationonthepartialatomicendofcharge(P04→P05)inagreementwiththeliteraturedistributionaroundtheMnatoms,arereportedinFigure1,(greenhistogram).Notably,similarfiguresareobtainedbypanelsbandc,respectively.imposingeithernochangeintheoxygenoxidationstateattheTheFTmainpeaksat∼1.44and∼2.42Åcorrespondtotheendofthevoltageplateau(P04→P05)orbysettingtheOfirstandsecondshellsaroundMncomposedbyOandoxidationstateinthefullydischargedstate(P08)to−2.Thistransition-metal(TM=Mn,Co,Ni)atoms,respectively.IncanbeconsideredasupportforbothassumptionsandtothistheSupportingInformation,thecomplementaryNiK-edgewholesecondapproximation.AssumingthattheoxygenEXAFSoscillations(FigureS2a)andrelativeFTs(FigureS2b)vacancyscenarioisthemorerealisticone,beingthatthe29collectedoverthesamesamplesetarereportedtogetherwithoxygenreleasebetweenP04andP05isempiricallyobserved,detailsofdatamodelingatbothedges.theaverageOoxidationhasbeenfoundtoevolvereversiblyDuringthechargeapartialstructuraldegradationofthefrom−2,inthepristine,to−1.75,inthefullychargestate.AlayeredphaseintoaspinelphasehasbeenconsideredasreductionintheOoxidationstateisconsistentwiththereportedintheliterature.6,12,23BykeepingthenumberoffreeformationoftrappedO2,whichshouldbeaccompaniedbya22parametersintheEXAFSfittingalwaysbelowtheintrinsicnewweakMn−Obondaround2.2Å,compatiblewiththelimitdefinedbythedataquality(seedetailsintheSupportingincreasedspectralweightatthisdistanceforsamplesP03,P04,Information),itwaspossibletofollowtheevolutionoftheMnandP05inthereportedFT(Figure1c).So,inFigure2dthespinelandlayeredphaseratio,aswellastheNi4+formation,asoxygenoxidationstateobtainedfromthissecondapproachisafunctionofthechargepointasshowninFigure2a.usedtodeterminethepossibleamountoftrappedO2.TheAtthebeginningofthecharge(P01→P03),NiisalmostjumpofthebarbetweenP04andP05inpaneldreflectsthefullyoxidized,whileonlyalittleamountofspinelphaseisoxygenlossattheendofthevoltageplateau.Theoxygenformed.Instead,amoresubstantialformationofthespinelreleasecorrespondstothereductionoftheOstoichiometry,phaseisoccurringalongthevoltageplateau(P03→P04),whileO2trappingcorrespondstotheloweringoftheOwheretheremainingNi2+isoxidized.Finally,attheendoftheoxidationstate.Thetwophenomenaareexpectedtooccurspatiallywherethecationicchargeislowerandtocompetevoltageplateau(P04→P05),theNioxidationstatedoesnot9,22dependingbythecationslocalarrangements.Remarkably,change,andmorespinelphaseisgenerated,upto10%.AstheminimumstoichiometryoftheO2−stateis1.40(Figureexpected,theNioxidation/reductionisreversible,whilethe2d),whichcorrespondstoatotalholenumberaround0.3/O,formationofthespinelphaseis,instead,irreversible.93+justbelowthemaximumof1/3predictedbyYahiaetal.forThepreviouslyproposedMn(LS)formationinthe22thereversibleanioniccapacity.AlthoughinourcasepartoflayeredphasecouldberelatedtothetrappedO2formation.3+theseholesresultsinanirreversibleoxygenloss,thisestimationInstead,theMnHSstateishereassignedtothelithiatedcanbeconsideredaconfirmationofthereportedprediction.spinelformation,givenitsMnoxidationstateof+3.5.ByInordertoaddressthepossibleroleofstrainsincontrollingconsideringtheaverageMnlocalmagneticmomentpreviously23theMnphasesformation,quantitativeparametersonthelocaldeterminedoverthesamesamplesetcomparedwith3+4+structurearoundtheMnsiteshavebeenextracted.TheMnK-referencevaluesoftheMnHS(LS)andMnpure24,26−28edgeEXAFSfitsdeterminedtheMn−Ointeratomicdistancesphases,therelativefractionofthethreeMnspeciescan(R)andtheircorrespondingmeansquarerelativedisplace-benowquantitativelydetermined(Figure2b).Byconsidering2ments(σ),asshowninFigure3forthelayered(a,c)andtheexpectedCooxidationstate,wecanthenalsoevaluatethespinel(b,d)phases.Theanalysisofthesecondshell(Mn-chargebalancealongthefirstcharge−dischargecycle(Figure2TM),reportedintheSupportingInformation,showsthesamecanddandTable1).Figure2cdepictstheoxygenoxidationevolutions,confirmingtheresults.Thebondlengthsvariationstatecalculatedintwodifferentscenarios.Inafirstalongthefirstcycleislargelydifferentforthelayeredandapproximation,thenominalstoichiometryisconsideredspinelphases.constantalongthefirstcycle(orangehistogram),whichisThemainMn−Obondlengthinthelayeredstructure(Rlayered)displayssmallchangesbycharging,inagreementwithTable1.ExpectedStoichiometryandEstimatedOxidationtheworkofBuchholzetal.6SuchabondcontractsduringtheStateAsaFunctionoftheChargePointfirstchargeinapartiallyreversibleway.Ineffect,ithasbeenproposedthattostabilizethelayeredphasewithMn3+inLSP01P03P04P05P08configurationtheMn−Obondshouldbecompressed.21Listoichiometry1.20.880.570.110.86Regardingthespinelphase,itsMn−Olocalbonddistanceoxidationstate11111(Rspinel)matcheswiththeNi−OoneatthepristinesampleNistoichiometry0.160.160.160.160.16(Figures3bandS3a).Atthebeginningofthevoltageplateauoxidationstate23.4442(P03)RspineliscomparabletotheMn−OdistanceobtainedforCostoichiometry0.080.080.080.080.08thespinelreference(blacksquareinFigure3b).Itthenshowsoxidationstate34443astrongexpansionduringthefirstcharge,followedbyaMnstoichiometry0.560.560.560.560.56smallercontractionalongthefirstdischarge.Thislastchangeoxidationstate3.713.263.233.223.30appearsreversibleforthenextcycle.TheMn−OlengthOstoichiometry1.921.921.921.631.63changesoccurringuponthefirstchargecouldberelatedtotheoxidationstate−2−1.86−1.75−1.76−2strainsinducedbytheNioxidation/reduction6,23andcould1197https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201

3TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryLetterspubs.acs.org/JPCLLetterFigure3.Mn−Obondlengths(a,b)andDebye−Wallerfactors(c,d)atthedifferentchargepointsforthelayered(toppanels)andspinel(bottompanels)phases,respectively.Figure4.(a)Mn3+HSphasedistributionmapsand(b)Ni4+phasedistributionmapsatdifferentchargepoints.Theimageshavebeenobtainedusingtheformula(y−ypre)/(ypost−ypre),whereyistheTXMimagecollectedat639.3eV(a)or528.12eV(b)andypreandypostrepresenttheabsorbanceimagesbeforepre-edgeandaftermainedge,respectively.Thecontrastscaleisthesameforalltheimagesinthesamepanel.PixelsnotcontainingMn(a)orO(b)havebeenshadowed.bringstructuraldegradation,hamperingLidiffusion.Wehereindischarge,theσ2valuesforbothphasesremainhigherthaninproposethattheinitialmoderatespinelformation(P01→thepristineelectrode(σ2(P01)<σ2(P08)),suggestingtheP03)occursatthesurfaceofthematerialnanoparticles,reasonimpossibilityoffullreleaseofstrainsinthismultiphaseforwhichitlooksnotaffectedbystrains.Instead,alongthescenario.Additionally,whiletheσ2ofthespinelphaseivoltageplateauthemajorityofthespinelphaseisformedinincreasessignificantlybycycling,showingaratherlargetheparticlebulk,withanexpandedMn−Oshell,becauseofvariationinthechargedstateafterfew(P12)orseveralthestrainsinducedbythestronglocalNi−Ocontraction.The(P16)cycles,theonesofthelayeredphaselooklessaffectedMn−OexpansioninthespinelphasethenstabilizestheMn3+bycycling.ThissuggeststhatthespinelphaseundergoesLSphaseformationinthebulk.Thisproposedinterpretationstructuraldegradationbycycling,probablybecauseoftheagreeswiththepreviouslyreportedcorrelationofNi4+andJahn−TellerdistortionsexpectedfortheMn3+HSsites.303+23ThespatialdistributionofthespinelphaseanditsMnbulkdistributionsalongthedelithiatednanoparticles.ThecoexistenceofdifferentphasesandthechangesinthecorrelationwiththeNi4+formationishereaddressedbyTMionicradiibecauseoftheevolutionoftheirelectronicenergy-dependentTXMmeasurementscollectedattheOK-propertiesintroducestrainsinthesystem,andthisaffectstheandMnL3-edges.Toidentifythespinelphase,itisnecessaryMn−Omeansquarerelativedisplacements(σ2,shownintoconsidertheintrinsicdifferencesintheelectronicstructureiFigure3c,d)whosehighvaluesindicatealargestructuraloftheMn3+HS(spinel)andLS(layered)phase.Thelatter,disorder.Asexpectedbytheformationofnewcoexistinghavingallthreet2gorbitalsoccupiedandtheegempty,looksphases,theσ2valuesforboththelayeredandthespinelphasessimilartotheoneofHSMn4+.21Thus,theMnL-edgei3increasebycharging.Importantly,attheendofthefirstabsorptionspectraofthelayeredLSMn3+andHSMn4+phase1198https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201

4TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryLetterspubs.acs.org/JPCLLetterareexpectedtobesimilar.TheshiftofthefirstMnL3-edge■ASSOCIATEDCONTENTabsorptionfeaturearound639eVtowardlowerenergyby*sıSupportingInformationchargingcanbeinterpretedasthedirectsignatureofthespinelTheSupportingInformationisavailablefreeofchargeatphaseformation,whichallowsmappingofthespinelphase.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462.Theshoulderaround528eVintheOK-edgeabsorption4+Methods,EXAFSanalysis,TXMimagestreatment,andprepeakisinsteadthesignatureoftheNiphase31−33evaluationofthechargebalance(PDF)formation.SpinelandNi4+distributionmapsdeterminedfromimagescollectedaroundtheOK-andMnL3-edges(Supporting■AUTHORINFORMATIONInformation)forthedifferentchargepointsarereportedinCorrespondingAuthorsFigure4panelsaandb.ThemapevolutionalongthefirstLauraSimonelli−ALBASynchrotronLightFacility,08290cycleisconsistentwiththespinelandNi4+fractionreportedinCerdanyoladelVallès,Spain;orcid.org/0000-0001-Figure2a.Inthepristinestate,wheretheNi4+phaseisabsent,5331-0633;Email:lsimonelli@cells.esaminorspinelphasecouldbeobservedontheparticles’ShehabE.Ali−ALBASynchrotronLightFacility,08290surface,visibleasthinbrightregionssurroundingthesampleCerdanyoladelVallès,Spain;PhysicsDepartment,FacultyofScience,SuezCanalUniversity,Ismailia,Egypt;orcid.org/particlesinFigure4aP01.Basedonthisintensity,theamount0000-0001-9519-1054;Email:shehab_ali@ofspinelphaseinthepristinematerialisestimatedbelow1%.science.suez.edu.egAttemptsinconsideringthisfractionintheEXAFSfitswereunsuccessful,consistently,withthislowamount.JustbeforeAuthorsthevoltageplateau(P03)aslightglobalincreaseofbrightnessWojciechOlszewski−ALBASynchrotronLightFacility,inFigure4aindicatesthatonlyasmallfractionofspinelphase08290CerdanyoladelVallès,Spain;FacultyofPhysics,formsattheparticlessurface,whiletheNi4+sitesareclearlyUniversityofBialystok,15-245Bialystok,Polandpresentandhomogeneouslydistributedalongtheparticles.AndreaSorrentino−ALBASynchrotronLightFacility,AlongthevoltageplateauboththespinelandtheNi4+phases08290CerdanyoladelVallès,SpainincreaseinthebulkwhileaspatialcorrelationbetweenthemCarloMarini−ALBASynchrotronLightFacility,08290CerdanyoladelVallès,Spainappears.InP04,andevenmoreinP05,theregionswitha4+ArefehsadatKazzazi−HelmholtzInst.Ulm(HIU),higherspinelamountgenerallycorrespondtoareaswhereNiElectrochemistryI,89081Ulm,Germany;KarlsruheInst.ofispresentinhigheramounts.Finally,afterthedischarge,while4+Technology(KIT),76021Karlsruhe,GermanytheNiphasepracticallydisappears,amajorfractionoftheNinaLaszczynski−HelmholtzInst.Ulm(HIU),spinelphaseisstillvisible,inagreementwiththehardX-rayElectrochemistryI,89081Ulm,Germany;KarlsruheInst.ofEXAFSdata.BoththeTXMmapsandtheNiandMnK-edgeTechnology(KIT),76021Karlsruhe,GermanyEXAFSconsistentlyindicatearound70%(100%)ofNi4+AgneseBirrozzi−HelmholtzInst.Ulm(HIU),phasejustbefore(after)thevoltageplateauanduptoaElectrochemistryI,89081Ulm,Germany;KarlsruheInst.oftotalof10%ofspinelformation.ThisquantitativematchTechnology(KIT),76021Karlsruhe,GermanybetweenthehardandsoftX-raydatastronglysupportstheAngeloMullaliu−DepartmentofIndustrialChemistry,Tosoreportedinterpretation.MontanariUniversityofBologna,40136Bologna,Italy;Insummary,thequantitativespinelformationanddetailedorcid.org/0000-0003-2800-2836localstructuralandelectronictransformationsofcoexistingStefanoPasserini−HelmholtzInst.Ulm(HIU),phaseshavebeeninvestigatedintheLi-ElectrochemistryI,89081Ulm,Germany;KarlsruheInst.ofTechnology(KIT),76021Karlsruhe,Germany;[Li0.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.08]O2cathode,alongthefirstelectro-orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5304chemicalcycle.Theresultspermitustoaffirmthat80%ofMnDinoTonti−Inst.deCiènciadeMaterialsdeBarcelona,isalmostirreversiblyreducedalongthefirstcharge,inConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCientìficas,Campusconjunctionwiththeoxygenoxidation.ThekeyroleofstrainsUAB,Bellaterra,Spain;orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-1011incontrollingthecompetingMnphaseshasbeenconfirmedCompletecontactinformationisavailableat:anddetailed.Alongthevoltageplateau,upto10%ofahttps://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462distortedspinelphasegrowsprogressivelyandirreversiblyinthebulk,withnofurtherspinelformationinthefollowingfewNotescycles.TheformedspinelphasepresentsanexpandedMn−OTheauthorsdeclarenocompetingfinancialinterest.shell,likelyduetostrainsinducedbythestronglocalNi−Ocontraction.Thislocallyexpandedstructureinturnstabilizes■3+ACKNOWLEDGMENTStheMnLSphaseformationinthebulk,whichcouldbenefitThisresearchwassupportedbytheSpanishGovernment,cycling.Moreover,afterthefirstcycle,thespinelphaseshowsathroughthe“SeveroOchoa”ProgrammeforCentersofprogressiveincreaseofthelocalstructuraldisorder,incontrastExcellenceinR&D(FUNFUTURECEX2019-000917-S),tothelayeredphase,explainingthegoodcathodecyclability.andtheprojectsMAT2017-91404-EXP,RTI2018-096273-B-Thehere-reportedquantificationofthecoexistingMnlocalI00,andRTI2018-097753-B-I00withFEDERcofunding.D.T.phaseevolutionfordifferentchargepointspermitsustoparticipatesintheFLOWBAT2021platformspromotedbyprovidenewkeyinputparametersforaquantitativetheSpanishNationalResearchCouncil(CSIC).TheHIUdescriptionoftheinvestigatedsystemsinordertoimproveauthorsacknowledgethebasicfundingfromtheHelmholtzthecyclestability.Association.1199https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201

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6TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryLetterspubs.acs.org/JPCLLetterAbsorptionSpectroscopicStudy.Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.2014,16,13838−13842.1201https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03462J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2021,12,1195−1201